Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1. In non- ionizing radiation what is the cutoff amount of nrg for no tissue damage?
Radiation less than 13.6 eV
21. Q. What is the filament made of? And what is its function? How is it heated and
controlled?
A. Tungsten wire. Source of electrons. Heated by low-voltage circuit,
controlled by mA selector and step-down transformer.
23. Q. What is the focusing cup made of? And its function?
A. Molybdenum. Directs the e-‘s to a certain area on the target of the anode.
25. Q. What are the components of the anode? Functions of the anode?
A. Target, Focal point (found on the tungsten target), Copper stem. Electrical
conduction, mechanical support, thermal conduction, x-ray production.
26. Q. What is the Target made of and why this mat’l is beneficial?
A. Tungsten. High atomic number, hi m.p., low vapor pressure.
29. q. Define the Benson line focus principle? And another advantage of this design?
a. the effective focal spot is smaller than the actual focal spot due to angulation of the
target w/ respect to the cathode. Heat dissipation.
34. q. How does a rotating anode work and what is its benefit?
a. Tungsten target rotates during e- bombardment; reduces overheating of target.
43. q. What are the 2 types of rxn’s (kinetic nrg of e-‘s that move from filament to
anode is converted to xradiation)?
a. Bremsstrahlung radiation and Characteristic radiation.
44. q. How is Bremsstrahlung radiation produced?
a. Occurs when an e- (propelled from filament) passes near nucleus of a tungsten
(target) atom → Electron attracted to positive charge of nucleus, → deflected from its
original direction, → loss of electrons kinetic nrg which is emitted in form of photon.
46. q. How is Characteristic radiation produced and in terms of the amount of energy
what is necessary for xrays to be produced?
a. E- (propelled from filament) ejects e- from inner orbits (K or L usually) of the
tungsten (target) atom. Ejection of inner orbit e-, amount of nrg supplied to the inner
orbital e- must exceed its binding nrg; → e- from outer orbit occupies empty inner
orbit space giving off nrg btw/ the 2 shells.
50. q. How does exposure time affect intensity of the beam and what is the key
amount of impulses that occur in a dental xray machine to remember?
a. Affects the amount of xrays produced. 60 impulses/second.
54. q. At 15mA and 24 impulses, the mAs = 360. If 10 mA is to be used, what should
the exposure time be to maintain the same beam intensity (film density)?
a. 15mA x 24imp = 10mA x Exposure time
Exposure time = 36 impulses
55. q. How does Tube Voltage (kVp) affect intensity of the beam?
a. Quality : maximum energy of the xrays produced.
Quantity of xrays produced.
57. q. What is characteristic of the high kVp range and give the range?
a. 85-100 kVp; hi nrg, hi freq., short wavelengths, hard xrays.
64. How thick should aluminum filter be for xray machines producing kVp up to
70kVp? And for greater than 70kVp?
a. 1.5mm Al; 2.5mm Al.
67. What is PID and which is preferred for most intraoral radiographs: conical,
tubular, or rectangular?
PID = position indicating device (type of collimator); rectangular preferred.
68. Define and describe how the Inverse Square Law affects beam intensity?
a. Radiation intensity inversely proportional to square of the distance from source.
The same amount of radiation covers a larger area at longer distances (therefore less
intense than at shorter distance).
70. If the source to film distance is increased from 8 to 16 inches, what can we say
about original beam intensity relative to the new intensity?
a. (16)2/(8)2; The original beam was four times as intense.
74. Give the formula that relates exposure time (and mAs) to distance from the
source?
a. Original exposure time (or mAs) = (Original source-film distance)2
New exposure time (or mAs) = (New source-film distance)2
75. If source-film distance changes from 8 to 16 inches, what change in exposure time
needed to maintain same film density? (mA and kVp will remain constant). The
exposure time used w/ the 8 inch distance is 6 impulses.
a. 6 imp = (8)2
?? = (16)2
Answer : 24 impulses
76. A dentist uses these factors to make a radiograph: FFD = 8 inches; kVp = 65; mA =
10; time = 0.75 second. Changing to a long-cone technique (FFD = 16 inches) and
employing 15mA. What would be his new exposure time?
a. 10 mA x 0.75 sec = (8 inches)2
15 mA x ??????? = (8 inches)2
Answer: 2 seconds
77. Radiation output of a machine at a 16 inch source-film distance is 250mR per second.
Under identical exposure conditions, the source-film distance is changed to 12 inches,
what will be the new output per second?
a.I1 = (D2)2
I2 = (D1)2
250 mR = (12)2
?? = (16)2
Answer: 444 mR
82. What is defined by this type of radiation measurement: used to measure capacity of
radiation to ionize air? SI and traditional units?
a. Exposure; SI: Coulomb(C)/kg; Traditional: Roentgen (R)
RADIATION BIOLOGY
7. Which cells are more susceptible to radiation damage? Mitotic cells or stable cells?
a. Cells undergoing mitosis are more susceptible.
8. Label this Cell survival curve. What does it illustrate and label the axes?
1.0 0.1
0.37
0.1
0.01 C
0.001
A
a. A: DQ;
B: n
C: DO
illustrates the number of cells that are alive following irradiation. X-axis: Radiation Dose.
Y-axis: Proportion of surviving cells.
22. What period and symptoms associated w/ 1- 2 Gy of exposure and onset time?
a. Prodromal period; minutes to hours after exposure; anorexia, nausea, vomiting,
diarrhea, weakness, fatigue (like flu).
24. Is 5 or more Gy of radiation supralethal or sublethal? Give the dose that signifies the
other and how long also.
Greater than 5 → supralehtal (hours to days)
Less than 2 → sublethal (few weeks)
25. Several weeks after exposure to 5 Gy. Time to onset and Name the period and its
characteristics?
a. Hematopoietic syndrome; several weeks after exposure; effects on blood-forming
organs → infection, hemorrhage, anemia.
31. Is there a threshold dose of radiation that can cause genetic mutation?
a. NO
35. What do effects of radiation on embryo and fetus primarily depend upon?
a. Dose and Stage of gestation.
36. How can radiation affect the embryo/fetus in 1. preimplantation period 2. post-
implantation period?
a. 1. radiation effect is all or none (death or survival).
2. Microcephaly, CNS defects, Growth retardation, cancer in childhood.
HEALTH PHYSICS
1. What are sources of natural radiation?
a. External sources: Outer space cosmic radiation and Terrestrial source from soil.
Internal sources: Ingested food/water and inhaled (greatest 56%).
4. How can you compare the risk of various types of radiation exposure?
a. Use Effective Dose Equivalent (HE) which is measured in rem and Sv
11. T or F radiation from diagnostic exposure is separate from MPD for non-occup. ppl?
a. True, but the actual radiation dose is hard to measure.
Screen
Extraoral (up to now)
Indirect
More sensitive to light fluorescence
Used w/ intensifying screens
Less resolution and sharpness than direct film
Each screen-film combo has own speed
12. What is the structure of intensifying screens? And functions of each layer?
1. Protective layer – plastic
2. Phosphor layer – give off light in response to xrays
3. Reflecting coat – reflects light back toward front of screen
4. Base – polyester plastic
14. What are the types of intensifying screens? Which one preferred?
Calcium tungstate; and rare earth (preferred b/c faster)
25. What determines location of the curve on the log exposure scale?
Film speed.
28. In the diagram below, which has higher constrast A or B? Which has greater latitude?
A B
A has higher constrast b/c of the higher slope; B has greater latitude b/c of the longer
range of mAs/log relative exposure (x axis) that will produce density (y axis) in the
accepted range.
Geometric unsharpness
Motion unsharpness
Absorption unsharpness
Screen unsharpness
Parallax unsharpness
4. What is the 1st rule to improve sharpness and resolution of image? How can we
accomplish this rule?
Keep source as small as possible…..achieved by
1. small focal spot
2. minimal motion of source
3. collimation
5. What is the 2nd rule to improve sharpness and resolution? How accomplished?
Source-object distance great as possible…..achieved by using long cone rather than
short cone.
7. In lower molar area how do we can accomplish the 3rd rule w/ the aid of what?
Tongue
8. In the upper premolar and molar areas where should we keep the film?
Closer to middle of arch.
9. What is magnification?
Magnification = Size distortion = enlargement of actual size of object on the
radiographic image.
14. What are 2 types of distortion and define them and how they it happens?
a. foreshortening = image appears shorter than object
→ film is not parallel w/ object, central beam is perpendicular to film but not
object.
2. Localization techniques
1. To provide enhanced 3-D info. about the location of an object what 3 methods can we
use?
a. right-angle method
b. tube shift rule
c. buccal-object rule
3. What is the tube shift rule? And what rule/guideline does it utilize?
2 periapical projections with different horizontal angulatons.
Utilizes the SLOB rule = same/lingual, opposite/buccal
4. What is the Buccal-object rule? And what guideline does it utilize also?
2 periapical projections made w/ different horizontal or vertical angulations.
SLOB also applies to vertical dimension
5. To calculate Magnification what 3 equations are equal to magnification and thus each
other?
M = D(source-film dist)/ d(source-object dist)
= D/ D – ofd (object film distance)
= I(image size)/ O(object size)
PROCESSING
1. Define development?
Process that amplifies latent image by factor of millions to form a visible silver pattern.
4. What are the 2 components of developing soln. and which is temp. sensitive and their
function?
a.Hydroquinone: temperature sensitive (higher activity at higher temp); slowly builds
black tones (high contrast).
b. Elon (metol): not temp. sensitive; quickly builds gray tones( low contrast).
16. Since the fixing solution is Acidic what is the Developing solution?
Alkaline
18. What is the significance of time and temperature in the processing of radiographs?
Time is based on temperature: they are inversely related: increase temp. reduce time to
process(automatic and rapid processing);
21. If a double film was not used and we want to make a copy of a radiograph, what do
we do?
Exposure of original onto special duplicate film w/ a single emulsion that forms a
positive image.
22. T or F shorter exposure produces a darker duplicate; and longer exposure produces a
lighter duplicate?
TRUE