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MWUINOH! 4epHMx -xKHTeNeM CrpaHB ou CorHaHBt B TaK HasbIBacmme homelands — pesepsauwn nonanbule oF MaBHKx ropogos — HW paGoramm B KaMecTBe BPeMeHHEIX pa6ouHX Ha 3ONOTHIX H aNMaSHIBIX MpHHCKaX, KOUyR C Me- cra Ha Mecto. Anaptena but sakpenen saKoHOsaTenb- CTHOM, HO HABASHIBATCH C MOMOUIBIO HacHANA M xecTOKocTH. Haywonaibiaa napraa, KoTOpad o*pinyHansHo yeaKouira anapren nocae npi- xoma K Brac B 1948 1, HenomsoBaia H cHTy 3aKOHa, H oprannl GesonacHocTH ja nORaRAeHHA cAKOTO ConpoTHBTeHH pexuMy anaprenta. On- HOSMRHOHHBIE OOKERMHeHTIA OBL NocTanncHBt BHE 3aKOHA, 2 MOMTHMECKHX MitaKOMBICIAIIUAX Spocann B TiopaMb Ges cya H HepemKO nOA- Beprani MbITKAM. MupHBIe jleMoHcTpauAn wacTo Sakan4HBaqHch pacnpavamn ¢ HX yYaCTHHKaMH. Tlocne mHorax ner MexiyHaponHioro ocyame- HHA, SKOHOMMMECKHX HW KYIBTYDHBIX caHKUHII Hi pactyntero conpotunienns B caMoit crpaue PexHM anaprewa Hasan yrpasmpath cuy. Korma 8 1989 1. mpesugentom FOxHoH Abpuxn cram .Y. ne Knepx, on nomyan B HacaezcTso crpany, HAXOAMBIIYIOCR B COCTORHHH TyGOKOTO KPHSHCA W MIpAKTHYECKH HeynpaBiaeMyro. B 1990 r. ne Kaepx cua sanper c Ad- PHKaHCKOFO HanHONaBHOTO KOHpecca (AHK), OcHOBHO! ONNOSHUKOHHOM TapriM, H ocnOGo- Jun H3 TIOpEMiL ce MAepa Henbcona Manyery nOcKe ABaMNaTH CeMH JeT saKnOyeHH. 3aTeM MOCReMoBaN LeNBIH PAA CHOKHEIX NeperoBopos, KOTOPHe NPONOKHAH Nth K MepBAIM HallHo- HambiBIM BiIGOpam ¢ yuacrHeM KaK GeNMIX, TAK H NeGemsx. 27 anpern 1994 5 AHK nonysit Ha BHI6Opax MogaBiAOMee GonbUMHCTBO TOTO cos — 62%, u Henscom Manjiena cran nepsiin Hlocae nepvoja anaprenya mpesnjeHtoM TOxHOM Acppsrcn. ‘IpyaHoctH, KoTOppe cToamH nepen Manye- noi 4 AHK, 61H orpomubinnt, B crpane ¢ 11a- cenennem 38 Man ver. 9 Mm aun B HinmeTe ¥ 20 man OGxonuANC Ges amexrpHuectsa. Llln- POKO pacnpocrpanea Oxia GespaGoruua. Bo- Ace MONOBHHS YepHOrO HaceneHHa OCTaBATOCh HerpaMOTHBIM, H YpOBeHb AeTCKOH CMeprHOCTH GLI B ACCHTS pas BEIMe CpEAH YEpHBIX, yeM cpequ 6ersrx. Ho Tomumo Toro, 470 B ]Oxu0i Acppuxe waGmogaxocs orpomHoe HepaBeHtcrBo B pacnpexenenum marepuanoutix Grar, crpana mpeycrasnana coGoii TakoKe Kpaiine packouoroe o6mectso. JlecaTunerma rocnoycrsa wAeonorny, OcHoBarmtofi Ha pacovom mpenocxoncrse 6esx, OcraBWiH ry6OKHe uIpaMBl; Crpata oTuaAHHO RYAMaTac» B MpHonpertH, ASB PexuMa anapre- Wa HeOGXOAUMO GDUIO BpaenaTb, a KYABTYpy pa- cOnOro yrHeTeHHA NpeCToRTO NogBEprHyTs je- MoHTany. MExSTHYECKad HaNpwKCHHOCTS BHYT- PH adpHkaHcKoro Hacenenns BeIpHIBATacs Ha- DYAY BCHBINKAMH HACHAMA H rposiuia mpugectH K TpaxxnancKoit Boriue,Ha mpormkeaus Bcero cpoKa mpesmacnT- twa, Koropoe 3anepmuroce v 1999 1, Maruesta YNOPHO TPYAWIC, SaKTa{bIBAR OCHOBLI cnpaBer- manoTo MHorosTHHYecKOTO OGmecTBa. [pHHATAA 8 1996 1. KOHCTHTYIE ABAAETCA OMHOH 13 Ca- MBIX MPOTPECCHBHBIX B MHC, Cran nie 3aKOHa BCe BHI AMCKPHMMAHANAH MO MpHsHaKy pact, STHHYECKOH HAH COUMANSHOH MpHTaqEKHOCTH, PeMNHK HIM BepOnaitHit, a TaIGKe CeKcyamDHOH OpHEHTANHH, HHBAMWIHOCTH HAH GepeMeHHOCTH, ChonMH HeORHOKPaTHAIMH NPHSEIBAMH K +HOBO- My NarpnotHamy> Mangena muTanca OGBeAMNHTE B Gwe crpentenMH K OGpasonanMio aH KK sHePBHHMAIONLIX GeNTEIXe, TAK H ebeTeprIeMH- BRIX YepHBIxe, TIpencrasutent onnosHUHOHMEX Tpynn, TaKHX Kak, HanpuMep, Taprua cBo6oAss, Huxara (Inkatha Freedom Party), onmparoutaica Ha Hapoquocts ayy, GBH BHEAeHI B paBHTeb- TBO, 4TOGH CHAT STHMMECKYIO Ht MOMMTHECKyIO HanpscxeHHOCTS, KOTOpaX Morta Gsi upHBccrHt K HacHin, Onto H3 camuix mpHMewarenux cobs- ‘Tail, UMeBULAX MeCTO BO BPeME NpesHAeHTCTEA Manutensi, Gsu10 caagaHo ¢ HacnemMeM, JOCTAB- MINMCA OT 9TOXH anaprenaa. C anpeat 1996 r. FO wiors 1998 7. KoMHccua m0 Roccranonse- Hino mpasabl H npusmpenvo (KBIII, Truth and Reconciliation Commission) nponoauaa cryula- HA B OOMMHAX HO BCeH IOKHOH AdpHKe WA BRARIEHHS CryaeB Hapyieniin mpan YenoBeKa, jonyulenusix Ip anaprenme. Jaypeat Hobenes- ckotl npemua apxneniicKon [econ Tyry B03- raagsan KBIIM 6 paccienosanna akron HacHHA HW Hapyuiensia pas, conepulenmx B mepHog mexay 1960 1 1994 rn. Bsvi0 monyyeno HM 3a- cpuKcHponano case 21 THC. CBHeTeNBCKHX TOKasaHHi; 3aCeAAHMA OBIM OTKPHTHMET JiR nyGAUKH, H TO, 470 Ha HHX MpOHCXOMHTO, ocRe- manocs B cpeqcTHaX Macconoit wropmaunn. Caynranns, nposogumue KBILI, nen eso BCKDHITE jt RCeOBUIero AGOIPEHHAA HOMAMEHYIO KAPTHHY ‘KUSHH SHOXH anlapTeHa — Bce ec pe- ambHbie OGCTORTENECTRA ~ OT CAMBIX yaACHBIX JO CaMbIx GarranbHbIX. ITH CAyUIAKHE He 8 JANHCh CYRCOHBIMH 3ACeTAHMAMH H-HE OKT Gu12H poinocHT» Npurowopst. Tem, KTO CoBepUNALT Mpecrynensia MpH anapresie, BNO NOAH ueiicKHx m pykonopuTenen cyK6 GesonacHocTH, Guna npeuioxena aMHHCTHa B OOMeH Ha ecT- Ble NpHSHAHHA H eMLONKOE PackpEITHe> HCE OT- Hocamefica K Jeny cyulecrueHHoit uAbopmannn. B 1998 1. KBIIIT oGHapogonana cuon aare- puanst 4 dbakrbl, KOTopHte eft ynaioce ycraHo- BHTS, B BAC HOKTAIA OGBEMOM B 3.500 cIpa- Paca, smiueckan npunadnexnocme u ummuepayun 219 nity, HeyqHBHTeNbHO, 4TO THaBHBIM BHHOBIHKOM npecryrmienuit B oGiacTH MpaB yenOReKa GHLT0 Ha3BaHO NpapwTemscrao anaprenga, xom1 6ui- AM OTMeNeHM ‘TAIGKE HapyLIeHHA, OnymeHnBE ¥APYTHMH opraHMgaunanit, BKTIONaK AHK. He- xoropsie KpuTwxosai KBIIMI, sagas, wro ona npeacrasater coGori HemHorHM Gombute, Hem apxuB mpecrymtenmii, conepuicHHBiX B aNOXxy anaptenga, # Hecrioco6Hia Henpasits 310, mpi sunenoe Torna moja, OmnaKo muorne apyrue yOexensi, 4To Ke CaM mpowecc cGopa carae- ‘TeNbCKHX NOKA3aHHii — KaK OT Tex, KTO Copepulat HapyUIeHHA CHPABe;IMBOCTH, TAK HOT TEX, bit pasa Hapyuramucs, — mpusiex Bceobuee BIH MaHHe K HOMpaHHio ciipaseyyiMBocTH B 3anoxy anaprenga. KoxesHo, B onmHouxy KBII xe moxer HOMEHETD CHTYANHIO, CHOKHBINYIOCA 3a eCATH- JeTHa paconoro PaseTeHHA H ANCKPHMHHLALHH, YOxnan Adpuxa ocraerca packonoTHM Ha va- crH o6ulecEom 4 Mponomxaer Goporsca npoTHE qhanamasma n Herepmumocrn. 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Ipac 2Koset Apnop ze To6nHo (1816-1882), Koroporo HHOrHa HaSBIBAIOT OTHOM COBPEMCHHOFO PacH3- Ma, MpeyIonHn pasuNaTe TpH pace: Gemy1o (xas- ascxyno), Yepnyo (Meepoudnyto) H xKesTyIO (MOH zanouduyio). Cormacho TouHo, mpencrasnreru Genoit pace O6naqaioT HaNGoNee BLICOKHM HHI ‘TENIEKIOM, MOPATbHBIMH YOORICHHAIMH H CHOM BOTH; MMCHHO Gnarofapa STHM MleperanaemnIM No HacierCrey KaeCTBaM BAHAHMe 3atiaua pac- npocrpaniioce no Bcemy Mupy. Hanpotas, sep- HBIE HafeMeHbI CHOCOGHOCTAMH B HaMmeHbuleii Mepe, GIHSKH 10 CBOCH MPHPONC K -KHBOTHKIM, He MMEIOT MOPATBHDIX YCTOER M IMOMUOHAMLHO necra6uabHt. Ujen TobHNO Mi ero eqHHOMBIM- JeHINKOE, HponlonegonapMNx HayHEIi pacHaM, Thaea 9. Paca, smauveckas npunadnemnocms u uMMuepayuA oxasany procneyCTBHH BmMANHE Ha Anoabdpa Tit Jepa, MpeBparHBulero HX B HIeoTOrMIO HaNHCT- cxoii naprun, «na apyrue rpynmbi cropornnKon mpesocxogcrsa Genoi pacsi, TakHe KaK Ky-KIyKc- wna 6 Coenunentmx Ulrarax i apxwtexrope anaprenga B TOxnoi Appuxe. 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OmNaKO BONPOC O TOM, TOYeMy HexoTOpEIe PasMMUHA, a2 HE KAKHE-HGO sApyrHe CraHoBTCA TOBOROM WIR COUMaNDHOH AMCKDH- MHHANHH H MPeNpAccyAKOB, He MMCIOT HAKAKOTO oTHouenma K GuomoTHH. Pacopble pasHuHs 110- STOMY CHeAYeT MOHHMATS KAK (pHaMYECKHE MpH- SHAKH, BHIOPAHHBIE WieHaMnt OGIIHHE! HHT COO6-Monumanue pace u smxuveckoii npunadnemnocmu 221 InectBa KaK couMaNBHO SHauHMBIe, 3HaUIEMLIMH, HaNpHMep, CHHTAOTCA PagIHYHA B UBETE KOR, ‘TOMa KaK PaaiH4HA B UNETE ROMOC TAKOBLIMH We Mpusnarores. Pacy MOxHO TPaKTOBaTb KAK CO- BOKYMHOCTS COMHATbIEIX OTHOMCHHT, KOTOpHE HOSBONAOT ONpeNENnHT OTAETBHBX MopeH 11H UX TpYNML, HCXO4A HS MpH3HaKoB, UMEIOULHX Guonormueckyio OcHORY, M MpunncaTs mogAM, HcXOA 3 3TOTO 2Ke, PaaMUNABIE XApaKTepHCTH- Kut H ocoGermoctu, Paconbie pasanuna mpencran- AMOT COBO! HeNTO GoxBulEe, HEM CTOCOGs! OTH caHH pasmautit Mexty mOgbMH ~ OHM CyxaT ‘Take BaRHBIMH cbakTOpaMit B BOCTPOHaBOACTRE Monee BIACTH M HepaneHcrsa B o6mecTBe. 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B He- KOTOPHIX reorpadHecKHX PerMoHax, HanpHMEp BO BHYTPEHHHX roponax, rpyrnt STHMMECKHX MENBIUMHCTS OGpasyioT GombmMICTBO Hacene- HHA, HO HX TEM He MCHCe HagbinaloT «MCHBIIMH- crpamms, Ito MpOHcxXOMHT ToToMy, sto TepmAtt +MeHBINNHCTRO> OTPAKACT HX HeGnaronpHATHOE nonoxenwe, Huorga 2eHINHH HaSBIBaIOT rpyn- Hof MeHBUINECT#a, XOTH BO MHOTHX crpaHax MHDa OHH B KONHYECTBEHHOM OTHOUIeHHH CO- cranimor GombunmmcTso. Tem He MeHee, sTo6Ht TORMEpRHYTs TOT cpakr, TO 2KeHULAHDL OBBTIHO HAXOMTCR B HepABHOM MOTOKeHHN C MyxUN- HaMM (sGomBMIMHcTaOr), Tepnitit +MextbIHHICTBO> TPHMeHAIOT H 10 OTHOWEHMIO K HAM, Mpencrasutenu rpynt Mebumnnicta 3aua- crylo CAMH HMEIOT TeHACHUMIO paccmarpunaTD ceGa Kak moeli, OGocoGmeHHEIX oT Gombuni- cra, O6BI4HO OHM H DHBHMECKH, 1 ConMaTEHO ug0NMpoBanita Or Gone KpynHOrO coobueCTBA. On, Kak mpaBino, ckonneHTpHpoRAH B Onpe- Renennix pernonax, roposax waH o6nactax crpasi. Tova He waGnonaetca cmeuranneix Gpakow mexTy npegcrasurenamn rpynm Goab- MMHCTBA H TpYTMAMH MeHBININICTE WIM MeK- Ay mpeqcrasitenama rpynm srHMyeckux MeHS- mmscrs, ‘ewe rpynin STHHYECKHX MeHBIIHCTB HHOIAa BeCbMa AKTHBHO MOgAepAMBAIOT HACIO andozamntix Gpaxos (r.e, 6pakos, 3axmovacmbix BHYTPH Tpynnti), C Tem YTOOB COXPAHHTTb CBOIO ‘cnoeo6pasiyio KyabTypy. Hexoropme connonorn curator npapiit- HBIM yOTpeOIATD TEPMILH +MEHBLLMACTRO> 0606- WeHHO — MpHMeHHtenbHO K mO6MIM rpyrmaM, cipagaiouum OF Mpempaccyakos co croporistfloumanue pace! u amxuyecKoil npuHadnexKHocmU 223 «Yepublin KaK sTHHYECKOe OnpegeneHHe B wcnonssosannk Tepmnia cvepHuli» ana onpe- ReNeHNR OTAeNbULX JWOReH UK YeRWX HaponoB C TeveHHEM BpeNeHH NPONSOWINH KOPeHHBIE HIME- HeHNA, H OH RENReTCA ceivac 8 BbICWel, creneHH cnopHisn. Jlonroe apena «epauit» Guino npespn- ‘TefbHbIM APNsIKOM, KOTOpH MchoNbs0BaNcA Ge- auinn. Hf TonbKo 8 1960-e rr. 3TOT TepMAH oKa- 3aNCR «BocTpeboBaKHLiMD aMepHKaHuaMH H GpH- TaHyaMn abpuKaHCKorO NpOMCXONAEHMA, KOTOPHE Cranw npnmenaTe ero x CaMMM ceGe C nOsMTHB- HoH oyeHKoil. «Yepnbity Teneps He ocxopGneHne To pacosomy MpH3HaKy, HO HCTONHMK ropaocTH w WnenTHAHOCTH. Mozy «xepHut — 3T0 aHa4MT ‘npexpachbiin, @ TaKMe MOTHBAWMOHHOe oKATHE enacts YepHinm GUAK KOYeBLIMN Ana oceOBO- ANTeNLHOTO EHKEHKA M «¥epHoro» KaK CHMBOROB ycTpa- wT mpesocxogcrao «GenaHu» Han «HepHoToin. flo mepe Toro, Kak TepMHH «YepHbiii» CTaHOBHN- cA 8 oGwecTse sce Gonee npHHATEIM, ero HaYanK NHMEHRTS nO OTHOWEHKIO K HeGenvM rpaxaa- Ham HeapuKancxoro NpOHCKOMAeHHA, 8 HaCTHO c™, « BbIKONUAM 43 ASKH, OpHaKo TepMHH «ep- wilt» npencrasnan co6oh Mewro Gonswee, ven Mpocro BHeuHee onpenenesue: On TaKUKe Comep- man 9 nogTeKcTe HeKoe NonHTHYeCKOe COobWIEHHE. 3to Gkin MpHaHe KO BCEN «YEpHEIM> mOAAM cRIO- Turbea 8 Gops6e 3a nepemenss, ockoneny sce ‘OHH MCHbTaNH pacH3M M OTUYKAeHHe Co CTOPOKE Genoro Hacenewna. B onye 1980-x rr. HeKoropwe yuentie H MpeACTaBHTeNH STHHYECKHX MeHBUMHCTB BEiCKa- 3a COMHeHME 8 KOPPeKTHOCTH HCHoNb2OBaHHA Tepmnna «uepHuliy NpHMeHHTeNsHO KO BCeMY He- Genony Hacenenwo 8 yenoN. fo Hx yraepmne- io, XOTA ace HeGenble no_Bepranuce yrHeTeHKID 'B PaBHod CreneHn, TepMHH «HepHbit» saTywesLiBa- eT paSnH4na MEKAY pasHLIMH STHHYECKMH rpynna- mn, flo MHeHWo Tex, KTO'Bo3paman nporHe o608- WeHHoro ynorpeGneHna 3Toro TepaHKa, cremyeT yaenats Gonswe BHumanns ocobeHHoCTAM ontiTa OTAEABHBIX ITHMYECKHX MEHBWHHCTB, a HE HCXORHTD 3 O6UHOCTH Wx onbiTa. ORMH M3 faBHbKX KPKTM- kos, Tapwk Monya, yreepykaan, ¥To TepMKH «yep- Muti ynorpeBnaeTca CRMWKOM pacnasiaaTo — MHOrga OF OBo3HaNaeT TOAKO AMY, AppHKAHCKOrO POWCXOMAEHMA, 8 APYTX Ke CnyNARX ero OTHOCAT oG06uenHo w K BuxonYaN 43 AaKH. To MHeHMID Monyna, Tepmnn avepHulty WannuHe nogvepKHsa- er, 470 yrHeTeHne OcHoBAHO Ha npHaHaKe yBeTa KOMM W MTHOpMpyeY ToT ¢aKr, “To pachaM @ 3HaUn- TembHoH Mepe ONHpaeTcA H Ha PasnnyHe KynbTyp. lo cnobam Monyna, sbixonus a AsnH O6uHo He c¥HTaIOT CeGA «EpHLINH® 43-34 MOWHEIX ac- COuMaMMH MemAY TePHHHOM cUEDHUIMy H cyAL6OM nioged abpuxancxoro nponcxoxnenna. Hakoweu, Wax ykasweaer Moya, onpenenenne «xepnsiin Nompasymepaer HanHMHle HeKOerO cywecrBeHHOrO equicraa, 470 WaHayanbHo HeBepHo. HeGensie Ha- ORD! NpeNcTaBNeHts MHOMECTBOM pasHEKX THNOB, COBepWEHHO TAK Me, KAK rpynnel BAYTPH TAK HasbI- Baeoro «Genoro» nacenennn (Modood 1994). B coumonorun TakMe HeT cormacnn oTHO- cHrenbHO ynorpesnenus Tepmnna «sepHeiiin. Xo- TA KpHTWeCKHe 2aMevaHR, BLiCKasaHiHle Moay- OM 4 APYTHMM aBTOpAMM, RBRAIOTCR, HECOMHEHHO, OGocHoBaHHEIMH, TepMMH «HepHbIM» ocTaeTcA ynOB- tum criocoGom yxazaHKR Ha TOT (aKt, “To Gonb- wnHcra0 HeBenuix OnMHaKOBO McnuiTaNH Ha cebe, sto Taxoe Genuit pacnam. Eon cyauTs no TeHnen- WAM, MMeIOWMM MeCTO B COKKONOTMH NocneAHiX ‘eT, o3a604eHHOCTS Monyna BCTpeTHna NoAREpMKKy. Astops, Gnvakwe K wKONe MOCTMORepHHaMA, BLI- ABnraioT Ha nepeLii nnaH pasnMyAR MEMAY pasHbl- Mi FDYRNAMH STHMYECKHX MeHBLIMHCTE WHE Orpa- HM4HBAOTCR NPHSHAHHEN BAXHOCTH OBOSWeHHOrO onpenenewna «vepnuiio. sGonsummicTsa> o6mjecrsa, TepMaun «mexbinHH- TBO» NpHBIeKaeT BHHMaHHe K BCeobKEMIO- ley pacnpoctpaneriio AUCKPUMUHAMINM, oA: MePKUBAR CKONCTBO AUSHEHHOTO OMT paanHy- MBI MpHTecHAeMBIx rpynn OGmectsa. TaK, MHO- To OGmMHX YepT HMeIOT aHTUCeMuTH3M, TOMO- cho6u (HeHasicrs K romocexcyanucTam) # pa- CHOM, H Ha MpuMepe 9THX ABIEHIIL MOXHO BH eT, Kak MpuTecHeHHe, HanpanieHHoe nporus pasiHuHEIX Tpynm, Yacro mpHoGperaer cxOmHBIe opmst. OgHako B TO xe BpeMs, ECTH TOBOPHTS 0 *MENBINHTICTBAX’ OGOGuICHHO, 3TO MOxKeT NpH- BeCTH B pesyabrare K OGOOU{eHHAM OTHOCHTENEHO AUCKPHMMHAMNM H yrHeTeHHA, KoTOPEIE He Gy- yt TOKO OTpaKaTb 70, NTO HeMBITaAH Ha cebe KOHKperubie rpynmbt. XoTa H TOMOCEKCYaNHCTHI, H TlakHCTaHUBE O6paayior B JloHAOHe MeHEuTT- ctma, IpHTecHeHHA, KOTOPHIM OHH TOBepraioTcA B OGteCTRE, OTHOAE He ABMIOTCA OMHAKOBHIMH, Muorve MeHbuIHHCTBa OTHYaIOTCA OT OC- TalbHOH YaCTH HaCeICHHA HB STHHYCCKOM, WB GbusHueckom oTHOMeHHH, Tak O6cTOHT NETO © noixonuaMH 43 Bect-Higan mw Agu B Be- AMKOSpHraHHH Hc abpoamepKaNuaMn, KH valilaMH Ho HECKOABKHMH ApyrHMM rpynmamn B Cocqunenubix lrarax. Kak yxe rosopwioch224 [napa 9. Paca, smuuyeckan npuxadnexHocms u UMMU2payuR ———— Reno Crawena Noypenca 8 1993 r. depueid noapoctox Crusen Jloypenc Sun OUT naToIo Gentinit MONOALMK MOAEMK 8 pesyne- ‘Tare HanageHnn Ha pacosoi noune, KorAa OH C Apy- Tom wan asToByca Ha OCTaHOBKe Ha Joro-BocTOKe Jlonnoria. Bes acaxoh npHaniey MonoAWe mOQH Ha- ann Ha lloypenca, As@xnbt ynapann ero HOXOM W CKPBIRKC, OCTaBHB ero yMKPaTe Ha TpOTYape. 3a 3T0 y6wiicTa0 HMKTO He noNec HaKadaniA, ¥TO ‘BMROCb rpy6MM HapywenneH NpABOCYAUA W cBK- ReTenscreom fyGoKorO MpoHNKHOBeHKA pacnaMa B CHCTeMN npasonopanKa x yronosHoro npaga. Komuccus, paccMarpvsaswian 3TO Reno, BH- Wecna saknoveHne 0 Tom, To paccnenoeaHine yOniicrsa Sloypenca ¢ camoro Havana senocs He- npasunsuo (Macpherson 1999). Npr6we Ha Me- CTO NpecTynneHMA, NOAMAMA He chenana HEKaKHX AONBITOK 3anepMaTs MoNOALX mogel, HanaBwHx a loypenca, « nponenoncrpuposana Heysanenne ‘ efO pomMTensM, OTKa3a8 HM ® Aoctyne K MH- Gopmaunn no Aeny 06 yulicree wx cuna, xorn ‘nM WMeNM Ha 3TO NonHoe npaBo. Buna BiAEHHyTa ‘ownBouan sepcks 0 Tom, sTo floypenc Bun He He- ‘SHHHAN MepTBA HecnpoBOUMPOBANHoro HananeHMA ACWCTOB, HO AKOGH OH ySacTeoBan 8 ynHNHO} ‘Apane. Tlonmuelicxoe RaGsiojenne 22 nojospena- enti Ge110 NsOxO opraHMaoRaHO M Benoch KaK xuByyecrH cre- Peornma, He HMeroMero peanHoro OCHOBANHS B AeiicraHTemHOCTH, MoxeT cAYKHTS YOoKIEHe, comacho KOTOpoMy MarepH-oAMHONKH NpEATO- SHTaIOT Nona, coMHaNbHOe MocoGe u oT- kasbinaiorca paGorans. Ha caMoM jee o4eHb Gomuioe 4HcI0 opMHOKHX Marepeit paGoraet H MMorHe u3 Tex, KTO nomyyaeT rocynapcrBeHHOe Toco6ue, npeqnowin Gut paGorars, HO He uMe- Wor BOSMOKHOCTA NPHCTPOHTE jeTeHt B AETCKHE yupexenss. 8 Cousosorn Mpedpaccydxu, duckpumunayun u pacusm 225 Font noustHe mperySexnenua caasano ¢ OTHOWCHIAMH Ho MHeHHAMH, TO ANCKPHMAH- MAL OsHaYAeT peamaHOe MOBeReHME HO OTHOWe- Hilo K Apyrofi rpynmte wm yenowexy. JIucKpH- MunauMel MOxHO CuHTaT» geficraMa, KOTOpHE JmulaioT mpegcrasrTereH OANOM rpyrmbe TeX Bos- MO‘KHOCTeH, KOTOPHe OTKPEITEL ALA APYTHX, KaK B tom cayuze, Kora yepHomy 6puranuy orka- snipalot 8 paGore, Torna KaK Gexomy ee mpeqo- crasamor, Xoms n OcHone AHCKPHMHHAIHH Hacro JexUT NpesyGexneNHe, ITH ABA ABTEMNA Moryr cymectnovars pasqenno. Jhogam moxet Guth ApHcyMe MpenyGexxenHoe OTHOMeHHE K KOMY- NGO, HO OHH He O6A3aTEMsHO PyKOBOACTBYIOTCH HMB CBOHX jelicTBHAX. Cromb >Re BAKHO, YTO AMCKPHMMHaLHA He OGA3ATETBHO BOSHHKaCT He- nocpencracHHo 13 npeayOexnenna. Hanpumep, Toxynaa fom, Geabiit MoxeT NOCrapaTbca He NpH- oGperars co6crseutiocts B pafionax, me npeod- Jajaer YepHoe HaccienMe, OMHaKO He H3. BpaX- ReOuOFO OTHOMEHHA K TeM, KTO TaM >KHBCT, Ho OMACAAC BOSMOXHOTO NaeHHA HEH Ha He: AbWKUMOCTE B 3TOM mecTe, B AaHHOM cnyuae mpexyOeayenHoe OTHOMIEHHE RAAT Ha AVCKPH- Muttiaino, HO BaHAeT oOCpeLOBAHKO. Pacn3m Ja cyiuectsonanua pacuama — npeayGexnenns, OcHopanHOTo Ha couanbHO sHayUMBIX CbUSHYE. CKHX ASMX, — MpHHYUNNATEHO BRxHBIM smAeTCH NOWTHE pace. PacHCT — 3TO YeTOBEK, CaHTaloMNi, ¥TO HeKOTOpHIe OAM CTosT BME HOM HIKE ApyrHX B CHAY OCOGeHHOCTeH, CBA SHIBAEMBIX C pacoli. PacnsM OOKIYHO NORHMaIOT kak Monegenne 11H oTHOMeHHe, nputcyulee onpe- ATEN MONE YOM rpyiaM AONeH. TAK, OT- AeAbHBIH MeTOBeK MOXeT NPONOBeRORATS PacHcT- CKHE BOAT HAH OF MOKET NPHCOeMHHTECA K Ipymine, HanpuMep, K opranusanHn cropouHit- KOH MpeBocxoscrsa GenbIX, JeATEMHOCTS KOTO- Poi HocHT pacucrcKiit xapakrep. OjwaKo MHO- THE CuHTTaioT, 4TO PacHaM ecTs HeYTO Gosutec, YeM NPOCTO BorIAEL, nPoMOREAYEMBIe TOPCTKOA chaxaTinxon, PacusM ykopenen ® camoit crpyxry- pe 4 yiximonnponaunn oGumecrna. Tlonarue HHCTHTYUMOMATBHOTO pacHaMa npeAonaraer, ‘TO pacH3M peryaspHBIM O6pasom MpoHMssIRacT nce o6ulecrsenmne crpykrypsl. CormacHo stot TOKE spelHa, TaKHe HHICTHTYTH, Kx MOAMIHA, oprann sapapooxpanenna m cHcrema O6pasona” Alia — Bce MPOBOART OAMTHKY, KOTOPAA ABIAETCA Gnaronpuarcreyiomeit ana otjenbutbIx rpyrin Ha- COneHHA H ORHOBpEMeHHO AHCKDUMHHANHONNON B OTHOMeNHH Apyrix.226 Tlonarwe aucraTyyMOHaTBHOro pacusma Gout0 BLigBHHyTo B KONE 1960-K rr. B CocmmHeHt- nix [rarax Gopuammt 3a spaxianckne mpana, cunrTasumiMn, #70 pacHam — 370 He MpOCro BuIpa XKCHHE MHCHHA HesHAWHTENSHOTO MeHBIIHHCTEA HaceneHHA, HO 4TO OH MPOHHSbIRAET CaMyTO TKaHD obmecrBa, B nocnemyiouNe rons cyurecTBORANHe HHCTHTY_HOHAMbHOTO, HH BEJOMCTBEHHOTO, pa- CHgMa Crato IMPOKO MpHHEATSIM H 61L10 OTKPBITO TpHsHaHO BO MHOTHX cHTyaNHAX. TlposeyentaT HegaBHo nposepxa geiicreuit Croamunoit noaH- ui B JlonqoHe B caaaH ¢ yOrticrsom Crusena Tloypenica (cM. ppeaky wa c. 224) noKasama >KH- BYMECTD RENOMCTREHHOTO pacH3sMa B MoMMeli- CKHX Opraliax H CHCTeMe yronoBHOTO MpaBocy- us, B ciepe KYABIYpH H HCKyCCTBa BENOMCTBEN- HB pacw3M MPOmBHN CeGA B TeNeDHSHONHIX nepenavax (oTpruatenHoe WH ORHOCTOpoHHeE WOOPAKEHHE STHMYECKHX MEHBIUMHCTE B NpO- TpamMax) HB MeKIyHApoAHOlt HHAyCTpHIL_Mo- jut (nloncemectHo pacnpocTpaHeHoe npeAYEX- TeHHe MpOTHB HeGemBIX MalieKeHuMn). Om «cmapozo pacuzma» K «HoBoMy pacusmy> Togo6u0 Tomy, Kak AHCKPERHTHpOBANO CeOA MO- naTHe GHOTOTNYECKO! Pach, B Haunt ALN B O6- UWeCTBe peaKO aXOgHT OTKPEITOE wAIpaKeHHE -GHonorHueckuit> pacuam craporo TomKa, OCHO- BaHHBHli Ha pasnHYHAX 8 pAsHIECKHX CBOHCTBAX moneli, BaxkHbiMM TOBOPOTHBIMH MyHKTaMH B OT- Kase OT «6HONOTHYeCKOTO PacHSMa> MOCTYKH- JM ‘Take COOMTHA, KaK KOHEM Saxpervtennoit 3aKoHOM cerperayHu B Coeguuenusr [lrarax iW nanenne anaprena B IOxHO! ApuKe. B 060- WX 9THX CHyYAAX MPOKIAMHpOBAMHce pacHcT- ckHe BOMNAAK, YCTAHABTUBAIOUIMe NPAMYIO CBA MOK/Y (PHSMYECKHMH MpHSHaKaMH H GHONOTHe- CcKoii HenonHouenHocTH10. Moxouste oTKpoBeH- HO PACHCTCKHE HCH PEAKO BBICKASHIBAIOTCH Ce- TOAUA, 34 HCKMOYEHHEM cTyyaeR NpEcTyTUICHH Ha nlowBe pacosol HeHaHcTH wiK nomTHue- CKHX MporpamM OnpeneneHHEM 9KCrPeMHCTCKHX Tpymmuposox, Ho sto Bosce He O3Ha¥aer, 4TO pa- CHCTCKHX B3TRAJOR B Conpemennux ObMECTBAX Gonbuse He cymecTayer. Ckopee, KaK yraepzxgaioT Hexoropbie yuenne, 11a CMeHY HM MpHuTET Gone HSOUIPEHHBI HOB pacHam (HUH KynEMypybsil pacuaM), KoTOpwi Henomayer Heo pasMM B KYAMTYDE (1A HOONAUH OMpeReeHHBx rpynnt naceneina (Barker 1981). Te, KT TOROPHT 0 BOSHHKHOBEHHH +H0- ROTO PACHIMA», YKAILIBAIOT Ha TO, YTO Tenepb {nasa 9. Paca, amHuyeckaa npuHadnexHocms u uMMUzpa4uA BMECTO ApryMeHTOB GHOMOTHYECKHX JYIR AHCKPH- MHNAljaM ONpemeneHHBIX YacTel HaceNeHHA HC- TOMBSYIOTCA APTYMEHTBI OT KYIETYpEL. CormacHo THM BODIAAM, HepapxHH NO WKAIe BLICHI — HVSUIMA CIPOATCH HCXOMA HB WeHHOCTEt KyIb- ayps Gonbunicrea Hiacenewus. Ipynmi mogert, cronmme O6ocoGneHHO oT GonsuNMHCTEa, MO- TY? OTTechaTbCA Ha MepHepHio oGmecTRa wm HORBEpraTbcR ONEPHEHIHO 32 OTKAS OT ACCHM- aan, BbICKASBIBAeTCA MPEAMOTOREHHE O TOM, ¥TO «HOBBIT pacHaM> HMecT sBHYIO nOANTHUC- cxyio oxpacy. B BemkopuraHnn 970 MoxHO TRGMORaTS B COMEPAAHHH YueOHMX TIAHOB TO- cyaapcrsenisix ImKoa, B KOTOPOM ynlop eaercH Ha TBOPYECTRO +kOpeHibIXe OPHTAHCKHX MHCATe- aeli wna 6pHTanicKyio HCTOpMWO, a He Ha MHO- Too6pasve KYAMTYP, a TAWKE B TlOTHTHKe Orpa- HNYeHNA WMMTpAUNH, HaNpaBTeHHO! Ha_cO- Kpamenve wcaa HeGenbix HMMHTpastros. [pyrit- MH ONEBHANIIMIL TIpHMepamH “HOBOTO PAcHsMar ABAMOTCA TIONBITKM HeKOTOPEIX aMEpHKAHCKHX HOMHTHKOB MPOROAHTS B OGTACTH AIBIKA OcbHILH- ANbHYIO NOMMTHKY HMEN OTPHUATeENbHOe 3Ha~ wenme zagonro Ao Toro, Kax 3anaj Cran WMpOKO KoHTaKTMponaTs ¢ 4epHUIMK HapoRaMH. 3TH CHM BonMYecKHe 3HAYEHMA OKa3aNM BAMAME Ha OTHO- wevwe eeponeliyes x YepHiin, Korna OHM BrepsLE acrperanice Ha noGepemre Abpurn, Ouywenve, To Mexay NepHbMK H GenbiMn HaponaMM cyule- crayer KopeHHoe pasnnune, a TawKe To o6cro- TENBCTBO, HTO HepHHe GEINH «ABHIYHHKAMMD, T.e. te uNenH npeAcTaBnenHa o xpMcrHaHcTBe, npHBeRH K ToNy, 470 MHOrHe epponedys crann oTHOCHTECA A 4epHM C npeapeHnem H Crpaxom. H xorR Gone KpaiiHwe NpoRBneHKA TaKoro OTHOUIEHHA B HAM KW HCNeRNH, TPYAHO OTKAZATACR OT MBICRH, TO BNeMeHTM 3TOrO KYNBIYpHOTO CHMBONAaMa «YEP ul — Gensit» no-npexHeMy HMeOT WHpOoKoE pacnpocrpanenwe. Broptin saxntin akTopom, npHBeAWHM K CO- Bpemennony pacamy, 6sino nospneHne m pac npoctpanene caworo noMaTMA pact. MssecrHo, 70 KeaaMpacncrcKMe Barnab CyWecTBOBaNM CoT- ‘Hw net, HO NOHATHE pach KaK COBOKYNHOCTH yCTOH- nsx NpHaHaKOB BOIHHKNO BMeCTE C NORBAEHK- eM Hay 0 pacar», 0 KOTOPOM Mb YM TOBO- punn ebwe. Moxstke npesocxoncrsa Genok pa- Cu, He MMeDUIee HiKAKOM peansHoH yeHHOCTH, ‘RO CHx nop ocTaeTcA KMOYEBLIM aneMeHTOM Genoro pacnana. TperseR npuunvon soaHKkHoBeHHs cospe- MenHoro pacnsMa ReNRITCR aKCHnyaTaTOpCKHe OT- wowenina, KoTopHe esponeriys ycraHoBHK c HeGe- nuinn waponann. HasepHoe, He Guino Gut Toprosnu paGamn, ecnu Gui He ryokan yeepesHocte eBpo- neiiyes 8 Tom, YTO YepHble NpMRaANEKaT K HUsWe pace 4, no cywecTey, He ABNAIOTCA nNOABMH. Pa~ cvaM NloMoran onpasjMleaTe KONOHMANLHOe YrHe- ‘Teme HeGentix Haponos 4 OTKa3MiBan MM 8 Npase a y¥acrHe 8 MONMTHYeCKOR KMSHH, KoTOpOE OI- RO 3aB0eBAHO GembIMM 8. eBponedicKHK crpanax. Hexoropue coumonorn cuMTalOT, WTO MMWeHHe He- Geaux Haponos rpamKAaHCKx Npas 4 TOHbIHe OCTa~ erca rmasHo# xapaKtepHoi eprol cospementoro pacrama, met MoH MOpanbHO H YMCTREHHO HenOMHOKERHBIC. MiMcHHo Tak B GO/bIIMHCTBE YHBHIN3ALMi OT- HOCHAHCD K MpencTanrTensM Gone MENKHX Kytb- Typ, HaLIpHMep, H TaKOe OTHOMIEHHE MOCTYAHIO IPHAHHOM OCCIHCTEHHEIX STHHYECKHX CTORKHO- BeHHit B HCTOPHA YemOBeyECTBA. SHHOUEHTPHIM FACTO cONPOBOAACTCR 3a- KPHITOCTSIO. STHHYECKHX Tpynn. Saxpsrrocrs Tpyls ABANCTCH peayabTaTOM Mportecca, NlO- cpencrsom KoToporo rpyrina BosHOsHT TpPAHHLtE, otropaxnpaiomtne ee ot ApyrHx rpytin. Stn rpa- HIMYbI O6pasylorca ¢ HOMOM{EIO MIPHEMOB HCKLO- vers, yeyryGnmonnx pasnHHs Mexay STHHM- CKHMM Tpynitamu, K 4HcIy TaKHx mpHeMon oT- HOCaTCA OTpaHHEHHe WIK HloAHO SanpemeHHe cnewanmex 6pakon MexAY rpynmtami, coxpame- HE CONMATHBIX KOHTAKTOB H SKOHOMHYECKEX canveil, Kak, HanpHMep, TOproBAH, H bUSMYECKOE pasgenciue rpynin (kak B cAy'ae STHHYECKHX reT- 70). Acppoamepixarnet 8 CIA ucnrrann 1a cee BC¢ TPH MeXAHH9Ma HCKMIOYEHHA: B-HeKOTOPHX mrraTax cMeuraHiibie 6pakH MeKAY Mpencrasute- ‘MMH pa3HBIX pac ObUIM BHE 3aKOHa, 9KOHOMH- deckad 1 comManbHas cerperaumat Ha YOre Gaura 3aKpelvicna 3aKOHOM, a OGOCOGIEHHBIC YepHEIE Terro 40 cHX Mop cyuecrByIor B GombumucrBe kpyttanix roponos. _ Mona rpanaust pasuenenna naaumo Ha- BASIBAIOT [PYT APYTY FPYHN, MMcIONIHe ONNNA- KOBHI COUMABHBIIA CTaTYc: HX WIEHBL AepRaTcA OTAeAbHO Apyr OT Apyra, HO HH OfNa Hs rpynio He AOMHHMpyeT Ha ApyroH. OpHAKO Yale Ka- Kas-To STHMMECKan Tpynita OGraaeT HaBecTHOI BHACTHIO HAA Apyro#l. TIpH TaKHX yoIOBHAX 3a- KPHTOCTH rpynnst coBnayaer c xapaxTepom pac- TipeyeneHHa pecypcos, ycraranmusax Hepanen- cTuo B pacnpenencnim Gorarcrsa H MaTepHanb- HbIx Guar. HekoTopne 13 CaMBIx OKECTONCHHEX KOH- ganxtos Mexay aTaseckumH rpynnam Geo BHISBAHBI MMCHHO 3AKPHITOCTHIO rpynn, moTO- My STO TpaHHUM MexIY HHMH cHrKanHSNpyIOT B MlepBylo O¥epEAB O HepaweHcTBe B OTHOMICHHH K Gorarcray, BAACTH HAH ComWATbHOMy noA0- axenmio, TlonaTHe saxperrocTa, oGocobenuocTH STHWUCCKOH Tpynitsr NoMoraer OHATH He TOAL- KO Gpocaiompecs B M1a3a, HO M Gone CKpEITHIE pasiH4HA, OTICANOMIME ORHY YeTOBEYECKyIO 06- (UH OT APYrOIH, 7.€. He MPocTo, No¥eMy YeHOB HeKOTOPHIX Ipyrin yOuBaIOT, nMHYyIOT, HIGHBAIOTImnueckaa wAMeepayun u amuuYeckue KoHnuKmes 229 HAH Mpectenyion, HO TaIoKe H HOMEMY HX He Gepyr ha xopoulylo pa6ory, noveMy OHM He NomyYAIOr Xopoulee O6pasonatMe HAH He MOryr 2kITb, Te XowmT. Borarcrso, wiacrh n counanbHBii cra- YC — pecypcsi, KOTOPHX HeMHOFO, Hy HeKO- TOpux rpynin ux Gomme, Yem y ApyrHx. roost Coxpaititts cBoe OcoGoe MomOxKeHHe, npuBwTe- rupowannbie rpynner uHOrAa CoBeputaior Kpait- HHe akrot HACHIMA MpOTHB ApyrHx rpynn. Touno TaK Ke K HACHLINIO KK K CpencTBy YaysMUTTD CBOE NoaokeHHe Motyr NpHGerHyT HW WIeHBI rpynn, yuewmrentiéix B Mpanax, Teopuu xowauxma Hekoropsie yaeHbte MomprranHch BBCCTH pacH3M 8 o6uiyIO KyaMTypy OGmecTHa, yruepaxnat, 470 OH pencrasaacr co6oH pasHoBHAAHOcTs ecTecTBeH- HOTO KOHCepRaTHSMa, BOSHHKaIOUIeTO BO BpeMe- Ha WoMeHneHiit W HecTa6wAbHOCTH. B TaKHx O6D- ACHEHHAX PACH3M IPEAICTAeT KAK PasHOBMAOCTD 3AINHTHOH peak MpOTAB BREACHHA HOBEX O6bI4aeB, ASHIKOB 1 HOBOTO OGpaza kUBHH, YIpO- xxaWoulx cymecrayiomemy nopsaKy (Cashmore 1987). Ognako noqo6uste aprymentn He Bonne YOewHTesbHE, NOCKOABKY OTK He OBBICHAOT, KaK HMEHHO pacH3M CBA3AH CO CTpYKTYpAMH Ht CH- JaMH Ha yposHe oGuecrya, a He Ha ypomie omenuitsrx moxeit B onmune or store Teopmn KondpanKra H3yIAIOT CBISH MEY PacHaMoM H NpeayGexe- HHDIMH C ONMOF CTOPONB H BIACTHBIMH. CTPYK- TypaMH HM HepanencrBoM — ¢ Apyroti. Panbute TaKHe OGBACHCHHA PacHIMa OTpAKAIH cepEes- Hoe nanaie wpe Mapxca, coracuo KoTOpKIM onpeyeamomum ¢paxTopom jin BCeX acnexTOR o6uiecTBa Mpusiiabarach SKOHOMHECKAN CHCTE- Ma. B HeKOTOPEIX MapKCHCTCKHX TeOpHAX yrBep- weANOCL, ¥TO PACHSM — MOpOAeHME KartraTH- cTieckoii CHCTeMBI, H yKAaSLIBaOC®, YT Mpana- Hi }IACC HCHOM3OBAN PAGCTEO, KOTONHEALIEIO 4H pact KaK Opymu SKcTLIyaraLyAH TPyAAUNAXCA (Cox 1959). Bnocaegcrouu npeqcranurean HeomapKcu3- Ma Mpu3Ha1H NOobHBIe opmynpoBKH cnHM- KOM ZKCCTKHMM HW YMPOULEHHBIMH H BBICKAaEIBa- JIM MHeHne, 470 pacHaM sBAAETCR OpoRTeHH- €M HE TONBKO HCKMOUHTENBHO 9KOHOMHYCCKHX cua, Tax, B pane crareti, ony6nnKosannnix Bup- MHHTEMCKUM UeHTPOM HByUEHHIA CoBpeMeHHO! Kyabtypo B 1982 1. mon nasmannem «OreerHetit ylap CO cropousi MMmepHMs, 6bun BuIpaxen Gonee npoxHi agra Ha HCTORH pacuasta, Cornamia- Ach C TOM, TO KanTaMMcTHMeckan aKcnmyata- MA TPYa ABACTCA ORHHM H3 BAKHBIX aKTO- Pop, BuBKIBaIOMX NoMBTEHMe pacusMa, JEKOH Conomoc, Moa Jbxwipoit a apyrue yKassinaror TaOKE Ha MHOXCCTBO MCTOpHMECKAX MH now THYCCKHX CHLI, KOTOPHIE MPHBEA K NOHBIEHIO Konxpernoro porta pacusma » Benmkopurannit B 1970-x 1 1980-x rr. Ho ux mHeHMo, pacHam — STO COKHOE H MOTOCTOpoHHee ARTEHHE, npen- Toaaraxomee usaHMOReHCTBNe cyMHOCTH H Be- POBaNMi KaK OTHNMECKOrO MEHbUIMHCTRA, Tak H paGowero wiacca, Jj HHX pacuam npencras- axer co6oii Hero ropasqo Gombutee, YeM cH crema wgeit, Hcnomsayemag ja nonaBnenna He- Geaoro HacenennA MorymecTBCHHBIMH 3nHTaMH (Hall $. et al. 1982), StHn4eckaa MHTerpayua Ww 3THMYeECKHe KOH(pAMKTbI Bo muorux rocyzapersax mupa B wacroamee Bpemur cymecteyer MNorosTHMYecKOE HaceneHue. Yacto Taxaa ciryanua a6uonaiach Ha mIpo- ‘oxeHMM Bexon. B pale rocyapcrs Cpeanero Boctoxa # Hewrpansuowl Enpons, nanpumep B Typunn win Benrpuy, stunueckan HeoqHo- POAHOCTe BosINNKIa B PeayETaTe MHOTOBCKOBOH HCTOpHH, B XOJe KOTOPO! HEOAHOKpaTHO MeHA- ACh rpaimui, a-TaIEKe KaK cHeRCTBNe OKKyNALHH SYAHMHL CrpanaMit W perHoMambHOH MATpalHH. Tipespamenne ppyrax o6mecrs B mHorogTnHye- ckhe O6pazosanna nponcxoawo Gone GbicrpE- Mi Temnayn Gnaronaps cosHarenbuol nOMATH- Ke, MOOMpsiomeit MurpanuNo, WIM B pesynurate nacaeqcrna, Honyyenuoro MpH pacnajle KOLOHH- aabHX Hepa, B nex rioGamsanun 4 GsicTpEX couManb- MUX TepemeH Bee Bospactaiomee YACIO rocy- FAPCTB Crankupaeten Hc GoNBINMMH MpeHMyine- CrBaMM, KoTOpue jaer aTHHYECKOe pasHoobpa- SHE, H OAHOEPeMeHHO ¢ cepsesHBIMH npoGre- MAMH, C KOTOPLIMH OHO ConpmKeHO. Io Mepe AabHenMel MHTerpAauHH MHpOBO! SKOHOMHKH YCKOpAIOTCA TeEMNBI MeXIYHAPORHOH MHTpaNHH; HO-BHAHMOMY, MOKHO C YBepeHHOCTBIO CKa3at, ‘To nepeqBHExeHHe H CMeMIeHHe HaceneHH B H10- caeayioue roa ycunarca. Mexmy Tem, nanpa- 2KCHHOCTS B MCKSTHHMCCKHX OTHOWCHAAX H KOH- qhauxrit npogomxaior scnuxHBate 8 pasMMaHEsX OGmecTBax HO BeeMy Mupy, yrpoxkaa npHBecrH K pactazy HeKoTopbix MHOTOSTHHMECKHX rocy- AAPCTS MK BOSHMKHOBEHHIO B ApyrHX rocyslap- crbax MOCTOAHHEIX O¥aroB HacHaHA. Kak MOxKHO230 Tnaea 9. Paca, smauyeckas npuxadnennocms u uMMUepayuR crmaquTe sTuMMeCKHe MpoTHBopesHA H MpeqoT- BPATHTS MeKOTHUMECKHE cTOMKHOBeHUA? KaKo- BHI AOWAHM OMIT OTHOMEHHA B MHOrOSTHHMe- cKHX OGuecTBAX MexKMY Tpynname sTHMYECKHX MeHbUIMICTE H GonbumucTBoM tacenenuA? Cy- U{eCTRYIOT TPH OCHOBHBIX MOAeNH aTHNECKOH MuTerpauuM, KOTOPHe GLK MPHHATH B MHO- TOSTHHYECKAX OGUKECTHAX C YHETOM YKasanttLIx CHOKHBIX 39/124: ACCHMTANTHE, sTHABHBEE KO- Tens H MIOpAAHsM. Monenu 3tHHYecKod MHTerpaynHn Tlepsbii nyrb — 910 accHMmamus, KoTopas ogHaqaer, 470 HMMUTpAHTH OTKASBIBAIOTCA OT CBONX HCKOHHBX OGbIYaeH H AelicraMi x (op- MUVIOT CBOE TIOBENEHME B COOTRETCTBHH C eH HOCTIMA H HOpMaMHt GOMbUIHHCTEA HaCeNeHHA Tlo mHeHm0 CroponHHKos accumHaayHH, HM- MAPpaHTBI JOWKHBI HOMCHITE CBOM ASBIK, Ope Jy, O6pas -AHSHH H KYABTYDHBIE BOSSpEHHA, [YI ‘Toro “TOGS HHTTErpHpORATSCA B HOBLI COMM anbuetit MopyloK. Tak, B Coenunienmerx Ulravax, KoTOpHIe chOpMHPORATHCH KaK ¢HaTHA HMM TpaHToRs, Ha MHOTHE TIOKOMEHHA HMMMTpaHTOR OKAgbIBAIOCD AANNCHIe, STOOH OH +aCcHMMTH- PORAMICbs TAKHM OGPAIOM H MHOTHE HB AeTEd MMMurpanTos Cran B peayasrare Gonee WIH Me- Hee nommbIMH kHGHH FOCyAApCTBa 6 yeTOM. Coequnennite Iira- ‘Tal H pyre sarajible CTpaHbl AWIAIOTCR TLHOpa- AUCTHYECKHM BO MHOTHX OTHOMIEHHAX, HO 3T- HHMECKHe pasIMYHA ACcoMMMpOBANCD B MUX no Gombinlelt 4aCTH C HepaBCHCTEOM, a HE ¢ paB- HIM, HO HESADHCHMBIM WICHCTBOM B HaLyHOHalty- HoM coobecrie. B BenuxoOpuranmn apyrax crpanax Es- ponst mijepst Gombindticrsa rpynn STHHYECKHX MEHBUIMHCTR BCe Gombe CKIONAIOTCR K TTOpa- amamy. Yro6t AocTH4b craryca “Apyroti, wo pas- iti, noTpe6yloTea SHaMHTeMbHBe YORAM, H TO- ka 9T0 MpeacranMAeTca BeceMa OTAANeMNOI Nep- chekranoil. STHHECKHE MCHBUIHHCTBA Bce eke BOCIPHHUMAIOTCA GOMDINHNCTBOM mORei Kak ‘Yrposa: yrpo3a ux sarsTocTH, Hx GesonacHocrH it sHauHOHANbHON Kynsrype>. Coxpansercs TeH- AeHUVME MPeBpAMATs STHMMECKHE MeHDUIMHCTBA B KOa0B OTHyteHtHa, TlockobKy MONOROMY 10- xonenmio 8 3anaqioi Enpone o4eH® Yacro npH- cyl Te Ke Mpegpaccyztku, “70 M crap TO- KONEHIIM, STHHMECKHM MCHBUIKHCT#aM 8 Gomty- luMHCTse Crpan npwnerca it B GyAyIIeM HMeTD eI C NponowKaoMerica AUCKPUMENALYHeH, MPH TOM YTO COUMANbHBI KIMMaT GyjeT XapakrepH- JOBATHCH HANPHKEHHOCTHIO H TPEDOTO!t. STHMYeCKKe KOHDAMKTHI Smmveckoe MHorooSpasHe Moxer sHaMHTeS- Ho OGorawars OOuecTBa. MynsTHaTHHYECKHE TO- cymaperna “acto mpencraammor co6oH nome RUSH AHMAMMYecKHE OOpasonaHHA, cHABBEImnuyeckan unmeepayun u smHuYEcKue KoHdbnuKmE Gnaronaps TOMy BkUaNy, KOTOPK BHOCKT B Hx Gnaronencrsne passe rpynnin Hx axKTeNEH. Ho axne rocyaapcrsa moryr TaKKe oKasaTs- A GecHOMONIHBIMH HepeR THHOM puyrpeHTLHX CTOIKHOReHHH vA BHeUMeH yrposEl. PagnHuHA B ABbIKe, B PeNHFHH HM KynBIYpe Moryr cram HOBOHOM ALIA OTKDHTOrO aHTaroHMaMa Mey STHHYECKHMH rpyrnamu. 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