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Ch05-Signalling in Neurons PDF
Ch05-Signalling in Neurons PDF
IPSPs. Some neurotransmitters are inhibitory and cause hyperpolarization, that is, they
open a set of ion channels that allow negatively charged ions to enter the cell, causing the inside
of the cell to become more negative with respect to the outside. The resulting change in
membrane potential is called an inhibitory postsynaptic potential, or IPSP.
Some of the most common inhibitory neurotransmitters in the mammalian nervous
system are gamma-animo butyric acid (GABA) and glycine.
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Figure 5-5. When a neuron receives inhibitory synaptic input, a specific set of ligand-gated ion channels are
activated, causing the membrane potential to become more negative, and thus farther away from threshold.
Intracellular recording reveals the resulting change in membrane potential, or IPSP.
When a neuron receives input from one or more other other neurons, the resulting EPSP
or IPSP is proportional to the size of the input The number of terminals releasing
neurotransmitter, the total amount of neurotransmitter released, and the time course of
neuroransmitter release all play a role in shaping the postsynaptic potential. If a cell receives an
EPSP from one source and an IPSP from another source, they can partially or totally cancel one
another, so intracellular recordings reflect the net effect of all presynaptic activity on the cell
being studied.
The graded potential (EPSP or IPSP) is not transmitted from one cell to another.
Threshold. If an EPSP is large enough to cause the cell to depolarize to a certain value
known as threshold, a different kind of electrical activity takes place. This activity is called an
action potential. The action potential is transmitted down the cell's axon and causes
neurotransmitter to be released onto the cell's target (postsynaptic) neuron(s).
5.2. THE ACTION POTENTIAL
When one neuron receives input (i.e., neurotransmitter) from another neuron, its
membrane potential changes. If it changes enough in the positive direction (i.e., depolarizes to
threshold), a rapidly occurring process called an action potential is initiated.
5.2.1. The time-course of the action potential.
The neuron's threshold is the membrane potential at which the action potential starts to
occur. Once initiated, the action potential proceeds through several distinct stages:
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First, voltage-gated sodium (Na+) channels pop open, allowing Na+ to rush from the
extracellular space into the cell, causing the interior of the cell to become even less negative with
respect to the outside. At some point, the membrane potential actually becomes positive instead
of negative.
When the membrane potential becomes positive enough, the voltage-gated Na+ channels
are inactivated and Na+ no longer enters the cell.
At this point, voltage-gated K+ channels pop open, K+ rushes out of the cell, and the
membrane potential becomes negative again (repolarizes).
The rapid efflux of K+ from the cell causes a slight undershoot (hyperpolarization).
Equilibrium is slowly restored through the action of the Na+/K+ pump.
Figure 5-6. If the neuron receives sufficient excitatory input, the resulting EPSP will be large enough to reach
threshol
d (bottom border of shaded area). When that happens, voltage-gated ion channels open, allowing positively charged
sodium ions to enter the inside of the cell. Intracellular recordings show this as a very large, very rapid change in
membrane potential, the action potential. During the action potential, the inside of the cell becomes positive relative
to the outside, and the influx of sodium is stopped. The cell then repolarizes. Usually there is a period of
hyperpolarization at the end of the action potential.