12 Synchronous Machines “ 421 Type of construction, A syncbrerovs machine comisis of two major purts viz (8) stmature and (ii) field system arrangement of fundamental parts of a aynchrot. us machine is shown in Fig. 12'1 (a). This construction is similar to the one used for cc ma-hines wherein the armature winding ix placed on the rotor and the field system in hovsed iv the stationary stator. This type of construction is used only for low power aynchroncu- machivcs and is untuitable for medium and high power machines ‘Tl avcond type of construction used for synchronour machines is shown in Fig. 12'1 (0). This tvpe of construction uses a stationary armature and a revolving field structure. nce in the construction and operation of synchronous machines has shown I and convenient construction ix of the second typ: wherein the prlis, excited hy de supply, are arranged on the rotor while the armature winding in placed on the stator. he us of revolving field system is almost universal because it has Armature winding, winding Pole @ ® ‘ Fig. 121, Types of synchronous machine construction, the following advantages : (i) Te permits the use of a stationary armature on which the windings can be easil ‘braced (mechanic lly reinforced) and insulated for high voltages. * a (i) The operation ofp rings on account of thei ling contacts i unreliable with large currents at high potential differences, The we of ip rings carrying lazge curren at ut voltages is, therefore, avoided in che stationar armature construction. However, two rings are required for d.c. excitation but ther. is no trouble owing to small excitational power involved. Henceforth whenrver we refer toa synehronous machine, it is implied thet it in a stationary armature, revolving pale machine uoless specified otherwise,The synchronous machines may be classified as (i) salient pole machines and (ii cylindrical rotor machines depending upon the type of construction used for the rotor. Salient pole machines have salient, or projecting poles with concentrated ficld windings as shown in Fig. 12'1 (8). The salient pole construction is used for generator driven by hydraule turbine ince these turbines operate mt, relatvey low speede and a relat vely large number of poles are required to produce the desired frequency ; the salient construction is b tter adopted mechanically to ¢! ylindrical rotor macl have their field winding distributed in slots as 3 1218. The distributed feld winding produces a sinusoilal flux distribution in the air gap. Cylindrical rotor construction is used fir turbo-alteruators which are driven by high speed team or gas turbines. 122 Types of synchronous machines Syuchronous machines operating on general power supply networks may be divided inio the following categories 1, Hydro.generators, The synchronous generators driven by water turbines are known as hy.lro.generatore or water wheel generators They have ratings upto 750 MW and are driven at speeds ranging from 100 to 1000 rpm. 2. Turbo-alternators, They are driven by steam turbines. Since the efficiency of steam turbines is high at large speeds, the turbo-alternators are designed for speeds upto 3000 rpm. Tirbocalternators have ratings upto 1000 MW. 3 Engine driven generators, These generators ate driven by different forms of internal combustion engines at speeds upto 1500 rpm and ratings upto 20 MW. Generators driven by gas turbines have higher speeds and also higher power ratings. ‘4, Motors, Synchronous motors may be either plain synchronous machines or synchronous induction machines. The plain synchronous machine with salient poles is commonly used. Synchronous motors have some ‘lefinite advantages over induction motors and these include constant speed operation, power factor control and high efficlency, ‘Alto synchronous motor prove to be cheaper than induction moton for high power low d applications. The applications of synchronous machines include constant speed. drit fbr compressors, blowers, fans, low head pumps. 5. Compensators, Synchronous compensators are ured for control of reactive power in power supply networks. ‘They are designed for ratings upto 100 MV A, and speeds upto upto 3000 rpm. 12:3 Prime movers for syachronous generators, The type of construction used for synchronous generators depends upon the type of prime mover. The following types of prime movers are ured = @ Steam turbines (Wi) Hydraulic turbines (#4) Diesel engines. (0 Steam Turbines of steam turbines is high at large speeds and thepfore erachronou * machines driven Sea by ear turbines are gh spted machines,” The synchronous deen by saan turbines ae known at “Turbo-alternaton”. The mazimum speed of turbo. ators iy 3000 to, 2 poles and $0 Hs. oS Meh speade call orn torlmatal shat for the witch have sree ener wo Unit the, conmagal forces whe Tee a profound fade maageTa The peripheral speed of a machine is given by » Dmdiameter of rotor m; and s=speed af rotor, r.p.s. Since the peripheral speed increases in direct proportion to diameter and with increase in diameter the centeif increase, the diameter of the rotor has to kept low. ‘The hhigh speed of the rotor limits che diameter of the 2 pole machine to about 1'2 m giving a peripheral speed 01 about 175 m/s. Cylindrical rotor construction has to be used at the salient poles are impracticable owing to large mechanical forces. The 2 construction with a speed of 3000 rpm for 50 Hz is usually used for turbos alternators. ‘The four pole construction with a speed of 1500 rpm is now obsolete, (H) Hydraclic Turbines ‘The synchronous generators driven by water turbines are known as water wheel tors. The Dydraulls turbines are of different types. The typ: of turbine to be used Is upon the water head available. If the water head is high, the speed of the turbine and therefore a pelton is used. While for low heads, Francis or Kaplan turbines are used. The ‘use of hydraulic turbines at various heads is listed below : ‘Water heads 400 m and above—Pelton wheel Water heads upon $80 m = —Francis turbine Water heads upto 50m | —Kaplan turbine. Av the water heads are not high, the speed of the turbine is low and urually varies from 50 to 500 rpm. Therefore for synchronous machines coupled to hydraulic turbines, salient poles (poles which project out) are used. The number of poles of water wheel generators is 12 |. : The machines driven by pelton wheels can either be vertical or horizontal shaft type. ‘The use of horizontal shaft being more common But high power, low speed synchronous geberators installed in I w head hydro-electric plants (coupled with either Francis or Kaplan turbines) are built with a vertical shaft, coupled by a flange to the shaft, of the turbine placed under the generator. ‘There are two fundamental types of vertical shaft water wheel generators : (6) the suspended type in which the thrust beating is grranged in the upper spider or bracket above the ‘alteretor rotor 5 Pees (b) the umbrella type in-which the bearing is mcunted on the lower spider on the turbine cover. Now-a-days the large sise generators are built with umbrella type of construction to reduce generator weight aid height ithe power station building. This is explained by the fact that when we use the bearing in the uppér spider, it has to be made bigger in size in order to withstand the generator and turbine load and’ alto the water reaction. iocream in dimensions of upper spider increases the generator weight and alto the height of e- (iii) Diesel Ragines : used as prime movers for synchronous generator: of small ratings. The devel seiner enc cnulnctureh a hecsontal" pe, tad therefore both the diel coglne sod the‘yachronou generatcr are mounted herizoatally and are connected by a horizontal shaft ‘The diesel engines are slow speed machines and therefore talient pole type of construction in used for alternators coupled to them. The torque of the diesel engines is not uniform and this makes the synchronous generator sensitive to torque variations 12-4, Ras-away Speed, The run-auay speed is defined as the sjeed which the prime movir would have, if is suddenly unloaded when working at its rated load. When the prime mover is working at full load it receives its feed (water, steam or diesel) correspome ding to full load conditions and therefore when it is suddenly unloaded it tries to race. This is because there is no load on the prime mover while it is receiving its input corresponding to full load. Steam turbines are equipped with a quick acting overspeed govermr set to trip at I'l times the rated speed and therefore the operation of the governer is reliable, Thus the synchronous machines driven by steam turbines may be designed for only 1 25 times the rated speed. However in water turbines, following are the values of run-away speeds with full gate operating : Pelton wheel * =1°8 times rated speed Francis turbine 2 to 2'2 times rated speed Keplan turbine 2'5 t0.2 8 times rated speed. Therefore there is a great difference of peripheral speed at normal speeds and run- away speeds in the case of water turbines, The salient pale machines are thus designed to withitand mechanical stresses encountered at run-away speeds. The maximum peripheral speed for which salient pole machines are designed is about 140 m/s while turbo-alternators are designed for a maximum peripheral speed of about 175 m/s. 125, Gonstraction of Hydro.generaters. The constructional features of hydror gencrators are basically dependent upon the mechanical considerations which depend upon the speed of the machine. The by rators_ sre low speed machines, the depending upon the available head and che type of turbine wied. The low speed demands 8 multipolar construction and consequently a large problems. Therefore, the desiga should be such that it permits the machine to transported to the site in sections, The turbine governing, or the transient stability of the network to wich the generator x comneced is dependent ‘upon the total inertia of turbine and the generator. Most of inertia is provided by the generator. The rotor, therefore, must be igned to give the requisite inertia t It is a normal practice to design the rotor to withstand centrifugal stresses produced at twice the normal operating speed. Also, the design ofthe rotor is such that the over speed ue to run-away i not near the first critical speed. 12°51, Stator Core, The stator core is built up of laminations in order to reduce eddy current iron low, The loss in the laminated core is usually the largest single loe in a b ‘nd therefore the devign of stator core paricuasy the choice of type and ‘of steel is of utmost in . Earlier, laminations of hot rolled steel were used. These laminations had ma fection, chief amongat which was appreciahle variation ja thickes batman india! hee The variability a thckne of laminations red in unequal lengths of core along different points on t resented many seit probitin in the assembly of core like selection of sheets according to thickens ing and puting of adéldonal laminations st the peats on the pwrpbery where the Ieogth of care we short ‘Also to ensure a.tight core very high axial pressures. ‘used and these high prewures in turn required a ‘structure with ccroegainny et eace frame in order to wit “ue Season ate fortis, tha cold rofled steel has726 . ELECTRICAL MACHINE DESIGN steel is ideal four transformer cores where its_use is widespread. However, its: efficient use in salient pule synchronous machines is difficult to achvive as is clear frou Fig. 122. The flux follows two paths, one along the core at the back of the slots und the other along the teeth at right angles to the first path, Ai shown in the diagram, the flux path is along the Uirection of rolling in teeth but is at right angles to the direction of rolling in the core, ‘Therefore, low iron los occurs in the teeth but the iron loss in core becomes tauch highe Therefore, only a small reduction in total iron loss can be achieved and that too in machi where it is posible to have all the teeth over ® pole pitch practically paral-el to each other. This condition is almost achieved in machines with a large diametcr and large number of poles, In a typical generator as shown in Fig. 12 2, the reduction may not be achieved as even in teeth the direction of flux is not along the direction of rolling. ‘The modern synchronous machines use non directional (isotropic) cold rolle steel which has electrical characteristics identical to hot rolled steel but has much improvd mechanical characteristics like uniformity of thick- ness of laminations, smoothness of surface of luminations, higher fatigue strength and lower clam- ping pressures. Durection of rolling oF graip orientation The commonly used grade for stator lamina- tions is Grade 230, 0°5 mm thick. (See page 22). ‘The lamiuations are insulated with paper stuck on one side, kaolin clay, or cuamel. Paper oF clay ate rarely used now, the former because not being strictly a class B insulant, iv likely to shrink in service, Also it docs not provi-le protection for cut edges. Both Paper and clay are slightly hydroscopic. ‘Therefore, enamel is_used for insulation of laminations. ‘The stator laminations are either punched as @ ig. 49.9. Directions of ux palbs complete circle or are in the form of segments (Fig. 1 leoth and cons and direst on of 12°3) in case the diameter is large. The maximum Tolling in salient pole machines. width of standard sheet steel is about one metr: so .that this represems th: maximum diameter of lauinations produced as a complete circle. Since the outvide core diameters ‘of practically all larg: hydrogenerators are much greater than one metre the lamiua made as segments. The number of segments per circle varics from 6 to 42 and upon the number of slots and the number of stator sections. ‘The outside diameter of the stator frame of large hydro-gencrators usually exceeds 3°5 mand may be as high as 18m. In order to facilitate handling in the factory and to relieve the problem of transport from factory tosite of erection the stator core and frame are divided in two or more equal sections. For simplicity of manufacture and assembly at site all mator rections should be similar and this requires the number of segmer ts per circle be divisible by the number of stator sectious. The number of slot per segment should be an even integer as far as possible as an odd integer of slots complicates Fig. 123, Seglnental lamination. ‘the core amembly and the keyiug arrange- ment. bey hick ii beybere tide i Mae ame, iy eeaement he two keyways whi wi in the stator frame, In buildis the core to the required thickness, succzsive layers are arranged so that the butt “ints Botwrsen adjacent segments of one layer come midway between those of the next. 4SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES . . 7 1252: Stator wins ‘The stator winding of all synchronous generators is star connected with neutral earthed. This arrangement has the advintag: chat the winding hhas to be insulated to earth for the phase voltage ard not the lin voltage, Star connection alto has the’ advantage that it eliminates all triple frequency harmonics from the line voltage. The present practice is to we double layer lap or wav. windings with 60° phase ad. Fractional slot windings are uted to reduce higher order harmonies and piteh of the win Jings is so selected that 5th and 7th harmonics are greatly reduced, The windings may have multiturn coils or single turn coils and m the latter cate the winding is known as bar winding (see page 28) High voltage machines having a large number of poles have a relatively large numb-r of turns and therefore multiturn coils are used in thse machines. On the other hand, low volte mach 1es have smaller number of turns and therefore employ bar winding. The multi-turn coily are machine made while the coils of a bar winding are made by hand. The capacity of pull out machines used for the making of the coils limits the physical dimensions of the multi-turn coil side to.approxima ly 7° x25 mm* with a lenge of slot portion to about 3m and pole pitch not exceeding 08m. Therefor. mu titurn cvils cannot be used for heavy current machines with current per circuit greatr than 1500 A. The choice in this case is a bar winding with either a lap or @ wave C. tection tor winding is designic: asa Rocbel bar winding 1 consists of ai: rg: number of conductors Tn case of a bar winding, the jing tw> bars in each slot. The Roel hi insulated from each other and connected to each other in parullel. hw conductors are put in two layers along the width of stator slot. ‘The conductors in a Koebvi bar aro 40 twisted that each on¢ of them oecupics all posible potions along the height ofthe alot. ‘This Roebel transposi ion greatly reduces the eddy current loss in conductors. ‘The bar winding has many advantages as compared jwith a winding with multi-turn coils. These are : (i) In a multi-turn coil there are many turns in cach coil side while a bar winding has only one turn per coil side, Therefore, in addition to the main insulation to earth the multi-turn coil requires each turn to be insulated with several layers of mica tape in order to provide sufficient dielectric strength to withnand impulse voltages. This inter, turn insulation lowers the space factor. ° In the bar winding with two bart per slot the interturn insulation is twice as thick as the main insulation to earth so that no special precautions against impulse voltage: are necessary ’ _. (is) Special advantages of the bar winding are noticed when the winding is a wave winding. A lap connected winding with p pols and ¢ slot per pole per phase require: (9-3) pole to pole connectors and p (¢—1) opti'to coil connectors while a similar wave winding ait M e reversing over one pole pitch and no coil to coil connec» tors. "Therefore, a wave winding ayéide the use ofa large number of connectors and. le ‘particularly useful for machines with a large number of poles. ‘The advantages of a wiading with multlturn coils are : (8) These windings aliow greater Mexibility in selecting the valué~Gf' Itator slots to give a required number of turns per phase. _ (8) Since the: multi-turn are machine made, they nro chfayer than the band ‘winding. It is intersecting to note that firms itt Burope and Pena eter sh ube rw Peg lor fr particularly the scoount of thelr lower labour content and cont. .128 FLECTRICAL MACHINE DESIGN yo. iOwgtefs 2 USSR the single tua bar windiog with wave connection i, id for al iro-electric generators due to superior techaical properties which certainly outwei the digitiy higher cont of che winding” ‘es ‘The use of bar windings is advantageous only when the stator current is and the voltage low and, therefore, the choice of the muciune voltage should be left with the manufacturer. This helps th: designer to design the best and the cheapest winding. Since mort of the hydro-electric generators thete days operate on gtids over a unit transformer, it should not be difficult to leave the choice of machine voltage to the designer. 1253, Beacing'of stator overhang. Electromagnetic forces are produced in the stator due to the attraction between conductors carrying current in the same direction and due to repulsion between conductors carrying in the opposite direction, . Under normal conditions the electromagnetic forces produced by the current carrying conductors are negligible. But during sudden short circuits at the line terminals, the current in the windings may rise to about 15 times the full load current (or higher depending upon the v.tlue of direct axis sub-transient reactance) and the electromagnetic forces, bei onal 10 square of current, may rise to about 250 times the force under normal full conditions. These forces may be either tangential or radial. Conductors in the same phase tend to bunch themselves together while conductors in diffirent phases may suffer repulsion. Any movement of overhang tends to pull the slot conductors outward: and may rotult in cracking of insulation at the core ends. Thus the conductors in the overhang mast be braced ¢.¢: theit mechanical strength be raised. I widely used employs one or two circular steel rings to_ support the overhang against radial forces. ‘These rings are in turn supported by 4—6 steel brackets, The use of steel rings und supporting brackets have the following disadvantages. (8) the steel rings have to be heavily insulated with mica, (66) there is a large core loss in the steel rings produced by leakage flux capecially in ange genieratora with lange pole pitches. Due co this loss the rings get overheated damaging the ring insulation. Fig. 12°4 shows another method of bracing the stator overhang. The advartage of ‘his method { that exoept the 1 steel plate, all other winding supports are made of son-magnetic material 10 that no loss occurs in them. ‘Support Rings in segment (Bokelised fabric) Stotor overhang Pressure finger ig. 124, Bracing of stator ovehang. -SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES , m9 1254, Rotor bedy. The salient poles are attached to the rotor . The type of rotor body used depends, in general, on the peripheral speed. ‘Tis boup : (6) machined with its shaft from a forging, (#) built up from ditcs shrunk on to a shaft, (si) fabricated from a castosteel spider mounted or the shaft and carrying laminar ring of segmental plates. The forged steel construction is used for high speed macbiucs. The earliust coms truction, particularly at relatively low outputs (below 40 MVA) consisted of « body and shaft extension made as a single forging (Fig. 12'5). The forging has a high tensile strength and is useful for high sp e_machi-es. Howe ever, the cost of the forging and its machining is high and almost prohibitive in machines with large diameters. Another type of construction (Fig. 12°6) employs thick rolled steel discs, 120-180 mm either shrunk on to the shaft or spigotted to each other and formed into a solid ring by axial through bolts. iag is attached to stub shaft at each end. This gant truction is cheaper and is used for generators running at 600 rpm and above and upto @ peripheral speed of 190 m/s. z 125. "6. Rotor body for Fis. US Saul torsing of sotor Fig. 12°6. eet ay f med from. Fig, 127, Segmental rim on fabricated spider. The cheapest form of rotor body construction is the punched segmental rim carried on a fabricated steel spider (Fig 12'7). The laminations are 1°8 mm thick and are in the form of overlapping vegments tightly bolted. The rma revs on the spider sams and lt driven from them i . The spider is therefore relieved of ull centrifugal forces’ other than that due to its own mass and is required to transmit torque to the rim. Hence the spider in a light fabricated steel structure consisting of arms attached toa hub fitting on the shaft. ‘This type of construction can be used for peripheral speeds upto 130 m/s. The adi of a segmental rim are that it is easy to transport and assemble at site,730 ELECTRICAL MACHINE DESION 12°55, Poles. The poles are clamped or fixed to the rim in different ways. In the case of generators with peripheral speeds upto 2 maj the poles are bolted to the yoke. Fig. 128 shows the bolted on pole construction, ‘The attachment of poles tothe periphery ofthe wheal is done by studs inserted from the underside of the rim.- When re employed, the laminations are pierced fcom side to side by a wrought iron bar to provide something ‘solid in the poles for the studs to grip. Le. Pig. 128. Bolted on pole Fig, 129. Dove tail Fig. 12-10. T-head ‘construction, conatruction, ‘construction. In the case of water wheel generators having pcriphe'al speeds between 20 to 80 m/s either the dove tail (Fig. 12°9) or the T-head type of construction (Fig. 12°10) is used for fixing the pole to the yoke. Double dove tail construction can be used in case the poles are very wide. Some- times a multiple T-head construction as shown in Fig. 12°14 is used. ‘The crom section of the poles may be reactangular or citcular. The circular ctom ection can only be used ifthe poles are to be massive. The circular poles have the following advantages over rectangular poles’: (3) The length of mean turn of the winding is smallest with circular poles and there- fore cost of copper is reduced. The copper losses are also less. (ii) The whole of the winding surface is uniformly exposed to air and therefore venti lation is better. (iii) The Geld coils with circular poles are circular in shape and therefore they cannot be easily deformed by centrifugal forces. In the case of rectangular poles, the colls estily bulge out due to centrifugal forces (Fig. 12°11) and in order to keep them in place, distance ‘locks have to be used (Fig. 12°12). Distance block B Z Fig, 111, Balging oot Fig. 12°12. Distance blocks. Siemens has ’ 9f rotor vonstruetion, high spond machiaca, "It ly called Goud ippe ‘conssrocion. "fa" di shornsts” poste ofSINCHRONOUS MACHINES 731 Taminations are interle wed with packets in the rim, ‘the poles being scured to the rim axial through bolts, ” 1256, Field windis In hydroelectric generators, the so-called. “‘etrip on edge” winding is used for the field cils. The field coils are formed from a flat copper strip wound ‘cigewise with interturn insulation on a machine operated former. The coils are then cured and consolidated under a pressure exceeding that due to contrifugal force on the coils at overspec?. The coil: may have a smooth s irface or may have soine of th tur copper strap Fig. (12°13) so that thy profeet outsid» and act as ¢ sling stantially increase the external bare copper cooling area th reby lu tise. made of a wider: The evvling fins ug the temperature The coils are supported by Vee blocks in order t» withstand centrifugal forces, Alternatively, a canted coil construction (Fig. 12°14) may be used. Iu this cons:cuction, the arrangement of turns is such that it avoids che necessity of side support for'the coils, Normal strip Fig. 12°13, Normal and fin strips Fig. 12°14. Canted fleld coil, {for field winding conductor. 1257, Damper winding. In order to damp out the oscillations damper windings are used which are housed in the pole shoes. These damper windings consist of heavy ‘copper rods, one in each slot or hole, riveted at the ends to common bart one at each end so as to form short circuited grid or the rods may be brazed to copper end bars attached to the pole end plates. In most cases copper rods iu «lie pole shoe are adequate without interpolar cage connection (Fig. 12°15). In oertain cases (Fig. 12°16), the short citcuitin, end ‘bars are carried right around the rotor so that they “form two abort. circuiting rings all around the periphery. This converts damper winding into a cage wi~ing. 69 8 oO o 0 Damper Pau me Fig. 12°15, Damper windiog without interpolar connections.732 Whervthe damper rods are com- tely burried in iron as in Fig. 12°8, their the damp ding "Coren ag. B inding currents to lag. the\ "holes to the air gap, vat i He. ay la, te indoctanee is reduced and ‘power factor of damper winding cur- rent is improved. ‘The damper bars_are subjected to considerable centrifugal force as the peri of synchronous machines ‘Special attention must cofneet bar ping in the inal jar region as this portion has no no oter support except the support of in the pole shoe. 1258, Benrlags, |The bearing for horiontal shaft hydrosgenerators are of con ventional types. In the case of vertical ahaft generators special features have to be incors porated in the bearing setup because of the requirements of the rotor and the turbine runner and the hydraulic thrust which may be twice the dead weight of rotatio ‘The thrurt bearing may be provided either in the top or the bottom spider depending upon the construction employéd. Oil is muoplied to the bearings by pumps, and cooled externally. Another arrangement wes direct cooling by circulating water in tubes embedded in the bearing metal, 1259, Brakes and jacks, Li-ge mac! ines may take half _an_hour to stop, afier the prime mover hasbeen shut down, if not braked. Tn orier to bring the rotor, quickly to ‘a. stop in the case of any disturbance or fault, the generator is provided: with brakes so that the machine may not run for longer periods at low speeds which are dangerous for the thrust bearings, The brakes are so designed that they can dissipate the complete energy of the rotating parts and the michine is brought to rest within three minutes. The brakes may be air or oil operated. The brakes have pads made of asbestos interlaced with metal wire, When the brakes are applied the pads come in contact with the rotor ring. ‘The brakes are also made to work as jacks when erecting and overhauling the Fis. 1216. Damper windlag with Interpolar 12510, Slip rings, The slip rings are required to supply excitation to the field The he lip riogs are made of seal and sre shrunk over cast leon slewve ‘with micanite a wines two. 126, Coastructicn of Tarbo.alternstors, All modern turbo-alternators are 2 pole muchas and thls pn 300 rpm comepending eoeny of 0H Hs, Tarbo-aheraators are characrrina by lo lengths and hcane i is tot posible to fnereve the diameter # ein re 1a) aie Miitatons impored by mechanical considerations lite centrifugal, force, deflection of shat and the critical speed. ‘The diameter being the daly way! tosis the cane tolizreave te loth, withthe rotor dintnter ted to T mde "uetive cone Jength must ‘be of the order of 10 ram MVA Thus 2 500 MW generator has a core len; of Sm, A shat length of 12 m with ounlde diameter of wator core at about $m and that of outer a Jesg lengths of cre it every dificult to cool the machin, eapesaly {central porto, an Be the cooling of trboral ‘one of ‘the most comples engineering eet, Mater core. stator core is ‘pale caminations oY of ‘type aa shown in Fig. 12°3 page 726. Fi graced oatSYNCHRONOUS MACHINES ™ flux being along the grains in the armature core and perpendiculns in teech (Fig. 1717) results in lower core low but it is usual to te cold rolled non-oriented steel. 1262, Stator winding, T!: windings of small turbo-alternators are designed to generate a voltage of some standard system level. For large machines which are permanently connected to a power network through a transformer, the cl of voltage is left to the designer. The choles of generation voligeis impor tant. Both high voltage and low voltage generators have their advantages and. dis- Sdvantages. A generator designed for a High voltage bas © mall current but requires the use of thicker slot insulation. On 1 Ue other hand, a generator designed with Fle. 127, Use of erain oriented seal low voltage fas high carrents which pro- ‘alternators. duce large pulsational forces between conductors which may be as high as 8OEN/m of conductor length for a 50) MW machine. Alyy the presence of large curren jm of ts tae of mult-creuit windings and alo the use of laminated, and "tanmponed condoctrs vo decrease the eddy current lors. ._ The stator winding of turbo-alternators is » double la ith the winding 10 adjured a to reduce the Sth and Ith betwee nae pitch of A generator designed for high no doubt ires a level of slot insulation Gut perme theune of amet sleet eae cob ies ont Soehanage ot lesser number of parallel circuits, smaller tional forces between Canductors fear conductor subdivision and ease in coil format and installation, The generation. voltages ‘normally used are 15 kV for 100—200 MW machines and 20—25 kV for larger machines. The electromagnetic forces developed in turbo-alternators under short circuit condi- Ans are very high on account of large pole pitch and high armature mf per pole, “The problem of bracing the overhang to. wit electromagnetic forces is more acute in furbowaltrnato because the conductor fn, the ovechang are concentrated in only ewe simpler in hydrogenerators where on account of large umber of poles, the overhang is alternators. Hardwood blocks with glan bre cord of tape’along with non-magnetic mietallic - bracket are ted fo Bracing the overhang, ‘eperaong 12°63, Reter. The cylindrical or non salient pole rotor is adopted for tubro734 . BLECTRICAL MACHINE DESIG? O © se Ue Ls { {a) Radial Slots (6) Paraliel Slots : Fig. 12:18. Cylindrical rotors Fig. 12:19. Flux distribution in tubro-alternators Slots are milled in the rotor for inserting and securing the field windings. Rotor. ar distinguished as (i) slot. (ii) parallel slot rotors as shown in Fig. 12°18 (a) and (8) respectively. Usually tc radial slot construction is used. Generally two thirds of rotor is wound and the rest ore third is left without slots. This unwound portion forms. the so called large tooth through which the main part of generator flux passes. Consider the devel iindrical surface of a turbo-alternator as shown in Fig. 12°19. The flux distribution is shown by the heavy lime curve. The total flux per pole is proportional to the area enclosed by the curve formed by the heavy lines. Now if two more slots are added to each pole, the flux per pole is increased by the amount proportional to the area enclowed by the dotted curve. This shows that only a small increase in flux is produced and that too at the cost of considerable increase in expenditure (33% in this case) and rotor resistance and consequent roter copper loss which 18 not easy to dissipate. Hence the increase in number of rotor slots is not justitied considering the additional cost involved without any significant increase in flux, and also the increased rotor copper loss and consequent increase in temperature rite on account of increased lowes and difficulty in dissipation of losses from rotor. "The rotor, therefore, ia alotied for only two third of lus periphery. The dots have equal width throughout thet depth and the rotor. teth are tapered Tho ath have misimers aro of erousetion atthe bottom and therefore the mechanical there limit the slot dimensions. The slote are parallel sided becawe iar comfuctors have'to-be wicd, ‘Concentric amultiturn coll 'are accommedered ts slots which area multiple of four. The slot pitch being chosen to avoid undesirable harmonies in the Geld form, The field winding contins of copper strips lid fat fo the dot tnd foufated with moulded tmicanite or asbestos, thus obvaining a told winding” which vil not shrink under the effects of centrifugal stresses and temperature rise. Sem for ‘bronse or steel wedge is driven into the mouth of each slot for the purpose of keeping the winding in place.- At the bottom of each slot a ventilating duct or a sub slot may be providing a ‘thorough pauage for eoaling air. ‘The ond connectors (overhang) of the feld winding must be rigidly ted by ena belle bacanso ofthe lange cents high speed of rotation, fo becante Ghee aS the Ald lacing hs subfeced i ease oft madden shost circu’ otermente This is "because under short cireult conditions, not only large translent ‘urrents are produced in the armature but also there are transient unidirectional voltages and currents which are many times the norma! values. The cud bolle are made of non-magnetic susteniic steel (18%Mn, na ‘a onder to reduce ‘are mechanically strong sod have sea Seats of 15 (Apa end ulead ovwinngtonngemn feYi j A Fig, 12-20. Rotor overhang and retaining ring. On account of the high electromagnetic forces produced on the conductors under fault conditions, it_is obvious that the conductor and slot insulation will not only be designed to have sufficient dielectric strength but also have strength to withstand mechanical stresses as well. 127, Industrial Generators, Special-purpose and standby synchronous generators are useful in industry. These units are useful as captive units, and also as units to generate power in case of peak loads and in emergencies. These generators are driven by internal combustion (IC) engines, gas turbines and steam turbines They are invariably d:signed with a horizontal rotor with shaft supported on end-shields or padestal beat The power ratings of these machines is small and therefore they are built with laminations which are complete rings. The use of complete ring laminations considerably reduccs the cost of manufacture and core assembly. tal Jaminations are used in case the diameter is greater than one metre. The stator winding is of conventional type. Modern industiial generators use a 4-pole construction with brushlew excitation, Salient pole construction is used and the poles may be attached to the rotor body using a bolted on pole or a T head construction. Fig. 12°21 shows a typicc: spider and pole aembly for a6 pole generator. In generators driven by IC engines it is necenary to include sufficient Bywhcel effect in the mass of the rotor generator or where this is uneconomic, a€ditionally to attach a flywheel that gives the required inertia, The Aywheel effect provided must be sufficient to prevent unduc flicker in the voltage or changes in frequency. Slots tor damper bors Pole bodym= . frrcrmcan ‘MACHINE DESION DESIGN 128, Oasput Equation, The output equation for polyphase a.c machines have dean derived on page 456. KVA output QmCoD*L m © where output co-efficient Com Bos ac ke 10"* The output cquation in terms of peripheral speed in KVA output Qm=(1'11 Bor 06 beX 10%) Vad /ne oo(12'8) Some of the factors that influence gap density have been discussed in Art. 8'1°7 (page 458). These fac al factors which ae specific to the choice of average gap density for liscussed belo (6) trom loss. A hi ¢ of flux — in air gap leads to. high value of fox comaey Gane jee and resulting in high iron loss with consequent ‘Secrense-in~ eiceney an age_in,sermperature ‘Therefore, a ower value of gap density shonk! be used in ertler to increase the efficiency and to decrease the temperature rise. (4) Votiage. In case of machines designed for high voltages, the space occupied by insulation becomes greater and smaller space is left for teeth. erefore, a lower value of fp density should be und in high voltage machines o avoid sxcenive values of ux density ‘ten (Wi) Transient short circwit current. A bigh value of gap clensity results in decrease in the leakage reactance of the machine with consequent increase in initial value of armature under short circuit conditions. ‘Iherefore, a low value of gup d should be used 10 Vimit the initial sevomnenes forces under short circuit conditions, (ie) Stability. - The maximum power which a cylindrical rotor machine can deliver under steady state Yoder’ at Pua EV/X. where His the excitation voltage, | Vis the tereatnat voltage and Xs inthe synchronous reétance. Therefore, the maximum ‘power or the steady state stability limit of a machine is inventely pei to its synchronous Feactances. Ifa high value of gap density is used, the flux large and therefore smaller number of turns are required for the armature wit in the value of synchronous reactance [as synchroncus veactsice i = relly proportional 1. ibs same of pare f turns)... Therffore, the we'of'a high gap density improves the °° (9) Parallel operation. All synchron tors, except those to feed isolated loads, are connected in peralia il with other syachronous Fesarator The ns Fie tact eration of ynchronaur generators is dependent upon thls power, the higher is” the capability of the syrtem to ere 2 anes synchronism. The synchronising power is in reactance and a ea “mttrteetocly TH parallel, * caceaf lowing ar the normal values of average gap density for the convetialy cooled ‘ . Hoe vl cemeteries 1282, Choice of specific electric leading. Some factors which influence the choise of specifi: ic ric londing wo have been discussed in Art 8'1'8. page 460. These factorssmnomonovs macuhas 737 fone with ome addtional factors revit to synchronous machines are explained 3) Copper lose and temperatureries. Ahigh value of ao giver hi low reruking is eee CBelncy te Nigher torperatire rie. ‘The fulve ofc used depends ‘upon the cooling techniques employed. Higher valu of 0 aro used in machines which employ cooling techniques that effectively dissipate the generated heat. ~ (Hi) Voltage. A higher value of ae can be used for low voltage machines since the ‘space required for insulation is small. (4i8) Synchronous reactance. The value of ao affects the Icak armature reaction in the machine. A high value of reactance and armature reaction. and consequently a ‘Therefore, a machine designed with a high value of ae will have (i) a poor inherent voltage regulation (td) low current under short conditions and therefore many ‘arge units ially turbo-alternators are designed with a large value of o¢ in order that they may be tke to withstand momentary short Cireuts without mechanical injury and (if) low value for sandy tate ability malt and small syochronizing power and consequently lends to instability. (40) Stray load lore, ‘The stray load lows increases steeply with an increase in ac, Following are the usual values for specific electric loadings, used in conventially generators. cooled Salient pole machines 20,000 to 40,000 A/in Turbo-alternators —50,000 to 75,000 A/m. DESIGN OF SALIENT POLE MACHINES 129, Mata Dimensions, Diameter D is the diameter of stator bore. ‘The outer diameter of rotor Dr is nearly equal to D as the length of air gap is negligible as compared with diameter D. The selection of diameter D depends upon (4) the type of poles used (i) the permissible peripheral speed. (a) Round pole @) Rectangulas pole Fig. 1222, Shape of ealisat poles, ‘There are two types of poles used for salient pole machines @) round poles (W) rectangular poles.738 MLACTAICAL MACHINE DESIGN (3) Round poles. (Big. 12:2). When round poles are used he ratio of pol are to pole p tc" by/s is between 0°6 to 0 7. When mand pol ind a of plat with square pole shocs. Therefore, for Uiider Ther poles length of polemwidth of pole shoe or Labs fo Lirm'6 10.07 wa 244) (ii) Reclangular poles (Fig. 12°22 6). The ratio of pole arc to pole pitch varies between J to 5 for rectangular poles. However, thia ratio Sour exceed § ie normal machines otherwise the design of field system becomes uneconomical. Therefore, for rectangular poles : and aes (1°8) From Eqne 124 and 12°S it is clear thatthe diameter with circular poles Ls compats- tively larger than that with rectangular poles, The deciding factor for the diameter is the peripheral speed. The rotor should be designed to withstand centrifugal forces pro-iuced under runaway speeds. The values of run-away-specds for different types of turbines have already been given on page 725, The values of allowable peripheral speeds for different types of pole attachments dT head construction~ 80 js. diameter of the rotor should be such that suficient flywheel effect is The obtained. Example 121. Datrmine the main dimensions for 9 1000 BA. 80 Hs, 8 phase, 375 r p.m alternator. ‘The average air gap fluz density ic 0.55 Whlmi and the ampere fore per metré are 28,000. Uae reclangular poles and ascume a suitable value for ratio of ore langth to pole pitch in order that bulted on pole construction is wied for which the mazimum permissible peripheral speed is 50 mje, The run away epe-d te I'8 times the synchronous apeed. Solution, Synchronous speed m4=375/60=6°75 r. ‘Number of poles p= 2. X50/6'25=16, Assume a winding factor of 0°955. From » Bar. 12°2 output co-efficient Cow 11 Kw. Bes. ao. 10% . s=11 x 0°955 x 0°55 x 28000 x 107% 162 * Product Dime, = aso ‘987 m?. Taking he We have L=0'393 D . 0'993 Dim 0-987 Dw 1'36 m and Le0'535 Peripheral speed 1m D neon X 1°96 6'25e026'7 m/s. Peripheral speed at run-ai j= 1'8X26—48 m/s. This is below 50 m/s and auerefore seitple Lolted on pole eourrtetion cau be peed. *SYNCHRONOUS MACHINGS 739 Reameple 122, Find the main dimensions of 2600 KYA, 187°5 r-p.m., 80 He, 3 asynchronous generator generator isto @ vertical, water The specito magnetic loading “to 0" Wlom' ond the specific elecrie loading is 1 eiroaler poles with ratio of core length 4 pole pitch 0 65. Specify the type of pols construction weed if the run-away speed ie about 2 times the normal eped Solution. ‘Synchronous speed ew 187°5/60—3°125. Number of poles pam2X50/3°125=32. ‘Assuming a winding factor of 0°955, output co-efficient Com! K 0'955 X0°6 x $4000 10-*=214, * Product Dime. We have Lfrm065 of ‘Lm 0°65 x (n/82) D=0°0638 D. o 00688 Dims-74 or Det3'9 m and L=0'245 m. Peripheral speed Veen D mmnX3'9XS'125—56'2 m/s. ‘The runway peripheral speed will be about 80 m/s and therefore a dove-tail construc- tion is used for attaching the rotor poles to the rim, Example 12:3, Find the main dimensions of a 100 MVA, 11 LV, 50 He, 18%r.p m. 8 phase water wheel generator. The average gap density ia 0°65 Wi/m* and ampere conduct per meire are 40,000. The peripheral apesd should not exceed 65 m/e at normal runn' pred in order to limit the run-away peripheral epeed. Selation, Synchronous speed 0 150/60—02°5 pas. Number of poles pm2x 50/2540. Taking winding factor _Kem0°955, output co-efficient ‘Ooma1 X.0°955 x 0°65 X 40,000 10-0274, z 100000 . Product Dim gous 146 mt. ‘Trying circular poles, we have Ljem0'6 0 07. Taking a value = —0'65, we get L=SP x0'65—0:051 D. a 0°05] D146 or D=142 m. Peripheral speed at synchronous speed in Damnxl62X2°5—111'5 m/s. petmisible value of 60 m/s. Actually this is a very vera = ger speed with run-away-speed willbe still higher es ‘dectles pole ‘cannot be used for thit speed and 30 rectangular ren se Heel 5 for resungas ple740 . WMacthicaL MACHINE DESIGR ‘The following table giver value of L and D for different values of £/+ ratio ‘The value L/t=4 and 5 give designs where the rotor peripheral speed iy below the maximum allowable value of 65 m/s, ‘We ute L/s=4 as it results in a cheaper design for the Geld rystem. ‘Therefore, De7-75 mand Lm243 m. 12.10, Short clrcult ratio, The short ciccuit ratio (SCR) of a synchronous machine io of field current red “to produce tated voltae on open circuit to field current requi i current af short circuit. Fig. 12°25 shows the {pen citcuit aad short circuit characteristics of = synchronous machine. According to the definition, OF, OF _ OF. SOR@ OF," TF. oF. oFOF, 1 Tunit volrage on open circuit correrpor.ding per unit current on short circuit I “1 (128) Jnort citcuit ratio is the reciprocal of synchronous reactance Xg, if Xeis rralus for rated voltage and rated current. The value of 1 for a given nd ataration eovditi na that then exist, while SCR is specie’ and load acta Pea tmaching at itis deGned at the rated voltage specific a Fela) current Fig. 12:28, O.CC, end 8.C.C, For molera turbo-aternators, the SCR. is normally between 0'5 10 07, This have toby raitod tol O=1'5 ifthe loading is litely to be bapacitive (ex ‘with connection #2 peop ual Jed tcanvaision lines or exteative high, valtage otble ran,). Por salient pole caer mamanatare SOR wi from 1'0 to 1°5.SYNCHRONOUS MACHTIAS 7a 12-101, RMfegt of SAR om macnine performance () Velen, regulation. A low value for SCR means that the synchronous reactance has a lirge value Synohrenuus machines with low value of SCR thus have ‘greater changes in voltage under fluctuations of lund é.6, the inherent vol-age regulation of the machine is poor, (ii) Stability, A machine with a low value of SCR (and thus high value of X«) has a low-r stubility limit as the maximum power output of machine is inversely proportio al to Xe. (iis) Parallel operation, Machines with a low value of SCR are alzo difficult to operate in parallel because a high value of Xe gives a small synchronizing power. This power is responsible for keeping the machines in synchronism The parallel operation of machines with high value of Xe becomes more difficult if they are interconnected through a transmission line. This is because tte impedance of the line betwen generators adds directly to the sum of the impedances of the machincs. This increase iu impedance acts to reduce the synchronizing power 10 that they are weakly held in syncbronim They become more sensitive to t rque and voltage disturbances. Also the decreased synchro- nising power s more likely tn lead to disconnections of individual units of apparatus and shut downs Irom the operation of automatically reclosing type circuit breake __ io) Short clropit current, A small value of SCR indicates a smaller value of curient under short circuit conditions owing to large value of syncl.ronous reactance. But this is not a problem, because the short circuit currents can be limited and thus the tymchronous generators need not b+ designed with large values of ynchronous ceactance (6. low values of SCR). (e) Sclf excitation, Machines feeding long transmission lines should net be designst with a small shore circu ratio (high a) an this would lead (> large voltages on ‘open eireult produced by self excitation owing’ to large ‘capacitive currents drawn By the inc. ‘We have noted that a machine with higher value of SCR has a higher stability limit and stow value of inherent regulation On the other hand a higher value of SCR means a high value of short circuit current. Also a machine designed with a higher value of $/:R had a long air gap which means that the mmf required by field is large Hence a machine having a value of SOR is coitlier to build. Present trend is to design the machine with a low value of SOR. This is due to the recent advancement in the fast acting contro} The of air vatly influences the perfor- fs syoghronous machine. Alarge alr gup offers ‘a largo, reluctance to the path of flux produced by the armature mmf and thus reduces the effect of armature reaction, ‘This results ina small value of synchronous reactance and a high value of SCR Thus a machine with © large sir gop (end conoquenty with « small Xs and «high SOR) (8) & small value of inherent regulation, (4) a higher value of stability limit, (H4) a higher synchronizing power which makes the machine less sensitive to load . machine designed with a large air gap has better cooling at the are aca pulation lon lower hole etal and's tmaller unbalanced saagnetic pall ‘Dut with the inoroase in length of ir gap, a larger value of field mmf is required revulting in increase of cost of the taachine. ‘Fer sallent pole mnchines of normal construction and having open type slots, etait Po 2001 0 0015 where lyfe the length of air gap at the omatre of poles,742 . HLECTRICAL MACHING DESIGN For turbo-olternators, with massive rotors, length of air gap yy, eS pee = 002, t0 01025, For synchronous motor. designed with maximum output 1°5 times rated output, length of air be ee EP = moo, 12:12, Shape of pole face. The ratio of polo arc to pole pitch, $, varies between 067 and 0°75, Th the value of ¥ is t20 large (9>075), the ‘interpolar flax ‘leakage becomes ‘excessive leading to high value of flux density in the pole bady and iraproper fux distri- bution over the armature. On the other hand too small a value (¥<0'67) will leave insuffizient overhang of th> pole shoe to support the field coil in the radial direction. A common practice is to use a value of ym0"7. In salient pole machiner the length of the air gap is not coustant over the pule arc but increases from centre outwards in order to produce the required flux distribution. An attempt is usually made to obtain sinusoidal distribution of fux by proper shaping and proportioning of the pole shoe. For an exact sinusoidal flux distribution, length of air gap at a distance # from centre (Fig. 12°24) nacos{ *Z-) 27 coy wit wse/ Ea] |avote 2319 cast ' 1225 sed i Rail Bes dnoton. rene fe poe te A satisfactory gap flux distribution curve is generally obtained when the pole face is shaped as indicated in Fig. 12-25. For machines requiring no damper windings in the faces, the tip of ths pole face may be rounded off as shown by full line. For machines wit damper windings, a heavier pole face (as indicated by dotted line) is generally required, 1213, Armature design. The windings used in » machines may single layer or double layer type, Machines having Tange, values of fox per hk lt \ber of curns Phase and therefore a double layer bar winding is for them, However, high ts machines and machines with small values offen eB wits je hav: a large’ number rns per phase. Therefore, multi-turn coils are wed Ber jack mackie "For machin i ils the choice lies between double layer lap winding and yer The former is dropped into open type of slots while with the latter type, hair pin coils (Fig. 6°41 page 627) are pushed through semi-enclosed slots. 12.131, Comparison between single and double layer windings, layer wining ia open-alots have the following advantages over single layer windings in enclosed slots: () ease in manufacture of colls and lowee cost of winding ieSYNCHRONOUS MACHINES 743 (0) less number of coils arp required as spare in the case of winding repairs (id) fractional slot windings can be ermplay.d (io) fractional pitch coils can be used, The single layer windings have the foll swing acvantages : (i) higher efficiency and quieter operation because of narrow sl vt openings (G8) space factor for slots is higher owing to absence of inter layer separator A. complete description of various types of a.c. windings has already been given in Chapter 6. ‘Modern practice all over the world favours use of double layer windings Single layer windings are popular only in the Continent. Whore single turn coils are, necomary at with rurb> alteroators and multipolar low yoltage machines double layer bar type lap, of wave winding i wed, Both typos may have the bar: pushed through vemi-closed slots and be bent to shap> at the other end when moderate conductor sections are ured But heavy bars used in turbo-alternators must be completely formed. before being inverted into open sloty. Tt is advantageous to we chorded bar lap winding as it gives a sho ter overhang an! is more suited when there are several parallel circuits per phase, 12132, Number of armatare slots, The following factors should be con- sidered for the selecti n of armature slo's : (i) Balanced windings, The number of armature slots must be such a number that a balanced winding is obtained, It may be mentioned here that some generators have deen desigaed and built with armature windings having a small amount of uabalance with apparently no ill effect. However, the use of unbalanced winding: may lead to overher oF rotor surface due to space armonien, excenive triple frequency currents flowing neutral, with ill effects on loads auch as delta connected induction motors and due to circus lating currents in other generators running in parallel. (i) Cost, A smaller number of slots leads to a slight saving because there are fewer coils to wind, form insulate, place into slots, and connect. (iii) Hot spot temperatures, A smaller number of slots results in bunching of sonducton (i.¢., con Juctors are close to each other) leaving smaller space for the circulation. of air. This gives rise to high internal temperatures. (ie) Leakage reactance, When the number of slots is small, leakage flux and theres fore, leakage reactance is tncreased owing to conductors lying near each other. (e) Tooth ripples, The tooth ripples in the field form and the ent pulsation losses in pole face decrease if large umber of alos ate used” ‘Alot wardorms of generated voltage is free fram ripples. (oi) Flux density in from. With a larger number of slots a greater space is taken up by the insulation. This results in narrower teeth giving flux densities which may de beyond the acceptable limits. Also the teeth might become mechanically weak and,may have to be supported at the duets. The value of slot pitch serves as a guide when choosing ihe number of armature “The value of slot pitch ys, depends upon the voltage of the machine. For high voltage nachinee wine tes norsaly allt fa lege capacition iy is dosrable to woos enger ast pitch. Following are the usual values for slot pitch : €25 mm for low voltage machines, ' E40 mm for 6 kV or low voltage machines, ‘9€60 cam for machines upto 15 kV. /7s - HACTRICAL MACHINE DRSGN The stator'slot pitch for large hydro-slectric generators varies between 50 mm and mm. : __lnsalient ple machine, the number of lot pe pole pit phase is anally between ‘ was discus:ed in Chapter 6 (page 275) that a fractional slot winding reduces the distrivution factor for b.gher harmonics thus reducing their corresponding rand emaft and making the voltage waveform neatly sinusoidal, Fractional slot windings are invariably used ia synchronous generators. 12133. Goll span. The highest amplitude harmonics in the fx ditribution curve of salient Pole generators are likely tobe 5th and 7th. Theretore, the coil to choren that these, harmovics'are_drasiclly reduced, ‘The caazimuz reduction o the harnonics is given by a coil span of 8 33 per cant of pole pitch. Therefore, thicoll s chosen where ratio of umber of slots to number of poles does permit it, otherwise t span used should be as near to this value as possible. 12-134, Taras per phase, Flux per pole ®= Bes +L. Turns per phare Tog ett where Bpvvoltage per phase. The above relation is applicable when all the turns of a phase are connected in series. But if there are ‘a’ parallel paths per “ae Bnness o Ty x, or lem aee TE ou(12 8) 12135, Conductor section. Current in each conductor, Tem In=kVAX109(8 Bp) But ff there are ‘a’ parallel paths, the conductor current is Jy==J,/a. For normaily cooled ipashines, ‘soak current density in the armature con- ductors is assumed to be with 3 to 5 <1. Ares of crom-section of armature conductois a= ls/%e where Semcurrent density in armature conductors, A/ms*, 12.14, Armature windings, cells and thelr iaselatien, The armature windings of salient pole machines employ two types of coila : . 3 ee turn bar, + (4) multi-turn, |. Single turn bar—class B, turn bar winding is used in machines whoa the pletion robs per cireit execs 380 Ae On account of the large currentSYNCHRONOUS MACHINES , ™5 the conductor cross-section ia accordingly ‘Therefore in bar windings the conductor tre soe. divided into many parts to reduce eddy current loss inthom, “The subuivision is achieved by laying a ‘umber of bare copper strips flat wise in the slot. Slot insulation ‘Strand There are two conductors in slot ifa bar insulation winding is used. Each conductor consists of two ertical stncks of copper lamiuations (ubdivisions of. copper conductor) insulated with either treated asbestos or glass rovings. The asbestos insulation has diametral thickness of 0°38 mm while glass insulation has an average thickness ranging from 0.29 to. 0°38 mm. The advantage of glass covering is that it gives a high space factor. Fig. 12°26 shows a cross-section of slot with a tut bar coll. "Ta order to achieve reduction Fis 1226, Stosle tan bar ol inthe ci culating cur-ent Los, it is wstuntial t2 use vome form of transposition of conductor laminations in the slots. In the bar winding, the transposition pfithe slot portion soaductor laminations is effected by the Roebel transposition (Fig. 12°27) In tran pation sack coudci Tstn won sarang! to move continuo troagh al pss the depth of coil si 1o that the leakage reactance of all cond gation ty sled and ‘sogegucnly theres ao clcuaing current. betwow the lantoadoas and feneo the circulating current loa is elimina tose cathe Jeagth required to transpore a strand from one strand to another is normally frie ith of sot i orualy lee than 25 eam apd with a value of Scam for the thks ‘main slot insulation, the width available for the bare copper conductor 2X7 mm. ii ph of ram shal be egided nasi for the bare conductor. On the Taod, the marina width of copper rand is 4 tm on account of raeghasaleasoas, Stack ‘seperator - immensi cos ( subdivisions) are determined partly by electrical coma derations and pardy by manufacturing requirements. Tt is a normal practice to design the stator so that the eddy current loss including the circulatin, current fom and the strand” loss ‘does not. excced, about 1/5 of the IR (dc) loss. The width of individual strands varies between 4mm to 7 mm, The thickness af strands rarely exceeds $ mm. LiUntnnant CO146, HLECTRICAL MACHINE DEHGN difference betwoea the two coil sides which may be many Celotos. The famperature rise difference between the top and’ bottom coll tides it reduced ‘by increasing the number of strands and thereby reducing 'the thicknen of strands in the t: coil sido. (A similar cave of a single layer winding where the depth of individual strands reduced, a1 one moves up from the bottom to the tvp of the slot, in order to equalize the eddy current lous in a conductor is illustrated in Example 6°43 page $28.) Bitumen Micafake Insulation System. It is clear from Fig. 12°27 that the stranded and transposed bar has irregular surfaces both at the top and bottom because of strand cross- over. The application of bitumen main insulation leaves voids at every crow-over which leads to corona discharge thereby causing rapid failure of main insulation tube. This can be avoided by using (¢) asbestos boards as packers and or (é) applying ‘asbestos or mica putty. ‘The ure of these methods the surface irregularities are filled anda smooth surface is both a the top and bottom ofthe col side,‘ entre sack is saturated, with eporidised phenolic resin and then hot moulded at |. The resin polymerises at this temperature ‘and the-dimensions of the bar are consolidated at the desired values. Till adecade back, bitumen impregnated mica tape applied hout the length of the bar or bitumen mice folium applied to slot porcion of the bar with nica tape on the overhang portion were dhe most commonly wed insolating material for high voltage genera tury... The thickness of bitumen-mica main insulation is given in Table 12'1. Table 12:1, Thickness of bitumen-mica main insulation, The insulation on the overhang portion of coils has a thickness which is 75 per cent of that of main insulation and therefore two adjacent coils in the overhang have a total insulation between them which is 1°5 times slot insulation, Micafoliam applied ina width corresponding to the length ofthe straight of bar and is moulded on to the bar at a temperature of about 160°C in a machine. ‘The mica ‘O'13 mm thick and 20 mm wide is wrapped by hand upto 20 half layers. This process is both time-conmuming and expensive, ‘The wrapped bar is not used in case the thickness of slot tube is greater than 4mm as above this it may not, be ponsible to get proper consolidation of insulation tube through machine moulding process. Therefore, the use of wrapped bars is limited to machines having voltages upto 12 EV. pony Novalak Mica Poper Inewlation System. The stack of conductor laminations needs. to be consoliated into a rigid mass in order to reduce the corona discharge. This is done by wing, Epoxy Novalak mice paper spatom wherein the rows of the conductor fe boued with epory based resins, ‘This ly done by using two. highly loaded las veparators, The stack is then pressed at 160°C to form a rigid mass, type of constes. tion does not require the filling of all external voids. : ‘The ovechang insulation consists of a number of layers of flexible lsopthalate backed mica flake tapes. ‘The intulation on the slot portion of the ‘conductors consists of a number of half lap layers of Novalak bonded glam backed mica paper tape, The slot insulation is hot’ pressed at 160°C to produce a bar of desieedSYNCHRONOUS MACHINES: ‘ m7 dimensions. A layer of asbestos is applied over the slot portion of conductors which in turn is coated with colloidal graphite paint. A coat of stress grading paint iy applied to the bar in order to distribute the electrical stress evenly. ‘ The thickness of Epoxy Novalak mica paper is 20% less than that of bitumen bonded insulation for the same voltage. Therefore, the thermal conductivity in this insulation system is 20% greater than the corresponding value in bitumen insulation tystem and 20 the temperature gradient across the slot insulation is lower. Also, Epoxy Novalak mica Paper insulation system permits the machine to be operated at a higher temperature rite. ctors 4.e, the lower temperature gradient across the slot insulation and the higher permissible temperature rise results in a higher power output from a given frame size. tn addition, the dielectric loss is alto smaller Slot This insulation system has a thermal stability upto insulation about 180°C and therefore can be used for machines Strand designed for class F insulation (155°C). inter re re 12142 Maltitura coil—class B. The multi- ineulatio: turn coils are machine wound as described earlier. In these, in addition to inulation between individual strands, insulation between turns hat to be provided. The intertuen intulation thould be designed to withstand surget of magnitude 15 times the line voltage, with a duration of a few microseconds. The inter turn. insulation used is mica tape half overlap and asbestos ‘The thickness cf mica tape is 0°18 mm and that of asbestos 0°38 mm. Fig: 1228 shows the slot details ofthe winding with 2 eS turns per coil. The insulation thickness used for diffe. = rent tent voltage is specified in Table 12°2. eS) Multicturn coils Eposy Novalak Mica Paper Sytem. OOS ‘The Epoay Novalak mica paper insulation used is different G9 for slot portion of conductors and the overhang. Novalnk Fig. 1228, Multhturn colle. mica paper tapes are used for the slot portion while Itopthalate varnisbed mica fake tapes are wed for the overhang. The thickness of intertura inrulation is dependent upon individual designs. ‘Table 122, Class B insulation for multi-turn coils. Seperater Stock Separator Ten vokage apr of mice | Layers of bitumen $388 1 12163, Synthetic resin and mica paper insalation, Till recoatly, the main ingulating materials used for armatures of synchronous machines have mica flakes attached to paper by bitumen varnlah, The performance ofthis fosalation system has been ttol Gant Of ingulaon fallace have been few and in these the failure has resulted oa sopout ‘of bitumen ured when used as inter-tura insulating material in'multi-tura colls. Therefore, Biratien is being replaced with far more thermo-tetting reain . Th the resin insulating systems, the main insulstion is ple nd and not mica ‘There are many systems but the two most wed are?148 ALECTHICAL MACHINE DBSIGN (6) Vaowum impregnated process (VIP system). In this system a number of layors of mica paper, with glas bucking and a binder are, applied to the. cal til the desired insulation thickness is obtained. Tne bars are then dried ia vacuum and are im with epoxy resin in ord:r to fill the voids. After this the coils are pressed to the desired dimensions at 160°C at which the polymerisation is complete. (b) Resin rich process. In this system mica paper with a backing of 0°04 ra thick glass cloth is used. The mica paper is taturated with Epoxy Novalak resin. Mica provides the desir. edelectrical’ strength while the required mechanical strength is provided by the glass cloth. The conductors arc covered with a number of layers .of insulation till the desite{ insulation thickness is obtained. . The coils are then pressed to size anil cured at 160°C to complete the polymerization © The advantages of this system are : (6) This insulation has a higher mechanical strength and is better equipped to withstand, without damage, the large forces which are produced during suddex sort circuit at the machine terminals, (i) The loss angle of epoxy insulated coil is about 25% of that of the bitumen ingulated coil. As the loss angle is indicative of presence of voids in insulation it is clear ‘that the epoxy intulation is 1 stter placed than the bitumen insulation, The presence of voids, over the years, leads tv ionization thereby causing insulation failure. Therefore, the epony insulation with smaller voids has a longer life because of lesser porsibility of inau- ation failure. (iii) The dielectric strangth of ep ay jusulation is approximately 40% greater than that of bitumen insulation which results in 20% reduction in thickness of insulation. (Go) The bitumen bonded mica folium and bitumen im mica taj insulation is capable of withstanding only class B temperatures (190°C), However, synthetic resin mica paper insulation can withstand a iemperature of 140°C an! therefore it can be classified as class F insulation. In fact, it is a common prartice to specify the ator winding insulacion to withwtand class F temperatures but in setusl practice to operate them below allowable temperatures for class B insulation. The operation of the insulation at temp-ratures lower than the maximum that it can safely withstand results in longer life for the intulation. 12-15, Slot dimensions. The flux density in teeth at no load should not be more then 1°7 to 1°38 Wo/raf, Minium width of tooth Wi (awl Sg Parallel sided slots are ured. Therefore, the teeth are tapered and ‘their minimum width occurs at the air gap surface. Hence, maximum perminible width of slot Ws gasy=ys—We ena). The depth of slot preferably should not exceed three times the width. Deeper slots be used and sometimes slots are deliberately made deeper in order to have a high leakage resstence which limits short circuit currents. web 1216, Length of mean tara Length of mean turn of armature, Lqe2L-+-2'5t-+0'06 kV-+0'2 on(12°9) and kVeevoltage of machine in kilovolt. 1217, Seater core, The value of depth of core, de, can be caloulated ‘asruming a suitable value of density By. The value of fu deasty ta the saan ten of talient pole machines lips between 1°0 to TZ" W/ba. —— @ Depth of aransture core demas A Outer diameter of stator DemD4 Uda)SYNoHtONOUS MacuIeEs "9 1218, Elimination of Harmonics The details of harmonic: and their elimina. tion have been given ‘earlier in chapter 6 (xe pages 290-303). However, some more dtall are being given here again ¢ ‘The source of harmonics is the non-sinusoidal field form, if this can be mace tlawsoldal, the harmonics would be eliminated. A field form, which is nearly sinusoidal cat be obtained as explained below : Tha major reluctance to the path of flux is offered by the air gap. If the air ia made to vary slowoidally round the machine, the ficld form wuld be sinusoidal (the mmf should be same everywhere), In saliont pole mactines, the length of air gap is made to vary sinusoidally as described ia article 12°12 on pag: 742. However, it suffices to te ale gap gradually from contre ourwards towards the alti, The length of. air ‘the pole fps i about [°5 to 225 times that atthe pole centre, at shown in. Fig. 1225. ippronfeaation of dnusoidal eld form can be obtainca by skewing the pole faces, tn cylindrical rotor machines, the length of air gap is constant around the machine and therefore the only way to obta n a sinusoidal field form is to make the mmf of the field winding to vary according to asine law. This is done by distributing the winding in diffes rent slots, In this connection itmay be mentioned here that on account of saturation in iron sts, the field form eannot be sinusoidal in salient pole machines even if the air gap length Prvatied ‘sinusoidally or in cylindrical rotor machines even if the mmf distribution in is mae sinusoidal A fair degree of saturation in iron parts is unavoidable but a degree of saturation should be avoided to obtain an approximately sinusoidal waveform. ‘An ideal sinusoidal Geld form is very difficult to achieve and therefore harmonic emfs will be generated in the winding. The redeeming feature is that the harmonica Gane eal eliminated from the voltage waveform by properly designing the windings ‘The different methods for elimination of harmonics from the generated voltage are : (i) Disteibation, The armature windings are not concentrated but are distributed {in different slots, ‘The magnitude of harmonic emfs depends upon their distribution factors. The distribution factor for harmonics being, small as compared with that of the fundamental and, therefore, the relative magnitude of harmonic emfs is small. (See page 296) (i) Ghording. In short pitched coils, the emfs generated in the two coils do not add algebraically as explained in Art. 6°30 on page 204. The emf generated is proportional 10 os (na) ware ai the angle of chordng and nis the order of harmonic. The emi ly reduced or entirely eliminated by choosing a fs can, therefore, be proper value of @, the angle of chording. (is) Sleowing, The slot harmonics can be eliminated by skewing the pole face, (te) Fractional slot windings. The slot harmonic emf: can be drastically reduced and evan climinated from the output voltage wasform by using ‘ot win lings. In fact, present day synchronous generators invariably ure fractional slot windings on account of the fact that there windings give a much bution factor for harmonics as compared with that for the fundamental (See page 298) Large length of air gap. If we use alarge air gap length, the reluc. tance ia earl ant trfare the sole of aor harmonies i reded. ‘The flux pulsations can be reduced by having the number of slots per pole arc a an integer plus f. Bzample 12:4. Delermine a suilable number of slots ond_ conductors the saior a 3 phare 4500, 60 He, 800 pm clirvatn the dlascia etter ond » The maxi ity in the air gap should be he cole h of ors is O56 m i iatimion Gee fr bi spproni. connestion for stator. :Solution, ‘Synchronous speed n= 300/605 r.p.s. Number of poles p= ao =20, Average flux density in air gap Beo=(2/n) X0'9=0 574 Wh/m*. Flux per pole=0 514 SXPEXOS =723X 107 Wb; ‘Voltage per phase ne EO i910 Vv. - 1918 Turns per phase Team aa N SOX TSX IO AKO SES ‘The slot pitch should be nearly 40 mm for 33 kV machines. aD __5x280 Slot per pole per phase ¢= ee Aa we have to use singe layer winding, therefore an it ber of slots ppet phase has to be employed, eral number of slots per pole Total number of stator slots S=3pg=3 x 20 X3=180. Total number of stator conductors 67'pa=6 x 124—744, Conductors per slot Zy=744/180a04. ‘Therefore, total stator conductors useds=180x4=720, ‘Turns per phase used Ty.==720/6=120. ‘Thus there will be a change of about 3 percent in the flux density. (The flux density will increase by about 3 percent as the turns phase {instead of the calculated value of 124). ber Phave need are 120 paige 125, Two prliinary ari ar mat for 63 hat lara, uo designs dering only in the number and ae of stator slots and the dimensions of elator .. oe devign wace 2 alts 1 phase and there are 9 conduct a eins Te eee ap ead 10 me ete, the con wih of iain perry are poeE 124. 63, he isha of tivation fo mn; ‘all other inewlations may be neglected. ‘The second dotgn ta to hove B late per pols per ‘phase. Belaining the, some ma fas dently in the teth and current density in the stator conductore a+ in the firat design, the dimensions of the ator elote for the second design. ‘The total height of lip and wedge may be aseumed as 5 wm. Selution. Ist Design : ‘Slots per pole per phase g=2. Total height of conductors==75—5—2X2=66 mm. ‘Height of each conductor==66/9=7'33 mm. ‘Width of each conductores 19—2X2e=15 mm. ‘Area of each conductor =7°33X 15—110 mm’. . Slot pitch at mean diameter==19++25=44 mm.stncmmonous macamits 731 ‘Ind Design ; The nummber of slots per pole per phase is 3. Therefore, the number of stator slots in this design are 3/2 times that in the first design. ‘Number of conductors per slot in this design are 2/3 times that in the first design. Number of conductors p-r slot=(2/3) x9=6, Slot pitch at mean diameter==(2/3)x 44=029'3 mm. Tooth width for same flux-demity in teeth=(2/3)X25=16'7 mm. c+ Slot width=29°3—16-7—12°6 mm. Width of each conductor=12°6~2X2—08'6 mm, Height of each conductor=110/8'6=12'8 mm. Total height of conductorsan6x 12'8=76'8 mm. Depth of slot=76'8+5-+2 x2—85'8 mm. s_, The slot dimensions are 85'8X12'6 mm" and the conductor dimensions are 12°8x86 mm. Beample 126, 4 1000 kVA, 3300 V, 60 Hz. 300 rpm, 3 ph:se alternator hae 180 slots with 5 conductors per slot. Single Layer winding with full pitch oile sa wsed. The winding is sar connscled with one cirouit per phare Determine the spscific electric and specific magnelic load: nga if the atator bore a 2:0 m and “hz core length se 0°4 m. Using the same loadings, determine the correnponting data for a 1250 BV A, 3300 V, 50 He, 860 rpm, 3 phase star connected alter ‘ator having 2 cirouite per phase. ‘The machines have 60° phase spread. Solution, 1000 kVA Generator : Total conductors=slots x conductors per slote 180% 52900. ‘Turns per phase 7pi=906/(2X3)=150. ‘Synchronous speed n+==300/60=5 r.p.s. . Number of poles =2x50/5=20. Slots per pale per phase q=180/(3%20)==3. ‘With fall pitch coils, pitch factor Ky=l. <, Winding factor Ke=0'96. ‘Voltage per phase Ena P1910 v. . 1910 2505 se Flax per pole ©=Gaprene TsO UE TSN8X IO We. Pole pitch nx 2/20%0'314 m, Sc Area per pole Ays0°314X0°4=0125'6%10-* m8, 2. Specific magnetic loading Beo=59°8 x 10°*/(125°6 x 10"2)=—=0°476 Wh/ent. 1000 x 1090 Current per phase Ipam “OO 175 A. Since there is only one circuit per phase, current in each conductor Jvmeurrent per phases75 A. ,Ju Specific electric loading ao= &# Peripheral speed =nXx2x5—31°4 m/s. 1250 kVA Generator ; Synchronous speed += 250/60=4'167 r-p- 4. Number of poles p= 2x 50/4167=24. With 8 slots per phase and full pitch winding Ke=0'96 output curefficient Overl 1 x 0°96 x 0°476 X 25000 x 10°%== 26, . 91280, “ DL ohne Tea Ie 9 Keeping the same peripheral specd (i. 31°4 m/s) as in previous case, we have 8 Dx4'166—31'4 ” Det4n, aud L=239/(2'4)=0'414 m. Pole pitch reeX2 4/2400,814 m. Flux per pole ©=0°476 X0°314 XO 414mn€2 x 10-* Wb. If we have more thun one circuit (parall.l path) per phase, Voltage per phase Boned 44f 22 © Ku With 2 parallel paths, a=2, Total conductors=6 Tphm6 x 289= 1734 and total slots==3 pgm 3 X24X3—°216. Conductors per slot = 1734/216=8 03. we integra) number of conductors per slot has to be used taking 8 conductors ee alot. . Total conductors—m8X2'6=01728. *, Turns per phase 7pa==1726/6m268, Reample 127, Delerminc ihe main dimensions of « 15000 BY 4, 1887, 60 Hs wae atar-connected alternator. Alto find the number of stator slote, conductors t, conductor area and work owt the winding detai ‘The peripheral apecd should be Shout G0 m/ec davume, average gop densiiy=0'C5 Wojm?, ampere condeclare. per metre 40,000 amd current denatiy=44/nan*. Selation, Synchronous speed ne 62'5/60—=1°0417 t.ps. Number of poles p==2X50/1°0417=96. ‘Output coefficient Come] 1 X0°955 x 0°65 x 40,000 X 1079273. 73000 “ Dla RTT Dante with a prec red of 0 ve 8a ‘2m and are. Pole pitch ya 122/96—00'4 me,STRGIRANORE MACHINE; ‘ 788°, c+ Flux per pole mB Len 65 x 04x HPrsabvas We: + Voltage per phase Hya=13800/1/'3=7960 V. With one circuit per phase, sr tah re tavsviaia ybiny syerers. ots AM AS SH 86s = 9B tam pe ie Ie aT GST Oto, ‘As the torminal voltage is 13°8 KY, & wot pitch’ oabouts5S mm should be used. EI aA pe le perf pa ‘ae oe grate nae Fractional slot winding is used and the number wft.dots:is so. chosen that the value phase calcul ue earigt and the val of garne do GUA ifteeany ss Te f Another factor tobe bors in mind i that wind be La windings ares must ‘Pheteore, an even subg ig ind, ied in olds Mae se ee “Aavaraing slot per bole hia i” “loll /austber of ots =22xS x 260648, ‘The, numberof conductorsm= 67am X88 #2 tet Ye: Conductors per slot =i492/048sbi fomian. ng). Therefore, a doble b layer winding is hot ible withjone clicuit per phase. We should takihitber of parallel te Yn such sahil tron maalges teacher ald Puen is eral Seis dil yo ston, at the winding 1» Ye ated pt De altar cireuiene idedm6x 640-5090, soins 80 age This vale is near oqu tthe cal “le iia per cent flux density. nt forge 00'S Bigs 6 Ear FEY, fees Oe 2 ++ Number of unitemp/d==96/4m024, a aS nw a a pk, This gives any scl ae AHR 8 tn mon geek nay Surrent er phase Innee “FT yeg =f 40 ck. ash ES. Garrent in each conductor Lore $}4 IAS ah Dr xe uk wud c+ ‘Area of each conductor acm! Tc . 1219, Armatere parameters + jamin isda tog sorstuts agit roi vores (oct “hy 29h meat QOL inp abe 2 & nis Sean trae154 SRECTRICAL MACHINE DEON pmresistivity, O/m and mm? =0 021 for copper at 75°C. Therefore, the armature IPR loes=3 Iya! ree. In order to calculate the total copper losses, we must find out the average eddy current Jos factor Keloe) From Eqn, 6:99 on page 825, Kau)=1-+(ah# 2 ‘Now there nificant ‘current copper los in slot portion uf the conductors while it is very small in sinverhang and thar eddy erent lam in the overhang can be neglcied. “. Total armature copper loes ms tatx href towteat Pxae] sn) and armature copper loss-per phase = tat x Texel tote Pee ] (1219) Hence, the effective a.c. resistance per phase rane Texel Lenten x21 ] sf 214) Per unit armature resistance Rew slpaXte. [Ips (1215) 12192, Armature leakage renetance, In syschroaous machines the value of leakage reactance is required for the calvlation of the value of regulation and for this purpose ‘an accurate estimate is not neces-ary. However, am accurate estimate of leakage reactance in very necessa y in order to study and peediet the behaviour of the ‘machive under sudden short circuit conditions. be een erro took uc at oveceang? # is done an ‘The specific slot permeance is caloulased by using the relationships given in Chapter 4 From Eqn 4'95 on page 172, stator leakage reactance per phase, rama f Talley) From Eqn 4°95 on page 172, overhang leakage reactance per phase, comin f Toa? Loldelpg) where Le dompoKer/ny and K, 1s taken from Fig. 4°58, paye 170, ‘The value of overhang permeance may be calculated from the following relation Loe nll 18) where Ke=0'23x 10 for concentric windings 0°29 10 for baerel windings Total stator leakage reactance por phase amauta, Hence, per unit leakage = Al 217) ‘Bzample Meret ek sinks 06 ‘om ae SpeeSetation, Hieight of insulation=sdepth of dot—bheight of wedge—belght of conductors ==100—20-60—20 mm. ‘Therefore thickess of insulation is 10 mm, insulatic 10 the top and 10 mm atthe Botom of conductors withthe faulasion between conductors being uaglersed) ", Specific permeance of slot lemepe [sts $44 ]-t0ex 107, We have, slots per pole per phase gue, Total slotsmSpy=3x8x4=96. Total conductorsm10 x96—960, ‘Tura per phase 1960/6160. From Eqn. 4 95, leakage reactance due to slot leakage come f Tat L (+) =m x50x 160980 (109% 1onxjo" )are9 a. Example 12:10, Caloviote (a) the stss os rastebonce shee foro 8 phan, 60 Hs, 8 pole dar conecied synchronous generator ‘ir’plleoe Pola pitehad'3.m ; line current 100 A ; slots per pole per phase=3; condustere por elt ; groce auial length=0'3 m3 Length of actios copper=80 percent of foal copper lengih ; coverage addy current Loe faslor=1'8 ; current density B= $5000 4 7. hore 3 te the carve ent density in Aju! ; 60, ampere conductors por metre ond Va te the peripheral oped tw m/s, Solution, Armature diameter Das0'8%8/n==0'765 mo. ‘Synchronous speed #2 X50/8=12'5 r.p.s. - Peripheral speed Pas x0'765 x 12 Se=28'8 m/s, Total number of slotse$X3X8=72, ‘Total number of conductors S72 x6m482, Turns per phase Ta==482/8—72, Current in each conductor Jv=100 A (as all colle in a phase are connected! in series) : ee Ta OTS 18,000 Ae. : 4 268 Current density in armature conductors 0 Ot EE met Alea. Area of armature conductor==100/42—=25'8 ma. Active length of each turn=2L=2X0'S=0'6 m. ‘The total length of a turn is twloe the active leageh, fe Tee X06 1°2 mm. DG. redtance of each phase at 75° renm'021x- 72X12 no-oree g, AG. resistance of each phase £4.0.0Kdas) Xrée.1'S x 00784 00'000 0. abe No load Geld maf pater et dt erst sindermnsmrontor pale Ah vs09'9 AEE, cea enenisnikTHe SCTE TI . Atma 7 Te Be x gon wl “a Thus thea, off no loa fel Heal ca’ We caviatnd bp "seriaig'& lta ‘vat for short cireuit required ff he.Avx across oui fo ing ha fs crm ear agen) 4 it ae tat required for ae Bap=s0'8 AT 7—800,000 BeKely where Bymmagisguioy flgx'density in the ai gap (at the oqsitre of the pole). "| <1. Length of air gap at the centre of the pole eg ie ‘ ‘Ey AT; TWO BoE, 1220 Exampl ‘1211! \4 500 2.4, 3 4 kV, fo Bs oa haa salient pole alter nato: 180 turns phase, Hetimate the kngth of 0 ee le gro Ne ditch, at the Short st oe la lato Te: ROE Gene eee Pe ‘Phe winf ritpuired for’ 1s Se yera am umf and the winding Peat a ue macartt Sypichroniaus ipged mnG00/8P—10 rps.) Roleeme2x$0/10—10. , + Game perme fm Fess AT Ae oo . £7 874 108089 =1082 A Armature mmnf per pole A7o=' No load field mmf per pole ATso=SCRX ATom) "2% %4062= 4875 A, 1 Field from factor Kyat} =0 66. ' . . Mazinidm flux'ctinsity in ait gap Bolle woe O94 moana’ wejas! ‘ Manl fon air ganP00,000 Be Ky lop ATu (yinen) = 0 8%4R75. . ‘h Lentgh of air gap doom aunt SOT RETS nipot mm. Laing he 2 . von SPEAR ag Stator bore Dm 19 m5 ering pole.arelpole witch 06 ; turns per phase 130 ; single layer concentric Pare 3 Pood h dopume that the. Gicribaiton Tarte ‘ ie reas wu inset sero values in the interpolar region perma readirnart (0) apecific magnetio loading, (8) armature mmf per poleje | 1" sh (6) gop dempity ante fold gts «46h Bir oP lama se. ui tor i so test VG tert oe ae J O58 9f00 Kyad feld menl ond the gop, contraction factor sdrSenedton:: stoq toy Mim Mio toll Aigwat arg wake uchardi® Cont army tide dy been ang rg Veg sit 7 ep = so, cag FPFR! Per phage Tpa—150. ‘Total stator ‘otal number of stator 5900/5 = 180, Synchthibuapppet ‘pins Thy, elpuagl ofpebespe dn soiietesSYNCHRONOUS MaCuINGS . ‘130 Blots per pole per phase gin!80/(3x'20)m3! 1 : oe Diselbutlon fatoem ea RGR, ws Full pitch coils ne,userd and sq Kyl. 1 Winding fagtor Kom 0°96 x1 0 96, Voltage per phase Hya=$300/4/Se01910 V, 191 Flux per pole = aR E HORE STN 8X lore Wo. Ase par pe = MBE STIRDSIS 9 ay Specific magnetic loading Bur=59 8x 10-¥/0 1=0'598 Wb/m= Gap density over pole arc BysBav/y==0 598/0°66=0'907 Wh/m*. Current per‘phase Jyx= ay 29 A Armature mmf per pole AP gm TRUSTS X08 059 A No load Sek mmf AP/yse8ORX ATow 1-2 x 4250=5100 A. Maf required for airgap = AT) = 1°38 X 510 '=4480 A a 800,000 By Ky y= 4180 o length of ait gap heap ope ttarsc pig e538 mm Beample 12.13, 4 1260 174, 8 phase, $0 He 33007, 300 r.p.m synchronous generator with a concenirie winding hes the following design data : meh specific maguatic loaiing Burt 68 Whe $ specific sactric loading 4033000 Alm ; gop length 55 mm i eld turns per pole 60 5 short oirouit ratio =12. The effective gap area is 0°6 times thy dctual area, ‘apeod io 30 mje. Find stator eors length, stator bore, tune per phase, way fo oi pp ohare ‘per pole, and fisld current for no load and rated . Solaticn, Synchronous speed ny=5 f.p.s. Number of poles p==20, ‘Output corefficient Oy= 11 X0'968X0°S8 X 98000% 1001, 1250, 948 Product D'L ea sae. We have Da Fem Deel m and Le 9 per pole 1 meex19X0'S45/20—0108 mit,” , cial 0580 193=59'7 107? Wh. Voltage me phase Bpi==$300/73=1910 V. ( 1910 0 “hgh . ‘thie Plain, tom parcsoae Teo ‘Giamrens oon sheen Seat ee AIBA 2s bos138 MACTRICAL MACIRNS DEDGN Armature maaf per pole APem: Béfective area per pole = = 0°6 X0"108==61°8 x 10"? m’. s+ Effective gap density KyBq=80°T x 107%/(618X 10"*)-=0'966 Wb/m'* ‘Mant for air gap™*800,000x0'96x5'5x 10°%== 42°50 A, Field muof per pole at no load ATp=1'2X4250—5100 A. Field current at no load — ==5100/60—85 A. 1221, Design of Rotor DO Fig. as. ectenguas and soeathaged pole tet, Flux in pole body Syaleakage covediiclent X useful flux per pole= Oi ow (1221) ‘The value of leakage comefficient 01 lies between 1°15 to 1°2, Area of cromssection uf pole body Ape y/Bp. The flux denaity in pule body By has a perminible value of 1° to 1 7 Wojat, For rectangular poles shown in Fig. 12°29 (a), dp= 0°98 Lp by. ‘The axial length of is taken th L. The factor Toe ple lsieations taba oa 088,” ON cme le meeting For circular poles, chown in Flg, 12°29 (B}> dpre(n/) by, ALI, Height of pale. Since the dimeinions of the pole, yoo ete. are oot Saran or te alos of Bld ast 2” OY SPOS ‘An imate catimation of full load field mmf ‘con be made by the method given below 272107 150x0°988 =4240 A. No load field mint AT»=SORK ATs 0. md and armature mmf par pole ATe=2'7 Jon Toa Kenip. Roferring to Fig. 12°30, "ane nm Meee (0) Draw orm tn, eco (i) Draw ab 47s at angle (90~$) to 08, acta oe (ageing).SYRCHRONOUN MACHINE = il) Cut off'a0 such that scfebentK where K; 11 called the cross the ratio of Jae pith nadia tvs oz be cabon hoe Pag F0Te rms won tai aa hit) Join oe and outed it. Drop perpendicular from} on os extended, cutting feat, : od=ficld mmf at full oad with power factor cos ¢ (lagging). {This cal on spores 8 where relates and leakage reactance of the ‘The radial length of winding can be approximated by adopting the following procedure. ‘Copper area of field winding 0 fall load A = capeat ant BS lading "98 a ‘The value of &y may be taken between 3 t0 4 A/mm’. te ‘Total space required for winding ~ o ‘smoopper area/space factor, f foe ° say befates abourd B00. Ti har ta ofeomtocess toed the space factor canbe ses SU ol rode writes, O65 for lange ronsd wires and 7S oe lar a er 0 . Gelding te total pice for ‘wad OY the dopth ef bs Bin IMs. 12°31, Crowcesction Table 12'S gives the approximate vahues of depth of winding dy. <. Helght of winding Arm tel hating aren, Height of fold winding may be attimated by using Eqn, 9°4l/pagé 54]. * ‘Maal per metre height of field windingwiotx «/2y & ay, + mana BE e ‘The value of may be caloalaned 0s wader t 08 t0. 0°12. Cooling co-fclent fe cotating Sid cols om 25822 572, 1. Span dalpedon Awl wg BETS Wint—cr 1 dimipated pee unit sarfice . woe ett Wet i. fs iP : i I“"t00 seaviekt RAHA Bion where per wee Bt tet rm dna i irae fal height, netaghe tater by do er danges a att wat eke is Pal wr i ty in soe indice eight of pote shoe _ te height ich of he Pelsehos 9p be,tpkep fegm the pole ae Inna ogthof geht heey woeyloen a Height of pole body Ay=nhy+0'02. {foo feb 1902s Hun wae at ata | The value of ratio of radiab ofpole to wolbrplectiis abteorally exjusal 04 0'S to 1°5, ‘The smaller value is for machines wi seal amb of peru se hen large value is for machines with large number of poles of pmualler pate-pi Example 214. 42500 b74, 295 rpm,.3 rs, 00 Yar ean wit tats Am Slay boramt 6m or legibnd 1 et roe er Phased, conductors per slot 4; elects per pass 5 Teahage actor 8 5 winding focar-e8 gaia ity im poe rend be ue ey il lt arth fe , Wad fea foot Wim ‘ieee Sy acy nd Yor mealaion, Hanger wad ag eri “hos along the ee le fs pr ee jength ane width of oie (0) winding height and (8) pole Solution, rte Synchronous speed = wae 225/80—8'75 Fp vy Number of poles p=2x60/3°75—32. ‘Total number of slots —3x32x34—336, Total number of ponductors SmeR6 x tenl34 Turns per phase = Tam 19.44/6—=924,, ‘These turns are connected in two payullél pai Voltage per phase Bpa2400/+/$=1890 V We have from Eqn. 128, Byes a0@-reegt 4 An . 1 VET) ‘6 ss Flux per pole O=. are ee an LB X10 wet Flax in pote Body Oye Balk HH OtaNHY EK 107* Wo. ‘Area of pole body Ay=st) ByiaihiP XEEH7P 8 i809 x 107 mt, ‘Length of pole body Zslength of eiihictite’Giremt'ad nt.‘ Width of pole body SymBOROCIT YEAR, 94 one Gurrent in each phase Jpasye ye, Pee ibepeirerenreniiniiar: nme ‘Aranavare man! por pole arth Mies: oy, ARUN St RG , ye ‘a2 Peale hee Fatt fonda Finda? STOOP Api Z From Eqn. 9°41, mmf per metre height of windings wd Aitiy dois wo7Ge eae an we es i alte See {ETT ax reo Height of ay of w i hl ncuerOrOwstO 19m 12-212 Desigt’ ae (of riper widditig depends upon the purpose ft‘ etick td wants synchronous generators, it is provided to suppress th uence field and to, damp.the oxi Jn whan the machine starts hunting, eye ronous motur its fucction is t6 ‘provide starting torque and to develop ing’power wheti thie fadiching atacis int The desigt of. dathpet ‘Wihiting ‘te wuppreds lisvetse rotating field is discussed below : ‘The amplitude of Ruadimnentil of mnaif dP ‘of one-phase of a Polvphase winding in obtained from Eqn. 6 78 (page 312) by putting want, 0 and. c==n/2. ated p. From Eqn. 677, ‘ S ATamg scat any : ’ 7° Ghibreit'tn each cbbductor Trib ps aind/conductots pre alot Zs? Mosley." sos ae 3 Ee. sets tpg in well 22) \ phat" pulsating mmf can be ting yachronous mmf and the other i ee le he'dat ding « i ice ), it crop ul nf wiht of he inv fl ‘fed. om se ath ma moos ©: A229) ba itt Ae be the total aren of dapaper bart cee pele and 8sbe the current density in e j * pp ATOM TF LameO'14S 00 es a 0 doen Foy sorb, wh aug ea fie grtinnks vassals Palwers slog stot bt eT sting ait * pzzigrami> miory at le total’ area of damper winding is angle Sg STE ee ee Sage tetetabn to sail stltisd bite ely.5 act bo ail wataua geht ete ‘Sqn. @18 doen not conséer the pitch thotor but It bee to be tabets inteue LSOTRICAL MACHINE DORGH ae (und, The damper winding slot gitch is taken approximately equal to rtator slot 20%; tn order to fedame current iadusad is ape viadings iy toolh ppien > OY About ‘8 Pole arc=snumber of bars per polexyeXI'8. ‘The length of each damper bar Lem1‘l L for emall machine =L-+40'1 m, for larger machines, Cross section of each damper bar - seal area of bar pt poe 4s “Sumber of damper bars per pole Na Nasnumber of damper bars per pole, Te case of circular bars ode=(n/4)ae demdiameter of damper bars, ‘The area of each ring short circuiting the bars Aring™(0'8 #0 1) de (12°25) Fig. 12°82 chows the position of damper bars. Eeumgle 1715, 4 1880 874,38 phan, 64007, salient pole alternator has the Me semen! jhagh of erect 48m: meme, 20 ; armature tm aren sho ey boolean noe ‘lot pitch tae | current dczoly to demper bere Daign s mbeie lenge tien for be susklan Selution, Pole pitch emnX1'6/0'2=0'251 m, From Eqn. 12°24, total area of damper bars per pole dm M28 _ O2XIOOXO Sg ns, ‘The pitch of damper bars is taken as 0°8 times the stator slot pitch. ‘A. Number of bars per pole MF ‘Area of eoch ber ween ttel tte — a 59 mat, Dianneter of cach bar d=8'7 mm. Lang tse br SEL Ler 1 xO am, 12213, Nght of pot shen, In cxir to. datemion blah ofthe ple thon tee ‘x i The i» i rei Sere rete sie ctae ‘Erion dimensions of the "pole. The paket dieult to daw the whole of pole along, with aha nh ld Tel, eal, Sian et a et thnple wigonometry.Srvoanonous Macurnte ms Mechanical angle between ceatre of pole and cantre of tnterpolar apace, (= 360/Rp—180p and radius of ator bore r=D/2. Fig. 12:39. Location of ceatre lines pole und foterpoter apace, Let OP be the line corresponding to centre of pole and OA the centre line of inter polar space (Fig. 12°58). Now Od ia totbe located with foferench to OP. Lat OP=r ‘ and therefore ser sin O and yer (1—o08 8), Line OP is drawn as vertical and therefore points P and B ase located, Point 4 fan be located with reference to P, with the help of above relations ¢.s, values of # andy. In order to ix the direttion of Od another point 4’ is needed. For this, youn. f and 0 be 4 i top Thaly aren» Uae trough 4d" ine Os locsed whiah repens the stss ef inirpola pace, This way all the polats' 28,4 oi. (Fig, 1234) on the are AP oan be located. Hence the armature surface is fized aad therefore the pole shoe surface ean be or by knowing the length of es gup at various placer andthe type of pole hon and ere. shoe 4a completed the height of pole shoe. This height ta fand by Se damper wledlng cn ecpltand a izeaes. 1221, Magnetic ‘The fundamental relationships for magnetic cirenit already been discumed in ‘4. The ércaltbe stm pai of poles for. a pole annaitine te 00 Shown in Fig. 12°85. (0 Mant fee ate gop. The cal ably Gaplatand fa Are. 401 on page 122, a! ‘Maat for armatare testh. 1 =" Para lots apt used fa syachronces yl mrachings and therefore the tebth are The maf for eet Fig. 1235. Magpete clevalt.coy 84401 POUR 14 MACTRICAL MACHINE DESIGN rom th dard Ba estes ESS the ‘id tit lor a ean be found correypondiag to Bay nit ‘path in the teeth is equal Ger efaescae dns toner Me (ii) Maal for core, Cor to tha fh donsty Bo, the mm pe mete oe for the tenet eee Fig Se Oe Meme Per ‘Total muaf for the core AT sats le : and the legth of fax path inh cori taken equal to one ‘ur of the Job eae tmean diameter or */ . dyn Dpto, \ + sns(12996) Fix density Wb/n?—— cr at Alm —— Fig. 12:36. "B—at’ Curve for dynamo sheet steel. Mat for The fi is gut to (wo) poles, sh ple get ff ntl te i at Babe bee nam ie cere eprom tee Slee ay Dota thow andthe ple bed eats a flux ig the atte v .etshien Be : aaa! 1 gin tle ot teen ae [thalvatver of By Wee hs IH, oa “peed er ean Va wteuere we) tm fart ' eo) nearer gee stale foster boll tod on melt co ‘7 tebno Fe. st "og ie ay ede a NMRR LIRR oe : , Mi Prom above it follow that: Jn, he pols bey, aes ai the pole body By rte and lot them be abe sea P,P Sth Remi are fo Be ie 27, Therefore, total mmfer thecbadyde ... AT p=atp many. me batenen Be bow ¢ (0) Meaf for yoke, Flux in.the yoke, y Area of yoke, Aysslength of yokex depth’ 6f yoWee'Z ss Flux demity inthe yoke Bym$t =o a eu(12'81) Corresponding to tlits ut density and the material of the yoke, the mmf per metre tty forthe yoke ix taken from Fig, 1236 or Fig. 4'l depending upon ithe type of material ‘+ Mumffor yoke -ATy=ately where ——_Iympath of magnetic fux thei the he yoke which is taken one half of the pole itch on the mean diameter of the yoke at pant) = 7 ono( 12°82) ‘Total Geld mmf required at no load Abe AT AT tAT:+ ATs + AT y+ ATy > 16 " +1233) gy - 12 23. Open circait characteristics. The open circuit characteristias: ‘gWehthds) ' rel nae mabe ojereianl: waltage ag m9, field mmf per mitt GE- SEP Brena BRE ss iy Determination etd powhs'The slice sete lout field ATs can be calculated az below : 8 voltage scale: nee rotni sift eins at us ei is pce si hah os 4 mig ut! tS Opn pag age citagly th paslg sutnainh we ByPlot ads £T'om to somne scale, ). Draw demfleld mmf equivalent to armature masf per pole at full load perpendi- ular to of até. : Field mmf equivalent to armature mmf per polem? 2-4 BE 1. stein © (See Eqn. 6°78 om page 315) 10, Find the value of Ke from Fig. 12°39.) On line de cut off df= KrX de, 11, Join of ard extend it, 12, Draw a perpendicular from ¢ on of extended cutting it at gi Thea, ogmfull load field mmf An, yw Mg. 12°38, Detecmizetion of fall load field mamf. 1225, of field winding, Wire wound colls are generally . raachine wiih a mall somber of paler “ wad foe ‘stripe. ‘The field colle of large slow epeed slterastor: ame strip on edge winding wherein the morn chn ein a : trip on wige conductors. The width of conductors ‘does not exceed 6°0 man, foe with ern Pe Rachie with caw B innation, he intr, ove et » cach layer a of O18 The total thicknes et ee aac, "Gopi i St edpt Ce sue ‘Tas pepe ope ~ seiveaot, on wich cher wyvthetc veda would oe . “ceo, Das omg sh of interturn insolation is complete, Due May senwofiation the thiekees of ttacrdme invoedion a redone’ SelO36 mimo ONE mane : For aching dipped with with, clam F inslation, the loerturn cityyanng layers mm thick epoxy asbestoe paper. are dabbing epoxy adhesive. The flan, Manete cre mouldings epey resin with alee shopped opt The pole body intation nef enemy daw tanieaea aster dick The coil is consolidated under a pressure which varies 4 to 12 MN/m*. In order to caclulste the length of mean turn of the coils the plan is shown in Fig 12°40. Leryn tLe +0 by +001 +s) one(12°S4) Ten09L and e005 L. . (-~ CA me a ot mee £ il E 7 i FF ey st Mt i H i i F 5 i yt nt i i ui ef iH Orr eee E E ny, dig F f Ui ah Lat Ve be the exciter voltage. ce Voltage acroms each fled coil wpa 0S2085) Fe (there being as many Geld coils as the number of poles and all of them connected in 2. We know hpi the baight of the pole From this we subtract the of shoe and oh gine bathe bait of che po, Prom hi ewig blger he a or Ayehgt—h—space taken by spool, flanges ete. ‘The space taken up by speol, flanges ete. is approximately 20 mm. 3. Nowa suitable depth of windings dy is assumed and the mean length of tum is evaluated. Table 12°3 may be used as a guide. Table 123 Field winding depth.at at dics Veltagn anmass exch :Adldesilsytos soils Decwtes + Lalipdaedd aurrentd restsredoeis Melchett | ; snr BA oe anisstaorit Yat wai ed eee eta eat Now Titrpie, ma pee olen fal ea 4 Ap hp WRAL ist sheds ety adit ay acy ye or tarea of field conductors aya tne Low 5. th the Geld be -dafbufeeel or Rogie raat ed ren can Myra wee wah fductony, 8, is 3 to 4 A/mm. x dear aft ikea a yysthow 7e3i7B9 pha whew . 7 - Ve Gopi lok Brresehield ceil at 75°C, Qrmly' Bom t)*2';(p bwi/)fay - ‘This lois is to be dissipated by the field coil and therefére'we must uhéckitNit the tem. perature rise is within limits. en Dissipating surface of the coil is S==2 Lms (hy-+dy). oe nt Refanring sa Table, 9 page Ms cosine sores ceow bhed ysteok i apatd sesita} Gooting co-efficient to rotating feld coil en? 9.08 1 012 sbesivne A sade to Hiss sis Beast je oa dO ‘ ‘A tuipdble peligia‘tabensforen oo an in 3s ids od ocks be > “8, Temperature rise @=6Qy 6718. 1» coyscitt cays vu ‘The temperature rfiédt (Ne multiplied by Sux distribution c where i i Por unit direct axis armature reaction reactance Xu= Ae; Xa o=s(12°98) Ady=fux distribution co efficient for direct axis = peX dy (1299) pemreduction factor for direct anis armature mmf 2) (Bee Eqn. 6°87 on page 318) 4y= BeBe sns(1240) Per unit quadrature axis armature reaction reactance Zq=4n, Xu eu(l'41) Aqy=flux distribution co-efficient for quadrature axle aie tee eretio of pole are to pote pitch,STROMROWOUS MACHINES m Per unit values of unsaturated synchronous reactances for the {Wo axes are 1 Direct azis synchronous reactance XemXi+Xet ofS) Quadrature axis synchronous reactance XemXi+-Zeq on 244) whore Zi th pr unt leakage reactane, Fig. 12M PMSF diagram based upon two reaction theory for a generators given fn Verterminal voltage per phase=: Mijn T=armature current per phase= 9a when ig. 1241, Phasor @ngram of a valient pole generate, ome prpowe tor lagging in this case Eymgenetated voltage per phase ; Heseno load voltage per phase Bepower angle; d=g+8 for legging power factor Temdirect axis current=t sin ¥ + Tesquedrature axis current=I 008 . ‘The phasor diagram for a cylinefical rotor machine is shown in Pig. 12°42, Fh. 1242 Phasor diagram for eptindeleal rotor geneemte... renctance Xe. wmearteen imm LROFRIC‘L MACHINE DESION Example 1218, 4 2500 LV, 32 pole, 3 phase, 60 He, $400 V, otar connscted ealient pole alternator has the following derign data Stator bore =8 5 m ; core Length= 0°44 m ; turns per phasem886 ; winding factor 96 ; cir gap langth=10 m 5 0 ‘pep omni sn retin factor] s ratio ‘pole are to pole pilehm 60; ratio of emp iad of ander of ap hus dently’ to gap denelty=1°068 ; per inakage reaconcese 02a. Determine the direet and quadrature azis synoRronous reactancee, Solution, Magnetising reactance per phase we TEL Tot Kot DL gyre a 54 x60 x (224)8X (0°95)*X2°5X0 44 EXO IO) XT, X10™%e=196 Q. Voltage per phase P=Z7pim2400/1/3==1890 V. Current per phase fain RO A. Per unit magnetising reactance Xw=600 x 1°98/1890—0'855. Angle embraced by pole arc a=/ne=0.69 x=2'17 rad=124*, Reduction factor for direct axis armature mmf (Eqn. 6°87) a _ 217+sin 124° 95 ja” 4ain 124772 " Flux distribution factor for direct axis (Eqn. 12°39) Aa mpax dy 0°85 x 1'068=0'91. Per unit direct axis armature rvaction reactance (Pqn. 12°38) Xeam dey Xa0'91 X0'855 00°76 From Eqn. 12°42, flux distribution co-efficient for quadrature axis 4041 singe 4x 06941 _ sin 069 Abb sin be 4x08) _ sn Soe, Ay 046 ‘The per unit quadrature axis urmature reaction reactance : Xnqe dey Xnms0'40X0'B55—00 $987 Per uait direct axis synchronous reactance XemXi+-Xeems0 916, Por unit quadrature axis syichronous reactance XemXit+Tam0 5:8, Beam jo 1219 4 2800 bY, 2400 V, 3 star connected hes the ph phase ayrehrdnous generator Tmoeites ‘ reonts © Calculate the no load volt \é power lhe machine te delivering ite rled current of rted voltage and 0°8 power fealor tegylag’ and dreatnen- A graphical solution is done for this problem Choore« proper seale ‘camel representing the terminal voltage V. (See Fig. 12°43) Draw phasor of at angle cos” 0'8=37* to oa representing current Z, At a, draw ao perpendicular to od and cut off @ dom x Xam X0 916m 916 and (ti) ede IXXy=1 X0583— 0583. Join of and extend. Dropa perpenitieular from 0.00 of extended to cut at «.SYNCARONOUS MACHINES Fig. 12°43. Phasor diagram for Example 12:19. Then oem no load voltoge Be =1°67 p.u.=4000 V and power angle 8=16'5*, 12:27, Short circuit characteristics, The relationship between the field mmf the armature current when the armature js short circuited is known as the short clrows: ee ea (8.C.C.). The armature short ci current is proportional to the field mmf over a wide ange aod ete BEC. is a straight line. the short circuit conditions, the armature current ng atoron ths in quadrature with estes Snaiees ‘The voltage ‘the armature when short circuited is nearly equal to Iss, the leakage reactance dro rat required to generate this voltage is found from 0.0.0. and is nab oe ioe ela when hort ercuited has a demagnetsing mmf equivalent to armature mmfapaX ATs.™m ‘MAEOTRICAS MacmtnE DeROW To Fig 17:45, BO ineut equal wo pax ATs. ICD oquals the cuted armature current, 1, thea. Dis & p st on the 8 C.G. for rated value of load curcont the field maf ‘per pole to circulate the rated armature current under short ‘Creal confona. 1228 Lesses The va ius loses in synchronous machines can be clasified as: (i) iron loss due to main field (Gs) iron los due to parasitic felis (44) 2° loss in the armature winding (#0) eddy current loss in armature combuctors (v) stray load loss (vi) lean in Geld winding (oid) frvetion and windage lost (i) Trea lees, ‘The iron lowes due to the main Geld ara the and ed current los es ‘The weights of armature core and tet are catia hth fow po hg Sar be taken from Bqa 458, page 149, The total iron loss can thus be evaluated. wi) Pole fave Toon. ipple ik mparimponed on the Bux deny wave owl ror nerf on i armas ae. The ple move th cho pa i currents in the pole faces tea es depends upon the dor oping, dies we ube of sot and the spect ofthe ‘The poles should be laminated in order to ates the pole face loss. In practice, ther the poles are laminated or when made of solid iron, the pale shor are laminated. Te turbo-generatora the rotor ls tolid but owing to a large air gap, the p ‘le 00 lorsee are small. sem yt 7acbronons machines pole face lw vale betwen 25 to 70 per at of oa (i4) Copper Lose, I'R lows per phasemipi*ra.c. Total J*R loss 3 Ips! ras. (ie) dy current loss im conductors, Eddy current lows in conductors have been explained in Art 6 40 on poge $20, "Total copper lour=-3 Kaen In? vas. where Klar) is obtained from Eqn. 6 99 on page $25. (0) Serny load lose, Stray load loa occurs due to stray elds which appear when the machine add. For ample the armature man wave,contnns er harmonics Slike order 3,7, 11,43. Toews higher harmonic malt eee higher harwouts Balle wide rave over the poe acs and indus oy current there and thn forse the ro ow at 1. ‘Adiona oe at oad may be cand by armature leakage fax 1 the overang "alensroundig tem porto seed plats. Actaly ray Seldom may appear in the pole Sao, core and overhang aad end sce, tuts ous"b ecy aiduole to calclate ad. yor they: macy be cumpetable, wi Uibele ofthe sesvoe 5 om. tay my (oi) Recitation lees, Field copper louse resistance feld winding, Besides I*R lon there is bruih contact lowes on the slip rings. The following vl tieopa may be asrumed in brushes ¢ “e for earbon and graphite brusher—1V and for brushes containing metal—0'S V. Trthe pilot and the main cecieere are driven from the same shaft, the lowes in the ‘enciters must be taken into account. to) Felatin wd wedge tvs, Thelen conde of pln and rage windage on. ot construction, speed. and. rating Fess and timber Oto 88 sa ot of EVA gash higher valuct are for high speed aud high rating machines. \ooling the total fection tow reduont Tt oleate 12329, ‘The calculation of temperatare rive of stators of rotating lectiical machines apiaved fe'Are 3°96'1 om page 111.STrcHoNoUS MacEnE® ™ DESIGN OF TURBO-ALTERNATORS mensions, Th: valu:s of specific loadings for conventionally Bes=0°S4 to 0°65 W/bm?, 950,000 to 78,000 A/m. The specific loadings now ured in Inrge water cooled generators are : Bsm=0°34 to 0°62 Wh/m!, ‘@o= 180,000 to 200,000 A/m. ‘The value of stator bore D is limited by the peripheral speed. The maximum eee al speed in 175 c/a Normally, a peripreral speed’ of above 130 wat & Pe peed i aeeciR €, the relationsinp. | PA4 OF about 120 mje te used. Qa Ke Barco bP x19 2 is used for cxlculation of core length . Esample 1220, 4 3000 r.pm, 40 Hs, 8 phase turbd-aliernator hae a core length 0.94 m The average gap density 40 0°45 Wh/m* und the ampere conductors per metre are £6000- cna of te machine Chen tahoe fall eh heeded Sp ee pk. The alg canis clown cn infinitely distributed with a ‘phase eprend of OO". fy A pole piteh, Solution, Synchronous speed =8000/60=30 r.p.s. Peripheral speed Vese¥Dr #11=100 (given). Diameter of rotor Dr=100/e x 50=0'637 m. Stator bore D=Dr+2le=0'637 +2X0 020 677 m. With infinite distribution and 60° phase spread, distribution factor Kem0'955, (®) With fall pitch coils, pitch factor Kyse. c. Winding factor Kq=0 955 x 1=0'955, Ourput, Qmetl Ke Bor a6 DAL ne 10 . 11 X0°955 x 0°45 x 25000 x (0'667)* x 0°94 x 50 x 10782480 KVA. (Wi) Angle of chording a==180/S=60° —-. Pitch factor Kyencos a/2=00866, c+ Winding factor Kys=0'B55 x 0'866=0°827, Hence, output Qu 2400 x (0°827/0'955)—2147 KVA : diameter, length and remaining the the of the specie loadings, Hengeh speed rea ing the same, output 12.31, Leagth of alr gap. The length of alr gap can be approximated by the method givea below + Approximate value of armature ampere conductors per polesas 4, Armature mmf per pole 4Te=ao 1/2 (approximate) cs No load field maf £7=S0BX ATsBORXa0 4/2. ‘The short oiroait ratio of modern turbo-alternators is about 0'6 to 0°7, Assuming 80 per cent of no load mamnf to be lost in the air gap, staf required for the gap==0°8 SORX 00 4/2 & But the sanaf required for the air gap=800,000 Ke By ly All)n6 BLECTRICAL MACHINE DBSION c+ From (i) and (i), wetbave Heng of airgap lym SPS xc10-* an(12°46) Taking a staussidal distribution of flux density in the air gap, Bm (n/2) Bow For all practical purposes By is taken as 1°5 Bes and Ke as 1°1. 12.32, Stator design. The number of stator slots per pole per phase lies between 210 4 but in the case of turbo-alternators 8 or 9 slots per pole per phase may be wed. The slot pitch i+ norm lly about 25 to 60 mm but in the case of large turbo-alternator it may even be 75 to 90 mm. Single layer concentric or two layer short pitched windings may be used. The ad vantage of gle layer winding ls that it can be cavly clamped but i ives a higher ray load loss owing to overhang running parallel to the end plates Also with single layer winding, itis not pomible to chord and therefore flux harmonics have full effect. ‘Two layer ‘winding chorded by about 1/6 pole pizch is more common as at practically eliminates and 71h as well as 17th and 19th harmonies. ‘The stator conductors must be subdivitled and transposed to reduce eddy current In windings of large modern turbo-alternators it is common practice to assemble two conductors prr slot. There are two parallel circuits per phase. ‘The current density in the stator windings of molern water-cooled generator it usually between & t09'5 A/mmt as compared to about 44/mm* in the cate of conventially covled machines. ‘The stator winding of turbovalternators is deliberately put in deep slots in order to increase the leakage reactance This is done to reduce the forces under short circuit conditions, ‘This has the incidental advantage of spacing the overh ing away fiom rotor end rings Example 1221, Hetimate the diameter, core length, size and number of conductore, umber of alote for slator of a. 15 MVA, 11 kVA, 60 Hs, 2 pole’ star connected twrbo-allernaior 60° phase epread —Aseume t 10 panes Wo/m* ; acm 36,000 Alm; current density 5A/mm*, peripheral opeede me. The winding should be arranged to eliminate Sth harmon 0. Solution Synchronous speed nvm 2 50/250 r.p s. Pesipheral speed Vamm Dnsse160 (given). <, Diameter Dm 150 oti, Distribution factor for 60° phase spread, Ks==0'955, In order to eliminate Sth harmonic, the coils should be chorded by an angle 180/5e085°. . Pitch factor Kpsecos a/2=0'951 and winding factor Kes0°955 X0'951==0'908, Output co-efficient Cys] 1 x 0°55 X 36000 X0'908 x 10-198, . 15,000, * Product Dim 7o- m= 1a 1°31 m’, ‘Hinoe, core length L=e1'51/(1'0)%=1°51 m and pole piteh’tom wx | 0/2=01°37 m. Flux per pole Om Be, 1L=0 55% 1°57X 1'51=1'3 Wh. Voltage per phase Jp 11000/'3=6860 V. 6360 see: Turna per phase Tam Taare aap ld Sad, ‘Total number of stator conductors=6x 24—0144,‘SywcHonous mactinty m ‘The nymber of slots should be so selected that it suits the winding as regards the number of conductors. Since the fifth harmonic is to be eliminated, the number of slots should be such that chording by 1/5 pole pitch is possible. Jn order that the winding should be chorded, requires the use of a double layer winds ing ae chording by 1/5 of the pole pitch can only be obtained if the number of slots is a t . Using 5 slots per pole per phase, total number of slotsm3 x 2x 5==30, c+, Conductors per slot= 144/30 a5, This is an odd integer and therefore double layer winding is not povsible. Double layer winding is only pomible with either 4 or 6 conductors per slot and this woyld require the use of either 120 of 180 conductors resulting an excenive increate or decrbse in the val se of gap density, If two parallel circuits are used the number of conductors required is 144x2=0288 with 5 slots per pole per phase, the total number of slots is 30 with 10 conductor per alot, which permits the use of a double layer winding. The total number of conductors is 900, an increase of only 4%, ‘Thus the winding used has the following details : slots per pole per phases5, total number of stator slots 30, conductors per slot==10, turns per phase Tyim50. Example 1232. 4 588 MYA, £2000 V, 60 Hs, 2 pole, 3 phase slur connected direct twatercooted gensrator has a slator bore of 1'3 m and a stator core length of 60m. If the stator winding has 2 conduotore per slot and there are two cirouits per phase, caloulate (a) the umber of stator slots and (b) the average flux dencity in the air gap. ‘Tha epeoifte electric loadsng is 200,000 ampere conductors per melre Assume a winding factor of 0°98, Solution, Speed m=50 r.par. Voltage per phase Hpa=22000/4/ 312750 V. Gorrent per phase Lym oP 15,400 A. Current in each conductor £y=15400/2=7700 A. ‘Now, specific electric loading ‘etn HB. : _ sDeo + Total number of armature conductors Zam 2702. "Xx 1'3 xX 200, = 218 200.000 105, ‘The number of conductors bas to be modified so chat a suitable number of slots can bbe sed. We should choose this number in such a way that the number of turns per phase Ty and the number of slots por pole per phase are integers. ! ‘For « three phase machine, turns per phase Tp4= 2/60 106/621 18, ¢. Actual number of conductors used Z=6x 18103, Number of slot: Bm Smuctort 010 sy, ‘Thea number of slots Gon54 are rulted to the winding,” ‘HLOCTRICAL MACHEING DEROW For a wiading with two cireults per phase, Hye tHe Ke, serie Om zap hil Rg mt We Pole pitch e=nX 19/2204 ma, =0'565 Wh/ant, 1233, Reter design. The rotor wn ia not concentrated but is distibuted in Concentric multi turn coils are used as 1 4a Fig. 1245, The. number of wound slots thould be which is a multiple of four (¢ g., 16, 20, 24 sessed), The slot pitch is $0 chesen that undesirable are not introduced in the flux density Le wave. ‘The width of rotor slots is limited by’ stresses at the root of the teeth and by hoop stress in the end etal ing ring. In large modern turbo-alternators Epoxy glass absestos moulded resin glass and or’ synthetic ‘slass are used as insulation, The insu lation thickens varies from 0 25 to 0'88 mm per 100 V ‘across the winding. Ht Fig. 12°45. Rotor winding. our came desi ay be abot 25 Alam for convey cced machaw, Howes ios cag the rotor current donun may be as igh as 1 eins rating ai 1, Pull load Geld mmf can be taken as twice the armature mmf. ‘Full oad field af 1247 ‘where MTo=27 Ips Tos Kelp. 2, A vandard exolter voltage may be taken, About 15 1020 per cent ofthis voltage a bept ia reeeve, Lat Vo be the exciter voltage, te Volinge across each field coil ye COREE os 4. The length of mean turn of Beld winding is approximated from, Lap 2Lt 2940 on(12°47) where ‘tmeffective span of coils, Volonge arom each Bald cll Brats By nt Sees _ Alas Ley, b | Sipe : * here ‘Tyenfield current, A ; Prenumber of turns in each field coll ; v agemaren of Geld conductor, man* ; - ” 7 ‘of mesa vara, mm 3 ad ity, fin aed sas,‘SYRONRONOUE mACHOtES ne 5, Assume a suitable current density & for the field winding ‘Total area of Beld conductors 22 S78 on(19°48) : 2p 4, . 4+ Number of field conduetorn— 25-474 s(t 49) and conductors per slot - en ens( 12°50) where Be=number of wound slot in the rotor. DESIGN PROBLEMS Desiga problem 1, Des'gn o waler whl grnerator with the fllowing apecifons 1 WA =u Voliogs = = ONO Phas = 8 Frequency = (GOH RM = 18S Conmeation = Star Power factor =0°8 lagging. Solution, Mata Dimensions : Synchronous speed wes 107°5/60=8'125 r.p.s. 2. Number of poles p=»2 x 50/S'145=032. Assume Bee=0'6 Wh/ea*, 2034000 A/m and Ke=0'955, Output co-efficient Uys 11 Kup Bao a0 107* * ell X0°955%0'6 x34000 x 10-214, 3000 j Product = DL aon m, Using rectangular poles and taking L/1=1°5, we have Lente DIS2XB—0'1475 D or 01475 Dim4'48 s ‘Desd'12 m and Lm01475xS'12—046 D=32 mand L=0'44 wm, TPL provided=3'2*x0'44=4'5 mi, \ Pecipbeeal speed at syachronous speed VomnxS2xS'125—51°4 my, nearly 60 therefor onlens spiel eens, git ac 00 - raexS2/820914 mw, - Taking thereto pe EEE OT, 2 Peleare = $074K0514002905 m, ‘Using 5 ducts of width 10 mm each.Er) . MBCTRICAL MACHINE DEIN Gross iron length = Law L—ngWam0 44—5 x 10X 10-4039 m= 390 mm, ‘Therefore, the stator core is divided into 6 parts each 65 mm wide. Net iron length Lo=0 9 X0°39=0'351 m. STATOR Stator Winding ‘The stator winding is star connected with line voltage=6600 V. Phate voltage Eyn==6600/1/3—3620 V. Flux per pole Gem Bas L—0 6 X0°314X0'44—082'8x 10? WD, Tuas pe pha Tae ra RS = FaAKSOREL ER TTAKO SSE —2e (This value may have to be modified when considering the number of slots.) Number of Slots ‘Taking a slot pitch of about 32 mm. ‘4: Slots per pole per phase ‘ BX3 2x 108 e = oxaexse 82788. A fraction il slot winding with g=3% is used. This number is chosen as the number of poles, 32, is divisible by the denominator 4, J, Total number of armature slots S=3X 3X 320312. Total number of armature conductors Z=67'pa=6 X218—1308, / ‘. Conductors per slot = 1808/312=04°2. ‘The number of conductors per slot should be an even integer in order that « fractional slot winding cused (with a fractional number of slot par’ pole’ per phase, we hive to uve a ouble layer winding which requires that the conductors per slot should be even). The nearest number is 4 (actually number of slots should be so chosen that the number of conductors already calculated has not to be modified very much). Now conductors pér slot —=Zom4, . ‘+ Total conductors ZeSi2x4m1248 ‘aod turns per phase ‘Tyr l248/6—208, ‘Modified average flux density in the gap . Bey==0'6 X218/208=00'628 Wh/m!*. Modified ux per pole ©=0'628 x0'S14X0'44=06910-* Wb. Stator vot pitch = yommnD/SeoeXS'2X109/312—082'2 mm, One pe ie om Ee Slot loadings ipa Zyen262X4im1048 A, ‘Thala fa within tienit. .SYNCHRONOUS, MACHINES , Tay * Geadueter Bize, Taking a current density of 4 A/mm “Area of croa section of armature conductor = 262/14—65'5 mm*. Each conductor is divided into 2 subdi ions Refer to Table 17°1 for size of copper strip. Using 2 strips of 6X6 mm* cros»-section in parallel, Area of conductor used==2 x 35'1=70'2 mm!. Current density used for armature conductors 3em262/70'2=3°70 A/mm! Double layer lap winding with dismond coils is used. There are 4 conductors per slot, 2 in each layer and therefore there are 2 turns per coil. . Slot Dimensiems. Using 0°25 mm thick strips between ttrands and 0° mm thick conductor insulation. The thickness of main wall insulation is 2°5 mm, Referring to Fig. 12°46. Slot Wideh ; ss Bare conductor (x6 60mm Conductor insulation 2x05 10 mm Main alot insulation 2x25 50mm Slack : 10mm —_ Total slot width - We=180 om - ‘Slot Depth ; —_— Bare conductor 8x6 480 mm ” Insulation between strands 4x025 10 mm Conductor insulation 8x05 40 mm ‘Main slot insulation 4x25 100 mm Separatoe 1x25 23mm ‘Tooth lip 13mm Wedge 40mm Slack 20 om _—_—_ Total slot depthne MLECTRICAL MAMIINE DASICN Chocks \ 1, We have to see that the average eddy current loa fectne Ja not high. _. New = 100+/ 8m 1004/8 mee and Mesheight of stran!m6x 11°¢ m 68/68 X 6x 10700408, fines Xe ers than 0 7 and therefore all the equations derived tw ch per 6 for eddy urrent loes in conductors, can be applied ‘Number of conductor layrrs in the Wee Nes, From Eqn. 6'99 on page $25, average eddy current loss factor -for slot portion of Kaeo (eh 1 + (0408) Sowa. ly current 1s in conductors is 20% of th loss due to the main exrent,” Theis etlbin hens, "copper 2. We have to see that the flux density in the teeth at the aie gap surface is not ‘ezcenive (the teeth have minimum crom-section near the air gap surface). ‘Width of teeth at the gap surface W1=32'2—13=19 2 mm. Flux density in the teeth at the gap surface Sux ‘"teoth per pole areXnet iron * 86:9 10% OT TAX GIS) XOSST RID TX IOS | 185 Wheat. Within limite. Length of mca turn ‘Length of mean turn of stator winding Levee 2 $2'5 146 ‘irttens wm Out of thia a length of 0'83 m is buried in, the slot while the remaining 1'38 m tength ris the overhung” , Beater tesletance ‘The stator d.c, resistance ‘per 8 73°0., can e021 SAKE cota u. newive mer sece peee D.C, resistance of conductors embedded in are 208x0 0021 x Avversige eddy current loss factor Kejan=1'2. ¢ Copper lenses per phase in slot portion of condnctors ” =Kaen Ips! (dc realstance of slot portion) 12262" X 00546-0465 AW Po eae re re ete wet!Copper loscs per phase in overhang =In! (d.c. retisance of overhang portion) 262" x 0-006=m5'9 kW, 21. Total copper loss per phase=4 5+5'9m J0'4 kW. = J+ AG. resiatance per phase ren ZAZ100 moss g. PLU. resitance Ram Zest SSR*O15! Soo10ss, Stator cote Flux in stator core p28 2X10 mrggias x 10-4 Wo, Assuming a.fux density of 1°] Wb/m* in the core. Depth of core doe Bo = SR 0112 melt? am, ‘Outer diameter of stator laminations Dy D+2(ds+de) = 8'2+2(0°078-+0'1 12) —03'57 m. feneth of sis 68? od aa lealt Armature mmf per pole kw A gn TABI HB KOS aang A. Assuming a short circuit ratio of 1°3. No load field mmf per pole . AT fom 1'3 X 44005720 A. ‘Taking 80 per cent of this mmf to be consumed in the air gap. we Manf for air gap ATy=0'8 x5720= 4566 A. Maximum @ux density in the air gap Ben es oe mots Wo/a, ‘Assuming the gap contraction factor Ke=1‘15, Monf required for air gap 47800000 By Ky ly or {800,000 x 0°85 x 1°15!ly== 4506 & 1om5'84 men, Ale gap length provided y==5°5 mia. ao ‘Diameter of rotor De D—2i=8'2—2 X5'5X 10 %=8"189 mm, * Poles ‘A leakage factor of 1°2 is astumed for the fleld poles, Flax in pole body ©pm1'2 x 85'9 x 10%=1065 x 10-* Wb, ‘Taking a flux deuuity of 1°6 W/m in poles, ...()ikC 1° ‘Area of pole body dom Fine EIT esx i mt, ‘Taking 0°96 as the stacking factor for pole laminations, width of pote = re 1 ol 18 cont O0 am,74 . MLBCTRICAL MACHINE UBsION Ucight of pole In order to determi jis evtinat of fil load ad nt" "THS sethod es Ween explained a Gee tn Ace ST ‘ Approximate value of no load field mmf AT jo=5720 A (calculated above). Armature mmf per pole AT.=4400 A, ” Power factor cos $=0°8 lagging °. ¢=36° 52’. From Fig. 12°31 for y=0°74 the value of crors reaction facior Ke=0"45. C22, Referring to Fign12 47. 1, Draw on 5720. 2. Draw —ab=4400 at an angle (90°—36° 52')eu53° to oa. $. Cutoff — ce=0.45 x 4400=1980. . 4, Join oe and extend. Drop perpendicular on ac extended to cut it at d. 5. Full load Beld mmf per pole, od=8930 A. ‘Awume a current density of 2°5 Almm in the field winding Area of copper in the field winding =8990/2'5=3570 mm, Strip on edge conductors are wed Fig. 12447. Determination of approximate for Geld wloding, Avume a space factor value of AT. of O83, Area of field winding=%570/0 83=4300 mm*. Ansuming depth of field winding dy=85 mm. ‘te Height of field winding=4800/35—128 mm. To this we must add about 17 mm which is taken up by flanges etc Haight of pole body Ap=123-+-17<140 mm. ‘The height of pole shoe at the centre b,=25 mm, (Gee pole drawing Fig. 12°50) z. Total height (eadial length of pole) ys 140+25=0165 mam windings From Eqn. 12 24, total area of damper bars per pole dam 02x 34000 X0°914/5—713 ment, if current density is taken a1 $A/mm* for damper winding. ‘Taking the pitch of damper bars to be 80 percent of stator slot pitch, A : are + Number of damper bars New rq- Poe in a9, Area ofeach bar ere 13/9079 may. Diameter of each her deml0 mum. 4, Haight of pote shoe at the tips Ay 2dq—=20 men.‘SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES ' ' ms ‘Yoke design ; Flux in yoke Om /2=052-25 x 1074 Wh, Taking « flux density of 1°2 Wh/mt, Area of yoke Ay 52°25X 10-4/1°2043'5 x 107? mi, = Yoke arva A Depth of yoke de Tax core lagi Estimation of flux per pole Pole drawing Tn ordet to catimate the flux per pole, the : in Art. 12214 with the help ‘ofthe following faa Geuwiog. is construct as capltead Angle (mechanical) between pole axis and the interpolar axis 0 360/2pm 5625", Length of air gap at the centre of pole y=5'S man, ‘The distance over which the air gap remains constant is } +. Length of air gap at pole tips==1°8 ly1'8X5'Sa10 mm, Height of pole shoes at pole tips Aves 20 ram. ‘The rough sketch of pole profile iy shown in Fig, 4°72 (page 193), ‘The pole drawing is shown in Fig..12°48, From this deawing, we get Height of pote shoe at the centre Ay=25 mm aru width of pole shor b=230 man, Flex plot ‘The horn and the-stator surface at the air ga» are drawn in Fig. 4°73 with of the pole drawing techniques “The fa pot ‘* “ bed the flux distribution curve of this machine are given Jn Example 417 on page 193 (sec Figs. 3°73 and 4°74) ‘The flux distribution curve ia By=108°06 sin ots: ‘Main SO 5°25 sin 50°75 704 .. and the field form factor (calculated on page 193) is Kyo Beal By t0'702. Voltage per phusu Bnm26600/y Sm8820 V. ‘The in vlna of sar connece? alternator does not. any third, harmonic emf. Therefore, irl af ep ak oes not take intn ‘ se hari me which ia actually Bove in the nw ns i780 LECTRICAL MACHING DE JUN We have, gesbelsie 3, Mois Thus, Kam wants 0.96, Ka TST Ole Kom ROS TO. There are $f s1 ts per pole per phase In order that the coils be full pitch, the coll apan should b. 3x 3=9f slots. The coil span is actually 9 slots, 4 Blectrical angle spanned by coils x x 180—=166°, s+ Angle through which coils are chorded a==180°—166°= 14°, Mech factor for ath harmonic is Kp=cos wa/2 “ Epamcos hx 14*/2en 9925, Epmecos 5X 4"/2m0 619 Kyymcon 1% 144/20°056. ‘The winding factors ate : Ke,~0' 6X0'9925—0 952, Ku,=0'193 X0°819=00 158, Ko,=—0 139 x0°656—2—0 0513. From Ran. 6°65 page 295, voltage per phase Mae 444 Tyr f O, Ke 1+ Bus Key] Bay Key) +--+ (Bun Kon] Bo Rey ‘As explained varlier, we have not to take into account the third harmonte component, Le Bnet Py f 0, Koy VF (Bas Ke] Bey Boy (Bas Bon[lin i « sean 4 44 208x200, xo57[ 1 +( EPO Ve ( stsagoes yy" ee fundamental component of flux per pole ©,=87 x 10-3 Wb. ‘Average value of fundamental component of flux density o, opa7 Bam -atta =0 629 Wb/m*. Musioum value of fangamental component of flux density Baym ef? Berm ]2X0 O29—0'987 Wh/m*. Bot Bayel'08 Be. Bym0'987/1'08—0°914 Wh/mnt, Average flux demelty over the pole pitch, Bes=e0 702X0 9140 642 Wh/mt. Y +. Total flux per pole @=0'642 x0 3d xO:44em88 6X10 WD, Magnetic elrouit. ‘Thé mmf: required for" various parts of ic clreukt ate joulated below. Dynamo sheet steel is used for both rotor and stator. magnetization pve for the laminations used is given in Fig 1236. (0) Mmf for air gap. . Ratio slot width 15 2 36, ei Darran oti en, the Cares coeficlot Ku ls OS (See Fig. 49 .0n page 184 far open slots} Stainton factor for slots Kem 5g — “prcoicry "8.