CONTENTS

PAGE NO

List of Figures

List of Tables

Abstract

CHAPTER-1: INTRODUCTION 1-3

CHAPTER-2: SCOPE OF THE STUDY 4-12

2.1Analog Implementation 4

2.2Filters 4

2.2.a. Digital Filter 4

2.2.b. Analog Filter 5

2.3Types of Filters 8

2.4Why All Pass Filter 10

2.5All Pass Filter Description 11

2.5.a Circuit Parameters 12

2.5.b Circuit Description 12

CHAPTER-3: RESEARCH METHEDOLOGY 13-16

3.1 Design Specification 13

3.2 Selecting the Topology 14

3.3 Analytical Calculation 14

3.4 Implementation 14

3.5 Output Responses 15

17-21
CHAPTER-4: PROPOSED METHODOLOGY
4.1 Overview of ECG Monitoring System 17

4.2 Electrocardiography 18
 4.2.1 Definition of Electrocardiography 18

4.2.2 Generation of Differential Signals 19

CHAPTER-5: BIOPOTENTIALINSTRUMENTATION 22-33

AMPLIFIERS
5.1 Introduction 22

5.2 General Properties and Design Challenges 22

5.3 Noise Consideration in Instrumentation Amplifiers 24

5.4 Noise and Offset Reduction Technology in Instrumentation 25

amplifiers
5.5 Principal of Autozeroing 27

5.6 Existing Instrumentation Amplifier Topology 29

CHAPTER-6: PROPOSED SOLUTION 34-44

6.1 Definition of Problem 34

6.2 Architecture 34

6.3 Justification for the Architecture 37

6.3.a. Macro model Simulation 40

6.3.b. Design Consideration on the Input capacitance 41

CHAPTER-7: TRANSISTOR LEVEL IMPLEMENTATION 45-53

7.1 OTA(Operational trans conductance Amplifier) 45

7.2 Designing using the ACM all region Equation 47

7.3 The Common mode Feedback circuit 49

7.4 Chopper 51

7.5 The Buffers 52

7.6 Complete schematic 53

CHAPTER-8: SIMULATED OUTPUTS 54-59

8.1 Responses of proposed OTA 54

 8.1.a. Transient Analysis of the OTA 54

8.1.b. AC analysis of OTA 55

8.2 Responses of Proposed Architecture 55

8.2.a. Transient Analysis 56

8.2.b. AC analysis and Noise responses 56

CHAPTER-9:CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE 57

REFERENCES 58-59
 LIST OF FIGURES
Figure no Title Page
No

1.1 Current conveyor usage in all pass filter 2

2.1 Computer – Computer Communication by filters 7

2.2 Low pass filter 8

2.3 High pass filter 9

2.4 Band pass and band stop filter 9

2.5 All pass filter Schematic with op – Amp 11

3.1 Research Methodology 13

4.1 Properties of different Bio potential signal 18

4.2 Charge distribution and equivalent RC Circuit at Electrode skin inter face 19

4.3 Sources of ECG signal errors and interference 20

5.1 The chopping operation as applied to an amplifier 26

5.2 Schematic of auto zeroing technique with output offset storage 27

5.3 Schematic of zeroing technique with input offset storage 28

5.4 The Schematic of three op-amp instrumentation Amplifier 30

5.5 The Schematic of a switched capacitor instrumentation Amplifier 31

5.6 The Schematic of a current feedback instrumentation Amplifier 32

6.1 Block diagram of the proposed architecture 36

6.2 The switched capacitor resistor 37

6.3 Single ended version with the switched capacitor resistor 38

6.4 Model to analyze the system for stability and noise 38

6.5 OTA Macro model 40

6.6 Switched capacitor equivalent half circuit 41

6.7 Model for evaluating the residual off set of the amplifier 42

6.8 T- Network of Resistors 43

6.9 T- Network implementation using the diode connected NMOS 44

7.1 The fully differential circuit mirror OTA 45

7.2 The common mode feedback circuit 50

7.3 Schematic of the modulator 51

7.4 Two stage operational amplifier with miller compensation 52

7.5 Complete schematic 53

8.1 Proposed OTA 54

8.1.a Transient analysis of OTA 54

8.1.b AC analysis of OTA 55

8.2 Proposed architecture 55

8.2.a Transient analysis of proposed all pass filter using OTA 56

8.2.b AC analysis and noise response of proposed architecture 56

 LIST OF TABLES
Figure no Title Page No

3.1 Technology parameters 15

7.1 Summery of ACM design of the OTA 48

7.2 Device dimension of the CMFB 51

7.3 Device dimension of chopper 52

7.4 Device dimension of Op-amp for buffer implementation 53

 ABSTRACT

The objective of this project is to implement a CMOS (complementary metal-

oxide-semiconductor) fully integrated all-pass filter with an extremely low pole
frequency of 100-Hz . Low frequency is necessary in medical devices like viscometer,
ECG etc.,. All Pass Filters (APFs) have wide usage in signal processing. They can also
be used in group delay and phase equalizers. To obtain low frequency large R,C
(resistor,capacitor) values are required. We require large silicon area for large resistance
and capacitance values with present CMOS technology.

To overcome this problem large R,C values are implemented in separate methods.
Noise at input affects the performance of medical devices because medical devices are
sensitive to the input noise. To design the All Pass Filter, we use current mirror OTA
which will be efficient for very low range inputs and to get desired low frequencies.
The Methodology of the project is to get Transient analysis of OTA(operational
transconductance amplifier), AC analysis of OTA, Transient Analysis of common mode
feedback circuit , AC analysis and Noise Responses of common mode feedback circuit.