Energías Marinas - DM - 2019

Marine Energy
Renewable energy sources Unit 6 Ocean Energy July, 2019

Index
Definition
Origin and resource availability of the different ocean energies:
 Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion
 Salinity Gradient
 Tidal range/ Tidal currents
 Waves
OTEC
 Harnessing the resource
 State of the art
Tidal range
Tidal currents
Waves

Definition
Ocean energy is a source of energy based on those

forms of energy found in the oceans
Waves, tidal range, tidal currents, salinity gradient,
ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC)
Offhore wind energy
Marine energy encompasses ocean energy and
offshore wind energy

Definition
Types:
Tidal range/Currents 1200 TWh/año
Wave energy 29500 TWh /año
Thermal gradient or OTEC (Ocean Thermal Energy
Conversion) 44000 TWh/ año
Salinity gradient 1650 TWh/año
Theoretical potentials estimated by IEA-OES

(International Energy Agency- Ocean Energy Systems)

Definition
Comparison with other renewable energies
IMMATURE
SECTOR
Renewable energy sources comparison. Bureau Veritas

Origin and resource availability
Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion, OTEC

Origin: derived from temperature differences between
solar energy stored as heat in upper ocean layers and
colder seawater, generally below 1000 m.
Thermal machines are used (Rankine cycle)
o Open loop
 Seawater
o Closed loop
 Cooling fluid, e.g. NH3
Closed loop system

Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion, OTEC

Resource availability:
Tropical zones

Salinity gradient
Origen: derived from salinity difference between
seawater (30-50 ppt (parts per thousand) and fresh
water (0.5 ppt) at river mouths. The relatively high
salinity of seawater establishes potential chemical
preassure that is used to generate electricity.
Permeable membranas
are used
Sistema de ciclo cerrado

Salinity gradient
Big rivers mouths

Tidal range/Currents
Derived from the gravitational
forces of the Earth-Moon-Sun
system
o Tidal range: potential energy
derived form changes in sea
level height
o Currents: The movement of
ocean wáter volums caused by
the tides produces the eenrgy of
the currents (kinetic energy)

Tidal range/Currents
Currents: generally close to the coast “nearshore” and

particularly where there are straits, channels between islands,
etc.

Wave energy
Origin: created by the action of wind passing over the
surface of the ocean
Wave creation. Bureau veritas

Wave energy
Resource availability
Wave heigth (bigger resource) is bigger in latitudes greater

than 40ᵒ with respect to the Equador
Continents West Coast
OTEC
Harnessing the resource

A difference of 20◦C and great depths (1000m approx.)
are necessary for harnessing
Tropical seas
Technical limitations and engineering challenges

OTEC

Open loop
o Working fluid: Seawater
o Product: Fresh water

OTEC

Closed loop
o Working fluid: Ammonia or other cooling fluid

OTEC
State of the art

Pre-commercial stage with some projects over the
demonstration phase
Need of institutional support
Proyectos:

OTEC
State of the art

Projects:
o Ocean Energy Institute (Japan): 50kW demo plant
o Belle- Fontaine (Martinique): 10MW pilot plant
 Closed loop, NH3
o Baha Mar Resort (Bahamas): 10MW plant agreed
o Hawaii: 10 MW plant, design phase
o Hainan (China): 10MW plant agreed
o Le Port (Reunion): prototype

Tidal range
Harnessing the resource:

Predictable and non continuous resource
It is considered a body of water
The potential or kinetic energy generated by the tidal
race is used by hydroelectric power plants
Usable power:
o A = “dam” width
o R = usable water heigth
o ρ = seawater density (1025 kg/m3)
o g = gravity (9.81 m/s3)
Tidal range> 5 m

Tidal range

Tidal range plants main components
Sherif Massoud. Maher Amer. Mohamed Samir

Tidal Power Generation Systems. The American University in Cairo

Tidal range

Classification of tidal harnessing hydroelectric power
stations
o According to their nature:
 Natural estuary
 Artificial lagoon
o According to their functioning scheme:
 Ebb
 Flood
 Pumping
 Double tank

Tidal range

Classification of tidal harnessing hydroelectric power stations
according to their to their functioning scheme:
Flood Ebb Double direction power

generation
Tidal range
Lugares del mundo con mayor carrera de marea

Tidal range
Harnessing the resource :
Top locations for

the
development of
tidal power
stations

Tidal range
State of the art:

Tidal power plants have been developing since the 60s.
Mature technology
Other obstacles
o Environmental
o Financing

Tidal range

Projects:
o La Rance (France)
 EDF (1966)
 240 MW
• 24 bulb turbines X10MW
• 6600 m3/s Flow per turbine
 390 m heigth and 33 m width
 Dam:
• Area: 22 km2
• Length: 759 m
• Water Capacity 184.000.000 m3
• 6 locks of 10 m heigth and 15 m width to regulate the wáter level
• 1 lock to allow the passage of ships (20.000 ships/ year)
• Road (30.000 vehicles/day)
 Generation:
• Both directions
• Pumping
• 0.012% of French electricity demand ( 225,000 inhabitants’ needs)

Tidal range

Projects:
o La Rance (France)
La Rance Tidal Power Plant

Tidal range

Projects:
o Sihwa Lake power plant (Korea)
 Dam built in 1994
 Started functioning in 2011
 254 MW
• 10 bulb turbines X 25.4 MW
 Dam:
• Initial area: 43 km2
• 8 locks
 Generation:
• Flood type system

Tidal range

Projects:
o Sihwa Lake Power Plant (Korea)

Tidal range

Projects:
o Annapolis Royal Generating Station (Bay of Fundy, Canada)
o Kislaya Guba (Russia)
o Severn Barrage (UK)
o Tidal lagoon (UK)

Currents
Harnessing the result:

Is a predictable and non continuous resource
It is considered a fluid
The kinetic energy generated by the tides is harnessed
by the current converters
Usable powwer: P = 0,5 * ρ * A* V3
o A = swept area
o V = current speed
o ρ = seawater density (1025 kg/m3)
o g = gravity (9.81 m/s3)
Currrent speed ≥ 2 m/s

Currents

75% of the energy in the upper half
o Usable resource for depths < 40-50 m

Currents

Classification:
o According to the turbine type:
 Horizontal axis
 Vertical axis
 Oscillating
 Venturi effect
 Arquímedes screw
 Kite
o According to the attachment:
 Fixed
 Piled
 Floating
• Rigid mooring
• Flexible mooring
• Floating platform

Currents

Immature technology TRL 8
First demo projects

Currents

Projects:
o Andritz Hydro Hammerfest

Currents

Projects:
o Marine Current Turbines

Currents

Projects:
o Openhydro

Currents

Projects:
o Atlantis Resource Corporation
AS-500
Currents
State of teh art:

Projects:
o Orbital

Currents

Projects:
o Minesto

Waves
Creation of waves:
Creation of waves: Bureau veritas

Waves
Harnessing the reource:
Creation of waves: Sea types
o Sea:
o Swell:

Waves
The size of the waves depends on:
o Wind speed
o The time the wind is blowing
o The distance through which the wind has to go to transfer the
necesaary energy to créate the waves
Sine wave

Waves
Irregualr waves

Waves
Usable power
o ρ = seawater density(1025 kg/m3)
o g = gravity (9,81 m/s3)
o H = wave height
o T = period
Velocity
o λ = wave length

Waves
Power-Depth relation

Waves
In order to calculate the usable power, a statistical
calculation is needed.
The sea states are characterized by a height and a
period(Pierson-Moscowitz or JONSWAP spectrums)
o Hmax = máximum wave height reached in a period of time
o Hs = significant height, average height of the third of highest
waves measured in a period of time
o Tp = period of time determined by the inverse of the frequency at
which a spectrum of waves reaches its maximum value
o Tz = average period of partial waves

Waves
In order to calculate the usable power, a statistical
calculation is needed.
The long-term sea states are represented by SCATTER
diagrams defined byr Hs y Tp o Tz

Waves
SCATTER diagram defined by Hs y Te
BiMEP Scatter
diagram

Waves
Wave potential (kW/m)

Waves
Wave direction
BiMEP wave rose

Waves
Harnessing the resource :
Classification of wave energy converters
o Contrary to what happens in the rest of energy sources, a
great variety of concepts has been proposed for the use of
wave energy, which is why
o Wave energy harnessing systems can be classified into
different types based on:
o Size and orientation
1. Position
2. Harnessing principle

Waves
Classification of converters according to their size and
orientation
o Point absorbers: They are small structures compared to the
incident wave; they are usually cylindrical and, therefore,
indifferent to the direction of the wave; usually several grouped
are placed forming a line.
o Atenuators (or Linear Abosorbers): They are placed parallel to the
direction of the waves and are long structures that extract energy
progressively; They are less exposed to damage and require less
anchoring efforts than terminators.
o Terminators: They are located perpendicular to the direction of
wave advance (parallel to the wavefront), and aim to capture the
energyFrente
at one time.
de ola
ABSORBEDORES TERMINADOR O
Dirección TOTALIZADOR
PUNTUALES ATENUADOR
de la ola
Waves
Classification of converters according to their position
Isolated
Onshore
On the dike
POSITION Nearshore (10-40 m) Based on the seafbed
Floating
Offshore (> 50 m)
Submerged
3rd Generation 2nd Generation 1st Generation
1 1 Onshore, based
5 3 2
2 Nearshore, based
3 Nearshore, floating
4 4 Offshore, sumerged
5 Offshore, floating

Waves
Clasificación de convertidores según su principio de
captación
OWC
Diferencias presión Efecto Arquímedes
Mov. Absoluto (Ref. fija)

PRINCIPIO Cuerpos múltiples
Cuerpos boyantes
CAPTACIÓN
Mov. Relativo (Ref. móvil)
Inercial
Rebosamiento/impacto Con almacenamiento
Sin almacenamiento

Waves
 Harnessing the resource:
 WEC classification according to the harnessing principle
Atenuators Columna de agua Bulge Wave

oscilante Technology
Absorbedor puntual Dispositivos de Inertial converter

rebose
Columna
Dispositivos
de agua
de rebose
oscilante
Bulge
Absorbedor
Rotativo
Wave Inercial
Technology
puntual
Atenuadores
Convertidor oscilante de avance de ola
Diferencial de presión sumergido
Convertidor Diferencial de presión

oscilante de avance sumergido
de ola
Source: Wave Technologies - Aquaret, 2013
Waves
State of the art
Oyster - Aquamarine Power (UK) P2 - Pelamis Wave Power (UK) AWS - AWS Ocean Energy (UK)
OE Buoy - Ocean Energy (IRL) Wave Bob (IRL) Wave Star (DK)
BOLT Lifesaver - Fred Olsen (NO) Langlee (NO) Weptos (DK)

Waves
State of the art
Wave Roller (FIN) Wello (FIN) Sebased (SE)
PB150 - OPT (USA) Pico Plant (PT)
WET-NZ (NZ) Galicia Mar Renovables (ES) APC-Psys – PIPO Systems (ES)
Waves
State of the art
???

Waves
State of the art

Currently, the normalized real energy costs are
high, being outside the commercial range, and they
are not reliable due to the immaturity of the
technology.
The critical points that directly influence the costs of
this technology are:
o Final investment costs greater than expected
o The devices do not survive at sea in real conditions
o The actual operating hours are not met due to
maintenance problems.

Waves
Estate of the art: CAPEX
The
immaturity
of the
technology
means that
the reported
costs can
rise up to
10M€
BCG, Estudio de Study of technological evolution and prospective costs of renewable energies tecnológica y prospectiva de c

Waves
State of the art: Operating hours
Net hours are often not met due

to operational failures or the
destruction of the device itself
BCG, Study of technological evolution and prospective costs of renewable energies

Waves
State of the art: Maintenance
The immaturity of the

technology means that
the reported costs can
rise drastically
BCG, Study of technological evolution and prospective costs of renewable energies

Waves
–Once the systems enter the
consolidation phase of the
technology, the main lever to
reduce costs will be the reduction
of the investment costs and, to a
lesser extent, the reduction of the
operating costs of the plants.
–In any case, the scope of this

technological maturity will depend
on the learning curve that will
accelerate the process more or
less, as well as the commitment
of promoters and the support of
the Administration.
Possible evolution of the reduction of wave energy costs under

a 'business as usual' and innovation scenario
Carbon Trust, 2011

Energías Marinas - DM - 2019

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Marine Energy

Renewable energy sources Unit 6 Ocean Energy July, 2019

Renewable energy sources Unit 6 Ocean Energy July, 2019

Ocean energy is a source of energy based on those

Renewable energy sources Unit 6 Ocean Energy July, 2019

Theoretical potentials estimated by IEA-OES

Renewable energy sources Unit 6 Ocean Energy July, 2019

Comparison with other renewable energies

Renewable energy sources Unit 6 Ocean Energy July, 2019

Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion, OTEC

Closed loop system

Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion, OTEC

Renewable energy sources Unit 6 Ocean Energy July, 2019

Sistema de ciclo cerrado

Big rivers mouths

Renewable energy sources Unit 6 Ocean Energy July, 2019

Renewable energy sources Unit 6 Ocean Energy July, 2019

Currents: generally close to the coast “nearshore” and

Renewable energy sources Unit 6 Ocean Energy July, 2019

Wave creation. Bureau veritas

Wave heigth (bigger resource) is bigger in latitudes greater

Harnessing the resource

Renewable energy sources Unit 6 Ocean Energy July, 2019

Harnessing the resource

Renewable energy sources Unit 6 Ocean Energy July, 2019

Harnessing the resource

Renewable energy sources Unit 6 Ocean Energy July, 2019

State of the art

Renewable energy sources Unit 6 Ocean Energy July, 2019

State of the art

Renewable energy sources Unit 6 Ocean Energy July, 2019

Harnessing the resource:

Renewable energy sources Unit 6 Ocean Energy July, 2019

Harnessing the resource:

Sherif Massoud. Maher Amer. Mohamed Samir

Renewable energy sources Unit 6 Ocean Energy July, 2019

Harnessing the resource:

Renewable energy sources Unit 6 Ocean Energy July, 2019

Harnessing the resource

Flood Ebb Double direction power

Harnessing the resource:

Lugares del mundo con mayor carrera de marea

Renewable energy sources Unit 6 Ocean Energy July, 2019

Harnessing the resource :

Top locations for

Renewable energy sources Unit 6 Ocean Energy July, 2019

State of the art:

Renewable energy sources Unit 6 Ocean Energy July, 2019

State of the art:

Renewable energy sources Unit 6 Ocean Energy July, 2019

State of the art:

La Rance Tidal Power Plant

State of the art:

Renewable energy sources Unit 6 Ocean Energy July, 2019

State of the art:

Renewable energy sources Unit 6 Ocean Energy July, 2019

State of the art:

Renewable energy sources Unit 6 Ocean Energy July, 2019

Harnessing the result:

Renewable energy sources Unit 6 Ocean Energy July, 2019

Harnessing the resource:

Renewable energy sources Unit 6 Ocean Energy July, 2019

Harnessing the resource: