New Zealand Society for ENGINEERING ——gg_ Earthquake Engineering MMe La Cute mia ale Cts Bt] sy tte cy: BN] The New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering and the Structural Engineering Society NZ presents Fundamentals of Seismic Assessment and Improvement of Unreinforced Masonry Buildings Seminar Notes August 2016Presented by The University of Auckland, Faculty of Engineering Fundamentals of Seismic Assessment and Improvement of Unreinforced and Masonry Buildings This seminar is made possible by: | Seminar Notes Directory ENGINEERING Session 1 Overview, Failure Modes, Past Observations GSE New Zealand Society for ee Earth . 7 Session 2 Out-Of-Plane Wall Response Sm 6Earthquake Engineering Session 3 Flexible Diaphragm Assessment soc Session 4 Masonry Materials; Tension and Shear Anchors Session 5 In-Plane Pier and Spandrel Response Session 6 Equivalent Frame Analysis Sessions 7&8 Seismic Improvement Presenter: Jason Ingham University of Auckland Pee POTD DDD D AAG O Gaon— — =a = aa =< =a = = = es Session 3: Flexible diaphragm assessment 11.00 am — 11.40 am In collaboration with NZSEE ¢ and y ar4 Definition of flexible diaphragm response [taken from FEMA 356 (2002)] + Almost alftimber aphragms are likely tobe characterised axflexible _— Dison Diaphragm is defined as exible when A, > 2, phar Be> 2h x eitasoneyDiaphragm response distinct in 2 orthogonal directions + Joist typically span shortest dimensionThrough-wall pockets are common in Nepal continudie Joists >bm Configuration + Typical NZ examples of flexible timber diaphragms Discontinuous joist details (6) Bated over see-ross beam (a) Busted over aber 10s destDial ee he, Besos Diaphragm deformation perpendicular to joists PUVTVTTTT TTT PORT Node Laboratory testing Qasr Testing of insitu timber diaphragm + Built 923 + Ume mortar and clay brick masonry + Two stories + Original flexible timber diaphragms iDynamic testing of insitu timber diaphragm Renailing of diaphragm using new nails GE Que Extracted nail connections from historic timber diaphragms aha Testing of historic timber floor diaphragms y ——ee TF}Diaphragm capacity (see page 83) + Analysis assumes that diaphragm restrained against sliding on ledge Diaphragm response distinct in 2 orthogonal directions + Jost typically span shortest dimension 10 Treatment of internal walls AN A ——N Internal masonry walls Flexible internal walls ‘+ Thought required for treatment of non-masonry walls = Span/33 perpendicular to joist — Span/53 parallel to joist + See NZSEE 2006 section 11 for derivation Consider 10m x 6m plan — Perp to joist = 6,000/33 = 182 mm — Para to joist = 10,000/53 = 189 mm >Capacity check 2: Wallstability (10.8.3.2 pg 81) ‘Assume 2 leaf thick, wall = 230 mm = Permissible displ» 115 mm ~~ Foreavity construction, 50% of single leat «57 mm TAA Adjacent to structures o At any point above the ground, the lection ofthe stator shall be sth 12 What about multi-storey diaphragms out-of-phase? ‘+ Assumption is that lower mode response will govern + Donot need to consider diaphragms 100% out-of-phase Deformation of in-plane loaded walls + In-plane walls typically have small displacements at peak strength, but some accounting can be made 13Capacity check 3: Global stability ‘+ Assume wall 4200 mm high Permissible displ = 2.5% x 4200 » 105 mm — Diaphragm displacement vr side walls = 100 mm Se ? Flexible foundations Drift imits should account for flexible foundations, where deemed appropriate Evidence that displacements govern ‘+ Experimental data shows that as-built historic timber diaphragm has no strength plateau at displacements exceeding those causing wall failure + Experimental d Evidence that displacements govern that ‘watpan ovtecemet 9 14 15~ Diaphragm demand + Demand mass x acceleration / stiffness (F=kx, F/k=Ma/k] [Acceleration governed by petiod (and period is governed by stiffness) Stiffness is major determinant = Decision made that same factors are tao indistinct to merit being incorporated: “+ gnore timber species, ait st, ost Spacing, florng thickness Example of poor condition diaphragm (not uncommon) + insect infestation and water damage Diaphragm condition (pg 83) + Judgement cal regarded in diaphragm condition Table 107: Oaphrog condition assessment itr (longo et al 2018) Condsion‘aong Condon dactipion nen, it ede sen surat ‘tr dager tl a bt ea ai tert commer as ‘ihe tie moment Src nb wear aay ae + Observation suggests that varnished floors add significant stifiness. But no Establish shear stiffness (pg 84) “Sapieagme (Senge at a, 20%) Dieter etoeng Jae cnn en ent evidence to quantify this number, or establish is reliability under cylicloadingEstablish shear stiffness (pg 84) “av 108: Shar sires vas for stalght sheathed vitge fee inber Moor Unphragm (longo ea 2014) ca Dracionaieane deena so z This table drives the entire assessment and is based | 7" oo ‘on limited experimental data, supported by = x FEM models to understand effect of parameters s Answers fel right’ In context of observed |r 28 response in Canterbury ee mm if you have defendable reasons for deviation a 3 ‘then use appropriate judgement _iaes = + Observation suggests that varnished flors ada significant stifness. But no tvidence to quantity this number, or establish Is reliabilty under cycic loading > Boeke} /Account'for diaphragm construction (pg 84) (data derived from ASCE 41) Table 108: these muti for ther forms of xb timbercaphagins (derived from ASCE. 2013) “ope faptragm sesing tetgn mca Se sant seats | ne One rm mig comma | “7s see dopa steatny cess x40 atiecmmet names term Cd x09 + Where ceiling and flooring both contribute, combine their contributions + Roof diaphragm may conceptually have external, internal and ceiling lining PRitasone Account for diaphragm penetrations (pg 84) + For less that 10% penetrations, linearly reduce + Large penetrations subject to special study G4CRN /m) = AP 19+ Neglect if unsure T Account for wall stiffness eat + Any rational approach permissible Account for wall stiffness (pg 85) Gia N/m) = 046 wr twa 1+(Z48) eft thi ‘fetish 20 Establish tributary mass (weight) acting on diaphragm + Note that accounting of penetrations and wall thicknesses (Including ‘eavity) is necessary to get meaningful masses Excitation of diaphragm + Itisassumed that the in-plane loaded walls are effectively infinitely rigid *+ Ground excitation is therefore transmitted directly to the diaphragm ‘Excitation on diaphragm is based on standard spectra and diaphragm period Na asa ime 21Establish period and displacement Shear beam with distibuted mass and stiffness Total mass =m — )-— Equivalent lumped mass and stfiness + eis form factor 6/5 + M=wtlg + sqrt (3.9994 x 6/5 x 1/9.81) = 0.7 Qe If diaphragm is connected to flexible wall + Where walls flexible, consider conventional triangular distribution to establish governing coefficient Establish period and displacement (pg 131) Uh Za tc eg. ro te main kf en a0 : sec) #07 0.7 has units of 1/sartta) toss The dipivogm inlone mid-span lol diplacnen: demnd ais siven by Establish NBS as QR 2222 rato otcapeiemand) se Em paceens ee es cecum voiMYR) Wong 4 Conclusions + Diaphragms are orthotropi eed to analyse in 2 directions * Diaphragm capacity dictated by: = Nailslip = Wall out-of plane failure = Inter-storey drift nits ia eee ys os * Diaphragm demand dictated by diaphragm ‘stiffness + Determine diaphragm period, then determine diaphragm displacement + Calculate snes = isplacement capacity / displacement demand ® Nettasoney 23