INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, KHARAGPUR 721302, DECEMBER 27-29, 2002
Performance Simulation of Very Long
Transmission Line with SVC at Mid Point
Mukesh Rajora, A.K. Sharma, D.K.Parihar & R. A. Gupta
ABSTRACT--This paper presents the PSCAD/EMTDC based
TSC-TCR type SVC connected at mid point to very long
transmission line. In the presented work SVC controls the mid
point voltage of transmission line. The compensation
requirement at mid point has been obtained by using ETAP
software. The performance curves shows the number of bank to
be added, firing angle variation, sending end voltage receiving
end voltage, mid point voltage, receiving end power, sending end
power, receiving end reactive power, sending end reactive power
has been obtained. It has been found that SVC maintain the mid
point voltage substantially constant. By providing the TSC-TCR
type SVC at the mid point the SVC will control the voltage at
(1.0pu) automatically within the designed range.
1. INTRODUCTION
The voltage control in AC lines is complicated by
the line charging and inductive voltage drops. The voltage
profile in an AC line is relatively flat for a fixed level of
power transfer corresponding to surge impedance loading
(SIL). The voltage profile varies with the line loading. For
constant voltage at the line terminals the mid point voltage is
reduced for lines loading higher than SIL and increased for
loadings less than SIL. The magnitude of constant voltage at
the two ends requires reactive power control from inductive
to capacitive as the loading is increased. The reactive power
requirements increase with the increase in line length. AC
lines require shunt and series compensation in long distance
transmission mainly to overcome the problems of line
charging and stability limitations. Series capacitors and shunt
inductors are used for this purpose. The increase in power
transfer and voltage control is possible through the use of
TSC-TCR type SVC. The static var systems [4] were initially
used for load compensation where the objective is to
dynamically control the reactive power demand of large
fluctuating loads such as rolling mills. They were
subsequently used for voltage control applications in
transmission systems where by maintaining voltage support
at specified location and it is possible to provide increased
power transfer capability, control of dynamic overvoltages
and damping of oscillations.
EHV lines are used more for point to point
transmission so that when load is dropped a large potion of
the system is unloaded and voltage rise could be more severe
when there is a vast interconnected network, Due to the high
capacitances of EHV lines possibility of self excitation of
generator is quite serious. Shunt reactors are employed to
Mukesh Rajora, A.K. Sharma, D.K.Parihar
Department of Electrical Engineering, Engineering College, Kota
R. A. Gupta
Department of Electrical Engineering, Malaviya Engineering College, Jaipur
433
compensate the high charging current, which not only prevent
overvoltages during load dropping but also improve
conditions for load flow, and the risk of self excitation can
also be counteracted. In order to improve conditions, variable
static VAR systems can also be employed as well as switched
capacitors. The use of series capacitors, to increase line
loading in long lines might bring about the danger of
subsynchronous resonance in which electrical conditions in
generators can produce torques which correspond to the
torsional frequencies of the shaft and result in mechanical
damage. In the presented work the TSC-TCR type SVC is
provided at the mid point of transmission line for voltage
support.
2. FEATURES OF PSCAD/EMTDC SOFTWARE
The PSCAD/EMTDC software is the professional’s
simulation tool [3] for analyzing power system. PSCAD is
the graphical interface and EMTDC is the simulation engine.
PSCAD/EMTDC is most suitable for simulating the time
domain instantaneous response also popularly known as
electromagnetic transients of electrical system. The power of
EMTDC is tremendously increased by its state of the art
PSCAD graphical user interface. PSCAD allows the user to
assemble the circuit run the simulation, analyze the result and
manage the data in a completely integrated graphical
environment. Together PSCAD/EMTDC is a very efficient
tool for electromagnetic transient simulation of power
system. PSCAD/EMTDC user’s spectrum includes engineers
from utilities manufacturer’s consultants and research and
academic institutions. It is used in planning, operation,
design, commissioning, preparation of tender specification,
teaching and research. Mutually coupled transformer,
resistor, inductor, capacitor, switches, breakers, meter,
measuring function, SVC component [1] are used in system
studied using PSCAD/EMTDC.
Following are the sample studies routinely conducted using
EMTDC
• Contingency studies of AC M/c
• Relay coordination
• Insulation coordination of transformer, breaker, arrester
• Impulse testing of transformer
• Control system design and coordination of FACTS &
HVDC
• Investigation of new circuits and control concepts
3. DESIGN OF TSC-TCR TYPE SVC CONNECTED AT
MID POINT
The SVC terminal voltage Vpu and the SVC current
Isvc weighted by the factor K representing the current droop
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are fed to the reference junction. The error signal Ve( the
difference between the sensed voltage and the reference
voltage Vref) is integrated by the voltage regulator(integral
control). This results in a change of the Thyristor firing angle
to correct the effective susceptance at the SVC bus
approximately and thereby regulate the voltage at that bus.
The equations describing the SVC model is [2]
Vm = 1.0 (Vx - Vm)/ TM
X1 = -VeK1
BTCR = 1.0 (X1 – BTCR)/Ts
Where Ve = Vref – Vm
Vx = Vs - KD Is
The net reactive power generated by SVC is given by
QSVC = QC - QTCR
Where QC is the total reactive power generated by the
capacitor and is given by
QC = 3.0*VL2 ωC
The total reactive power absorbed by the Thyristor controlled
reactor is given by
QTCR = 3.0*VL*ITCR
The current in the thyristor is related to the firing angle of
thyristor by the equation
ITCR = [ VL /πωLTCR ] [π - 2α′ – sin2α′]; where α′ = α
- 900
Fig. 1. SVC Model
The following assumptions are made for the developed SVC
• The three phase load is balanced
• Thyristor controlled reactors operate in linear range i.e.
they do not operate into saturation.
• The TCR losses are neglected.
• The power loses in the capacitors are also neglected.
• TCR harmonics are ignored.
The SVC transformer is modeled by six single-phase
transformer, primaries connected in star and the secondary in
star and delta. This is shown in Fig. 1.
NATIONAL POWER SYSTEMS CONFERENCE, NPSC 2002
The TCR elements are connected in delta and thyristor
switches are modeled as changing resistances. The snubber
circuits are modeled as R-C element in parallel with
thyristors. The TSC branches are modeled as capacitors
regardless of number of TSC branches/stages in operation at
a given time all of these are represented together as an
equivalent single capacitor per phase. The turn of thyristors
are done at the current zero crossing, as to provide minimal
voltage spikes.
3.1 Development of Transmission Line Model
There are three basic transmission line modeling
techniques in EMTDC, PI sections, the Bergeron Model, and
Frequency-Dependent Line Models.
The Bergeron model represents the L and C
elements of a PI section in a distributed manner. It is roughly
equivalent to using an infinite number of PI sections except
that the resistance is lumped (1/2 in the middle of the line, ¼
at each end).
The Bergeron method [5] is based on a distributed
L-C parameter traveling wave line model with lumped
resistance. This model produces a constant surge impedance
and is essentially a single frequency model. The Bergeron
method can be used for any general fundamental frequency
impedance studies The input data required by T-LINE are
number of bundles (or phases), number of sub-conductors per
bundle, radius of a sub-conductor, dc resistance/length of a
sub-conductor, conductor shunt conductance ,sub-conductor
spacing ,horizontal distance of bundle (any reference may be
used), height of a bundle at the tower, sag of the bundle at
Midspan (max. height - min. Height), number of Ground
Wires, radius of each ground wire dc resistance/length,
horizontal distance, height at tower ,sag at midspan, length of
line, ground resistivity.
The shunt admittance generally has a real term (G)
and an imaginary term (u C). The following equation
generates (the inverse of Y):
(m/mho) = 8.854188
if i j,
if i = j,
Bundling is accomplished by first calculating the impedances
and admittances for the entire system of conductors, and then
collapsing the
matrices down to eliminate the bundled conductors.
The series impedance of an overhead transmission line is
considerably more difficult to calculate. The equations for Z
must include the effect of an imperfect ground. This can be
represented using Carson’s integral
The mutual impedance between conductors i and j is:
INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, KHARAGPUR 721302, DECEMBER 27-29, 2002 435

of bank to be added, firing angle variation, sending end

voltage receiving end voltage, mid point voltage, receiving
end power, sending end power, receiving end reactive power,
sending end reactive power. The developed model finally
where compiles and run the case. If there is no error the
performance curve will be obtained.

3.3 Performance Simulation Of TSC-TCR Type SVC at

Mid Point
=
= depth of penetration For case study 400kV, 380km line Inductance and
= ground resistivity capacitance are L= 1mH/km and C=11.1nF/km (Zo = 300
The self impedance is: ohms) has been considered. The performance curve shows
the number of capacitor bank added, firing angle variation,
sending end voltage receiving end voltage, mid point voltage,
receiving end power, sending end power, receiving end
reactive power, sending end reactive power has been
where obtained. The performance curves shows that with the
increase or decrease in load the mid point voltage remains the
constant. The performance curves are shown in Fig. 3 and
performance parameter are shown in Table I
Performance Parameter of SVC Table I
= Conductor resistivity SVC rating 200 Droop 5%
The conductor resistivity is calculated from the DC resistance MVA setting
per meter: Inductive 90 mid 190km
compensation MVAR point
Capacitive 113.0 SVC 400/11kV,
compensation MVAR transfo
The DC resistance ( ) is for one sub-conductor of a -rmer 200MVA
rating
bundle. A is the area of a sub-conductor ( ). Voltage range 370-
The expression for Y and Z in the phase domain and 440kV
therefore have diagonal and off-diagonal components.
4. CONCLUSION
3.2 Development of TSC-TCR Type SVC Model with
Transmission Line The TSC-TCR type SVC for long transmission line at mid
point has been designed and performance simulation has been
The TSC –TCR type SVC developed by PSCAD done. The performance analysis of the TSC-TCR type SVC
software is connected at the mid point of transmission line. has been carried out for the different load from no load to
The PSCAD library has different blocks, SVC block, PI 450.0MVA and performance curves are obtained. It has been
controller block, TSC-TCR type characteristics block, Line found that the SVC maintains voltage substantially constant
representation block. The complete developed TSC-TCR type (1.0pu) at mid point.
SVC connected to mid point of long transmission line is
shown in Fig. 2. The load bus is represented by 3-phase 5. REFERENCES
voltage source in series with impedance and load is
represented by star connected impedance. The impedance of 1. A. M. Gole and V. K. Sood, “A Static Compensator Model For Use
With Electromagnetic Transients Simulation Programs”, IEEE
the bus is calculated by knowing the fault MVA and load Transactions on Power Delivery, July 1990, Vol. 5, No. 3,
impedance is calculated by converting load MVA into pp. 1398-1407.
corresponding impedance. The load bus impedance is 2. Sang Y. Lee and Subroto Bhattracharya, “Detailed Modeling
represented in the form of series resistance and inductance. of Static VAR Compensators Using EMTP”, IEEE Transactions on
Power Delivery, April 1992, Vol. 7, No. 2, pp. 836-845.
The transmission line is represented by T line blocks. Now 3. “PSCAD/EMTDC Operation and Instruction Manual” Version 3.0
complete PSCAD based model has been created and we 4. Miller T.J.E. “Reactive Power Control in Electrical Systems”, Willey,
could simulate. New York.
The result of SVC is represented in the form of curves. To be 5. J.B. Ekanayake, N. Jenkins, “Mathematical model of a three level
advanced static Var Compensator”, IEE Proceeding on
able to view the results in a time curve add a plot and set it to Transmission and Distribution, Vol. 144, No. 1 Jan. 1997, pp.
display the waveform. The graph page is created on the main 201-206
page. When we double click on the graph page the graph will 6. S.Nyati, S.R. Atmuri, V.Koschik and R.M. Nathur, “Modeling of Static
be created in which different plots is made using procedure of Var Systems for Electromagnetic Transient Studies”, IEEE
MONTECH86, October 1-3,1986, pp. 24-27.
add plot. When plots are created then graph is added using
the procedure of add graph. The labeled graph are of number