Sedimentary Rocks

Rock cycle

ROCK CYCLE
SEDİMENTARY CYCLE

- weathering, erosion
- transportation,
- precipitation
- compaction, diagenesis
SEDİMENTARY CYCLE
What are the materials that contribute
the formation of sedimentary rocks:

 1-Rock Fragments that are the result of breaking down

of any kind of rocks during weathering & erosion,

 2-Rock Fragments derived from chemical dissolution

of former rocks,

 3- Crystalized material from the salutations,

 4- Remnant of organic materials (Plants and animals)

ROUNDNESS

Increasing Transport Distance

SORTING
SORTING
SORTING
Depositional Environments
TRANSPORT OF WEATHERED AND
ERODED MATERIALS

River Glacier

wind
BRAIDED
RİVER
River deposits
MEANDERİNG RİVER
River deposits
DESERT DUNES
Moraine

24
Moraine
SEDIMENT DIAGENESIS
 Lithification

 Compaction

 Decrease in pore space

for very fine grain size (clay)
 Cementation

 Clastic texture
 Cements- silica, calcite, iron oxide
 Crystallization

 Crystalline texture
Cement types

- Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3)

- Silica SiO2
- Hematite (Fe2O3)
- limonite (Fe(OH).nH2O)

Matrix
sand, silt or clay
Calcite Silica

Iron oxide
TYPES OF SEDIMENTARY ROCKS

Clastic or Detrital
Chemical- inorganic
precipitation or evaporation
Biochemical- Organic remains
 shells,
charcoal, plant
fragments
RELATIVE PERCENTAGES OF
SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
 CLASTIC (DETRITAL) ROCKS

 Breccia and Conglomerate (> 2mm)

 Sedimentary Breccia- angular fragments
 Conglomerate- rounded fragments
 Sandstone (2mm - 0.063mm)
 Quartz sandstone
 Arkose (feldspar)
 Graywacke (appreciable amounts of silt/clay)
 Fine-grained Matrix
 Usually from turbidity currents
GRAVEL
CONGLOMERATE
CONGLOMERATE
BRECCIA
COMPONENTS OF SANDSTONES

1) Quartz ,
2) Feldspar ,
3) Rock fragments,
4) Matrix (clay and silt),
5) Cement (carbonate, silica or iron)
QUARTZ SANDSTONE
SANDSTONE
Siltstone
Mudstone
Shale
Shale
EVAPORITES
 Evaporation from
over-saturated
solution creates
evaporates

E
HALITE
GYPSUM
ANHYDRITE
 COAL
COAL SEAMS, UTAH
COAL

 Delta, continental environments

 Carbonized Woody Material
 Oftenfossilized trees, leaves
present
Delta
DEPOSITION ORDER
Folk’s carbonate
classification
Great Barrier Reef Corals
BIOSPARITE
BIOMICRITE
BIOSPARITE
BIOPELSPARITE
PELSPARITE