11 Shear resitance of elastomeric bearings for elastomeric bearings where shear movements re accommodated by sheer nt elastomer the shear force (1) due toa movement & shall be eleusted as fliows Wek’, na where 1K, = shear sites of an elastomeric tearing isplacement tangential to the bearing & = maximom resulant vector shea race 12. ELASTOMERIC BEARINGS. 12 Gene ‘This Clause sets ou the minimum requirements for the design of single bonded layer (plain pads and stip) and laminated elastomer bearings NOTE: Wherever posible, elsomerc bearings soul be sete fom tn {m appends Aad checked met the ceria ona ins Sander. 122. Physica properties of elastomer ‘The elstomer usd inthe manufacture of bridge berins shall comply with Appendix 8 Values of the sear todsfut (G) and the bulk modulus (B) relevant to te elstomer hardneses detailed in Appeodis B are piven in Table 122 For plain pads and sips, the Gorometer hardness shal be IRIID 60 or above 1B shall be adopted for aeratve elastomer formulations bated Appropriate values of on appropriate test ests feantly at temperatures below ~10°C, temperatures Tall Below. —10°C. fe assessed oF the use of alerative “The physical properties of natural eubber vary sign For arear where the lowest one-lsy mean ambi ‘variations inthe value of @ ofthe elastomer shall Formulations consieres oF both, TABLE 122 ELASTOMER PROPERTIES ‘heer mada | Bal model Darema ards, 5 7 a 2060 123. General requirements Laminated elastomeric bearings shall ave @ side cover of elastomer with & minimum design thickness of 6mm to protect the edges ofthe steel plates Tolerances forthe manufactoe of laminated elastomer besrngs Appendix, The steel pats shall be bonded tothe elastomer during vulcanizing andthe edges of al plates shall be lightly rounded and the eorers chamfered. Foe non-standard bearings having thicker layers of elastomer under high compression, plate hikes tall be checked ‘enture that the pate doesnt fll in enson (eee Clouse 1264). I be as given inContact surfaces of bearing shall be dimensioned to allow an edge clearance of at lest 25mm all round. This allows Tolerance when portioning bearings and ensures adequate ‘edge support ‘arations of stain. Wheve it sigifcat the effete of these tolerances and variations ll be considered inthe design ofthe stacture. They maybe assuined to be ofthe foal order of 420%, 124 Design principles 124.1 General Elasomeric bearings shall be designed to resist strvicebil Timit state Toads W242 Bearing rotations The structural elements ofthe bridge shall be desiled withthe objective that, a completion of construction. the loaded Taces ofthe elastomeric Bearing ae pale. ‘The elastomeric bearing shall hen be designed to accommodate rotations due to tafe loang and other vansent effects. thenma effets snd long-term permanett effets ‘combination with an nal lacl-otparalelism dv to constuction tolerance. Where supersuetare members are ecco diely on previously prepared bearings, pee- siting rotations in the superstractue semberr stall be determined by calculation or ‘measurement and increased by 2 roation of not lets than 0.005 radiane, to permit for onstruction tolerances, The rotation to account Trina lek of parallelism may be iken sero where either (2) the superstructure members are intlly supported above the bearings and the remaining spaces are then fully grouted: of (6) the superstructure is cast directly onto the installed bearing. 125. Basis of design 128A General lasiomerie bearings accommodate wanslation and rotation by elastic deformation. ‘The defection ofthe elastomer under eomprestve load is influenced by it shape and where reinforcing plates ar bonded tothe elastomer, the design shall be bated onthe assumption that hee isn elatve movement at the sel and elastomer interface, ‘The design of elastomer bearings shall be in acsordance with Clause 126, Pads, sis ad laminated. elastomeric. bearings with shape factors outside the limite specified in (Cause 12.5.2 require special consideration i he desgh 1282 Shape factor ‘The shape fastor(S) ofa layer of elastomer sal be the ares under comypresion the area fe o bulge and shal be caleusted for Iyere without holes as follows (2) For laminated elastomeric bearings: ot m sau where Av bonded surface rea = surface perimeter4 effective thickness of the individual elastomer layer in compression (ue {o veriea Toad o rottion) = Goraninner yer nas2@ = Late fora cover layer 12820) = thickness of the individual inner flasiomere bearing yet of elastomer in laminated 1, © thickness ofa cover ayer of laminated elastomeric bearing (6) Far plain rad borings: soe a as2) 4, * sol raber plan area oar 128.25) 1'= tot thickness of elastomer in laminated lasionerie bearing of ‘hicknes of pin pa or sry bea (2) Forsiip bearings sat tas Ps 2.5.26) where we = ath oF rip fen le 12320) Where dowel holes ae to be provided, made alosing Tor the hoes a special assessment of the shape fctr (5) shal be the vestai wo bulge provided bythe dowel For the design evteria specified in Clause 1 ye shape factor (5) shall be follows: (Fer plain pad and sips. Isss4 (i) Fer ier 126 Design re 12.6.1 Masinam shear sain in minted alastomert bearings To ensue thatthe total shear sin developed inthe elastomer is no escesiv, the Followig requirement atte edge of the bonded surface shall be sti of lmisied elastomeric hearings dese, iroments seri teg 28 126.10) ed surface duet loads no 6 shear stan at edge of bor shear stain at edge of bended surface due 19 relative ro surfaces 4, shear stain a edge of bonded surface due to forces Surface or movement ofthe suet, bath‘The values of shar stains sal be ealelated as flows: b= 68, Ree where ‘= compressive stain due lo londs normal tothe bearing surfaces (based on ative plan aren Aug) y ‘x for invent ayers only 6.18) Bae Gllv35) " : bee) Nv compressive losd one bearing, serviceability iit state Aet™ elective loaded pian aren nominally equal 1 the proeeted area ‘common to op and batom when a bering ie diroted angel = af = Aaa for citelar bearings 6.08) 4.= maxioum shear displacement tangential to bearing seface the dtecton of dimeasion u'due to movements ofthe srvture ‘and tangential forces 1 = plan dimension of the edge of the bonded surface of ectangslar bearings parallel othe span ofthe bridge > maximum shear displacement tangential :o bearing surface in the direction of dimension b due to movements of the srvture and tangential forces = plan dimension of the edge of the tended surface of the iar Bearing transverse tothe span ofthe bride 2.4) ener eigs nan ‘maximum resultant yacor shear diplacenent tangential to the bearing surface, eg, temperature effets and the ike, and tangeotal force effecs. eg braking free and the like inthe ‘rections ofthe dimensions «and & = plan diameter of circular hearing a ede of bonded sarice are for estanglarbetngs 26.16) 2 for sical bearing 126.17) a * anh Te fea %* angle of rotation pale tothe span ofthe bridge = angle of rotation transverse tothe span of the ridge = maxinum angle of rosaion, ie, change in angle between top and Bottom surfces of bearing in erica drstonTo limit the effet of fatigue, which is tkely to be significant only in shor span. anchor spans and lightweight structures the following sall alo be satiied: om syst 2 619 where ya = Shea strain a edge of bonded surface dito live load and impact only = 8c 126.1110) NOTE: ne caleins fal sear Mlk mova ated 12.6.2 Compressive siee n elastomeric bearings ‘The mean compressive stress on slastmerc bearings sal be determined a follows (2) The mean compressive sess (N74) on laminned elastomer berings shall not be restr than 15 IP (©) The mean compressive stress (074,) on plain pad and stp bearings shall not be eater thas the laser of 26801 5 MPa 126.3 Shear main due 10 cangeniol movements and ores o limit tangent distortion and to minimize rolling of the edges of the bearings or tendency ofthe wel plates to bend, the folowing hil be sisted fas ‘The tangential movements and forces shall nt ceduee the projeeed plan area common 19 ‘he top and bottom faces ofa bearing by more than 20%, te (2) 420.84, for laminated elastomeric bearings (2) Aap2 0.84, for plain pas and baring 12464 Rotational initation For plain pads and laminated elastomer b I sais the elon: ings. the total compressive deflection (4) (2) For ctangalar bering aatayh a, 2th 164) (0) For circular borin: ad a2et 2.6. 12d 12680) e) For plain sip bering: 22a 16a 12% 2.6.40) 12.68 Sibi of bearings ‘The sail of bearings shall be determined a follows (2) Plan pad ad stip bearings. or pln a and sip bearings, the thickness shall not be greater thon ome quarter of the least ater dinension,(8) Laminted elastomeric hearings For laminated Shall sail the fllowing 2GSte Ne 16s ™ where 1h, lesser of wan for setangular bearings = siamete (for circular bearings = shape factor ofthe thickest inner Iyer 12.6.6 Thickness of tel pater ‘The minimum thickness of steel plates in elastomeric te ings shall conform to the Following ma, 1 Mes and War Resa (2S R66) where J = yield eng ofthe steel plate Forste! plates with del hoes, shall be factored by 0.5. 12.6.7 Fixing of earings Under the provision of Classe 10.2, bearings may be resrained by fection omy. provided that ude al ceviceability imi sae lod combinations — Ny 2108-2 em Where Nou is the ine compeesive losd rormal tothe bearing anchorage interface concurrent with, and under permanent loads oaly— Naam 2d 1.670) where Narr = minimum permanent compressive load nomal tothe bearing anchorage Interface concurrent with. servieablty lini state fe ~ stress sed in calelation of anchorage o = Los To provide for earthquake loads, suitable res inated elastomeric be a devices shall be provided at the bearing Ecardance with Clause 10.2. o by separate devices in accordance with Clause 10.3. [NOTE: Where mechanic devices are used teresa he Being thes devies may limit th ‘epi of estomer availa te seeemmodate shar delormason 12468 Compressive defection ‘The total compressive defection) ofthe bearing shall be determined a follows se=2he.) 1268)‘The value ofthe compressive strain (5) ina ayer ofa laminated elastomeric bearing be ese in driving the compressive deletion (a) shal be determined follows a 1268) where E = effective compression and catation mods fo elastomer cos = 54| oe 5 year 689) 758 G.= a consent dependent on the bearing shape ‘E.= homogencous compression modulus eaeuated flows (a) For rectanelar bearings: es Cyes+al6-339) eas) where = atiior 5.816) = io. whichever isthe lesser 6807) (0) Por circular borings B= 30 126.88) ©) For plan pads ane srps 12.689) 127 Bea 127.4 Compressive ues ‘The compressive stifhes (A) shall be deterined a follows a0) where Key = compressive fines of layer - a - 127.02)B= seeChause a3 ‘= tenes of atypical ayer» a elastomer 1272. Shear sires: ives (A) shall be deermined as follows The sear ‘The value of hall be adjusted to allow for any layers of ober no eto shear ‘The value of the shear stifnes (K,) of bearing under varying compresive or she stresses. or both, may be calculated ffom Equation 12.72 using (a8 defined in Clase 12.2 12133 Rotational sifvess ‘The rotations stifness (K;) of bearing shal be the rotational momeat (A) 0 produce rotation and deterined as follows (0) Rotation! ities (Xo ayer na lnnaed lstonere baring: Me K, i730) where 1 = second moment of area ofthe pla aren ofthe bonded elastomer about its this of rotation (i) For individ layers of laminates elastomeric besings: eo8o] 0 12.7.3) I (ss ors Cx> conta de bearing shape (i) Forretangularberings: 2930) 2 oes 2348) 1 = rato ofthe sides ofa ecangulor laminated elastomeric bezing = ab 12736) (yor iol bearings: B=I6 936)(6) Total rotational toes: 12.230 (ey Rotational sees of pin pad or strip: 1738) where = effective compression and rotation modulus for elastomer (see Clause 12.68) 1 a specified in Hem (a) for gross plan aren ofthe easter about its axis oF tation 12:24 Inclined elastomeric hearings Inclined elastomeric bearings shal be used ony in opposed pairs of Hemtcl bearings 0 ‘permitaninreased transverse shar sifass ofthe prof bearings without incresing the longitudinal shear stesso vice vers, First principles stall be used to determine the combined effect ‘The effective lateral horizontal stiiess (Ki) of a pair of idemical bearings of shear sttness (and compressive stifness (Ke) fat oppestely opposed each at an angle of {0 the horizontal shall Be lela as flows Ky =2K, sn? 02K, om aan where the angle of inein 2» ofthe opposing bearings. Similry, the efetive compression sifess (A) shall be cleuatd a follows: A, =2K cos 842K, sn? ra74) To prevent lift-off in one ofthe put of Bearings it shall be ensoredhat— No Keno T Rmtork, 240) provided «5° ‘Where sigaiican transverse rotion of the supersiractre occurs atthe bearings due t2 eccentric load effects the effective value of Ky shal be reduced a illo 2K Ky K008 + Kai rea 127848) [Excessive tensions, however may develop inthe bearings due to superstar rotations. specially ifthe compresive deflections ae nt suiciznt. I this cee ver performance ofthe bearing ssemby shall be assessed from ist principles 128 Creep Long duration toads woduce time-dependent effets in elastomers through creep andFor most applications. the effects of erep and stress relaxation need ait be considered: however when considering new Formulations and syutheie rubber cep Tests shal be sequees NOTES: 1 For mort rubber, maxim compresive creep values of abou 25% 0° the instantaneous {sfoeaton maybe wed 2 Creep eects ae lgaihicfneions of lime andar to dependent on rps, rst Iistoy até elastomer armaation. 129 Load testing of elastomeric bear All inazed bearings shall Ye load tested in compression to I.Stimes the rated lon at 2210 shear and zero ration ‘Compressive and shea tues testing shall be on rpresenttive samples of bearings. The stl numberof bearings checked for siess shall be determines by quality contol Procedures and previous test data When acceptance tests for shear siffes are required or when determining effective values of G, bearings shal be subjected to's mean compressive ress of 2 MPa andthe shear Stitfnss ot value of G derived fom the mesn shear stifnes, measured Between 5% 254 hese stain, ‘Metinds of esting laminated elastomeric btrings shall be in acondance with Append D Representative samples of pia pad and strip bearings shall be subjected to compressive load est t0 1.5 times the desig vert! load 13 TOT BEARINGS 1A Design ‘The components of pot bearings. including assacieed sling con esgned for ultimate iit sae eet, The following primary design parameters and fabrication deals of po vearngs shall be dope: (2) The maximum mean compressive sess onthe elastomer shall be SO MPs, (©) The thickness and formulation of the elastomer shall depead on the required rotational capacity andthe smoothness ofthe inner surfice of he ps however. In no ase shall the ttal pa thickness be lst than the larger of one fifteenth of the ‘ameter ofthe elastomeric pad or 10m. (©) The maximum displacement due to the altima imi sate rotation a the perimeter of the eletomerle pe shall no be gener than 20% ofthe total pad thks. inloding sealing eng (2) Shits (ein the conte of pressure due to rotation shal ot be greater han di, where «dis te diameter oF the elastomeric pad witha the pt baring, The value of 3 becalculted by dividing the routlond! momen by the concuren veil fre, NOTE: An expression for determining he rotational momen! af pat earings provided in [AS51004 Sapp the Commentary thi Standard (6) To prevent extrusion ofthe elastomer from the po, the typically x set of split metal rings vulanized or recessed ita the top of the clistomerie dis. The total clearance Between the aside walls of the pot ad the ston shall not be greater than 1.0 em, (1) Pot bearings shall be anchored in accordance with Clouse 10.1 and movement estan Shall be provided, where required. in aeordance with Clau 8 (8) Provision for horizontal movements, i required, stall be provided by a PTFE aiding surface in aceaedanc wth Clause 1 surfaces, shall be