fre Transhemer Protection ~ < lo mva > Use Fuses FzloHwya => use diff - Fackrs +43 Corpidev: - Turash bs (uuless Vitel) relays ~ Different Volhiges GREE Jetels Phase shlts Translormer Tags Dniticl Lavash ~ VUyen Evvergs2ing QE Hannenics Recovery Lneash — Netege ene dean danny nay fault. Tarash op eerery. Seympathedic Tnrush = faratveled ximrs 1 F Chest cet + 2s LS—s3—A —— CO Co effects Tears ce Closini CAWES Tatush corent Ait polls dom bus veltoge. Inrash even Ceovtage recovers. Ab Same time, 22 harmonic of inesh con ceturn thin BB other hac, seco ting it. Harmenic Reskarut Use fitter for 2 parmmic, or detect @ beck, vf me delay.Aan a<] pe SI Preplem 3 3 Cant Leaks Vike de offet neon Qencrehe. False frp of 87 lope (2 = ot) perk Hin Pitega +z Se ib tedeer (age A Feat lesqex comes. th ect], eX" xPE tuce tex B - im Tran Stevimer 5 eysice! Con straction, CEC fadearw ida A mh pee _ - | ~—erstéi‘—se—se febicte \y AL coer i ws se} J 1 ' ANSI Sp fedcatoy Bushing A cause WN cop 4 10 Pf 4477 {LE OND | [ed go~\ LNe Mindings ~ immersed in oil fay eweling aud inscletion — Gy- Ned ~ CF AH and ahove Peshings a Dey below ~ 69 - KV sealed Hom ahimospheve twee pyessere beep moiztrre oul” 2S psig Tank - usacile aig Nhe yen “Meartet’ - keep pe inside tank +e (oil - inpregnete d) Winding Kon = Paver This paper csi) Soak wpa weber like a wick rf meisture dees act inside tank, 2 1 Tt besting color Pething, elie wn \ a ~ ¢T Godt = aaah cts as) ol to 18" Ww lee te I CSindingsgust csn2e f ' - - 3 as Power “Transiormers - how ay we XK otings: Typical te See! (8/24/30 MWA Ese Lo.15/01/33,75 HVA CSR OA - Self - cooled OA Sea [em Fa - fan -cooleS throvsy OArAMOA yedioters, of moves BA/BS FON by convection Chee) fob - oi) is pumped Giverteled throw, radictors and aiv is blown dhreusy vadroters fOW - oil pumped throws), heot Kchoweyev - woter oak p 1 BY THO, I9e€ ey" OA/ER/ FA (- sel¥ -cooted UC\Z- — Sdaqe one Faus 85°) 7 Gane 1+ Shaye Z a | OA FAIA I> se -cooled 7E°*AZ- Stage ene cobling ~ Sous Soa - Fhay< tose Coal iney ~ Faas 4 pump la- alacm Het spot Yoinding Temp — vetings _Windings Tee O11 Tonys Tor Vax Ambient Fore dove \ 75- #t wie Fated Temp Fite 65°C cece | | eae Hin dew 4 °C | ane Windia Hes svt allewewe ee a Lio top | fetue! Hax Temps 120°C. 105° Dl Day dao ete wee"New Designoctions” 5.1 Cooling classes of transformers ‘Transformers shall be identified according to the cooling method employed, For liquid-immersed transformers, this identification is expressed by a four leer code a described below. These designations are ‘consistent with IEC 60076-2: 1993, ‘First letter: Internal cooling medium in contact with the windings © mineral oil or synthetic insulating liquid with fire poin” < 300°C K insulating liquid with fire point > 300°C LE insulatng liquid with no measurable fire point Second leter: Cireulation mechanism fr internal cooling medium N natural convection low through cooling equipment and in windings F forced circulation through cooling equipment (ie, coolant pumps), natural convection flow in windings (also called nondirected flow) D forced circulation through cooling equipment, directed from the cooling equipment into at lest the sain windings Third eter: External cooling medium: A oar Wo water Fourth leer: Circulation mechanism for extemal cooling medium: NN natural convection F forced circulation {fans (ar cooling), pumps (water cooling)] NOTES: {min a wansformer with forced, nondiected cooling, second code leer F), the rts of coolant Row through all the windings vay with te loading, and ae ot cireey controled by the pump. The pumped ol ows ely inside theta dis ot forced to flow through te windings. 2m transformer designated as having force diected coolant circulation (second code lett D), the rate of coolant flow through the main windings is determined bythe pumps and no bythe loading. A minor faction of the coolant flow through the cooling equipmect may be directed outside te main windings to provide cooling for core and other prs ‘Regulating windings andor her windings having relavely low power may ali have nondiectod coolant iculton. ‘A transformer may be specified with more than one power rating (also refered to as cooling stages). The transformer nameplate shal ist the rated power and cooling class designation for each rating. The ratings shal be listed in order of increasing power. The cooling class designations are normally listed in order with ‘diagonal slash separating each one. Examples: ONAN/ONAE The transformer has a set of fans which may be putin service as desired at high load- ing. The coolant circulation is by natural convection only. ONAN/OFAF. The coolant circulation is by natural convection only at base loading. However, the transformer has cooling equipment with pumps and fans to increase the power-carying capacity at high loading [Examples ofthe cooling class designations used in IEEE Sud CS7.12.00-1993 and in previous revisions, and the corresponding new designations, are provided in Table 2 “Fe pint —The lowest temper st which & specimen wil stn baming fr 5. (ASTM D298 “Cleveland Open Cup st 8 Comin 9900 IEEE al nt acs(eee LIQUID-IMMERSED DISTRIBUTION, POWER, AND REGULATING TRANSFORMERS Sta 057,12,00-2000 Table 2—Cooling class designation resent designations Previous designations ‘ONAN On ONAF FA ‘ONAN/ONAF/ONAF OAMFAVEA ‘ONAN/ONAF/OFAF | ‘OAIFAIFOA ONANIODAF OAMFOA® ‘ONAN/ODAFIODAF OAIFOAYFOA® OFAF FOA, OFWF FOW ODAF FOA* ODWwF OW! “Indicates directed oil flow per Table 9, NOTE 2 of IEEE Std CS7.12.00-1993, 5.2 Frequency Unless otherwise specified, transformers shall be designed for operation at a frequency of 60 Hz. 5.3 Phases 5.3.1 General ‘Transformers described in this standard are either single-phase or three-phase. Standard ratings are included in the product standards for particular types of transformers. When specified, other phase arrangements may be provided. 5.3.2 Scott-connected or T-connected transformers. 5.3.2.1 Phase transformation ‘These may be provided to accomplish three-phase to two-phase transformation, or vice versa; or to accom- plish three-phase to three-phase transformation. Several arrangements commonly utilized to accomplish such transformations are described here. 5.3.2.2 Dissimilar single-phase transformers ‘Two single-phase transformers are assembled in an enclosure, and permanently interconnected, with the fol- lowing characteristics: a) Performance characteristics shall be based on bank operation of three-phase to two-phase transfor- ‘mation or vice versa, ) The single-phase transformers may not be identical or interchangeable. Copyright © 2000 IEEE. Alright reserved. 9Siew Plawune Sudden Pressure (Patt) he CeO ee Oe Low v bow Oil devel - cae Loes ext (75, My pressure - Alarnn lf Vin, Mae Feo MN, bottle fows ~ 2XOrme Hesse Peli Valve apeatet - Alon lose of pom tb Ceeling controls—— 5 = Camevphous _ = pok-eriented grin C= tore contraction: — lanimated “steel Twit edly losses Special les hyrteresis (92s é-fe ds * Hoguetic Flux denvehy cole ce OF? OK. nevower the etter - CN nnn me He Meyetic Felt aye 4 c wena a, > (uae commen) - so - shell een Ne davevlaying — ay like a bento of Binge phage KFMES Tap Manager? rouges YEME Undev leak ~ ay cecendore a g 7 ae (4lo% 5 33 taps Ze . . Lr pet By agin fecactey - Cass aren. X cavns vote ) a ~ feep LE in seperate S coeee eet + a Covt aminetires ete oF tain dane ate ut? Bs ne SOQ CCS gyrersiius on" =]. 7 oy? [ay Barra rem No toad Tags - on prima Sides #5'lo -S fags , 2)22 cachShigving XFAR Fram $actory ° - Wo el ~ eet her - Radios le ~ 2 dicts Wemoved » Blaubing Pates coergicl Fashings lemoste : Peuge foresters Kemoxd B- Sealel, unde pl eee 4- Leyacd Pecovder - Wain (k-4 pad @) (324% WA - FYo5,c08 shis"i"s piece Belivnsy = by Feain (- Sheek impact pecordev ie Meqger cove de around a (ecov ac) L SD Z- Kove do site Wwithet eee Se ae Sad fm Setup ov atte bhe al! Components Kedraters , Beshings , EB. ote S- Tt - Thanstivmer terns vaktc dest - on at) pheses, all tops G- Hegger the windinas - = S00 V meager ty check winding insctatien do nd 2- OT vate »pelarihy check — Multirete B- Menger [Ts - leoov 2 - Oi lomes fr Wack '5 - GEE ATI OBIE dest oy meine 2 2ZOKV fell vaccuum on fark \ Olt otha Hold vactmm, | Ar Per com bee tak way pen - Usciim eile abe meistere in fale12- Haintein Vacuum. Se ilte prese pug ail Hom tanker, through water Sire, (nts tiuk. @ (Greved this pompy 13 - Whe faak is 40, femove Veccumm, lr Fo sacreyotica m op el fern Fank vedo Bf Am fest 730 KU breatslown pide = Sphere CASH pei7- av ClecWees, “Doble” Fests” Tasetatros, (peer pete em insult ston 3 foe TIS dy Hi - Gap YW ~ Guo | Pr 4 Bm wot : - 37s Len L TANCE ~ es a _ L 4 carbon oy PE Injwesses Witt reistwe ov camien , ote. & dordSan netron in donk Tipe tot — Yveduatly mevesse voltage i PF 2K -e moi steve FE inqjeases > cavlbeon lo~ Niet? Test - 16 &V Widinn- 24 Keb 4 gound preasuce — lealaye suv oat)Insulating ef) con degrade dic tas N Age 2) Moisture > . “Veh apets ao 2 Corbides trou, 5 Breing “why - 1 decomposes When sebjeced ta heat HL = Mydregee YBa = Merttane OHa = Eth lene A, - Aecto len Guo 7 Ethane LO Terhoen Monexite fo, = then Lreide key, Gases: Conductev eevee ney Oil terest co’ Gay « burl Ce 4 Samples are takeg mg Syringe’ Thveuay 3 Syecio! valve im the tank. Mam au (le senyles taken expevotel, Etr Hove mbev 1278Traushrmer_applicahon refernes 1) "Traushrmer Gas Avalysis delps Trace Degredarion” TN. Oomeny Electric Tight and Pace Magazive, , Nov. 1979, pp. 6-28. Z) Protective slowing . Prinsiples Aoplicebions 5 Trews Blackburn, (967, Marcel Petker. Chopter J. 2 "Transkrmer Grnections in Twee- Chase Distrilction Systems", LW. Lon Teee Telerie\ Sy Course at Summer Meetin® CParwiond, 02) July (476. 4) "Short- Civewit Choracterishes eT Trenshorwers>, r,s se ——™—_™ at Summer Meeting (ParHand ,O%) July 197%, 5) Electicel Epoipment Testing 4 Maintenance , As. Git, (982 , Beston Publishing, 6) ANST Standards C9712 C fuser Transfarmers) ASTM ctandov se DEBIT, DING. Ciselats ep 3) ANSE Standard C374) ( Pelaying ~ Tre asforwers) qQ ANSE Stavrierd 257,104 CTrawsforoer era ~ Fouts){7 Kote het hechus ofa crs om s-errclercy a A pri of transformer. (A eieted te polavdy nests) f ~Skewld Hi dowbke - check Comections, (extiy - #F: env tabes Fe .) eure as heekyo of ~ Sef CT reties [zx se |= ~r.| = (0A: Tago settings te minint = Mismetcl m Seo) Kecedhice ON Eley Mental, (e+ vest mod Gx diferent} er GLOW COKE 5, te (Zep) # [Ope tT] (osvelty) ceatly . Bor vr eS cdgenls en — difference TA Lh thn magnetic ewe ee Ss FF Pier Pyeess ela cheally D407 1 peek +-_& ( xs aw Ze Hewiere rie Sige e[CSSicn . SS Snprsh cco f Crewe a try -Smetl trensBrmers coer eseelly get bg CeMhonT hermenre sygoressitn, ~lévge xXPuRS have % have ct CBorush lasts JengecS OnIndicating Contactor Switch (ICS) No setting is required on the ICS unit except the selection of the 0.2 or 2.0 ampere tap setting. This selection is made by connecting the lead located in front of the tap block to the desired set- ting by means of the connecting screw. When the relay energizes 125-or 250-volt de type WL relay switch, or equivalent, use the 0.2-ampere tap; for 48 volt DC applications set relay in 2 tap and use Type WL Relay coil $4304C209G01 or equivalent. Indicating Instantaneous Trip (IIT) No setting is required on the indicating instan- taneous trip unit. This unit is set at the factory to pickup as follows: HU/HU-1 Relays 10 times tap value current HU-4 Relay 15 times tap value current SETTING CALCULATIONS Select the ratio matching taps. There are no other settings. In order to calculate the required tap settings and check current transformer per- formance the foliowing information is required, Required Information 1. Maximum (KVA)M 2. Maximum external fault currents 3. Line-to-Line voltage ratings of power transformer (Vyq, Vy, VL) Current transformer ratios, full tap (N-) Current transformer “C” accuracy class voltage, (or excitation or ratio correction factor curve) 6. One way current transformer lead resist- ance at 25°C (RL) (when using excitation curve, include ct winding resistance) 7. Current transformer connections (wye or delta) 8. ct secondary winding resistance, Rg. transformer power rating Definitions of Terms Ip= Primary current at (KVA)y IR = Relay input current at (KVA)M IRH. IRL, IRI ate same as Ip except for high, low and intermediate voltage sides respectively. LL 6-3e748 Ig = ct secondary current at (KVA)M, T= relay tap setting. TH. TL. Ty = are same as T except for high, low and intermediate voltage wind- ings, respectively. N =Number of current transfo.mer turns that are in use. Np=N/Nr (Proportion of total turns in use) full tap “C” accuracy class voltage Burden impedance of any devices other than the HU, HU-1, or HU-4 relays, with maximum external fault current flowing. ax. symmetrical external fault current in secondary RMS amperes. Text Zy=Total secondary burden in ohms (ex- cluding current transformer winding re- sistance.) Calculation Procedure 1. Select currert transformer taps, where multi-ratio types are used. Select a tap to give approximately 5 amperes at maximum load. This will provide good sensitivity and will produce no thermal problem to the ct., the leads or the relay. Better sen- sitivity can be achieved by selecting a tap to give more than 5 amperes if a careful check is made of the ct, the leads and the relay capability. For determining the re- quired continuous rating of the relay, use the expected two-hour maximum load, since tne relay reaches final temperature in this time. 2. Calculate the relay currents, Ip. All re- lay currents for relay tap selection should be based on the same KVA capacity. 3. Calculate the relay current ratio(s) using the lowest current as reference. 4, Select the tap ratio as close as possible to relay current ratio from Table 1. Choose the first relay tap ratio using the largest current ratio from step 3. The other tap ratios shou'd be determined using the lower tap from the first tap ratio as reference,t eS ‘ IR_ should not exceed relay continuous [NpVet - ext = 100 RQ / Text \ rating as defined in Energy Requirement is greater than Zy @ ue | Note: let Text = 100 e) 5. Check IIT operation. The IIT pickup is ten "Tudeaco maximum external fault current is | times the relay tap value for the HU and less than 100A. i HU-I, or 15 times tap value for the HU-4. Therefore, the maximum symmetrical error For wye-connected ct \ current which is flowing in the differential Zr = lead resistance + relay burden + Z, T A circuit on external fault current due to dis- Aa similar ct saturation should not exceed 10 = LI3RL +2 + Za ohms (3) or 15 times relay tap. (RL multiplier, 1.13, is used to account for 6. Determine Mismatch ne temperature rise during faults 245 is an For 2 winding banks: T approximation. Use 2 way lead resistance (rv/IrH)-(TL/TH) ny for single phase to ground fault.) 9 mismatch = 1 0 Ss For delta-connected ct: where Sis the smaller of the two terms, os (RL/IRH) oF (TL/TH) Zp = 3 (1.13 RE + z + Za) ohms For 3 winding banks: 0.45 Repeat calculation of equation (1) and 34 RL +o 4370 % apply similar equations to calculate mis- . Sti match from the intermediate to high and (The factor of 3 accounts for conditions e from the intermediate to low voltage existing during a phase fault.) windings. 8. Examples Refer to pages 19, 20 and 21 and figure 21 Where tap changing under load is per- for setting examples. formed the relays should be set on the basis of the middle or neutral tap position. The total mismatch, including the automatic TABLE1 | tap change should not exceed 15% with a F 30% sensitivity relay, and 20% with a 35% HU Relay Tap Ratios | sensitivity relay. Note from Fig. 11 that 29]32] 35] 38] 42] 46 | 50] 87 an ample safety margin exists at these levels of mismatch. 29 | 1,000] 1.103] 1.207] 1.310|1.448]1.586]1.724| 3.000 32 1-000] 1093} 1-188]1:313]1-438]1'563)2.719 33 1000} 10861 200}1.314|1-429/2.486 1. Check current transformer performance. | 33 00 poli oss] aselsone Ratio error should not exceed 10% with 46 1,000) 1, 1.890, maximum symmetrical external fault. 3.0 1. 1.740, current flowing. An accurate method of [8.7 a | determining ratio error is to use ratio- ‘ correction-factor curves (RCF). A. less accurate, but satisfactory method is to INSTALLATION utilize the ANSI relaying accuracy classi- fication. If the “C" accuracy is used, The relays should be mounted on switchboard performance will be adequate if: panels or their equivalent ina location fee from 8 $$OOOO a EE __________eeEEEeEOooOO 44-3478 ‘TWO-WINDING TRANSFORMER CALCULATIONS (See Figure 21) Low HIGH 1. Seloet ot Ratio 1, - kv 00 — o30 PK Be Select Ratio | 1000/5 (N = 200) 2. Calculate Relay Current Ip i) -t- TBs 465 amp In Igy = 4.65V3 = 8.05 Amp, 3, Caloulate Current Ratio TRE RE 4. Select Tap Ratio from Table I: Ty TH Ig > relay continuous rating No No 5. Check IT Operation Max. Symmetrical error current No > 10 times relay tap 6 Determine Mismate: % Mismatch = Iee/Ipn) (Tp = joo HER/RH) = TL/TD 109 825/418) (8.7/4.6) _ TWh 746 1.92 - 1.89 100 ES = 108 7. Check ot Performance Check ct Performance 05 0.15 34K, +e Lig, +28 = 7 T b Ls s4xo4+ 23 136+005= | 1.13K04+215 = 0.45 +003 = L.4t ohms 0.48 ohms N 40 SR = 0.833 a = 0333 (Xp You) | 0.833 X 200 _ 65 | 2233 x00 a 700 700 ead 100 (Np Vey /100) > 27 Yes | Yes Conclusion T=? Ty 30% sensitivity Relay is adequate 19‘uowenoreg Sues 10) weg 12 614 zivaaee ears woo >4%24 woot 52} 19 34M 49 winga 19 vin30 19 34M 19 vin30 so = Ty go = Ty so = Wy ce SWHO vO = ly ooz = % oz = % cog = % coz = % SLI0A 002= A oz = IN oz = IN ope = In oz = IN SNUNL Ob2 = 4N oopzt = 7A ooos9 = A ood = Ha ooosa = Ma SLIOA Ov z= 0 oos'z = Stvax) cove = Stuaw) ooobe = Siva c00' = Sivay) 00's! = Siwaw) oov'ot = Mynx) c0006 = Mivny) coder = Mvaw ooo'02 = Movayi oodoz = Mvaw) Ror SWOaAESIN Wom Fon OT [ar 6 202701 at an $ 002) | yaw 0089 vanoz/a1 looz> iw | owe un occ ee an $/009 s/ooz. s/008 s/ooz. WS ye SR MT SINVE ONION S3SHL me OV SINVE_ONIGNI OMT WPS 35Cheek » Neer camae - View > ce Re