BASIC BASIC CONCEPTS AND EDUCATION

ØNotonagoro defines humans as monopluralist and monodualist creatures (Dwi Siswoyo,

2007: 46-47). Monopluralist means that humans have many natural (plural) elements, namely
body and soul, but they are one unit (mono). Monodualist is a creature consisting of two
characteristics, namely as a personal and social being (dualist), but also a complete unity
(mono).

ØDriyarkara (1969: 7) explains that humans are creatures that face and face themselves, can
unite and can distance themselves from themselves.

ØHuman nature according to Sumantri & Yatimah (2015: 3- 4) can be seen through several
aspects, namely:
  1. Based on its origins as God's creatures,
  2. Human metaphysical structure as a physical and spiritual unity, and
  3. Characteristics and meaning of existence in the world that can be seen as individual
beings, social beings, cultured beings, moral beings, and religious beings.

Ø Education is defined as assistance provided by adults to people who are not yet mature, so
that the person reaches maturity (Winkel; 2012).

Ø In Greek education is also known as "Paedagogiek" (pedagogic) which means the science
of guiding children. Pedagogy also means educational theory that discusses what and how to
educate the best.

ØCarter V. Good (Syam et al, 2003) explains the term Pedagogy or education in two ways,
namely:
1) education is an art, practice, or teaching profession
2) education is a systematic science or teaching that deals with teaching principles and
methods , supervision and guidance of students.

Ø Educational activity is defined as an effort to help someone master a variety of knowledge,

skills, attitudes, values inherited from family and society (Arif Rohman, 2011: 5).
Arif Rohman (2011: 13) defines education as a science that studies the atmosphere and
process of education that seeks to solve problems that occur in it so that it is able to offer
choices for effective educational actions.

Syarifudin (2006: 41) defines education science as a system of knowledge about educational
phenomena that is produced through research using scientific methods.

The science of education can also be said to be an art, because in its application it involves
emotion, creativity, and other human dimensions besides methodical matters such as
principles and rules in educating and nurturing.

The ability to educate in Indonesia has been regulated in Law No. 14 of 2005 on teachers
and lecturers that one of the competencies that educators must have is pedagogical
competence. Pedagogic competence is the ability to understand students, design and
implement learning, evaluate learning outcomes, and develop students to actualize their
various potentials.

FOUNDATIONS OF EDUCATION SCIENCE

Ø Foundation means as a basis or fulcrum. The term foundation is also known as a
foundation. Referring to the meaning of the word, it can be understood that the foundation is
a foundation or foundation on which something is founded.

Ø Based on its nature, the foundation is divided into two types, namely material and
conceptual foundations (Robandi, 2005: 1). The material foundation is more physical or
tangible such as infrastructure, students, and the environment, while the conceptual basis is
more in the nature of assumptions or theories, for example, the 1945 Constitution and
educational theory.

Ø In educational practice, as professional educators, they should be able to carry out the role
according to the motto "tut wuri handayani". In this section, you will learn about the various
conceptual foundations of education which consist of philosophical, empirical, juridical, and
religious foundations.

PHILOSOPHICAL FOUNDATION
Ø The philosophical basis of education is the views that come from the philosophy of
education regarding the nature of humans, the nature of knowledge, values and behavior that
are considered good and carried out by every educational institution. Philosophical means
based on educational philosophy (Umar & Sulo 2010: 97). Philosophy (philosophy) comes
from the words philos and shopia. Philos means love and shopia means wisdom, knowledge
and wisdom in Rukiyati (2015: 1).

Ø Based on a pedagogical point of view, as suggested by MJ Langeveld (1980) education

takes place in the association between adults and children or immature people in an
environment. 

JURIDICAL FOUNDATION
Ø The juridical foundation of education is the legal aspects that underlie and underlie the
implementation of education (Arif Rohman, 2013). Education takes place in a certain society
with norms and culture. The education system in Indonesia is regulated by the 1945
Constitution, which is then spelled out in other legal regulations such as the Constitution of
the Republic of Indonesia, the MPR decree.

Ø. Here are some of the laws of the education system in Indonesia (Hasbullah, 2008):
1. Article 31 of the 1945 Constitution concerning National Education
2. Laws on the Principles of Education and culture
3. Government regulations

EMPIRICAL FOUNDATIONBASIS
A. PSYCHOLOGICALØ
According to Santrock in 2017, psychology is a science that study psychiatric symptoms that
are manifested in the form of behavior, both humans and animals.
Ø According to Robandi in 2005, the foundations of psychology in education are assumptions
that come from scientific studies of human life in general and symptoms related to aspects of
the human person at each stage of age and development.

Ø The basis of educational psychology includes two sciences, namely developmental

psychology and learning psychology.
Ø There are three theoretical approaches to development according to Syaodih, namely:
       1. The Phasing approach, an individual approach through certain
stages.

       2. Differential Approach, grouping individuals based on certain

similarities and differences.

       3. Ipsatif approach, see the development of a person individually.

Ø Lawrence Kohlberg develops Jean Piaget's theory in the form of structural-cognitive and
divides the development of cognition into three generations, namely:

Pre-conventional Level

At this level, children are very responsive to cultural norms, such as good or bad norms and
true or false norms. At the pre-conventional level, it is divided into two stages, namely:

· Punishment and Obedience Orientation

Stage · Instrumental-Relativist Orientation or Hedonistic Orientation Stage

Conventional Levels

At this level, an action can be said to be commendable if it can meet the expectations of the
family, group, community, and nation. At the conventional level this is also divided into two
stages, namely:

· Interpersonal Concordance or Good-Boy / Good-Girl Orientation

· Law and Order Orientation

Stage Post-conventional Level

  At this third level, there is an attempt in the child to determine values and principles. - moral
principles that have validity that are manifested without having to link with the authority of
groups or individuals. At the postconventional level this is also divided into two stages,
namely

· Social-Contract Stage, Legalistic OrientationOrientation

·Stage of Universal Ethical Principles

Ø The learning psychology that has developed to date, basically can be grouped into 3
classes, including:

(1)Discipline Theory Daya or Mental Discipline (Faculty Theory)

(2)Behaviorism
(3)Organismic or Cognitive Gestalt Field

. SOCIOLOGICAL FOUNDATION
ØSosiology is the study of the relationship between humans in groups and their social
structures.

ØSociology has characteristics: empirical, theoretical, cumulative, non-theoretical.

Ø The foundation of sociology contains the basic norms of education that come from the
norms of community life adopted by a nation.

Ø In social life there are three kinds of norms adhered to by followers, namely: (1) The
notion of individualism, this understanding is based on the theory that humans are born free
and live independently, (2) Collectivism, this understanding gives an excessive position to the
position of community members individuals, (3) Integralistic understanding, this
understanding is based on that each member of society is closely related to one another.

Ø The sociology of education is a scientific analysis of social processes and patterns of social
interaction in the education system. This sociology of education discusses the sociology
contained in education. Wuradji (1988) wrote that the sociology of education includes:
Teacher-student interactions; Group dynamics in the classroom and in intra-school
organizations .; The structure and functions of the education system .; Community systems
and their influence on education.

Ø The scope studied by the sociology of education includes four areas: 1. The relationship of
the education system with other aspects of society; 2. Human relations at school .; 3. The
influence of the school on the behavior of its members; 4. Schools in the community, which
study the patterns of interaction between schools and other social groups in the community.
HISTORICAL FOUNDATION
Ø The historical or historical foundation of Indonesian National Education is a view of the
past or a retrospective view.

Ø As seen from the past education, Indonesia can be grouped into six historical milestones
(Robandi, 2005), namely:
(a) traditional education, namely the implementation of education influenced
by major religions in Indonesia.
(b) western colonial education, namely the implementation of education
influenced by the western colonial government, especially the Dutch colonial
(c) Japanese colonial education, namely the implementation of national
education which was influenced by the Japanese colonial government during
World War II
(d) education in the era of independence,
(e) education era of the old and new order.

(f) education in the reform era, namely the provision of education with a
decentralized education system.

RELIGIOUS FOUNDATION
Ø The basis of religion is the assumption that comes from religion or religion which becomes
the starting point in the framework of educational practice and or educational studies
(Hasubllah 2008).

Ø The foundation of religion comes from human nature, where humans are God's creatures
who have consciousness and also reason or thought. In this case the role of parents is very
influential. By guiding children to develop their potential and function as humans, both
physically and spiritually.

APPLICATION OF EDUCATION SCIENCE FOUNDATIONS IN EDUCATION

PRACTICES
1) Philosophical Basis The
 foundation of educational philosophy is reflected in all decisions and actions
of the implementation of both instructional and non-instructional teaching
tasks. Philosophy provides adequate guidelines in designing and implementing
educational programs for teachers and education personnel.

2) Juridical
foundations The juridical foundations have contributed a lot to the
implementation of educational practices in Indonesia, for example is the
application of Law No.20 of 2003 concerning the National Education System
(Syarifudin, 2006).
3) Empirical Basis
a) Psychological Basis The
application of psychological foundations in learning practices, one of
which can be seen from the educational services for children are made
stratified based on gradual individual development both biological,
cognitive, affective and psychomotor development, in which each
individual development has a task- the task he had to complete.

b) Sociological Basis The

implications of the sociological foundation in educational practice can
be reflected through the existence of social structures in various
educational environments or three educational centers.
c) Historical Foundation
One of the implications of the historical foundation in education is the
birth of Pancasila, before it is formulated and legalized as the basis of
the Indonesian state objectively historically has been owned by the
Indonesian nation, so that the origin of the values contained in
Pancasila is none other than the struggling Indonesian national identity.
finds its identity as an independent nation and has a principle that is
encapsulated in a view of life and a philosophy of life.
 
4) Religious
Foundation The religious foundation in guidance and counseling implies that
the counselor is a "helper", the provider of assistance to have an understanding
of religious values, and a strong commitment to live these values in everyday
life, especially in providing guidance services. and counseling to clients or
students.