Name :- Madhara Aftab M.

Roll.No. :- 14
Reg. No.:- 06-0257-2017
Sem:- 6th
Subject:- APPLICATION DEVELOPMENT IN MOBILE TECHNOLOGY (AIT 323)

Assignment 4
Q 1 :- Write a brief note on
1.BTS - base transceiver station
 The BTS houses the radio transceivers that define a cell
and handles the radio link protocols with the MS. In a
large urban area, a large number of BTSs may be
deployed.


 The BTS corresponds to the transceivers and antennas
used in each cell of the network. A BTS is usually placed
in the center of a cell. Its transmitting power defines the
 size of a cell. Each BTS has between 1 and 16
transceivers, depending on the density of users in the cell.
Each BTS serves as a single cell. It also includes the
following functions:
 Encoding, encrypting, multiplexing, modulating, and feeding the RF signals to the
antenna
 Transcoding and rate adaptation
 Time and frequency synchronizing
 Voice through full- or half-rate services
 Decoding, decrypting, and equalizing received signals
 Random access detection

 Timing advances
 Uplink channel measurements

2. BSS - base station subsystem

 The base station subsystem (BSS) is the section of a
traditional cellular telephone network which is responsible for
handling traffic and signaling between a mobile phone and
the network switching subsystem. The BSS carries
out transcoding of speech channels, allocation of radio
channels to mobile
phones, paging, transmission and reception over the air
interface and many other tasks related to the radio network.

 The BSS is composed of two parts:

The Base Transceiver Station (BTS)
The Base Station Controller (BSC)
 The BTS and the BSC communicate across the specified Abis
interface, enabling operations between components that are
made by different suppliers. The radio components of a BSS
may consist of four to seven or nine cells. A BSS may have
one or more base stations. The BSS uses the Abis interface
between the BTS and the BSC. A separate high-speed line (T1
 or E1) is then connected from the BSS to the Mobile MSC.

3. BSC – base station controller

 The BSC manages the radio resources for one or more BTSs. It
handles radio channel setup, frequency hopping, and handovers.
The BSC is the connection between the mobile and the MSC. The
BSC also translates the 13 Kbps voice channel used over the radio
link to the standard 64 Kbps channel used by the Public Switched
Telephone Network (PSDN) or ISDN.
 It assigns and releases frequencies and time slots for the MS. The
BSC also handles intercell handover. It controls the power
transmission of the BSS and MS in its area. The function of the BSC
is to allocate the necessary time slots between the BTS and the
MSC. It is a switching device that handles the radio resources.
Additional functions include:

 Control of frequency hopping

 Performing traffic concentration to reduce the number of lines from
the MSC
 Providing an interface to the Operations and Maintenance Center for
the BSS
 Reallocation of frequencies among BTSs
 Time and frequency synchronization
 Power management
 Time-delay measurements of received signals from the MS
4. MSC - mobile switching centre

 Mobile Switching Center (MSC) is the primary service

delivery node for GSM/CDMA, responsible for
routing voice calls and SMS as well as other services (such
as conference calls, FAX and circuit switched data).
 The Mobile Switching Center sets up and releases the end-
to-end connection, handles mobility and hand-over
requirements during the call and takes care of charging and
real time pre-paid account monitoring.
 In the GSM mobile phone system, in contrast with earlier
analogue services, fax and data information is sent directly
digitally encoded to the Mobile Switching Center. Only at the
Mobile Switching Center is this re-coded into an "analogue"
signal (although actually this will almost certainly mean
sound encoded digitally as PCM signal in a 64-kbit/s
timeslot, known as a DS0 in America).
 There are various different names for Mobile Switching
Centers in different contexts which reflects their complex role
in the network, all of these terms though could refer to the
same MSC, but doing different things at different times.
 The Gateway MSC (G-MSC) is the MSC that determines
which "visited MSC (V-MSC)" the subscriber who is being
called is currently located at. It also interfaces with
the PSTN. All mobile to mobile calls and PSTN to mobile
calls are routed through a G-MSC. The term is only valid in
the context of one call since any MSC may provide both the
gateway function and the Visited MSC function, however,
some manufacturers design dedicated high
capacity MSCs which do not have any BSSs connected to
them. These MSCs will then be the Gateway MSC for many
of the calls they handle.
 The visited MSC (V-MSC) is the MSC where a customer is
 currently located. The VLR associated with this MSC will
have the subscriber's data in it.
 The anchor MSC is the MSC from which a handover has
been initiated. The target MSC is the MSC toward which a
Handover should take place. A mobile switching center
server is a part of the redesigned MSC concept starting from
3GPP Release 4.
The Mobile Switching Center connects to the following elements:

 Home Location Register (HLR) for obtaining data about

the SIM and mobile services ISDN number (MSISDN; i.e.,
the telephone number).
 Base Station Subsystem (BSS) which handles the radio
communication with 2G and 2.5G mobile phones.
 UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network ([UTRAN) which
handles the radio communication with 3G mobile phones.
 Visitor Location Register (VLR) provides subscriber
information when the subscriber is outside its home network.

Other MSCs for procedures such as handover.

 More Information#
There might be more information for this subject on one of the
following:

 Base Station Controller

 Global System for Mobile Communications
 MSC
 Mobile Application Part
 Mobile Switching Center
 SS7 hack
 Visitor Location Register
5. GMSC - gateway mobile switching centre
 A Gateway Mobile Switching Centre provides an edge
function within a PLMN (Public Land Mobile Network). It
terminates the PSTN (Public Switched Telephone Network)
signalling and traffic formats and converts this to protocols
employed in mobile networks. For mobile terminated calls, it
interacts with the HLR (Home Location Register) to obtain
routing information.
 The mobile switching station, abbreviated as MSC
Server or MSS, is a 2G core network element which controls
the network switching subsystem elements. Alternatively or
adaptively, MSS can be used in GSM networks as well, if the
manufacturer has implemented support for GSM networks in
the MSS. Since an immediate upgrade of existing GSM
network to 3G is not viable due to various issues like
handset incompatibilities and high expenditure, most
manufacturers do implement GSM support in MSS. In fact,
MSS along with other 3G network elements such as media
gateway (MGW), can be configured to support GSM network
exclusively and can be considered as an upgraded version
of existing GSM mobile switching centres. The MSC Server
is standards-based and communicates with other distributed
elements using industry open standards such as media
gateway control protocol, megaco/H.248, session initiation
protocol, M2UA and M3UA. The MSC server incorporates
industry standards as defined
by ETSI, ITU, GSM, 3GPP and 3GPP2 and other leading
standard bodies. The MSS supports the regulatory
environment set by governing bodies via its support for
E911, CALEA/legal intercept, wireless and local number
portability, TTY/TTD, and Number Pooling requirements.
 Q 2:- Write a brief note on GSM CALL FLOW.
A GSM network comprises of many functional units. These functions
and interfaces are explained in this chapter. The GSM network can be
broadly divided into:
 The Mobile Station (MS)
 The Base Station Subsystem (BSS)
 The Network Switching Subsystem (NSS)
 The Operation Support Subsystem (OSS)
Given below is a simple pictorial view of the GSM architecture.

GSM architecture is a layered model that is designed to allow

communications between two different systems. The lower layers assure
the services of the upper-layer protocols. Each layer passes suitable
notifications to ensure the transmitted data has been formatted,
transmitted, and received accurately.
The GMS protocol stacks diagram is shown below:

Q 3:- Write a brief note on GSM Identifiers:

GSM treats the users and the equipment in different ways. Phone numbers,
subscribers, and equipment identifiers are some of the known ones. There are many
other identifiers that have been well-defined, which are required for the subscriber’s
mobility management and for addressing the remaining network elements. Vital
addresses and identifiers that are used in GSM are addressed below.

International Mobile Station Equipment Identity (IMEI)

The International Mobile Station Equipment Identity (IMEI) looks more like a serial
number which distinctively identifies a mobile station internationally. This is allocated
by the equipment manufacturer and registered by the network operator, who stores it in
the Equipment Identity Register (EIR). By means of IMEI, one recognizes obsolete,
stolen, or non-functional equipment.
Following are the parts of IMEI:
 Type Approval Code (TAC) : 6 decimal places, centrally assigned.
 Final Assembly Code (FAC) : 6 decimal places, assigned by the manufacturer.
 Serial Number (SNR) : 6 decimal places, assigned by the manufacturer.
 Spare (SP) : 1 decimal place.
Thus, IMEI = TAC + FAC + SNR + SP. It uniquely characterizes a mobile station and
gives clues about the manufacturer and the date of manufacturing.
International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI)
Every registered user has an original International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI)
with a valid IMEI stored in their Subscriber Identity Module (SIM).
IMSI comprises of the following parts:
 Mobile Country Code (MCC) : 3 decimal places, internationally standardized.
 Mobile Network Code (MNC) : 2 decimal places, for unique identification of
mobile network within the country.
 Mobile Subscriber Identification Number (MSIN) : Maximum 10 decimal
places, identification number of the subscriber in the home mobile network.
Mobile Subscriber ISDN Number (MSISDN)
The authentic telephone number of a mobile station is the Mobile Subscriber ISDN
Number (MSISDN). Based on the SIM, a mobile station can have many MSISDNs, as
each subscriber is assigned with a separate MSISDN to their SIM respectively.
Listed below is the structure followed by MSISDN categories, as they are defined
based on international ISDN number plan:
 Country Code (CC) : Up to 3 decimal places.
 National Destination Code (NDC) : Typically 2-3 decimal places.
 Subscriber Number (SN) : Maximum 10 decimal places.
Mobile Station Roaming Number (MSRN)
Mobile Station Roaming Number (MSRN) is an interim location dependent ISDN
number, assigned to a mobile station by a regionally responsible Visitor Location
Register (VLA). Using MSRN, the incoming calls are channelled to the MS.
The MSRN has the same structure as the MSISDN.
 Country Code (CC) : of the visited network.
 National Destination Code (NDC) : of the visited network.
 Subscriber Number (SN) : in the current mobile network.
Location Area Identity (LAI)
Within a PLMN, a Location Area identifies its own authentic Location Area Identity
(LAI). The LAI hierarchy is based on international standard and structured in a unique
format as mentioned below:
 Country Code (CC) : 3 decimal places.
 Mobile Network Code (MNC) : 2 decimal places.
  Location Area Code (LAC) : maximum 5 decimal places or maximum twice 8
bits coded in hexadecimal (LAC < FFFF).
Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity (TMSI)
Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity (TMSI) can be assigned by the VLR, which is
responsible for the current location of a subscriber. The TMSI needs to have only local
significance in the area handled by the VLR. This is stored on the network side only in
the VLR and is not passed to the Home Location Register (HLR).
Together with the current location area, the TMSI identifies a subscriber uniquely. It
can contain up to 4 × 8 bits.
Local Mobile Subscriber Identity (LMSI)
Each mobile station can be assigned with a Local Mobile Subscriber Identity (LMSI),
which is an original key, by the VLR. This key can be used as the auxiliary searching
key for each mobile station within its region. It can also help accelerate the database
access. An LMSI is assigned if the mobile station is registered with the VLR and sent to
the HLR. LMSI comprises of four octets (4x8 bits).
Cell Identifier (CI)
Using a Cell Identifier (CI) (maximum 2 × 8) bits, the individual cells that are within an
LA can be recognized. When the Global Cell Identity (LAI + CI) calls are combined,
then it is uniquely defined.

Q 5:- Explain four registers accordingly:

1. HLR

 The Home Location Register (HLR) is the main database of

permanent subscriber information for a mobile network. The HLR is
an integral component of CDMA (code division multiple
access), TDMA (time division multiple access), and GSM (Global
System for Mobile communications) networks. Maintained by the
subscriber's home carrier (or the network operator where the user
initiated the call), the HLR contains pertinent user information,
including address, account status, and preferences. The HLR
interacts with the Mobile Switching Center (MSC), which is
a switch used for call control and processing. The MSC also serves
as a point-of-access to the Public Switched Telephone Network
(PSTN - the fixed network). The third integral element is the Visiting
 Location Register (VLR), which maintains temporary user information
(such as current location) to manage requests from subscribers who
are out of the area covered by their home system.

 When a user initiates a call, the switching equipment determines

whether or not the call is coming from the device's home area. If the
user is out of the home area, the area VLR sends out a request for
information required to process the call. An MSC queries the HLR
identified by the call for information, which it relays to the appropriate
MSC, which in turn relays it to the VLR. The VLR sends routing
information back to the MSC which allows it to find the station where
the call originated, and, finally, the mobile device to connect.
Communications between the elements are based on Signaling
System (SS7) protocols and signaling.

2. VLR
 Network switching subsystem (NSS) (or GSM core network) is
the component of a GSM system that carries out call out and mobility
management functions for mobile phones roaming on the network of
base stations. It is owned and deployed by mobile phone
operators and allows mobile devices to communicate with each other
and telephones in the wider public switched telephone
[1]
network (PSTN).  The architecture contains specific features and
functions which are needed because the phones are not fixed in one
location.
 The NSS originally consisted of the circuit-switched core network,
used for traditional GSM services such as voice calls, SMS,
and circuit switched data calls. It was extended with an overlay
architecture to provide packet-switched data services known as
the GPRS core network. This allows mobile phones to have access to
services such as WAP, MMS and the Internet.
Data stored include:

 IMSI (the subscriber's identity number).

 Authentication data.
 MSISDN (the subscriber's phone number).
 GSM services that the subscriber is allowed to access.
 access point (GPRS) subscribed.
 The HLR address of the subscriber.
 SCP Address(For Prepaid Subscriber).

3. EIR

 The BroadForward Next Generation Equipment Identity Register (EIR) is

the world’s most advanced software solution for authentication of mobile
devices in the network, including IoT devices. It provides a single, unified
access point, fully standards compliant, 100% software based and
supports 2G/3G, 4G/LTE, 5G and IT interfaces. It also offers an extensive
feature set for implementing service logic, active triggering, reporting,
alarming and more.

 Need for Black- and Whitelist access control to mobile networks

Traditional EIR systems provide device authentication security based
solely on blacklisting. Devices in this list are prohibited from entering a
specific network. However, in many cases this no longer suffices. With the
massive adoption of smartphones, and exponential growth of IoT devices
there is a growing desire to increase device access control not only to
individual networks but to enable enforcement of regulatory directives on a
national level. The latter requires a Central EIR (CEIR), which provides
entries of all devices cleared for access to national networks. The CEIR
provides whitelisting functionality, which allows regulators to exercise
much greater control (e.g. preventing tax evasion) on illegal devices and
parallel ‘import’ channels of unregistered devices entering the country.
Nominated by the GSMA for Best Mobile Technology, the BroadForward
EIR supports both blacklisting and whitelisting, virtually without storage
limitation. Because it also supports auto-provisioning the BroadForward
EIR provides a strong base for controlled network access of devices
without running the risk of unmanageable access restrictions.

4. AUC
 In the field of pharmacokinetics, the area under the curve (AUC) is the definite
integral of a curve that describes the variation of a drug concentration in blood
plasma as a function of time. In practice, the drug concentration is measured at
certain discrete points in time and the trapezoidal rule is used to estimate AUC.
 The AUC (from zero to infinity) represents the total drug exposure across time.
Assuming linear pharmacodynamics with elimination rate constant K, one can show
that AUC is proportional to the total amount of drug absorbed by the body. The
proportionality constant is 1/K.[1]
 This is useful when trying to determine whether two formulations of the same dose
(for example a capsule and a tablet) release the same dose of drug to the body.
Another use is in the therapeutic drug monitoring of drugs with a narrow therapeutic
index. For example, gentamicin is an antibiotic that can be nephrotoxic (kidney
damaging) and ototoxic (hearing damaging); measurement of gentamicin through
concentrations in a patient's plasma and calculation of the AUC is used to guide the
dosage of this drug.
 AUC becomes useful for knowing the average concentration over a time interval,
AUC/t. Also, AUC is referenced when talking about elimination. The amount
eliminated by the body (mass) = clearance (volume/time) * AUC
(mass*time/volume).