Integrated Calculus II Exam 1 Solutions 4/2/5

Question 1
Evaluate each of the following integrals.
Z 10
3
• t2 e−t dt.
0

We substitute:

– u = −t3 ,
du
– du = dt = −3t2 dt.
dt
– When t = 0, we have u = −03 = 0.
– When t = 10, we have u = −103 = −1000.

So the integral becomes:

Z 10 −1000
−du
Z
2 −t3
t e dt = eu
0 0 3
1 1 1
= − [eu ]−1000
0 = − (e−1000 − 1) = (1 − e−1000 )
3 3 3
= 0.333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333
3333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333
3333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333
3333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333
3333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333
3333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333316413
4703415018107823606350680855436023146690570238754605586871819648648567506.
 Z π
6
• cos(x) sin6 (x) dx.
0

We substitute:

– u = sin(x),
du
– du = dx = cos(x)dx.
dx
– When x = 0, we have u = cos(0) = 1.
– When x = π6 , we have u = sin( π6 ) = 21 .

So the integral becomes:

Z π 1
1 1 1 1
Z 1
6 2
6
cos(x) sin (x) dx = u6 du = [u7 ]02 = 7
= = .
0 0 7 7(2 ) 7(128) 896
Z π
2
• x sin(3x) dx.
0

We integrate by parts:

– u = x,
du
– du = dx = 1dx = dx,
dx
– dv = sin(3x)dx,
1
Z Z
– v = dv = sin(3x)dx = − cos(3x).
3
Then we have:
Z π Z x= π6 Z x= π6
6 x= π
x sin(3x)dx = udv = [uv]x=06 − vdu
0 x=0 x=0
Z π
x π 6 1
= −[ cos(3x)]0 −
6
− cos(3x)dx
3 0 3
Z π
1 6 1 π 1
=0−0+ cos(3x)dx = [sin(3x)]06 = − .
3 0 9 9
Here we used that cos( 3π
2
) = sin(0) = 0 and sin( 3π
2
) = −1.

2
Question 2
Let R be the region in the plane bounded by the curves:
y = 16 − x2 and y = x2 − 4x.
Sketch the region R and find the area of the region R.

The two curves meet where both equations hold at once, so where:
16 − x2 = x2 − 4x,
0 = 2x2 − 4x − 16,
0 = x2 − 2x − 8,
0 = (x − 4)(x + 2).
So they meet at x = 4, where y = 0 for both curves and at x = −2, where
y = 12 for both curves.
The region R is then the region below the concave down parabola y+ = 16−x2
and above the concave up parabola y− = x2 − 4x, in the x-interval [−2, 4].

Using vertical slivers, of width dx and height y+ − y− , the area element

dA is:
dA = (y+ − y− ) dx = (16 − x2 − (x2 − 4x)) dx = (16 − 2x2 + 4x) dx.
So the required total area A is:
Z x=4 Z 4
A= dA = (16 − 2x2 + 4x) dx
x=−2 −2

2x3
= [16x − + 2x2 ]4−2
3
2(43 ) 2((−2)3 )
= (16(4) − + 2(42 )] − (16(−2) − + 2((−2)2 ))
3 3
128 16
= 64 − + 32 − (−32 + + 8)
3 3
128 16
= 96 − + 32 − −8
3 3
144
= 120 −
3
= 120 − 48 = 72.

3
Question 3
Consider the following integral:
Z 1
(3t − 1) dt
.
0 (t + 1)(t + 5)
3t − 1
• Determine the expansion of the integrand in terms of
(t + 1)(t + 5)
partial fractions.

By the partial fraction rules, we need to find constants A and B, such

that:
3t − 1 A B
= + .
(t + 1)(t + 5) t+1 t+5
Mutiplying both sides by (t + 1)(t + 5), we get the equation:
3t − 1 = A(t + 5) + B(t + 1).
– Putting t = −5 gives:
−16 = −4B, B = 4.

– Putting t = −1 gives:
−4 = 4A, A = −1.

So we have:
3t − 1 −1 4
= + .
(t + 1)(t + 5) t+1 t+5
• Hence evaluate the integral.

The integral now becomes:

Z 1 Z 1 
(3t − 1) dt 4 1
= − dt = [4 ln(t + 5) − ln(t + 1)]10
0 (t + 1)(t + 5) 0 t+5 t+1
1
(t + 5)4
   4
6
= ln = ln − ln(54 )
t+1 0 2
 
648
= ln 648 − ln(625) = ln = 0.03613905.
625

4
Question 4
For each of the following integrals, give an appropriate substitution that will
enable the integral to be carried out.
Also give the integral that results from the substitution.
You do not need to evaluate the subsequent integral.
1
Z
• √ dx.
x− 3x
We substitute:
√ 1
– u = 3 x = x 3 , so x = u3 ,
dx
– dx = du = 3u2 du.
du
So the integral becomes:
1 1
Z Z
√ dx = 3u2 du
x− 3x u3
−u

u2
Z Z
u
=3 du = 3 du.
u(u2 − 1) (u2 − 1)
To finish, we make a second substitution:

– t = u2 − 1,
dt
– dt = du
du = 2udu,

So the integral becomes:

3 3
Z Z
u dt
3 2
du = = ln(At)
(u − 1) 2 t 2
3
= ln(A(u2 − 1))
2
3 2
= ln(A(x 3 − 1)).
2

5
 e4
(ln(t))5
Z
• dt.
e t
We substitute:
– u = ln(t),
du dt
– du = dt = .
dt t
– When t = e, we have u = ln(e) = 1.
– When t = e4 , we have u = ln(e4 ) = 4.
So the integral becomes:
Z e4 Z 4  6 4
(ln(t))5 5 u 46 − 1 4095 1365
dt = u du = = = = = 682.5.
e t 1 6 1 6 6 2
Z 4
x3
• 2 3
dx.
1 (1 + x )

We substitute:
– u = 1 + x2 , so x2 = u − 1,
du
– du = dx = 2xdx.
dx
– When x = 1, we have u = 1 + 12 = 2.
– When x = 4, we have u = 1 + 42 = 17.
So the integrand becomes:
x3 x2 (xdx) (u − 1)du
2 3
dx = 2 3
= .
(1 + x ) 1+x ) 2u3
Then the integral is:
Z 4 Z 17
x3 (u − 1)du 1 17 u 1
Z
2 3
dx = 3
= ( 3 − 3 )du
1 (1 + x ) 2 2u 2 2 u u
17 17
1 17 −2
 
1 1 −2 1 1 − 2u
Z
−3 −1
= (u − u )du = −u + u =
2 2 2 2 2 4 u2 2
 
1 33 3 1 735
= − − (− ) = (−132+867) = = 0.1589532872.
4 289 4 16(289) 4624

6
Question 5
Consider the following integral:
5
1
Z
J = dx.
1 x
• Estimate J using the trapezoidal rule with eight intervals.
Also discuss, giving your reasons, whether or not you expect this esti-
mate to be an over-estimate or an under-estimate of the true result.
Also illustrate on a graph of the function y = x1 , for the interval [1, 5],
the trapezoids used in the estimation.

Put f (x) = x1 .
The interval size is ∆x = 5−1
8
= 12 .
So the trpezoidal rule formula is:
1 3 5 7 9
T8 = ∆x(f (1)+f (5)+2(f ( )+f (2)+f ( )+f (3)+f ( )+f (4)+f ( ))
2 2 2 2 2
1 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
= (1 + + 2( + + + + + + )
4 5 3 2 5 3 7 4 9
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
= + + + + + +
2 3 4 6 7 8 9
11 1 1 11(63) + 72 + 56 693 + 128
= + + = =
8 7 9 7(8)(9) 7(72)
821
= = 1.628968253968253.
504
The graph of the function y = x1 in the interval [1, 5] is that of a stan-
dard rectangular hyperbola.

The function is decreasing (since f 0 = −x−2 is negative) and concave

up (since f 00 = 2x−3 is positive) in the interval [1, 5].
1
So the trapezoids of the trapezoid rule lie above the curve y = and
x
the trapezoid rule gives an over-estimate of the true result.

7
• Using an appropriate error formula, find the maximal possible error in
your trapezoidal rule estimation of J .

Our formula for the maximum possibleRb error ET in using the trape-
zoidal rule to estimate the integral a f (x)dx (with a ≤ b) is:
K2 (b − a)3
ET = .
12n2
Here n is the number of intervals used and K2 is the maximum of |f 00 (x)|
taken over the interval [a, b].
So here b = 5, a = 1, n = 8.
Also we have:
2
f (x) = x−1 , f 0 (x) = −x−2 and f 00 (x) = 2x−3 = 3 .
x
00
Then in the interval [1, 5], f (x) is positive and decreasing, so its max-
imum value is attained at x = 1 and is 2.
So K2 = 2.
So we get:
2(5 − 1)3 2(64) 1
ET = 2
= = = 0.1666.
12(8 ) 12(64) 6
• Determine the exact value of the integral and compare with your nu-
merical results.

The exact integral is:

Z 5
dx
= [ln(x)]51 = ln(5) − ln(1) = ln(5) = 1.6094379124341.
1 x
We see that our numerical estimate is too high, as predicted and the
actual error in our estimate is:
821
− ln(5) = 0.01953.
504
This is rather small compared with the maximum possible error of 61 .
The percentage error is:
 
821
100 − 1 = 1.2135.
504 ln(5)
So the percentage error is quite small, considering the small number of
intervals used in the approximation.

8
Question 6
A particle starting at the origin, moves along the x-axis with velocity v meters
per second at time 0 ≤ t ≤ 5 seconds given by the formula:
8
v =t− .
t+2
• Plot the velocity as a function of time and determine the intervals dur-
ing which the particle is moving forward and the intervals during which
the particle is moving backwards.

When t = 0 we have v = 0 − 28 = −4, so initially the particle is

going backwards.
When t = 5, we have v = 5 − 87 = 277
, so at the end the particel is going
forwards.
The function v is continuous on [0, 5], so by the intermediate value the-
orem, v must be zero somewhere in the interval (0, 5).
Putting v = 0, we get:
8
0=t− ,
t+2
0 = t(t + 2) − 8,
0 = t2 + 2t − 8 = (t + 4)(t − 2),
t = 2, or t = −4.
So in the given interval, v vanishes only when t = 2.
Then for t < 2, the particle is moving backwards and for t > 2, the
particle is moving forwards.

Plotting v against t, we see that it is almost a straight line with v

increasing with time, slightly curving downwards:
dv
– We have the slope as = 1 + 8(t + 2)−2 which is positive and a
dt
little more than 1 in the given interval.
d2 v
– Also we have 2 = −16(t + 2)−3 , which is negative in [0, 5], so
dt
the curve is concave down in the given interval.

9
• Find the displacement of the particle from its initial position after five
seconds.
dx
If the position of the particle is x at time t, we have: = v, so, by
dt
FTC, we have the displacement in meters of the particle from its initial
position as: Z 5 Z 5
dx
x(5) − x(0) = dt = vdt
0 dt 0
Z 5
8
= (t − )dt
0 t+2
t2
=[ − 8 ln(t + 2)]50
2
25
= − 8 ln(7) − (0 − 8 ln(2))
2
25 7
= − 8 ln( ) = 2.47789625.
2 2
• Find the total distance traveled by the particle in the first five seconds.
ds
If s is the distance travelled to time t, we have = |v|, so by FTC,
dt
we have that the total distance travelled during the interval [0, 5] as:
Z t=5 Z 5
ds
ds = dt
t=0 0 dt
Z 5 Z 2 Z 5
= |v|dt = (−v)dt + vdt
0 0 2
5 5
8 8
Z Z
= (t − )dt − (t − )dt
2 t+2 2 t+2
2 2
t t
=[ − 8 ln(t + 2)]52 − [ − 8 ln(t + 2)]20
2 2
25 4 4
= − 8 ln(7) − ( − 8 ln(4)) − (( − 8 ln(4)) − (0 − 8 ln(2)))
2 2 2
25
= − 4 − 8 ln(7) + 16 ln(4) − 8 ln(2)
2
17
= + 24 ln(2) − 8 ln(7) = 9.568251141.
2

10
Question 7
A body of mass m = 5 kilograms is initially (at time zero) at rest at the
origin.
The body is acted upon by a force vector F given as follows, at time t ≥ 0
seconds (units are metric):
√
F = [75 t, 45 sin(3t)].

• Find its acceleration, velocity and position vectors at time t.

– By Newton’s second law, we have F = mA, where A is the accel-

eration of the particle, m is its mass and F is the applied force
vector. For the present case, this gives:
F 1 √ 1
A= = [75 t, 45 sin(3t)] = [15t 2 , 9 sin(3t)].
m 5

– Now, if V is the velocity of the particle, we have dV

dt
= A, which
gives by FTC:
Z Z
1
V = Adt = [15t 2 , 9 sin(3t)]dt

2 3 1
= [15( )t 2 , 9(− cos(3t))] + C
3 3
3
= [10t 2 , −3 cos(3t)] + C.
Now we want V to be zero when t = 0, which gives the relation:
3
0 = [10(0 2 ), −3 cos(3(0))] + C

= [0, −3] + C,
C = −[0, −3] = [0, 3].
So we have:
3 3
V = [10t 2 , −3 cos(3t)] + [0, 3] = [10t 2 , 3 − 3 cos(3t)].

11
 – Next, if X is the position of the particle, we have dX
dt
= V , which
gives by FTC:
Z Z
3
X = V dt = [10t 2 , 3 − 3 cos(3t)]dt

2 5 1
= [10( )t 2 , 3t − 3( sin(3t))] + D
5 3
5
= [4t 2 , 3t − sin(3t)] + D.
Now we want X to be zero when t = 0, which gives the relation:
5
0 = [4(0 2 ), 3(0) − sin(3(0))] + D

= [0, 0] + D,
D = [0, 0].
So we have:
5
X = [4t 2 , 3t − sin(3t)].

• Find its speed after 10 seconds.

Putting t = 10 in the formula for the velocity, we get that the velocity
in meters per second at t = 10 seconds as:
3
V = [10(10) 2 , 3 − 3 cos(30)] = [316.2277660, 2.537245650].

The required speed is then the length of this vector, so is:

q
3
|V | = (10(10) 2 )2 + (3 − 3 cos(30))2
p
=100009 − 18 cos(30) + 9 cos2 (30)
p
= (316.2277660)2 + (2.537245650)2
= 316.23794462.

12
Question 8
A particle moves in the plane from A = [1, −2] to B = [4, 4] along the straight
line segment AB.
The particle is acted on by two forces, G and H at any point [x, y] of the
segment:
G = [3, 5],
√
H = [ x, 3y 2 ].
Calculate the work done by each of the forces as the particle moves from A
to B.

• For the constant force G, the work W Joules done in a displacement D

is: W = G.D.
Here D = AB = B − A = [4, 4] − [1, −2] = [3, 6].
So we get:

W = G.D = G.AB = [3, 5].[3, 6] = 3(3) + 5(6) = 9 + 30 = 39.

• For the variable force H, the infinitesimal work dW Joules, done in an

infinitesimal displacement [dx, dy] at [x, y] is:
1 1
dW = H.[dx, dy] = [x 2 , 3y 2 ].[dx, dy] = x 2 dx + 3y 2 dy.

From here there are (at least) three routes to finish off the problem:

• First we recognize that dW is an exact differential:

1 2 3
dW = x 2 dx + 3y 2 dy = d( x 2 + y 3 ).
3
Then the total work W Joules, done in going from A to B, is, by FTC:
Z B Z B
2 3 2 3 2 3 3 [4,4]
W = dW = d( x 2 + y 3 ) = [ x 2 + y 3 ]B
A = [ x + y ][1,−2]
2

A A 3 3 3
2 3 2 3 16 2 14 230
= 4 2 +43 −( (1) 2 +(−2)3 ) = +64−( −8) = +72 = = 76.666.
3 3 3 3 3 3

13
• Secondly we parametrize the points [x, y] of the line AB as follows:
[x, y] = A + tAB = [1, −2] + t[3, 6] = [1 + 3t, −2 + 6t],
d d d
[dx, dy] = ([x, y])dt = [ (1 + 3t), (−2 + 6t)]dt = [3, 6]dt.
dt dt dt
x = 1 + 3t, y = −2 + 6t, dx = 3dt, dy = 6dt.
We have t = 0 for the point A and t = 1 for the point B.
Substituting these relations into dW , we get:
1 1
dW = x 2 dx + 3y 2 dy = (1 + 3t) 2 (3)dt + 3(−2 + 6t)2 (6)dt
1
= (3(1 + 3t) 2 + 72(1 − 3t)2 )dt.
Integrating we get the total work done W in going from A to B along
AB as:
Z B Z 1
1
W = dW = (3(1 + 3t) 2 + 72(1 − 3t)2 )dt
A 0
2 3 2 3 2 3
= [ (1 + 3t) 2 − 8(1 − 3t)3 )]10 = ( (4) 2 − 8(−2)3 ) − ( (1) 2 − 8(1)3 ))
3 3 3
16 2 230
= + 64 − ( − 8) = = 76.666.
3 3 3
• Alternatively we can parametrize y in terms of x.

6
The line AB has slope 3
= 2 and goes through [1, −2], so is:
y − (−2) = 2(x − 1), y + 2 = 2x − 2, y = 2x − 4,
dy
dx = 2dx.
dy =
dx
Substituting these relations into dW , we get:
1 1 1
dW = x 2 dx + 3y 2 dy = x 2 dx + 3(2x − 4)2 (2dx) = (x 2 + 24(x − 2)2 )dx.
Integrating, the total work done W in going from A to B along AB is:
Z B Z 4
1
W = dW = (x 2 + 24(x − 2)2 )dx
A 1
2 3 2 3 2 3
= [ x 2 + 8(x − 2)3 ]41 = [ 4 2 + 8(2)3 − ( 1 2 + 8(1 − 2)3 )
3 3 3
16 2 230
= + 64 − ( − 8) = = 76.666.
3 3 3

14