BEJHOCTb, COMMAJIBHAA TIOMOI[b VM COMMAJIDHOE OTUYKTJEHHE Kepon — monogan xenmuana apaquarH ue- Tuipex ser, paGoTaiomtan B yerTpe TenepouHOr cua3H, coobmarOUIan HhoparyiO Ht OKABEIBAIO- Mas YORYTH KMHEHTAM, KOTOpHIe XOTEH 6b1 0 Te- aeony Ciera pacnopaxeHus oTHOCHTeTEHO mpeqnonaraemoro nyremecrsus. Y nee qonTHi paGounit jens, yacTo oH wuTcA AO MogAHEro nesepa. Bce, kro paGoraer pajom c neit na Te- aedone, — xeHmMHBI, OHH CHART B OKO KOM- Have 34 NHHBIMH crozaMH, OTAeNeHHBIE Ayr or apyra neperopostkam ceporo ypera. Kent bt TOBOPAT B MMKPOWpoH, coemHHentETt ¢ Ha- ‘YUIKKAMH, H OAHOBPeMeHHO TIOCELIaIOT saNpoc Ht Tlomysai0T MHpopManitio 13 KOMMbIOTepHEIX TePMHHANOB, HANOAANXCA Tepe HIME, Kak H mnorHe ee Koameru, Kapon ~ Marb- ommuouxa. Ha cho1o cxpommylo sapraaty ona CONEpANT ABYX ManeHBKHX ereii. Kane Me- cau ona momyaet Ha jeTeH HeGomBMyIO cymmy or cBoero GirBMero Myxka, HO HeHer HUKOTHA we xparaer, 4TOOM OIIarHTs pacxomt, Kapoa “AXUBET OT ONHOM BaputaTHt To Apyroii. Ho yrpast TPH pasa B NEKeMO OHA AOMOMMMTENDHO pa- Goraer yGopumuelt B odpucax, pacronowernEN B QAM HenaTeKO OT ee KEApTHpHL JleHBTH, 3a- paGoranmme Ha 9roli onomMTeABHOH paGoTe, TOsKOAMOT ci ROBPEMA OMUIANHBATE GoNbIUHH- crBO c¥eTOB, MOKyNaTb OfCKIY AeTAM HM TuTa- ‘THTb 3a COREPKaNHe ere! B AETCKOM yapervte- nim, Hecmotps a jjononurensueiit sapaGoTox, Kapon Kaxmbtit Meca exe CROAT KOHIIBE C KOH ua, Oa ‘kHBeT ¢ ACTOMH B MyHMMUTATONOM xpaptape B paifone macconoit sacrpoitkn. Ee TepaooepesHan Yes — NpOAVANYTECH B 2kHGHH HACTOABKO, HTOGH MepeexaTh ¢ AETHMIE B Gonee croKoiineti, Gonee Guaroycrpoennsiit parton. Tlo neyepam, xorga Kapon paGoraer p tene- cpounom yenrpe Aonosaua, ona GexHT co cHyA: 6u, sroGu sa6parb merely cHoeit mavepH, KO- ‘TOpan EENHEDHIO CMOTPHT 34 HHMH TOCTE TOTO, KAK AETCKOE YUPEKTEHHE saKaHABAeT paGory, Ecam Kapon rioneser, eTH cHopa saceimaior cpa- ay %Ke, KaK OHA MPHBOIHT HX OMOHT, HO OveHb wacto eft MpHxogHTca BecTH C HAMM omy Gops6y, ¥oGH yroxUTS crate, K TOMy EpeMe- MM, Kora feTH 3acwinawor, Kapon yKe CAHIIKOM HOMYYEHA, 4TOGM GHTE B COCTORIHH ¥TO-1H60 AeaTb, KPOMe Kak BKUMOUNTS TereBH30p. Y Hee ‘MANO BDEMCHH /JI4 HOKYIKH NPOAYKTOB H MIpHTO- TOBIEHUA HaNACKAUICHt equ, NOSTOMY Ola H NETH ‘waco eqs ToTOBHE samopomentiute Homytpa6pH- karst. Ova aHaer, YTO HM BEM O8uTa Gat MONesHEe Gonce cOanancuponantar jHteTa, Ho NOGANSOCTH or MX ‘AWIOTO paiioHa HeT MarazHHoB, KpoMe ‘TOrO, B JUOGOM CIy'ae, Ola He MOXKET MOSBOAHTE ceGe MOKYNaTb MHOTO CREKUX MPOAYKTOR. Kspon Gecnoxowr, vro oHa mponomir c ACTS CTHIIKOM MAIO RPEMeHH, HO KaK PeUIHTs aTy upoGremy, ona we auaer. Tocae Toro, Kak OHM ¢ MYKEM pasBeAHich, HepBHe BoceMHaAMaT MecaNIeR OHA MPOKHA C AETRMH Ha NOCOGHe, nomyaemoe oT rocygapcrsa. C Tpyzom cnpas- Ch CO CBONM CeTORHAUIHM TONOXEHHEM, Oa TEM He MeHee He XOYET CTAHOBHTECR 3aBHCHNOM oT connansHoit GnarornopHrensioctH. Kapon HaneeTca, HT Hepes HECKOTBKO seT, MPHOGpera OnsT paGors B TexeporHOM 1eHTpe, OHA CMO- ZXE€T NPOABHHYTECH HO cAYKGE H NOMyuTS Gone OTBeTCTREHHYIO H nyuIMe OTMIANHBAeMyIO paGory. Muorne moan, acrpetas xKeHmuHy, Toq06- uyio Kepon, Moryr cletars HeKoTopte mpeso- TOReHMA O €¢ AHSHH, OHM MOTYT NOAYMATD, YTO Semiocrs Kapor H ce HH3KOe HONOAKeIME B OGUIC- CTHE ABIAOTCA PEaYIBFATOM Ce HEOCTATONHEIX Mpupogusix cnocoOHocteit wan cHezcreHem ce coScrsennoro soctiranna, JIpyrne Moryr oGBH- nut Kapox 6 Tom, 410 oHa paGoraer HeqocrTa- ‘TONMO YOPHO H NOSTOMY He MoxKeT MPeoTONeTs276 Boe Tpyatioe nonoxerMe. Hackonbko cnpaneg- AuBiI HOROGHDIE MHEHHA? Sanaa CoMONOTA KaK a3 H COCTOHT B TOM, TOGE NpoaHamaHpo- BaTb TaKHe MHC H chopmHpowaTs » Ome- cise Goxce mmpoxHi nara Ha AaNHOe ABNEHE, TOSBOAMOMI OGBACHHTH To, 4TO MpOuCXORHT ¢ monpMi, monoGuEMH Kapos., Kopon €e fern — 9T0 Hb onHH MpHMep cembit CpeaH MHOTHX ApyrHx B CoenHHeHIOM Kopostesctse, Koropue cyuectnyior B ycnonnax Gequocru. CormacHo Oprarazauvin No 9kOHOMH- Yeckomy compymunaectay M paasirriio (ECP), noxasaten GeqHocTH B BeanKoOputanyn apna JOTCH OBMUMI 13 xyAUHX CpewH PASBHTHIX Craw, Muorne vermrrann Gut mox, yatiaB, ¥ro BeanKo- Opuranim mpanayiexn noxo6uoe coMMHTeAb- Hoe Jocrimxerme. Bonee cocrosreababe moan YaCTo Ke He UMcIor npencrannenus O MacurTa- Gax 6eMMOCTH, cyMecTByIOMeM pATOM C HAMEL, Beauoctb Yto Takoe 6equocth? Yro rakoe Geqnocrs u Kak ee caegyer onpe- genre? Counoxorn npoBonaT pasmuane MEKIy ABYM PASHAIMH NOWATHAMM GenHocTH — a6- canomnott 1 omuocumensnoit GedHocmsi0. Tlo- HATH aGcomorHoi GerHOcTH OcHOBBIBacTCA Ha Hee cyMECTROBAHH NpoxUmoNNoZO smunU- WMG — OCHOBHBIX yonoBHTi, KoTOpHe OTK Het GLITE BoIMOMHEHEI, 4TOGE OGecreMHT du- BHMECKH MOpMaNbHOe CyIMeCTBOBALHe YeTORCKA. O mogrx, KoTopite ments THX cbytnamcnTatb- UBIX YOHOBIH, HEOGXOAMMEIX [LIA YeNOBeHeCKOFO CYUIECTBOBAHK — TaKHX Kak JOCTATONHOE MH TaN, KPO H OAeKIA — roBOpsT, YO OHM xKuByT B GequoctH. HouaTHe abcomoTHot Gen- HOCTH TpaKTyerca Kax HMexoulee YHHBEPCATBHTVIO Ipumennsocrs. Cauraetea, sro crangapret jit NeroReyecKoro cyInecrBOBAHHA Goce HH Me- Hee ONMHAKOBDI {LIA BCeX OAeHt ConocraBHMOrO BOSpACTa H TETOCTOKEHHA, He3ABHCHMO OT TOTO, Tye ont xunyr. O sOGOM YenOBeKe, Te ObI OF HH HAXOAHICH, CCH YeAOBHA ero AHH HH 2XKe YCTAHOMEHILIX YATREPCATDHBIX CratapTos, ropoparr, YTO OH 7KHBeT B GeAHOCTH, He ce, omuaKo, cormacusi, ¥T0 BO3MOx- Ho YcraHosHTs TaKoi crangapr. To mueH0 ‘TAKUX COLMONOTOR, FOpasMo UeTecoOBpasHee HC- Nomb30BaTP NOHATHE OTHOCHTEABHOTL GeHOCTH, KoTOpoe CooTHOCHT GeAHOCTS ¢ OGuM CraHstap- TOM :KIHH, NPeOGATAIONLUM B KOHKPETHOM 06- mectse. CroponHHKH noHsttHA oTHOCHTeNHOTI Thaea 11. Bedwocms, coyuansHan nomows u coyuanbHoe omyyxdeHue Gemocma yrsepavaior, 470 Gemnocts onpene- AACTCH C TOYKH IPCHAA KYABTYPH Hee HeNb3A H3MEPAT» B COOTRETCIBAH ¢ KAKHM-AH6O yHHBEp- CANbHBIM CTaWapTOM HANHMHA HIM OTCYTCTBHA TeX WIM MBX YonOBHH, OumGowo noarats, ‘TO YenOBEYeCKHe MOTPeGHOCTH REIe ORHAKO- Bu, — B JelicreHTeNHOCTH OH pasnHuaioTcA KaK BHYTPH OyHOrO OGmECTBA, TAK HB PAsHIx obmectsax. To, TO Kaxercn Hacyulo HeO6xo- AUMBIM B OJHOM OGnIecTBe, MOxKeT CHHTaTBCA POckoutbio B Apyrom. Hanpamep, B Gombumn- THe HHAYCrPHaNbHBIX CrpaH BOFONpOROA, CxHB- Holi 640K B tyaneTe H perynapHioe noTpebne- he (bpykros 1 Bowe paccmarpusaiorca KaK OcHonHBIe yorOBHA, HeOOXORHMELe uA 3tOpoROTt 2RUSHH; B TAKUX O6UecTBAX CHHTAeTCA, ¥TO sO- AM, AMICHHBe STHX YenOBH, KUBYT B GeqHOCTH. Bnecre ¢ eM, BO MHOTHX paspHBaioMNxcs Crpa- HaX TAKHE BLM He ABARIOTCA cralaprom ALIA Gonbuelt wactH Hacenenns, 1 GbiT0 611 Geccotbic- JeHHO OnpeneAAT GesHOCTD B COOTRETCTBH ¢ HX HanusHeM WI OTcyTCTBHEM., Tipu onpenenenun u aGcomornoi, 4 or- HocuTenHO# GeqHOCTH BOsHUKAIOT Tpy;OCTH. Oana u3 pacnpocrpancunibix MeToaNK jum HsMte- penus a6comorHol GequocrH coctouT 8 onpe- Aenenn veptet GexnoctH, KoTopan ycranani- BACTCH HCXOR 3 CTOUMOCTH MIpoAyKTOR, He- OGXOAUMEIX [VIR BEOKHBAHNA YeTOBEKA B TOM WIR WHOM OBuTecTBe. Ecm ZOXOR OTREMbHOTO NeHOBEKA HAH CeMBH HAXOMHTCH HiDKe ~Neprat Geqnoctu, ropopat, 470 OHH -kHBYT B GeqHOCTH. Ognaxo ucttomsonanse eqMHcreeHHOro KpHTe- iia GeHOCTH MO‘eT OKABaTHCA HEOCTATONHHAM, HOTOMY 4TO MpH TaKOM NoAXOTe He MpuHUMa- €TCA BO BHHMANMC BapeMpoBANHe YeIOBeMeCKHX norpeGuocreli Kak BHYTPH onNOrO oGuecTHa, Tax HB pasUbIxX OGmecTRax. B oH perHo- aX C1palIbl KHSHD MOXKET Gur ropasz0 Gonee Aoporolt, YeM B APYTHX; CTOMMOCT OCHOBHLIX NDOAYKTOB MuTaNHA pagMHYacrca OT perHoHa K pernony. [Ipyroft npumep — ojn, sammmato- UMCCH (PUSHIECKHM TpyOM Ha CHEKEM ROIAYXe, OG1IHHO HYAy{arOTeA B GombureM KOMYECTBE IIpO- AYKtOB TMNTaHHA, NeM, ckaxKeM, CTYPKALAHE B OCH- Ce, KOTOpHE NPOBOAAT Bech CHO paGounit sLeH» B nomementn. Tpit eqmticrneimiom KpHTepuie SeNMOCTH MOET OKABATHCH, “TO TOTOKEHHE He- KOTOPEIX sHONeH OUCHHBAETCA KAK HaXOMMUIeeCH BLUME Heprit GeAHOCTH, Torna Kak B jeficranTeRD- HOCTH HX JOxOA He OGecteyMBaeT axe Cambie HeOBXOAUMBE 1U1H CyulecTHONAHHIA TOTPebHOCTHL louse orHocHrerbHo GeqHOCTH TaKKKe compaxeno ¢ payom choxnocrell, Opa 13 raB-Bedrocm HBIX 3aKMOWAETCA B-TOM, 4TO TO Mepe pasBHTHA oSilectHa HoHHMaHHe OTHOCHTeMbHHO! GenHOCTH TAKKE HENBOCKHO OAAHO NIPETepHETh HIMEHe- nue, Ilo Mepe Toro KAK OGuIecTBA craHoBATCH Gone saxHTOUNDINN, CraHAapret [Yi onpeTene- Hi OTHOCHTeRBHOA GeAHOCTH NOCTeneHHO MOR: HuMaroTca BBepx, Bio apems, HanpHsep, KO- Ta ABTOMOOMIH, XONOAWIBHUKH, HeHTpasTBHOe oronmenne n Tenedous cunTamucs mpemeramn pockommn. OsHako ceivac B GoABUIMHCTBe HE AYCTPHANbHDIX OOMECTR OHH vOCHpHHANIOTCH KaK HEOGXOANMHE JU BeNEHHA MOMLOUEHHOI Hi AxTHBHOM ausHH, HexoTOpHe KPHTHKH 101K ‘Tha OTHOCHTeABHON GegHocTH npeaynpEXTamt, FO MPH HCHOAKIOANHH 91OrO HONATHA OHIO yhyckaerea 13 nity TOT (paxr, sro n wacToaiuee BpeMA Jake MaNIMeHce OGecrIeveHtETe YEH O6- ICCTRA AKABYT SHANHTEABHO AYU, HEM TIPEATE. Onn sazaoTer BONPOCOM, MOHO AH BOOBIIE TOROPHTh 0 +HacTORUIeii GeaHOcTH MpHMeHH- TemBHO K OGLECTHY, NOLOGHOMY coupementiof BeankoOpnrannn, re TaKHe noTpeOuTenbcKHe TobapH, KAK TEEDHSOPH H CAPABHBE ManIH- HI HMCIOTCH MpAKTHIECKH KaGKOM AOME. Beccnopio, 410 Awwe CeMDIE C CAMBIM HS- KUM ypOBHeM OXORA HMeIOT B HacTOmMee BPEMt Topasio Gonbummit Aocryn K ToRApaM mn yCry- 1am, 4eM jlva fecaTHMNeTHA Hasag. Tem He Me- ee, 6110 6x OuMGOAHO NonaraTs, 410 370 congerenscroyer 06 orcyrcranst GeqtiocrH. Xo- 1H OpuTANCKOE OGUIECTBO craHO w KeTOM Go- see OGECTICNEHHBIM, MpOTIACTs MexAY CaMbINHL Gorarbin H caMBIM GeRUBIMET *teHANTE OOIe- crea Cranomuea nce sameTHee. Cembit ¢ HHSKHM YPoBHEM Joxo;a, HoAOGHBIe CemBe Kapoa, enna nog Konutet ¢ KoHTIAMH. Hcrrombayst Miy{eKC j1e- MpHpauun, KOTOPKIM HSMepseTCR HanHune HH OTCYTCTBHE MpEAMeTOR HepBO! HEOGxoAUMOCTH RIK COMEpAAKNA AeTeH, coMMOsIOTH OOKAPYRHMI, TO MHHOrHM ceMBAM C TPYTOM yAaeTeR OGecre- SUITS JeTHM *CAMOE HEOBNOAMMOE> — KAK, Ha- upumep, caexne cppykrat Xora Gs onUH pas B j{CHb, HENPOMOKaeMyIO BEPXHIOIO OfeAILY HH BOIMOKHOCTS peamHsonaT CBOE XOGOH it 3a MuMaTbeA Ha jocyre mOGHMBIM jeOM (Middle- ton ef al. 1997). Henocaanne, nroxoe sxopose, orpaunuenitbai gocryn K OGpasoBaHsno u ny6: AMSILIM YUpEXMEHAM, 2 -TAKKE HECTAGHTBHBLE ZAILTHUMABIE YCTODI TIO-IpeRHEMY MsHPOKO Pac- mpocrpaneum cpenst cemeli ¢ HABKHM jOXONOM. Bee 310 YkaSuINAeT Ha TO, NTO, B OTHOCHTENDEBIX Tepmmnax, GelHOcTs B OpuTancKom omecrHe HMCeT, Kak H Ipewe, rmyGoKHe KOpHH. 277 Kputepmn Geqnoctn Ospuyuansnese Kpumepuu 6edKocmu B ommane or Coeanuensiix Uiraros AmepH- KM H MHOFHX Jpyrux crpaH, me cymecrsyer ocpmuianbiiaa septa GentioctH, » Bennko6pH- ‘TaHMat OMpestenestite GenHOCTH KaK TaKOBOM npa- muremscrnom He Aactes. Tipu orcyrcrann ocp- UuaMbHOTO onpeyereHHA GemHOCTH HccTENORA- rea B CocqutieHom Koposencrse svt Homepe- Hus ypostieli GeqHocrn onmpancs Ha apyrHe CrarMcrHveckHe MOKAsaTeMH, TAKHe, HanpHMep, Kak Mpeqcranmenne rocyfapcracHHsix nocoGHit. B uccreqonantHax OBMHO OMPEENILICA KAK eKH- BYIUWM B BERHOCTH> MOBO! eTOBEK, OXOR KOTO- oro Gbul Ha YPOBHE HAH Hike yPOBIIA LOXOAa, MIpH KOTOPOM BEINLIANHBAeTCH TOMOMHHTERBHOE noco6ue, JlonoasHTemsHoe nocobHe — 310 e- HEKIBIE BHITUIATEL HOAAM, Hel ROXOR He ROCTH- raer yponiis, KoTOpN CHrTaeTCH HeOBxOANMBIM JA Tlosepxann cymectsoBanHd. JhogH ¢ 10- XOgOM, cocranimomum or 100 0 140% toro HOXOAa, NH KOTOPOM Nomaracres NOMOAHTEND- Hoe MOCOOHe, KapakTepHsOBANHch KAK KUBYIINE cua rparm GeqnoctH>, B uexaniee Bpena AOHON- uiTemsHOe Mocobue Osi10 saMextesto AorTaTOIL K AOxomy, H GeqHocrs Terepb amie Bcero H3Meps- TCA HCXONA H SHCA CeMel, KUBY UIE Ha HOXOT HIKE cpeqHero, HAIN Ha AOXOA, Panu noTOBH- He cpeiero WIM HIKE ero. Ecam HcxogttTb 13 Takoro ompeneentns 6es- HOCTH, NHICTO sORet, UByUUAX B GemNOCTH Wut ka rpanit GeqnoctH, 8 1980-x rr. peaKo yaenH- snuioce (Blackburn 1991), 4 sro 3aTpoHyo Bce nospacraiomfee asco neTeH. B 1979 r, 10% pervert (momowe narHanuaTH Jer) -KHAH B CeMbAX C 0- XOJOM, Ha 50% HibKE HanMoHATBHOrO CpesHero TOXoa; K 1991 r. Home TaKHX jeTeH yBemHaH- mach 0 31% (Kumar 1993). Tocae peaxoro pocra Gequocrn » 1980 rr. yponerb GeqHocrH OcrabAnch OBOABHO YcTO‘MBLIM Ha MpOTs uuu 1990-x rr. Marepwane, OTHOCAMECH K KOH- uy 1990-x re, mokazanH, to mpaGaNairenDHO 10,7 man Gpirranues aHTH Ha AOXOAB HEDKE NO- ABM CpeAHETO AOXOFA, a ECMH YueCTH Emme PACKOM Ha ZKILTHE, TO HHCIO TAKHX sIOTe! CO- crapio yxe 14 man (Howarth et al. 1999). Cy6vexmusore Kpumepuu 6ednocmu Hexotopnie uccnegonatent nomaraior, 70 ecnn TIpH ompegenennn GenHOCTH HCXORHTb ToTBKO 3 HOXOZa, TO HexOONeHHRaIOTCA peaTbrtEIe Mac- UTaGB AHMeHMM, OF KOTOPHIX Crpanaior ceMbn278 Thasa 11. eduocme, coyuansnar nomouys u coyvansHoe omuyxdenue Ta6nmya 11.1 Mpoyent cemet, ouyujasuiix, To On Ke MoryT Cee ROZBOANTe HEKOTOPUE HEOBKORMMBIE BeuLH (cpasxenne no crpanam Esponetickoro Cowsa. 1995 r.) Compu umeor | aco » paumone Cue Cope eae wonyro oxexay | Henerbietti ornyci Tlopryranus 6 47 59 Tpeuna 35 32 31 Henna 2 9 49 Coeaunennoe Koponcncrao 10 6 40 Mpaanackaa PecnyGanka 4 a 38 rama 6 15 38 parnns 5 10 34 Bensrua 4 10 26 Ancrpi 8 10 24 Janna 2 3 16 Huexepaaniei 2 13 15 Jvoxcembypr 3 5 4 Tepwania 5 15 2 Memounux: Social Trends. 29. 1999. Table 5.12. Crown copyright. C HUSKHM JOXONOM. BLIO Mpeampunato necKo- KO BaKULIX HCCHEROBAHMH, aBTOPH KOTOPEIX CAC AHH NOMBITKY ONPEAeAMTS GejAHOCTS ¢ NOMOUISIO He OOMeKTHBIBIX KPHTePHE, TAKHX KAK YOBCHS HOXONa, 2 ¢ HOMOMIDIO KPHTepHER cYSDEKTHBUBIX. K yuensim, cuntaiomm, 10 ofpinnan- Hble KpuTepHH GeaHocTH HenocraToNHL, OTHO- cuca Murep Taysceny. B cxonx nccreqosannax Tayceny ucxoqHT He u3 CrarHcTHKH AOXONOR, 10 OGpamaetcs K cyOveKTHAHLIM NpenCTaBEHH- AM anOAeHi O TOM, 4TO TaKoe GeauocTs (Townsend 1979; Townsend et al. 1987). ¥ pecnongentos CTpaUuBaa Hx MHEHHE OTHOCHTEMHO TOTO, Ka- Kit JOXOA HEOGXOAHM, YTOGM COREpKATS CEMBIO Naypiexanuat O6pasom, a TAKKE O TOM, HACKO:IE- KO HX OXON B HACTORIee BPeMA CooTHETCTBYET 370M CYMME, NPCBOCKOANT ee HA He AOTATHBACT AO nee, B caMBIX pasitEIx cembax onperensemtunt PecHOHAEHTaMH YoMOAHMTENDHB JOXOR GuLT B cpeawem a 61% some, vem mpapitrencrnen- Titi manuerym, TpeGyeMEni jLA MpeLocramleHH noco6ua. Onpomentinie cooGuyuin TaIoKe no- apoGuyi0 unibopaaniio o cROeM OBpase sxHBHH, BKONOUAT CBENCHHA 0 AIIHIMLDIX YCTOBMAX, MpH- BUKAX B EC, © padoTe, Aocyre, OOuECTHCHHON aeaTeNbLOCTH, DTH JANHBe NOKAgATH, 1TO Hacro MOY TEMM HOTPEGHOCTAMH, KOTOpIE y CeMbIL, To MucHINO ee YReHON, cymecTBYIOT, H cHOCOBH: CTbIO CeMBHE Hx YaoRIeTHOpHT® OStIapyAHHAeTCH peakoe HecooTeTcrane, HIpu AOxoNe HUKE HEX: TOPOFO YPOBHA CeMBM HenérTEMATH «mBOrONHIC™ AeHHBIe mHUertHA; 3TO OBIIAYATO, TO OHH O6XO- ANIC» 6e3 HECKONBKHX MpEAMeTOR HTH 3aNATH, Koropble OHM CHHTATH HeObXORMMBIMA. HCKONA 3 noayyenmix peayasTaton, TayHcena MpAWEN K BHO, YTO MMMM 1K HoAyYeHHA TIOCOGHA, YcraoRtenmstit npabirrenscrsom Ha OcHORE Mpo- BepKH HYAWaeMOCTH, BUN samHoKeH Gonee, 4M ua 50% M1 COCTaBLI CyMMy, HaMHOTO MeHBUIyIO TOTO MHMAMHOTO AOXORa, KOTOPEIT peambHo HYKeH CeMbe {AIA NOMHONEHHOFO HM MHOTOCTO- DOHHerO yuactna BUSI OOMeCrBA. Octosiizancs Ha paGorax Tayucenja, Ba BAXHDIX HCCHELOBAHUA OTHOCHTEMDHOH GemHO- cr 8 Beauxo6pirrannn ocymecrsamn Jbxoanna Mok u Crioapr Jisnean, Mak # JisHcam npose- JIM AAA Tenesu3HONUOH nporpammid «Ouepens 3a Geciuarneinn o6ezaMH B BemaKoGpuranusse onpoc miteHiti, stow onpegenTs, #10 HMEHHO aogH CaHTAIOT ypoBHA >NSHH, Ha ocHoBe noayyennbix OTHeTOB OHH COCTaBHLIH CHHCOK H3 ABANUATA OAHOTO NpeAMera NepBof MeoGXOAUMOCTH, KOTOPHE GoLAH NPHIHAH O6A- SaTEABIIDIMH {pI HOPMaNBHOII AHBHH Gouee, HEM 50% pecnongenros. Comme 90% onpomenssix COMACHNCH ¢ BAKHOCTSIO EINE HATH TIPEAMETOR nepwocteneniort BaxuoctH: oromienne, TyaneT H wanNaa KOMMaTa B JOMe, OTgeTsHaM KpOBaTb 241 KUKTOTO WICH CCMBH H OTCYTCTBHE B some cupoctu. Coorsercrneno ykasaHHem ABaquarH WECTH npegMeram nepBot HeObXoAUMOcT —Beduocms Hox HATHA WAH OTcyrCrBMIO B GpHTAHCKHX ceMbax — Max u JInicai H3Mepiai yponert Geq- noc » 1983 4 cHtowa B 1990 rr. Hx pesynsrare ToKa3anH sHayHTeNbEBHT POCT GeHOCTH Ha MpO- ‘oxcHHH 1980-X FT, IPUYEM SHCTO TORCH, KHBY- mux B GeqHocTH (onpemeaxemol Kak OTCYTCTBHE Tpex wut Gonee npeAMeToB mepuoli neoGxoaH- MOCTM H3 ABAAUATH WeCTH) yBeMMIHAIOCE ¢ 7,5 yo 11 Man, a YANO OZ, KHBYINHX B GOmbUIOT Gemuoctn (y HHX oTcyrcrByIOT Cem WH Gonee MpeMeTos Mepsoi HeoGxoAHMOCTH), BOSPOCIO c 2,6 no 3,5 man (Mack and Lansley 1985, 1992). AWaNOrH4ble HHgeKCK eMpHBALM, MO- CTpoeHHBIe 11a ocHONe cyGbeKTHDMBIX KpsTepH- 8, ObUIH HCHOMBSOBANE Juin H3MepertHA GepHO- CTH Cpe Aertel HM WIA cpaBHenua yponHeit ormocureabuom Gequocm B pasnux crpaHax (cm. Ta6x, 11.1). Henasuve Tengenyun B cbepe Geguoctu B CoennHeHHoM Koponescrse J onpenencuns aepexrupnocra nporpasnt GopsOu ¢ GemuocTsIo dong Jbxoseipa PayrpH ut Mutcritryr Honor noamtHKH cocrasian exeron: Mo KOppextHpyemmiit nepeyenb 50 noxasareneit GeqHOCTH M CouMATBHOTO OTYyANeHHs (Howart et al, 1999), 91H noxasaTenn BKMONAIOT cemeiniutit JOXO}, HO TakKE OXBaTHDAIOT TaKHE cbaxTopsl, KaK 3HopoBbe, OCTyH K OGpazonamno, MOEA 3aHATOCTH HH OGmeCTSeHHAR HemTeMBOCTS. Hexo- ‘Topwe M3 TaBHEX pesyrETaTon B 1999 1. Goi crenyionmne: © Bore abyx miwumonos gereli xxuByr B ce- MBX, THE HMIKTO HO vSPOCTBIX He 3aHAT a ontaaumnaemoit paGore. Basiee Tpex Mun AMOHOD ACTEL AHBYT B CEMBAX, OXON KOTO PvIX COCTABIAET MEHBIIe TOAOBHHDI cpen- nero m0 crpane. © Cosme anyx Tpereit ras cemert, axHByuNNX B MYHMIUTIAIBHOM AHTHC, He HMeIOT ON sipaemoii paGoTs. © Cuume ognoro muiMona mencuonepos MOAOCTEIO 3ARUCAT OT TOcygapcrBeHHBIX HeHCHH 1 MOCOBHI KaK cpenCTB K cyt craonanmo, TleneHoneps, KaK H pautbute, CKOHUCHTPHPOBAHH B HIKHEH NOAOBUNE WKB PACIIpeACACHHA AOXOLOB. © O6uapyasuioce sHauMTenbHoe Hepancricrso B COCTOAHU 3z0pOBHA cpenH HaccncHHs Beanxo6puranun. Ho cpasrenmio ¢ 1991 r 279 na 40% ynenHantocs wHcKo MyHHnHTaT- HBIX OKPYTOB, 1€ yPORCHb CMepTHOCTH 3Ha- SHTEIBHO MpeBKUaeT cpeRu MO Crpane. Kax ae MOKUO OGbACHHTE CTO’ ULHpoKoe pac- npocrpaniene niuyerbt B TaKOit GoratoH crpaue, kak Bemxo6pitanns? B Kavecrse onHoit #3 10- THYECKH BOAMOKHEIX OTMPABHBIX TONEK pasyMHO Gwu10 Ge OOparHreca K paccmoTpeHMtO pacry- lero Hepanencrsa MEK +HMyuUsM> H eneMMy- mimi 6 Beanxo6puranmn H ApyrHx HuycTpH- anbux OGuIECTAAX, PaspEIB MEXIY caMBIMH Go- TaTBIMH H CAMMIMHE GemUIBIN WeHaMH O6uIECTHA » 1980-x Fr. peako ynennsiuncs: BemHKoOpHTanna 3aumMaer BTOpoe MecTO, YCTYTAR TOMBKO HoBOM Senanann, cpenH HAAYCTPHAIBABIX CrpaH, HCTI- TaBMINX CaMBIit KPYTOH POCT sKoHOMMYECKOrO HepancHcrsa B nepHog MeKTy 1977 m1 1990 rr. K raxomy apamatueckomy pasBHTi0 COOTHIL Tpuveno coveranne pana daxropon, H MHOrHe 13 HX CBAQAHEL C KOHKDETHOH NOAMTHKOI Mpa- BHTeNDCTBa, HaNpawiennoit Ha mIREeHHe 9KO- HOMHK HS 3aCrOR. B ocoue nonutuxu, nposoxHMol npawn- TEALCTROM F-KOH TaTHep, exKATA TeopuA, Corac- HO KoTOPOH! COKpaMleHHe CranOK Haora JIA OT- JeAbHBIX MONeHt HM KOpMopannit AomKHO TpHBC- CTH K BBICOKOMY SKOHOMHYCCKOMY POCTY, SLIORBI KoToporo «npocowarcs BHKG> K GemHbIM, ANtaI0- ruunoro Kypea npHnepanBanice Coeannentne Ulrarai 6 nepnog npesumentersa Ponatyna Peit- rana, npHuem pesyzsrarh Geum conocrapyMet. axrei He TOATREpAAaOT TesHC O «mpocayHE: HUM BHI? KaKIX Got TO HH GstT0 yayamertH CMoxer HIM HeT NOAO6HAR SKOHOMHYECKAR 10- TNTHKA YCKOPHTb SKOHOMHMCCKOE PAIBHTHE, M0- KQKET BPEMA, HO peaystaroM ce NPOBEACHHA SBIACTCA YBETMYEHHE PaspbiBa MEKTY GenHbIMH MH COCTOATEDHBIMH JNOALMH, B JeHCTBHTEIbHO- im siaMiTenBHOe YoenHNeHHE MH 3TOM SHCA ‘TeX, KTO 2HBET B GequOCTH. TlonwtaKa, KoTopyio Hayao mpoBogury npasireaucr0 » 1980-x — uavane 1990-x rr, Guu1a Buironua Gone Gorarbim wzeHaM o6uIe- rma m ycyryGna1a HeGraronpHATHOE MONOKeHHE Geauerx. Tpusarnsauna parce HaqnonanHsHpo- BaHHBIX OTpacieit HH|YCTPHH CONIA BOIMOX- HoCT® OGoraulenHa jl MALBECTOpOR HS cpen- Hero M Bbicurero Knacca. Hanporsp, sapmaara paGounx, aanATHX GUSHYECKHM HM HeKBATHCpH- NMPOBAHHTEIM TPYROM, saacrylo coKpamanacs, HOCKONDKY masa paGounx, saduKcHpoRanEe 5 3aKOHe 0 saMINTe TpaB HaeMHEIX paGounx, Owumit ypesaie.280 Pocty connambioit noaapyganya 8 Bean- ko6puranun, Coeammenmbix Urarax 8 Apyrux crpawax cnoco6ctmonann TawKe H ApyrHe us MEHEHHA B CIPykType 3aHATOCTH H TOGAMbHO! SkoHOMMKe. Kak ot OrmeNaiTH B rane 10 +Knacc, kaaccopas Crparncpuxaius H HepaBenicror, poct notpeGHoctH 8 cHenManHcrax 1 MenemKepaX CO- nponoaviaica OTHOCHTeNHBIM HaeHnem crpoca Ha paGounx, sanarbix (psnveckHM Tpyz0M. 370 OKa3a0 cymecTBENHOe BAHAHME KAK Ha MORCAM pacnpegestenma Aoxonow, Tak H Ma MogeNH Ges paGornups, Jeno ¥acro OGcToMT Tak, 4TO HeKBa- ANuNMpOBAHHEIC H NoayKRaTMMNpoBAHHBE paboune c tpyqom naxoaaT ce6e padory B ycn0- BHAX ONICTPO MenAIOWerOCR pBIHKa TpyAA, TC Bee Gombute Tpe6yerca KuaHduKanus, KOTOPYIO JawoT OGpasonanne M TeXHHYECKAN MOATOTODKA. Xova B cexrope miqyerpus ycayr naGmogan- A 3amerHuilt Poct BosMoxHOcTe!, cnpoC GuLt B OCHOBHOM Ha ONKHOCTH HHSKOONTaNHBaeMEIe 1 Jaionyre Mano nepcneKTHE Ha npoApIcKeHHe no cayxée. Tloamaenue Ha ppiiKe Tpyma 2KeHIHH O3Ha- ‘ailo YBCAMMeHMe PaspbIna MEY CEMBAMI C ABY- Ma paGoTaIoMHMM H 3apaGarHInaIOMHMH MOTO HM CeMba GenHBIMM, He HI OATH H weno He SIRNACTCA AKTHBHBIM Y4ACTAHKOM Ha pRINKe ‘Tpyaa. 3apaGoren KeHmMN Cran urpare Gonee cymtecruennyio poa» 8 cemerinom GioypKeTe, HEM Korjai60 paHble, a MpHt TOM, 470 *weHUTEL TOXYYUIM BOSMOKHOCTL JAHHMATH RANATEMBE H BHICOKOOMTaYHIBAeMLe AOKHOCTH B ropasAo GombUMX KomMYECTBAX, HEM MpERIC, HX OTR B sapaGorKe CeMBM MO;eT OKasaTLCH BecoMa secomoit. H elicraureabHo, MatepHansnoe npe- yeriewaune cemeit ¢ aByMa paGoraiomMn, 0co- Gerno Gesqenmx, ABAAETCH ONHHM Ha CaMBIX BUKHBIX aKTOpOD B HSMEHEHHH MOACAH pac- Mpegencuna Joxona. Pasiiind mexay ceMbamn © ABYMA pa6oraiouqestt, ¢ OANHM padoTaIOM\HM 1 CEMDAMH, FC HH OHH H3-wEHOB He paGoraer cranosarca ce Gonee sameruniant, BuiTh Moxker, caMoe CHABHOE BosneticTBHE Ha pacnpocrpanerme GexwocTA OKasbInaET 6e3- paGormua. Xore 910 HM mpentcranasetcs cano- OveBNAILIM, yKasaHHBIT akT 4acTO HeAOOUeNH- bares. Koveuno, 47001 rapaHTHpowath >kU3Hb, cBoGoRHYIO OT GeaHOcTH, OAHOFO TOABKO cTa- Gws1bHOTO JOXORA HEAOCTaTOUHO, OAHAKO 370 HH ARETCA BAKHOH MpeAMOCELIKOH. Y cemeli, HMeIO- UX OMMOTO KOpMuBUA, Hy Cemeli, He HMeW- MX KOPMILIBIa, HODGE HET WAHCOR H36eKAT! GentoctH, O cpasH Meaty GexHOCTsIO H Gespa- Gormmelt centeTemcrBylor, B 4acrHOcTH, NHepH Thasa 11. Beduocm, couuanbyar nomous u couuanbHoe om4yxdeHueE oTHocammecs K GenHoctH jeTeit. Tlocnenume HC- caeqosaHns noKasanH, ¥TO MOUTH OHA MATAR geteli 8 Coequmentiom Kopoaencrse — cosmic 2 Man ferelt ~ xMBeT B CEMBAX, THE HMKTO H3 BIPOCMLIX He HMeeT OMIAaTHBAEMOH PaGoTEI. Jim npasurem.crs, nactpoenbix Ha Gopb- 6y © Gemocrsio, MepBooNepeAHO! saxayeri AB- JACTCR OKUBACUNE PHHKA TPYAa, WTO yBemNYHT BOSMOKHOCTH nerko HaiiTH padory. Yem Gompitte suonelt Gyyer paGorars, rem Gombe Gyner pecyp- COB B HauHONaTHOM GlO;KCTe, KOTOPHE MOAHO HAnpaBnTs wa NYA sApasooxpaneHnA, Opa- SOBAHMA MH APYTHX conMaNbHNEIX CHykO, KaK MBI yout pH OGcyaTerHH pecopst CouManbHO- To oGecneyenna, nporpammsl pacumperns 3a- HATOCTH, KOTOpsIe NosnomHAH Om GespadoTHEM YuaCTBOBATh Ha PUNK TPyNa, ABIALOTCH CaMort CepALEBHHO MHOTHX COBpeMeHHLIX Crparernit, Hanpapacimex Wa Gope6y ¢ Gesnocts10, Kro aBnnetca 6GepHbIM? Hevosmorxo npegcrasirs xparkoe onncanne xeH- HH apo-KapHOcKoro HpoHcxoenus (Joseph Rowntree Foundation 1995). B_Coeaunensiiix Ilvarax Mexy STAMYECKOH! MpHHaLIeXHOCTbIO i Geatocrsio TawKe OGtapyxnBaerca TecitaK Cba3b: OIA GeNUBIX CPEAM YepHBEX aMepuKaH ues cocrannset 26,1% (9,1 man ven.), cpent aaTuHoamepnKannes — 25,6% (8,1 not er.) — wave roBOpa, MPHMEpHO B TpH pasa Gombe, eM mpouertt Genter cpeqM Genoro HaceneHHs. Tlonbitkw o6bacnenun 6Geqnoctn Tlonbirkn oGtactHT raxoe anteHue, KaK Gen- HOCTS, MOAHO PagneMHTh Wa ABE Tansee rpyn- Tis: TeopHil, COMMACHO KOTOPHIM GeAHBIe caMH OTHETCTHEHHEA 32 CBOIO COBCTREHHY! GeAHOCTE, 1 TeOpHH, COMMacHO KOTOpHIM GemHOCTs npo- VQROAUTCA H BOCTIPOMSBORUTCA CTpyKTYPHEIN cian 8 o6mectse. StH KOHKYpHPyioMe TOA: XOMM MHOTa YOLOBHO HaSBIBAIOT COOTBETCTREN- HO TEOPHAMH +BHHOBATa xeprBar M TeOPHAMIE epmmopara cicTemar. Mit KpaTko O6cyAHM HX no o¥epean. Y Teopni, mpusraromx Gempn1x BHMOBIEI- MiLB HX COBCTHEHOM HeGaaronpHATHOM TO- TOxeHHM, juIMEHaR HCTOpuA. Tepe TonsITKit OnvicaHita NocmenCTBMA GeMHOCTH, TAKHX KAK pa- Gore noma XIX B, ocHopEIBanHcs Ha yOex- gen, 470 GemHocrs — peaymsrar weanexnar- HOCTH MAH TAaTOMOTHM mogeli. CanTanoce, ¥TO GegeiBIe — 3TO MOgH, KOTOPHIE He cnocoGHEI 10- GuTbca yonexa B OGulecTBe — H3-3a HegocraTKa CHOPOBKH, MopanbHOH HAH cbusHYeCKOH c7x260- CTH, OTCYTCTBHA MOTHBANHH HH B CHTY HHSKAX cniocosuocrelt, Counanioe monoxenMe moHH- Malloch KaK OTPDKEHME TaaHTa WENOBeKA M Ero ‘TpYAOBHIX yeH.THH; TOT, KTO 3acmyKHUT Ycex, TOT €ro LOSHBALICK, a Apyre, Metiee cnocobuMe, 6st- mit O6pevesbt Ha Heyaayy. CymectBoBaHHe «110 Geyurenetie H +HeyqauHHKOB> paccmarpHBaioce kak Henperoaaiait paxr a031H, B 1970-x — naane 1980-x rr. Bospoayenne TOAOGHUX BIrNEAOB HaGAIORATOCS B Copme T0- ANTHMECKHX SasBReHH, MORMEPKHBARINHX, YO yerlex B OOMecTRe sBIAeTCA ROIHArpaKeHHEM 3a NPeAMPHMMYHBOCTb M_YeNeyCrpemTeHHOCT, Hi YTO TOgH, He AOGuBIIMECR yenexa, CaMH OT- percrpentibi 3a Te OOCTORTEALCTBA, B KOTOPBIX282 Thaea 11. Bednocms, coyuansHan nomous u coyuansHoe omuyxdeHue ———————— Counanbuan nonapu3ayma: BHHOBaTa AW B 3TOM rnoGanHsaynA? Ceronsa, Kora can, cnoco6creyouwe rnobann- 3auk, CTaAM [maBHUM MpHBHaKOM HaWero MeHAD- lwerocn mupa, 4acTo BHicKasHIeaeTcA npeAnonOXe- tne, TO rmoGannaayMR B sHauKTeNbHOH creneHK BuHOBATa 8 PACTYUIEM BKOHONHYECKON Hepasen- rae, Pacnpocrpanenne cornawennit 0 ceoSoaHon Toprosne nOHMMZeTCA KaK BOIMOKHOCTE ANA He- KBanndHynpoBaHiex pabounx 8 HeKoTOpyX crpa- tax nonopeaTe nonomenne HeKsannduuxposannisx aGounx B apyrax crpatax. PaGoune TeXCTHnbHtAx ‘a6pnx va Ounnnnunax, HanpnMep, noBonscreyir- cA Gonee Hu3Koi sapa6oTHoH nnaroh nocouAKH, vem paGoune 8 Bennxo6purannn wav CoeanHentinx Wratax. B pesynbrare pa6ora «ynnwiaaet 3a MopAY, Tax kak Kopnopayin joroBapnBaworca nepemectHTe ACTH MpoMssoACTeeHHoro npoulecca Ha MemAyHa- poAHWe puHKK Tpyna. Creayer, ontaKo, Gute octopoxiiiM 8 no- WTRAX B3BANHTS BCIO BMHY 38 SKOHOMMYECKOE He- asencreo wa rnoGannzaynio. Ananna Tengenyni 8 pacnpenenennn noxoga noKasteaer, WTO HaH6O- ‘ee saMeTHOe HepasencTEO coBceN He OBR3ATENLHO na6moqaetea B Tex orpacnax MHAYCTpAM, (Re Gonee 3naunTenbHyio pone UrpaeT MemAyHapoRHaR TOP- TOBAR. Bonee BaKHY!O PO, HECOMHEHHO, HrpanT CABHTH 8 TexHonorHM, npHBoAAUNE K Pocty cnpo- ca Ha KeannpmymposanHtsx paGownx H coxpalye- HMO Chpoca Ha HeKeannnynposannux pabounx, sapaGotHan naa W rapaHTan. 2aHaTOCTH KOTO Dx cooTaeTcTseHHo ynentwaroTcs. OnvospeNeH- Wo pa6oswe, oGragaioiune cnocoBuocrann 8 cébepe ‘upopmaynonx Texnonornit, craHoesTcA Gonee ‘BOCTPeGOBaHHHIMM K NonyaIOT BOaMOKHOCTe 3apa- Sarsisate Gonewe. ————— ‘OHH OKasaHcb. Sayactylo oGBaCHeHMe GeqHO- CTH nurranuch HaitTH B O6pase *KHSHH GenItBIx, a TaKKe B ASHEHHOH nosMUNH MH BSrAANaX, KOTOpHIC HM AKOOBL MpHcyNH, Ockap JIBIOHC BLI- ABHHYA OAHY H3 HaHGOxCe RAHATENBHEIX TeOpHit ToqoGHOro poxa, yrBCpAIABILIVIO, UO y MHOTHX GeqHIX moyei cymecTByer KyABTypa GenHOCTH (Lewis 1961). To memo Ibionca, Geartocrs — 3TO He PesyauraT HeafeKBATHOCTH “eNOBEKA, HO IIMpoKan CouManbHas H KysIbTYpHan aTMocde- Pa, B KoTOpoi couMaMHsHpyoTcA AeTH GemHA- Kos. Kyntypa Geqnocru nepeqaerca oF ogHorO TOKONEHHA K APYTOMy, NOTOMy ¥TO MonOABE JWOH C PaHHeTO BOSpacra TPHBHIKAIOT K TOMY, TO HeT CMBICLa CrpeMHTECR K YeMy-T0 sy4- memy. Bonce Toro, on CMHpsIoTc CO CBOMM 2kANKHM CYUECTBOBALINEM, MPHHHMaR €fO KaK HeHs6exHOCT. ‘Teauc o Kyasrype Geqocra 6x11 pase ame- PHKaHicKHM couHonOrOM Yapasom Mappx. Joan, aBIMOUECA GeAHEIMH «He MO CBOEH BHHE> — HANPHMeP, BIOBH WAH BAOBIEL, CHPOTH HIM HH- BalMAs — TlonaqaioT B Apyrylo KaTeropitio, B OTIMYHE OF Tex, KTO MPHHAMICKHT K KYAEType aggapenecrsa. 3TMM TepMHHOM MappH 060- sHauaer Gequaix suogeli, KoTopHe paccunTsIBaIOT Ha TlOnyYcHHe CouMaIsHO! MOMOUI OT NpaBH- ‘TenbCTBa, a Ne Ha NOWCKH paGOTH Ha BIKE ‘tpyaa. Ilo ero yreepaycHHI0, BOSHUKHOReHHE rO- cynapcrea sceo6ujero GuarococtoaHa co3tano cyOxymsrypy, Koropax mopsipaer AMET HeHe- YCTPeMIEHTOCTE H cnocOGHOCTS CAMOMY Ce6E 110- Moub, BMccTo Toro YTOGK OpHEHTHpORATs CeO Ha Oyayutee W brTaTHCa AOGHTECA AYHUNH AHHH, OAK, 3ABHCAMIHe OT TOcyAapcrBeHHOH Guaro- TBOPHTCABHOCTH, NOBOMBCTBYIOTCH MOMyYCHHEM MILIOCTMINH, COWHaTbHaa MOMOUIb, KaK yrnep- axqaer Mappu, JuunH1a mone cruMyna K pa6oTe (Murray 1984). TlogoGuste Teopun Haxopsr, 10-BHAHMOMY, orkax 1 y Hacenenus Benaxo6puranun. Kak 10- Ka321 ONPOCHI, GOAbUIMHCTRO GpHTAHUIeS CuH- vaeT GeqHbIX BHHOBHBIMH B CBOCH GeqHOCTH HC MOROspeHHeM OTHOCHTCR K TEM, KTO 7KH- BeT «34japom> Ha «TOcyqapCTHeHHIBIe HOAadKH>. Miorne ronaratot, wro mogM, nomyyaioumne rocy- Aapcrsennbic nocoGua, MormH Gm HaliTH paGory, eca 6ui neficrsHrenbHo saxoreuH, OHaKo TaKHe MpeAcTaBICHHA He COOTRETCTBYIOT PeanbHOA CH- ‘Tyanjan. Tourn Yersepras Yactb Tex, KTO KHBET B GeqHocTH B CocauHeHHom Koposescrae, TaK WIM HHaye paGoract, HO HX 3apaGOTOK CAMINKOM Mal, YTOGbI HOSBOAHTS HM H36EKAT GeAHOCTH, His octasumxca GombuMHcrBo cOcraBAMOT AeTH, He JOCTHrUMe YeTEIpHaUATH eT, HOMIE 110- AM B Bospacte 65 set H crapuIe H GomBHBLe OAH 11H HuBamHasI. HecMoTpa Ha pacnpocrpaneHtoe MHeHMe © MHOrOuNCHEHHBIX cay4anX OOMaHa TIpH MonyyeHHH couMaNBHO! HOMOULH, MeHbuIe onHoro Hpouesta O6pameHHt 3a HOMOMIEIO 64I- JIM HEOGOCHOBAHHBIMH — TO SHAMHTENbHO HHKE, eM B cuy¥ac HaTOTORBIX AeKNapamAit O AOxo;ax, TAC, MO MloxcaeTaM, Gonce 10% HaOrOB HeNOTIO- AYSACTCA 13-3 HeNpaBMAIBHOTO jeKTAPHPOBANHA WIM YTaMBaHHA AOXO/OB (CM. TAKE BPESKY «3a BUCHMOCTS OT COLMaTbHOH MOMOMLHe #2 C. 301).beduocms Tipu apyrom nonxone ana o6pacrenua npH- aunt GeaHocTH B mlepByIO O¥epenb o6pamaior- Co K WIHPOKOMACUITAGHBIM COMMATDIIM NpoUec- cam, KOTOpHIe MOPOXKMAIOT YCHOBHA JIA GemHOCTH H XoTOpHe OATM TpyAKHO Mpeogoners. Cormac HO STOMY MHCHINO, CrpykrypHbIe cium BHYTpH obulecroa — TakHe ¢akropsi, KaK Kracc, reHixep, STHHYECKAR MPHHAIOKHOCTS, PO 3aHLATAIL, 10- mysernoe oGpazonanne mT. — chopmupyior ciioco6 pacnpeneentia pecypcos. Croportnxtt CTpyktyptoro oaxona K OBbACHEHINO GemHOCTH canTaiOr, ¥TO OTCyTCTBHE CrpeMieHHA K ycrIeXy y Geatbix, KoTOpoe acto TOmKyeTCA Kak NpOABAe- HME *KYAbTYPEL HRRMBEHYECTBAY, Ha CaMOM fee npegcrantser coGoi CreACTBHE Hx GenCTBCHTO- ro MonoxeHMa, a He ero mpHuMuy. HesosMoxHO YCTpannTs GeANOcTH nyrem HSMELeLHA BIrAOB Monel, SaaBIsIOT OHH, MIN STOrO HYKHIBL TOMH- TUYECKHe MepH, HAMpaBeHHible Ha Goxee pap- HomepHoe pacnpeenenne ® o6tecTBE LOXOROR H pecypcos. Cy6cuqHH Ha conepaaHHe jeTel, YCTaHOBIEHNBI MHHMMyM MoyacoBOi ommaTEt ‘Tpyaa M rapanTaposanubtii ypoBenb cemeiinoro AOXO/2 — TAKOBbI MEPBI, C MOMOUIbIO KOTOPEIX Murra.tiice yorpaHitTs cyujecrayronee comprambitoe Hepanencrso, Oyenka H y Toro, Hy apyroro nosxona ech MHOrO cTo- POHHHKoB, H BapHatya OCHX TOYeK speHHA NO- CTOAHHO SByYaT BO BpeMA nYGMHTITBIX AUCKYCCH no npo6iemam Geqnocru, CroponHuKos TeopHH “«KYMBTYPH GeMMOCTHs KPUTHKH OGBHHMIOT B «- AUBHAYaINsaLHN> GeAMOCTH HB TIONMTKe He- PeIOKUTS Ha GeAHBIX BMAY 32 OGcTORTeASCTBA, KOTopbi¢ OF HHX He 3aBHCaT. To HX MHEKHO, Gequtie — xeproeL, a He exanABLUNKHE, KoTOpHIE, SNOyMOTpeGiAA CHCTEMOH, XOTAT CeCTh H2 HEH Tocyaapersy. Bmecre c Tem ciesyer npoasaars OCIOpOAHOCTS He MPHHWMATh HeKpHTHYECKH APIYMeHTH Tex, KTO yrBepxRtaer, YTO MPHUMHBL Gennocta Kpowrca UcKMOUHTERHO B CTPyKrype camoro o6mectea. TaKolt RoAXOR HoApasyMeBaeT, TO GeqHbIe MPOCTO MacCHBHO NPHHHMAIOT TpyA- uylo CHTYaNNHO, B KOTOpOTT NM OKaZaTHCH. ITO BECbMA ANEKO OT HCTHH, KAK Mbt YBHLEM HIDKE, Beguocte w coynanbHaa MO6uAbHOCTE B Gompumnctse nccaegopannit, noceamenHbix mpoGremam GeqHocTH, B MpouUIOM ocHOBHIOe BHUMAIIMe YAeIATOCb TOMY, KAK mIO;UH MONataIOT 283 BaTeropio Gequbix, a TAWKE H3 TOA B TO MpO- BOANTOCE HIMepeHHe ypooHa GemHOCTH. Menb- MIE BHHMAHHA OOK YACIANOCE oxHIHEHHOMY uuKty> Gequocra — Tomy, KaK OAM C TeHeHH- eM BpeMeHH BGUpaIOrCH M3 GemHOCTH (H YacTO cHoBa BosEpamta¥oTes B STy KaTeropHio). Ilapoxo pacnpocrpaneno mueune, cornac- Ho KoTOpomy GegHocrs — 9To nepmaneHTHoe coctomime. OfnaKo Gbirh Geqnuim — oTHOAb He OGasatenbHO O3HaNaeT Hancerga yeAaHyTD 8 GeqHocrH. 3HaunTeRbHaa “acre most, ~kH- BYLIMX KAKOE-TO BPEMK B GenHOCTH, AHGO HMe- Ja Gonee GnarompHaTHEe YoHOBHA jk 2KUSIH B TIPOUWIOM, 160, KaK MOKHO OKHNATs, BUIKA- paGkaeres 3 GeqHocTH Korma-mMGo B GyayULeM. Cornacno HeqaBHo nposenentsim uccIeqovaHH- AM, B SHAYATERBHOM OGKeMe HaGMORAeTCH jBH- 2KeHHe Kak B KaTeropHio GenHOCTH, TAK H H3 Hee: HOPasHTeNHO-MHOTO Moser cyMemH NI6eKaTS GeaHOCTH, HB TO 2K Bpema Gonbie mosert, eM CuHTATOce PaHbulle, B KaKOHi-T0 mepHo cooeti SHSM KHIM B GenHOCTH. Crarncriueckne jamauie, HonyseHtbie B xO- ne OGcaenoBanHa crpaxonbian axcrepramH 6pH- TaHcKHx cemeli (British Household Panel Sur- vey — BHPS), noxasstBaior, 470 HemuorHM Gox1b- MIE MONOBMHBI TeX, KTO MO cBOeMy AOXOBY B 1991 r, oTHOCHICA K HIDKHeIt OnHOH MaTOIL 4a- crm (KBaHTHIH), BXOMWIN B Ty Ke KaTeropmo B 1996 r. (cm. Ta6n, 11.2). 310 He OGagareNBHO osiiauaer, ¥7O MojM Ha MPOTHXKCHHH naTHIETHC- To NepHona NOCTOaHHO OCTabaMHce BHYTPH STO! HODKHeIL KBANTHLIH, C HEKOTOPBIMH 13 HX €0, BO3MOAKHO, OGCTOMIO MMEHHO TaK, HO jApyrHe, BIOMME BEPOATHO, NOAUMMANHCH B AKHIHH H BEI XONMH M3 COCTaBA STOM HIEAHIeH NATO 4acTH, a TIOTOM B STOT 2Ke NepHOR BpemeHH cHODa B Hee Bosspamanice. B xojle ykasaHNoro o6cneqona- HHA TAKE OOMAPYAHTIOCS, TO ORME HS eCATH ONPOMENHLNX BapocMsIX HeHaMeHHO HaxosMca B YHcHe GeAHEAUAX 20% B TexeHMe naTH neT 3 MIECTH, Ha MPOTHKEHHH KOTOPHIX BeENOC H3y- uene. Mexny 1991 1996 rr. 60% napocasx HUKOIAA He BXORHAM B-IHcIO GemHEHuMx 20%. B weroM Ha OcHoBe MOMy¥eHHBX peaynsraToR MOXHO NPEATOTOAHTE, 470 MPHMEpHO TOAOBHHA BSPOCHBIX H3 HHCITA CaMX GeRHBIX 20% n 11060¢ JAHHOe BPeMA MOCTORHHO CTpafact OT HHOKHX AOXOjOB, B TO BPeMs Kak B Apyrol noTOBAHE 3 PaSHLIe TOMB JUOAH TO BXOMWIM B COCTAB STOH HUxHeli rpyrmnsi, To noxwjamH ee (HMSO 1999). Jamie oTHocuTemsHo Moneneit pacnpene- JeHHA NOXOTOR B FepMarnn Meany 1984 1 1994 rr. ‘TAWKE CBH/ICTENSCTEYIOT O SHAMUTETBHOA MO-284 Thasa 11. bedvocme, coyuansian nomows u coyuanbHoe omuyxdeHue Ta6nmya 11.2 Bspocavie, nepemewaswneca H3 OAHO! rpynntl 8 AyryWO B 3aBMCHMOCTH OT pacnpeneneHua AoXORa (8 npoyerrax). BenuxoSpuranis. Mexay 1991 w 1996 rr. Tpymmat 5 sanncHmoctu or joxosa (1996) Ipynmnt 1B SaBHcHMocTH Hwxusa | Cnenyio- | Cpequan | Crenyio- | Bepxnas i or noxoxa (1991. norax | mas usrax| oneran | maa neras | nsrax 7 wach wacTh yacth acts wacTh betes ‘HipkHaa nataa yacth 52 26 2 = 4 100 Caeayiouras naras yacrb 25 35 22 2 6 100 Chetan nsrax vacr u 2 33 B 12 100 Cregyioutad naan yact 7 ce 20 37 23 100 Bepxaa naraa vacrb 4 6 u 2 59 100 Mcmounux: British Household Panel Survey. Institute for Social and Economic Research. From Social Trends. 29, 1999. P. 98. Crown copyright. 6unsuocTH mogeri, oTHOCHMBIX K KaTeropHn Gen: unix, Counme 30% Hemaen G1imH Gemini (sapa- Garsiwan MenbUe TloNOBMANE CpeqHeTO AOxoRA) B TevcHHe xOTA Gul OAHOTO HS secATH pac- cnarpunaemux ner, H 970 Raer umbpy, Gonee YeM B TpH pa3a MpessUIaOMyIo MaKcuManHoe NHCIO GeAHAX B MOGO! OTAeTHO HaaTENT TOR (Leisering and Leibfried 1999). Cpeau tex, x10 ecrraccas or GeqnocT#, AocTArHyreit cpemusii yponenb Aoxoxa Guin NpuMepHo Ha 30% Bonne ‘Neprbl GeqHOCTH. OqHaKo CEBU MOMOBHHE! 3THX monelt, nO MeHBmel Mepe Ha OMNI TOR B TeYe- hile YkasaHHOTO AecATHNETHerO NepuoAa, cHOBA nonajamn & kareropmio GenHsIx. Yueuble MoquepKHBa1M, YT OGbACHATH Ta Kile Pesyasraner CHeTyeT OCTOPO-HO, MOCKOMBKY OHH Hero MoryT 61ITb HcnomLSOBaHE TeMH, KTO XONCT COKPaTHTS CoMHANHOE OGecneNeHHe HTH concem oTkasarsca OT paccmoTpeHHA GesHocTA KaK COMMaNSHOH HM NoNHTHYECKoH MpoGremE Ipxox Xvauxa wa Herma wsysenna commanesoro orayaeHua npenynpeagiaer mporHn TOTO, YTO6Bi JAA ONPEReTEHHA TOXOAA HCXOAWIN HI «MONe- aM norepens. Sum Xw01s xOveT ckasars, ¥TO ‘cueayer cKenTHYeCKH OTHOCHTECA K aprymenran TEX, KTO MpeNCTANIAeT GeAHOCTH KAK ORHHOUTVIO heyfayy, KOTOpam cny¥acTca C MOJMH AKOODI Gosee HM Menee GecnpHYMHHO MpH Hx mepe- ABIDKEHHAX TO HepapxMMecKoHt Kare TOXOTOR. Ecan comtacursca c noqoGuBiMH AoBOaMH, TOTAA HEpABeHCTBO Mexy GoraTBIMH H GeaHLIMH B O6- IMecrne He KaxercH TaKoIt yx crpantHof yrpos0H; Y Kaayoro ects mac B ONpeneNeHHBi MOMeHT auGo Butrpat, 260 npourpars, H GemHOCTE Ye Ne BBITARAHT KaK MHYHH WIA CepbesHOit 03a60- eHHOCTH, CortacHo TaKHM YrBepyIeHHAM, HeKO- TOpHIe HeyAAWINBEIE THOR MOTYT B TexeHTe He- CKONBKHX ET HORPSN MMETH HUSKHE JOXORBI, HO, B CYLAMOCTH, HHSKHii AOXON — 9TO ETO cAyHAR. Xwa1a mpnanaer, yto OGcneyowanne crpa- XOBLIMH SKCHeptaMH GpHTaHCKHX ceMei pert CTnensHo oGHapyxWO, NTO CpeqH mORett, 7KH- BYMNX B GeAHOCTH, B AOCTATOUHO GoMIOM OGb- eme HaGmonaeTCR NeGarewaA ComMaTEHAN MO- Gunbnocts. Hanpumep, 3 mogel, oTHocAMMAXCH K campim Geminim 10% nacenenns (Geaneliumit Reus), 46% wa crexyiommit rox no-npexremy ocrasanuich B ato rpynne. Dro, Kasanock 6x1, NHBOAHT K bic, YTO Gosee MosOBHEEL moze Mg TOM Hnsed AecHTANpOUeHTHON YacrH cMOr- mM cnacTHtce oT GemHoctH, OxtaKo mpH Gonee BHYMATEXSHOM PACCMOTPEHHH OKASKIBAETCR, ITO 67% us STHX Mogeit HE MOAHAMIICE BBILIE ABYX HICKHEX JECATHNPONEHTHLIX vacrell, H TOMBKO OOH tpemH ynaetca nomHATECA BONE, Ente ve- es TON 65% HIKHeH MO AOXORAM MATOH “a- CTH Hacenenua 1o-npexHemy OCTaBAMHce B TOF rpynne, 85% ocrasamucp 8 mpenenax HIDKHUX ABYX miarsrx. TlogoGubie peayabrarss comerems- CTBYIOT © TOM, 4TO TONBKO MPUMEPHO Y O”HOT TPETH mMOJelt C HUSKHM TOXOFOM MOKET HBMe- HHTBCH MOTOKEHHE, TONR KAK Y OCTAABABIX ABYX rpereli ono He MenseTes, Tlo meno XiWUI9a, 61110 Gut OMMMGOMHO AYMaTE, YTO ¢ TeYeHHeM BPeMeHH HaceNeHHe, OTHOCAIIECCA HO CROHM JO- OAM K PasiiBiM eIWLTAM, MOCTeNeHHO snepe- Memmpaetes». HanpoTHE, MHOrHe 43 Tex, KOMy yaaioch usGernyre GeyHOcTH, He YxONST OT Hee CAMUIKOM ZATEKO HB KOWIE KOHOB CHHOBa ONyC- KAIOTCA BHHS, H CpeMH Tex, KTO OCTARAICA Ha [He Gombe OAHOTO TOAa, HOA «crracMIMxXcH> Mpo- rpeccasuo y6uinaer (Hills 1998).Cnopes no nosody novsamun Ku3wieeo Knacca 285 1 xors paikapa6xnparne 13 cocromm Gea- HOCTH HECOMHEHHO COnpmxKeHO C TPyAHOCTAMH i Mpenstcrenamn, KAK MOKasbIBAcT HecTeqOBa- ne, ABivKenHe H3 KaTeropHH GeaHocTH H O6par- Ho B 970 COCTORNMe B NefICTBHTEMBHOCTH suAeT- of Gone «oxxHBNEHHEIMS, WeM CUHTAIOC panbite. Beauocrs — 910 Me mpocro pesynsrar nosmei- rons Comrambtterx CH Ha MaccHBHIoe HaceneliHe. Hake mogam, uaxogaupinca » xpaiine HeGnaro- MpHsTHBIX OGCTORTENECTBAX, MOXCT ToARePHYT~ CH AKC ynyHUNNTe CBOE TOTOKEHHE; HE cHe- nyeT HeAOOUeHHBATE sHANeHKE YenoBexecKOrO chaxtopa B ocymtecrarenmm HaMextennit, Baxryio Pomb B yBenHeHHH sxdbeKTHBHOCTH jeiicrsHit Co Croponnt HeGaaronomysHx moje 1 OOM MOKeT CHLpath Coumanbitas nomuTHKa. TpH 06- cyauenni mpo6iem compan; nOMOMI HIDKE B HaCToaMeli Tae MBI NpHAIeYeM BHMMANHE K MOTHTHYECKHM MepaM, HaNpaBeHHBM Ha cO- Kpamene 6eqHOCTH TlocpemCrBOM yEpernenHA pbinKa Tpyga, pacnpocrpaiiciua o6pasonanns H O6yHeHHa H ynpOYeHHA CouMATbIEIX coma. Cnopti no noBogy nonatua Hu3wero Knacca B rane 10 oto yxe ynommnan o HiKSITEM K7aC- ce — YacTH HacedenHa, *KHBYUIel B Kpaiine He- Gnaronpuatnerx yonosnax Ha caMoii nepHcbepHn o6mectsa, 3ro MogH, KoTOpEe AaBHO MOTepAAH paGory (Win paGoranu c OveHE AIMTeABHBIMH Te- PepsiBAMH) H KOTOPBIE, ¥TOOBI KAK-TO CYLNECTHO- BaTb, 3ABHCAT B OCHOBHOM OT TOCyapCTREHEELX noco6nit, Cam TepMuN «Musil Kacy cno- Pel H OKazaca B CAMOM MeHTpe OxXeCTONeHHO! AMeKyccHH comMoOTOB. H xoTa TepmHH ceitaac BOUIEI B MOBCEAHEBHBI OOHXOZ, MHOFHE yUEHBIE 1 AYDHANHCTHI CTAapaIOTCA €TO HE HCHOABIOBATE Boobime! TlonaTHe HHULHX, BOPOB HW Gpomsr, OTKastIBaOMxcH paGoraTs H cyITe- CTByIOMLUX Ha Kpalo O6u\ecTBa Kak +coMMaNbHBIE napasnTsy. B HeqasHMe TOMB npescrannenne © HigMeM KNaCce, NOMHOCTHIO 3aBHCAMIEM OT CO- UMARBHOM MOMOULN HM SHINEHHOM BCAKX >KHS- HEHHBIX YeTpeMteHHi, BHOD GoUTO BOsporKTe- Ho, ranHuim o6pas0m Gnaronapa Tpyaam Yapnsa MappH, B3riqytt KoToporo Ha AaNHBt Bonpoc MBI PACCMOTPHM HIDKE. Nogonneka auckyccun © HH3WeM Knacce Tlonofom At HeAaBHeH AMCKYCCHH O HHSUIEM wacce nociyawta nyGNHKALHA HECKOMBKHX BaK- HbIx paGOT aMepHKaHCKHX COUMONOTOB 0 T1070- 2KEHHM Ge]HLIX HepHBIX AMEPHKAHIICB, AHBYINNX b HeGraroycrpoeHMENX KaapTaax BO BIYTpeHIUX roponax. B xnure «Ymensmaromeeca siauenne pacer Yuuisam Jbxyanyc Yuncon, onmpaich wa Hccnego- BaHHe, mponeyenHoe B YHKaro, yruepatact, 470 BMOCIeAHHe TpH HIM YeTHpe AecaTHAETHA B Co- equnenuiix Urarax BOSHHK {OCTATOUHO MHOTO- sncnennsth cpeannit wiacc YepHiXx — 43 Cy- xamx M ceunanuctos (Wilson 1978). He pce acpoamepHxannet no-npextemy 2KnByT B ropod- CKHX TeTTO, 2 Te, KTO MpOROWKaeT TAM. HIT, Nenaior 310 HE MOA AABIEHHEM aKTHBHOM jHC- KPHMHHaKHH, HO CKOpee TIO aB/EHHEM SKOHO- MHYECKHX bakropos — iHbIMH CHOBAMH, MO MpH- SHHaM, CBR3AHHBIM C KTACCOM, 2 HE C pacoil. Crapsre pacucrexne 6apseps ucyeaIoT, HepHate ocraiorea & rerro B pesymbrate He6naronpHsTHO- TO 9KOHOMHMECKOTO TIOTOEHH. Yapns Mappw mpusiaer, wro 8 GombulHu- cme Kpymustx ropoyos cymecrsyer Rusu Yep- uatii Knacc. OnHAKO, HO €rO MateHItO, acppoame- PHKAHUSE OKaaBBAIOTCR Ha ANE OOMECTHA B Pe- ayisrare TO CAMO MOAHTHKH CoMMaNbHOH 9a- MMT, KOTOPAA MpoBoAMTCA WIR YayHMIEHNE HX nowoxenHa. 370 yreepaenue Mappu npencran- ager co6oit neperten TeaHca o KyAETYpe GenHOCTH. JhogH sKoGs HaNMNaIOT 3aBHCeTh OT COUMATE- HBIX MOa4eK, HY HHX HCUE3AeT CTHMYI HCKaTS paGory, crponrb ycroriumpste OGmMHE HIM 3a- kmlowath npounte 6paxw (Murray 1984). Orsevaa Ha yrnepayenua Mappu, Yuncor MOBTOPHN HU PASH CBOM aPryMettTBi, BbICKa- 3aHHMe PaHbille, CHOBA HCHOMSayN MaTepHATbt uccnegosaHua, npoweneHHoro 8 Yuxaro. Mepece- TeHHE MHOTHX GeIKIX H3 TOPOLOD B pEAMeCTHA, ynayoK roporcKoit mpomsimmenHOcTH 1 ApyrHe SKOHOMHYECKHE MpOSTeMsI TOposoB MpHBestn, TO eFO NpesONOKeHHIO, K BKICOKOMY yPORINO GespaGormus cpenn MyasitH-adppoaMepHKaHes. Ykasannbie Mapp opm coumanbHod seanH- TErpAULHH, BETOYAA BEICOKMI NPoUeHT HEsaMyA- HUX NepHBIx marepelt, Ywtcon OGwACHH COKpa-286 Tnapa 11. BedHocms, couvansHaa nomoue u couuanbHoe omuymdeHue leHHeM pesepsa myxuun — «noTeHIaTbIHIX Myxkeli> (1.€. HMeromUsx pa6ory). B cpoeft Gone noagnen pa6ore Yuacon nc- CAEAOBAN POM MOAOOHBIX COUMANBHBIX TIpoLec- COB B BOSHMKHOREHHN OvarOR KOHUEHTpANHH TO- PONCKOH HHIMETHI, HaCeMeHHIEIX TAK HazbIBAeMBI- MH -OeqHKaMH M3 rerto». TIpercrasTenn Gen- HsKOB 3 TeTTO — mpenmymectBeHHo apoame- PHKanNB Ht TaTHHOAMepHKanis — HCTBITHIBAIOT MHOTOMHCTCHHMIE AMINCHH — OT HHGKOTO YpOB- i OOpasonaHHs Ml CTanjaptos 3apanooxpanenHa go pastyna mpectynuocta. Onn crpaqaior TaKKe or HeGraronpHaTHEIX yCIOBHH, NOpoRTAeMErx c1a60 pasBirrori ropoacKort uiKpacrpykrypoi, BKMOYAA HealeKbaTHENt OGulecrBenHBI TpaHc- Tlopt, cchepy oGcryxnsarnn H oGpasoparembHe YHPCAeHHA — uTO ene GomBUIe ymeHbuIAeT WAH cul 9THX mogeft Ha MHTerpanHO B CounaTbEVIO, TOAMTHYCCKYIO H SKOHOMHYECKYIO KUSH OOUIE- cra (Wilson 1999). Hu3umii Knacc, Esponenckui Cows W Murpayua B yertpe qucyccuu 0 nnamem kracce B Coean- nenusx Ulrarax Os11a mpoGrema ero Koppena- UMM C TAKHM MIpHaHaKoM, Kak STAHYECKAA MpH- nayrexatocs. Bee oryerausee 31a CRASS OOHapY- xkupaerca MB Espome; Teileniun skonoMHe- Koro HepaseHicrsa H CouMansHoro OTHyxTEHH, TUNHYHBIE & HAMM AHH AAR AMepuRU, ykperLUA- 1OTCH, 110-BHAMMOMY, KaK B BeAMKOGPHTAHHH, TAK WB ApyTAx ctpanax Sanaqnoit Esponn. Husuunit warace TecHO CBASAH C MpOGKeMaMi Pacsl, STHH- NecKol mpHnaylexHocTH H MUrpauitn, B -TaKHX roponax, Kak JloHJoH, Manuectep, Porrepram, ‘pauxcypr, Tapwx 1 Heantons, cyuectayiot 30- ui Kpaiinteli mmumerst. TamGypr, Hanpunep, 93- agerca Gorarefimmm ropoyom B Espone, cam CyauT» no cpememy HAAUBHAYaNBHOMY AOxOAY; Blech npoxitsaer canoe Gombiloe KoRMYECTBO MHUINOHEpoD, Hem Teo eue B Tepmannn, HW BMecte ¢ Tem Ha Ta6ypr mpHxomuTea camuitt BHICOKHH MpoueHT mOAeH, NomyHaIOMIHX ComH- 2IBHYIO MOMOMIS H NOCOGHA MO GeapaGoTHUe — va 40% Gorsme, 4eM B cpemitem mo crpatie. Bonbumricrno Gentisix 4 Geapa6oTmx 3 crpanax 3anaqHoit Espost — 370 HCKOHHBIe aKH- TCIM AAHHBX CTPAH, HO CPERH HX TAKE MHOTO HMMUTpaHTOB Mepsoro H BTOpOTO NoKoAeHHA, XXHBYILUX 8 GeAHOCTH B SAMYIeHHEX FOPOACKHX paiionax. Tax, Hanpumep, & Fepwanan, Opanusu Ww Hrannm CHOxHIMCh 3HaunTeNbHBIE 0 BENT SUE HMMMITpAHTCKHe OGUENHE TYPOK, amKUpUER H anGanues. Murpantiy, mpHexasuine » Expony B MOHCKAX Goree BHICOKHX CraHAapToS -HBHIN, MACTO BBIHYKACHL BLANOMHATH CHYYAMHYIO HH3KO- onmaunBacmyio pa6ory, aromyio Mano nepcrieK- ‘HB Ha NponewKene. Bonee Toro, murparrsa Hepenko orcbutaior sapa6oranne HMM jeHBTH AOMOM AMA MOMOMIH OCTaBIHMCA TaM WieHaM CeMbH. YpOBeHb XKHSHH HeMaBHHX UMMHTpaHTOB wHOTma 6BaeT YoxacaroMle HHOKUM. Oco6erHo BBICoKa BeposTHOCTS oTHyEAeH- HOCTH M MapriHannoauH B TeX Caywaax, KOTHA ICHBL CeMBH MHTpalTa ¢ WeNbIO BOCcOEAMHE- HHA CEMBH MIpHCOEAMHAOTEA K HeMy Henerab- Ho. H3-3a OTCyTcTBHA KaKOTO-H60 ompuustanb- Horo cTaryca OHM He HMeIOT Mpaza O6pamarsca 3a FOCysapCTBeHHsIM MOCOBHeM H MOSTOMY sH- MIEHBI BOSMORHOCTH PACCHHTHBATD Ha TOMOLIS TocyAapersa A TOMEp KAHNE MIMHMATEHOrO cranjapra 2XH3HU; TAKHe mOgH Kpaline yasBH- MBI H, OMB B GencrneHible yoroBHA B cnyyae XPH3HCa HAM HECHaCTHA, HMeIOT MAIO HaXeKIbt HA KaKyI0-1460 lomo H NogepskKy. Cywectayer av HH3WH Knacc 8 Benuko6putannn? Tlocne cnonx parx pa6or, noceamjennex Co- equnentim Uiraram, Yapr3 Mapp o6parunca x Coequnennomy Koponescray, Ilo ero mnenm0, 8 Coeamientiom Koponescrse moka ene Her YeTKO BRYLEMAIOUIeTOC HHGUIETO KIACca, HO OF Guicrpo cbopmapyerca. B nero, Kak nomaran Map- PH, BOTT He TOKO WeHBI STHHMECKHX Mertb- IMHHCTR, HO H Genbie 13 OBeaHeBIANX pernonos, Tae OBICTPHIMH TeMTIAMH HET CONKAMBHAR se3- nurrerpauua (Murray 1990). Onako pa6ora Map- pu Guina nogpeprayra peskoit KpitTaKe pyran Couponoras, paGoraiouyimn B sTofi crpaHe. OnuM 13 conmonoroB, cuHtTaIOMHX, 470 MBICMD O HHQIMIEM RACE, HMCIOMIeM CBOIO OCO- 6yt0 KymBTypy, Mano O6ocHoBana, aBaReTcr Jan Kew Ton. Ananwaupya marepuams uccteno- BaHHs +HHMUMaTHBa COWMANbHOrO H3MEHCHHA H SKOHOMHYECCKO! -KH3HM>, TOM BbICKa3bIBaeT MHeHHe 06 OTCYTCTBHH CyIleCTBeHHBIX pasnHMynit MeRY MpencTaBTenaMH paGouero Kaacca H J0- BMH, AaBHO MOTepABIUMMH paGoTy, B TOM, ¥TO KACAETCH HX NOAMTHMECKAX BICIAAOB WI TPy- Aowoh Guorpadin. C ero ToUKH 3peHHA, BO;- HE BOSMOXHO, 470 sOAH, JaBHO He HMCIOMNE paGors, HenetrsipaioT Gonee r1yGoKoe WyBCTBO OTuyANEHHOCTH 1 O6€3OEHHOCTH, 10 OHH IPO oIKaIOT OTORTECTANATS CeBA-B GOTeE POKOM CMnicne ¢ paGouHm Kxaccom. Ox O6HapyAHA Tak: 2Ke, YTO AIA Monel, oArHe MepHoms BpemeHHCouuansioe omiyxdenue octatomxcs GespaGorHuini, noHATHe pa6oTH AeACTABARET GanbUyIO YeHHOCTE, TEM MIA ApY- rax Gallie 1994). Jiujua Moppuc o6cxegonana pacnpocrpa- Henne Gemnoctu B Xapranyze wa cesepo-noctoKe Autaus, eno 8 TaKHX perMonax, Kax Xaprn- yn, me HaGmoxance ynaqoK O6pabarsparomteli Mpomsuennoct 4 aHaunTenbuEth pocr bespa- SOTHUBL, CYINCCTBYET BOSMOKHOCTS BOIHUKHOBE- HHA HHSUICTO Racca. Tem He MeHee HCCTEROBA- ue Moppic He nonTsepayaer (paxra nommteHHa ‘eTKo BouleneHHOrO HHGMIeTO Kaacca, [lo ee MHe- My0, NOHATTHe HHOIIeTO KNACCa COAMAET CAHINKOM, ynpowennyio (H nomMTHsHpoRAHHyiO) KapTHHy, He OTPaxalOMy!O BCCH COAHOCTH ABIEHHA, KOTO- poe npencraniser CoGOH B COBpeMeHHOM O6mIe- crue GeqHOCT # CoLATbHOe HeOTaronomyyne. Moppitc naysaia tp rpyrinst 6espa6orHEnx paGownx: nepsyio rpymmy cocrapaqan cympyxe- CKHe flapsl, B KOTOpEIX Myx Goin 6e3 paGoTHt no Menburelt mepe 12 mecauies; stopax rpynma BKINOWATA CYMPYACCKH MApBl, B KOTOPEIX MYK paGoran Ha OHO H To# xe paGoTe no Kpaii- Heli Mepe moctemHHe 12 mecaues, H WakoHeU, ‘Tpersio rpynny cocrammuIH cynpyxeckHe napsi, B KOTOPHX Myx B MoctenHHe 12 MecaeD Hayan paGorans Ha HOBOM MecTe, STH TPH OGcemORAHHBe rpyrmMBt oTIEM- IX ToNedi H cemell, Ho cBHAcTeABCTBy MoppHc, HMeTH MIpHMepHO OAMHAKOEYIO creme TOA APRKH WOME, Ha KOTOPyIO OHH MOrmH one- perocs. Te, Kr 6817 Gespa6orHEM Gonbmre roza, BCE Ue SAHHMANHCh MOHCKAMM pAGoTH, ¥ HX He BOSHHKANO OTPHUATENLHOTO HACTPOA B OTHO- enHn paGors. Crryanyia, B KOTOpOii OKa3aMHCb 3TH MYKYMMBI, ABHIACS pesynstatoM wWurTeNb- Horo SKOHOMMYECKOFO Criata B 3TOM perHoHe, oncyrcrona Y HHX HeOOXORUMOM KBaIMdHKa- UHH H JOCTaTOMHOTO KOAHYECTBA HecbopMarTbHBIX KOHTAKTOB, KOTOPHE MOLIH Gol HOMO HM HadiTH PaGory 8 TOM Ke perHone, B 10 xe spent Moppiic ycranonita, To y GombuMucTea Tex, KTO Goin Foatoe pens GespaGoTHBIM, CYNPYTH TOXxe OKa- sanuce Gespadoryiin, H ¥TO Cpe Hx Apyacit TaICK OBIT ONEHD BEICOK NPOUeNT GespaGoTHHX. Omtako sakmovenne, K KoTOpoMy ona mpHuLTa, rnacu7o: +Moe MccHeyORAHHe He OG:apyaHT0 TIpAMoX ROKAIATEMDCTE CyeCTBORAHIIA OCOGOI KyMBIypor ,HHSuNeTO Kiacca"+ (Morris 1993, 410). Buinomis, cnenanutie Moppuc p ee uccaeqo- BaHHH, OTHIORD He ARIAIOTCH OKOHMATENbHEIMH. Ono oxsaTHn0 TombKO OMY YaCTs CTpAHBL, NpH- 4em Ty, B KOTOpOM sTHHYECKHe MeHbINMCTBA ne Gbu1H mpeacTannene CKoMBKO-HAOyAS 3HAH- 287 teabno. Bmecre ¢ Tem He anaseTca TaiiHOH, 40 MYAUHUBI-MMMHEpanTbt W3 Becr-Haun 1 A3Hit 8 Gonbmeyt creneHH, Hem Gemue MyxUMHDI, 32- HATEL MORYKHATHGPHAMPORANHHIM TPYOM 1. ypO- wer GespaGoTHub cpenH MUX B CpesHeM Gore BHICOK. Ouenxa Kak cnenyer noHMMarb 9TH MporHBonoAOKHBIe TOAXOAM K HUSIEMY Kacy? HogrBepaxRaIoT 2H couponorMueckHe HCCKENORAHIEA MBICT 0 cyuIe- CTBoBaKHH HHSUIETO KNACCA Kak OcOGOrO KIaC- ca oGesnoneHHBIX Mosel, OOBERHHEHILIX CXOR- CTBOM 2KHIHEHMBIX BOIMOKHOCTEM Tlousrne sutero Kracca mpituio #3 Co- equnenHtx Ilraton, 1 TaM OHO no-npexstemy weer cabicn. B Cocaumennbix Ulrarax momoca Gorarcrea m GeaHOCTH Gonee 3aMeTHO MapKH- povansi, vem B 3anaquoH Espone. B oco6en- HOCTH TAM, TA SKOHOMHMECKAA HM COMMaNbHAR OGesRONeHHOCTS CoemMHMIeTCA ¢ PaCOBLIM Hepa- BEHCTEOM, TPYNMBL OGeaAOTEHHENX jericTBHTENb- HO YACTO OKaSHIBAIOTCR OTPEIAHUBIMH OT Gomee UMpoxoro OGuectBa w ueNOM, TIpH TAKHX 06- CToatenbcrsax MOHATHe HHSMerO Kaacca HMe- er verKyio HanpapienHocts. B enporteficKnx 2x crpastax aToro, cyaa HO Bcemy, He HaGmogaeTca. Xora cxousie HeGraronpuariue yonowHA cyuye- craylor HB Espone, oH, Kak mpencrapaserca, HE CTOab SaMeTHO BAIpaKCHEL, Kak B CoeMHHeH- unix lrarax, Her HaH MOKA ele HET TaKOrO, Kak B AMCpHKe, ypOBHA pasjeneHHa Mex TEMH, KTO ZRUBET B YCTOBHAX KDafinel NYA, 1 OCTATBHOM vacr¥0 o6mecTBa. CoynanbHoe oTuykgeHne B Espone Goabmmnticrno uccaenonarenett npenno- 4HTaeT HCHOMSOBATH He NOHATHE HNBUICTO KoIac- ca, a nonaTHe CoMMaTbHOTO OTayxaeMHA. 310 TOWATHE NOAXBATHAK NOTETHKH, HO BHEpBEIe OHO GvT0 BREeHO CoMMOTOraMH ANA OGosHATEHLA HOBBIX HCTOUHHKOB HepaBeHCTBa. TepMHH «comH- AaIbHOE OTHYRNEHME® YkasHIBAET, KAKHM O6PI3OM OmenbHBIC MOA MOTYT OKASaTKCH OTpesaNHIMA OT MomHoueHHoTO yuacrua B >KNISHH O6meCTRA B wer0M. TakHM OGpasoM, 37 Gonee uLIpOKoe NOHATHE, YEM HHSINHH KNACC, H OHO HMeeT eMe H TO Mpenmyujecrso, sro mlonvepKHBaer npoyec- Col — Mexanu3mbl oTYyxmeHnna. Hanpumep, O;H, axMBYUE B OGRETINAABIX TpyWOGHBIX MUKPOpali- OHax, [fe TWIOXHE WKOMBI MW MAO HaqexUbI HaiiTH XOTb KAKYlO-HHGYAB paGory, anOIHe BOSMOAHO,288 {nasa 11, BedHocme, couvanbHan nomous u coyuansHoe omyyKdeHUE —_—_—_—<_<_—$<$_$—————————— SKOHOMMYeCKKE NOCneACTEHA GepemenHocTn THHaMAKepoR Bo mHorwx AWcKYCCHRK No NOBORY HuSwero KNaC- ca sarparmeaerca Beiconnit npoueHr GepenentocTH ‘cpeav gesovex nogpoctkoworo Bospacta. PeaKoe yyeennuenwe cna marepel, pocnuTsBaIuNx ere 8 onMHONKy, Guuno 6 BennKo6purannn daxtopom, cnocoBcrayiowin GeaHocTH # yaennYenmo pacxo- ‘ROB Wa COuMaNEHYIO NOMOUs. CnyvaM, Korna AeBOY- Kw AgenaquaTH M TpHHaRYaTA ner pomann gered, OTWANN KoTOpHX Bein MaNBHAKH Toro me BospacTa, OAAMBANA Macha B OTOH, NopoXAaR MopanEHyID aHMKy no noBoay poRsrenel-noapocrkon. Xora B Tevewwe 1990-x rr, © Coeanneniom Koponescrse ONS Gepenennux cpenM NORPOCTKO, CHNaANaCk, ova fice ewe octaerca camol BicoKol B Eapo- ne (cu. pyc, 11.2). B 1996 r. 8 ANrnnn m Yanbce Ha 1000 meHuwH B BOSpacTe AO ABaAYATH NeT NpM- xonMnoce 63 cnyvan GepenenHocTa. Pompenve pe- Genxa y matepeli-nogpocrkos nponcxoant ane 6pa- xa ropasno Yaule, ¥em y matepel Gonee crapwero Puc. 11.2. Poxnenne MuBbIX ReTeH y MeHUNKN B sospacte 15-19 ner no crpawam EC (B npouentax Ha 1000 xenuynn). 1995 r. Hemovnur: Eurostst; Office for National Statis- tics. From National Trends. 39. 2000. P. 43. Crown copyright. CoeamHeHHoe Koporescrso Tlopryranusa Aacrpust Mpnanans Tpews Tepmarns pannus Jhoxcem6ypr Onnnsaana Benoni Menanus B cpeatiem io EC 5) 1015, 20. 25) B % na 1000 xeHMHH OKGKYTCA THIICHHEIMH TeX BOIMOXHOCTeM yAy4- eH cROeit HSH, KOTOPHMM OGnajacT 6Omb- UIHHCTBO JOREH B OGMECTBE. HoHATHe COMMaTb- HOTO OTNYANCHHA OTAMUAETCA TaRKE OT TOHATHA GeqnocTH Kak TakOHOM. OHO KoHMeHTpupyer BH MaHHe Ha IKPOKOM Kpyre daxropos, KoTOpHe AMMAIOT OTACABHBIX AOAeH HAM eABIe rpyrnt moneit TeX BOSMOKHOCTEH, YTO OTKDBITH JIA Gonbuteti vaca nacexeHMs. Za Toro yTOGEI KUTb NONHOUCHHOH H ak- THBHOM XKH3HBIO, MOM AOUKHBI HMeCTb BO3MOX- HOCTs HE TOABKO MPOKOPMHtT ce6A HM OGecrIe- HTD CeOR OREAMOM WOKHABEM, HO TakKe OTHE Met OCTyT K HeOGKOAHMBIM ToBApaM 1 ycay- aM, TaKHM KaK TpaHCHOpT, Tere*pou, crpaxozoe i GanKoncKoe oGcayanpatne. Jia coumanbHOIt muterpauin Ou WiK OBmMeCTBA B MCIOM HeOOXOAHMO, NTOGHI HX “eH MOTH B PaBHOit Mepe TlombgOBaTECA OOMAMH JYIA BCeX yUEKe- Hii (TAKHMH KAK IKON), MeAVIIIAHCKHM O6- CHyRMBAHHeM H OGuIecTBerHBIM TpaHCHOpTOM. Tlomssoparne stumn OSumuMu HCTHTyTAMH cO- co6crayer nospienmio y miogeit sypcrBa comH- aabHO conHapHOCTH. Conmanbiioe oTayaneHHe MoxeT mpHitH- MaTb paste OPM H MMETb. MecTO B H30- AMPOBAHHHIX CeNBCKHX OGILKHAX, OTpESaHHBKX (Of MHOTHX cayx6 H yao6cTR, a Moxer Ha6mozaTs- ca B paiionax BHYrpentHx roposlop ¢ BBICOKHM YPOBHeM MpectynHocTH H TMIOXHMH AARNE MH yciopHamn. Or4yxieHHe H postedeHHocTs B OXHSHB OGICCTBA MOXHO PaCcMaTpHBATS B TEP MHHAX SKOHOMHYCCKHX, TOMMTHECKHX H COMM anbHBIX, 1, Sxonamunecnoe ommyxdenue. Ornerb1ine MOMH W cOobmecTBa MoryT 6BITm HCKTIOe- HBI WS. SKOHOMHYECKOHL 2KHSHH HC TOUKH SPeHHA MpOSROACTRA, HC TOUKH 3peHHA norpe6aenus. C TouKH spenua mpoHsBon- cTma, ysacTHe B aKOHOMHYCCKOIL >KHSHH HlompasyMesaer B Tlepayio ONepeb saHA- ‘TOCTS M yaacte Ha petHKe Tpysa. B coo6ute- CTmax, Te HAGMOTAETCH BBICOKAR KOHIEH- TPA MATEPHAABHBX THMEHH, MeHDWE moneit meet paGoty ¢ nomHiM pabouuM. AueM Mi craGee dytxuHoHupyer cuctema HecbopManbHoro omoneuIeHHs, cnocobias TOMOND TeM, KTO He HMeeT paGoTsl, OKa-Couuansnoe omaydenue 289 —— Bospacta — 89% wonux narepeii, ponneuinx neteh, He cocroann 8 Gpaxe. B 29% cnywaes gern 6unK 3apernctpposalti onHOH matepsio (HMSO 1999), Orjen npo6nen counansnoro orwyxnenna (Social Exclusion Unit) npw npautenscrse, co- 3nanHe 8 1997 r, npemsep-nnnucrpon ToHK Bnapom, o6parin suamanine @ ceoen nowiane «Oan- HoKue Gepeneninie menumntir (1999) wa deno- MeH ponwTeneli-nogpoctkos. PesynbraTe noKa3b- ‘BalOT, YTO MOAPOCTKH He NoAyYaioT HeOSxo_HMol # apexsarwolt uN opmaynn o ceKce Ha saHaTHAK NO nporpaMMaM nonoBoro o6pazoBavinA 8 UIKO- ne, Korga THKGARMepH HaMMHaIOT xKHTE onoEOR AU3HEIO, HX HEBEMECTBO 8 OTHOUIEHAH BO3KOK- WbIx NOCNEACTBMM CeKcyanbHbix KOHTAKTOB NPHBO- AMT k Gonbwomy yncny HemenaTenbHbix Gepenei- wocteii. Tor pakt, 410 mpi epsom cexcyanbHon KoHTaKTe TonbKO nonoBKHa SpHTaHcKInx noApocT- kos wonoMe wecrHaquaTH ner Hcnonesosana npe- 3epsarMeu, noATBepMAZeT MHEHKE 0 HEOBXOARHO- CTH coBepwlencrsonanma cexcyaneHoro o6paz082- wun. OnHaKo He sce cOrnacHts C TeM, HTO OTBeTOM a Bce BonpocH RensercA ceKcyansHoe o6paz0na- hve. KpHTHKK, npKAepAHBaIOMMECR NpaBLIx NonH- THMECKHX B3rRAQOB, yrBepMAAIOT, HTO yaenMueHHE Konmvectea KHopMaynM 0 ceKce 8 wKoNe Tone KO NOGyAMT 3tHx MonOALX Monel K ceKcyanbHok axTuBHocTu 8 ewe Gonee pannem sospacte, Apyrue cunrant, 470 napnsinn gaxropann, KoToplle mpweenh x BkicoKoMy npoyeNTy cnyvaes Gepementiocrn cpenW nogpoctkos 8 CoeqmHeHHoM Koponesctse, aBnaetca couManbHoe oTYymaenne, Gemvocte n o6ycnoBneHHoe Kynetypoi cexcyant- Hoe nosegenne. No wx mHeNMIO, oTHOWEHHE K ceK- cy H oTuoacray y Mononux monet opmupyerca He non saumineM o6pazoBaHMA HAM mpoBnenb ponesbix mogenei, Ho non Bo3spelicteMeM Toro, ax cpenctea maccosom nudopmaunn u206paxaior Cexcyanbuyi noGeny 4 noneneHne «Mayo». W ToT ‘arc, To Coegunennioe Koponescreo sanwnaer se- Ayuee Meco B Espone no yposnio noapocrkosolt Gepenennocts, aensetca npocto orpanenneM To- 19, 8 KaKolt Orpomtio# crenenn Bennko6purannn oxpavena HnweTOR H CouMaNbHOrO OTWAREHKA. Apwrensioe uccnegosane 9 Thc. wono- ‘Asx mogeit 1970 rona poxnenua nponueaet caer Ha BO3MOMHBIE NOCAeACTBKA NoRBNEHHA pebeHKa {¥ PonMTenefi-nonpocTKoe ANA Hx AanbHeTiMeR xuS- wm, YerBeptan acre onpoweHHiEx NeHW\NH, Cras WAX MaTepANM 8 NORPOCTKOBON BORpacTe, BOCHITE- ana peel 8 onMMo¥Ky Ao ABaAUATHWeCTAReTHerO Bospacra. Cheam MyaHKH, cTaBUlNX OTYAKH B NOA- POCTKOBOM Boapacre, 25% Suan GespaborHun # TonbKo 4% Obink 3aHATH KaK CneyManMCTE WK NenemMepsi no cpasHeHMn c 25% MYKYAK, CTAB wx ordain e Bospacre crapue 20 ner (ESRC 1997). Ln RRR TREES SE 3arbeH Ha PBIHKe Tpysta. Yponeus GeapaGo- ‘TMB 3HECb YACTO BEICOKH, H MaHCH HaitTH paGory 8 teToM orpanmvenst. Okasanmncs Onna Be PHIHKA TpyZa, mORH Moryr CTonkuyrict ¢ OrpoMNBIMH TpyAHOCTAMH, NBITascb MOABHTHCA TAM cHOBA. Oryyayienne or sKoHOMMUECKOH 7KH3- HW MOET TaKKE MpoRMATTKCA B MONeIX Norpenenna, HHBIMI CTORAMU, B TOM, HTO MORH NOKyMALOT, HoTpebumOT H HCMONESy- 1OT B CBOE NOBCCAHEBHOM KUBHH. Counanb- HOMY OTYYKIEHIIO MOXKET CIOCOGCTBOBATH oncyrcrene renepora — Tenedou smaaercs ODHEUM H3 TaBHBIX cpecTB OGecneyeHHA KoHTaKTa MexuY HEAHBHAYyMOM 1 Gonee MIMPOKHM MHPOM jIpy3eli, POACTREHEHKOB, coceneit # reno cooSmectna. Orcytcrsie GanxoscKoro cuera — eme ogni TOKasa- ‘rea COUMAMbHOTO OTHyKNeHA, TOCKOTE- KY pit 3TOM MoAH HE HMEIOT BOsMO- HOCTH ROCTIONEOBATECA MHOTHMH BHlaMH yeayr, Koropsle GaxKH mpenoctaniaicr cB0- MM kaeHTam. Kax 6yzer MoKagaHo jambute, OncyrcrBHe AGIA — 9TO ONO U3 CaMBIX OctpHx cBiy(erembcTB ComMaTsHTOTO OTEyK- 10 Counanornn enna. hogan Ges noctosrioro Mecta rpo- 2RUBAHUA OUTH HeBOSMOXHO PaBHONpaBHO YuacrBonATe B 2xHSHTH O8ueCTBA. 2. Mamumuvecroe omuyndenue, UWupoxoe u ToctoanHoe yuactHe rpaKnan B nomHTH- Ke — ocHosa anGepanbtnx AemoxpaTH- ecKHX rocyxapcrs. [paxjaH MprasiBaior 6brTs B KYPCe NomTHYECKHX MpOGEM, TOA: HuMaTs cBoit Tonoc [yA NogNepKKH HA MpoTHsocrosuus, O6pamatoca K BUGpaH- HLIM HM MpeycranwTenaM CO CBOMMH 3a- SoTaMH H TpHHHMaTe yaactue B fomHTH- MeCKOM Mpotecce Ha BCeX €TO ypoBHAX. Onwiaxo axmisiioe yuactue B nomHTHKe Mo- 2RCT OKASATLCA HEAOCTYMNBIM ALIA Ope CoupanbHO OTUPKNeHHBIX, ¥ KOTOPHX OT- CYICTBYIOT HeoGxomHMBIe PecypcHL, HEop- MALWK H ROSMOKHOCT BKIMONIETHCA B TO auTuyecKni npouecc. JoG6upopanne, yua- cre B Cbeagax, NocemenHe nomeriHuecKHX co6pannit — nce sto Tpe6yer HasecTHoi cTenteH MOGwAbHOCTH, BpeMeHH H ZOcTyna K Huchopmanun, Koropsie Moryr OTCyTCTBO- BaTb B OTUyageHHEX OOMMHAX, TonoGHHe290 caoxnete npobtems1 co Bpemenem Bce Go- aiee u Gone ycyryGamiores, HOCKOMBKY To- OCA H HYKAM MoOReli, BHTOAKHYTHX HS CO- TMANGHOM AKHGHH, TAK H OCTAOTCH HEBIULO- MeHHBIMH B HOTHTHYECKYIO TOBECTKY HA. 3. Conuansnoe omuyncdenue, OTayKeHHe MO- 2XKET TAKKE OMIYMATHCA B Cihepe Comma Hof, HAH COMMENT, HSH, B perHowax, Crpajaiouytx oT BLICOKOH crenenH Comsat Horo OTYVANIEHMA, sa¥acTyIO HAGmORAIOTCR orpannyenma 1 8 oGmecTBCHHO-JOcrynHBTx KOMMYHANBHBIX OOBEKTAX, TAKHX XAK ap- KH, CTaqHOND, KYABIYPHEIE UeHTpLE Te amps. Yponene rpaxqancKoro yuacra, Kak Mpapiito, HMa0K. BroGanoK, oTsyaentste CeMbH H OT/CIDHBIE HHAHBHYYMBI, BepO- THO, MMCIOT MeHBIIe BOSMOKHOCTEH jyLa 3aHATH B Yack JOCyra, JIA nyrewrecrBHit Hi QCATENHOCTH BHE JOM. ComMambHOe OT- MYANCHHE MOKET TAKKE OSHaYaT orpaHH- MeHHOCTS 11H CHAGOCTE CONMANBHEIX CBA 3ei1, YTO NpHBOAKT K HGOARL HME MANIbHIbIM KOHTAKTAM C OKPYAAIOUNIMI. B cosa ¢ nowsriem cousaisoro orayanenis BOSHMKAET BOMPOC, OTKYAA HCXORHT HEMNUATH- a, Beslb CnoBO npennonaraer, TO KT0-T0 WIM 4TO-T0 OKASDIBACTCH HarTyxO HCKTO- NeHBIM Ho -ANDHH KeM-TO sIpyrum. Hanecrits, pasymecret, cryyaH, KOTRa MONA oTUyanaIOTCA or wHSHH OSMECTHA B pesyabTaTe OGcTosTERBCTS, of Hux He 3apHcauplX. Baku Moryr oTKasary B OTKDHITHH Texymero Ciera WM B ApEnOCTABIE- HMM KpeMTHO! KapTH AIORAM, MpoxBa‘ONEN B pervonax c onpeyereHHBIM NOYTOBLIM HH- HeKcoM. Crpaxopble KOMIHNM Moryr He yj0- BIETBOPHTb OGpameHHe 32 CTPaXOBMIM MOTHCOM Ho npHuune, Kporomeiien B mHUHOM UCTOpHH o6patueureroca Hin ero cembit, PAGOTHHK, yBO- TeHHBI TO COKPAMeHHIo UITaTOB B MOKHTOM Bospacte, MOKeT 3-32 cBOerO BOSpacra HaTan- KubaTDCH Ha OTKAS MPH HOMLITKE HaitTH ApyTyIO pa6ory. Onaxo conmanbHoe oTHpKTEHHe BOSHHKA- €T He TONbKO TOMA, KOTAa NOAeH HCKMOYAIOT TAK HIM MANE M3 CONMANBUOH KUSHH, OHA MOKeT TAKKE ROSHMKHYTS, ECAH CAMH MOM HCKIOYA. jor ce6a H3 TeX WIM HHBIX acnexToB -AH3HH o6sraHOTO ObuecTBa, Ormenbiinte mOmA MoryT mpexmovects He romyyars oSpasowatine, OTBepr- HYTS mpeyioxennyio uM paGoTy H CTaTs 9KO- HOMIMECKH HeAKTHBHBIMH HIM He mpiHMaTs YWACTHA B rOnOCOBAHHM BO BPEMA MONMTHYECKUX BHIGOpOR. PACCMaTPHBAA ABNEHHE CONMANSHOLO OTHYATEHHA, HEOGXOAMMO NOCTORNHO OMIT Thasa 11. Bedwocms, coyvansHan nomows u couuansHoe omuykdeHUe © BsaMMogeiicrBHH YenoBeYecKoro ¢pakropa H OT- BETCTECHHOCTH, C OHOM CFOpOHE, H Pon COMM ANbETEIX CHT, POPMUPYIONUX 2KUBHEHHBIE O6CTO- aresbcrpa jogef, — C Apyroit. Dopmp! coyvanbHoro oTuypKAeHHA Counonora vccnegoBann pasmunpie croponbl coumansHoro OTuyAReHHs, KoTOPOE MoxeT H1a- SmiogaTEca y OTAEABHENX MIOREH H CooGuIECTR, Hc Ctenonanna oxpaTiun TakHe pasmuauBte MpoGrC- MbI, KaK KITE, O6pasoBaHHe, PIHOK Tpysa, Mpe- CryniocTs, Monogexb H crapbie moaH. Mut KpaT- Ko OCTaHOBHIMCA Ha Tpex npHMepax oTHyAeHHA, KOTOpBIe NPHAAEKI BHHMAHME B BenHKOOpHTa- HHH H ApyrHx MEAYCTPHAABHLAX OGMeCTEAX. June u oxpymenue Cyumiocrs connanuoro oTayayenna orseriBo mposnaaerca n crepe »kuEA. XoTa MHOTHE MONK B MEAYCTpHANbHETK OOUIeCTBAX xxUBYT B KOMC>Op- TaGeMbHBIX MPOCTOPHEX JOMax, MHOTHE APyrHE oGuTaoT B xWIMUJAX MepeHacenenUbIX, THIOxO OrammpaemLix 1 HeuaqeAaULIx Co CrpoHTeNbHOIt TOK spenna. OGpamasch wa pUHOK UTES, OAH UMEIOT BOSMOXHOCTS MPHOGPECTH KUNE, HCXORA H3 CBOHX PeaTsMO cyMlecTByIOMHX WHE Iuaumpyemsx. pecypcon. Tax, GeaqerHan mapa, me 06a cynpyra paGoraior, Gyzet users Go- Jee BEICOKHAL WLAHC HOMyHHTb HMOTeNHYIO ccyAy va TOKYNKY oMa B MpuBNeKaTerbuOM paitone, MEM CeMbA, B KOTOPOIT BIPOCTELE “IeHBL He HME- Jor paGors 11H 3aHATH Ha HHSKOONTaNMBAeMOTT paGore # KoTopon Gyger, BeposTHo, mpexoctaB- sien Gonee OrpanMuenHbii H MeHee MpHBIeKa- Tenbubiit BEGOP B CeKTope apeHAyeMoro HAH MyHHMHNATSHOTO AWLABA. CousanbHoe HepaneHcrso Wa puke -xKH- NA TIPORMINETCR KAK Ha YPOBHE CeMbH, TAK H Ha yposHe OGM Mogo6Ho Tomy, Kak OT- emule aOgH, HaXoAAUpECA B MeGnaonpHAT- nbix o6crosrenscreax, GuiBaloT THUIeNKI 2xena- TeaBHOTO Ay NUK BIIGOpa B Chepe ‘HLTA, TAK HW Were COUR MoryT OsIT AMMIeHB BO3- MORHOCTeH Ht SaHATHIT, MpencraRAMOM\HX COOH HOpMy WIA OcraNbHOrO OSuecrBa. Orwyaxyent- OCT Moxer IpHoOpeTaTs H MpocTpantcrBeHHoe MaMepeHHe: AWLTEIe pajioHBI cyIECTREHNO pas AMAIOTCA C TONKH speHHA GesonacHocrH, OKPY- 2Xa¥OMNHX YOIOBHII, a TaIOKe YoY H_ TOPOCKAX coopyxennit. Tax, Hanpamep, paltont, ta KOTO- pale HaGmogaerca HUSKHH cnpOC, O6bIYHO HMcIOT MenbUIe YYPEANEHHI, OKASHIBAIOMINX OCHOBHUECouuansHoe omiyxdenue 291 KOMMYHAMBUDIe YCIYTH, TAKMX KAK Gat, mpo- AOBOALCTREHHME Mara3HHBI H ONTOBEIE OTHE JeHHA, YeM Gone mpHBreKarenrmie paitonsi. Tpocrpancrsa, npunayiexamne wemy coodune- TRY, TakHe KaK MApKH, ChoprHBHBe nnoWaAKH, GuGmHoTeKn, Toxe Moryr ObiTs orpanMuens. Tent He Meee, sOqM, xKHByUIMe B HeGnaroycrpoeHt- HX MECTAX, Sa4ACTYIO SaBHCAT OT TEX HEMHO- THX Yupeagennit, OKASbIBAIONIHX YOTYTH, KOTO- pue Tam uMeIoTes. B otmtane oT xuTeneit Gonee Sorariix paiionos, oH He HMeIoT TpaxcnopTHNx cpeacts (win jener), Koropste nosBomiutH Ox HM HOceulaT» Mara3Hiel H MOAKIORATKCA YUpeATeH- amu cibepbt yoryr B Apyrux mecrax. B unmux paitonax aonam tpyqHo mpeogo- Jet OTHYAAEHHOCTS H ETAT yoHuTHA JIM Goce Toatioro yyacrua B xKHSHH OGIeCTBA. CrlaGHIe CO- UuAMbHBLe CBASH NpenaTCTByIOT uMpoKOmy pac- Mpoctpanewno wndopsainm 0 BaKaNTuBtx pa- Gounx Mecrax, 0 MOMMTHYECKHX MeponpHATHAX H cobuiTHAx BHyrpH OGuUMHB. BulcoKHit ypo- Bere GespaGoTHIB H_HSKHIT YpoReHD AOxo/OB AeTai0T KU CeMBH HANPHKEHHO!; npectyn- HocTs H npasonapyutenua Heconepmicmmronerunx TogpsIBaioT OGuIee KANECTHO JKUGHH B jaHHOM oxpyre. B He nomsyiomnxca cnpocom pafionax HAGMONACTCA BHICOKAA TeKyHeCTS -KHTENeH, TAK KaK MHOTHE CeMBM CTpeMmaTcA rlepeexaTs B Gonee Gnaronoayynbie Mecra, HB TO xe Bpenst HonaB- He B TpyaHioe MoAOKcHHE moMH, HYAAaIONNIECR BOKWIL, MPOAOIWKaIOT NPHOBIBATh B STOT paitoH. Monodeie ntodu He caeayer aymars 0 MoMoABIx mOAAX KAKO BepO- ATHBIX KaHAMJATAX Ha CoUMATBHOE OTHyauEHTe. Benb, B Kole KONNOS, THHSIYLREPH H MOOABIE JOM, JOCTHTUMe ConepurenHonerHA, BcrynatoT 3B Nopy “xUSHeHHOTO pacusera, HaIHHaIOT Kapbe- PY, CiposT cembio, onpenenmor cwoe Gynyiuee. Tem ne mentee, nepexog oT sonoctH BO BspoC- oe coctosnne conpsxen ¢ Tpygnoctami. MuO- THE MonogDiC TORH nBxTa‘oTeR HNTerpHpOBATECH B OGUIECTBO, HO OKaSKIBaIOTCA Tak HIM MHaNe orayagennsinn or Hero. Pax namenenmii, nponsomenumx B nocaen- He Tous, cRenan OT¥pKTeHHe MOTONEKN ce- PbesHiOH npoGremot. B npexiee Bpems nepexo; BO RapOCIE cOCTOAHHe MpoHcKORHA y yeNO- Beka B CaMOM Hayane ero TpyOBOH Kapsepss. Tenepy 2xe pumoK Tpyaa ABAAeTCH jE MOOREIX mojeli Meee HaqeXHBIM, YeM panbule, H 3TO genaer nepexon oT AOMaUINer ZKHSHM x 3KHSHH HeBaBICHMOTO BSpocOFO HeNOBeKA FOpaylO Me- Hee MPAMBIM, MHOFHE MOOjBIE MOA ¢ TPYAOM Haxonsr ce6e paGory. Hexsamduunposannnie Biylbt TpyRa ycrynaior MecTo pa6ore, Tpebyiouteti YMEHHA WIM SHanMit B OGTACTH HOBLIX TexHO- Horii, B 1997 r. 8 BemxoSpyrannn npamepxo 160 ‘bic. Monogbx mogelt a pospacre or 16 Ao 18 ner He yunnice, He O6yHamic pemecay a He paboramr (Howarth et al. 1999). Hsmenenme cucrestut coumamsHol nomout TaWKE OKAIAIO RAMATNE Ha MOseTH OTHYANEH- HOcTH, HaGmogaemsie cpcAN MooABIX mO;eH. Tipu tom, 470 nommruseckwe mpava un cratyc Y MOAOABIX mogeMt COxpaHHANcs, HX COMMaNbHEE Npawa wa noayyenne paGorst, Ha O6pazonanne Hi cxWAbe CoKpamaioTcs. 3TO MpHBeNO K Gone cuabHolt (H Gonee nponomsitenstioi) ‘3anncu- MOCTH OF CeMbH. B MIpOUWIOM MOsOAME OAH MOLIH paccuHTuBar Ha dbMHAHCOBY!O TOMOIIb H nlocoOue Ha 2xwIbe MPU Mepexone K BaPOCTON axusnm. Coxpamenue cucremst rocyqapersennoti ToslepxKH B 1980-e rr. mpitneno K TOMY, 4TO HEKOTOPBIE MONOABIE OAH CrANM YyBCTBORATD ce6x Gonee yasbHMBMH, em mpexe, H oco- GeHHO B TO Bpems, Koma ypoBeH’ sapa6orKoB MHOTHX MomORBIX mogeH magaeT. BecHoH 1999 x. 1,25 maui MosOgBIx mogeli B Bospacre oT 16 10 24 ner B Bennko6putanim nonyyastn 9a cBo10 pa- Gory Meubule nonORHHBI cpemero noyacoBoro sapa6orka myxsnn (Howarth et al, 1999). Osa6ouennocts suiseipact TaKKe TO, ¥TO O6pasosarenbian cHcrema — H ocpunuansno, H Heo*puuanetio — orropraer ace Gonbulee HHC- 0 Monombx mopeli. H3-sa nMenenmii B MonenaX SaHATOCTH MHOTHM MOAORBIM MOAEM CranO Ka- 3aTbCH, 470 OGpazonanHe He Hrpaer cyulecrBeH- voit poms, Conpemeian noautuKa 8 06pa30- BAHN, CTHMYHpyIOMaN KoUKypeHIyNO BHYTpH IKON H MexTy Konami, craBuT B HeGnaronpH- ATHOE TlomOKeHHE TEX MOOALIX siO;eHt, KOTOPHE Tak YKE HaXogatcA Ha MepuhepHn oGuectEa (France and Wiles 1998). Orcyrcrane anus npeycraniter co6oii on- HO H3 KaBHBIX nposBHeHHit OTAAIEHHOCTH Cpe- AM MonOAUX zORer. Pocr 1oHOMeCKOA 6ea0M- HOCH HawuHaa ¢ 1980-x Tr cBMqeTenscrayer © Tom, 470 CoppeMenntiit ceKTOp 2xHNbA NAAOXO NpucnocoSxen ja peurenna npoSrem, ceasatt- HbIX ¢ MeILIONJHMHICA MozenAMH MOGWIbHOCTH Monogpix moget. Mo cpanieHiio ¢ npoULILMH HepHOjaMH MonOgBIe sORH celt¥ac NOKHIaIOT JOM H CeMbiO B Gonee pantie Bospacte — yacro 40K TOTO, “TOGM NpoJomKHTS O6pazoBaHHe WHE Nponsnogctscnoc o6yueHHe B Apyrom ropone, SABECTIT CeMbIO HH HOny¥IET» PaGOTY B ApyTOM PerHoHe, 11H Mpocro Hayars camocrosTeABHyiO292 AKHOHB, OHAKO, MOCKOTBKY ¢bUHaHCoBKIE pecyp- Chl MHOTHX. MONOABIX sOACH OTpAHHYCHDL, BbI- Gop AOCTyNHOTO sa LHX 2kIUTEA, npesYaraemoro Ha Duke, BeCbMa Henenx. Marepuatn O6cae- owanna cemerinoro 6ioxxera (Family Expending Survey) moxasamn, ¥To BCe GoubIle Hcnom3yioT- ca sMepexoanbles WAM «cypporatite «popes ZxIUIbA — TAKHE KAK OGIIEKHTHE HIM COBMECTHAA pena 2kHWIBA Ha PaBHBIX Mpanax, Kora HECK KO MONO,BIX MORE! CHHMAIOT BMeCTe KaKOe-AU- 60 nomencHHe, OqHaKo HoTpebHOCT MoNONBX moneii B AOCTynHOM AGUe PagMHYHOTO THNA OTHiogs He Nloayaaer yROBTeTBOPCHHA Ha PEIHKe xHTIA, TE MpeoGanaeT MpEMIOKcHHe YACTHO- To HAH MYHMTIHTATBHOTO AKHABS, Yact MONOAMX mogeli npennounraer 1osToMy BepHyTEcH ZOMOI, NTOOK HI6EKATh MpOGTEM, CBASAHIEIX C PAH KOM 2AWIbs, APYTHE ae OKAGIBAIOTER Ha YAUIC (ones 1997). Cenvckue paiionss Xoni MHOro BHHMaHHA yaemAeTCA B HEpByIO O4e- Peab CONMATHOMY OTHYKACHIIO B TOpOACKHX YCAOBHAX, JUONH, AMBYUIHE B CONLCKHX MeCTHO- TAX, Take MOryT HCMTEIBATH OTHVAREHHe. He- KoTOpHe CONHAMBHBIE PAGOTHHKH H CoMpaNDHDIE TOMOMHHKH CHHTAIOT, YTO NpOGAEMIL OTHYATE- WHA B CeMBCKOIL MECTHOCTH CTO 2K BETHKH, a BOIMOKHO H Gombe, Hem B TOpoRaX. B ma- ACHBKNX j\ePeBHAX H ManOHAceNeUHEIX paiionax TOBApH, YCTYTH H yAOGCTBA HE ABIAOTCA CTO IIMPOKO JOCTYIHBIMH, KaK B Gosiee rycoHaceNeH- HBX paiionax. B Gombulnicrae MuAYCTPHAbHbIX o6uects GrMa0crs K OCHOBIEEIM BHAM. ycuyr, ‘TAKHM KaK BpaveGHat MOMONIb, NOYTOBLIE OTAe- JeHHA, TKOMM, HepKaH, GHGIHOTERH H rOCyHap- crBeniste cHyAOs, PaccMarpHBacTcs KaK 11e06- XOAUMOE YOIOBHE IH AKTHBUOM NOAKOKpoBHOH H 3oponom aati. Ho y cembcKHx 2KTeNeit 0- Cyn K TaKHM yenyram YacTO OrpaHHueH, H OHH UCAHKOM 3apHCAT OT cheps yeayr, cyinecTsyIO- eit B npenenax Hx MecrHOM OGuRNIE. Ogun 13 nakuertunx aktopos, o6yc108- AnmaoMx OTMyAMEUHe CeMCKINOKMTENCH, ABIA- eTCa JOCIYMHOCTE TpakcnoprHsrx cpegcTs. EcaH Comba BnajleeT HI HMeeT HOSMOKHOCTS 11011430- BATHCA ABTOMOGHIEM, CH AeTYE OCTABATHCH Hit ‘rerpupovaninol B xKHOHb OGmecTa. Hartpumep, WIENS CeMbM MOryT MONyMaTS 0 TOM, YTOOKI nouckars paGory B APyrAX Toporax, perynap- HO e3/T 3 MOKYNKAMH Tyna, Mme Gombule wa TasuHOB, HapeulaT Ges ocoGoro Tpyna Apyseit WAH CeMBIO B ApyrHXx pationax. Mononexb MOxk- Ho MpHBOSHTS AOMOIt ¢ BeaepyHOK. HanporHs, rasa 11. Bedwocms, coyuansyaa noMouys U couUaAbHOe OMMyHeHUE ‘Te MOH, ¥ KOTOPUX HET cBOHX COGCTREHHEIX CpeacTs NepenBroKenHA, JaBHCHT OT OOU\CCTBEH- Horo Tpancriopra, a 8a ropoqom oSbeM ‘TAK youyr o¥eH orpannuer. Hexoropne cemcxue ANTEM, HANPHMEP, MOIYT MOASSORATKCR aBTO- GycoM TOMBKO HeCKONBKO pas B jICHB, HpHYeM no YHKCHaM M MpAsMHMYHRIM ALAM aBTOGycHt XOJAT MO COKPAUIEHHOMY PACHHCAHHIO, a 03,440 BeyepOM He XOgET BOOEUKE. Be3yomupie BONIIHHCTBO GeAHbIX mMo,er HMeeT KaKOe-TO XXUTE WIM NOCTORHHYIO KDBIMY Ha TOTOBOH. Te, y Koro xR Her, GesfomuLIe, B HOCTEAHHE apagiare ner cra Samer Ha yaMyax ropo- gon. 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B felicrsurenbHOcrH 91a KareropHa #B- ameTcH CMemanHoi, TIpHMepHo omy serseprb ‘BCEX GE3OMHBIX COCTABAMIOT MOZH, KOTOpBIe Guin TauenTamn GonbuM 1a AyUIeBHOGOAB- uuix. lo xpaiineit mepe HeKoropsie us. 9THx MOReH AOATOE BPEMA CONEPKATCh B TAKMX J1e- ueGHimax jo 1960-x rn, Kora mower ¢ xpo- HHYeCKHMM jAyUIeBHBIMH 3aGoneBaNMAMH cram BBITYCKaTb 3 GOIN B Pesymbrare HaMeHEHHIE TONUTHKH B OGIACTH 3ApaBOOXpantetui. IToT npowecc jeuncruTyamiganyn (CM. TaKKe HH 2K€) GbUN BHIIBAH HCCKOABKUMH O6CTOATENBCTRA- Mu. OHM 13 HX 65U10 KeNAHHe MpaBHTenbcrBa C3KOHOMHTD jleHbrH — CTOHMOCTS comepiKaHHA TOeH B GOMBHMLAX JUIN AYWEBHOGONHLIX, KaK HB APYTHX THNAX GONBHML, JOCTATONHO BBICO- ka. JIpyrus, Gone AOCTOMHBIM MOTHBOM. 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Tax, 6oratwe moan Moryt OAHOCTbIO OTKASHIBATECR OF Yenyr OBWIeCTBEHHOTO o6pasowanua cayxG snpasooxpanenita, npeano- suran naavire 3a YacTHBIe YCRYTM M. BHHMaHHE. Bnaroyctpoenibie Kunbie paiionts craHOBATCA Bce Gonee saxpurumn gna ocranbHol actu obwjectaa, Mpespawanch 8 Tak HasbiBAeMble «OBuIHH C 3a- KpwTHNH BopoTaNH» — pacnonoxeHHute 3a sbICO- Kuni orpangenHakn ¢ KONTpoMbHO-NpONyCKHLIMK nyskrami oxpanoit. Hanorosuie nnatexn M gx- HaHicosule OBn3aTenocrea MoryT GuiTb pesKo coKpa- eH! MOCpeACTBOM XITPEIX YAOBOK 4 pH MONO- WM YacTHBix GuHaHcoBLx KoHcynbTanroR. Yacto, oco6enio 8 Coemunennisx Illrarax, axrusHoe yua- CTHE B MOAMTHYECKOM KU3HH CO CTOpOHE SMH 3aMEHRETCR KPYNHBIMH AeHEXHUKH noxepTEORa- HUSMH NOAMTHYECKHM AeATENAM, KOTOPLIE RONKHM peacrasnats wx muTepecti. PasnMuneimn cnocoba- Mn camble Gorarue, wcnonbayn csoe Gorarcrso, BANBKME M CORGH, YKAOHAIOTCA OT abinonHEHKA CBOnX cOMMaNLHBX W GuHAHCOBHX obaaHHOCTel, yiaR 8 3aKpuTli YacTHsi Hup, 8 sHauKTens- Hol crenenw oTpeneHHbit oF ocTanbHoro o6uje- ‘ctba. TowHo TaK Me, KaK coynanbHoe OTYyRAeHKe Ha CTonb-Me BpeRoHOCHO ANA MHTerpApoBaHHorO o6wecrtea, —_—_—_—_—_—_— Bpea, Hem MomEsH1. JhO6o! GoabHoli, KoToporo MOKHO JledHTS aMGynaTopHO, HOMKCH GRIT He: Peneyen Ha Taxyio bopmy neverua, Peayauraret He nIpasyaan Hadeay TEX, KTO CHHTAA OcBOGO- 2KICHHE NAYHEHTOS 43 COABUHL HOMORUTETDHBIM uiarom. Hexoropste neveGHans BRINHCHIBATH Na- MHEHTOR, KOTOPHIM GsuI0 HeKyAa HATH HM KO- TOpHIC B TeTEHHe MHOTHX set GLUT OTOPRAHBL OT BHEMIHerO Mupa. 3ayacryio wa HaTexKaMe- To aM6ynaTopHoro NeveHHA MaLWeHTOR He GuI0 RpeMMpHHATO HAKAKHX KOHKDETHEIX jteficTBHtL OguaKo GomsmmHcrBo Gesq0MNIX He ABTA Tea GuiBuNHMH naHeHTaMM GombHY sta AyWIeR- HOGOBHDIX, STO TAKE HE ATKOTOTHKH H He pe- TyAapHle norpeGuTems sanpemenHbx HapKOTH- KoB, 3TO JOH, KOTOPHIe OKA3ANHCh Ha YAM, 10- TOMY TO Ha HHX AHWHO OGpyuNUIOcL Hecuacrse, 3a4ACTYIO HECKOMBKO HECHACTHH OAHOBPEMCHHO. Beagomuocts peako GuBaet peaynsratom mipa- Moit NeTIOuKH enprusita-caencrBne>. HecKoxsKo 6eq Moryr O6pyumTsca 1a YenOBeKa OBICYpO O7- Ha 3a Apyroft M MpHBECTH K pesKomy nageHHIO no crmpani pins, Keanna, wanpaMep, MoxeT PaSBECTHCH C MYKEM H ORHOBPEMeHHO NoTepaTS He TOAbKO JOM, HO H paGoTy. MonojoH YenoReK WIK jeByWKa 43-34 HeMpHsTHOcTeH Oma MO- IYT yexarb B Gombmom ropog, He HMea HAKAKHX cpeqcra K cywjecrBonaniio. Hccnejowanna moKa- Sal, ITO Yamle BCero Ge3OMHBIMH CTaHOBRTCA JOH H3 HUSIUX CIOeB paGoyero Kxacca, HMe- 1OMHE OYeHb HHSKHA JOXOA H HE OGuaaroNTe HMKaKo# cneyHanHOM paGovel KeanuduKatut- eit, DrapHiM ToKasarenem awiserca AuMTeNsHOe HaxoxIeHHe 6e3 paGoTu. Pemaiomee amumune Oka3HBAIOT TaIKKE KPYUIeHHe CeMbH Ht paca Pogctwenux cRssett. Tlo qantinim Gnarorsoprremuoro o6mectsa , a Ha 80% — C pa- Gorott connameinx cIyKG HM MOMOMbIO, HTO6HI Heitpannsowars MOcKeyCrBNA Kpaxa CeMb!, Ha- cHaMa H yineKeHM, MpHCTpACTHs K HapKOTHKaM ¥ anKoromo m enpeccn. Malik, Geszomuti, KOTOPOMY AABHO HlepeBanwio 3a TATENECAT, BHI- CKa3bIBACT CXOAHOE MHEHHE: «fl AYMaIO, YTO JIA Gommmncrea cHryayua saercs ropaszo Gonee CHOKHOH, ¥eM 3TO MpeyCrammercs. Yacro npo- Gnema sakmouaerca BUX COBCTREHHOH Bepe B Ce- 6a, B uyBcTae COGCTREHHOTO JOCToHHCTBA. MHO- THe MOTH, AUByUINE 1a YAMe, HMCIOT MASK camoouenky. On He BepsT B TO, 470 ROCTOAME ‘uero-7HG0 myuueros (1uAT. Ho: Bamforth 1999). Npectynvoctb w counanbHoe oTayKneHne Hexoropsie CouHosorH yrsepayiaior WTO B _HH- AYCIpHanHBIx OGilecTBAX, TAKHX KaK BenHKo- 6puranna un Coeamnennpe Llrarei, cyujecrsyer ‘TeCHaA CRABB MEY MPECTYMHOCTSIO H COMM aNbHBIM oT4yxeHHeM. Tlo HX MHeHHIO, B CO- BpeMeHHBIX OOMLeCTBAX HaGMORAeTCA TEHACHUAA OTKasa OT BCeOGREMMONUIX HeNeyi (OCHOBAHHEIX Ha TpackaHCKHX Mpanax) H YCTAHOBEHHA TAKHX TOPAAKOB, KOTOPHIE HOMYCKAIOT H jaxKe cHOCOG- CrBylor OTYyAAEHHOCTH HEKOTOPOH YaCTH rpaK- Aan (Young 1998, 1999). Yponer npectynHoctn, BOSMOKHO, OTpaxkaer ToT caxt, 47O pacrymee UHCHO MOE! He HyBcTByeT, YTO OGUIECTRO, B KO- ‘TOPOM OHM AKHBYT, HX N€HHT WIM YTO y HHX CCTb B 9TOM OBmeECTBe KakOe-TO GyAyULee. AMepHKaHckHii comMosor SanoT Kappy Hc- Coeqowait CBASH MEY COMMANDHLIM OTHPIEHH-Coyuansan nomows u pedopma zocydapcmea sceo6wjezo Gnazococmonnua 295 eM H mpectynnocrsio B Cocimncutrx LraTax, ocobertHo cpeqH Monogsnx mogeli. Kappa yrsep- 2xMACT, MFO amepuKAHCKoe OOUIeCTBO NpencraB- aier COBH secrecrBeHny}0 aaGoparopHioy, KO- Topas yoke HeMOHCTPUpyeT «ATOBeILyIO H3HANKy> CouMamHOH nOxHTHKH, yupannAeMolt puIHKoM: Pactyuyo HuIeTy 4 GeaqoMHOCTS, HapKoMaHio H peskoe yoemnuenme Hera npectynmennii, cuA- 3aHHBIX C HacisTeM. On OTMedaeT, YTO MOTOAEKS ce vane pacter mpeqocranensiat cama ceGe 6e3 KAKOTO-THGO PYKOBOACTBA WIM NOWLepAKH, He- OGxOAUMOIt HM CO CTOpoHM BSpocMbIX. HMer ne- ey Masamn co6nasHHTeIbUBIE MPHMANKH PHAKA 1 U906HAHE NOTPeGHTENECKHX TOBAPOB, MONOAME AION CTaMKHBAIOTCA OJHOBPEMEHHO C COKpauIe- HueM BOSMOAHOCTEH, IPEAOCTABIEMEIX PEIHKOM Tpya Aa NOMEprRANHA cylecrBoRAHHA, ITO MO- 2KeT IpUBECTH B pesynbrare K EMYGOKOMY YyBCTBY cBoeit CoBcreHHo!t OGe3qONeHHOCTH H roTOBHO- cru npuGeruyrs x npoTHBosakoHHAM cpecrBaM JNA TIOMNepKAHNA xKesaeMOrO YPOBHA HSH Coraacuo Kappy, umeercr HecKonbKO 1aB- HBIX TMH CRASH MEY POcToM mpectynHocTH H CONMaTbHEM OTayAHeHHeM. Bo-nepBbix, u3Me- HeHM Ha PbInKe TPyga MB NanoroBoi nomTH- Ke MpasHTeMbcTB2, a TAKKE B NOAHTHKe MHHH- MasibHOit OMIaTeI Tpyga Munem K yaACaIONeMy pocty Kax oTHOcHTeNHOH, Tax H a6comoTHOH Geqtoctn cpeqM amepHkaricKoro Hacenenua. Bo- BYOPHX, POCT COMMATLHOFO OTYYANIEHHA OUTyMIa- erca B MecrHBX OGuIHHaX, KOTOpHe crpanaior or yiparst craGwunbHiBrx cpencre K cymectsona- HINO, TeKyYeCTH HaCeNeHHA, MocTosTtO AOpoxa- JOMeTO HABA HM OCTAGNEHHA COMMATBHBIX CBA 3eit, Berperbux, Matepnansnne smulenma 1 pas- oGwerHOcTs moxeH Rehopmupyior cemeiinyio xia. BO MHOTHX GeAHBIX CEMBAX BapocMBie BIHYANCHM paGOTATs Ha HeCKOABKNX paborax, 'TOGuI NPOKOPMHTH CeMBIO — CHTyayHA, KOTOpAR BLIObIBACT MOCTORHHBIT CTpEcc, YyBcTBO TpeBorH H noctoaMHoE npeGsIBaHHe BHe oma. Conant BAMA H BOcHHTARMe jeTeH B peayzsrare Bcero 3TOTO OcraGenaior, OGmee «coNMATDHOE OGEAHE- une> Gute osHaYaer, ¥TO po;uTeaH pa THMECKH He HMEIOT BOSMOKOCTH OGpaTHTHcH 34 HOMOMIBIO K APYFHM CEMBAM 1UTH PORCTBCHHM- kam, B-uerBepTBix, TOCysapCTBO «3apes20> MHO- Te nporpanots u couMarbitbie CAYRODI, KOTOpHe Moran GBI «peHtiTerpMpowaTe B O6UIECTRO+ COMM ATbHO OTYYALEHHBIX, 4 UMEHHO CAyAGH panitero BMeUIaTeENBCTBA DB gercrBe”, OXPaHH S1OPOBbA Aeteit 4 OXpaHt TICHxHYecKOro 3z0pOBBA. YJleresax cayxGa pannero mMemaremscma — ocobaa commamias cayxda, OKASHBAIOMAX MONOI AEtHO, PORTE Haxoneu, connansHo oryyayentioe nacene- ME He MOXCT JOCTHYD ¢ MOMOULIO 3aKONHBX cpeqcrs cranmapros axouOMuMecKoro Gnaroco- Cromima mM noTpeGneuma, mponaranampyemsx B o6wecrse. Cormacto Kappn, ogHum 3. Bbi- ShIBAIOMHX HanGoabutee GecMOKOHICTBO MOKAsa- Tenei CBASH MeKRY COMMATHHDIM OTUKTEHHEM i MpectynHocTsio aBnaerca TO, ¥ro aeraIbHBIM TytaM yay"WeNAA NOJOKeHHA MpenoMHTaLOTCA yr nencranpuwie, Fpecrynmsim cpeqcrnam oxa- sbinaeTcA MpeATONTEHHe Heped anbrepHaTHBME- MH CPOqCTBAMH, TAKHMIE KAK MOMeHEHHe Tomi THMECKOI CHCTeMEI WWI OpraHHgANAH OGM (Currie 1998a). CounanbHaa nomowp M pecbopma rocygapctsa Bceo6uwero 6narococroaHuA Bonbumicrso MHAyCTpHaNSHBX 1 muyerpuaRH- SYIOMHXCA CIpaH MHA ABAAIOTCA ceituAC TOCy- JapcrsamH BceoGurero Gaarococroanus, 7. c. TocyqapcrBamil, B KOTOpHIX MpaBHTeMBCTHO HT- Paer yerTpaasnylo pom # ymenbueHuN Hepa- RetCrea cpesM HaceeHHA MyteM mpegocranne- HUA WH cyGcHAMpoEaHHA HeKOTOpEX ToBApoR 4H ycayr: Lem rocynapcrsenioii nomouyt 3aKn0- ‘aeTCH B TOM, ¥ro6s HelitpanHgoBatb HerarHE- NBI€ MOCIGACTBR BAHAHHA polka Ha sOzeM, KOTOpHe TO pasHBIM MPHYHHAM CramkHBALOTCR ¢ OrpoMNbIMH TPyAHOCTAMH pH yoRTeTBOpe- HM CBOHX OCHOBHEX MoTpeGuocreli. 310 cHto- cob yMenbieHHA PHCKOR, KOTOpsIe BCTPeualoTeH AVON. ta MPOTAKerNH HX AUGHH: GONCHB, HH BannHOcTs, NoTepsa paGorst 4 CrapocTs. Comm abitble CHyKODI Tocynapcrsa BceoGmero GrarO- CocTonnia » pasix crpanax paxil, HO, KaK Mpapwio, oun ocyufecrRaRioT nOMOM & cbepe o6pazosauns, sapanooxpaneniia, KABA, MpENO- cranmior moco6ua no GemHocrH, MMBaNHHOCTH, Gespa6ormye H nec no crapocta. MacurraGut Pacxogon na rocyrapcrsennyIO NOWYLepRKY TaK- 2ke pasanunis, B MeKOTOpsIX CrpaHax cyulecTByioT PAsBrITHe CHCTeMBI rocynapcTREHHO; NOANep- Kit, 11 MPaBHTeABCTBa PaCXOAYIOT Ha HHX 3HauH- ‘TeNbHy!O YaCTD HanHOHamsHOTO Giogxera. B Hlne- UuH, HanpHMep, pacxoub Wa rocyaapcrBenKyIO NOMOM CocrasaIOT NowrH 50% BaTOROrO BityT- PpeHuero npostykra crpaner. uuiea ¢ onpeseaenmminn qicvecki W AcixM¥ecktM nnexocrareast, a Take AermM ¢ aaenmenNTIN. dpuatesecKa ‘un menxneckn pasmirnen its ~ FIpun. nepes.296 OgHo 3 TaBHBIX pasiHunil Mey pas- HDIMH MONEIAMH TocymapCTREHHO MOmEp KKH BaKMOYACTCA B AOCTYAMOCTH CouMAMENX nO- cobuit uA HaceneHia, B HeKOTOpHX CHCTEMAX MPeAOCTaRIeHHE TocyAPCTHCHHO! HOMOULH HO- cur yuimepcanbuniit xapaktep, 910 YHMBepCaTs- MBIE COMMATDHBIE MOCOGHS; NloyHENHe OMONIEA, KOIfa Ova HEOOXORMMA, ABNETCH MPAOM, KOTO- PHIM OGnaqaiOT B paBHOH creneHst BCE, HesaBH- CHMO OT YPOBHA JOxOZa WIM 9KoNOMMYECKOTO craryca. CHcTemst rocyjapcrsennoi noaiepx- Kil, OCHOBAHHWe Ha MpenocTaRneHHA noMOMUt BCOM HYANAIOULYMCR, COAAAOTCA JYIA TOTO, 4TO- 641 ObccnesHTS OCHOBHEIE CoMMaTSHBLE TOTpEO- HOCTH TpaxyaH BO BCE BOSpacralomem oGDEMe. Ulenckax cuctema no coouM npxisuuam 6mn- 2xe K YHHBEpCaMbHOMY MOAXONY, YeM CHCTeMa Coesunennoro Koposencrsa, B KoTopoii Gom- ile Mecra aaHuMaioT MOCOGHA, HasHavaeMnre € yueTom nposepKH HykqaeMocTH. Bipaxe- HHe snpoRepKa HYAAeMOCTH® O3HANACT MpoMe- AYP, ¢ MOMOMO KOTOPOH 1a HAM HHaR CTyKGa COnpenenact, COOTBETCTBYeT AM TOT HAM HMOi uenoneK, O6parHautnites 32 MOMOMIBIO, HeOBXO- aumum TpeGonannaM, TIponepka HYAaeMocTH WACTO MPOROAMTCA HCxOAR HS Oxona. HanpH- Mep, MOCOGHE Ha 2kHLIBE MOLYT MONY'HT TOMBKO OAH C HUSKHM JOXOAOM. Pasmrane Mexny HOCOGHAMM, MpeROCTARAA- eMBINH Ha YHHRepCaTBHO! OCHORE, H TOCOGH- AMM, MIPCROCTARIAEMEIMH Ha OCHOBE NpOBepKH HYANACMOCTH, HALLMIO Ha HOAHTHYECKOM ypOBHE BHIPHRCHHE B BY MpOTHBONONOKHEX TOAXO- Jax K rocysapcraennoit Tomo. CroponHHKn uncmumyyuonansnoz0 MORKORA K TocynapcrweHt- HMM MOCOGHAM Yruepxxna¥oT, ¥TO JOCTYN K 0 AyueHino MocobHi orKeH Gort oGecrieveHt AIR BCeX KaK HeKOe npano. Te, Kro npyaepxuna- TCH OCMamounozo NpHHUNNA NpeOCraRIEHUT NocoGwii, CuHTaIOT, 4TO NoMOUKs OF rocygapcTsa AOWKIBI HOTYATH TOMKO Te WEN OGUICCTBA, KOTOpHIE JeiICTBHTENSHO HYARAIOTCA B TOME Ke H.CaMH He COCOGHE! OGECIIeHTE CBOH HYAIBI. Cnopsi BsisbiBaer TakKE BONPOC 0 Hato- vax, HcTOWHHKOM CpeAcrs Just rocygaperaeHHbIx noco6mii, NeHcHit M CTUNeHAN BIOTECH Ha70- ronnie cGopsi. Hexoropete aBTopbi HouaraioT, 4TO HaOTH AO:7KHE GbIT ESICOKHMH, OTOMY 470 TO- cymapcrBo uceoGujero Gnarococrosuua AOMRIO MMeT Xopomme HCTONHHKH AOxORa. OHM yrBep- axsaior, TO CHCTEMA TOCyapCTBeHNOH OMOIIH AOWKHA NO/MepKHBATKCA HH ABKE pacuiMpstTeca, Js Toro YTOGK TOCyAAPCTBO MOrNO CREpxarb PesKO HOAAPHsyIOMe OGUIECTBO NOCHeTCTBHA {nasa 11. Bednocms, couvanenan nomoujb u coquansiioe omuyxkdeHue BAHN PHIHOUHOT KOHOMHKH, RAKE HECMOTPA Ha TO, 47 9TO RAeYET 32 COGOlt GpeMs BHICOKHX uanoros. Ilo MHCHHIO STHX apropos, jor s10- Goro uuBiTHsoBAHHOTO rocynapcTsa — oGecte- MuBaTh H gaMHuLaTb cBoHX TpaxAaH. HanpoTHB, CTOpOMMMKH «rocynapcrea AceoGuIer Gnaroco- CTOMHHA Kak CTpaxOBONHOA CerKH> HacTaHBaIoT Ha TOM, 470 TOKO HaHGoNee HyAMatOULHECT — 2.910 BHABIETCA C HOMOMIBIO NPOBEPKH TpKa- eMOCTH — JOmKHEI Momyvars rocyaapcrsemyio Tomomtp. OHM CuHTaIoT CHCTeMy TOCyAapcTBeH- Hof NOMMepKKH Joporoctoamer, HesppeKrHs- Hof H CAMUIKOM GiopoKpaTHecKOH H MpHSHBa- J0T K ce COKpalentt0. Pasnwane Mexay yHnBepcambHof # ocra- TOMNOH MoMeNAMM TocyRapcrseHHoN momouyH HAXOAUTCA B HeHTpe H CORPEMEHEBIX cnopos © pechopMe cutcTemst rocygapcTaenHof noon. Bo Bcex MiAYCTPHAMBHBX CrpaHax UMpOKO 06- CYANACTCA H BHMMaTeMbHO OeHHBAETCR GymyMee couManbHOro rocyapcTBa. [lo mepe TOTO Kak H3- Menieren OG1MK OOmlecT8a —~ MOA BIMAKHeEM THOGaNHgaUM, MITpAIUNH, HOMeHEHHi B ceMbe HB TPyAOBOM AeATENbHOCTH, a TaKKE B pesynL- ‘TaTe APYTHX YHAAMEHTANBHBIX CBHTOB — Cyut- HOCTb TOCYAapCTBEHHOM HOMOUIM TaIKe ZOMKHA nomennroca, B cnenyiouyem pasnene mbt paccmor- PHM BOSHHKHOBeHMe CHCTEMBI TOCyZapCTBeHHOH Tomomut B BeanxoSpuranny, npo6nems, ¢ Ko- TOpHIMH OHA B HACTOAMIee BPeMA CrATKUBAeTCA, 1 TONBITKH, KOTOPHIE MPEMIPHHUMALOTCH AIA ee pedopmuposanus. Teopnu rocygapcrea Bceobwero 6narococronHHa Tlowemy nionywnutocs Tak, 470 rocygapcrsa Bce- o6mero GaarococTosHHA BOSHHKAH B GONbIIKH- cme wuqycrpmansiix crpan? Kak MOxHO 06% ACHMTD TO, 4TO PasMHMHBIe FOCYAAPCTBA OKASAIH Mpennowrenne passim Moferam rocyzapcrsert- HoH nomoua? Buewne ccrems rocysapcrsen- Ho MoMouM B pagHBIx CrpaHax pasts, TEM He MeHee B UCIOM HHAYCrpHaTHHBKe OGmecTRA HanpaRAMOT 3HAYUTENDHYIO YaCT» CBOHX CPeyCTS na yaonnersopénne oOmeCTBEHHLAX HyAKI, Baio mpesiorxeno muoro TeapHit sLIA OGb- scHenMa anomOrH FocynapcrBa BeOGMIero 6.1a- TococtosHus. MapKcHcrst cuntam#, 470 rocy- AApCTBeHHAR NOMOML CHyKUT Wy yKpenennt KAIMTIMCTHNECKOIL CHCTEMBI, B TO KE BPEMA, HO MHEHHIO ‘TeOpeTHKOB cbyHKUMOHANHMA, CH CTeMB TOCyRAPCTRCHHOH MOMOMH B YCIOBHEX PagBHTOH MHAyCTPHAMHaKHH cHocoGcTBOBATHCouuanonaa nomows u pedopna zocydapcmea sceo6iyezo GnazococmonHua yhopaqoyennom warerpaunn oGuectsa. Xora STH Ht ApyTHe NOAOGHME RIPARAM HMeNH WLApO- Koe pacnpocrpatienme Ha NpoTwReHHH. MHOFHX get, HanGoxee sHANUTENDHEAI BRIAN B TeOpHIO Focywapcrsa Bceo6mero Grarococrostma BHec- Ju, vepoatHo, tpygst TX. Mapuranna nv Técrr Ecnmnr-Angepcena, Mapuann: npasa epaxdan B paGorax Mapmianaa 1960-x rr, couanpnas 10- MOUs Mpesicraet KaK peaymBTaT nporpeccBHOrO PASBHTHA MpaB rparKnan B CBAIM C POCTOM HH- AYCTPHAIBNEIX OGuEcTB. HloxofA K npoGreme ¢ ncropHeckux nosmynit, Mapurana mpocaegwa SBOMONUIO Man rpaxKgan » BenuKo6purarnn H YcranoBiLt Tpx xMOMeDHIE Crag. XVIII crome- THe — sTo nepHog, Korma, No MHIeHHIO Mapmiaz.ta, Gtuin nomyyenn zparxdancKue mpaca. OHH BNO- MAU BAKHBIE AHUHBIE CBOGOMT, TAKUE KAK CBOGO- Ja Choba, MBICHH penHrHn, paso naateT® CO6- CTpenHOCTHIO H Npawo Ha cnpaBenTMBOE pasGu- patenserso nepea 3aKouom. B XIX 8, GUTH 3anoe- BaNbI maaumuYeCKue npaga: Upano ToI0Ca, NpaBo 3anMath TocynaperBennyio AonAUOCTH H yHaCT- BOBaTh B MOTHTHYECKOM Mpouecce. ‘Tperuii KoM- Tineke pas — coyuarsnee npaga — Gwin nosy: MeHDI TONDKO B XX wv. paz rpaxnan Ha aKOHO- MUNecKOe H cOMNaMBHOE OGEcHeHEHHe nOCpes- CTBOM MpegocTaniena oOpasonanna, Oxpast 3H0POBbA, >KIUTEA, MeNCHIT H Apyrinx yenyr HauLTO BorMiowentue B rocygaperse sceobuyero Gxaroco- Croan. BrmoveHHe comnanbukix pas B 10- MATHE TpaxkancrBa O3HAYAIO, ITO M1060; YeNO BeK HMeer paso AMT HOMMONCHHOT H AKTHD- NOM KUSHDIO, UMeeT paKO MOMyHATs HeOGXOAN- Moll JU HOpwanbrtoi1 KHIHM JOXO,L, HEABHCHMO or ckoero noaoxenma B OGuecrEE. B aTOM OTHO- wei Mpana, acconmmpyemite ¢ couMaMUBIM TPURIAHCTROM, SHAUITTENHO NPONBHHYAH HEAT pavenicrsa jin ncex mozeit (Marshall 1973) Borat Mapurasina oxasann sameruoe Ban sue 11a Cnopst CouonoroE O NpUpose yYacrHA oneit B >KUSHH OGUICCTRA WH HX COuHATBHOTO oryagenna. Noustte npan 1 oOnganHocteli m10- Aeil TecHO Tepenmeraerca ¢ NoHsTHEM rpaxqaH- Crea; 3TH NACH ONeH TOMyAApHM B CoRpeMcH- HBIX AUCKYCCHAX OTHOCHTENBHO Toro, KAK OGeC- TeMMTD eaxTHMNOE rpaxTaHCTBOr. Oquako, XOTH ‘Tpyqbt Mapuiazta o npabax rpaxkjtancrea ocraior- © NO-npEXTEMY akTYANBEBIMH JLIs COnpeMCHEAIX auICKYCCH, NloxesHOCTs HX orpaHHycHa. Kpurn- Ki OTMeyaMH, TO Mapulait, pasauBan CHOW ‘TeOpHIo O Npawax rpaxian, cocpeZOrOUH cRoe nee BHHMaHHe HcKMOUNTEABHO Ha CoexMHeHHOM Ko- Posencree, TOMA KaK OTHHOAH He OFeBUAHO, YTO PasburHe cuictemut rocynapcrsa uceoSmero 6na- TOCOCTORHNA UHIO NO TaKOMY 2Ke HYTH B ApyrHX crpanax. Ecnuwe-Andepcer: mpu muna coyuanbuozo 2ocydapcmea Kaira garvanmna Pécrit Ecrmmar-Augepcena «Tpit tuna rocygapcrs weeo6mero Gxaronencraua % YcuoBUAX KaTtHTANHaMa> MpeCTaRIACT COGOH Go- lee nosgMioW TeopmIO rocygapersa BccomerO Gnarococtoauma (Esping-Andersen 1990). B atom BivxttoM tpye Ecomntr-Anjlepcen, Conocrasne cH- cremst comatbHoi nomout gananHux crpan, Coajaer THNOMOTHIO «pexiMoB BCCOGUTeTO Gzaro- COcToRHHA», BKiONAIOMIyIO TpH THNA. CTpos CBO TunoxorHyecKyIO KaaccHdpuKanWO, EcruHt-AH- Aepcen ONeHHBAeT YpoReHs jeKOMMOmMbHKA- TBH CoMaLHO’ HOMOMM — AaHHEN TepMHt O3Hayaer, B KakOli CTeneHH CONHaTLHaA TOMONb cnoGoaHa or atnaHia patra, B CHCTeMaX C BBICO- KHIM ypoBHeM AcKOMMogUdHKANMH cOMMATDHaK HOMOMs OKABKIBAeTCH OOMIECTHOM H OHA MMUKAK He cbA3aHta C YOXOAOM YeNOReKa WAH ero 9KO- HomuueckuMut pecypcamu. B KoMMosHduLupo- BaHHBIX CHCTeMAX COnHambIIAA NOMOMs Gombe Pacuennpacten KaK mpeaMer norpeGacnus, 7. €. ona mpogaerca Ha psIHKe MosOGHO Apyrum To- hapam M yonyram, Cpaprnyaa nommnxy pasiix crpait 8 oTHomerHH mencHii, nocoGuit no Gespa- Gorime H noMOMH mOgAM ¢ HHISKHMH AOxoRaMH, Ecnuur-Angepcen ssyerter crenyioume TPH TH. fa cicres rocynapcrsernioit nomomt: © Couuan-denoxpamurecnuti mun, Counan- AeMOKpATHYCCKAR CHCTeMA COMMANBHOH 110- MOUMH NOAHOCTLIO OTeNeHa OT TOBAPHLX orHomenni, Cayx6n Conmansxoit nomouns cycuampytores rocyaapcrom H Aocryrsr BCeM TpaKanam (yHMepCaMBHAA CHCTeMa nioco6uii). TIpumepom couman-gemoxparn- YecKoii CHCTeMbt CONKAMBHO! HoMOME MO- 2KCT CHYAUTS GOAGUIMHCTBO CKAHMHABCKHX crpan, © Koncepeamusno-xopnopamusneuti mun. B KOHCepwatHeHo-KopnoparuniibIx —Tocyqap- crvax, TaKHx Kak @pannuia it Fepaauna, co- UNaMBHBIE YouyTH MOLyT OBIT NOAHOCTHIO OmmeseHsl OT pulika, Ho OK Mpegoctan- AAIOTC AaIeKO He BCeM, BemHuHa conH- aubHOM NOMOUN, Ha KOTOpy!O HMeeT npa- BO TPAKANNH, 3aBHCHT OT ETO NOAOKEHHS B oOulecrse. Sor THN cHcreMBL ComMaATH- Hof nOMOM\H UMeeT YENLIO He yCrpaHeHTE298 Hepanetictna, Ho nogdepxKaune counamEHO!t craGwibuoctn, yxpensenne cembit Ht RepHO- HosyaHHMMeCKHX YyBCT K TOCyapCTAY. © JTuéepansnsit mun, Cocnmnennie Hrarst ABIMIOT IPHMEp AHGepatbHOlt CHCTEMbI CO- imambHoH MoMouyH. Couvatban TOMOUID yllonoGnewa ToBapy, KoMMOnidunypona- iia M mMposaetea 4epes MocpenCrso pEiHt- Ka. Oco6o HyAMaroMINECH MOmyaaLOT HOCO- Gi, mpoiyyt mposepxy wa Hyxyaemocrs, HO MONyYaTb CONMATBHYIO MOMOM\S CHHTA- cerca xpatine ynusumensiim, NoTOMy ¥TO GoasumncTao HacenenHs, Kak Mpeqnonara- eres, HOKynaer cBoe ContanBHoe 6narono- aTyHHe Ha PBIHKE. Coeaunenioe Koponescrso we coorsercreyer TOAHOCTHIO HM OAHOMY H3 YKASAHHBIX TpeX +HHe- ‘AILLHBIX THTIOB». Partbulte O10 GuUIO GmuEKe K CONN ai-AeMOKpATHYeCKoH MoAeM, Ho MocTe pecpopm B comHambuott ccepe 1970-x rr mpHGmNsHoc K ANGepaNbHO CONMaNBHOM cHcreme ¢ Gonee BBICOKHM YPOBHEM KOMMOAUAHKALH. BosHukHoBenve 6putaHcKoro rocygapctea Bceobuwero 6narococtosnma Tocyzapcrso nceoSuyero GarococTossis, KaK MBI 310 B HACTORIee BPEMA a11aeM, GoiTO cosaHO b BenuxoGpurannn » cepequne XX 8. mocne Bropoii Mupowoi voli, HO yxoRHT KopHA- MH» eaH3aneTHuCKyIO sntoxy. TpH mepexone OF SeMEReMBHeCKOrO K MAAYCTpHaNBHOMY OuIe- rey Havant paspymiansca Tpanuunonnere ¢op- Mu HechopMaMbHOM TIOAEPKH BHYTPH ceMelt 1 oGupti. Jlaa Coxpanenua coumanbuoro nopalt- KA H YMeHBMICHHA Hepaneticrna, KoTOpoe Mpuntec € cO6oIi KAMHTAMHGM, HEOXOAUMO OsLTO MpenO- Crapite HloMOltb TeM sLIeHAM OGMECTRA, KOTOPHIE okagaaiich Ha mepibepHn psHOUHO!t aKOHOME- KH. 3aKOHL O GeAHEIX OBLIN MepBOF NONBITKON TpabHreADCTHa HaBeCTH MOPAJOK B npeRocras- eH NOMOUNL HM NOMLEPKKH GeaNBIM, Gomy- ubiM HM HemomtHBM, B TO spews OCHOBHBIM HcTONHNKOM HOMOMYE GbUIA peaKat cers Gnaro- ‘THOPHTENBUBIX Oprannaalit, MHOTHe 13. KOTO- PHIX GRUIN CHASES C HePKOBBIO. CO BpeMeHeM, 2)B coorvercrann ¢ 3aKoHOM 0 GenmBrx, KoTOpE ACH crnowan » Bennko6pirrainn ¢ 1834 0 1948 re, Gums yupe ‘ates paGoTuBle ZONA, # KOTOPHIE HHOMELELINCe GemIIAKH, Gpatiemuecs 3a nomotgblo w GnaroTsopirrensitwe OGweCTEA Inuit HepKoBNe mpHxogst; OLN AosKI! Gbu1H OTpaGarbwwarl cooe NPOxINAHHE B ITHX AONAX, BBIMORIEAA pAsHOTO POX pa6orss. — Mpiew. nepes. [nasa 11. bedHocme, coyuansHan nomous U CoyuanbHoe OM4yKDeHUe Kak Yacth mpouecca oGpazonanug Haxun, To- cysapcrso craio wrpar Gonee cyuyecrBeHHyIO Pom B OKASAHHH NOMOMU HYANAIOUNMCH. 3AK0- HoORaTeNDCrBO, COMaCHO KOTOPOMY GuLTO coana- NO WaUHOHAMHOe ynpaBnene OGpazonannem Ht OOMIECTBCHHBIM: SApABOOXPAHeHHEM B KOHIEC 1800-x rt, Gbut0 npeyBecruMKOM Gonee uMpO- KHX NPOrpaMM, HOABHBWMXCH HOWTH MECTEACCHT ler CnYCTAL B rogu, nocacyosasme 3a Bropoit mupo- Boit BOHM, Gri 3acBHACTENBCTBOBAHO MOUI- Hoe crpemienue K pedbopmupowanio H pact PenMO cHcreMB cousaTBHO! TOMOUH. MoxHO ¢ka3aTb, MMeHHO B 9TOT MepHoA B BemKo6px- TAHHH CKNAMMIBACTCR COBPEMCHHOe COMMAMBHOE rocynaperso. Mepecras orpammaunarica HcK0- UNTENBHO HEGIATONONyHRBIMH H HyAyAIOUyEMA- ca, OBERT CONMAIbHOM HOMOMLM Cra Gosiee HH POKHM H Cras BEMOYATh BCeX “WIeHOR OGUIECTBA. Bovina Giua HanpsKeHHBIM MH MySHTeENDHBIM 1e- pOKHBANHEM Ayia BCE HaHH — 4 AA Gorarsix, 4 jis Gequnix. Ona noposiina syBcTBO COnHAap- HOCTH H OCOSHAHHE TOFO, ¥TO HecuacTes HM TPa- TeMHH cHyHAIOTeR He TOABKO ¢ OGesRONEHHBIMH. Dror caBAr OT H36UpaTeNbHOrO HOHHMA- HMA COMMaNbHOI NOMOUN K yHMBepcamHcTCKOMY €€ MOHHMaHMIO noyHH OTPaxeHHe B JloKaRe Besepnaxa 8 1942 6, KoTopstit yacro paccmar- PHBAIOT Kak HaMCTKH COBPEMCHHOTO rocysapCrBa Beeo6ulero Giarococrosuua. Hoxiay Besepamica GsI Hanpanien Wa HCKOpeHeHHe NATH BEM Knx 301: Hyatt, Bonesneyi, Hesexecrsa, ANTH- canmrapun m Tipasquocrn. IIpH nocnesocuHom JIeHGOPUCTCKOM NpaBHTeMBCTBE GEA MPHHAT pA 3aKOHOATEAHLIX Mep, KOTOPbIE Ha4atHt Nepeso- AMT 3TO HUleaIbHOE MpeNCraBnenHe BHEKOTOPBIE Konkperume qeitcrsusi. B uerpe HOBoro yunBep- CANHCTCKOrO MOHUMAHHA CONMANbHOTO rocyAap- (TBA AEKATO HECKONDKO BAKHBIX 3aKOHOB. 3AKOH 06 o6pasonanm 1944 r. 641 MOcBALNeH MpO- Gneme HeXBaTkKH WKON, a 3aKOH O HalMOHab- HOM siipaBooxpaHeHHH 1946 1 paccmarpuBan nyt yayUUIeHHA KavecrBa 3{OpOBbA HaceseNHA, Tporms «Hyxqbe Gri Hanpawien 3aKoH O 1: TMOHanbHOM CrpaxonanMn 1946 1, 3a1O-KHBUIHIT OCHOBY CHCTEMBI saNLHTLI Ha Cry¥all NoTepH 3a- paGorka, Buignannof GespadorHueit, GorestHI0, YXONOM Ha NeHcMo WIH Norepeit cynpyra. 3aKon © rocygapcreeHHoH noMouH 1948 r. npejocran- JT, B COOTBETCTBHH C MPOBEPKO! Ha HYAAC~ MOCTH, HOMOUYE TEM, KFO HE MOAAAT Noy 3aKOH (© HayHOHamBHOM crpaxoBanun. JIpyrHe 3aKOHbL bum Hanpawienm Ha pememe npoGrem ce- mu (3aKoH 0 mocoGHax Ha cembIo 1945 1)CoyuansHa nomows u pebopma zocydapcmea aceobuezo 6nazococmonnus ra M Ha yayumeHne OKWIMINHEIX ycoBHit (3aKoH © Hosnix roponax 1946 F), Bpuranickoe rocynapcrao weeoGuyero Gaaro- COCTOAHHA BOSHHKIO B HEXOTOPHX KONKPETHBIX YONORNAX MB COOTHeTCTAMH ¢ OnpeseNeHHDiME lmpoko pacnpoctpaneHHAiMn npencranienHaMn © Mpupoxe o6mectsa, Npemuocsinkn, 11a ocHO- Be KOTOPEIx GsU10 NOCTpoEHO rocysapcTBO BCe- o6imero Gxarococrosuns, GkuIM TpOAKHMH. Bo- Hepsurx, rocyfapcrso Becobmero Grarococtos- Hv Upupaniiwano paGory K onaauHBaeMomy TPYAY HM HCXOAIIO US YOexAENNA B BOZMO:KHO- CTH Momo! 3anaTocTH. Koriewon nebo 65uI0 o6tecno, B KOTOPOM onrauMBaemBiit Tpyil Hr- Paz 6st ocHOBHYyIo poms sia GomBMIHHCTBa mtO;et, 4 conmatbHa nOMOMs OBecneyBaTA Gt Hy AAbl TEX, KTO OKA3ZICH BHE PLIHOUHOM SKOHOMH- Ki 13-34 HecsacTHOH cayuaiiHocrH, cBasaHHon ¢ GeapaGormneit nn muBannHocrsio. B cuasH ¢ STHM TpencrantenHe o rocyapcrue Bceobme- To GnarococtoaMs ocHoRBIBATOcL 1a narpHap- X@TDHOH KONYEMUHH CeMbU: MyAHHa-KOPMHICI, AosKeH ConepAT, CeMbIO, a KeHA — g2G0THTE- ca 0 gome. [Iporpammer counansHol nomomut cosqananich 1 sTOH TPaNMUMONHOH MojenH CeMbH, a BTOpoH ypoBeHb ycryr Gin npequa- sHaveH JIA TeX CeMeit, B _KOTOPKIX MyAUHHA- Kopmiutery oTcyrcrmowan. Bo-sropsix, rocyzaperso nceo6mmero 61a- Tococtoaina paccmarpHBanocs Kak rapanT Ha- UHoHAMHOTO eqMNCTBA. OHO AOKHO CILIOTHTS Halli, BKAIONUB Bee HaceTeHUe B ObinyIO CHCTe- My cay.x6. Counanbiran OMOMIs 6buIa cTIOCOGOM YkpeMCHNA CBABH MERAY rOcyAApcrBoM H Ha- CenenneM. B-rperbux, commanbuoe rocynaperno Gsi10 o3a60ueHO Tem, YTOGH HeitpaInsOKATS PHCKH, KOTOpMIe cHy¥AIOTCR KAK ecrecrBeHItaN 4aCTb Mpouecca venoneyecKoit aU3HHL B 3TOM CMMCe CoMMaTSNaR HOMOM> paccmarpunanacs KAK PA3HOBHIUOCTH CTpaxoRaHHA, KOTOPOe Mo- X€T ObITb VenONEIOBaHO MpOTAB ToTeHIULAA- MbIX HecuaCTHiL HeMpescKasyemoro xapaKrepa. Tak, ¢ MOMOMIBO Focygapcra BceoGuIero Gia TOCOCTORIHA MOKHO GHI0 651 NpoTHBOCTORTD Sespadomme, GoxesnaM H ApyTHM GenaM % co- UuAIBHOM H SKONOMHUECKOHL KHSHH Crpanst. 31H npanunn saToxKHTH ocHOBY 6uicrpo pasmupaiomeroca rocysaperpa nceodujero Garo- COCTOAHHA B TeNeHHe Tex AecATHIETHIT HOcAE noitnsi. TloKa uaGmonanca pocr npompamuen- Holt SKOHOMMKH, FocynapcrB BCeObINerO G1a- Fococtomuua npencramiaTo YAauHyIO KACcOByIO KAHHH TocymapcTba (B MEAHUMHCKHX yUpeAVTeHHAX-CTa- uvoHapax), psINHCEIBANH M3 CTAqHOHApOB H BO3- Bpamam B cesBIO HB OOMHNY (cM. C. 292-293). Henocpegctaenno or qencrutyqnonanusanint nlocTpayai TakKHe KaTeropuH Mopeli, KAK MHBa- AWB H AYWeBHOGOABHIELe, OAHAKO 9TOT MpoUecc MMeN TAWKE CYUIECTBEHIIME HOCTECTBHA MUI OGnuIH, HAIR ceMeli, Ha KOTOPUX Tenepb B03- AATANAC’ OTBETCTBEHHOCTS 32 SHOPOBLE H -KUSHb Hx WIeHOR. Emre ontoit nomsrkoit coxpamenus pac- XONOB Ha COMHaTbHY!O TOMOUIS H yBemHuCHHH ce sihiextustiocrH GpiI0 BRegenHe psinOMHEIX TMpHHIMNIOS B MpegOCTaRENHe COuMAIBULX ye- aay. Tipaswrenscreo KOHCepraTopos yrBepayta- HO, 4TO BBEACHHE H3BECTHOM OH KOHKYpCHUUAH 8 cahepy CouanbiEIx youyr, TAKHX Kak 3qpaHO- oxpanenne M o6pazonanue, oGecneuur Hacene- iio Gonbule BosMorKTOCTe BixGOpa 1 Gone BML coKoe Kasectao yeuyr. MorpeSuren, KaK samnna- Roch, CMOrYT HO CyMLeCTBY *roOCOKATS HOTAMH, SHOMDAs M9 IKON H MEAHUMHCKHX yupernenutt Te, KOTOpHIE OHH CaMH CHHTTaIOT nya Yape-CoyuansHan nomows u pepopma zocydapcmea sceo6wezo Snazococmonhus 301 ———— 3aBUCHMOCTe OT CoOuMANbHOK NOMOWMH Tonathe «3aBMcuMocTs OT couManbHoh nomoWMKy Bu3bIBZeT Cops; HeKoTOpHe OTpHY;Alor, TO Ta- Kan 3aBHCMMOCTS MMeeT CKOMDKO-HMOYAB WAPOKOE pacnpoctpavenve. «BuTe Ha COUMANKe O6s4HO cumTaercn nosopHeim, « GonsWnHCTaO mae, no- NaBWIWX B TaKOe nonOMeHHe, Hago nonaraTe, aK- TweHO Crapaercn W36aBHTBCA OT Hero KaK MOKHO cnopee. Kapon Yoxep npoanannauposana faHibie © Tom, Kak monam, MuBYUM Ha nocobHE ANA rpanqan C HWaKHM AOXOROM, YRaeTcA opraHna0- Barb ceo MaKe, Kaprnia, KoTOpaR ef npen- crapwnacs, Becema faneKa oF Tol, KoTOpyO pH- yor MORK, YTBepaAAIUME, TO HAUTE Ha —NO- co6me — nerknh aeiGop. Kak noxazano opHo wa ee uccnepoBaHnil, y 80% onpoweHHbsx, no- Tepaeuinx paGory, ¢ Tex Nop KaK ORK CTanh XKMTb Wa noco6we, npowsouno yxyqweHne ypoBHA xK3- HM. Mout ana Bcex xKH3Hb Crana Fopazno 60- nee TpyaHoli. C apyroi croponty, ana MeHbuMH- CrBa COUKANBHAA NOMOUE MOXKET CTaTe NPHYMHOM yAyaweHHA ypoBHs xH3HM. HanpHMmep, Geapa6or- bi NO AOCTMKeHKM BO3pacTa WeCTHAECATH NeT MoMeT nonacTe 8 ApyryIO cOUWanbHYIO KaTero- Pio, 8 KaTeropmio «neHcMoHepos — npeTeHmeHToB a nomouls», a 3T0 Noasonser tpeGosate nocobua Ha 30% Gonee BeicoKoro, ¥em TO, 4TO OH Nonyyan paneue. Kaveropnn nope, won xuaHeHibie o6cTO- sTenbcrea pM monyyeHu nocobAA MOryT craTb ayuwie, sinouaeT 8 AeficrenTensHocTH TaIOKe ORM WOKUX waTepelt. VccnenosaHne noxaaweaer, 470 ‘OKono TpeTh passeReHHux poguTenel — noth Bce 3 HiKK MeMUIMHES — CrANH xUTe NOCHE pac- rapa Wx Opaka Gonee saKTOWNO, eM OHM Xin ‘RO passona. 3HaunTenbHoe GonbUMNcTBO, oAHaKO, crao MTs xyme. Tonbko 12% noel, xuBwHx Ha COMMaNbHyIO HoMouys 8 1990.r., cKazanH, 410 OHM «cnpaBAAWT- ‘A BnonHe ycnewHor, BonbuMHcTBO me CoO6WyANO, NTO OHM aNPOCTO CBORAT KOHYH C KOHUaMHY HAM «crankwsaiorca ¢ TpyAHocTaMM. CrpowTs nnaHst Ma Gyaywee oveHe TpyaHo. OrknaquieaTe neHbrH HeBo3MOMHO, onnaTa C¥eTOR BLIaMIBAeT NOcTORH- Hylo o3a6o4eHHocTs. Hecmorpa Ha BaxKHOe 3Ha- Nene niraHne, OHO 3a4acry paccmaTpHBaerca aK HeYTO, Ha Hem MOXHO C3KOHOMHTE, KorAa AeHEr ve xearaer. B saKmovenme Yoxep numer: «Bonpexh CeHCaUMOWHBIM razeTHHM 3aroNOBKaM, KATE Ha CO- UManb#yO MOMONIs — 310 ConceM He TOT BLGOp, Koropsiit cnenano 6s Gonbuniicrao nioned, ecru 61 ww npennoNsn noAnKHHyIo anbTepHatHBy. Bomb WAHCTBO MHOReH OKasHBAITCR ,Ha COUMARKE” 43-34 kaKor0-10 TparMvecKoro COBWTHS B KUSHH: NoTepH paGors, cmepru cynpyra Han no npANMHe TAKenorO 3aGonesauna» (Walker 1994, 9), ————— KUCHHA, OKAIHIBAIOUHE HEKANCCTBEHHBIC YCmyTH, Gyayr BeyavIeH anG0 yayuuaTs CROW pabory, 21460 SaKDBIBATHCR, MOROGHO TOMY KAK 9TO MpOHC- XOMHT B Gu3Hece. 370 CBABAHO CTEM, HTO (hunaN- Cuponanie yapeaenna 6yster saBHCeTe OF KOmK- ‘ecTBa yuanyHIxes HUH MALWeHTOR, KOTOpHIE NPE NOW! ROCHOABIOKATHCH ero yeuyraMn, KpUTUKH NOAOGHOTO KypCa BOSPAKAIH, SasTRARA, HO «BHTyT- penne poinkH> 8 cibepe o6mecrsenMBIX ycayr He NOAHUMY? HX KANeCTBO YO PaBHOTO O6CAyKH- BAHIA JLUR Beex rpaxaH, HO, HaOGOPOT, MPUBEAYT K NOMGKeHIO HX KaYecTBA B HIeOM 1 K Hepap- XMMECKOM ccreme MpexocTaweHAN yonyr. Oyenka coxpawenus couuaneHerx ycnye npu Koucepsamopax Jo KaKoit crenenn yaatoch KoncepsaTHaHOMy Upasirerscrsy & 1980-x rm. aaropMosuT® pas- BHTHE rocyaapersa BceoGuero GxarococtonHuA? B xuure «Jlemonrax rocygapcrna nceoGmero 6u1a- rococroxuma Kpucroep Mupcou cpapnusacr Mpouecc npH pedopmax, HOM MpHUEMaNHCe MepHs, npenaTCTByIONNE OO equneHmo rpynn mogei c pasuemn mtepe- cam. xapaxrep, Mpucpumemst 8 pe@opmax cucmenst couuanbHol nomowu & nocnedHee spema Pecopmmporanne comnanbHoit cpeps ocrana AOC THABHBIM MpHOpHTeroM j4IA HOBOTO ei SopxcrcKoro mpapitretscrsa, KOTOPOe MpHMLI K BuactH B Cocqutientiom Koponcscrse 8 1997 r. Comamascs B HeKoropsx Bonpocax C KpHTH- KOH CHCTEMbI COMHATbHOH NOMOIH CO CTO- pore KOHCepaTopon (H OTKagBIBACh OT Tpa- AMIHOHHOR NeBoH TlomTHMKH), HOBOE nefi6o- PHCTCKOe MpaBHTeNBCrHO saRRMHIO, 4TO B cipe- pe couNanbHoit noMoMH HyxHa HoBaR noAN- THKa UA MpeoLONeHa GeqHOcTH HM Hepanen- cra, Tak Ke KAK MANA ymyuUeHHA oxpanDL syoponba M OGpasonanna. Tocyaapcrao Bcco6- ero GxarococroaHMa camo savacryio sRMACTCA TPHYACTHLIM K BOSHHKWIMM TpystHOCTAM, HOpox- Jas wAUBeHYeCKHe HACTPOeHHA K npemaras NOAAHHHE BMECTO TOTO, YTOGsI HACTPaHBATh 10- fell ta camocrostenHocrs, Ero NOAMTHKA npH- Bella K TOABIEHHIO OrpOMHOA apMHHK WHHOB- HUKOB, KOTOPME Teneps nBITaIOTCA CHpABHTECH € MpoGremamu, Korya BMecTO Toro, ¥TOGs pas- peuiars npoGremsi cpasy Xe Mp Hx BOSHHK- HORCHHM, AaOT HM JOCTHS Kaine ocrpoTst, a YXe NOTOM MBTAIOTCR C HAMM CHpABHTTECs. ‘TaKorl noyxon OGHapyAHN cHoIO HecocToaTeNb- OCT» MpH MOMBTKAX KaK COKpauleltHa GeaHOCTH, ‘raK m mepepacnpeyenenma Zoxoga cpeait Hace- aenmsa. B Gombumsiicrne cxyyaen, Kak yrBepAaeT- CH, YMCHBIICHHE GeRHOCTH sBIIOCS PeaysTATOM he comanbHoi momrriKH, HO O6uero pocra Gnarococtoaina. Ogia ¥9 rrapHeIx tpyqMoctel, coxgaztnix © CHCTeMOH COMMANDO MOMOMH, COCTOHT B TOM, "TO YCIOBNA, TIPH KOTOPHIX OHA GBiTa co- anata, mpereprem cymectsentbe HaMeHeHHEE. K 1990-m rr, mewra 0 noaHoii sanaTocTH ycTy- nyuia Mecto nocrosumoit Gespaboruue. Benea- CTBHE SMeueUM B CrpyKType cembM narpH- ApxanbHBt BSMMAA Ha MyACIHUTY KAK a KOp- MHAbILa HepecTa COOTBETCTBOBATS AeliCTBHTENb- nocTH. B palo TpysAUXCA BIWIACh OTpoMHaRL MACCA KEHUMH, a POCT SHCA HeTOMHBIX ceMeri norpeGovan oT rocygapersa sceosujero Gxar0- coctosuns ,ononHsTenbix pacxogos. [Ipous0- MLIO TAKKKe O4EDHIALOE USMEHCHHE B Tex PuCKaX, ¢ KOTOPHIMH MpHXORHIOCS MMETS eNO rocy- Rapersy ceo6mero Gxarococtomma. Tax, rocy- JAPCTO HCeOGUIEO GIATOCOCTOAHN OKA3~IOC GecHOMOMMUHIM, CIOTKHYBUIUCH C BPERABIMA O- CHeACTBHAMM sarpRaHeNUA OKpyxa‘oMter Cpent HOHE BBIGOPOM CTHNA HSIN, NpeAnoNaraoU Kypenne. Genenan Kuntar 1998 1, npeqmoxennar npaburemscruom ua oGcyawenne, ~ +Honute nen Aas Hamel crpanet; HOB KOHTpaKT o comMash- Hoi MOMOMH+ — Mpejcraniuia oneHKy rocynap- crma nceo6imero GrarococTosuHia H_HapHcowata HePCHEKTHBY , OpeneAmOMAA YET KOTO- PbIx — nlepenecrst nonyuarenert rocyxapcrBeH HoH NOMepAKH 8 KareropHIO paboTHNKoB, HOTyHa- JoOUNX naaty 3a cBof Tpya, Mocobus, nuintawu- BAEMBIC TO _NPOrpamMam “OT conHaABHO! no- MOM K paGoTes, Hanpannniorcs Ha noompenue MHOTHX Fpynm mogelt K BCTYIUIEHHIO Ha PHHOK Tpyza. MoxomuM aogam B Bospacre no 25 Aer mpeamaraerca o6yyeHHe HM BOSMOKHOCTS Gosee BHICOKOOMMANHBAeMO!t paGoTH BMeECTO MpEyO- Cramienwi rocygapcrsenHoro nocobia, cBASaH- HOTO C HX HIGKHM JOXOAOM; ;ZIA OAMHOKHX Poaurereit KayectBe MOMOI Ha cosepxa- Hue AeTeH Mpetaraiorer KpeMMTIL AI yrutaTst Has10r0B, a TeX, KTO AoATO He UMeeT paGorss, OGyyaIOT MOBeAeHHIO BO RPeMA coGecexOBAHH ¢ paGoroarenamu, Tipaitrerscrso Honuix aefiGopucron npea- IPHHAIO TAKE NOMBITKH PaCUIMpHTD CoMHat- HLIe BOSMOXHOCTH OTHENBHBIX mORel H OGUTHH “TOMOYS CaMHM ceBe>, NOAepKHBaR MecTHBE HuMuHaTHBLI, NanpanneNHMe Ha coKpamenne Geqmoctn. Mo nce crpatie GuuIH COaraNL 3OHBI, THe mecTante OutHE BeAaNM NpOGTEMAMH Oxpa- Hol 3OPOBbs, SaHATOCTH UM OGpazoBaHHA, TO FABATO BOSMOKHOCTS MECTHBIM OpraHam IpH- HuMaT> PeuleHis, KoTOpUe COoTRETCTBOBATH bi HYKIAM MECTHINX sxHTTeNe!t. TakOit TIORXOR UMeET PAX npenmyuecta. Oxaaanne nomouu craHoBHMT- ca Gonee NeneHanpaRTeHHeM H MpAMBIM, MOX- Ho BBOIHTY HeGombUUME HAHOBATHOHHBIE CXEMBI, BoapactacT yuaCrHe MECTHOTO HaceneHHA B MpH- HTHH pemeznit. TlonoGume nporpammet cnocos- CrByIOT BOSHUKHOREHHO Gonee aktunHO! dop- MBI COMMANBHOM NOMOMUH, pH KoTOpor rpaxva- He MorHee BORTeKAIOTCA B OcrpoeHMe -TysuTe ARUSHH WYK CaMUX CeGA B NapTHepcTBe ¢ rocy- Japcrsom. Crops Boxpyr pecopm cxtcrems conu- aNbHOH MlOMOMTH He MpeKpamaioTen, xoTA wce Conmacusl, 470 USMeHeHHA 3necb HEOBxoAUME. Tyr», mpeuoxenniit Hopbian neiGopncramn, ‘TAKKE BbIHAT KPHTHKY, HeKoTOpsIe apTopHl BHI. CKa3bIBaIOTCA B TOM AYXe, 4TO Mporpamass «OT CO- uuanbHOH noMomH K paboTes — 310 GesxKa- ocrHbtit crOcoG COKpaMenHs CoMMABHEIX pac- xono8. Jhon, KoTOpHe oKasaIHch He BCO- crommMu mipHitra wa psHoK tpyga, HecMorps ua O6yyeune HM Mepst, OGnersaiomyHe poautte- JAM COMepxaLHe eter, PHCKYIOT NoTepAT® CBOH couansibte noco6na. Xorm nporpasatsl mpa- BHTeMbCTea HMEIOT HEMI OrpaHMeHHe yer0- Bull, cnocoGcrsyiouax 3asncHMOcTH oF Com aol NOMOMN, OHH MOTYT B KOHeYHOM HTO- Te BHINYANTS TeX, KTO HOTepser mpaso Ha no- co6ne, crate mpectyniuKas, mpocritryrKast, 6ponaramn. Jpyrue xpumnxn crapiin nog Bonpoc acb- exrupnocns nsepenmuix mecrisim wiacraM «on B GopsGe NpoTHB coNnaTbHOTO OTUyK- enna, Oun yrsepayaior, 470 GeqHocts 4 06e3- AOACHHOCTS He CKONMEHTPHPOBAHE HCKNOUH- TeNLHO B AAUHLIX OGosHAuCHHBIX perHOHaX, 10- Ma KaK Mporpasmit MoctpoeHsi Tak, Kak Gyaro Bee Gentle KHBYT BMecTe. PeaynsraTul, NOAyEH- Hble COBCTREHHLIM noapasaeneHHes mpasitens- crea — Orxenom no mpo6nemam coruamnoro OruyaenMa, — noxTBepxnaIoT 3To BospaKeHne: 8 1997 &, ape tpeTH Cex GeapaGorHBIx npoxuEa- JIM BHe COpOKa YeTHpeEX PerHOHOE, MPHSHAHHBIX HanGonee GencrayiommaMn B crpane. Huwuytarn- Rol, CBEACHBIE {10 YPOBHA PerHoHANDIIX, KaK Yykaguinai0r CKeMTHKH, He MoryT 3ameHHTe OOUe- HalHoHamuHylo crparerito GoppOs c 6enHOCTEIO, HOTOMY TO CHHINKOM MOTO mOeit OKAsHIBAeT- CA 3a NpeAeTaMH yKasaHubix JOH, BREpeHHEIX MeCTHBIM OpraHa BaaCTH.304 Tava 11. BedHocms, couuansHaa noMoWe u CoyuanLHoe omuyKdeHUE Oyenka nporpamm «oT couKanbHol noMoWn K paboTer Nporpammu «or counanb4oK nomowM x paGorer Guink eBenents e BenwKoOpHranin coBceM HeAaBHO, Winoka HEEOMOXHO CYAHTS aneKBATHO H 8 NONHOH epe 0 Tom, KaKOBH GyayT Hx nocnegcTeua, Nlep- sokavanbHble peaynbTaTsl noKazuiBa—r, To «Ho uit xypce® nporpanm 3anaTocTH nomor K KOHUY 1999 r. nonyunTe paGory 6onee em OAHOMY MM AMOHY YeNoBeK, M3 KOTOPbIx 170 ThIC. CHMTAAHCh DIORbHH, AaBHO He MMeBUIMMN paGoTH. ANAnOTHY- Hue nporpaMMb! cywecTeoBanH B TeYeHMe HeKO- Toporo apenenn 8 CoequHendix Wrarax, 4 Tam Guina NeKoTOpan BOSMOMHOCTS May4MNTD HX NlOcTeR- crews. flaHnan Opupnennep # [5pm Beptnec npo- ananManpoeank veTsipe pasHbix nporpamMl, AHH- WHMPOBaNHBX NpasHTeNscTBOM H HMEBLINX YENbIO cTumynmpoBats nlony4aTenel counansHoro NOcoGHR uckaTe onnaunsaenyio pa6ory. Mporpamnti 8 06- ux Meprax bind CKOAHEIKN. ON npeRocTaBnARH ReHemubie nocoBHA TeM nonyNaTeNAM COMWANBHO! NOMOWM, KOTOPHE 2aHMMANNC> AKTHBHYMK ROC awn pa6oru, a TaKKe npeqnarank pexomennaunn OTMOCHTeNSHO Toro, KaK MMEHNO HanO BeCTH no- WCKM paGoTel H. KaKHe CyUJeCTByIOT BO3MOXHOCTH AMA nonyyenua oBpazosanna n obyseHns penec- ay. Anpecosaiti 37 nporpammei Oxink, rmasHbin 06pa30m, TaKHM KaTerOpHAM HaCeNeHMS, KAK CAB HenOnHBix cemelt, KMEBUME Ha WKAMBEHNM AeTeit nonyvaswine noco6ua, 8 cooTBercTBMK ¢ ca- Mom 6onbuoH © crpake nporpaNMoh couManbHon ReHexHo nomoun. Opyanerpep n Beprnec ycra- HoBMAM, “TO nporpaNMis AeVicTeMTeNsHO NpHHECKH pesynbtati, JHoaH, npMHMMasuMe yuacTHe 8 NpO- Fpamnax, cmorn M60 walirn paGoty, am6o Havann pa6orars panbwe, eM gpyrHe mou, He y4act- BOBABWIMe B NporpamMax. B cnyyae Bcex YeTbIpeX porpaMm CoKOMOMNeHHBIe MeHETH B HECKOMBKO pas Rpeesiwann saTpats Ha caMy nporpanmy. OnHaKo Havmence appeKTHEHLMK mporpaMmel oKazannce BAA Tex mogel, KoTopHe Gonbwe Bcex HyMAARHCS 8 NOMOWIM — ADs TeX, KTO He KMen paGoTH B Te- NenHe AnuTenbHoro nepwona BpeMeHM, ANA AaBHAK Gespa6otunix (Friedlander and Burtless 1994). Xora @ Amepue Gnaronapa nporpammam ot commansHol nomown x pa6oter yaanoce co- KpaTHTe O6pawieHna 3a COUMANLHOA NOMOLDIO NPH- NepHo Ha 40%, HeKoTopble CraTHcTuHeckMe faH- Hble NoaRONAIOT NPeATONOKUTS, WTO KOHEYHBIE pe- SyMBTaTH He SBARIOTCA NORHOCTDIO NOZMTHBHLIAM. 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HeKoTOpbie suiabiealouMe GecnoKolicrso noBTopRIOUWecA O6- CToRTenbcTBa 8 peanbHoll KH3HM Tex, KTO NepecTan onyvaTe couMaNbHYIO NOMOM. 3aKnioyenne: nepeocmbicneHue nowaTni paBeHcTBa MW HepaBeHCTBa DKoHOMMECKOE HepaBeHCTHO — 9To HeHS6eKHaR Nepra BEX ComMambHBIx CHCTeM, BKOUAE AHGC- PaabHbie jJeMOKPATHH, KOTODHIE OTKPHITO MPOBHOS- TIAUIAIOT CHOI MPBEPAEHHOCTH HyIee paBertCTHA KaK MeOTbeMeMOH YaCTH MpaBa rpaKyaHcTBa, Ha mpaxtuxe, ofnaxo, Jocritt paneHcrba OKa- 3atoch TpyAHo. B cHcreme choGoqHoro pBtHKa HeH3GCKHO BOSHMKAET HepaneHtcTBO. B npousiom mommrHKi nesoro Tostka crpe- MHC K YHHYTOKEHMIO Hepanencraa Tocpest- 3) Haspatach sHyTpeHARA HOMITH: xa 3210 npesnyenra CHIA pamemmia jlerano Pyamcabra crvom nepepacnpenencnHa Goraversa or Gora- THIX K HYAAIOMAMCH, DvOrO TITAN HOGHTECR, HcnomBayA Pecypes COuaNsHOTO TocyzapcTRa 1H BBOAA BEICOKHe HanOrH. OjHaKo MOCpeNCTBOM TAKHX NOJXONOB HCKOPEHIITH GeaHOCTH HE Yla- AOC, H NOMOMI> HE BCETa OXOAMT AO TEX, KTO B stot NomonE HyAaeTesH. Bo BCE BOSpAcTaI- IMeM KOAMMECTHE CTANH BOSHHKATH HORDE TEOPHH PawelictBa, KOTOPHe OTXOJAT OT MpeKTMIX «c- BBIX’ Hf «paBbIXe Npe/cTaRTeEHHH O TOM, KaKOH AOmAHA OBIT comanbHaR MOTHTHKA rocyiap- crea. MonsTHe paneHcrsa nepcocmsicmmacrcs ¢ Gosee AMHaMHMeCKHX MOSHI, MPH KOTO- » 1933-1941 rr, danpamenwas wa sus, aMepuxancKoit SKOHOMMIGE HS KPHIHCA H CC BOSPORTEIMC, a TaKKE Ha OCy- mecrasenne paza pesbopa. — Ilpux. nepea.Jaknovenue: nepeocmvicnenue nonamuli paseHcmaa u Hepasencmea PDX Ha MepBBIT TMAH BLIZEMraeTcA paBeHCTRO BOSMOAMIOCTEH, a TAKE BRAHOCTD IAOpamnaMa i MHOTOOGpAgHE CTaLteH ‘HoT. Hasniaer nameHstsca W Haule noHuMarHe Toro, ro TaKoe Hepanencrso. Xora skOHOMI- Neckoe HepaneHCTBO COXpaHAeTCH, B APYTHX OT- HOMIEHHAX Haille OSuecTHO CtaHOBHTeR Gonee aramrapHnis, Kenunbl cefi4ac ropaaqo Goace, MeM B MIpequIecTyioMUEX MOKONeHHAX, paBHio- pAb C MYKNHHAMH B IKOHOMHYECKOII, CO- UMANBHOH 1 KYTETYPHOH -KNGHN, SHaUHTENBHBT MpOrpecc B NPABOBOM HM 9KOHOMHYECKOM M10- AOKeHMM HaGMORACTCH y MeHBUMMHCT, OAHaKO Ha 97OM qoHe HAMM O6mecTRa CranKHBaIOTCA € HosbiMH puckaMH H onacHoctami. Hi orn B pabHOfl Mepe yrpoxaior H GorarbiM, H GemHbIM. Barpasienmte, paspymienve oxpyaaionelt cpembt HEY; epAUMBI POCT TOPO;CKHX PerHoHOB — BOT TpyAHOCTH, KOTOpHe mbt Coan Cam, On mpegcranamior coGoM yrposy, 38 KOTOpyIO MBl BCe HECeM OTRET Ht KOTOPAA, eCTIT MBI XOTHM ee 305 YCTpaHHTs, Tpe6yer oT KaxKTOTO H3 Hac HaMene- Hus CBOeTO O6pasa *HSHIT. Ho mepe Toro, Kak m1 OOpamaemca K 9THM CHOAHEIM MpOGNEMAM, ¢ HEHIEEKHOCTHIO MOg- epraerca lepecmorpy pons rocyaapersa H cayK6 counansHoit nomous. Baarococroaune — 9T0 He MPOCTO Matepuanstioe npouperaitHe, 3TO TaK- xKe BCecropoHHee Graronomyune HaceneHts. Co- UMaibHad HOAWTHKA SAHUMAeTCA PasBHTHEM CO- UMANbHEIX CBAIEIH, YKPETIEHHEM CHCTEM B9AHMO- SABICUMOCTH 1 COgAaHHEM MaKCHMANBHO Gu1a- TONPHATHRIX YCAOBH ANA TOTO, 4TOOM OAT MOTIH Cam MOMOTaTb CeGe. [paka H OGAIAHHO- CTH mpHobperaior HoBOe sHaseAHe — He Tob KO UA TeX, KTO HaXORNTCH Wa caMOM qHe HM miTaerca oTKasaTACA OT ConHaNBHOH mOMO- lw Ht HaitTH paGoTy, HOM YI TeX, KTO Waxo- AMTCA HaBepxy M Ube GoraTcrHo OTHIOA He a- €r HM Mpaba YRIOHATECA OT BHIMONHEHHA CBO- HX TPAKTANCKHX, COMMAMBUBIX HM CputaITCOBEIX oGasannocrett Kpatkoe conepykanne Cywecrayior ea pastex nogxopa K NoKAMaHMNO GepHocTH. AGcomiotHan GegHocrL o3HauaeT OTCYTCTAMe OCHOBHEIX CpeACTs, HEOOXOAMMBX ANA NOAREPKaHMA 3nopoBEA H >¢hbeKTHBHOFO éyhkynonnpopanns oprannana. 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M NpeACTABHTEAA STHHVECKIDC MeHBUKHCTS), vawe Apyrix okaabIBaioTcA 8 KaTeropHM GemHbIX. Ana oBvachenna GeaHoctn Gin co3maN Ree OCHOBHEe TeopHH. CornacHo apryMeHTaM, SHIAOMHYTBIM @ PANKax KOHUNYMM «KYABTYPH GeAHOCTM M «KyABIYpHI IKANBEHYECTBAD yraepxnaetca, To GepHbIe CaMM BHHOBATH B CBOEM HeGnaronpuATHOM nonOKeHMH. Bep- ible AKOGLI He CNOCOBHE! AOSHTECA ycnexa 8 OGuleCTBe M3-3a HenOCTaTONHON KeAnMC>HKALNH, no npHNMHe Cna6oyMMA Han OTcyTCTBMA MoTHBAKIIH. HeKOTOpHIE H3 HUX, BMECTO TOTO YTOORI Ca~ mut noMorarb ceGe, CTaHOBATCR 3ABHCHMLINK OT NOMOWIM H3BHE, HaNpHMEp OT NpeROCTABeHKA CouManbHor nomoWH. CornacHo Apyroh Teopuu, Ge_HocTe — 3To pesyrbtat Gone KpyNHLIx CouManbHbIx npoyeccos, KoTOpsIe ChocoBcTayioT KepaBHOMy pacnpepeneHnio pecypco H CO- 3,107 YCROBMA, KOTOPbIM TPyAHO NpoTHBOCTOATS. BenHOCTb — npopykT HE MHAUBMAYANbHON HeapeKBaTHOCTH, HO CneACTAHe He 3aBMCALAMX OT YenoBeKa CTPYKTYPHUX NpoTHBOpeUnit. Beatocte He ecTe noctoaHHoe cocToaHue. MHOrMM MORAN, XHByuIMM @ GenHOCTH, ynaeTcA ee MpeononeTb, XOTA HX BLIKON M3 COCTORHMA GenHOCTH MOKET GuITe KpaTKoBpEMeHHEIM.306 {asa 11. Bednocms, coyvansHas nomous u coyuansHoe omyyKdeHue 10. 11. Nepexogti 8 Kateropio GeHOcTH M 43 Hee, NO BCeH BepoATHOCTH, RBNAIOTCA Gonee YaCTLIMK M mHoroo6pasHbimi, Hem 3TO cHHTanoce panewwe. Husumit xnace — 370 yacrs Hacenenna, KUByUIAR B KpaiiHe HeGnaronpuATHEX ycnoBHAX Ha camoli nepncepmn oGuiecrsa. NepsoHavansHo noHATHe HHBWerO Knacca Gono BBeReHO 8 Coequnennisx Uratax ana o6osHa¥ekAa nonokeHna GeqHBIx STHHNECKHX MeHbUMHCTB 8 Foponcknx paiionax. Xora nOHATKE Huauero Knacca 6bIN0 HCnOAb30BaHO M MpHMEHUTENLHO x Coegunentomy Koponescray, Kak npegcraenseTca, OHO, no-BHgMMoMy, Gonee nopxoaMT Ana onucanna cryaumn 8 CoenMieHHbix Ulratax, rae cywecreyer Gonee peskuii paspais memay DWOAEMM, KpaitHe OGespONeHHEIMH, H OCTanbHOH YaCTbIO ObwecTEa. - CoumanbHoe oT¥yMAeHHE O3HaYaeT NPoUeCce,, NOCpeACTEOK KOTOPHX OAM MoryT oKa3aTbCA OTpesaHHbiMH OT NonHOrO y4acthA 8 Gonee WHPOKOK %KHIHK OOWeCTBa. Mog, HaxoAAMIH- CA 8 CONIMANEHOM OTHYKAEHHM OT Obu\ecTBa NO NpHMMHE HeyAOBNETeOpHTENDHBIK KHANH HbIX YCROBMi, NAOXHX WKON WAH OFPAHMYeHHOCTH CpeACTS NepenBWKEHMA, AMUIeHbI WaHCOB ha yAy4UeHMe CBoero nonomeHHA, KOTOPHINH OGnanaeT Gonb_HHCTEO moger 8 obulecrBe. Onwoii 3 axctpemanbubsx (Pop CouManbHoro oTYyKAeHHA ABNAeTCA GesqoMHocTs. Be3n0"- HBIe, He HMEIOUIMe NOCTOAHHOTO MeCTa MKHTeNLCTBA, OKAIMIBAIOTCA HCKMIOVEHRBINM U3. MHOTHX NOBCeAHEBHEIX BAROB AEATEMbHOCTH, KOTOPLIe BoNBUMHCTEO MOAe NPHHMMAeT KAK CAMO COBOIi paaymeroueca. Tocyaapcrso sceoGuero Gnarococroauna — 3T0 Takoe rocynapcTso, 8 KoTopom npasuTenbcTBO urpaer \eHTpanblyio Pons 8 YMeHBULEHMM HepaseNcTea cpejM Hacenenua nyrem npeaocras- neHMA Wan CyOCHAMPOBAHKA OnpeneNeHHEIx ToBApOB H ycryr. CUCTeMu COuMANLHOH NOMOMR HeonMHaKosbl 8 pasHbix CTpaHax, HO Walle BCerO OHM BKNOUAIOT cepy O6pazoBanita, oxpany 3AOPOBLA, KUAMUIHBIE YCNOBMA, NOMOLYS MOAAM C HUIKKMA AOXOAMH, NOCOOKA NO MHBANMD- HOCTA 4 GeapaGorHue, a TaKxKe neHcHH. B rocynapcrsax sceo6uero 6narococronHua, npenocTasnmlouyx nocobua acem Ha ynMaep- CambHolt OcHOBe, COMMANbHAA NOMOLIS ABNAETCA NPABOM, KOTOPHIM B cnyYae HEOSXOAMMOCTH HonbayiorcA 8 paBHoit mepe BCE rpaxyaHe GesoTHOCHTeNKHO K YPOBHIO AOXoga HAN K 9KO- HoMMecKoMy NonoxeKHIO. HanporMs, nocobita, npepocTasnaemble Np ycnoaMM nposepKn Ha HyKAaeMOCTb, AOCTYNHE! TONLKO ANA Tex niopeli, KOTOPEe COOTBETCTBYIOT OnpegeENcHHbM TpeGoBaHHAM, NPEABABRAEMLM 8 COOTBETCTEMH C AOxOROM M CbepexeHAMA. B GombWMHCTEE WHAYCTPHANEHLX CrpaH MAYT Cnopes o GynylleM CHCTeMM NnpegocTasneNHA CouKaNbHOl NOMO- uy. OAMH nareps OBveRMHAeT Tex, KTO CHHTaeT, HTO COMMANBHAA HOMO AOMKHA Obit XOPOWO unancupyemoi MW yHHBepcanbHol, K ApyroMy narepio OTHOCATCA nioAM, NoNaratoU\He, YTO COUMaNbHaA NOMOLb, KaK CTPaxOBONHAA CeTKa, NPeAHa3Ha4YeHa ANA Tex, KTO AeCTBMTeNbHO He MOET MloAy4HT NOMOLs APyrHM nyTeM. Cospementioe 6puraHcKoe rocynapcrao aceobujero 6narococromHHA BOSHUKNO B rofl, nocne- Aosaswne 3a Bropol MMpoBOm BoRHOM. OHO Gbino OpveHTHpoBalio Ha WHPOKOE noHAMAHHE CouManbHo noMown, npaso Ha KOTOpy!O KMeIT Bce 4neHbI O6WecTBa. K 1970-m rr. rocygap- creo aceo6wero 6narococronHa nogBeprnoce KpHTHKe Kak HeadmheKTHEHOE, ClopoKpaTHUECKoe W cnHWKOM AOporoe. NosBHNace OFECNOKOEHHOCTS OTHOCHTENMbHO BO3MOKHOM 3aBMCHMOCTA OT COMMaNbHOH NOMOWM — Kora AIOQM CTaHOBATCA 3aBMCHMLIMM OT Tex CaMbIX nporpamM, KOTOPHIe, NO JAMUICHY, HOMKHE! NOME HM BECTH HESaBHCHMYIO KUSHB. Npaaurenscrso KoHcepsaTopos nonbiTanoc ypesaTb pacxombi Ha COuMANbHEIE HyMABI, Nepe- AOMHE OTBETCTEEHHOCT 32 COUMANLHYIO NOMOLIb C rocyAapCTea Ha YaCTHBIA CeKTOp, nobpo- Sonbible oprakHsayvn M MecTHbie BxactH. JleMHICTATyyHOHANHZaUMNA — 3To npouecc, B xone KoTOPOrO Monel, HaXOAMBLINXCA Ha ConepmaHHM rocygapcrea (8 MEAMUAHCKHX yupexneH- ax), BbINNCHIANM ¥3 GOMHAY H Bo3epauianM B ceMbM HM COMMML. MpasHTenbcrAD HoBUX neHGopuctos NpoAOMKMND peopeb! COuMaNbHOM NoMoWH, BBeAA, 8 YaCTHOCTH, nporpaMMel «oT coumansHoit NoMouM K paGoTer, YeNsio KoTOpHIX BsiN0 NoGyAMT! NonyYaTenel co\nANbHOA NOMOWH McKaTb onnauneaemyio pabory.Joxknovenue: nepeocmbicnenue noxamuil pasencmea u Hepasencmea 307 Bonpoce! ana caMocToaTenbHoro aHanu3a 1. Movemy Kapon 6enHa? 2. KaKoit yponcus AOxoRa HEOGXOAHM BAM, “OOH BbI MOrTH «mOMHONeHHO H eneHanpannenor IpHHUMAaTD yuacTHe 8 HSMN OOMECTBA? 3. Houemy macurraGni Gequocru B Coeaunentiom Koponescrae nocne 1970 r. ysemmuumnce? 4, ABMETCA AU JADHCHMOCTS OT COMMANEHO! MOMOMM OGEACHEHHEM Toro, YTO GeAHOCTS O- npexuemy coxpauserca? Kaxopsl mp: GesqOMMOCTH, H KAK MYYMME BCerO Peuars sty NPObCMy? 6, Tlovemy nomsrrkn coxpamenua comnansitoit NOMOUM B OCHOBHOM NoTepnemH HeyAaHy? flononxutenbuan nutepatypa Bussemaker Jet (ed). Citizenship and Welfare State Reform in Europe. London: Routledge, 1999. Hughes Gordion and Fergusson Ross (eds). Ordering Lives: Family, Work and Welfare. London: Routledge, 2000. Miller David. Principles of Social Justice. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 1999. Phillips Anne. Which Equalities Matter? Cambridge: Polity, 1999. Walker Robert (ed). Ending Child Poverty: Popular Welfare for the Twenty-First Century? Bristol: Policy Press, 1999. MuTepHet-nuHkK ona Abxosedpa Payempy www jrf.org.uk Hiccaeyonateasckax rpyiia no npoGresam conatbHoro Hepasenicraa mp Oxcipopickom yimmnepcutete http://marx.apsoc.ox.ac.uk/sdrgdocs/ Pagnes: Commarsnoe oryxaenne www.cabinet-office.gov.uk/seu Tiporpanaa passuTHa OOH no onpereaenmo HeOGxoAMMEIX CpegCrE K cylKecTRORAHINO http://www.undp.org/s\/