Zaheer Abbas

Parts of Speech
 Noun; Name of persons, animals, places and things.
Proper & Common Nouns; Lahore, city; Aslam, boy; Nadia, girl
Physical & Abstract Nouns; cable, happiness; Chair, success
Countable & Uncountable Nouns; table, water; chair, sugar
Singular & Plural; boy, boys; Man, men; Woman; women
Masculine & Feminine; Man, woman; Men; Women
Nouns work as subject and object in a sentence.
Verb’s 4th form also works as noun. Example; smoking is injurious to health. This is called
gerund.
“a” and “an” is used before singular, countable and common nouns. “the” is used to specify a
person or thing. “the” is used before some proper nouns and 3rd degree of adjective.
 Pro-noun; Words used in place of Noun . Examples (I, we, you, he, she, it, they).
 Adjective; Words that explain Noun; three degrees.
Islamia University is a good university.
Islamia University is better than Bahauddin Zakariya University.
Islamia University is the best university of Pakistan.
Verb’s 3rd and 4th forms also work as adjectives. Examples; defeated team, smiling boy. These
are called past and present participles respectively.
 Pre-Position; words that explain position of nouns and pro-nouns. Examples; in, out, above,
behind, from etc.
 Parts of Speech; 4 Important states of Pronouns
Subjective Objective Possessive Reflexive
singular I me my myself
1st person
plural we us our ourselves

2nd singular you you your yourself

Person plural you you your yourselves
he him his himself

3rd singular she her her herself

person it it its itself
plural they them their themselves
Parts of Speech; Pronouns and their helping verbs
is, am, are was, were has, have has been, have been

I am was have have been

we are were have have been

you are were have have been

He is was has has been

She is was has has been

It is was has has been

They are were have have been

 Parts of Speech
 Verb; Action words. Four Forms. Examples; go, went, gone,
going; write, wrote, written, writing.
 Ad-verb; Words that explain verb or adjective or an adverb.
 Examples; He speaks. He speaks loudly.
 He eats. He eats quickly.
 He walks. He walks fast.
 She writes. She writes neatly.
 They come to university. They come to university regularly.
 They refused. They refused politely.
 They left. They left urgently.
 They worked. They worked hard.
 I have done my work. I have done my work completely.
 Parts of Speech
Conjunction; Connecting words.
Examples; and, but, whereas etc.
Interjection; Words that express
feelings. Examples; Hurrah, Alas,
Wow etc.
 Some Basics
 Letters, words, phrases, sentences, paragraphs,
chapters, Books
 3 tenses (Present, Past and Future)
 3 states of work (Continuous, Complete, Indefinite).
 3 components of a sentence (Subject, Verb, Object)
Example; He goes to School. Verb is the only
necessary component.
 2 Voices; Active voice and Passive voice. Active
voice sentence begins with subject, whereas passive
voice sentence begins with object.
 Indefinite
Type of 1st person, 2nd person,
Tense Urdu 3rd person singular
sentence 3rd person plural
Positive I write a letter. He writes a letter.
He does not write a
Negative I do not write a letter.
Mein Khat letter.
Present Does he write a
Likhta hoon Question Do I write a letter?
letter?
Passive A letter is written
A letter is written by me.
Voice by him.
Positive I wrote a letter.
Negative I did not write a letter.
Mein nay khat
Past Question Did I write a letter?
likha
Passive
A letter was written by me.
Voice
Positive I will write a letter.
Negative I will not write a letter.
Mein Khat
Future Question Will I write a letter?
Likhoon ga
Passive
A letter will be written by me.
Voice
 Continuous
Type of
Tense Urdu
Sentence
Positive I am writing a letter.

Mein khat likh Negative I am not writing a letter.

Present
raha hoon Question Am I writing a letter?

Passive Voice A letter is being written by me.

Positive I was writing a letter.

Mein khat likh Negative I was not writing a letter.

Past
raha tha Question Was I writing a letter?

Passive Voice A letter was being written by me.

Positive I will be writing a letter.

Mein khat likh Negative I will not be writing a letter.

Future
raha hoon ga Question Will I be writing a letter?

Passive Voice
 Perfect
Type of
Tense Urdu
Sentence
Positive I have written a letter.

Mein khat likh Negative I have not written a letter.

Present
chuka hoon Question Have I written a letter?

Passive Voice A letter has been written by me.

Positive I had written a letter.

Mein khat likh Negative I had not written a letter.

Past
chuka tha Question Had I written a letter?

Passive Voice A letter had been written by me.

Positive I will have written a letter.

Mein khat likh Negative I will not have written a letter.

Future
chuka hoon ga
Question Will I have written a letter?
Passive Voice A letter will have been written by me.
 Perfect Continuous
Type of
Tense Urdu
Sentence
Positive I have been writing a letter for two hours.

Mein 2 ghantay Negative I have not been writing a letter for two hours.
Present say khat likh raha
hoon Question Have I been writing a letter for two hours?

Passive Voice

Positive I had been writing a letter since morning.

Mein subah se Negative I had not been writing a letter since morning.
Past
khat likh raha tha Question Had I been writing a letter since morning?

Passive Voice

Positive I will have been writing a letter since morning.

Mein subah say Negative I will not have been writing a letter since morning.
Future khat likh raha
hoon ga Question Will I have been writing a letter since morning?
Passive Voice
 Some Common Sentence Structures
 Urdu; Agar tum mehnat karo gay tou kamyaab ho jao
gay
English; If you work hard, you will succeed.
 Urdu; Agar tum mehnat kartay tou kamyaab ho
jaatay.
English; If you had worked hard, you would have
succeeded.
 Urdu; Taiz chalo, kahin hum say train na chhoot jaiy.
English; Walk fast, lest we should miss the train.
 Direct and Indirect Speech
 She says to me, “I am a good a teacher”. (Direct)
Part of sentence outside inverted commas is reporting speech and
inside inverted commas is reported speech.
 She tells me that she is a good teacher. (Indirect)
1st, 2nd and 3rd person pronouns in reported speech change
according to “SON” of the reporting speech. If there is no object
in the reporting speech, then 2nd person pronouns in the reported
speech will change according to following rules:-
a). No change if the subject in the reporting speech is first
person.
b). Otherwise, change 2nd person pronouns to first or third person
pronouns.
 Direct and Indirect Speech
Change in the tense of reported
Reporting Speech
speech
Present Indefinite No change
Future Indefinite No change
No change in case of universal
truth etc.
Present indefinite into Past
Indefinite
Past Indefinite into Past Perfect
Past
In other cases, change helping
verbs into past, but no change
for could, must, would, should,
had and might
certain words are changed*
Thanks