Le “ss Each kime you revise a section, put your mark on a circle! WD Cells Q99 Subcellular Structures QOOQ Wl Typical vs. Specialised Cells QQWO Specialised Cells QQWO Microscopy: Basics QQOOQ Rl Microscopy: Practical Q00 (.) Microscopy: Calculations QOO iW Enzymes: Basics QQWO iq Enzymes: Rate of Reaction Q0O fl Enzymes: Practical QOO BAD BaDaae sa Enzymes: Breakdown QQOQ Enzymes: Synthesis QOO Tests for Carbohydrates QQO Tests for Lipids and Proteins QQOQ Energy in Food QQOQ Diffusion QQOO Osmosis QQO Active Transport QOO Movement of Molecules QQOQ Osmosis Practical QOOCELLS Cell = the basic structural and functional unit of all living organisms. \ oe, PROKARYOTES (MulticelluLar organisms) (UnicelLular organisms) Cm i athese organisms are made up of either.. 4 CERCA EUKARYOTIC CELLS ci A PROKARYOTIC CELL DNA floating 1 ees @) . The defining feature? { free in the mens Day © cn eC HAVE A NUCLEUS BO NUCLEUS, examples Gy example 4 TYPICAL ANT CELI BACTERIAL CELL i Permanent, large vacuole Ribosomes ] __tochondria, Lell membrane. - Circular Chloroplasts Cell walt,’ + chromosomal DNA| ~s Ribosomes “+ Pa (polysaccharide Ss o : i Cykoplasm ” Coit walt (cellulose) sie olat rie Prokaryoktc cells are much SMALLER than eukargoktc cells. Remember eukaryote/prokaryote describes common to animal, plant and bacterial cells, others can only be found in plant or bacterial cells the organism. Cukaryotic/prokaryotic describes the cell Eype.For your exam you will need to know the subcellular structures that are found in animal, plant and bacterial cells. You will also be expected to know the function of each subcellular structure. MAL, PLANT and BACTERIAL CELLS aa y: --77 CELL MEMBRANE-~ ~~ 7 There are 5 subcellular - structures common “s>~ RIBOSOMES -7 to animal, plant and bacterial cells. JCITOPLASM: The gel-like substance containing enzymes, This is Cm K vat uhere most of the cell”s chemical reactions kake place. 4 --~ RIBOSOMES: Where translation of genetic material occurs, resulting in protein synthesis Le. where fl proteins are made. CELL MEMBRANE: Barrier that holds the cell together and is responsible sor | eee controlling which substances pass in and out of the cell. gm ; my Yo aaY¥ S WWTQUE To ANINAL and PLANT CELS < NUCLEUS: Uhere the genetic material, Bacterial cells D0 NOT , tha controls the cell’s contain mitochondria or ‘activities, is stored as a nucleus. \, chromosomes. hh Bacterial cells have genetic material (DNA) but it is nok contained within a nucleus. MITOCHONDRIA; Where the energy, that the cell needs to aD function, is released in respiration. D A 2] F iSUBCELLULAR STRUCTURES —— UNIQUE TO DLANT CELLS Most SPECIALISED CELLS contain all the basic features of a typical cell, but they have extra structures (or adapkations) that allow them bo do a speciic job © S DIFFERENTIATION (iio. © —~—>, STEM CELLS SPECIALISED CELLS Unspecialised See Specialised Undifferentiated Dig ferentiated Embryonic stem cells can differentiate into any body are specialised to carry © specialised cell type. out a particular function. Nearly all cells in the human Ua} aSPECIALISED CELLS. —— O_{St6rt) RNB D Adapted to transport the male’s DNA Ratio comet aceo, YO ADAPTATIONS 4 é 3 ACROSOME: containing enzymes that digest the membrane of the egg cell, allowing the sperm cell to penetrate the egg, DD “HAPLOID NUCLEUS: containing the male's halj of the chromosomes needed Lo make a whole body cell. v i “MIDDLE SECTION; containing lots of mitochondria, required to produce the energy needed (via respiration) gor the sperm cell to swim ko the egg. iy? LONG TAIL; allowing the sperm cell ko swim ko the egg, ZL @ 888}. p> Adapted to hold the semale’s DNA. pp Adapted to nourish the embryo during the K ADAPTATIONS x early stages of development. 6 j __----7 HAPLOID NUCLEUS: containing the gemale’s halg of the chromosomes needed to make a whole body cell. ei eaeen NUTRIENT-RICH CYTOPLASM; that nourishes the developing embryo. CELL MEMBRANE; that changes structure, ajter fertilisation, to prevent any more sperm cells penetrating the egg, This ensures that offspring contain the Tight amount of DNA (and no extra DNA, from additional sperm cells) 1 . @: ALL sperm and egg cells, regardless of the animal of origin, contain half the . 2 number of chromosomes found in a “normal” body cell. Sperm and egg cells contain one chromosome from each chromosome pair.SPECIALISED CELLS. —— cp rleegeeed erveousee cotts)-< > SPECIALISED FOR MOVING MATERIALS, ("Adapted to line the sur faces of organs and move substances in one direction. (© {KADAPTATION 4X “""CILIA are hair-like structures sound on the kop of the ciliated )| } epithelial cell. They “beat” to move materials in one direction. = ’ q p> Your airways are lined with ciliated epithelial cells (a type of ciliated cell) A lining of = ciliated ») epithelial , calls DP Their function is to trap parkicles from the air thak you breathe and help ko move them up ko your mouth in MUCUS pp Ince in your mouth, the mucus can be swallowed, preventing the potentially harmful particles reaching your Lungs. \ \ @ Noke: Ciliated epithelial cells also line the fallopian tubes. SUMMARY - SPECIALISED CELLS E ) 6 ADAPTATIONS 4X Transports the male’s Long bail, mitochondria-rich sperm /° DNA to the female’s egg. middle section, acrosome and haploid nucleus. is) Holds the female’s DNA laplotd nucleus, nutrient and nourishes the embryo rich cytoplasm and Egg © during the early stages structural change in cell of development. membrane. Ciliated [yy Moves Hair-like cilia. Epithelial Cells matertals/substances. ra WAMICROSCOPY: BASICS ——— To make bigger. use lenses to Ma gilify and increase the resoluLion of images. Y The resolution of a microscope is how well it distinguishes between two points that are close Logether Le. the degree of detail. @ = actual size of the blue dot magnified Microscopes are used to view ‘Microscopes allow us to resolve samples that may not be visible detail that cannot be seen by bo the naked eye. the naked eye. ‘ma? < Image is clearer. 2 Image is more detailed. af Image is much bigger than the | 2} actual size. a} Image is several times bigger Tipe =) Image is less clear. than the actual size. Image is less detailed. MiCToscope WAS E>—> 15905 Q invented. Uses}electrons:and & electromagnetic Lenses. Uses alight 4 source and glassy lenses. 19303 <—ax The ELECTRON microscope was invented. LLSI x * « Tectrons pass : gi h Q x % through the * * as ification, specimen. Meee zg MAIN DIFFERENCES 1) Higher resolution: cea can distinguish must be dead, between internal structures of organelles. GC D Can be used to study living cells. D Cheap. D Portable. D lower magnification. lages: D ligher magni sication. © ligher resolution. WM Cannot be used to study living cells (high pressure, no oxygen). D Cupensive. BD Not Portable. DP lower resolution. HOW did Lhe invention of Lhe ELECTRON MICROSCOPE change research? W w The electron microscope allowed scientists to study smaller specimens with more clarity and in greater detail. This led to a greater understanding of how cells and their subcellular structures work.MICROSCOPY: BASICS ——— , 2 S| ee bh XE cur miceascone Max resolution of $0 pm. Max magni gication of Max resolution of 100 nm. Tose Used to study tiny THE HUMAN EYE Ik is possible bo see Max magnification of X1,000. a large cell (50-100 " subcellular structures Used to study large such as ribosomes and organelles such as nuclel. plasmid ONA, um) with the naked human eye. METER CENTIMETER MILLIMETER MICROMETER NANOMETER PICOMETER 10m 107 rn 10-5 in 10+ im 10° 10-2, 1m 0.01 m 0.001 m 0.000001 m 0,000000001 m — 0,000000000001 m 1/100 m 1/1,000 m 1/1,000,000 m —1/1,000,000,000 m 1/1,000,000,000,000 m Lem 1mm Lum lnm 1pm Hundredth Thousandth MilLtonth Billionth Trillionth ofa meter of ameter of a meter of a meter of a meter How to : convert #25100 10 1000 1000 1000 the units.. ay METER CENTIMETER MILLIMETER MICROMETER NANOMETER PICOMETER A x10 3% 1000 881000 28.1000 Y SEALE BARS < A scale bar is a length, drawn on a magni sied image 2h SQ, a that represents a convenient “actual Length”. [ExANDIC( Draw a 50 yum scale bar on the image (0). The actual size of the specimen is 150 yum. a ® Ful inthe Measure the Length pete listenre @) SA actual size of og the tmage in mm specimen the specimen. (noke this image is not to scale). [150 | Divide the actual size of the specimen 3 (8) by the Length the QO scale bar needs to represent (C) (make Length the scale bar SG sure the units are the same in B and needs bo represent. ©, for this example s the answer is 5. Divide the size of the image by the ‘same number (3) to get the Length of the scale bar gou need SY to draw on the image (make sure the units are the same in A and D). 10 10 0 mmMICROSCOPY: PRACTICAL —— ANIMAL CELLS (HUMAN CHEEK CELLS) >| [F ~ te Use kweezers to peel a thin layer of tp Swab the inside of your cheek with a tissue (epidermal cells) from the clean cotton bud ko remove some onion. Ik needs to be thin to allow cheek cells. light ko pass through it, 2 Cells on the Thin lager cotton bud 49 of onion _ = heroscon Light = ; tm Pipette a drop of water onto the centre of a clean slide. — tweezers e Pipette a drop of water onto the centre of a clean slide. — Use tweezers to Lay the sample on top of the water. pm Transger sample, on the cotton bud to the water. it wm Add a drop of METHYLENE BLUE to stain the DNA in the nuclet. a —=— —S— > Add a drop of UDINE bo stain the cell walls and nucle. a — tp Using a mounted needle, place a coverslip at an angle, at one end of the specimen. Gently lower Ut over the specimen. vid tm Press down gently to remove air bubbles. acs JMICROSCOPY: PRACTICAL —— oBTecTIVE

in proportion. 1, Use hal 2 the space. =C Do not use vd Setar or shading: Use a 6 sharp ep Nuseus Zz Plant Gal |} ne R Add the specimen name. Label using stratght, unbroken a € Q | | i | Lunes that do nok cross. ‘Add the magnigication. Add a scale bar. HUMAN CHEEK CELL BD Cell Membrane Call Memborans D> Cytoplasm Animal or > Nucleus plant cells wa Nucleus Mitochondria (maybe) exgtopasm (00x D Cell Wall (cellulose) © Chloroplasts (maybe) Plant cells only > Permanent vacuole (maybe) ONION CELLS Cell Wall Cel memlorauns aS FES rem oer 300 .M 100x © Ribosomes Nudeas > Internal structures of organelles.MICROSCOPY: CALCULATIONS — [farses ee sortase Je EYEPIECE gh — COSECTIVE Each lens can magni the image a certain number of times. This is known as in ASE the magnisication POIER of LENS F os a the Lens e.g, ten times (10X), (e.g. 10X), -g. LOX, or LOK) sixty kimes (LOX) etc. ‘P—> THERE ARE TWO EQUATIONS FOR CALCULATING TOTAL MAGNIFICATION.. << The TOTAL MAGNIFICATION of an image can be calculated if you know the POWERS of the EYEPIECE LENS and the OBJECTIVE LENS being used. 26 Power of Ob jective Lens [_CxAMDIE: oN Power of Cyeplece Lens = 10X Power of Objective Lens = LOX Tobal Magnisication = 10 60 =600 The TOTAL MAGNIFICATION is LOOX [Euclion TH EES EES ESS You can also calculate the TOTAL MAGNIICATION (using the “I AM” triangle) if you are given the ACTUAL SIZE of the specimen and a magnified IMAGE of the sample to measure. = Actual Size [EXAMPLE “¢ . 9 ry S ° The IMAGE SIZE (you might have to cS = 0 measure this oF yoursels) 0 cm You might need to convert the units so that they are the same. Actual size =80 ym Image size = 4 cm = 1.0000 ym ie ae ae Fk Total Magnisication = 40000 + $0 = 500 og Fhe specimen MAGNIFICATION The TOTAL MAGNIFICATION is S00XENZYMES: BASICS ——— are BIOLOGICAL CATALYSTS produced by living organisms. 2 They catalyse (CAUSE er ACCELERATE) chemical reactions. a Active Site: the part of the enzyme that BINDS to the substrate and CATALYSES the reaction. Its shape COMPLEMENTS the shape of the substrate / Enzyre (remains unchanged and is nok used up during the reaction) ‘\ Substrate: the MOLECULE that an ENZYME ACTS ON. 7 Chemical reactions need to be caresully controlled The “lock and key” mechanism describes how ONLY the correct Al shaped substrate sits ‘ (and can be changed by) WHY? To prevent imbalances a particular enzymes of substances in the body. b active site, just as ONLY the correct shaped key ‘i 4 HOW could you speed up a will fit (and unlock) a chemical reaction? particular lock. ve . € : Increase Add temperature “an enzyme ‘ ‘ Bul this Speeds up only would speed WANTED reactions up WANTED & without UNWANTED increasing reactions. temperature or e \ Ah causing Cell damage Ta-Dahl 8 death tH *ENZYMES: BASICS — BREAK DOWN a substrate ENZYME — LARGE SUBSTRATE } ‘SMALL PRODUCT (the MOLECULE that is MADE during the reaction) (IEE <—= “400 substrates @ = 5 é — é : TOGETHER / 7, (SYNTHESIS) 4 ENZYME : LARGE SMALL SUBSTRATE propuct D> DENATURATION is a process in which an enzyme changes shape and is unbale to catalyse its reaction. Working Denatured Enzyme Enzyme — Ph D HIGH TEMPERATURE or EXTREME pli Damaged cause bonds in the active site of active atte an enzyme to break, changing its shape. 2 a Fibs Bays % No Longer sits substrate D An enzyme cannot “die” or be “killed” because enzymes are nok Living organisms! Enzymes are biological molecules (proteins) made by living organisms.The speed at which an enzyme converts its su substrate to product D> LOWER substrate DrUIGHER substrate concentration. Maximum All active sites full concentration. reaction rate (saturation) and reaction ¢é @ ¢ ¢ = rate cannot & @ = increase further. ea ¢ § *e; 3 Substrate concentration @ @ g required to achieve T>SLOWER reaction rate, maximum | B>FASTER reaction rate. = reaction rate : DHUERenzymeand & MORE enzyme and substrate interactions “3 Substrate Concentration (M) substrate interactions per second per second. [{hes-(Tenperatare Maximum reaction rate Deak rate of reaction at Lubble energy, leading to a low rate of reaction a coe 2 EXTREME pl can zt @ © DENATURE ENZYMES a ecru nO zk Reaction rate decreases wed Was enzyme becomes ENZYMES: RATE OF REACTION — © TWE RATE OF REACTION CAN BE AFFECTED By 3 VABIABLES... & Be Linbsirale LL the optimum temperature. D The temperature at : which the enzyme works Reaction rate decreases as enzyme becomes ra # denatured. Rate of Reaction (s:!) = Optimum Temperature (°C) | iirerature Ak Low kemperatures, the enzyme and substrate have Maximum reaction rate Peak rate of reaction Optimur pl ‘YP The pil at which the enzyme works best denatured. Rate of Reaction (s) ol ‘Optimum pliENZYMES: PRACTICAL —— SS INvESTicnTING THE EFFECT OF ph ON ENZYRE ACTIN, © How does pl apgect the ability of amylase bo break starch down into maltose? Starch Amylase Maltose o ENZYMATIC REACTION = ———=Ds. PM 3 enzyme ral sgringes. Add one drop of Lodine to bpm starch solution (5, 2 cm’) each well of a spotting bo one boiling tube. Add tile. amglase solution (A, 2 cm’) and pllS bugger (B, 1 cm’) bo another boiling tube. Heat to 35 °C. Starch Amylase & iS Bus ger Ge} Mix both solutions into one boiling BD Add one drop of solution (SAB) to a tube and place at 35 °C. Start the single well containing todine, every 30 stopwatch immediately. seconds (continuous sampling). SAB ss G-) Record the Lime that corresponds to the first (Za)) Repeat this experiment with well that remains orange-brown. This is the buggers of duggerent pli values. time it takes for the substrate (starch) to be broken down. ‘ ple pF pus REPEAT fl fl vuENZYMES: PRACTICAL ——— Starch Amylase ce enzyme ofoe Solution turns Blue-Black. Solution remains Brown. Positive for starch. Orange. Negative for starch. Enzymatic reaction Enzymatic reaction incomplete, complete, Note: Sample taken every 30 seconds, Reaction 1x 30 Completion Time =360 seconds = 170 seconds = 110 seconds = 130 seconds Q @ CALCULATING THE RATES OF REACTION: ATES OF 7 9s to00 360-218 st ple 1000 230 = 3.37 pl} 1000-& 120 = 8.5 52 pl 1000- 1303751 For experiments that D0 measure a change in fi volume use the following equation: yf G ‘ | } Rake of reaction (cms!) = volume change (cm3) -E= ktme (s) water warm, monitor the bemperature of the water with a thermometer and keep Ut | constant.ENZYMES: BREAKDOWN —— (ae —< 12-5 @-—€ Some enzymes break down ‘\ - large molecules into smaller CNZYNE LARGE ey molecules so that they can be used SUBSTRATE RODUCT in GROWTH and other LIFE PROCESSES. TH LARGE MOLECULES == proteins, complex carbohydrates and lipids > oe” bee Digestive enzymes break PROTEASES break down proteins into amino acids. down large molecules Lnto 00 e smaller molecules. o : Smaller molecules can pass Fatty Acids «through the walls of the digestive y & : ystem and are easily absorbed Lipids ‘ Lipases é i Glycerol ko the bloodst: d cell yeerol | into the bloodstream and cells Lib iy! 5 «Here, they can be used by the body LIPASES break down Lipids into fatty acids and glycerol. for GROWTH and other LIFC . al PROCESSES. {eeENZYMES: SYNTHESIS GME ( te Some enzymes can synthesise ‘ (make) large molecules ENZYME LARGE PRODUCT by adding smaller molecules SMALL SUBSTRATE together Organisms need to be able to synthesise Large molecules such as proteins, complex carbohydrates and lipids. V SMALL LARGE : Substrate Enzyme(s) Product, > L_PROTEINS... = ’ ‘ ' : : : : Nw Amino Acids Several Proteins do most of the work enzymes os Sf ee POR ; in cells, Enzymes “3° themselves are SEVERAL ENZYMES are involved in the synthesis of proteins. proteins from amino acids : + CCARBOWYDRATES... : GAH SF Cl Glycogen aoe aa such as glycogen synthase : oo y SAS and starch can be i used to store GLYCOGEN SYNTHASE synthesises glycogen (the carbohydrates energy. used ko store energy in animals) from glucose. a] slams. Lipids . : Ny, Several . tit Fably Aeids i Peg ie i i ' ...can also store 3 . energy and we Glycerol Glucose SEVERAL ENZYMES are involved in the synthesis of Lipids * Lmportank components i i of cell membranes. Ya from gatky acids and glycerol |TESTS FOR CARBOHYDRATES Add blue Weak to Observe Benedict's */ 45 Cin the colour reagent to | —> a water ae of the the prepared bath. sample food sample. low concentration of High concentration of reducing sugars reducing sugars v v NEGATIVE — POSITIVE POSITIVE POSITIVE POSITIVE @-6-0-6--@ Blue Creen Yellow Orange Brick Red Negative result Positive result = reducing sugars absent = reducing sugar(s) present = solution remains blue = coloured precipitate forms TODINE test for STARCH zy Dent shake and observe the colour change Add Lodine solution (vodine dissolved in =e} potassium iodide solution) to the prepared food sample. NEGATIVE POSITIVE = solution remains O & = solution turns brown-orange Brown-Orange — Blue-Black blue-black L re at room temperature. Positive result Negative result = starch present = starch absentTESTS FOR LIPIDS AND PROTEINS - »©@ | Q@*® 9 @ SS Add ethanol [r feels per _ Peurthe fa) Observe the Fa lo the | Iminute ~ ( a dissolved | appearance of prepared bo dissolve 7 1) sample — a creamy, food sample. the sample. into fatty emulsion water. at room temperature. Negative result = lipids absent = no gatky emulsion Positive resull = liptd(s) present =a fatty emulsion forms NEGATIVE POSITIVE on the kop of the solution (the thicker the layer, the more lipid Ls present) Add 1-3 drops of Add some bright Gently shake potassium hydroxide | blue copper (IT) |" and observe the solution ko the > sulphate — colour change prepared food sample. solution, at room temperature. NEGATIVE POSITIVE Negative result = proteins absent = solution remains Ley Positive resull = protein(s) present = solution turns blue purpleENERGY IN FOOD > caLoRIMETRyY <—> Burning food Lo measure hon much energy il conbains. Set up the equipment as shown in the diagram below. Stark kemp Measure and record the starting Lemperature of the of water (°C) water and the mass of the dry food. # Final Lemp of water (°C) Mass of food (g) ++ Thermometer -----~. FAwns Use dry food e.g. pasta because it Boiling tube ----- Set volume of water --~ Clamp "Laboratory balance burns easily, Foil insulation - Sel the sood on fire and immediately place it underneath the boiling tube of water until the flame goes out Sek the food on fire again and hold ik under the boiling tube of water. Repeat this process until the food no longer catches sire. ‘Dried good on mounted needle os ih! Measure and record the final Bunsen burner bemperature of the water. To prevent heat energy - You can use foil to transjerring directly from fS—= insulate the boiling G the Bunsen burner to the GF ube. This will minimise water and impacting the the loss of heat energy a result, keep the Bunsen from the water to the burner away grom the water. environment. “~ L (RHENERGY IN FOOD AGATA atv tr transser mons Small change Low energy in water food, DO bemperature. is tr nergy transfer BIG change High energy ts ee in water temperature. erature increase of water (°C) % kL. Levera Work out how much ENERGY would be in 1 gram of the food (Toules per gram, T/g) Energy per gram of food e (Toules per gram, T/9) = - oe Once you have this value, you can compare the energy content of digserent goods.DIFFUSION wis the NET MOVEMENT of PARTICLES, down a concentration gradient, from an area of HIGH CONCENTRATION to an area of LOW CONCENTRATION. Onty small molecules e.g oxygen, amino acids and 4° NET movement of glucose can diffuse across cell membranes. large 00% any particle from > amie need to be broken down by enzymes first! 9% Le, uk does nok Diggusion happens J Ss Diggusion happens in require energy. nm vihen particles jaturally spread out cous, into more space. g } Difsusion of potassium / permanganate . in a high to low concentration. | Diffusion happens with or oe | without o membrane. NET movement of ga Rx A particles DOLIN a ~ concentration mI wm Diffusion isa gradient, - > PASSIVE PROCESS IMPORTANT! || During digfusion, particles move up |] BEFORE AFTER ‘and down the concentration | gradient but the NET movement of |, particles is DOLIN the concentration Water -- eet M] gradient, This means that more |] concentration | particles move down the | Potassium a ugha concentration GUT \ oe Digested _ food diffuses from a high concentration in the GUT to a low concentration in the blood within the capillary of the villus { iw Twe ixBoearoey, water. { IN ANIMALS... LUNGS Vit In the LUNGS, oxygen difsuses from a high 2 concentration in the alveoli to a low concentration in the blood circulating around the Lungs. [_the LungOSMOSIS .. ts Ehe NET MOVEMENT of WATER molecules across a PARTIALLY PERMEABLE MEMBRANE, from an area of HICH CONCENTRATION to an area of LOW CoMeCRTEATION ND this repers bo the concentration oo of waker molecules, not solute. NET movement of water particles » @ ve is NOT the movement of from a high to low G solutes dissolved in water. concentration. NET movement of water particles DOWN oe a concentration gradient. Osmosis happens across a partially permeable membrane. ga i Osmosis is a >. passive process ie, tf does nok Osmosis is specifically require energy. the movement of water particles. O O O [oan << (O Partially permeable membrane: a membrane with very small holes in it. Only small molecules like water can pass through Ut 1" @ l e @ GULITTLITT Tr Osmosis is a special case of diffusion. oO Nj 0 @ : Ny e @ © Water molecule fY E N oO e S| @ Solute e.g. sucrose R) * S} — Movement of water SY \ Net movement Low water, nalabad high solute low solute concentrations. concentrations. 6 Hater molecules move in both directions More water molecules move down the across the membrane. However, the concentration gradient than move up the solute (e.g. sucrose) particles are too gradient. This means there is a NET movement of Large to pass through the membrane. water lowards the lower water concentration fi (the higher solute concentration). |ACTIVE TRANSPORT < vais the MOVEMENT OF PARTICLES AGAINST (or UP) a concentration gradient, from an area of LOM! CONCENTRATION to an area of WICH CONCENTRATION. This process requires ENERGY, NET movement of 7 Ackive transport happens particles from a across cell membrane. «/ low bo high ee concentration. NET movement of 4S particles AGAINST (or SoU UP) the concentration Think of a fish swimming against the current. It would need a Lot of Qe re 4 The gradient, energy needed => gor active transport 7 % is produced during Ackive transport works in respiration in the = opposite direction to Active transport is an mitochondria. GD diggusion and osmosis. ACTIVE PROCESS i.e, it requires energy O03 83 38 OSI SB Q ACTIVE TRANSPORT is needed when t animals are starving. It ensures i that glucose can be taken from a low concentration in the intestine to a i higher concentration in the blood. % 923 es EE In plants, ACTIVE TRANSPORT is needed gor the uptake of mineral tons. Mineral ions are actively transported from low concentrations in the soll bo higher concentrations in the root (( hair cells.MOVEMENT OF MOLECULES —— MOVEMENT TYPE DIAGRAM DIRECTION | OF MOVEMENT ey = High to Low Low to high concentration. concentration. Down the Up (against) the concentration concentration gradient. gradient. MEMBRANE nv v one ae Yes, a cell membrane. REQUIRED? Can happen across a » membrane but doesn’t require one ENERGY G&D REQUIRED? f AQ 4 Passive - no energy Active - energy required. required. MOVEMENT OF? aap Any particte, OTHER NOTES! Biological molecules. Like a gish swimming against the current. Particles naturally spread out.OSMOSIS PRACTICAL ——— Weigh each group of potato pieces and record the INITIAL ASS (grams, g) of each group Use a cork borer to cut 18 identical pieces of potato (1cm in diameter). Separate the pieces into b groups of 3, Add a diggerent concentration of sucrose (the solute) solution to each beaker. From pure water (0 M sucrose) to 1.0 M sucrose, Aw @) Place one group of potato pieces into each beaker. Wighest water Pure Lowest water ~~ water a ceded adds, ao 4a 6 aS a. 1.0M concentration Lowest fa concentra Cae OIM OlM OLM O6M 08M : Concentration of Sucrose Solution (M) Record the FINAL MASS (grams, g) of each group of potato pieces. Soak the potato pieces for a minimum of 40 minutes then remove them from the sucrose solutions. Remove excess surface solution with a paper towel.OSMOSIS PRACTICAL ——— 2 Soak each group for the same amount of time. Cul all pieces from the my HOW TO ENSURE eis sant tains ated. same “@ A FAIR TEST: = Use the same size potato pieces. ooo ¢¢ Hork out the change in mass asa percentage of the Unitial mass. o, Final mass (g) Tali nese (g) 2% 100 The percentage change in mass allows you to Compare groups with dig gerent initial masses. The Lnibial mass of a group of potato pieces was 10. 9, The final mass was 11.6 9, Calculate the percentage change in mass. Mb 10k 50 109 = 115% Pokato gains mass because the water concentration inside the potato cells is lower than the concentration of pure water/sucrose solution. There ts a @ net movement of water by osmosis INTO the potato cells, S Percentage Mass Change (%)