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ANIMAL REPRODUCTION
• Reproduction is defined as the ability of living organism to produce new living beings
similar to themselves is called Reproduction.
• There are two types of reproduction in organisms which are given below as follows:

➢ Asexual reproduction
➢ Sexual Reproduction

• Comparison of Asexual and Sexual reproduction is given below as follows:

ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION SEXUAL REPRODUCTION

Number of organisms
One Parent needed Two Parents are required
involved

Cell division Cells divide by Mitosis Cells divide by Meiosis

Budding, Vegetative reproduction,

Types Syngamy and Conjugation
Fragmentation, Spore formation

Variation, Unique, Organism is

Advantages Time efficient
protected

Evolution Little chance of variation Genetic variation in offspring

Involvement of sex
No formation or fusion of gametes Formation of gametes
cells

Found in Lower organisms Higher Organisms

ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION:
• The type of reproduction which the new offspring arises from a single parent is called
Asexual Reproduction.
• The offspring produced are identical to each other.
• The asexual reproduction is of following types:

➢ Binary Fission: During Binary Fission, the parent cell divides into two or more cells.
This type of asexual reproduction is performed by Bacteria.
➢ Fragmentation: In this type of asexual reproduction, the parent body divides into
different fragments which get developed into fully grown organisms.
➢ Regeneration: It is a type of asexual reproduction in which the organism is capable
of re-growing its body parts.

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➢ Budding: It is a type of asexual reproduction in which a new organism grows from a

bud that grows on the parent body.
➢ Vegetative Propagation: It is a type of asexual reproduction which is performed by
the plants by using their leaves, stems and roots.

SEXUAL REPRODUCTION:
• The type of reproduction in which a new offspring is arises from the fusion of male
gametes and the female gametes.
• Gametes are of two types which are given below as follows:

➢ Male Gametes: The Male gametes are also known as Sperms. The process of
formation of male gametes is known as Spermatogenesis.
➢ Female Gametes: The female gametes are also known as Ovum. The process of
formation of female gametes is known as Oogenesis.
• The process of fusion of male gamete and female gametes is known as Fertilization.
• After fertilization, a zygote is produced which then gets transformed into embryo.

MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM:

• The function of testis is to produce sperm and male sex hormone called testosterone.
• The scrotum provides the optimal temperature for formation of sperms.
• Epididymis is a coiled tube-like structure firmly attached to the testis and serves as the
storehouse of sperms.
• The sperms are carried by a long tube called vas deferens or sperm duct into organs
called seminal vesicles, where the sperms get nourished and stored.

Female Reproductive System:

• Ovaries are a pair of small and oval-shaped organs, located in the abdominal cavity near
the kidney.

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• Ovaries are the female primary reproductive organs which perform dual functions of
production of female gamete or ovum and the secretion of female sex hormones, estrogen
and progesterone.
• Fallopian Tube or Oviduct - are a pair of long convoluted tubes that carry ovum or eggs
from the ovary to the uterus.
• These tubes from both the sides open into a muscular structure, the Uterus.
• Uterus or womb - is a hollow, pear-shaped organ within which the embryo develops.

SEX DETERMINATION:
• There are 23 pairs of chromosomes in human body.
• The 22 pair are autosomes and 1 pair is Sex Chromosomes.
• The pair of sex chromosome takes part in Sex determination process.
• When a sperm with X chromosome fertilizes the egg with X chromosome, female zygote
is formed.
• When a sperm with Y chromosome fertilizes the egg with X chromosome, male zygote is
formed.
• Test tube baby is a term given to a child which is conceived outside the woman’s womb
by means of in-vitro fertilization.
• The 1st test tube baby of the world was born in 1978 in England.
• The 1st test tube baby of India (Durga) was born on 3rd October in 1978.
• Cloning is a process of production of exact copy of an organism by means of asexual
reproduction.
• The 1st cloned organism of the world was a sheep named Dolly.