Electrical Principles – EE101

Lecture 1
Introduction

Dr. C. Chidoori
Department of Electrical Engineering
Faculty of Engineering
University of Zimbabwe
Telephone: +263 4 303211 Extension 17040
Email: cchidoori@eng.uz.ac.zw
 Outline
1 Introduction
Introduction
Course
Outline
Course
Electricity
2
Outline
SI Units

3 Electricity

4 SI Units

EE101 Dr. C. Chidoori -2-

 1 Introduction
Introduction

Course
Outline
2
Course
Outline
Electricity

SI Units 3 Electricity

4 SI Units

EE101 Dr. C. Chidoori -3-

 Why EE101

Introduction
The aim of this course is:
 To introduce electrical energy sources and circuit elements
Course
Outline

Electricity
 To introduce circuit theory (Ohms law, Kirhchoffs’s law,
Thevenin’s theorem, Norton’s theorem and the
SI Units Superposition theorem). And also introduce the theory of
magnetism
 To introduce laboratory experiments and how to use lab
equipment.

EE101 Dr. C. Chidoori -4-

 1 Introduction
Introduction

Course
Outline
2 Course Outline
Electricity

SI Units 3 Electricity

4 SI Units

EE101 Dr. C. Chidoori -5-

 Course Outline
Introduction
Introduction

Course • SI fundamental units and important electrical units.

Outline
• Magnetic units.
Electricity • Scientific and Engineering notation and some metric
conversions.
SI Units
• Passive electric components.
• Active electric components.

EE101 Dr. C. Chidoori -6-

 Course Outline
Electric Circuits
Introduction

Course
Outline
• Energy sources and energy storage cells.
• Circuit elements and circuit theorems.
Electricity
• DC circuits and AC single-phase circuits.
SI Units
• Phase and complex representation of AC quantities.
• Transients, series and parallel resonance.
• Power and energy in electric circuits and power factor
correction.

EE101 Dr. C. Chidoori -7-

 Course Outline
Electric charge and electric fields.
Introduction

Course
Outline
• Force between Point Charges-Coulomb’s Law.
• Electric Field Intensity.
Electricity
• The electric fields of point charges.
SI Units
• Field of an electric dipole.
• Fields of finite and infinite lines of charge.
• The superposition of fields, and electric scalar potential.
• Charge Density and continuous distribution of charges.
• Analyse the Electric potential of charge distributors.

EE101 Dr. C. Chidoori -8-

 Course Outline
Electric charge and electric fields (continued)
Introduction

Course
Outline
• Define electric flux and flux density.
• Discuss Gauss’ Law for electric charge.
Electricity
• Discuss conductors, conducting shell and induced
SI Units
charges.
• Boundary Relations on a conducting surface.
• The electric dipole and electric dipole moment.
• Dielectrics and permittivity.
• Polarization boundary relations, capacitors and
capacitance.
• Discuss dielectric strength.
• Energy density in a static electric Field.
EE101 Dr. C. Chidoori -9-
 Course Outline
Magnetic Fields
Introduction • Magnetic fields and behaviour of charges in magnetic fields.
Course • Gauss Law, Coulomb’s Law, Ampere’s Law, Biot-Savart’s
Outline
Law.
Electricity • Define and discuss Permittivity and Permeability.
SI Units
• Magnetic and Dielectric materials.
• Forces in electric and magnetic media, energy stored,
Faraday’s and Lenz laws.
• Introduction to electrical machines.
• Magnetic circuits, flux measurement, self and mutual
induction.
• Introduction to three-phase circuits, star-delta
transformations current relations, power circuits and
calculations.
EE101 Dr. C. Chidoori - 10 -
 Course Outline
Static Magnetic Field of Direct Current.
Introduction

Course • Explain Force between current carrying conductors and

Outline
• Force on a current element.
Electricity • Discuss force per current element or magnetic flux density
SI Units
B
• Discuss flux density produced by a current distribution
(Biot and Savart’s Law) Magnetic flux.
• Discuss the magnetic flux over a closed surface.
• Discuss flux density produced by a current loop.
• Discuss the magnetic field relations in vector notation.
• Define the magnetic moment.
• Discuss the solenoid, Inductors and inductance.

EE101 Dr. C. Chidoori - 11 -

 Course Outline
Static Magnetic Field of Direct Current (continued)
Introduction

Course • Discuss the Ampere’s Law.

Outline
• Discuss the magnetic potential U and MMF.
Electricity • Define Permeability.
SI Units
• Determine the energy in an Inductor and Energy density in
a static magnetic field.
• Compare static Electric and Magnetic fields.

EE101 Dr. C. Chidoori - 12 -

 Course Outline
Ferromagnetism
Introduction • Magnetic Materials and Magnetic Poles.
Course • Relative permeability.
Outline
• Explain the force between Bar magnets.
Electricity • Magnetic Dipoles and Magnetization.
SI Units
• Magnetic Vectors B, H and M and Boundary relations.
• Magnetisation curves and Hysteresis.
• Energy in a Magnet.
• Permanent magnets and demagnetisation.
• The Magnetic circuit- Reluctance and Permeance.
• Gapless Circuit and Magnetic circuit with air gap.
• The Magnetic gap force.
• Permanent magnets with gaps.

EE101 Dr. C. Chidoori - 13 -

 Course Outline
Time Changing Electric and Magnetic Fields.
Introduction
• Faraday’s Law
Course
• Moving conductors in magnetic fields.
Outline
• Lenz’s law and applications of induction.
Electricity
• Explain the Betatron.
• Series Circuit - Inductance Only.
SI Units
• Series Circuit - Resistance Only.
• Series Circuit - Resistance and Inductance.
• Series Circuit - Inductance, Resistance and Capacitance
• Energy in an inductor, Mutual and Self inductance.
• Alternating current, ferromagnetic materials and eddy
currents.
• The measurement of magnetic fields.
• The transformer.
EE101 Dr. C. Chidoori - 14 -
 Course Outline
Three Phase Circuits.
Introduction

Course
• Discuss Star and Delta topologies
Outline
• Discuss Star- Delta transformations
Electricity
• Discuss the current relations
• Perform power calculations.
SI Units
• Discuss motors and generators.
• Discuss electrostatic generators..

EE101 Dr. C. Chidoori - 15 -

 Course Outline
Electricity in the house and industry.
Introduction

Course
• Electrical wiring of industrial and residential buildings.
Outline
• Commercial buildings and electrical reticulations.
Electricity

SI Units

EE101 Dr. C. Chidoori - 16 -

 Methods and Grading

Introduction
Methods:
Course
Lectures
Outline
Laboratories
Electricity
Tutorials

SI Units
Student Assessment:
Coursework
3 x Graded coursework tests 15%
3 x Graded laboratory practical 5%
3 x Graded assignments 5%

Final examination 75%

EE101 Dr. C. Chidoori - 17 -

 References and Textbooks

Introduction
1. John Bird, Electrical and Electronic Principles and
Course
Technology, (3rd Edition) Newnes, Oxford, UK, 2007.
Outline

Electricity
2. Edward Hughes (revised by John Hiley, Keith Brown & Ian
McKenzie Smith), Electrical and Electronic Technology,
SI Units
(10th Edition) Pearson, Essex, UK, 2008.

3. E.C. Bell & R.W. Whitehead. Basic Electrical Engineering

& Instrumentation for Engineers, Granada Publishing
Limited, New York, 1979

EE101 Dr. C. Chidoori - 18 -

 1 Introduction
Introduction

Course
Outline
2 Course
Electricity Outline
SI Units 3 Electricity

4 SI Units

EE101 Dr. C. Chidoori - 19 -

 Atoms and charges

Introduction

Course
Outline
Proton
Electron
Electricity

SI Units
+ -

Figure: The Hydrogen atom.

EE101 Dr. C. Chidoori - 20 -

 Charge Flow
Proton
Electron
Introduction

Course
Outline
+ -
Electricity

SI Units

Figure: The Hydrogen atom.

V- - - V+
Figure: What is the direction of flow?

EE101 Dr. C. Chidoori - 21 -

 Charge Flow
Proton
Electron
Introduction

Course
Outline
+ -
Electricity

SI Units

Figure: The Hydrogen atom.

V- - - V+
Figure: Negative charges attracted by the positive potential.

EE101 Dr. C. Chidoori - 22 -

 Electric Conductors
Why does an electric conductor conduct?
Introduction
The outer shell is far away from the nucleus.
There is a reduced force of attraction exerted by the nucleus on the last shell.
Course
Outline
The last electron can be easily moved by a potential difference.

Electricity

SI Units
Conductors are materials that contain Insulators are materials whose
electrons that electrons are held
are loosely connected to the nucleus firmly to their nucleus.
and can easily move
through the material from one atom to
another.

What about semi-

conductors?
EE101 Dr. C. Chidoori - 23 -
 Electric Conductors and Insulators
Some common materials
Introduction

Course
Conductors Insulators
Outline Copper Glass

Electricity
Tungsten Rubber
Silver Ceramic
SI Units
Platinum Porcelain
Bronze Mica
Gold Paper
Aluminium Wood
Iron Bakellite
Plastic
Teflon

EE101 Dr. C. Chidoori - 24 -

 Electric Components
What is electricity?
Introduction
Electricity is the flow of charges.
The charges flow in electric materials.
Course
Outline Electric materials are used to make passive or active components.

Electricity

SI Units
Passive Components Active Components
Passive components are electronic Active components are electronic
components that do not require a components that require a source
source of energy to function: of energy to function:
Resistor Diodes.
Capacitor Transistors.
Inductor Amplifiers.
Transformer Regulators.
Relays (mechanical and solid
state).

EE101 Dr. C. Chidoori - 25 -

 Electric Component Symbols

Introduction

Course
Outline

Electricity

SI Units

EE101 Dr. C. Chidoori - 26 -

 Passive Components
Resistors
Introduction

Course
Color bands
Outline
Resistance material
(carbon composition)
Electricity Insulation coating

Leads
SI Units

EE101 Dr. C. Chidoori - 27 -

 Passive Components
Capacitors
Introduction
Foil
Mica
Course Foil
Outline Mica Mica capacitor_
Foil
Mica
Electricity Foil

SI Units

Tantalum electrolytic
capacitor (polarized)

EE101 Dr. C. Chidoori - 28 -

 Passive Components
Inductors
Introduction

Course
Outline

Electricity

SI Units

EE101 Dr. C. Chidoori - 29 -

 Passive Components
Transformers
Introduction

Course
Outline

Electricity

SI Units

EE101 Dr. C. Chidoori - 30 -

 Active Components

Introduction

Course
Outline

Electricity

SI Units

Diodes
Transistors
Amplifiers
Relays

EE101 Dr. C. Chidoori - 31 -

 Active and passive components

Introduction

Course
Outline

Electricity

SI Units

Passive and active components can be put together to build electric circuits.

EE101 Dr. C. Chidoori - 32 -

 International Systems of units
1 Introduction
Introduction

Course
Outline
2 Course Outline
Electricity

SI Units 3 Electricity

4 SI Units

EE101 Dr. C. Chidoori - 33 -

 SU Units
 The International System of Units ( abbreviated SI from the French name
Systéme international d’unités) is the most widely used metric system of
Introduction measurement.
Course
 The SI is based on the measures of seven physical quantities which are called
Outline the base units

Electricity
Name Unit Symbol
SI Units Mass Kilogram kg
Length Metre m
Time Second s
Electric Current Ampere A
Thermodynamic Kelvin K
Temperature
Amount of substance Mole mol
Luminous Density candela cd

EE101 Dr. C. Chidoori - 34 -

 Derived Units

Introduction

Course
Outline
These are units in the SI system that are formed by the
Electricity multiplication and/or division of the base units and the
dimensions of these derived can all be expressed in terms
SI Units of the dimensions of the base units

EE101 Dr. C. Chidoori - 35 -

 Important Electrical Units
With the exception of current, all electrical and magnetic
Introduction units are derived from the base units.
Course
Outline

Name Unit Symbol

Electricity
Voltage volt V
SI Units Charge coulomb C
Current ampere A
Power watt W
Resistance ohm Ω
Capacitance farad F
Inductance henry H

EE101 Dr. C. Chidoori - 36 -

 Important Magnetic Units
All magnetic units are derived from the base units.
Introduction

Course
Outline

Name Unit Symbol

Electricity
Magnetic Flux Weber Wb
SI Units Flux density Tesla T
Magnetomotive ampere-turns At
force
Magnetizing force Ampere-turns/meter At/m
Permeability Weber/ampere-turns-meter Wb/Atm
Reluctance Ampere-turns/weber At/Wb

EE101 Dr. C. Chidoori - 37 -

 SI Prefixes

Introduction

Course
• An SI prefix is unit prefix that precedes an SI unit
Outline
to indicate a multiple or fraction of the unit.
Electricity
• There are twenty (20) SI prefixes.
• International Bureau of Weights and Measures
SI Units
or Bureau international des poids et
mesures) usually referred to by its French
acronym, BIPM) standardized SI prefixes.
• Note that the kilogram is the only SI unit with a
prefix as part of its name and symbol.

EE101 Dr. C. Chidoori - 38 -

 The 20 SI Prefixes

Introduction
Name Symbol Base 10 Name Symbol Base 10
Course
Outline deci d 10−1 deca da 101

Electricity
centi c 10−2 hecto h 102
milli m 10−3 kilo k 103
SI Units
micro μ 10−6 mega M 106
nano n 10−9 giga G 109
pico p 10−12 tera T 1012
femto f 10−15 peta P 1015
atto a 10−18 exa E 1018
zepto z 10−21 zetta Z 1021
yocto y 10−24 yotta Y 1024

EE101 Dr. C. Chidoori - 39 -

 Dimensions
Definition
Introduction

Course
Outline
 The dimensions of a quantity/unit are its units expressed
in terms of SI base units.
Electricity
 Dimensional analysis is the analysis of the relation-ships
SI Units between different physical quantities based on SI base
units/dimensions.
 Physical quantities that have the same dimension are
said to be commensurable.
 Commensurable physical quantities and can be directly
compared to each other e.g Magnetic and electrical
energy.

EE101 Dr. C. Chidoori - 40 -

 Dimensions
Why is this important?
Introduction
 Commensurable physical quantities and can be
Course
Outline
directly compared to each other e.g Magnetic and
electrical energy.
Electricity
 Only commensurable physical quantities and can
SI Units be directly compared to each other.
 This minimizes otherwise difficult to detect errors in
science and engineering.

EE101 Dr. C. Chidoori - 41 -

 Dimensions - Examples
Examples of dimensions

Introduction Force = mass x acceleration

kg x m𝑠 −2
Course
Outline kg m 𝑠 −2
The dimensions of force are : kg m 𝑠 −2
Electricity

Energy = Force x distance

SI Units kg m 𝑠 −2 x m
kg m2 𝑠 −2
The dimensions of energy are : kg m2 𝑠 −2
1
Power = Energy x
Time

kg m2 𝑠 −2 x s −1
kg m2 𝑠 −3
The dimensions of power are : kg m2 𝑠 −3
EE101 Dr. C. Chidoori - 42 -
 Representing Numbers

Introduction Scientific Notation

Course A system for representing any number as a number
Outline
between 1 and 10 times a power of ten.
This is also called the Standard Form.
Electricity

SI Units
Scientific notation conversion procedure
To write a number in Scientific Notation:
• Shift the decimal point so that there is one digit (which
cannot be zero), before the decimal point.
• Multiply by a power of 10, equal to the number of places the
decimal point has been moved.
EE101

EE101 Dr. C. Chidoori - 43 -

 Representing Numbers
Engineering Notation
Introduction A system for representing any number as a one-, two-, or three-
digit number times a power of ten with an exponent that is a
Course
Outline multiple of three.
It’s closely related to SI prefixes.
Electricity

SI Units

Engineering notation conversion procedure

To write a number in Scientific Notation:
• Shift the decimal point in “groups” of three places to give a
number between 1 and 1000
• Multiply by a power of 10 equal to the number of places the
decimal point has been moved.

EE101 Dr. C. Chidoori - 44 -

 Summary
 Passive electric components allow electric current
/charge carriers to flow through without
amplification.
 Passive components include resistors, inductors,
transformers etc.
 Active electric components allow charge carriers to
flow with amplification.
 Examples of active electric components include
transistors, integrated circuits etc.
 This presentation also discussed SI fundamental
units and important electrical and magnetic units.
 Scientific and Engineering notation and some
metric conversions were also discussed.

EE101 Dr. C. Chidoori - 45 -

 Q&A?

EE101 Dr. C. Chidoori - 46 -