bg Between whom was Croatia divided at the beginning of the 16th century?

Between the Venetian Republic, the Ottoman & the Austrian Empires.

When did Croatia came under the rule of the Habsburg dynasty and how?

In 1521 the Ottomans conquered Belgrade. Slavonia now lays open before them.
Their victory in 1526 over the Hungarian army on the Field of Mohacs crushed the resistance of
the Hungarian nobility.
After this, the most members of the Hungarian nobility now sided with the newly-elected king
and Ottoman protege Ivan Zapolya.
The Slavonian nobility decide to support Ivan Zapolya.
The Croatian nobility elected the Austrian Archduke Ferdinand Habsburg as a king
Civil war broke out between Ferdinand’s and Zapolya’s supporters which soon ended in an
agreement to Ferdinand’s benefit.
The Croatian nobility elected the Austrian Archduke Ferdinand Habsburg as a king in
1527 due to the fact that he promised then protection (although later he would not honor
his promise).

What do you know about the Reformation?

The ​Protestant Reformation was the schism within western Christianity initiated by Martin
Luther, John Calvin, and other early Protestant Reformers who believed that Church wasn’t
necessary for people to communicate with God.

This ended up in a division into Protestantism and Roman Catholic Church.

Martin Luther was kicked out from Church.

Luter started by criticizing the selling of indulgences, insisting that the pope had no authority
over purgatory. In 1517 he articulated his protest against Western Catholic Church in the 95
Theses that he put at the door of All’s Saints Church in Wittenberg. They were initial cathalyst
for the Protestant Reformation. The dispution protests against clerical abuses, especially
nepotism, simony (the act of selling church offices and roles), usury (the practice of making
unethical or immoral monetary loans intended to unfairly enriched the lender), pluralism, and the
sale of indulgences.
The 95 Theses centers on practices within the Catholic Church regarding baptism and absolution.
Out of love for the truth and the desire to bring it to light, the following propositions will be
discussed at Wittenberg, under the presidency of Martin Luther. Wherefore he requests that those
who are unable to be present and debate orally, may do so by letter.

1. Our Lord and Master Jesus Christ, when He said Poenitentiam agite (do penance!), willed that
the whole life of believers should be repentance.
2. This word cannot be understood to mean sacramental penance, i.e., confession and

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satisfaction, which is administered by the priests.
3. Yet it means not inward repentance only; nay, there is no inward repentance which does not
outwardly work divers mortifications of the flesh.
4. The penalty [of sin], therefore, continues so long as hatred of self continues; for this is the true
inward repentance, and continues until our entrance into the kingdom of heaven.
5. The pope does not intend to remit, and cannot remit any penalties other than those which he
has imposed either by his own authority or by that of the Canons.
6. The pope cannot remit any guilt, except by declaring that it has been remitted by God and by
assenting to God's remission; though, to be sure, he may grant remission in cases reserved to his
judgment. If his right to grant remission in such cases were despised, the guilt would remain
entirely unforgiven.
7. God remits guilt to no one whom He does not, at the same time, humble in all things and bring
into subjection to His vicar, the priest.
8. The penitential canons are imposed only on the living, and, according to them, nothing should
be imposed on the dying.
9. Therefore the Holy Spirit in the pope is kind to us, because in his decrees he always makes
exception of the article of death and of necessity.
10. Ignorant and wicked are the doings of those priests who, in the case of the dying, reserve
canonical penances for purgatory....

In Croatia, the spread of the Reformation was not helped by the fact that some members of the
greatest Croatian noble family , the Zrinskis, became Protestants..
However, one of the most important writers of it was the croatian Matija Vlačić, who wrote a
scholar.

Explain the period of Counter-Reformation.

The Counter-Reformation was the period of Catholic revival beginning with the Council of Trent
(1545- 1563) and ending at the close of Thirty Year’s War (1648) and it was initiated in response
to the Protestant Reformation.

The Counter-Reformation was a comprehensive effort composed of four major elements:

1. Structural reconfiguration - education of priests, emphazysed church as mediator with
God, rejecting ML thesis.
2. Religious orders- jesuits
3. Spiritual movements-
4. Political dimensions

These reforms included the foundation of seminaries for proper training of priests in the spiritual
life and the theological tradition of the Church, the reforms of the religious life by returning
orders to their spiritual foundations and new spiritual movements focusing on the devotional life
and a personal relationship with Christ.

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In the Council of Trent other decisions were made that still affect us today such as importance of
the last name and the more strict definition of marriage.

This period overlaps with artistic movement of Baroque.

The Jesuits played an important role in the Counter-Reformation. They arrived in Croatia in the
mid-16th century and they took over education. Grammar schools were opened in several
Croatian cities and in 1669 the study of philosophy and theology was begun in Zagreb.
Very important artists and scientists were Jesuits.

What was the Military Frontier?

The Military Frontier was a borderland of HabsburgAustria which acted as military zone, a
major war province, ​a defensive zone against the Ottomans​. It was organised as a separate
Austrian province ​at the Croatian​ territory.

-The entire defensive system was reconstructed with the establishment of a string garrisoned
castles (military cities) along the Ottoman frontier.

-The system was centred at Karlovac, a new garrison town built near Zagreb. The fortress of
Karlovac was shaped like a six-pointed star, and the town had a regular grid of streets and was
surrounded by deep fosses. Karlovac is outstanding example of Renaissance town planning, a
so-called ideal city.

-People were soldiers. They were also giving lands to people for living in these areas (kordum
baria) and making soldiers out of them.

extra information Balvan revolution: barricades. (90’s)

Explain the idea of a Pan-Slavism and its importance in Croatian history?

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The idea of “Pan-Slavism” was first introduced by the Roman church to oppose the ottomans. Its
aim was to unify christians (Catholics and Orthodox) against muslims.

Croatian Baroque is directly linked to the Counter-Reformation. Baroque in Croatia is carrier of

a new world views. An important role was played by Jesuits. ​In this period Croatia is divided
between Austria, Venice and the Ottoman empires and so Pan-Slavic patriotism became stronger
which is especially reflected in literature.

This movement appears again in the 19th-century with the Illyrians to recognize a common
ethnic background among the various Slav peoples of eastern and east central Europe and sought
to unite those peoples for the achievement of common cultural and political goals.

Its importance lies in the fact that in these lands there was no “national feeling”, as the Balkans
were always divided between different rulers.

Authors:
-Križanić in 17th Cent -> he was one of the earliest proponents of Pan-Slavism. The language he
created and used in his writing (his "Common Slavonic Language") was a mixture of several
Slavic languages and was devised to serve as a symbol of and even to promote Slavic unity.
-Illyrians (National Croatian Revival) in 19th Cent

Pan-Slavism was truly achieved centuries later after WWI with the Kingdom of Yugoslavia.

Write down what do you know about the reign of Maria Theresa and her son Joseph II!

The enlightened absolutist rulers ​in Croatia were ​Maria Theresa (1740 – 1780) ​and her son
Joseph II (1780 – 1790).

Waves of capitalist development from Europe rolled into the Austrian empire, and in the 18th
century the Habsburg rulers, especially Maria Theresa (1740-1780) and her son Joseph II
(1780-1790), tried to reconstruct society and state to meet the new needs.

Their goal was to apply ​modern changes ​in the Country, industry, economy. But also, it was
important for them to ​centralize the power ​in their own hands. That’s why we call them
enlightened absolutist rulers​.

Maria Theresa implemented numerous reforms in the country. Particularly significant were the
reform of the administrative and school system, and regulations that sought to regulate the
obligations of the serfs. ​Like their predecessors in the 17th century, Maria Theresa and Joseph II,
sought to rule in various countries under Vienna (Austrian province, Czech Republic, Hungary,
Croatia) as a single country. So they tried to centralize the state, making decisions for all
countries in Vienna. At the end of her reign, Maria Theresa reorganized the school system.
Separated it from the church and handed over to the administration of government offices.

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It was decided that the school must be attended by all children between 6 and 13 years old. In the
lower grades, classes were held in the national (in Croatia in Croatian) language, and in the
higher grades in German. Soon the Royal Academy with three faculties: philosophy, theology
and law, started working in Zagreb.

The crown’s attempts at reform reached a peak in the reign of ​Joseph II​, who tried to forge a new
social order, abolishing serfdom and introducing general taxation.

Joseph II. tried to introduce the German language as an official in the administration and
education, and to abolish the Croatian counties (1785). The power of the Croatian Parliament
wes reduced while the ban became the emperor's obedient. The Emperor's efforts provoked
resistance from the Hungarian and Croatian nobility because he abolished the historical
autonomy that these countries have enjoyed in the Habsburg Monarchy.

Joseph was an unusual person, and many of his ideas were far ahead of the time in which he
lived. Although he ruled in absolutist way, he considered himself a servant of his subjects. Many
of were provisions were infringed in the private life of citizens, for example, the ban on wearing
the corset, the ban of shooting at weddings and burying the deceased in a coffin.

The emperor himself thought that the reform should begin in the Catholic church: he wished to
subject it to the state.

In 1781 he issued “the patent on religious toleration” emphasising his wish to achive “brotherly
accord” among his “subjects of different religions”. Perhaps the most important was the
provision of religious tolerance. ​It has enabled the free practice of religious rites to Protestants,
Orthodox and Jews in whole empire, in Croatia as well.

The emperor standardise church rites, holidays, fast days, and ruled that senior church dignitaries
could not also perform state functions. ​He tried to improve the lives of the lower clergy and fixed
their minimum pay.

All this reforms demanded extensive financing.

Therefore he abolished a large numbers of monastiries throughot of the monarchy and money
from the sale of monastic estates was used for raising and building of public schools and public
facilities (for examples hospitals).

In 1781 Joseph II abolished all the women’s and men’s order not engaded in caring for the sick
or teaching. In this way many important monastiries were closed in Croatia.

He wanted to abolish religious and ethnic differences and create a unified nation and so he was
conducting systematic germanization.

General dissatisfaction in the country and unsuccessful war against the Turks forced him to
withdraw before the end of his life most of its reforms.

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What was the main political problem of the Austro-Hungarian (Harbourg monarquia)
Empire during the 18​th​ century?

Processes going on in Europe:

-Rise of nationalism.
-Industrial revolution.

But on the other side, the Habsburg Monarchy was a huge empire with bad infrastructure and
communication that complicated the centralization and germanization they wanted.

The economic problems could not be solved so easily.

This empire was formed by many different nations with different languages.

The main characteristics of Humanism and the Renaissance. Compare it with Middle Age.

Renaissance is a term related to the artistic part, while humanism is related to the philosophical
part.

The movement was made possible because in Italy, new social classes were in the cities.
Business people and noblemen with money that were interested in art and classical studies.

Scolas humanitatis: schools where they did these studies.

This was also facilitated as Greece was under attack by the Ottomans, so they also emigrated and
brought their art pieces to Italy, which caused fascination.

The term humanism is defined as “a program of study designed by Italians that emphasized the
critical study of Latin and Greek (of classical antiquity) literature with the goal of understanding
human nature”. It started in Italy and then spreading across Western Europe in the 14th, 15th,
16th centuries.

Humanism and the humanities disciplines included studies in speaking, grammar, poetry, ethics
and history (known collectively as the “studia humanitatis”). The humanist preference was to
study them as much as possible in their original classical texts (mostly Latin).

The Renaissance is a term used to describe a cultural movement that began in fourteenth-century
Italy and looked back to the classical past.

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“The Renaissance was characterized by self-conscious awareness among fourteenth and
fifteenth- century Italians, particularly scholars and writers known as humanists and they were
living in a new era.”

In opposition to the Middle age mentality, the renaissance movement adopted the Greek-Latin
old values, but not as a merely repetition, but as a new interpretation under this new era.

In this age, the value of the reason started to occupy a more central place, and in this sense we
can say that this was a search to get a certain balance between the faith and the raison.

Another contrasting characteristic is this new idea which lays on the importance on the
individium. For example the artists started to sign their own works.

We also know that in this period there was a complete rejection of the old scholastic philosophy,
the old bulwark and the most representative of the way of thinking of medieval times.

Class correction

MA desde la caída del imperio romano 476 hasta Cristobal Colon 1492.

3 types of people:

-those who work

-those who pray

-those who fight.

Write down at least 5 Croatian writers from Humanism and the Renaissance period.

Marko Marulić, Hanibal Lucić, Petar Hektorovič, Petar Zoranić (1 novela croata “planine”),
Nada Bunić.

The name of the first Croatian printed book and its author. The year of printing. In which
language was printed?

In 1477, the first Croatian printed lyric book, ​Elegiae et carmina​, printed in Venice in Latin
language and Latin script. The author is Juraj Šižgorić.

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The title and year of the first Croatian printed book in Croatian language.

The first book printed in Croatian is the “​Missale Romanum Glagolitice​” in ​1483​, in glagolitic
script and Croatian language.

Importance of Marko Marulić.

We can position him between the 15th and 16th Cent. That’s why we can say he was both a
humanist and medieval writer.

Nobleman from Split, he was a humanist (books in Latin) and medieval writer (religious works)
at the same time. He is called ​The Father of the Croatian Language.

He was writing in Italian as well; and Latin: ​“​Institucione’’, ''Evangelistario ``,''Davidiada ``

(biblical+antiquity), “JUDITH’’-turning point: He adopts it to his city.

Marko Marulić’s Molitva suprotiv Turkom (Prayer against the Turks) was the first in a series of
lamentations by Croatian poets over the fate of their homeland, a tradition which continued
through the centuries.

In Split, Marulić practised law, serving as a judge, examinator of notarial entries and executor of
wills. Owing to his work, he became the most distinguished person of the humanist circle in
Split. His works are neither aesthetically nor stylistically superior to the works of his
Dubrovnikan predecessors. ​Three puzzling facts tend to raise questions:

Marulić's Croatian work is aesthetically plainly inferior to the lyric poetry of Hanibal Lucić and
the dramatic vitality of Marin Držić.

Even in terms of chronology, Džore Držić and Šiško Menčetić wrote in an essentially modern
Croatian Shtokavian dialect some 3 decades before him.

Marulić's national eminence is due to a happy confluence of some other facts: no one among his
contemporaries or predecessors had achieved fame during his lifetime. Further, ​his deeply
patriotic and Catholic verses had assimilated the frequently superficial and imitative poetry of his
southern compatriots and transformed it into an epitome of Croatian national destiny. His Judith
representing the Croat people defending against the Ottoman Empire invasion – Marulić
remained the centre of Renaissance Croatian patriotism – of Croathood itself. That is why his
stature as the father of Croatian literature is secure and unshakeable.

Marulić's portrait is depicted on the obverse of the Croatian 500 kuna banknote, issued in 1993

What do you know about Marko Marulić's "Judita"? ✅

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As we’ve mentioned, he was famous for his books in Latin. But Judita, the epic poem, was a
turning point and his central Croatian work.

When Split was endangered under the Ottomans’ attack, he started writing Judith in Vernacular
(Croatian) language. Judith was an allegory to what was happening in Split. He wrote it to
encourage the people.

Judita was written in 1501 and published in Venice in 1521, is based on the Biblical tale from a
Deuterocanonical Book of Judith, written in Čakavian dialect – his mother tongue and described
by him as u versi haruacchi slozhena ("arranged in Croatian stanzas"). His Judith representing
the Croat people defending against the Ottoman Empire invasion – Marulić remained the centre
of Renaissance Croatian patriotism – of Croathood itself. That is why his stature as the father of
Croatian literature is secure and unshakeable.

This story though, is not accepted by Church Canon.

The name of the author and the title of the first Croatian novel!

Petar Zoranić. ​He is most important as the author of ​Planine​, the first Croatian novel. The novel
was written in 1538 and published in 1569.

The name of the most important Croatian playwriter from the humanism and the
Renaissance period and the titles of the at least two of his books.

Džore Držić (1461-1501) was a Croatian poet and playwright, one of the fathers of Croatian
literature. He was poeta doctus, well educated, who created an opus in which he experimented
with forms and rhetorical patterns more than with contents and motifs.

Držić's Pjesni ljuvene ​(Love Poems​) must have been very popular in Dubrovnik but were
published after his dead. It means they were recited and remembered. Today's favorite is the
refined and graceful poem Odiljam se (I Am Going Away).

His eclogue (égloga = poema corto) Radmio and Ljubmir​, found only recently, was written in the
late 15th century. It is the first Croatian play with a secular theme, opening a new period of the
Croatian theater, which is reason enough to hail its writer as the initiator of the modern Croatian
theater.

Which religious order has a most significant role in the formation of education during the
17th century and the Baroque period?

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An important role in the Counter-Reformation and Catholic Revival period was played by a new
church order: ​Jesuits​.

Their founder was Ignacije Loyola and their motto was “Ad Maiorem Dei Gloriam” (All for the
greater glory of God). Ignacije Loyola himself said “I will believe that black is white if church
hierarchy requires so”.

Their task was to reinforce the faith in the Catholic Church and its interpretation of the Bible and
to initiate obedience in believers and to classify people into obedient and disobedient.

Their expertise was the education and publishing. They dealt with music, geometry, astronomy,
mathematics and other sciences and they are responsible for many discoveries; mercury in the
thermometer, the slide, 35 lunar craters is named after them, they participated in the creation of
the basis of analytical geometry, brought the first umbrella, vanilla and other spices to Europe....
Many famous Europeans have attended one of the Jesuit school, for example Molière, René
Descartes, Montesquieu, Honoré de Balzac, Voltaire, Torquato Tasso, Ludovico Antonio
Muratori, Galileo Galilei, Ruđer Bošković…

They played an important role in the 17th century Croatia.

They advocated the Latin language but, at the same time, they emphasized the importance of
vernacular.

Describe the main characteristics of the Baroque period in Europe and Croatia?

-Baroque in Croatia is overlapped with 17th C.

In Croatia, this is the period of decentralization of Croatian culture: Dalmatia is no longer the
center. Now there are 4 circles:

-Dubrovnik Dalmatian
-Kajkavian
-Ozalj
-Slavonian

.
Croatian Baroque ​is directly linked to the Counter-Reformation. Baroque in Croatia is carrier of
a new world views. An important role was played by Jesuits.

The characteristics of Croatian Baroque are the same as in the rest of Europe​; flamboyance
(ornateness), the accumulation of ornaments, sublime style, religious topics aiming to provoke

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amazement. In the literature this included the rich metaphors, and the form became more
important than the content itself.

Ex: Dubrovnik’s Cathedral

-​Baroque = church propaganda

The ​Baroque style began around 1600 in Rome and spread to most of Europe. ​It used an
exaggerated motion and clear, easily interpreted detail to produce drama, tension, exuberance
and greatness. The Baroque art communicated religious themes in direct and emotional way.

The ​aristocracy ​also saw the dramatic style of Baroque as a means of impressing visitors and
expressing triumph, power and control. The goal of big part of art was to restore Catholicism’s
predominance and centrality. Baroque art, architecture, paintings and even music, reflected these
goals. ​Monarchs, mecenas were using this art to show their power. This art was trying to seduce
people “this wonderful art is part of God’s plan”.

The Council of Trent proclaimed that architecture, paintings and sculptures had a role as media
for propaganda and that art should speak to illiterate people even more than to educated people.
So, they employed iconography that was direct, obvious, simple and theatrical.

Ex: Versailles

Ivan Gundulić's Osman.

The tradition of baroque epic was founded by I. Gundulic and his work Osman, and was
followed by several other poets. He was the greatest Croatian baroque writer and part of the
Dalmatian-Dubrovnik circle.

Ivan Gundulić was the most prominent Croatian Baroque poet from the Republic of Ragusa. His
work embodies central characteristics of Roman Catholic Counter-Reformation: religious fervor,
insistence on "vanity of this world" and zeal in opposition to infidels. Gundulić's major
works—the epic poem Osman, the pastoral play Dubravka, and the religious poem Tears of the
Prodigal Son (based on the Parable of the Prodigal Son) are examples of Baroque stylistic
richness and, frequently, rhetorical excess.

The hero Osman is Croatia's first antihero. He was Turkish, and the author writes about him with
respect, as a good leader. It expresses that destiny is destiny and you can't judge Osman for being
born on the “wrong side”.

The Christian representative in the novel is Polish. That is why Gundulić can be considered a
Pan-Slavic author too.

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Explain the importance of the Enlightenment period?

-Main components: reason and science.

-We find here the roots of modern ideas.

Hobbes: people are essentially bad and need an authority. But there must be a social
contract by which the King has commits to be responsible to the people and have good
intentions towards them.

Locke: talks about natural rights, nobody has the right to invade your private property
and freedom. And the government has to ensure that.

Montesquieu: there should be three pillars in the government, so they balance and control
each other.

Rousseau: there must be a social contract between people and the government, which
should be respected otherwise there should be punishment.

Voltaire: secularization: church-state separation.

-Also, private spaces, cafes, political discussion time become important.

-The Age of Enlightenment (Age of Reason) was a cultural movement of intellectuals beginning
in the late 17th century Western Europe emphasizing reason and individualism rather than
tradition. It spread across Europe and the US, continuing to the end of the 18th century. In this
era intellectual and cultural forces in Europe (later in American colonies aswell) emphasized
reason, analysis and individualism rather than traditional lines of authority especially church.

With its opposition to religious, moral and political oppression, enlighteners aspired to renewing
knowledge, ethics and aesthetics of its time: the Enlightenment ideal of man is the one who
operates on principles, not just the habits, customs and traditions. They considered themselves to
be progressive elite, which fights against irrationality, superstition and tyranny of past centuries
and also operates the world's progress.

The importance of Bartul Kašić.

Bartul Kašić was Jesuit clergyman and grammarian during the Counter-Reformation.

By 1599 he made a Croatian-Italian dictionary, which has been preserved as a manuscript

in Dubrovnik since the 18th century​. Some experts believe it is one of three dictionaries made

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by Kašić and that the other two are archived in Perugia and Oxford. Kašić's native dialect was
Chakavian.

He translated the Bible in Croatian but it was never printed. This was a very important event for
the standardization of languages in all European countries.

The main characteristics of Croatian literature in the Baroque period. Y los literary circus.
Las dos pregs van a ir juntas.

Rich figuration, with a number of clever and strained metaphor, antithesis or comparison.

Who wrote "Pleasant conversation of Slavic people"?

Andrija Kačić Miošić (1704 – 1760).

He was a Croatian poet and Franciscan monk.

His most important work is Razgovor ugodni naroda slovinskog (Pleasant Conversation of Slavic
People, 1756), a history in verse, in which he, influenced by the ideals of the Enlightenment,
tried to spread literacy and modern ideas among common people. It was the most popular book
in the Croatian-speaking lands for more than a century.

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