Electricity & Magnetism

HAFIZ FAROOQ ALAM COURSE CODE PHYS 201

CHEMISRTY DEPARTMENT BS- CHEMISTRY
UNIVERISTY OF SAHIWAL 3th SEMESTER
 Course introduction
Outlines

➢ Objectives

➢ 1. Electric field

➢ 2. Electric field due to a point charge

➢ 3. Electric field due to an electric dipole

➢ 3. Electric field due to a ring of charges

3
 Course introduction
Objective

➢ To develop understanding of an electric field

➢ To develop understanding about electric dipole and the dipole moment

➢ To find the expression for electric field due to an electric dipole and a ring of charges

4
 1. Electric Field
1.1 Introduction

➢ electric field at a certain point is equal to the electric force per unit charge
experienced by a charge at that point.

𝐹
𝐸=
𝑞0

➢ The charge 𝑞0 can be either positive or negative.

5
 Electric Field
Introduction (Continued…)

• If 𝑞0 is positive, the force experienced by the charge is in the same

direction as 𝐸 if 𝑞0 is negative, 𝐹 and 𝐸 are in opposite directions.

• In SI units, in which the unit of force is 1 N and the unit of charge is 1 C,

the unit of electric field magnitude is 1 newton per coulomb 1 𝑁 𝐶

6
 Electric Field
Introduction (Continued…)

7 Fig. 1 The force 𝐹0 = 𝑞0𝐸 exerted on a point charge 𝑞0 placed in an electric field 𝐸.
 Electric Field
Introduction (Continued…)

8
 1.2. Demonstration of Fig. 21.15

➢ Body A, as a result of the charge that it carries, somehow modifies the properties of

the space around it. (Body A produces or causes an electricfield)

➢ Then body B , as a result of the charge that it carries, senses how space has been

modified at its position.

➢ The response of body B is to experience the force 𝐹 in (Fig. 21.15a)

9
 Demonstration of Fig. 21.15
(Continued…)
➢ In (Fig. 21.15b). We say that the charged body A produces or causes an electric

field at point P (and at all other points in the neighborhood). This electric field is

present at P even if there is no charge at P ; it is a consequence of the charge on

body Aonly.
➢ If a point charge 𝑞0 is then placed at point , it experiences the force 𝐹0 . We take

the point of view that this force is exerted on 𝑞0 by the field at (Fig. 21.15c).

Thus the electric field is the intermediary through which communicates its

10 presence to 𝑞0.
 Demonstration of Fig. 21.15
(Continued…)

➢ Because the point charge 𝑞0 would experience a force at any point in the

neighborhood of A, the electric field that A produces exists at all points in the

region around A.

➢ We can likewise say that the point charge 𝑞0 produces an electric field in the

space around it and that this electric field exerts the force −𝐹0 on body A.

11
 1.3 Interaction
(Continued…)

➢ One charge sets up an electric field that exerts a force on the second charge. this

is an interaction between two charged bodies.

➢ A single charge produces an electric field in the surrounding space, but this

electric field cannot exert a net force on the charge that created it.

➢ The electric force on a charged body is exerted by the electric field created by

other charged bodies.

12
 Interaction
(Continued…)

➢ This force is as an “action-at-a distance” force that is, as a force that acts across

empty space without needing any matter (such as a push rod or a rope) to

transmit it through the intervening space.

➢ Force is a vector quantity, so electric field is also a vector quantity.

13
 2. Electric field due to a point charge
2.1 Explanation

➢ Our analysis has two corresponding steps:

➢ First, calculating the field caused by a source charge
distribution;
➢ Second, looking at the effect of the field in terms of force and
motion
➢ The location of the charge is the source point, and the point where we
are
determining the field is the field point.
➢ Unit vector 𝑟 that points along the line from source point to field
point.

14
 Interaction
(Continued…)

21.17 The electric field produced at point P by an isolated point charge q at S. Note that in
both (b) and (c), 𝐸 is produced by q
[see Eq. (21.7)] but acts on the charge 𝑞0 at point P [see Eq. (21.4)].
15
 2.2 Force

➢ If we place a small test charge 𝑞0 at the field point P, at a distance from the

source point, the magnitude of the force is given by Coulomb’s law

1 𝑞𝑞0
𝐹=
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟2

16
 2.3 Electric Field

➢ The magnitude of the electric field at is

𝐸= 1 𝑞
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟2

➢ Using the unit vector 𝑟

𝐸= 1 𝑞
2 𝑟
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟

17
 2.4. Direction

➢ The electric field of a point charge always points away from a

positive charge (that is, in the same direction as 𝑟, but toward a
negative charge (that is, in the direction opposite to 𝑟).

➢ 𝐸 can vary from point to point, it is not a single vector quantity

but rather an infinite set of vector quantities, one associated with
each point in space, this is called a vector field.

18
 Direction
(Continued….)

21.18 A point charge q produces an electric field at all points in space.

The field strength decreases with increasing distance.
19
 3. Electric field due to an electric dipole
3.1 Introduction

➢ A system consisting of a positive and a negative charge of equal magnitude

q, separated by a distance d is called an electric dipole.

➢ Electric Dipole moment is the measure of the polarity of the system. It is the

separation of positive charge and a negative charge by a distance. 𝑝 = 𝑞𝑑

20
 Introduction
( Continued….)

➢ Direction

The electric dipole moment is a vector quantity; it has a defined direction

which is from the negative charge to the positive charge.

21
 3.2. Diagram

22
 3.3. Derivation

𝐸 = 𝐸+𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃′ + 𝐸−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃′

𝐸+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃′ = −𝐸−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃′ will cancel out each other

𝐸 = 2𝐸+𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃′
𝐸 = 2𝐸+sin(90 − 𝜃)
𝐸 = 2𝐸+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 … … 1

Let 𝐸+ = 𝑟 𝑖𝑛 ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶
2 = 𝐴𝐶 2 + 𝐴𝐵 2
𝐵𝐶
23
 3.3. Derivation
( Continued…..)

2
𝑑
2 = 2
𝑟 + 𝑥
2

2
𝑑
𝑟= + 𝑥 2
2

𝐴𝐶 𝑑 𝑑
2 2
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = = =
𝐵𝐶 2
𝑟
𝑑 2
+ 𝑥
2
24
 Derivation
( Continued…..)

Putting in equation (1),

𝑘𝑞 𝑑
2
𝐸 =2 2
𝑑 2 2
+ 𝑥 𝑑
2 + 𝑥 2
2

=2 𝑘𝑞𝑑
2 1+1 2
2
𝑑 2
2 + 𝑥

25
 Derivation
( Continued…..)

𝑘
𝐸= 3 ∴ 𝑝 = 𝑑𝑖𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 𝑞 × 𝑑
2
𝑑 2
2
+𝑥 2

𝑘𝑝
𝐸= 3
2 2
𝑑
𝑥3 1+
2

26
 Derivation
( Continued…..)

−3
2 2
𝑘𝑝 𝑑
𝐸= 1+
𝑥3 2

Applying Binomial expansion we get,

𝑘𝑝 3 𝑑 2
𝐸= 1− + ℎ𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠
𝑥3 2 2
27
 Derivation
( Continued…..)

➢ If d is much smaller than x , we will neglect second term.

➢ Hence

𝑘𝑝
𝐸=
𝑥3

28
 3.4. Dependence

➢ The final expression is

𝑘𝑝
𝐸=
𝑥3
➢ It shows that strength of electric field linearly depends on the magnitude of
dipole moment, and inversely on the distance between the electric dipole and the
field point.

29
 4. Electric field due to a ring of charges
4.1. Introduction

This is a problem in the superposition of electric

fields. Each bit of charge around the ring
produces an electric field at an arbitrary point on
the z-axis; our target variable is the total field at
this point due to all such bits of charge

4.2. Diagram

30
 4.3. Derivation

𝑘𝑞 𝑘𝑞
𝐸𝑚 = 𝑜𝑟 𝐸 𝑚 ′ =
𝑟2 𝑟2

𝐸𝑚 = 𝐸 𝑚 ′ ……. (1)

𝐸𝑚𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = −𝐸 𝑚 ′ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 will cancel out each other

𝐸 = 𝐸𝑚𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 + 𝐸 𝑚 ′ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃

➢ Using (1)
𝐸 = 𝐸𝑚𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 + 𝐸𝑚𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝐸 = 2𝐸𝑚𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
31
 Derivation
(Continued…)

𝑘𝑞 𝑧 𝑧
➢ 𝐸 =2 …. 2 ∴ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 =
𝑟2 𝑟 𝑟
𝑟 2 = 𝑅2 + 𝑧 2
𝑟 = 𝑅2 + 𝑧 2
➢ Putting in (2)
𝑧
𝐸 = 2𝑘𝑞 3
𝑅2 + 𝑧 2
𝑧
𝐸 = 2𝑘𝑞 3
32 𝑅2 +𝑧 2 2
 Derivation
(Continued…)
𝑧
➢ 𝑑𝐸 = 2𝑘 3 𝑑𝑞 … … . 3
𝑅 2 +𝑧 2 2

➢ If ring is open to form a straight wire it means we can use now linear charge
distribution.

𝑑𝑞
𝜆= ⟹ 𝑑𝑞 = 𝑑𝑠𝜆
𝑑𝑠

➢ Putting in (3)

𝑧
𝑑𝐸 = 2𝑘 3 𝑑𝑠𝜆
2
𝑅 +𝑧 2 2
33
 Derivation
(Continued…)
2𝑘𝑧𝜆
➢ 𝑑𝐸 = 3 𝑑𝑠
𝑅 2 +𝑧 2 2

➢ 𝐸𝑚 will influence half side of ring, remaining half will be covered

by 𝐸 𝑚 ′ .

34
 Derivation
(Continued…)

2𝑘𝑧𝜆
𝐸= 3 𝜋𝑅 ∴ 𝑑𝑠 = 𝜋𝑅
2
𝑅 +𝑧 2 2

𝑘𝑧𝜆(2𝜋𝑅)
𝐸= 3
𝑅2 + 𝑧 2 2

𝑘𝑧𝑞
𝐸= 3 ∴ 𝑞 = 𝜆𝑑𝑠 = 𝜆2𝜋𝑅
2
𝑅 +𝑧 2 2

➢ If charge is distributed uniformly, then at the center of the ring 𝐸 = 0, as all 𝐸 will
35 cancel each other.
 4.4. Evaluation

𝑘𝑧𝑞
➢ Equation 𝐸 = 3
𝑅 2 +𝑧 2 2

➢ shows that 𝐸 = 0 at the center of the ring (x = 0). This makes sense;

charges on opposite sides of the ring push in opposite directions on a test

charge at the center, and the vector sum of each such pair of forces is zero.

36
 Evaluation
(Continued…)

➢ When the field Point P is much farther from the ring than the ring’s radius, we
have 𝑧 ≫ 𝑅 and the denominator in the above equation becomes approximately
equal to 𝑧 3 .
➢ In this limit the electric field at P is
𝑘𝑞
𝐸=
𝑧2

➢ That is, when the ring is so far away that its radius is negligible in

comparison to the distance z, its field is the same as that of a point charge.
37
 For more reading visit the following

➢ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nCOvj-cea6I
➢ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G5FrLpE_7MU
➢ “University physics with modern physics” by H.D
Young, R.A. Freedman, 13th edition, Pearson. Page 699-706

38