10 Three Phase Induction Motors 101, Introduction A polyphase induction motor consists extentially of two major parts, the stator and the rotor. The construction of each one is basically a lamin ed core provided with slots which howe windings, When one of the windings is excited with a., voltage, a rotating ficld 1s set up. This field produces an e. the other wining by transformer action which in turn circulates current in the later ifit is short circuited. The currents flowing in the second winding interact ‘with the field produced by the first winding thereby producing a torque which is responsible for the rotation of the rotor. 10:2, Stator ‘This isthe stationary part of an induction motor, It is ¢ cylindrical structure, built up ‘f dynamo grade laminations. The laminations are either 0°35 or 05 mm thick. Motors havi.q outside diameters of the stator core upto about one metre use one-piece core lamina. tions us shown fn 101. The centre circles are used for punching rotor laminations. ‘The stator laminat are welded at several places around the outer cylindrical surface End the sinck is ¥e- pushed into a frame for assembly 0 ger sized motors, the stator corer are rade of segmental lamin: I ‘This is done in order avoid wasting of steel fiom the centre of the rotor and from the outside corrsr1 of the stator with the corés maade up of segiients anembled in ring form. ‘The segment are held together by axial key bars fitting into dovetailed slots in the outer Him of the core Fig. 10.2 show two pial methods of securing stator cores with seg- mental laminations. The peripheral lengtl of one segment, urually between 03 to 0'6 m, fi chosen to give most economical balance Between the cost of dies, the cost of assembly aod the amouat of serap leftover in cutting the laminations from steel strips. For quic auembly of stator core, maximum chord of teqment should, not be fam than 087 me ‘Decessary to determine number © dovetails for fing the segments to the frame _F: 101. Stator lamination for small machines. ‘and also to detertnine the location and number of dovetails per segment. As a rule, the dis- ance betwecn adjacent dovetails should not be lees than 60 mm. total number of segaieats is choseo in sach a way as to provide an equal number of, in the rore fux path: of alternating poles, This is because, if the flux leaving the ‘core from every south pole encounters a core joint when it turns’ anticlockwise, and no + Jobat when it enters clockwise, the different sebuctanoes offered to the two paths will result‘THREE PHASE INDUCTION MOTORS - into a net difference between the core fluxes in twodirections of flow, aud the resultant flux Unks with the shaft, This resultant flux produces an alternating voltage between the two ends of the shaft, giving rise to shaft eurrente which in turn may cause damage of bearings, unless the bearings are insulated from the end shields, Stotor Rib frame Se + Screwed Taainetion. profile bar Fig, 10-2, Segmental laminations and methods of securing stator core. cores are divided into a number of stacks with radial ventilating ducts in bets ‘ween ia to facilitate the cooli The width of a single stack of core not exceed 50 to 60 mi Fig. 10°S stiows a segmental lamination used for large induction motors, These motors have wide stator slots and consequently the teeth are thin in section. Therefore, the teeth Vent spacers Tooth Supports Fig, 10°3. Segmental Iaminatlon, \ooth supports and ‘vent spacers, mat be ropporied by toth suppor at the radial venlaing duct, The act as ad Aly prevent vibrations. The tooth su consist of a ple of Tolled steal, spot welded to the end laminations. pert geeccally = pleco . 103, Stator frames, Frames of electrical machines are structures in which stator core is assembled. They serve four distinct purposes : (0) They enclose the core and windings. tbield the lin ind moving machine from hy contact and from Oia aeicad by tntradiog objech or weather exporure, (is) They canst the torque tothe machine supports, and are therefore designed to (Ww) ‘They serve as ventilating housing or means of guiding the coglant into effective of designs is he ssa machines to service conditions. The design of frames special chines perio srsor large laseartons ‘on nocount ef the wkiry oll is pope596 . BLECTRICAL MACHINE DESIGN used in these machines. For induction motors the frame should be strong and rigid both during construction and after assembly of the machine. This is because the length of air gap is very stiall and if the frame is not rigid, the rotor will not remain concentric with stator giving rise to unbalanced magnetic pull. cated, Machines up to about 8 EW ratlg usually have their frames die-cast in a strong silicon aluminium alloy and in some cases with the ttator core cast in. ‘The process of die-casting has the advantage that it facilitates the use of thicker cross section of frame at places where greater mechanical strength is required. The die-cast frames do not require machining. ‘The frames of larger sizes of machines are fabricated by welding steel plates. The advantage of fabrication is its adaptability to new detigns and modifications. Feames of small machines are made as a single unit. They are provided with feet by which they are fixed to the base plate. Machines, which have radial ventilating ducts, the ttator core is placed inside the frame on axial ribs thereby providing an annulat space for air between core and the frame. The frames of totally enclosed machines are provided with axial fins in order to ine crease the heat dissipating surface. Fig. 10°4 shows a die-cast frame provided with axial fins. The stator co e latninations in. small michine: (which are punched astannular rings) fare fixed (o the frarn2 with the help of clamping ring: as shown in Fig. 10°5. The frames may be die-cast or fa Fig. 10°5. Aseembly. of stato: fog tinge The frames of medium and large sized machines are fabricated as stated earlier. ‘The frame is a short cylinder, or a box, with end pjates and axial ribs. The stator core is inserted into the frame afier the inner surfaces of the ribs have been machined and the ends turned where necessary for the end covers. Medium sized machines (i.e. machines whose stator core diameter exceeds 1 m, but ia not more than 2'5 to $0 m) are provided with radial ventilating ducts. In this case ring chambers with large radial dimensions are in order to obtain proper rigidity of frame and sufficient cross-section for ducts for air. As stated earlier, the stator core of these machines is assembled from segmental laminations and fixed to dovetails welded or screwed an to inside surface of the frame. The frame 4s ually, made in the form of a box of T. shaped crom-section in order to increase rigidity, machines of large axial le bet intermediate wall in addition to the we side wall "These tetodigned tet‘Tunas PRAEE INDUCTION MOTORS 597 the two consecutive walls are not more . than 05m apart (see Fig. 10°6). ‘This construction gives additional rigidity to igccxzzzrzzzrggPIZZIEE EEO the frame, N Fig, 10°6, Box-type stator frame 104, Retor, Like stator, the rotor laminations are punched asa single unit in the cave of small machines while in larger machines the laminations are scgmented. Fig. 10°7 shows a one plece tutor lamination. Rotor cores of small machines are often put on the shaft directly and keyed to it for transfer of torque. Washers oor thrust rings are used for axial clamping (Fig 108). The thrust ring is put on the ring grips the shaft. However, this process is costly for mass production, In practice, a thrust ring with a cut (Fig. 10°9) is wed. This ring is placed in a ring groove in the shaft. Fig, 10-7, Rotor tamination, Shrink ring "7 Fig. 108, Axial clamping of rotoe Fie 10, tostony sing Seite Ta order to provide paths for ventilating air, radial and axial ducts are used. The ‘number of radial ventilating ducts provided in the rotor is equal to that in the stator. The single unit laminations are fized on the shaft by means of armature (Fig. 10°10) of on eibe (Fig. 1011). ” ze bab508 ‘BLECTAICAL MACHINE DESION Sn SH Fig. 10°10, Assembly of rotor lami Fig. 10-1. Thickeoed part of "a 10 ies cog oo aroctare a ee idee wh ise In the case cast-steel hub the laminations are pressed together in axial direction with clamping rings (Fig. 10°10). The core is compresed | ‘een «nd plates when ribs are The segmental laminations are fixed to rotor spider. A rotor spider i shown in Fig. 10°12. comprises of a shaft with arms and wiffners. For machines with diameters, the rotor spider is built up from a hub, arms and ribs as shown in Fig. 10°13. The ribs are machined to accommodate the rotor core. Fig. 10-12, Rotor spider _ Pla, 10 15, Rotor oper bolt with bub,‘THREE PHASE INDUCTION MOTORS: 599 105, Rotor windings. Two general types of rotor constructions are employed for induction motors, namely, the aguirrel cage and the wownd rotor, The great majority of present ard motors are manufactured with squirrel cage rotors, consisting of tuninsulated bars of aluminium or copper that are joined together at both ends by rings of ctice is to employ winding of cast aluminium, Jaminations are placed in a mould after which form bars, end rings and cooling 6ns as extensions of end rings ast rotor and has become very popular as there are no joints and thus there is no possibility of high contact resistance. In practice a silicon alloy with 6—12% Su: is used because pure aluminium does not cast well In other designs, copper or brass barsp of round or 1. ctangulty shape to fit the rotor slots tightly, are driven into slots, projecting a short distance on each en& of ine core. bars are then soldered, welded or brazed tothe end rings. me cofmen types of con- struction for connection of bars to end rings are shown in Fig 10°14. + . It is necessary to keep the bars tightly in the slots because loose bars can be damaged quickly by mechanical vibrations and thermal cycl End D ind 7 wy me Fig. 1014, Connection of bare to end rings, common practice to use deep bar rotors when high start Fig. 10'18 shows the method Of joining deep bers wend sings ing torque is required, Pig. 10-15, Joining of deep bars with end rings. For induction moter requiring apesd control or extremely high value of arta torque, the wound rotor construction he wound rotor bas completely inelated copper windings very much ike the air wading, Wave winding is used as it has the vantage that the number of cross connectors tmning prem have 2 ened mech ten gives a compact arrangement of crosconnectors maki ieee bag The windings can ct tal | in rar or delta and the00 - BLECTRICAL MACHINE DESIGN bad narted up. A collar was provided to short circuit the slip rings. This was done to reduce the wear of brushes. Also it resulted in reduction of frictional lomes. However, rush lifing and short circuiting gear is generally not used in modern machines, 106, Coimparisoa of squirrel cage and wound rotors, The squirrel cage motor bas the follow'ng advantages as compared with wound rotor machine. (6) No slip rings, brush gear, short circuiting devices, rotor terminals for starting rheostats are required. The star delta starter is sufficient for starting. (Gi) Tt has a slightly higher efficiency. (ii) tis cheaper and rugged in construction. (io) Tehas better factor for rotor slots, a shorter overhang and consequently a azoaller copper lors, : (0) Ths bare ond ring,» Larger space for fans and thus the cooling contin aro etter. (oi) It has a smaller rotor overhang leakage which gives a better power factor and a greater pull out torque and overload capacity. ‘The greatest disadvantage of squirrel cage rotor is that it is not possible to insert resis- tances in the rotor circuit for the pucpore of increasing the starting torque. The cage rotor motor has a smaller starting torque and larger starting current as compared with wound rotor motor. 107, Slip rings. The slip rings (for wound rotor machines) are made of either beams or phosphor bronze, They may be together on a body of reinforced thermo: ‘resin carried on a mild steel hub. Allp rings are located either between the core ‘and the bearing or on the shaft extension. In the latter case the shaft is made hollow to allow the three connections from rotor to slip rings to pass through 108, Shafts and bearings. The air gap of an induction motor is made as small as ponible, Therefore the shaft is made short and stiff in order that the rotor may not have any Significant deflection, as even a small defection would create large irregularities in the air gap which would lead to production of an unbalanced magnatio pull (eee page 179). Thire is also a possibility of rotor and stator fouling with each other. Ball and roller bearings are generally used as with their use, accurate centring is much simpler than with journal Dearingr, Alto the overall length of the machine is redltoed. For ‘motors, a roller bearing may be used at the driving cnd and a ball bearing at the non driving end.” For large and heavy rotors journal bearings of self aligning spherical seated type are wed. DESIGN 109, Ovtput Equation, Reference chapter 8 page 456, ‘The output equation (Eqn. 8°18) for a.c, machines is : EVA input Q=0,D*la. (1071) Output coefficient Oyel'1 KaBea 0X10 (102) From Ego. 1011, Dim gl KVA input=EW/(4 cos 9) (108) ‘The rating of'an induction motor ia, sometimes given in and therefo the occa Sa all be enpresed fa tones of bone power The WA apes oe ‘bp. x07 - qm BERD fire)THREE Pa.SB INDUCTION MOTORS 601 ‘The horse power, specd, power factor and ‘efficiency of a machine are specified. Therefore, in order to calculate the value of D*Z, we must evaluate the output coefficient. ‘The value'of outpts coefficient depends upon the ‘choice of electric and magnetic loadings jue. values of ao and Bes, 1010, Cholce of average fax deasity in alr gap (#) Power factor, ‘The value of flux density in air gap should be small as otherwise i) fhe machine will di iiag” cure-nt (See Art. 10'8) giving a ‘poor _fhe machine will daw 2 isrpy mapa tag era (See ar 108) a 7 A ee ene re HG. ron Tn . (43) Irom lore: Am increased value of gap density results in increased iron loss and decreased efficiency, (See Art. 8'1°7 page 453). (Wi) Overload capacity. The value of ait gap flux “ensity determines the overload capacity. Ahigh value of By means that the AGE per pote is large. Thus for the same voltage, the aaa eet requires leas turns per phase and if the number of turns is les, the Teakage eras ecomer "With sinall leakage reactance the circle diagram of the imachine has alarge diameter which means that the maximum output, which the wKehiie is eapabe af giving, is Tatge of tvother words the machine has a large over-load capacity. ‘Thus, with the assumption of a higher value of Ha we get, a higher value of. overload, capacity. ne me Most induction motors have an overload capacity of twice in horse power but as the gets lower and lower—i.e. in machines with large number of polet—it is very difficult to get this capacity and still get a reasonably good power factor. ‘There has to be & compro- mise between the two. For 50 Hz machines of normal design the value of Boe lies between 0'3 and 06 Wb/m*. For machines used in cranes, rolling mills etc., where a large overload capacity is required, a valu of 0°65 Wh/aa* may be used. va 10-11, Choice of ampere conductors per metre (9) Copper oes and temperature ris, (large value of ae means that a grater amount of copper it employed in te machine. Ths results in higher copper loses and large temperature rise of embedded conductors (See Art. 8°18 page 461). ii) Ve » A staal value of should be for high vol bit in their al a cee ge metia nso quire for Input i Tage (8 Tilt) Overload capacity. A large value’ of ampere conductors would result in mami, Onroad capacity. large ale ot are cakage tactance ofthe machi Bosnpoer high are! the diameter of circle diagram is reduced resulting in reduced value of ond expec “Therefore, higher the value of ao, the lower would be the overload capacity. ‘Hence the valu of conductors per metre depends upon the size of the motor, ‘the voltage of stator , the type of ventilation and the overload capacity desired. Ii varies between 5000 to ampere conductors per metre depending upon the factors listed 1012, | Efficiency and power factor. Table 10°! gives the usual values of efficiency and power factor for 50 Hz machines. .602 . ELECTRICAL MACHINE DESION |. Efficiency and power factor Table Ouest Efficiency Power Factor i — ot | pb 4 pat Squirrel Cage os on - 07s - 220 om 07s on 066 370 os ol ow ow 70 oes on oer o78 15:00 ose ons os os 3700 090 ons 090 oes 1500 ost 090 092 on Slip Ring 10 ose ons oes 070 15°00 ow ons on 0-80 3700 089 oss 090 ons 1500 oot 089 092 O89 1013, Main Dimensions, The product D*Z obtained from Eqn, 10'3 is split up into its two components D andl. The separation of D and Z for induction motors is discuned in chapter 8. The ratio of core length to pole pitch (ratio Z/t) for various design features in : Minimum cost—1'5 to 2 Good power factor—10 to 1°25 Good affoiency—I'5 Good overall design—I. ‘As discussed later in the chapter, for best power factor ‘edd L For small motors, high values of Z/+ result in small diameters which may not be able to accommodate even atmall number of sloce, In auch casey the above valuvs are not cable and so lower values down to 06 may be. taken, In general, the value of L/t between 0°6 and 2 depending upon the size of machine and the characteristics desired. Poripherol Speed. Standard constructions can generally be used for peripheral speeds upto 60 m/s, Higher peripheral upto 75 aja are perminible only wich ‘Pror cousruction which may tavelve higher costs, For « notsal design, the dizmeter bbe 10 chosen that the peripheral speed does not exceed about $0 m/s. It should be noted that thia relationship is dimensionally not correct and is valld for values of © and L ‘eapresed in metre, ‘ “en‘TAREE PHAS INDUCTION MOTORS 603 Ventilating ducts. The stator is provided with radial ventilating ducts if the core length exceeds 100 to 125 mm. The width of each duct is about 8 to 10 mm (See page 57). 1014, Stator winding. The windings wed for induction motor stators, their choice and layout has been described in the chapter on armature windings. Double layer lap type winding with diamond shaped coils is generally uted for stators. Small motors with a small number of slots and having a large number ofturns per phase may use single layer mush windings. The modern insulating materials for diamond coils belong to clanes H, Band F. The slot and phase insulation is Polyester foil coated with compressed fibre for class # and plastic foil baked with polyamide fibres for clas: F. The insulants in both cases are impre- gaated with class F insulation. The three phases of the winding can be connected in either star or delta depending upon starting methods employed. The squirrel cage motors are usually started by start delta starters and therefore their stators are designed for delta connection and the six leads are brought out to be connected to the starter. The wound rotor motors are started by putting resistance in the rotor circuit and therefore the stator can be connected either in star or in delta as desired. ° 1014-1, Turns per phase, Flux per pole On= Ber tL= Bee X(RDL)/p Stator voltage per phase H.=4°44 f OmTsKws where ‘Tyenumber of turns per phase in stator and Kw stator winding factor. The winding factor may b> initially assumed as 0°955 which is the value of winding factor for infiaitely distributed winding with full pitch coils. ce Stator turns per phase = Ta 10:12, Stator conductors, The current density in the stator windings is usually between $ to5 A/mm', Stator current per phase J)=Q/3E, 4 Area of each stator conductor Gs=Js/8 where %=current density in stator conductors. For lower values of current, round conductors would be most convenient to use while for higher currents bar ot strip conductors should be adopted as anything above 2 or $ mm in diameter is difficult to wind. The use of bar and strip conductors gives a better space factor for the slots. 10:15, Shape ofstator slots, The rbape of slots has an important effect upon the ng performance of the motor as well as the problem of installing the winding. The SPts aay be completely open or semi-eucloved as shown in Fig. 10°16, “When open slots are the winding coils can be formed and insulated completely before they are inserted in slots. Also the windings are reasonably accessible when individual coila must be rev placed or serviced in the field. On the other hand, the coils must be caped and insulated sr ced inthe no for machin wit wnvnciaed do, ‘Sembancloed det are Preferred for ‘motors suse ir use air facta smal giving a mall value of, magnadning caren The tse of sentcpocloesd doe 8 ow feo pion le and much ltr operation ws compared wish tat with iE F604 BLECTRICAL MA‘ H NE DESIGN Therefore, open slot («equa to slot opening equal to width oft) are used where itis desired 10 complete the coils outside the armature and drop them into the slots. Incidentally, an advantaage of open slots is that their uss avoids excessive slot leakage thereby reducing the leakage reactance. In ‘mall motors where round con- ductors are used, the tapered slot with parallel : sided tooth arrangement [Fig. 0 1¢(a)] is useful as it gives the maximum slot area for a particular towh density In large and medium size machines where strip conductors are preferred, paralic| sided slots with tapered @ © teeth are used [Fig. 10°16 i Fig. 10-16. Semi-enclosed and open slots, 10 16, Number of stator slots, The designer has no definite rules to guide him in selecting the number of stator slots, however, the following points help to serve as guide- Aincs in the selection. Tooth puleation [oss In motors with open type slots, the slot openings have a considerable influence on the air gap reluctance. The slots be s0 proportioned that’ minimum variations in the air gap reluctance are produce. The effect of there variations is to produce tooth pulsation losses and noise. (For additional information on tooth pulsa- tion losses see pages 109, 304 and $05). ‘These effects can be minimised by using a large number of narrow slots. (ii) Leakage reactance. If there are larger number of slots, there are larger number of slots to insulate. Therefore the width of yn_-becomes more and this means that the Jeakage fux has a longer path through air which results in its (leakago flux’s) reduction, ‘Therefore with larger number of slots, the leakage flux and. hence the leakage reactance is reduced. In fact the slot leakage reactance is inversely? proportional to the number of slots/ pole/phase as explained on page 172. With small valves of leakage reactance the diameter of the circle diagram is large and hence the overload capacity increases. Thus, with larger number of slots the machine has a higher overload capacity. the slot pitea. slots is generally about one half the slot pitch on the gap circumference. So with larger number of slots, the thickness of the teeth becomes smaller and the teeth may become mecha- ically weak and they may have to be supported at the radial ventilating ducts by welding For J sections as shown in Fig 10'S. This obstructs the flow of air in the ducts thereby impairing the cooling. io) Magnetieing current and iron lose. Ithas been explained above that the teeth section is reduced. Therefore the use of larger number of slots may result in excenive fux density in teeth giving rite to higher magnetising current anJ higher iron lou. (0) Cost, With larger number of slots there are larger number of coils to wind, ingulate and install involving higher costs, Itis good practice (o ute as many slots as economically possible. However the number of Soper ‘ole per phate g, should not be let than 2 otherwite the leakage reactance becomes high. In general the number of slots should be selected to give an integral number of slots f phase, The lot pitch at tle air gap surface for open type of slots ahould be Pecween £8 t0 25 mm, For semienclosed slots the slot pitch may be len than 1S tam. ‘The stator alot pitch is . surface . 2D Yo" Salaun afiater dee" S, where Sis the number of stator slots. e‘THREE PHASE INDUCTION MOTORS 60s Total number of stator conductor X27, =67, s+ Conductors per stator slot Zum6.74!S, The number of conductors per slot must be an even integer {+r double layer windings because one half of the conductors per slot belong to the top layer and the other half to the _ bottom layer. 1017, Area of stator slots, When the nun.ber of conductors per slot has been obtained, an approximate area of the slot can be sueale. Approximate area of each slote:-“Opet area per slot_ ‘space fetor “space factor AlOs) The space factors ordinarily obtained vary from 0°25 10.04. High veltage machines have lower +0 space factors owing to large thicknesses of insu ‘After obtaining the area of the slot, the dimensions of the sl. t should be adjustid ‘The tooth width and SH x the slot width at the gap surface should be approxi- mately equal. The slot should not be too wide to give a thin tooth. ‘The wicth of the slot should be so adjusted such that the mean flux density in the d tooth lies between 1°3 to 1°7 Wh/mt. The width of ss teeth should not be too large as it results in narrow and deep slots. The deepir slots give a large value of leakage reactance. In general the ratio of slot — depth to slot width should be between 3 and 6. Lewy} Fig. 10°17 gives the dimensions for the slot Fig. 1017, Stator slot. opening and for lis and wedge in the case of semivenclosed slots (The dimensions are 1018, Length of mean tarn, The approximate length of mean turn of the winding on induction motor stators for use on voltages upto 650 V may be calculated from the following empirical relationship. Length of mean turn of stator Lmum2L-+2'3¢+0°24 -=(10°6) with values of L and + are expressed in m, 10-19, Stator teeth. The dimensions of the slot determine the value of flux density in the teeth, A high value of flux density in the teeth is not desirable, as it leads to a higher ion fom and greater magnetizing mmf. As stated eailier, the maximum value of Bi, the mean flux density in stator teeth should not exceed 1°7 Wh/ .. Minimum tooth area per pole=@u/1°7 - Tooth area per polessnumber of slots per pole X net iron length x width of tooth = (8/p)x Lax We ‘or minimum width of stator tooth wen TREE oll) ‘The mini width of stator teeth is near the gap surface. A check for minimum tat wih diag Egy. 107 should bs applied before finally the dimensions of atator slot. ,606 ELECTRICAL MACHINE DESH 1020, Stator core, The flux density in the core should not exceed about I‘5 Wh/mt, Generally it lien between I'2to 14 Wha’. From Fig. 1016, it le cleat that the flux passing through the stator core is half of the flux per pole, Flux in the stator core ©n/2. . . flux through core On te Aten of stator core TE oe Be ‘Area of stator cores 4X der where desadepth of stator core. aes On Thus Lixda= se a r We" TBaxTe 08) ‘The outside diameter of stator lamina tions (Fig. 10°18). Dem D+2 (depth of ator slots depth of core) . D+ 2dut2ées +(10°9) ‘Example 10:1. Delermine the main dimensions, number of radial ventilating ducts, number of stator slots and the number of turns ‘per phase of a 3°7 kW, 400 volt, 3-phase, 4 pole, 5 Bs equirrel cage induction motor to be started bya star delta star ‘winding detatle Fig. 10°18. Stator laminatic ‘dissension ympere conductors per metre=23000, afficiency=0°85, and power factor=0°84. Beshinas rated o 37 YF ple or sold ata compaitie price and teafore soo the snain-dimensions (0 give o cheap davtgn Asoume : winding factor=0'966, stacking factor=0°9. Solation. (0) Main Dimensions EVA inpot on “seo Output co-efficient —_Opuel] Kw Bap as 10" 110955 x 29000 x 10-*=108°7 Synchronous speed sume? fp 2X50/4a025 rps. 518 2 Product Die GO- meray 11x10 mt, For a cheap-design ratio, L/t=1°S to 2. Taking L/r=1°5, bony rae we have gigas ow Zt Now DeLmV 1 X10¢ mt of 1ITB Dearie‘THREB PHASS IND. CTION MOTORS 7 or Demo'117 mst0'12 m and ba OT Pole pitch r= mD/pmmm X0°12/4m0°094 m. The length of core is 0"13 m and therefore cne radial duct 10 mm wide is provided. ce Net iron length L:==0°9 (0'13~0'01)=0°108 m. Torns per phase Flux per pole Ga= Ber L, +=0'483 x 0'13 x0 094=05°5 x 10-8 Wb. ‘As the machine is started by a star delta starter, it is designed for delta connection. Stator voltage per phase H,=400 V. Stator turns per phase 7, = TayeKS * FaXGOXES X10 ROG SS: (iti) Na of stator slots. It isa small sized machine and since semi-enclosed slots are used for this machine the slot pitch can be lower than 15 mm. However, for mecha nical reasons the slot pitch should not be below 10 mm, ‘Taking, slots per pole per phate gr=3. Total number of stator slots $3 X 4x 3m096, Stator slot pitch==ys=nD/B,=nX 0-12/96 =0°01047 m=10'47 mm, Total number of stator conductors=67.=6 x 3432088 Conductors per slot 2m 258 =37. ‘. Actual number of turns per phase Tis er 842 (jv) Winding details, For small machines like this, & single layer mush winding placed in semi-enclosed slots is used. In a single layer winding, each coil occuples two slots and, therefore, umber of coils 36/218 and number of coils per phase==18/3=6. : 8 alote phase or 9 slots per pole, the coil span is 9 slots. Coll side in ot i connected creole, T4910 i Hak 10” Acti. the cal span #0 mah eI the should always be an odd number in terms of slots spanned. Hore it is odd and cael dos er pole and therefore the coils are full pitch. ‘The complete winding is shown in Fig. 6-42. sample 10:2. main dimensions of 16 bY, 8 400 V, 80 Hs, 8210 ogton hs J eso Reoag on elteaey of 880 and fell load power flor of 9. Aiewme: : apecifie magnetia loading=6'8 Whim ; apecifc elastic loading = 8000 Je, ‘Tabs 1h: rotor paripheral opeed as uppresienately 90 wife ot opnehronces epeed.608 ‘ELECTPICAL MACHINE DESION Solution, EVA input = gagtgg 894. Output co-efficient Oye Kw Bas 00 107% m1] X0°955 X0'5 x 25000 x 10-1313 The speed of the rotor at full load is 2810 r p.m. ond the nearest synchronous speed corresponding to 5) Hz is 3000 .p.m. Synchronous speed = 3000/6050 rp. c. Product” ‘D'L= cod me yn 2 88x10 mt, ‘The rotor diameter in an induction motor is almost equal to stator bore, “ ‘8Daw=20 or De gts =0'1275 m, 288x107" and Le ST O17 m Example 10:3. Determine the min dimensions, per phase, number of slots, conductor erow sition ant slat area of 0'360 pd phese, 6 400 V, 1410 r.p.m. slip ‘aduclion motor.” Aseume Burw0'S Wom,” co~80000 Alm, eflelency-=0 9 ond 00, wining factor 0056, arrent devuliyd'S A/mm’. The slot space factor te 4 ‘and the ratio of core length to pole pltch ia 1'2, Ths machine ie delta connect Solution, (0) Main Dimensions ‘The speed of motor is 1410 r.p.m, and the nearest syachron us speed corresponding to $50 He is 1500 p.m. ‘Synchronous speed 1500/6025 rps. Number of poles =2x50/25—4, Output co-efficient Oym11 X0°955 X0'S x 30,000 x 107% 157°6 AVA input o= oon 2 . ae 58" : Dim Gh, magi S ag 884x107 We have Djemt2 or L/Dml'2xn/4m0'942, * 0°942 Dtme58°4x 107% or De0'395m and = Lat0'375 m (i) Winding Flux per pole Gam 05 x mX0.895 X0'S75/4e088 2x10 Wh ‘The machine is delta connected. Stator voltage per phase H,=406 V. Sate sem pe eo REPT RTOTTOI A‘THAEE PHA & INDUCTION MOTORS 609 Total conductorsm 67.6 x 52—192, ‘The slot pitch lies between 15 to 25 mm. se The number of slots lies between : ®X0'395 x 10? 3 ‘The machine is large in size and therefore a large number of slots should be choven. ‘The value of number of slots per pole per phas: und the conductors per slot should be ro choten that there is not tuch difference in the value of conductors provided and che cone ductors calculated earlier. Taking 5 slots per pole per phase, Total number of stator sloty=3 x 4x 5=60 Providing 3 conductors per » ot. Total number of conductors==$ x 60180. Turns per phate=180/6=30. ‘The value of turns per phase calculated earlier is $24, Thus there isa decrease of about 7 per cent in the turns provided and therefore the value of flux density would increase by this amourt. Single layer concentric winding with semi-enclosed slots is used. (The number of conductors per slot is odi and therefore double layer winding is not posrible). 2X0 395x108 =80 to A ae Stator current per phase ne og mis A. Area of stator conductor 6,—/,/8,00192/S'S=55 mm’. ‘Total copper area in each slot=3 x 55—=165 mm. £0] area slot 165 r Total area Of ot eee too a wh25 mnt, Example 104. Estimate the stator core dimensions, sumber of stator conductors per slot for a 100 kW 33007, 50 ring énduction motor. Assume : Choose main dimensions to give best power factor. The slot loading should not asoced 500 ampere conductors. Solution, EVA inpates wT =125'5. Synchronous speed nym? ms 38 rps. Output coeficlent ym] x0-06 X0'4X 25,000 x 107% 1056, * Product DiLeryag Pe gy 140'4x 107 a, For best power factor 14/018 Z (qn. 10°68) oe wBDIWATITE o Dots 1,610 . MLACTRICAL MACHIN® DENGN Thus, we have 2°63 D8 140°4x 10% E=023m and D=078 m. Flax per pole @qm0°4x =X078 Stator voltage per phate eesstn//Z=1503 v. 1905, Stator turn par phase Pye rere tS pee wt87 Total number of stator conductorem6 x 4872022 ‘The slot pitch varies between 15 to 25 mm. The number of stator slots 8 lies between mX0'78X 108 — 0°23m818'5 x 10"? Wh, = 163. Soty/polejphane gs x Stator slots ‘Thus we can use either 108 or 144 slots fur the stator. With 3.0108 :- Conductor per slot Zum 582 oa27, Stator current per phase Je= TTT Fate A. Slot loading*=1y.Z,=21'6 x $7=583 ampere conductors. This exceeds the maximum sp>cified limit of 500 ampsre condactors and, therefore, we cannot ure 108 slots. With Std Conductors per slot Za1s2922/144020 ci Slot loading=216X20=0482 ampere conductors, ‘This is below the maximum specified limic. J. We use 144 slots ‘with 20 conductors per slot. Example 105. 4152W, 440¥, KE ae maf ian BVA input Gap itygg e218. Symebrovous speed need xB0/4—05 rips‘TRAE PHASE INDUCTION MOTORS 61 “Se New, Or TERR ews 7A From Eqn. 10°2 Com 1 Ho B a0 1-H 0955 Be 28000 10-4 22416 Bos Je Average flux density inthe air gap Berm67'2/241'6=0'36 Wh/m*, Pole pitch + =mX0'25/4—=0'196 m. & Ratio 1/+=0'16/0'196—0°815. 1k W Motor : We have to ure the sume data for the 11 kW machine ax is calculated above for 15 kW machine. o Bee=0'36 Wo/ma® ; 60=28000 A/m ; Tjrm0'815 and 0,872, = 2 = 2X50 wale Synchronous speed seme of 1667 rps. kVA= Tagger mls. oo Product Peg at =11X10°% m? Lveisx 2 and ratio feosisx ta0427 o 0-427 Dimi x 10-# 8 Dem0'30m and 0 125m, 32108 The number of ator slots Hier between SXOS%IO' 37 gqy TEOSHIO® gy Using 5 slots per pole per phase, Number of stator slow Sym X6x3=54. Flux per pole On= SEHK O 3x 25707 10°" Wo. Delta connection is used for the stator winding. 1 Stator voltage per phase #460 V. - 460, Siator turns per phase Tm Fag RSTRT OTR IT AKORS 8 ‘Total number of stator couductors=6 x 307== 1842. <2 Conductors per slot Zam 2842 841 Using $4 conductors per slo, tetel conductors= 1896, Stator turas per phase T.m1636/6=806. . . Example 106, A 3 rhaee, eT, eis Fe meet ininaton wae 6 stator with an internal diameter cata length of 01h. hu @ tote ‘with 26 conductors per slot,612 BLECTRICAL MACHINE DESION The area of each stator conductor is to be 5 mm*. Caloulate the width and {he epi of other suitable assumptions. Gotation Synchronous speed wm750/60=012 5 p.s and number of poles pm 2x 60/12°5—8, Volt ge/phase Bn m2 V. Turns per phase Pret X24 op, . 254 - - cs Flux per pole Oma aq aps TKOTET TO24x10-* Wo. Circular conductors are used with a bare diameter of 2°53 mm (area 5 meat) Diameter of insulated conductors 2 58+2X0'08a12 7 mm, ‘There are 24 conductors per slot. Let us assume that there ace 3 conductors wisith wise and 8 conductors depth wise, A. Width of stator slot We=number of conductors widihwiseX diameter of insulated conductor+2 (width of slot insulation) +slack =3X2742X08+08—10°5 mm, (The slack along width is assumed as 0°8 mm) Depth of stator slot du number of conductors depth wise x diameter of inulatid conductor+8 X width of slot inmulation-+depth of wedge and lip-+slack 8X27+3x08+4+1°0—29°0 mm, (The slack along deptti is taken as | mm) . Lat us check for maximums flux density in teeth. ‘The tooth width is min‘mum near the alr gap surface and therefore flux density in teeth is maximum at this section. The core length is 0°15 m and therefore one radial duct 10 mm wide is used. The stacking’ factor isassumed'as 0°9 : Net core length Lem 0°9(0'15—1 x0°01)==0126 m. Slot pitch Yuen XO25% 104/40=016°S6 mm. ‘Tooth width at thefgap surface Was 16°38—10°5==5'96 m. Maximum flux'density in teeth On Bowe ERK We 6-24 x10% o KO TE xd EX "41 Whit, ‘This's below fhe maximum allowable Hit of 1'7 Wh/m',‘TuaBE PHASE INDUCTION MOTORS os ROTOR DESIGN 1021, Length of air gap, The folowing factors shoul.t be considered when estimas ting the length of air gap. (i) Power factor, The mmf required to send the fl x thiough ait gap is propore tional to the product of fi ants tui ro “ofa gp os! ‘with ‘very-smalé--- “Gonsicles; the mien required for ai Bap Wsiucl ‘More than that forthe rest of the magnetic circuit. ' Phorefore, it is the length of air gap that primarily determines the magnetising current drawn by the maching, : Fig 10°19 shows phasor diagrams of an induction motor with two different gap ngths where Vessstator applied voltage, air gap Aus, £,eroior induced emf, Trmrovor current, Ir’ rotor current refer: pd to stator side, Im ==magoetising current, {imlom component of no load current, Jomno load current, Zeeutator current and P=phase angle between stator applied Voltage and stator curreat. Subscripts | and 2 refer to two different cases with phasor diagram of the machine with greater gap ous 4. cave 2 shown in Fig. 10°19 (6). ‘he magnetizing current in case 2 is greater ‘ian that ta case 1 and therefore the phase angle between stator applied voltage and Stator current is greater for case,2 6.6. $y is Fig. 10:19. Effect of length of air gap oa ‘Breater that @; oreorg, ty “tmaller than ower factor. Cot gir Hence, the factor of machine with a greater gap length fs smaller. (ii) Over-toad capacity, The over load capacity of an induction motor is’ defined ax the ratio simum output tothe rated output, The maximum output of induction Te tained from it cede dlaeam us vhoWwa'la Fig: 1020. The overload capacity ie. Fig. 1020, Bifect of leakage reactance on overload capacity. Fig. 10°20 shows the citcle diagrams of two induction moto with different values of leakage reactance, [he diameter of the circle diagram ts Vs/X, where X, is the leakage reactance of the motor referred co the stator side. ‘Thus, smaller the reactanon greater the diameter of circle diagram. The circle diagram shown in Fig. 10°20 (b) ls for a machine with a smaller leakage reactance than that of a machine whose circle disgram is shown in Fig. 10°20 (a). ‘The diameter of the, circle diagram of a machioe with smaller reactance it et pe clear, from Fig. 10°20 (a) and (i) that the a machine smaller614 ELACTRICAL MACHINE DESION ‘motors: eae ering a reduced vilue for c , cand hence the overlosd capacity increases. Therefore, greater is the lengttt “greater is the over! ad cap icity. th of air gap affects the value of leakage reactance which forms a I of air gap af value of sg sap leakage 2 age jalu> of leakage reactance, the diartieter of ciccle diagram increases ot ate gap, (di) Palsation loss With larger length of air gap, the variation of reluctance due to slotting is emall Tie troth pulsation loss, which is produced due to variation in of the alr gap, is e-duced czordingly. Therefore, the pulsation loss eps + with large alr (io) Unbalanced magnetic pall, Ifthe length of airgap is small, even a small ap and is responsibl for production of large unbala ced magn tic pull whi feflecion or cceenrcty ofthe shat would produce «large irregularity in the length of air for t! tendency to bend the shaft still more at a place whore it is already bent resulting in fouling of rotor with stator. If the length ofair gap of a machine is large, a small eccentricity would not be ab’e to produce noticeableunbalanced magneti~ “rill (See Art 4 20 page 173). (e) Cooling If the length of air gap is large, the cylindrical surfaces of stator are reparated by a large distance. ‘This would afford better the gap surfaces especially'when a fan is fitted for the circulation of rotor and ities for cooling at Nolse. The pr ncipal cause of noise in aduction motors is the variation of reluctance of the path of the zigzag leakage. flux To ensure, that the” nolsd produced will ‘Bot ba Phe, tts necomery Sats tee ‘signag leak ge as small as possible. This can be done by increasing the length of the gap. be ay small ay mchanicaly posible in order to keep down the sitpprove the power factor This is a major consideration. But i Yboiter cooling, reduction in nolse of reduction in unbalanced magnetic pull is - large air gap lengths should be used. 1211, Relations for calealation of length of air gap From abo-o, we conclude that the length of air gap in aa induction machine should gnetizing current and to higher overload capacity, important, (4) In order to estimate the length of air gap of small induction motors, the following expression can be used m0'2-424/Di: om where D and L are expressed in metre. The air gap is a mere clearance be ween wrator and i meds smaller than the value given by fq used. (i) Ancther expression, which can be used for small machines, is yo 0'125-+0'35 D-+L+0°015 Ve mm where D and L are exprewed in metre and Vs is the peripheral speed in (ii) The following relation may also be usefully used 4=0'2+D mm ‘where Dis expressed in metre. (de) For machines with journal bearings, following expression may be used bel 6VD -025 om whore D is expressed in metre, ‘The following air gape may be ured for 4 pole machines, (10 10) rotor and 8. 10°10 if roller and ball bearings are (10°11) metre per eee 10°12) enf 0713)‘TAREE PHA'E INDUCTION MOTORS eis Table 102, Length of air gap for 4 pole machines Rotor diameter Demeatator bore—2 length of air gap=D—2ly DESIGN OF SQUIRREL CAGE ROTOR 10-22, Number of rotor slots, The selection of number of rotor slots in squirrel cage motors is very important and a considerable attention should be paid to select a suitable value. This is because with certain numbers of poles and of stator and rotor slots in squirrel cage motors, peculiar and deleterious behaviour may be observed. With certa of stator and rotor slots the machine may refuse to start or may crawl at sot nous sperd. In some cases, severe vibrations may be set up generating excess . These effects are produced by harmonic fields. The harmonic fields are due to : (i) windings, (is) slotting, (éi#) saturation and (iv) irregularities in the air Kap. The harmonic fields are superposed upon the fundamental sine wave field and induce emfs in the rotor winding and thus circulate harmonic currents, These harmonic currents, in turn, interact with the harmonic fs to produce harmonic torques, Ta fact the harmonie fields may be thought of as separate low power motors that are direct coupled to the same shaft a the Fundamental, Therefore, the net motor torque i qual tothe rum of the wrque due to the fundamental and the torques produced by a myriad of harmonic fields. It should be understood that the space harmonic Geld: have more poles than the fundamental and therefore have lower jous speeds. Some of there fields revolve in the forward direction and some in the: backward direction. At motor speeds above theit respective values, the forward rotating harmonic fields produce braking: torquer while the backward rotating harmonic felds produce braking torque at all speeds. In addition the harmonic fields are responsible for increase in stray load lowes and motor heating. ‘The essential difference in behaviour of wound rotor and squirrel cage machines is that the cage rotor, being a multiphase winding, will circulate currents due to any harmonic emf produced by the gap flux except that which has a wavelength equal to the pitch of the bars, the wound rotor machines on the other hand tend to reduce the effect of most harmonics. * The effects of harmonic fields produced by windings greatly intensified slott The oats of ce asda vena inthe cunt wove nat producer farther iamonley modulates the fiux. Therefore, the choice of rotor slots is particularly Imporae fn eco of ole age machines, Any bad combination of stator and rotor slots iay revalt in awkward, bebar . ‘The effects of harmonics are explained below in details: . ‘> 1. Harmente induction torqses, It hai been expliioed earlier 14) chat ‘S-ploase winding carrying dtausoldal currents produces emwnlte ot toes ented Pe.616 . ELECTRICAL MACHINE DENN where N is an integer. The movement of the harmonics is with or against the direction of rotation depending upon the sign (+ means with’ the rotation and —means against the Touation) "The aumber of pols forthe wth harmonic» mes the ‘number of pols ofthe fundamental and therefore the synch:onous speed of nth harmonic is I/nth of the synchronous speed of fundamental, Now a three phase winding will produce a forward rotating 7th harmonic . backward rotating :th harmonic (for New1). The 5th and the 7th harmonic flues m: nee . of’ deemed as produced by «ts of additional poles superimposed the fundamental poles. eoerate rotor ewfs, currents and torques of the same general torque/spted shape as that of” fandamental but with synchronous speeds 1/5 (backward) 1/7 (forward) of the synchronous speed of fundamental as shown in Fig. 10°21. ‘The 7th harmonic torque reaches its maximum just before 1/7th synchronous speed, but beyond this sped the 7th harmonic torque becomes negative, since the alip in the hharmoinc i Id fs negative. The resultant torque-speed curve combine with the fundamencal shows marked dips and with certain slot combinations the dip due to 7th harmonic may become very pronounced, Assuming that the mechanical load on the shaft involves a constant loud torque, the torque may fall below this load torque and, when this cours, the motor cannot acelerate upon it fall speed but, continues to run at's speed little lower than the 1/7th synchronous speed this it called Crawling, Ejsnramone A | ato $721, Dips caused by Sth and Fig, 1022. Dips caused by slot 1 tbe ba ‘harmonica In the torque-epeed mata othe ened Slottig produces harmonica of the order 64g: (see 305) in a $ phase machine, where 4 is any integer. Considering a 4 pole 36 ‘lot 'muchine. The slow pet per phase arege3. Thusne18t1e19th and 17th harmonics are produced due to g.__ ‘The 19th barmonic field rotates forward an] 17th harmonic Geld rotates back. ‘ward. ‘Thus the dips in the torque speed characteristic would be at +1/19 and = 1/17 of arachronous speed (Fig. 102.) The affect of production of dips may be eugmented by rotor slotting. Corresponding to the above 4 pole, 36 slot stator if we choose 76 rotor slots, there would be one rotor bar corresponding to every 19th harmonic pole. 19th harmonic torques would be very large and the rotor would considerably Z ef ‘The stator produces harmonics (due to slotting) of the order 6g} 2 (Galp) i: (for Am),‘THREE FHAST INDUCTION MOTORS 67 Thess harnonics revolve at a speed I/m of synchronous: apeed with respect to stator we Fig 10°23, iolezeldcation of torque produced by slot harmonics duc to ‘improper slot combination. ‘The rotor slotting produces harmonic fields of the order nw? (Sr/p) $1 . and they revolve at a spsed I/n’ that of the fundamental. The speeds would be equal if 2 (Sulp) 12 (Be/p)th. One of the possibilities for this to happen, is when Sim of when number of stator slots is equal to number of rotor slot: Thus when the number of rotor slots is equal to the number of stator slots, the speeds ofall the harmonics producrd by utator dotting, coincide with the speed of corres ponding rotor harm harmonics of every onder would, try to exert gyichrogous Eoequer ot thei eorrespoc ing synchronout speeds andthe machine would tefue 10 ‘This s kaown at herofore, the musaber of stator slots should never be equal the number of rotor slots, ‘An alternative way to explain the phenomenon of cogging is: ‘The magaetic circuit has always the tendency to align itself in position’ rinimum reluctance, Thus ifthe number of rotor slot a equal 10 the number of wator, there ers poss of minimum reluctance, when dm uth of tnt, aad aoe are te to each other. The radial alignment forces become very {Peet Sn thene any enasod the wegental asoderedng free tere provntiog tne odor from wartiog he comeing oflct will always be preeat, though in reduced degree, whenarer the umber of son abd nator slot have s cocoon factor However, when the number of rotor slots is a prime number, the rotor will all che time be chasing’s porition of minimum reluctance but never to find it. Hence in this case there is no tendency to cog. ‘The other possibility can be + 2 Gulp)+i—2 (Sip)—1 of Br—Aymp Thus the forward rotating harmonic feld moves ay wih beckward ring hermes ld 8 vo one doting, If the of stator and rotor slots is equal to number of poles. Considering a 4 pole stator with 36 dots. I harmonic whlch revolve a spesd n/19 with pect to ator. If the rotor Hot are 48 Produces a backward rotating LOth harmonic, I speed with cppect to roto a (ae=mel/19 twbere ne is the speed of the rotor. The rotor itself revolves forward at a speed mr and there fore revolve i 19th hareonic at a mpeed + (nemae}/19-++- 0 g618 BLECTRICAL MACHINE DLBICN with respect to stator. Therefore, in order that the two fields may resolve synchronously n4f[19e—(ne—ne)/19-+ Ar or nemwns/10 ‘Thus the machine would crawl synchronously at 1/10 synchronous speed. Fig. 10°24 thows the saddle effect produced by 19th harmonie at 1/10th synchronous speed Thus in order to avoid synchronous cusps the difference of stator and rotor «lots should not be tp or a multiple of p. The difference in harmonic induction and synchronous torquer (shown respectively in Figs. 1020 and 10 24) is that the operating speed changes slightly for the former but is constant for the latter, for a small variation of the shaft load. 3, Vibrations and moise. When the rotor runs, Hg, 10°, Harmonic ig yeeh continuously move, with respect fo the stator tect. "ind synchrcaote” results in the rapid variations In flux density in the gap crevling. therbby producing Fapid changes in forces of attraction between stator and rotar teeth. ‘The tor, being cantilevers, respond to varying forces and are set into vibrations The Vibrations are latge in machines with few poles since the variations in force are more concentrated, Noise production in squirrel cags induction motor can be strongly supported by unbalanced magnene pall. When the rotor runs, the unbalanced magnetic pull moves round the. gap ats deficit mee end onus the rotor to brate AE tome teed ofthe rotor these vibrations may begin'to resonate with the natural oscillations of the rotor. If tis phenomenon attains further development, it may mike ths rotor operation impossible. The varying forces of low frequency are important because of their ability to transfer vibrations to the structure, while forces in the frequency range 10Hz—l0kHz cause acoustical effects like humming and whittling etc. An analysis shows that the vibration torques are produced if S:—Se=+1+p7. Some of the investigations show undesirable slot sep biaaion (as far as noise is concerned) may exist B—Srmb2tp, Consider the relationship + By—Brmk lbp Now number of stator slots Sim3p qs. If ge (é.¢. slots per hase of stato: is an integer, & is an even integer. Therefore, examination o| ‘ae abcee elton “i reveal that rotor with an odd number of slots is undersirable from the point of noise and 4, Voltage ripples. The harmonic Gelds produced hy the stator current ind barmooia currents inthe rotor which in turn relict Bock aditceal harmon Bade lat the mator. This cause ripples in the terminal voltage and also additional iron losses. ‘The voltage ripples produce high frequency currents in the lines which, in ‘ura, may iprodes inductive Tntarfartboe wih comauntontion cvesien 1022-1, Rules for selecting rotor slots, The following general rules should be followed concerning the choice of rotor slots for aquierel cage machfoss (i) As sated earlier, the pumber of rotor slot should never, be equal to stator slots but must either be large or smaller. Bat results are obtained when the number of rotor slots is 15 to 30 per cent larger or smaller than the number of stator slots. \ (Wi) The difference between stator slots and rotor slots should not be equal to p, 2p or 5p to avoid synchronous cuspe.jQ88 PHASE INDUCTION MOTORS 619 Wii) The difference between the number of I to Sp for 3 phase machines in order to aveld magnetic focing oo nn noma not Be cl (ie) The difference between number of stator slots and rotor slo's should not be ‘equal to, | 2, (p+:1) or (pt2) to avoid noise and vibrations. Summarizing, « 8, — should not be equal to 0, tp, £2p, +3p, 5p £1, £2, £(ptl), t(p+2). 10-222, Redaction of harmonic torques Following are some of the muthods used for redu:tion/limination of harmonic torques. (§) Chording. The simplest way to eliminate the harmonic induction torques is to weaken the stator winding mmf harmonics. In order to achieve this, chorded windings with integral number of slots per pole per phate arc used. (i) Tntegeal slot windings, Windings with fractional number of slots per pole per phase create asymmetrical mmf distribution around the air gap and favour the creation of noise in the motor. Therefore, fractional slot windings are not used for induction motor stators and only integral slot windings are used. (ii) Skewing. The motor noise and vibrations, cogging aud synchronous cusps can be reduced or even entirely eliminated by skewing either the stator or the rotor. The Practice generally followed in India is to skew the rotor (See Fig. 10.25). Ifeither stator oF Toto Hot are skewed the vatition in flux density, magnetic pull apd torque due tothe _ Slat openings will be displaced in time phase along the core Tength, resulting in more uniform torque, les nolve, and better voltage waveform.’ In order to rvwanate the effect of any ~hermonle, the rotor bars should be skewed throdgh an an;!: so that the bats lie under alternate harmonic poles of the same polarity or in other worst, bars must be skewed through two pitches. Suppose it is desired to eliminate a harmomec of the order n in a machine with p poles. The number of nth order harmonic poles is np. Angle between two adjacent harmonic poles=360/np. 3 For elimination of ath harmonic by skewing, ‘angle of skew 0=720/n xp degree mechanical ons(10°14) ‘The electrical angle of skew is: + Hamm(720}np) (p/2)=360/n degree electrical " m2njn electrical radian ‘A skewed rotor bar is, in effect, spread over an angle us and its induced emf is reduced in accordance with the distribution factors. Kan Ge wos(1O°15) and Kam Se ual sof 10°16) for the fandameatal and ath harmonic respectively of the gap Aux. tia clone that if Go-=20/n ’ kon =0 and nth harmonic emf reduces to sero thereby completely eliminating the harmonic. sin