8 fe anne 3 (a) Define density. ad lt] (b) Liquid of density p fills a container to a depth A, as illustrated in Fig. 3.1 h area A Fig. 3.1 The container has vertical sides and a base of area A. (i) State, in terms of A, and p, the mass of liquid in the container. (1) (ji) Hence derive an expression for the pressure p exerted by the liquid on the base of the container. Explain your working pressure *.—- A ant Rnp9 pressure =hPg ‘uctes 2007 sra2rcanmso7 21fr 8 Barina’ (©) The density of liquid water is 1.0gom™*. The density of water vapour at atmospheric | Determine the ratio w volume of water vapour volume of equal mass of liquid water" ratio = Ab sevcotanreserersnreel 1) (iy Mean sopartion ot molacules in water vapour moan separation of molecules in liquid water \ {\oo Nast (2) (d) State the evidence for (J) the molecules in solids and liquids having approximately the same separation, (1) ii) strong rigid forces between molecules in solids. strong: rigid: ‘@UCLES 2007 srozieanuse7 [Turn over 22i leans 4 (a) A stone of mass 56g is thrown horizontally from the top of a cliff with a speed of 18ms~, as illustrated in Fig. 4.1. 46m Lh 32a level Fig. 4.1 ‘The initial height of the stone above the level of the sea is 16m. Air resistance may be neglected. (l) Calculate the change in gravitational potential energy of the stone as a result of faling through 16m fe = eng 56 1900 change =... J 2) (ii) Calcutete the total kinetic energy of the stone as it reaches the soa, (wedi ol) ed nv? | total ke = fed ke 2 | = 78419 BL 19-85, | kinotic energy = on l.4:2.. J (3) © UoLeS 2007, sroznanvior 231" fr erates (b) Use your answer in (a\(Il) to show that the speed of the stone as it hits the water is approximately 25ms"! dike = 12.9 Amv? 49 — 2 se BG Moy 2 xe Ne 56 + 9b.28 2 95:3 7254 (1] (©) State the horizontal velocity of the stone as it hits the water. 2 To i NX Ros ,V*J5y58%'§ horizontal veloety =... ms [1] (d) (i) On tho grid of Fig. 4.2, draw a vector ciagram to represent the horizontal velocity and the resultant velocity of the sione as it hits the water. tt] Fig. 4.2 | (i)_Use your vector diagram to determine the angle with the horizontal at which the stone hits the water. angle = *2 © uc.Es 2007 sroaawno7 (Turn over 248 AA shopping trolley and its contents have a total mass of 42kg, The trolley is being pushed |, along @ horizontal surface at a speed of 1.2ms~. When the trolley Is released, it travels a |zonhee Gistance of 1.8m bofore coming to rest, vee (a) Assuming that the total force opposing the motion of the trolley is constant, (i) calculate the deceleration of the trolley, deceleration = 0:38 ms? 2) show that the total force opposing the motion of the trolley is 16N. F:ma Oo) (b) Using the answer in (a){i), calculate the power required to overcome the total foroe ‘opposing the motion of the trolley at a speed of 1.2ms~ Fy ss Tha Ve 219% WW (2) ‘©UCLES 2008 sToeronwio8 258 ea (0) The trolley now moves down a straight slope that is inclined at an angle of 2.8° to the Banners horizontal, as shown in Fig. 3.4 Er Fig. 3.1 ‘The constant force that opposes the motion of the trolley is 16N. Calculate, for the trolley moving down the slope, (i) the component down the slope of the trolley’s weight, ya x9-8x ind = 20 \~ component of Welght = ound Qutdninnnnnne (2) (ii) the time for the trolley to travel from rest a distance of 3.5m along the length of the slope sled? Resuliond = 20.1 =16 oe | = din \33x aH 16.0976 Fo omxa | 428.46 Ys 2xa | | | . «Ub a :9.09%6 | time =... R4.8 314) (d) Use your answer to (c)(ii) to explain ey, for safety reasons, the slope is not made any steeper. 5... he... dro! mich gy ®UCLES 2008 9702/02M/I08 [Turn over 265 2 Aball 8 of mass 1.2kg traveling at constant velocity colides head-on with @ stationary ball S |p, of mass 8.8kg, as shown in Fig. 2.1 Jers ite mass 1.2kg mass 3.69 Fig. 2.1 Frictional forces are negligible. The variation with time tof the velocity v of ball 8 before, during and after colliding with ball S is shown in Fig. 2.2, vims-1 tis 22 SUCLES 2009 s70areMNuo9 [Turn over 276 (b) Use Fig. 2.2 to determine, for ball B during the collision with ball S, (i) the change in momentum of ball B, Ay biverrts bdis Apemlay 2C440-8) 2 5.460 change in momentum = ...5 () the magnitude of the force acting on ball B. force =. (c) Calculate the speed of ball $ after the collision 5.76 =3.0xV N 1.6m. speed = ..L.8, © Votes 2000 oroziatnion 28 Ns [3] oN [3] ms" (2) bannws te3. (a) Define the torque of a couple _Force....times.....perpendicalat 2) (b) A torque wrench is a tyoe of spanner for tightening a nut and bolt to a particular torque, as illustrated in Fig. 3.1. force F ut torque scale The wrench is put on the nut and a force is applied to the handle. A scale indicates the torque applied. ‘The wheel nuts on a particular car must be tightened to a torque of 180Nm. This is achieved by applying a force F to the wrench at a distance of 45cm from its centre of rotation ©. This force F may be applied at any angle @ to the axis of the handle, as shown in Fig. 3.1. For the minimum value of Fto achieve this torque, (i) slate the magnitude of the angle (that should be used, 40° (W)caleulate the magnitude of F 130 = Fx 0-45 f+ 290n Nil @UCLES 2009 aroeevmisog 307 {d) Using your answer in (¢) and information from Fig. 2.2, deduce quantitatively whether jay the colision is elastic or inolastic. rans . se 4 @ UcLES 2000 orozreiauisios [Turn over 295 2 Anexperiment is conducted on the surface of the planet Mars. A sphere of mass 0.78kg is projected almost vertically upwards from the surlace of the fares planet. The variation with time f of the vertical velocity vin the upward direction is shown in Fig.2.1. Fig. 24 The sphere lands on a small hill at time t= 4.0s. (a) State the time f at which the sphere reaches iis maximum height above the planet's surface. te nds .$ [1] (b) Determine the vertical height above the point ot projection at which the ephore finally comes to rest on the hill g: 4% 4OK DM A ~(4 xix) | ° 6 ~” height = .... 62... _m [3] OUCLES 2009 sToere2nMwo9 [Turn over 316 (e) Calculate, for the first 3.55 of the motion of the sphere, (i) the change in momentum of the sphere, Ap = 0-48(944-2) = 10.9N6 change in momentum = the force acting on the sphere. Fs Op. At = 10.3 ae Bi oO 9 force = (@) Using your answor in (e)(ti), ())_ state the weight of the sphoro, woight =... (li) determine the acceleration of free fall on the surface of Mars. Wem 9g 9-48 : 3 ,4mls acceler = OF. euoLEs 2009 s7oarz2nas0s 32 wa § [2] cal [2] ose .N {f] ms (2)6 2 (a) Complete Fig. 2.1 to show whether each of the quantities listed is a vector or a scalar. | vector/ scelar | ve distance moved speed aceeleration Fig. 2.1 (3 (b) A ball falls vertically in air from rest. The variation with time tof tho distanee d moved by ‘he ball is shown in Fig, 2.2. dim Fig. 22 suctes 2010 o7oaretnaio 337 ()_ Byreierence to Fig. 2.2, explain how it can be deduced that ee sakes 4. the ball is initially at rest, i when, the radiant ot dhe graph.ts.... mero...1t...con.be,...deduced. tned...ene...2% | Vn Dot @ ST 2 2. air resistance is not negligible. odue.s SOL att} Use Fig, 2.2 to determine the speed of the ball at a time of 0.40s after it has been raleasod ae speed = wil ms” [2] (itl) On Fig. 2.2, sketoh a graph to show the variation with time tof the distance dmoved by the ball for negligile air resistance. You are not expoctod to carry out any further calculations. 13] | voces er (Turn over 346 2 (a) The distance s moved by an object in time t may be given by the expression tare o = hat where a is the acocleration of the object. State two conditions for this exoression to apply to the motion of the abject. constant accelaah or ‘2 (b) A student takes a photograph of a steel ball of radius 6.0¢m as it falls from rest. The image of the ball is blurred, as illustrated in Fig. 2.1 The image is blurred because the ball is moving while the photograoh is being taken. initial position ew) ‘of ball in photograph 80 [em final position [-__90 of ball in photograph [em [= __ 109] [em] WAV Fig. 2.4 The scale shows the distance fallen from rest by the ball. At time f= 0, the top of the ball Is level with the zero mark on the scale. A\r resistance is negligible. oucLEs 2010 s7earzanwio 357 Calculate, to an appropriate number of significant figures, ik exes (i) the time the ball falls before the photograph is taken, times 00. si] (i) the time intoval during wnich the photograph is taken x2 time interval =. sto] (c) The stuciont in (b) takes @ second photograph starting at the same position on the scale. The ball has the same radius but is loss dense, so that alr resistance is not negligible. State and explain the changes that will ocour in the photograph. Rin 2PM ub DML Aud ES. eucies2010 sroareanasio [Turn over 363 (@) (i) Define force. wal] (ii) State Newton's third law of motion. ct > The. dosce..exserted by the,...farce f... appied...de...6 [3] (b) Two spheres approach one another along a line joining their centres, as illustrated in Fig. 3.1. sphere ‘sphere 4a B Fig. 3.4 When they collide, the average force acting on sphere A is F, and the average force acting on sphere 8 is Fp. The forces act for time t, on sphere A and time fy on sphere B. (i) State the relationship between 1] 2. ty and fy AR om (i) Use your answers in (i) to show that the change in momentum of sphere A is equal in magnitude and opposite in direction to the change in momontum of sohere B. euctes 200 emzannrio 37 Far pains9 1omentum of sphare A before, {e) For the spheres in (b), the variation with time of the mi 5 ae uring and after the collision with sphere B is shown in Fig. 3.2. jewotes 18. momentum to right /Ns- yee Fig. 3.2 The momentum of sphore B before the collision is also shown on Fig. 3.2. Complete Fig. 9.2 to show the variation with time of the momentum of sphere B during and after the collision with sahere A. i) | @ucesz010 sroaanwno [Turn over 386 2 (a) State the two conditions that must be satisfied for a body to be in equilibrium. Fe a Lota... anil... forces... should be (b)_ Three co-planar forces act on a body that is in equillbrium (@ Describe how to draw a vector triangle to represent these forces. 3] ouctes 200 sroaresnasio 39F (e) Aweight of 7.0N hangs vertically by two strings AB and AC, as shown in Fig. 2.1. ot | Fig. 2.4 For the weight to be in equilibrium, the tension in string AB is T, and in string AC it is T, 2 (On Fig. 2.1, draw a vecigr triangle to determine the magnitudes of T, and T,, an (@) By relerence to Fig. 2.1, Suggest why the weight could not be supported with the strings AB and AC both horizontal @ucesz010 sreananwuito [Turn over 408 3 A cyclists moving up a slope that has a constant gradient. The cyclist takes 8.0s to cmd |. the slope. branes ‘The variation with time fof the speed vof the cyclist is shown in Fig. 3.1. use 8 vims Fig. 3.1 (@) Use Fig. 3.1 to determine the total distance moved up the slope. a: 14 3x 3 43x8 2 = BiG tot ‘ awtance= 353.92) m [3] euctes 2010 srozrewwnsto 419 (b) The dieycle and cyclist have a combined mass of 92 kg. an ‘The vertical height through which the cyclist moves is 1.3m. ennners Use (i) For the movement of the bicycle and cyclist between t=Qand t=8.0s, 4. use Fig, 3.1 to calculate the change in kinelic energy, Aey- Lra* gree” change = «42s J2 2. calculate the change in gravitational potential eneray. 4) = 9 Ah = 92 «98 x13 = 1170) NFO... Jf change = (ii) The cyclist pedals continuously so that the useful power delivered to the bicycle Is 75W. Calculate the usetul work done by the cyclist climbing up the slope. p= £_- & 45: & 5 % ASKe rE Ee 6007 work done = wd 2] ronantisio [urn over euctes 2010 42