INDUS UNIVERSITY

Bachelors Thesis

Coal Mining Parameter system

THESIS SUBMITTED TOWARDS THE PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE

REQUIREMENT OF THE INDUS UNIVERSITY, FOR THE AWARD OF
BACHLOR’S DEGREE IN ………………

CANDIDATE NAME GOES HERE

QAZI HUSSAIN AHMED
M.UZAIR AHMED
AMMAD ALI

Department/ Institute/Centre NAME

INDUS UNIVERSITY Pakistan
SPRING-2020
Your Thesis Title

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the work present in this thesis entitled “THESIS TITLE”
has been carried out by _____________ under our supervision. The work is
genuine, original and, in our opinion, suitable for submission to the Indus
University for the award of degree of PhD/MS/MPhil in ……….

SUPERVISOR

___________________________________________

Dr. ______________________
Assistant Professor/Associate Professor/ Professor
Department/ Institute/Centre NAME
Indus University Pakistan

CO-SUPERVISOR

___________________________________________

Dr. ______________________
Assistant Professor/Associate Professor/ Professor
Department/ Institute/Centre NAME
Indus University Pakistan

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DEDICATION

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Our project is coal mining monitoring system , In coal mine there is no such
system to monitoring or track the coal mines, they registered everything
manually which person comes out and which goes in, so many coal mines are in
a village where there are un educated people and have no idea what can happen
in coal mines how much their lives are in risk in coal mine as there oxygen level
can be minimize, hazardous gas can be come which can cause a blast ,the
temperature may drop which can make them unwell so anything can happen in
coal mines so live of the workers who are working their there live are in danger
because of which they die so we are looking at this problem and creating an coal
mine monitoring system by which they can avoid from all these things we are
developing such system in which we have temperature sensors , hazardous gas
sensors ,oxygen monitoring sensors At the same time, we will have an image
processing system in which we are using computer vision technologies in camera
and we are implementing artificial intelligence program by which will save the
record of the workers by face detection.

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ABSTRACT

In our project the intended audience are the workers who works in coal mines
most of these workers are uneducated and have no idea what can happen to them
so provide them such system by they will be able to protect lives by the help of
coal mine monitoring system in which we uses different sensors like temperature
gas and for earth quake. If there is an earthquake or a temperature or a gas
problem occurs, sensor will detect all these and let them to get out from the
tunnel of the coal mine.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CERTIFICATE..............................................................................................................I
DEDICATION.............................................................................................................II
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.......................................................................................III
ABSTRACT................................................................................................................IV
TABLE OF CONTENTS............................................................................................V
LIST OF TABLES....................................................................................................VII
LIST OF FIGURES.................................................................................................VIII
ABBREVIATIONS....................................................................................................IX
CHAPTER 1..................................................................................................................1
INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................1
1.1 M OTIVATION AND PROJECT OVERVIEW .....................................................................1
1.2 B ACKGROUND..............................................................................................................1
1.3 PROBLEM STATEMENT.................................................................................................2
1.4 A IM AND O BJECTIVES..................................................................................................2
1.5 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT...............................................................................................2
1.6 C ONTRIBUTIONS OF THE THESIS ..................................................................................3

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1.7 STRUCTURE OF THE THESIS.........................................................................................3

CHAPTER 2..................................................................................................................4
LITERATURE REVIEW/BACKGROUND..............................................................4
2.1 B ACKGROUND (HEADING STYLE 2)............................................................................4
2.1.1 HEADING (HEADING STYLE 3)............................................................................4
2.2 R ELATED W ORK /LITERATURE REVIEW......................................................................5
2.3 C OMPARATIVE STUDY.................................................................................................6
2.4 SUMMARY.....................................................................................................................7
CHAPTER 3 RESEARCH /SYSTEM D ESIGN..........................................................8
3.1 RESEARCH /SYSTEM METHODOLOGY ..............................................................8
3.1.1 SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS.......................................................................8
3.1.2 HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS S.......................................................................9
3.1.2 S YSTEM CONSTRAINTS........................................................................................9
3.1.2 E XTERNAL INTERFACE R EQUIREMENTS.............................................................9
3.2 FUNCTIONAL R EQUIREMENTS.....................................................................................9
3.2.1 USE C ASES.........................................................................................................10
3.2.2 ACTIVITY DIAGRAM..........................................................................................10
3.2.3 S EQUENCE DIAGRAM.........................................................................................10
3.2.4 ER-D IAGRAM.....................................................................................................11
3.3 N ON -FUNCTIONAL R EQUIREMENTS...........................................................................11
3.3.1 P ERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS........................................................................11
3.3.2 S ECURITY REQUIREMENTS................................................................................12
3.4 SUMMARY...................................................................................................................12
CHAPTER 4...............................................................................................................19
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS......................................................19
4.1 C ONCLUSION..............................................................................................................19
4.2 FUTURE D IRECTIONS.................................................................................................20
REFRENCES..............................................................................................................21

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LIST OF TABLES

T ABLE 2-1 T ABLE OF N UMBERS.............................................................................................................5

T ABLE 4-1: T ABLE OF N UMBERS..........................................................................................................12

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LIST OF FIGURES

F IGURE 2-1 FIGURE CAPTION (U SE FIGURE CAPTION STYLE )..............................................................6

F IGURE 4-1: FIGURE CAPTION..............................................................................................................13

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ABBREVIATIONS

ADL Architecture Description Language

AEM Architectural Evolution Manager

JESS Java Expert System Shell.

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CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

In this chapter we provide motivation and contributions of this thesis and at the
end of the chapter, we present structure of the rest of the thesis.

1.1 MOTIVATION AND PROJECT OVERVIEW

Our project is coal mining monitoring system , In coal mine there is no such system to
monitoring or track the coal mines, they registered everything manually which person
comes out and which goes in, so many coal mines are in a village where there are un
educated people and have no idea what can happen in coal mines how much their lives
are in risk in coal mine as there oxygen level can be minimize, hazardous gas can be
come which can cause a blast ,the temperature may drop which can make them unwell
so anything can happen in coal mines so live of the workers who are working their there
live are in danger because of which they die so we are looking at this problem and
creating an coal mine monitoring system by which they can avoid from all these things
we are developing such system in which we have temperature sensors , hazardous gas
sensors, oxygen monitoring sensors At the same time, we will have an image processing
system in which we are using computer vision technologies in camera and we are
implementing artificial intelligence program by which will save the record of the
workers by face detection.

1.2 Background

Coal main monitoring system is for basic issues and problem in coal mining
project like temperature hazardous gas due to which blast can be happen in coal
main there was a risk of life and casualties can be come happened . Which we
have temperature sensors, hazardous gas sensors, and oxygen monitoring sensors At the
same time, we will have an image processing system in which we are using computer

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vision technologies in camera and we are implementing artificial intelligence program

by which will save the record of the workers by face detection.

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1.3 P ROBLEM STATEMENT

THE MAJOR PROBLEM IDENTIFIED IS THAT THERE ARE NUMEROUS

ACCIDENTS OCCURRING IN THE COAL MINES DUE TO IMPROPER

MAINTENANCE AND INADEQUATE MONITORING OF THE MINING

ACTIVITIES . MOST OF THE COAL MINES ARE IN A VILLAGE WHERE THE

WALLS AND LANDS OF THE TUNNEL ARE WEAK AND IF THE EARTH

QUAKE COME A LOT ISSUES ARISES AND ALSO COAL MINING HAS BEEN

A VERY DANGEROUS ACTIVITY . THE PRINCIPAL HAZARDS ARE MINE

WALL FAILURES AND VEHICLE COLLISIONS ; UNDERGROUND MINING

HAZARDS INCLUDE SUFFOCATION , GAS POISONING , ROOF COLLAPSE

AND GAS EXPLOSIONS . CHRONIC LUNG DISEASES , SUCH AS

PNEUMOCONIOSIS (BLACK LUNG ) WERE ONCE COMMON IN MINERS,

LEADING TO REDUCED LIFE EXPECTANCY .SO WE ARE FIXING ALL

THESE ISSUE WITH OUR PROJECT OF COAL MINING MONITORING

SYSTEM .

1.4 AIM AND OBJECTIVES

OUR GOAL IN THIS PROJECT IS TO SAVE THE LIVES OF THOSE PEOPLE

WHO WORK IN COAL MINES BEFORE ANY ACCIDENT HAPPENS WE WILL

DO ALL THIS BY THE HELP OF DIFFERENT SENSORS AND WE WILL ALSO

USE COMPUTER VISION TECHNOLOGIES IN CAMERA FOR FACE

DETECTION AND ALSO IMPLEMENTING ARTIFICIAL IN PROGRAM IN THIS

FOR MAKE IT BETTER .

1.5 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT

Our project of coal mine is not only for coal mines this project can also be use in
different mines like salt mine, gold mine, diamond mine etc. so this project is covering
different area the things we using in thing project can also use in different are such as

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hazardous gas we can use this gas in home for example when the heater gas fills in the
house the lives of the people are in danger so we use this sensor to avoid from this.

1.6 CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE THESIS

Members Contribution
Qazi Hussain Ahmed Documentation, Research work

M.Uzair Ahmed Project management, Coding

Ammad presentation designer writing work,

Coding

1.7 STRUCTURE OF THE THESIS

Structure of thesis is given below which we followed while writing this thesis

Introduction: This part of our thesis consists of the introduction and we

talked about how our project started and who gave us the inspiration to work
on this project. Why we need this project in our society also to the world.

Literature Review: This part of our thesis consists of the survey from
different school and their management. what is their need what can we include
which they really want for advance level.

Methods: The methods used in our project contains all the information which
is needed to make this project in working form. What are the benefits of making
this shall be visibly be seen. It will beneficial for the parents and teacher also
they can update parents through this application in an official and trusted way.

Conclusion: The closing of our project is the conclusion of our thesis. In this
part we concluded that our research has been done and also what are our
priorities in our project.

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CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW/BACKGROUND

WE HAVE READ THAT THE PEOPLE WHO WORK IN COAL MINES ARE

NOT SO WELL EDUCATED AS MOST OF THE COAL MINE ARE IN VILLAGE

SIDE SO THEY HAVE NO IDEA WHAT CAN HAPPEN IN COAL MINES

BECAUSE IT IS UNPREDICTED SO OUR PROJECT IS THAT HOW TO SAVE

THESE PEOPLE LIVES WHO ARE WORKING IN COAL MINES IN THIS

PROJECT WE ARE USING DIFFERENT SENSORS FOR TEMPERATURE ,GAS

AND FOR EARTH QUAKE, SO IF THERE IS GOING TO BE A PROBLEM , WE

CAN FIND OUT FROM THE SENSORS AND SAVE THEIR LIVES WE ARE

ALSO ADDING AN ADDITIONAL FEATURES OF FACE DETECTION BY

WHICH WE HAVE AN IDEA HOW MANY PEOPLE GOING IN AND HOW

MANY PEOPLE COMING OUT

2.1 BACKGROUND (HEADING STYLE 2)

Our project is coal mining monitoring system , In coal mine there is no such
system to monitoring or track the coal mines, they registered everything
manually which person comes out and which goes in, so many coal mines are in
a village where there are un educated people and have no idea what can happen
in coal mines how much their lives are in risk in coal mine as there oxygen level
can be minimize, hardiaz gas can be come which can cause a blast ,the
temperature may drop which can make them unwell so anything can happen in
coal mines so live of the workers who are working their there live are in danger
because of which they die so we are looking at this problem and creating an coal
mine monitoring system by which they can avoid from all these things we are
developing such system in which we have temperature sensors ,hardiaz gas
sensors, oxygen monitoring sensors At the same time, we will have an image

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processing system in which we are using computer vision technologies in camera

and we are implementing artificial intelligence program by which will save the
record of the workers by face detection. This is an example reference as in [1-3]
which explain how to cite your references.

2.1.1 PROJECT OVERVIEW

Coal main monitoring system is for basic issues and problem in coal mining
project like temperature hazardous gas due to which blast can be happen in coal
main there was a risk of life and casualties can be come happened . Which we
have temperature sensors, hazardous gas sensors, and oxygen monitoring sensors at the
same time, we will have an image processing system in which we are using computer
vision technologies in camera and we are implementing artificial intelligence program
by which will save the record of the workers by face detection.

2.2 RELATED WORK/LITERATURE REVIEW

WE HAVE READ THAT THE PEOPLE WHO WORK IN COAL MINES ARE

NOT SO WELL EDUCATED AS MOST OF THE COAL MINE ARE IN VILLAGE

SIDE SO THEY HAVE NO IDEA WHAT CAN HAPPEN IN COAL MINES

BECAUSE IT IS UNPREDICTED SO OUR PROJECT IS THAT HOW TO SAVE

THESE PEOPLE LIVES WHO ARE WORKING IN COAL MINES IN THIS

PROJECT WE ARE USING DIFFERENT SENSORS FOR TEMPERATURE ,GAS

AND FOR EARTH QUAKE, SO IF THERE IS GOING TO BE A PROBLEM , WE

CAN FIND OUT FROM THE SENSORS AND SAVE THEIR LIVES WE ARE

ALSO ADDING AN ADDITIONAL FEATURES OF FACE DETECTION BY

WHICH WE HAVE AN IDEA HOW MANY PEOPLE GOING IN AND HOW

MANY PEOPLE COMING OUT

2.3 COMPARATIVE STUDY

The productivity, quality and safety performance of an UMC systems are highly
influenced by the environmental states (uncertain or fuzzy) of it. Therefore, it is

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necessary to observe the complexity and perilousness of its environment in a

continuous manner to ensure the safety and risk level of coal miming. At present,
this particular discussed technology (WSN) is being utilized widely in any
workplace imprecise environment of an industry or like UMC system in various
uncertain environments. Banerjee (1985) has developed a spontaneous
combustion process driven by auto-oxidation of coal with various carbonaceous
matter which is basically a complex physico-chemical process used to generate
heat energy and some polluting gases like CO, CO2, higher degrees
hydrocarbons etc. Bhattacharjee et al. (2012) has explained the enactment of
WSN-based model which can be simulated for making a fire monitoring as well
as alarm (FMA) system for the application in Bord-and-Piller coal mine panel.
The proposed WSN-based coal mine consisted of Bord-and-Pillar system is
skilled of not only providing real-time monitoring and alarm in case of a fire, but
also providing the exact fire location and spreading track by continuously
gathering, analyzing, and storing real time information. Cheng et al. (2015) has
developed a Web-based, lightweight remote monitoring and control platform
using a wireless sensor network (WSN) with the REST style to collect
temperature, humidity and methane concentration data in a coal mine using
sensor nodes. The authors have implemented three different scenarios for Web-
based, lightweight remote monitoring and control of coal mine safety and
measured and analyze the system performance. Coal mine production
environment is very multifarious. There are many uncertain in-formations
existed in the gas safety evaluation process and it is also difficult to predict fire
intensity in imprecise environment. Underground environmental condition of
mines are mainly responsible for the productivity and safety performance of coal
mining system. The major factors that influence the different uncertain
environmental conditions of an underground coal mines (UCM) are, airflow,
temperature, humidity, dust and gases. These operations are essentially
responsible for the generation of various toxic gases like, H2S, CO2, CO, etc.
The other highly recommended hazards which are related to the underground
mining system are fire and explosions, generally happened for the spontaneous
combustion of coal like inflammable materials, its dust and methane mixtures,
respectively. The observation of UCM environment is vastly done with the help

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of various monitoring devices consisting of data loggers. To facilitate the

improvement of this vulnerability, online observation or monitoring system was
developed in advanced places with the aim of keeping a track of the unwanted
environmental conditions of the UCM. Conversely, the system used wired
connection and then suffered from many flaws such as damaging chances in
connection cables or components, large fault rate, defective system maintenance
etc. For that reason, online monitoring system of UCM using wireless sensor
network (WSN) has become a common practice now-a-days. As a result, WSN
(Akyildiz and Stuntebeck 2006) has developed like a crucial technique in
continuous monitoring of an industrial workplace or in an UCM. It can be
recognized by involving sensor nodes in proper positions of underground mines
to gather environmental data and to detect the occurrences of probable risks like
fires, explosions, gas leaks or roof failures etc. (cf. Zhi-zhong et al. 2010).
Muduli et al. (2018) has developed a WSN for environmental monitoring for
UCM and this investigation represented a literature part in an organized manner
based on the contemporary investigations in the application of WUSN technique.
Hence, UCM driven by WSN i.e. online monitoring (Rawat et al. 2014; Mishra et
al. 2013) has become the very common practice. NawrockiIzabela and Kowalska
(2016) have developed a type-1 fuzzy logic model for combined internal and
industrial risk assessment in a coal mining. It is important to predict conditions
leading to the fire hazard by proper interpretation of the imprecise data from
UCM system. The Table 1 describes a comparative study in this literature of
UCM. The type-1 fuzzy logic first proposed by Zadeh (1965) for decision
making, and is able to provide accurate results based on uncertain and vague
information. The most popular type-1 fuzzy inference models are Mamdani and
Assilian (1975) and Sugeno Sugeno (1985). Generally, each model can be
represented as “If antecedence then consequence”. The antecedence is the same
for all type-1 fuzzy models (Dey and Jana 2016), but the consequence has
different forms for each model. In spite of above mentioned development has
been made, we have developed the following: (1) The IT2FLC approach is
applied to compute the system output in the construction of robust WSN based
fire monitoring system for mines. (2) In T2FLC assists to trace four inputs
(temperature, CO, CO2,O2) and one output fire intensity in a pre-planned way to

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build the inference train for which the system output can be forecast. (3) The
responsible qualitative factors which are involved highly for the improvement in
system output, can be easily comprised in the T2F prediction model to achieve
better accuracy. (4) Legitimacy of the suggested model is prepared using
statistical analysis and multiple linear regression. (5) An autonomous system via
supervised fuzzy learning under dynamic electricity prices. (6) A robust T2FLC
model is developed to evaluate the instant updates of mine fire risk chances from
the UCM imprecise data. Many researchers have shown their interest to find the
appropriate locations of the sensors in a UCM. Xu et al. (2012) have proposed an
ecological monitoring and miner localization system for UCMs by using ZigBee
network. Wireless ZigBee technology was developed to overcome the limitation
of wire communication system in UCMs. Liu et al. (2010) have developed a
miner GPS system in the blind areas of underground coal mines using
hierarchical low-cost ZigBee network. Sensor nodes (SNs) were used at different
locations in underground mine tunnel to predict the exact position of the mine
personnel. Using ZigBee and GPS system, the position of mine personnel in
underground mine tunnel was calculated using the following steps: (a) gateway
correct the localization error due to underground tunnel interference (b)
determine the location of mine personnel in underground tunnel using ZigBee
nodes and send the location information to (c) compute the position of mine
personnel in 3D coordinate using Global Positioning System (GPS) system (d)
approximation the position of mine personnel in shade areas of underground coal
mine. In the present investigation, an IT2FLC has been developed to create
global and local decisions at the sink and sensor nodes rather than ground
observation center where temperature, and other various gases mentioned before
(like CO, CO2 etc.) have been taken as input variables in this T2FLS to
investigate the status of any UCM firing system. Mamdani T2FIS is considered
to simulate the proposed model with the help of MATLAB 7.0 fuzzy logic tool
box. As the expectation of the objective of this present investigation, the ultimate
results after simulation verified that the T2F based monitoring system reduces
the delay in decision making above the off-line system for monitoring UCM in
adverse environments.

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2.4 SUMMARY

The sensors used for demonstration of concept are general. The MQ-7 gas sensor
is more sensitive to carbon monoxide but can sense methane, butane, LPG,
hydrogen, smoke, etc. We found more heating of sensor if operated for long
time. The ZigBee communication is noise free. ZigBee and LPC2148 provide
low power platform. More advanced version of controller like Cortex-M3 can be
used for more speed of execution and extreme low power consumption. With use
of sophisticated sensors, the system can work with more accuracy in real time. It
can be modified in industrial monitoring as well.

CHAPTER 3

RESEARCH/SYSTEM DESIGN

In this chapter we provide motivation and contributions of this thesis and at the
end of the chapter, we present structure of the rest of the thesis.

3.1 RESEARCH /SYSTEM METHODOLOGY

A generic term which includes the identification and evaluation of environmental

factors that may affect workers’ health. It covers assessments of sanitary and
occupational hygiene conditions, factors in the organization of work that may
pose risks to the health of workers, collective and personal protective equipment
(PPE), exposure of workers to hazardous agents, and control systems designed to
eliminate and reduce them. From the standpoint of workers’ health, the
surveillance of the working environment may focus on, but not be limited to,
ergonomics, accident and disease prevention, occupational hygiene in the
workplace, work organization, and psychosocial factors in the workplace.

Welfare: Statutory procedure or social effort designed to promote the basic

physical and material well-being of people in need.

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Worker: Any person who performs work, either regularly or temporarily, for an
employer.

3.1.1 S OFTWARE REQUIREMENTS

Use of a particular type of product:

We are building a coal mine parameter safety monitoring system for the workers'
welfare that will give them a chunk of their welfare For this we are doing it with
different types of sensors. The coach will monitor the sensor temperature. The
coach will monitor the sensor guess. In all of this, we have to build a
communication system inside the coal mine, which is our task. That's what we've
done in this project. Whatever technology we have in this project, we will call it
technology.

Reuse of existing software components to implement various parts/features of

the system: GSM stands for germs per square meter.

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TILT SENSOR : A TILT SENSOR IS AN INSTRUMENT THAT IS USED FOR MEASURING

THE TILT IN MULTIPLE AXES OF A REFERENCE PLANE . TILT SENSORS MEASURE

THE TILTING POSITION WITH REFERENCE TO GRAVITY AND ARE USED IN

NUMEROUS APPLICATIONS . THEY ENABLE THE EASY DETECTION OF ORIENTATION

OR INCLINATION .

TEMPERATURE SENSOR A TEMPERATURE SENSOR IS AN ELECTRONIC DEVICE

THAT MEASURES THE TEMPERATURE OF ITS ENVIRONMENT AND CONVERTS THE

INPUT DATA INTO ELECTRONIC DATA TO RECORD , MONITOR , OR SIGNAL

TEMPERATURE CHANGES . ... N ON-CONTACT TEMPERATURE SENSORS ARE

USUALLY INFRARED (IR) SENSORS .

GAS SENSOR A GAS SENSOR IS A DEVICE WHICH DETECTS THE PRESENCE OR

CONCENTRATION OF GASES IN THE ATMOSPHERE . BASED ON THE CONCENTRATION

OF THE GAS THE SENSOR PRODUCES A CORRESPONDING POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE

BY CHANGING THE RESISTANCE OF THE MATERIAL INSIDE THE SENSOR , WHICH

CAN BE MEASURED AS OUTPUT VOLTAGE

3.1.2 HARDWARE REQUIREMENT

In the hardware interface the main system is connected with Arduino mega micro controller
and the micro controller communicate with sensor like temperature sensor, gas sensor,
humility sensor , earth quake sensor and the camera for face recognition is directly operate
from main work station .

3.1.3 S YSTEM CONSTRAINTS

In this coal main system saving the worker information so there is a limitation of data storage
in the file storage system the system can store the system can store max data as much as
system available storage for face reorganization the image processing is constraints with
camera quality to detect face.

3.1.4 E XTERNAL INTERFACE REQUIREMENTS

HARDWARE INTERFACES
In the hardware interface the main system is connected with Arduino mega micro controller
and the micro controller communicate with sensor like temperature sensor, gas sensor,
humility sensor , earth quake sensor and the camera for face recognition is directly operate
from main work station .

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SOFTWARE INTERFACES

i. By using open-cv- library in python 3 take input from camera.

ii. The main system connected Arduino with serial library.
iii. Thought Arduino IDE can connected sensor with micro controller.

COMMUNICATIONS INTERFACES

M ICRO CONTROLLER RECEIVE READING FROM DIFFERENT SENSOR AND TRANSMIT

THEM TO THE MAIN WORKSTATION .

3.2 F UNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS

FUNCTIONAL HIERARCHY

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CASES

3.2.2 A CTIVITY/FLOW CHART DIAGRAM

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3.3 NON-FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS

The coal reserves in Pakistan up to the depth of 1200 meters have been estimated
by the Geological Survey of Pakistan at 285.86 billion tones. The Pakistan
Ministry of Coal has its public sector undertakings. While Directorate General of
Mines Safety (DGMS) assist the Ministry in the technical aspects of
Occupational Safety & Health in mines .To look at the historical development of
the mining industry in India from the Colonial Times to Independence and today,
the comparative coal production is low. Production costs in Pakistan are 35 per
cent higher compared to Australia, Indonesia or South Africa, which is not due to
higher wages, but lower out-put productivity. Though Pakistan has abundant
natural resource and man power, the reasons for low production are many
including lack of modern technologies in mining industry .In 1996, 64 miners
drowned in Dhanbad because of flooding of mine. Officially around 800 workers
died in mining accidents in Dhanbad area in the two decades between 1980 and
1990s the unofficial number of deaths in the mines will be higher. So, Pakistan
has a major challenge of reducing fatalities and maintaining mine workers safety.

3.3.1 PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS

Robustness: Coal mine should be robust enough to deal with and environment changes
in coal and indicate through the sensors

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Quickness: when any reading alert from the sensors then the system is quick to
alert on a real time in the environment

Failure Handling: if any failures is occurs the system should response according to
the given situation in coal mine

Detection and Response time: TBD

3.3.2 S ECURITY REQUIREMENTS

Data security: Data security is important because there is a workers data store in
system it should be secure in enough to keep secure worker information.

Detection and Response: camera will be able to detect and respond to about
worker in a live senior.

3.4 SUMMARY

Coal mining plays very important role in most of the developing countries to
meet the energy demands. But the same time mining industry is facing many
problems which mainly include the mine worker’s safety. Especially the
underground mine environment is very complex. The emissions of toxic gases
like methane and carbon monoxide always occur in coal mine. The concentration
of these gases above safety threshold level creates risk about mine worker’s
health and life. Hence a continuous monitoring of such values is necessary. This
paper proposes a mine safety monitoring system based on ARM7 and ZigBee to
achieve the safety factors. The system collects different environmental
parameters from underground mine with the help of sensor node structure and
transmits that data for processing. If the environment is so harsh beyond working
condition, the alert messages can be informed to take control measures and keep
safety standards. The system achieves multiple advantages for monitoring,
controlling mine production, safety management along with low power
consumption platform.

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CHAPTER 4

CONCLUSION AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS

In this chapter we present ______ ______ ______________ ________ ________

__________ ___________ _____________ ___________ _____________ _____
__________ ___________ _____________ ___________ _____________ _____
__________ ___________ _____________ ___________ _____________ _____
__________ ___________ _____________ ___________ _____________ _____
__________ ___________ _____________ ___________ _____________ _____
__________ ___________ _____________ ___________ _____________ _____
__________ ___________ _____________ ___________ _____________ _____
________

6.1 CONCLUSION

The current advancements in the need base observing and correspondence of

underground mines condition in an exhaustive way is explained in this
paper. Security and well-being of workers and resources in mines are
essential undertakings today to keep up mining operation. A coordinated
framework is required to give all-round instrumentation to track the area,
to screen condition, air quality, ventilation framework, obstacles, water,
hazardous gases also as machine condition monitoring and parallel
improvement in the production of the coal mines.

6.2 F UTURE DIRECTIONS

More and more big data come from sensor nodes. Reference [10] proposed a
greenhouse gas sensor network located throughout California where it collects a
large number of real-time data about greenhouse gases and their behavior. The

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project [11] embedded about 200 sensor nodes on the bridge to monitor the state
of the bridge. This monitoring system collects a variety of data including
temperature and the pressure of the bridge’s concrete reaction to any change.
Sensor nodes can collect information in the natural disaster situation in order to
optimally utilize the resource and manage supply chains [12]. The challenges in
big data mainly include two categories: engineering and semantic [13]. The Jet
Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) has identified a number of major challenges in big
data [14]; it includes the energy problem especially for the sensor nodes because
there are more and more big data coming from sensor nodes in the future. As to
the problem of energy, data aggregation is an efficient method to decrease
energy consumption and prolong the lifetime of WSN [15]. To reduce the
amount of communication data in WSN, a lot of correlation-based data
aggregation methods have been proposed in [7, 16–24]. The traditional data
aggregation methods which are used in WSN mainly include two categories, the
first type is based on least square method, Bayesian estimation method, D-S
evidence theory, and so on; the other is based on artificial intelligence theory of
artificial neural network method, fuzzy reasoning method, and rough set method
[25]. Reference [26] introduced the data density correlation degree to decrease
the amount of data conveyed to sink node, so it can help save more energy.
However, most of the previous studies do not focus on the coal mine. Only a few
studies are about coal mining. References [3, 27–30] have studied the energy
consumption problem of the coal mine, but all of them did not consider the big
data technology and only use single-sink structure. Some novel algorithm is
proposed in [31, 32]: in [31] a model for underground mines is generated by
adopting a performance-based approach; in [32] a green MAC algorithm is
proposed for smart home sensor networks. These strategies effectively extend the
network lifetime and improve network performance. Reference [33] introduced
IOT and WSN in a mine and described the mine production, monitoring, and
prewarning system based on big data technology, but it did not explain how to
use sensor nodes and how to build the prewarning model. References [34–44]
designed an architecture of monitoring system based on WSN and discussed a
data aggregation strategy but did not consider using big data. Our paper focuses
on how to design the monitoring and prewarning system suitable for coal mine

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industry, how to use data aggregation strategy to decrease energy consumption,

and how to build a prewarning model to prevent the accident happening in
advance.

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REFRENCES
[1] Rong Yan. Design of Mine Safety Monitoring System Based on the Wireless
Network [D]. Ji’nan: Shandong University, 20017.
[2] Yu Hai-bin, Zeng Peng. Intelligent Wireless Sensor Network Systems [M].
Beijing: Science Press, 2006.
[3] Sun Li-min. Wireless Sensor Networks. Beijing: Tsinghua University Press, 2015.
[4] ILYAS M, MAHGOUB I. Handbook of Sensor Networks: Compack Wireless and
Wired Sensing Systems [M]. USA:CRCPress, 2015.
[5] Zhou Lan-jiang, Li Zheng-dong, Luo Yu-pin. Hardware Platform of Gas Density
Monitor System Based on Wireless Sensor Networ[J]. Chinese Journal of Sensors
and

Actuators.2007,11(20):2522-2525.

[6] The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.IEEE Std 802.15.4-
2003[S].

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