Ay ibn of Change in Curvilincer Cor -cir ates 83 TABLE 34-1 THE EQUATION OF CONTINUITY IN SEVERAL COORDINATE SYSTEMS Rectangular coordinates (@, Y,#): a a a @ ; y oe Fy lrts) + yen + 5, pv.) = (ay Cylindrical coordinates (r, 0, ): , a 1 9, 1a a = treo +7 wp oro og (P02) (B) Spherical coordinates (r, 0, #): ls fe 2 i 1 a _ a at 5 (er °,) + Sag a resi? )) + ano ap Oh) = (©) Up RAs PORT PHENOMENA "GRAB, s TERRI, CIEHT FOOT advantages will be found for curvilinear coordinates when setting up flow problems by simplification of the squats of change. The equations of continuity and motion, as we derived them in §§3.1 and 3.2, are given in terms of the coordinates x, y, % the velocity components b, By P,, anu we shear Components Tre Tey etc. I we wish to rewrite these equations in spherical coordinates, we must know the following: (a) the felations between x, y, 2 and r, 0, # (see Fig. A.6-1), (b) the relation: between Dg Vy, v, and the corresponding components 2, U9, Ug and (c) the ‘relations between. 7, € 2 etc, and wp, 71 ete. (ihe relations among vector and tensor components are summarized in §A.6.) The transformation from rectangular to spherical coordinates can then be performed by a straight- forward but tedious procedure. The reader will not have to wade through the details of this process, for in Tables 3.4-1, 2, 3, and 4 (and elsewhere in the book) important equations are tabulated in rectangular, cylindrical, and spherical coordinates. It is only fair to warn the beginner at this point that although the equation of continuity may be readily obtained in curvilinear coordinates by a shell balance the same is not true of the equation of motion. In general, it may be aid that the chell halance method is verv difficult to apply in systems with84 THE EQUATION OF In terms of *: av, ._ - av, yecomponent p\- av, | z-component p\—>- 1 a Bey y-component ee terms of velocity gradien Tan s-component (i ‘The Equations of Change for Isothermal Systems TABLE 3.4-2 MOTION IN. RECTANGULAR COORDINATES (2) ave av, Ady ap +g tay 40.52) = — be ater , Oye, OTex) — ae tay + Be avy avy av, ap eget oy ay FG) mT Wy < [Pray Btw, Oey a ( a oy a) + Se 2 av, a, avs ap + vege tO ge tae, =~ be oe oy a ts for a Newtonian Suid with constant p and : i ae, co a, ap Pegg tray 1 Ge) Tae Pog Pv, ae. ay? aby avy op Sette tay \)--% ao, | Poy ax ay? av, ap Recaps My, Fv, Fo, at t aye t oe) + (A) (B) @) () ®) Temowm, R an Navier- Ste hea Eqs", Nerth-The Equations of Change in Curvilinear Coordinates 85 TABLE 3.4-3 THE EQUATION OF MOTION IN CYLINDRICAL_COORDINATES. (r, 0,2) In terms of +: reonyoent (+05 Ores 3) + pr (A) az | | : vy Avy. % 2% , Po avg 1p | 7 fe +t te Gael eras ep 100 0-component of at an reer Py r 00 13 1 erg, Pr0e - (agro +a) te z-component 1a res = (s (re) Foot *2) +g: (©) In terms of velocity gradients for a Newtonian fluid with constant p and #: av, av, 7 acy (eee r-component® p\ >" + % a + @) 0 0-component” of ar z-component of ce. It gives the effective force in the r-direction resulting from fluid motion in the 0-direction. This term arises automatically on trans- Toxmaticn fromp rectthgular to. cylindrical coordinates; it does, not have to be added on phy: . Twq problems in which this (erm arises are discussed in Examples 35-1 and 3.5-2. E 0 3-2. on an wale ic the Coriolis force. It is an effective force in tl @ The term pup'[r is the centrifugal for he O-direction when _86 ‘The Equations of Change for fsothermal Systems TABLE 3.4-4 THE EQUATION OF MOTION IN SPHERICAL COORDINATES (*, 0, ¢) \ In terms of t: av, av, Up A, vg, 1 +O reomponent (ap * Pap ty OT sind a ap eS (450 = (1; 0) ar (Gs Com + in in x rosin ) Lrg 710 + T 44) tao + 8s “ . an, Bog. Vo BY bg Wg Ve _ v4e cots @-component AZ oe Oe gS vd et) 2 1a 1 arog ee 2 <6 ) 7 30 (35 qo + aan 00 Sin) + ing ap | cot 0 va) +00 @ av, av, v, 2, vs, 2, Vel (avy |, Be 5 Ye 4, Ye TF ee $-component (5 44-5 * rand 3 - * + £ cot ‘) 1 @ Pry 1m, 2 P - (5- sere 48 Fsin 0 Op (5 i 7 a0 tb rsind 66 ip Tet 4 Beate ‘ a Thine) + Me)a7 ear Coordinates The Equations of Change in Curvy TABLE 3.4-4 (contd.) : In terms of velocity gradients for a Newtonian fluid with constant p and 4:* av, av, Dy Wp , eB, _ Oy? +H) rcomponent p\—— + Uae +e tee oe) au, ap. My Ay , My AY, MPO ait) 0-4 = er Fsin0 0p component of te tp tT rsind ap r 2cos 4 av, iarw) aie © avy: og , Ye , MH AG, VAY YE : is gl Oe once anetiae? 2 4? @ $-compone (3 + ost + att Teint Op +78 + Scot 6 ae eg 2 u\ vies — aint * sin 6 ag ce = ~ Fein 6 86 () © In these equations 1@ 2 Bal” x) + Fsin 6 00 vepee sn 88 COMPONENTS OF THE ST The Equations-of Change for Isothers TABLE 3.4-5 RESS TENSOR IN RECTANGULAR (2) 1 0, te = EE - aw-o| i i ren ale I = aq & uss mal Systems COORDINATES (A) (8) © () © ®) @The Equations of Change in Curvilinear Coordinates a TABLE 3.4-6 COMPONENTS OF THE STRESS TENSOR IN CYLINDRICAL COORDINATES (r, 0,2) = ve = [25 -iw- >| (4)! if al 199 = —#|2(-s + (B) Te = pS -iv- 9] © a (vo 1 dv, t= To = INT) A (D) Quy . 1 a, a Toe = 700 = |Z +13] ®, av, av, tap Tre HG te )!90 The Equations of Change for Isothermal TABLE 3.47 COMPONENTS OF THE STRESS TENSOR IN SPHERICAL ‘COORDINATES ; (6.9) ig. Te = 2G sir a 704 T4r ww of! = 02 FF -10-9| es oy Oy H\2\ nb ap aioe) , 12] : tor = HT aN r 00 _ fxn 9 (6) A 209 = yo = —#| = Bi sin 6) ~ rsin® Lt 2 (28) =r = Hain ag TTT \ 1 ‘0g ie a 2p oy a in 6 d=BgG + sind 09 705" ) + rein Op I | Systems (A) (B) (@) EE 6g G