Lab # 1 Task

A single-phase transformer with a 2-kVA rating has a 480-V primary, and a 120-V
secondary. Determine the primary and secondary full-load currents of the transformer.

Solution:
 Lab # 2 Task

A step-down transformer has a turns ratio of 2 to 1 or 2. If the transformer secondary

voltage is 120 V, determine the primary voltage.

Solution:
Secondary Voltage = 120 V
Turns Ratio = 2
Primary Voltage = Secondary voltage x Turns ratio
Primary Voltage = 120 V x 2 = 240 V
The turns ratio tells us that the primary voltage is two times as great as the secondary
voltage.
 Lab # 3 Task

An autotransformer is required to step-up a voltage from 220 volts to 250 volts. The
total number of coil turns on the transformer main winding is 2000. Determine the
position of the primary tapping point, the primary and secondary currents when the
output is rated at 10KVA and the economy of copper saved.

Solution:
𝑁1 𝑉1
=
𝑁2 𝑉2

𝑁2 × 𝑉1
𝑁1 =
𝑉2

2000 × 220
= 1760 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑠
250
𝑉𝐴 10,000
𝐼2 = = = 40 𝐴
𝑉2 250

𝑃1 = 𝑃2 = 𝑉1 𝐼1 = 𝑉2 𝐼2

𝑉2 × 𝐼2 250 × 40
𝐼1 = = = 45.4 𝐴
𝑉1 220

220
𝐸𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑦 = × 100 = 88%
250

Thus, the primary current is 45.4 amperes, the secondary current drawn by the load is 40 amperes
and 45.4 amperes flows through the common winding. The economy of copper is 88%.
 Lab # 4 Task

A 100 kVA transformer has its maximum efficiency of 98% at full load and unity pf.
During the day it is loaded as follows:

Solution:
 Lab # 5 Task
The primary winding of a 500VA, 10:1 single-phase step-down transformer is fed from
a constant 240Vrms supply. Calculate the percentage regulation of the transformer
when connected to an impedance of 1.1Ω.

Solution:
Data given:

VA = 500, TR = 10:1, VP = 240V, ZS = 1.1Ω, find %Reg.

Therefore, VS (no-load) = 24 Volts

Therefore, VS (full-load) = 23.45 Volts

Then the percentage down regulation calculated for the transformer is given as: 2.29%, or 2.3%
rounded-off.
 Lab # 6 Task

Open Circuit Test on Transformer:

The connection diagram for open circuit test on transformer is shown in the figure. A
voltmeter, wattmeter, and an ammeter are connected in LV side of the transformer as shown.
The voltage at rated frequency is applied to that LV side with the help of a varies of variable
ratio auto transformer.

Let us consider wattmeter reading is Po.

Where, Rm is shunt branch resistance of transformer.

If, Zm is shunt branch impedance of transformer.

Therefore, if shunt branch reactance of transformer is Xm,

These values are referred to the LV side of the transformer due to the tests being conducted
on the LV side of transformer. These values could easily be referred to HV side by
multiplying these values with square of transformation ratio.
Therefore it is seen that the open circuit test on transformer is used to determine core losses
in transformer and parameters of the shunt branch of the equivalent circuit of the transformer.
Short Circuit Test on Transformer:
The connection diagram for the short circuit test on the transformer is shown in the figure
below. A voltmeter, wattmeter, and an ammeter are connected in HV side of the transformer
as shown. A low voltage of around 5-10% is applied to that HV side with the help of a varies
(i.e. a variable ratio auto transformer). We short-circuit the LV side of the transformer. Now
with the help of varies applied voltage is slowly increased until the wattmeter, and an
ammeter gives reading equal to the rated current of the HV side.

Let’s say, voltmeter reading is Vsc. The watt-meter reading indicates the input power during the test.
As we have short-circuited the transformer, there is no output; hence the input power here consists
of copper losses in the transformer. Since the applied voltage Vsc is short circuit voltage in the
transformer and hence it is quite small compared to the rated voltage, so, we can neglect the core
loss due to the small applied voltage. Hence the wattmeter reading can be taken as equal to copper
losses in the transformer. Let us consider wattmeter reading is Psc.

Where, Re is equivalent resistance of transformer.

If, Ze is equivalent impedance of transformer.

Therefore, if equivalent reactance of transformer is Xe.

These values are referred to the HV side of the transformer as the test is conducted on the HV side
of the transformer. These values could easily be converted to the LV side by dividing these values
with the square of transformation ratio. Hence the short-circuit test of a transformer is used to
determine copper losses in the transformer at full load. It is also used to obtain the parameters to
approximate the equivalent circuit of a transformer.
 Lab # 9 Task

To discover the effect that loading ha-s on the terminal voltage of a separately-excited DC shunt
generator mining at rated speed and with rated field excitation.

Voltage regulation is a term used to indicate how much the terminal voltage changes between
no load and full load. If there is only a small change from no load to full load, the generator is
said to have good voltage regulation. If there is a big change, the generator has poor voltage
regulation. Voltage regulation is usually expressed in percent. It is computed using the
following equation:

where,
VNL = Terminal voltage at No load
VFL = Terminal voltage with rated load applied

MACHINES Required:
DM-100A DC Machine operating as a generator
DYN-100-DM Dynamometer operating as a motor
POWER REQUIRED:
0-150 volt variable DC, 1 amp
0-125 volt variable DC. 5 amps

METERS REQUIRED:
0-150 volt DC Volunteers (2)
O-0.5 amp DC Ammeter
0-2.5 amp DC Ammeter
ADDITIONAL MATERIAL REOUIRED:
RL-100A Resistance Load Bank
MGB-1OO-DG Bedplate
SLA-100D Strobe Tachometer

TEST RESULTS:
Field Load Term
Current Current Volts
NO LOAD 290 mA 0 mA 130 V
RES. 1&2 IN PARALLEL 289 mA 194 mA 127 V
RES. 1, 2, 3 & 4 IN PARALLEL 288 mA 293 mA 123 V
RES. 1 , 2, 3, 4,5 & 6 IN PARALLEL 287 mA 297 mA 120 V
RES. 1 ,2,3, 4,5, 6, 7 & 8 IN PARALLEL 287 mA 404 mA 117 V
RES. 1 ,2,3,4,5, 6, 7, 8, 9 & 10 IN PARALLEL 286 mA 490 mA 114 V
RES. 1 ,2,3,4,5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 & 11 IN PARALLEL 286 mA 572 mA 112 V
 Lab # 10 Task

We wired the self excited DC shunt generator circuit as shown in schematic 2 below.
For part 2 of this lab we set the prime mover to 1800 RPM again. We recorded the
shunt field current and the armature voltage in table 1 below at the required intervals.

Once all the measurements were taken, we set the load to zero and the prime mover speed to
zero, turned off the power. Then we measured the armature resistance using a multimeter on
the terminal output. We recorded Ra as 7.20 ohms which was what we expected. We also
calculated armature current and armature reaction drop ( IA • RA ) for each step in Table 1
recording the values there as well. We took the data from tables one and two and created a
chart to view the load characteristics visually so we can analysis our findings from each lab
test.
𝑽𝑵𝑳 − 𝑽𝑭𝑳
% 𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒕𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝑹𝒆𝒈𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 = 𝑿 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝑽𝑭𝑳

Test Results:
S.No. Speed IF Field Current IL Load Terminal % Voltage
(Constant at (A) Current (A) Voltage ( Regulation
1800 rpm) VT)
1 1800 307 mA 1.00 mA 130 V 76.5%

2 1700 295 mA 102 mA 125 V 65%

3 1600 284 mA 198 mA 120 V 30%

4 1500 273 mA 286 mA 116 V 4.7%

5 1400 260 mA 381 mA 111 V 46.5%

6 1300 249 mA 455 mA 106 V 82.7%

7 1200 240 mA 521 mA 102 V 88.7

 Lab # 11 Task

To conduct OCC and load test of a separately excited DC generator and to plot the
internal and external characteristics.

LOAD CHARACTERISTICS:
S.No. Load Load voltage Armature Power IaRa Generated
current IL VL Volts current Ia= watts voltage Eg =
Amps IL Amps VL+ IaRa
Volts
1. 0.176mA 220 V 219.2 A 38.72w 258.72 V
2. 0.168mA 210 V 209.2 A 35.28w 245.28 V
3. 0.160mA 200 V 199.2 A 32w 232 V
4. 0.152mA 190 V 189.2 A 28.88w 218.88 V
5. 0.144mA 180 V 179.2 A 25.92w 205.92 V
6. 0.136mA 170 V 169.2 A 23.12w 193.12 V

Result:
Thus an OC and LOAD characteristics of a separately excited generator was performed and
the respective graphs were drawn.
 Lab # 12 Task

To conduct OCC and load test of a self excited DC generator and to plot the internal
and external characteristics.

LOAD CHARACTERISTICS:
S.No. Load current Load voltage VL Armature Power IaRa Generated
IL Amps Volts current Ia= IL watts voltage Eg =
Amps VL+ IaRa Volts
1. 0.176mA 220 V 219.2 A 38.72w 258.72 V
2. 0.168mA 210 V 209.2 A 35.28w 245.28 V
3. 0.160mA 200 V 199.2 A 32w 232 V
4. 0.152mA 190 V 189.2 A 28.88w 218.88 V
5. 0.144mA 180 V 179.2 A 25.92w 205.92 V
6. 0.136mA 170 V 169.2 A 23.12w 193.12 V

Result:
The direct load test on the given self-excited DC generator has been conducted and the
internal & external characteristics are plotted.
 Lab # 13 Task

Speed of a Dc Motor:
Back emf Eb of a DC motor is nothing but the induced emf in armature conductors due to
rotation of the armature in magnetic field. Thus, the magnitude of Eb can be given by EMF
equation of a DC generator.

/
Eb = PØNZ 60A
(where, P = no. of poles, Ø = flux/pole, N = speed in rpm, Z = no. of armature conductors, A
= parallel paths)

Eb can also be given as,

Eb = V- IaRa

thus, from the above equations

/
N = Eb 60A PØZ

but, for a DC motor A, P and Z are constants

Therefore, N ∝ K Eb/Ø (where, K=constant)

This shows the speed of a dc motor is directly proportional to the back emf and inversely
proportional to the flux per pole.
Speed Control Methods of DC Motor:
Speed Control of Shunt Motor:
• Field Current
• Armature Current

Observation Table:
S.No. Field current (A) Speed (rpm) Constant
Armature Voltage
(V)
1. 307 A 1800 130 V
2. 295 A 1700 125 V
3. 284 A 1600 120 V
4. 273 A 1500 116 V
5. 260 A 1400 111 V