Transactions on Electrical and Electronic Materials Online ISSN 2092-7592

https://doi.org/10.1007/s42341-021-00290-8 Print ISSN 1229-7607

REGULAR PAPER

Design of Bending Antennas for Purpose of Biomedical Applications

Using Novel Approach
S. Ashok Kumar1   · T. Shanmuganantham2

Received: 8 October 2020 / Revised: 20 January 2021 / Accepted: 22 January 2021

© The Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers 2021

Abstract
In this paper, design of a flexible antenna which is used in the field of biomedical applications. This technology consists of
two methods mainly i.e. 1.Magnetron sputtering method, 2.Laser ablation method. Magnetron sputtering method is use to
set slight copper coating upon polyimide substrate. Secondly Laser ablation method is mainly used to incise an antenna as of
copper coat. The different parameters are simulated and measured practically. The outcomes of the verified results are good
and have a satisfactory response. There are many advantages such as price, momentum, elasticity over lithography process
frequently used for such applications.

Keywords  Magnetron sputtering · Laser ablation · Flexible antenna

1 Introduction making electronics which are flexible and RFIDs[10].By

Due to the feasible usage in medicine there is a demand for
flexible antennas in the biomedical applications,[1, 2],move-
able telecom devices,sensors[3] and additional applica-
tions. In the construction and materials used, there is usage
of antennas for therapeutic purpose and impose particular
necessities [5]. Unique biocompatible shells are reported for
implantable device antennas [6].constant examining is done
in stream of wireless communications for fixed devices [7],
definite bands are allowed for usage by Radio Frequency
communication systems with implant and therapeutic radio
[8]. The flexible wireless systems effectiveness of antenna
is dependent on the character of the incorporated antenna
unit. With advantageous radiation characteristics the antenna
should be efficient.
Manufacturing of flexible antennas is reviewed in the
typical characteristic, state of art method [9]. For construc-
tion of bending antennas, screen printing, photolithography,
inkjet printing is put into observation. Line pattern can be
configured as Photolithography practice, which is used in
* S. Ashok Kumar
ashokape@gmail.com
1 environment hygienic. It is completely handled by user’s
Jyothishmathi Institute of Technology and Science,
Karimnagar 505481, India
2 the desired position from the nozzle and it is opposed by
Pondicherry University, Pondicherry 605014, India
means of a mainframe aided intend program, this procedure
involve plan of negative picture of the necessary model. The
process of depositing the conductive polymer on the film
and captivating print cover by applying an appropriate ultra-
sonic energy in toluene to substrate for more than a small
number of seconds is carried out, it is known as sonica-
tion. In these recent days inkjet printing [11] of antenna and
Radio Frequency Circuits by taking silver nano particles and
gold nano particles became amazingly popular. The role of
inkjet printer is to drop ink drops of a size of few pico liters,
therefore such printers bring into being very high resolution.
These are divided into 2 types.
1. Drop-On-Demand (DOD).
2. Continuous inkjet.
Drop-On-Demand print heads are used to give pulses
with a thermo or piezo ingredient to ink that eject drop by
request from (nozzle) plunger. Printing excellence is mainly
dependent on characteristics and property like thickness,
surface tension, distance of the particle, radius and soon.
Crucial factors are surface characteristics, temperature,
parameters of print head [11]. Inkjet printing is an easy pro-
cedure since it is not necessary to keep the atmosphere and
mainframe. In this process the ink droplets will be put on

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the photolithography, the unwanted pattern will be engraved

away [12]. Due to larger particle size the inappropriateness
of some types of conductive inks and nozzle clogging are
the major short comes of inkjet printing technology. In this
paper we present the novel technology for the design of
bending antennas using the above mentioned both methods.

2 Description of the Projected Antenna

There are many flexible antennas that have been designed.

This paper presents a detailed description of the flexible
antennas here. In this we design two different types of
antennas [13], where one antenna operates at a frequency
of 2.4 GHz at −21 dB, the other antenna operates at a fre-
quency of 902 MHz at −35 dB. These both antennas work
in ISM band. Here we choose polyimide film as antenna
substrate because of its characteristics such as balancing
of physical properties and chemical properties, electrical
properties with a lesser amount of loss factor in excess of
broad band frequency range. The meshing frequency of
the antenna is given as 3 GHz, The dielectric constant of
the proposed antenna is 2.4, Loss tangent is 0.002 and the
thickness is taken as 1.54. These antennas are developed in
Zeeland IE3D software.
The designed antennas are simulated and measured, the
obtained outcomes are of good response and the results are
satisfactory. The designed antennas are as shown in Figs. 1,
2.By following some necessary fundamental stages, firstly a
copper layer will be deposited on the substrate then next by
laser ablation method with digital movement control model
of antenna design will be formed on the copper film and the
substrate will be engraved into individual samples of definite
sizes. A scanning electron microscope MIRA 2 TESCAN is
used to handle thickness of obtained copper coating. Coating
Fig. 2  Design of Proposed Flexible Antenna for 0.9 GHz ISM Band
must be of consistent thickness with no cracks and defects.
Detachments must not be observed from the substrate.
3 Presentation of Multiple Antennas
with FEBG System
Outcomes of both the antennas are to be considered. Here
we calculate s-parameters, z-parameters, VSWR, directivity,
gain, efficiency, azimuth pattern, elevation pattern for both
the proposed antennas. The obtained results are shown in
the figures below.
3.1 S‑Parameter
The s-parameters display of the proposed flexible antenna
for 2.4 GHz is of band 0.9to2.4 GHz at −21 dB, the graph
is in Fig. 3. S-parameters display of the proposed flexible
antenna for 0.9 GHz is 902 MHz at −35 dB, the graph is
in Fig. 4.

3.2 Z‑Parameters Display

The z-parameters display of proposed antenna for 2.4 GHz

is in Fig. 5. Z-parameters display of proposed antenna for
0.9 GHz is in Fig. 6.

3.3 Gain vs Frequency

The gain Vs frequency of the proposed antenna for 2.4 GHz

is in Fig. 7. Gain Vs frequency of the proposed antenna for
0.9 GHz is in Fig. 8.

Fig. 1  Design of proposed flexible antenna for 2.4 GHz ISM band

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Fig. 3  Display of S-Parameters
for Fig. 1

Fig. 4  Display of S-Parameters
for Fig. 2

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Fig. 5  Display of Z-Parameters
for Fig. 1

Fig. 6  Display of Z-Parameters
for Fig. 2

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Fig. 7  Display of Gain Vs
Frequency for Fig. 1
Fig. 8  Display of Gain vs Frequency for Fig. 2
3.4 Directivity vs Frequency
The directivity Vs frequency of proposed antenna for
2.4 GHz is in Fig. 9. Directivity Vs frequency of the pro-
posed antenna for 0.9 GHz is in Fig. 10.
3.5 Azimuth and Elevation Patterns
The azimuth pattern of proposed antenna for 2.4 GHz is in
Fig. 11, elevation pattern of proposed antenna for 2.4 GHz
is in Fig. 12. The azimuth pattern of proposed antenna for
0.9 GHz is in Fig. 13, the elevation pattern of proposed
antenna for 0.9 GHz is in Fig. 14.
3.6 Efficiency vs Frequency
The Efficiency Vs frequency of proposed antenna for
2.4 GHz is in Fig. 15. Efficiency Vs Frequency of the pro-
posed antenna for 0.9 GHz is in Fig. 16.
4 Conclusion
These antennas are developed by using the two methods as
mentioned above. The proposed flexible antennas have wide
range of applications because of the special characteristics
like High speed, Low cost, more flexibility; these factors can
also be considered as the advantages of deliberated antenna.
These antennas can be mostly used in ISM band applica-
tions. The values of the projected antenna and conventional
antenna results are mentioned above Table 1. The simulated
and obtained outcomes are satisfactory in many factors.
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Fig. 9  Display of Directivity vs
Frequency for Fig. 1

Fig. 10  Directivity Vs Fre-
quency for Fig. 2

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Fig. 11  Azimuth Pattern for Fig. 1 Fig. 13  Azimuth Pattern for Fig. 2

Fig. 12  Elevation Pattern for Fig. 1 Fig. 14  Elevation Pattern for Fig. 2

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Fig. 15  Efficiency vs Frequency
for Fig. 1

Fig. 16  Efficiency vs Frequency
For Fig. 2

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