New Zealand Society for
ENGINEERING ——gg_ Earthquake Engineering
MMe La Cute mia ale Cts Bt] sy tte cy: BN]
The New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering and the
Structural Engineering Society NZ presents
Fundamentals of
Seismic Assessment and
Improvement
of Unreinforced
Masonry Buildings
Seminar Notes
August 2016Presented by
The University of Auckland, Faculty of Engineering
Fundamentals of Seismic
Assessment and Improvement of
Unreinforced and Masonry
Buildings
This seminar is made possible by:
| Seminar Notes Directory
ENGINEERING
Session 1 Overview, Failure Modes, Past Observations
GSE New Zealand Society for
ee Earth . 7 Session 2 Out-Of-Plane Wall Response
Sm 6Earthquake Engineering
Session 3 Flexible Diaphragm Assessment
soc Session 4 Masonry Materials; Tension and Shear Anchors
Session 5 In-Plane Pier and Spandrel Response
Session 6 Equivalent Frame Analysis
Sessions 7&8 Seismic Improvement
Presenter:
Jason Ingham University of Auckland
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Session 3: Flexible diaphragm
assessment
11.00 am — 11.40 am
In collaboration with NZSEE ¢ and y
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Definition of flexible diaphragm response
[taken from FEMA 356 (2002)]
+ Almost alftimber aphragms are likely tobe characterised axflexible
_— Dison
Diaphragm is defined as exible when A, > 2,
phar Be> 2h
x
eitasoneyDiaphragm response distinct in 2 orthogonal
directions
+ Joist typically span shortest dimensionThrough-wall pockets are common in Nepal
continudie
Joists
>bm
Configuration
+ Typical NZ examples of flexible timber diaphragms
Discontinuous joist details
(6) Bated over see-ross beam
(a) Busted over aber 10s
destDial ee he, Besos
Diaphragm deformation perpendicular to joists
PUVTVTTTT TTT
PORT Node
Laboratory testing
Qasr
Testing of insitu timber diaphragm
+ Built 923
+ Ume mortar and clay brick
masonry
+ Two stories
+ Original flexible timber
diaphragms
iDynamic testing of insitu timber diaphragm
Renailing of diaphragm using new nails
GE Que
Extracted nail connections from
historic timber diaphragms
aha
Testing of historic timber floor diaphragms
y ——ee TF}Diaphragm capacity (see page 83)
+ Analysis assumes that
diaphragm restrained
against sliding on ledge
Diaphragm response distinct in 2 orthogonal
directions
+ Jost typically span shortest dimension
10
Treatment of internal walls
AN A ——N
Internal masonry walls Flexible internal walls
‘+ Thought required for treatment of non-masonry walls
= Span/33 perpendicular to joist
— Span/53 parallel to joist
+ See NZSEE 2006 section 11
for derivation
Consider 10m x 6m plan
— Perp to joist = 6,000/33 = 182 mm
— Para to joist = 10,000/53 = 189 mm
>Capacity check 2:
Wallstability (10.8.3.2 pg 81)
‘Assume 2 leaf thick, wall = 230 mm
= Permissible displ» 115 mm
~~ Foreavity construction, 50% of single leat «57 mm
TAA Adjacent to structures o
At any point above the ground, the lection ofthe stator shall be sth
12
What about multi-storey diaphragms out-of-phase?
‘+ Assumption is that lower mode response will govern
+ Donot need to consider diaphragms 100% out-of-phase
Deformation of in-plane loaded walls
+ In-plane walls typically have small displacements at peak strength, but
some accounting can be made
13Capacity check 3: Global stability
‘+ Assume wall 4200 mm high
Permissible displ = 2.5% x 4200 » 105 mm
— Diaphragm displacement vr side walls = 100 mm
Se ?
Flexible foundations
Drift imits should account for flexible foundations, where deemed
appropriate
Evidence that displacements govern
‘+ Experimental data shows that as-built historic timber diaphragm has no
strength plateau at displacements exceeding those causing wall failure
+ Experimental d
Evidence that displacements govern
that
‘watpan ovtecemet 9
14
15~ Diaphragm demand
+ Demand
mass x acceleration / stiffness (F=kx,
F/k=Ma/k]
[Acceleration governed by petiod (and period is governed by stiffness)
Stiffness is major determinant
= Decision made that same factors are tao indistinct to merit being
incorporated:
“+ gnore timber species, ait st, ost Spacing, florng thickness
Example of poor condition diaphragm
(not uncommon)
+ insect infestation and water damage
Diaphragm condition (pg 83)
+ Judgement cal regarded in diaphragm condition
Table 107: Oaphrog condition assessment itr (longo et al 2018)
Condsion‘aong Condon dactipion
nen, it ede sen surat
‘tr dager tl a bt ea ai tert commer as
‘ihe tie moment Src nb wear aay ae
+ Observation suggests that varnished floors add significant stifiness. But no
Establish shear stiffness (pg 84)
“Sapieagme (Senge at a, 20%)
Dieter etoeng Jae cnn en
ent
evidence to quantify this number, or establish is reliability under cylicloadingEstablish shear stiffness (pg 84)
“av 108: Shar sires vas for stalght sheathed vitge fee inber Moor
Unphragm (longo ea 2014) ca
Dracionaieane deena so z
This table drives the entire assessment and is based | 7" oo
‘on limited experimental data, supported by = x
FEM models to understand effect of parameters s
Answers fel right’ In context of observed |r 28
response in Canterbury ee mm
if you have defendable reasons for deviation a 3
‘then use appropriate judgement _iaes =
+ Observation suggests that varnished flors ada significant stifness. But no
tvidence to quantity this number, or establish Is reliabilty under cycic loading
> Boeke}
/Account'for diaphragm construction (pg 84)
(data derived from ASCE 41)
Table 108: these muti for ther forms of xb timbercaphagins (derived
from ASCE. 2013)
“ope faptragm sesing tetgn mca
Se sant seats | ne
One rm mig comma | “7s
see dopa steatny cess x40
atiecmmet names term Cd x09
+ Where ceiling and flooring both contribute, combine their
contributions
+ Roof diaphragm may conceptually have external, internal and
ceiling lining
PRitasone
Account for diaphragm penetrations (pg 84)
+ For less that 10% penetrations, linearly reduce
+ Large penetrations
subject to special study
G4CRN /m) = AP
19+ Neglect if unsure
T
Account for wall stiffness
eat
+ Any rational approach permissible
Account for wall stiffness (pg 85)
Gia N/m) = 046 wr
twa 1+(Z48)
eft thi
‘fetish
20
Establish tributary mass (weight) acting on diaphragm
+ Note that accounting of penetrations and wall thicknesses (Including
‘eavity) is necessary to get meaningful masses
Excitation of diaphragm
+ Itisassumed that the in-plane loaded walls are effectively infinitely rigid
*+ Ground excitation is therefore transmitted directly to the diaphragm
‘Excitation on diaphragm is based on standard spectra and diaphragm
period
Na asa
ime
21Establish period and displacement
Shear beam with distibuted mass and stiffness
Total mass =m
— )-—
Equivalent lumped mass and stfiness
+ eis form factor 6/5
+ M=wtlg
+ sqrt (3.9994 x 6/5 x 1/9.81) = 0.7
Qe
If diaphragm is connected to flexible wall
+ Where walls flexible, consider conventional triangular distribution to
establish governing coefficient
Establish period and displacement (pg 131)
Uh Za tc eg. ro te main kf en
a0 :
sec) #07 0.7 has units of 1/sartta) toss
The dipivogm inlone mid-span lol diplacnen: demnd ais siven by
Establish NBS as
QR 2222 rato otcapeiemand)
se Em paceens
ee es
cecum voiMYR) Wong 4
Conclusions
+ Diaphragms are orthotropi
eed to analyse in 2 directions
* Diaphragm capacity dictated by:
= Nailslip
= Wall out-of plane failure
= Inter-storey drift nits
ia
eee
ys
os
* Diaphragm demand dictated by diaphragm ‘stiffness
+ Determine diaphragm period, then determine diaphragm displacement
+ Calculate snes =
isplacement capacity / displacement demand
®
Nettasoney
23