The gum of momeok of rotating body an ox's , the sum oF The moments O} the inertia Ueear ynementum of all the ie “fogs Meet of satatirg body os) about he axis of yotation to called angular momertium about the Ons. ie shows a woe body Poe about on ons re passing ‘erowgh © point ‘9’ det a pontide m ts \ qe by at a distonce of r’ ftom the ams of / rotation at Pp . Then thee rocar velocrt of tthe a mans will be Ver in a diretion perpeocvestar “to | — op worth Ww ca the oe ca ef ‘he body- “Then he Unear momentum *p’ of mon “wy ts ia be P=mv = mw) +O werw) The moment Of Linear momentum about the ots of votation = xp =¥ xX mus —> 6) ( psmrw) “the a momectum | (5 the Sum of momects of direay momentum ot al the particles of the bodys 5, Aken Le Smr Sw Sm [2 = Em 5 the moment » (le vp of inertia of body aboot b stv the axis of rotation } Thus “the ong yrementiny of ngta body About an axis ts° tte produce “of moment of irertia and the angular oct oh the Ce about te oni.ey of Angular menxilin: The Angular momedtum JL of the particle about © 45 defined as the vector produret ob Y and p Mere dev xp, The divecbon of) rs popeodeulan to the plane Comtaineng + ard p. The otal orgelec semen tum of the suplero about the ovigin 5 eyo = Op) asa) =I Riruiger The Jaw of conservation of wlor mementuyy states that Y} ro extevoal forque ack on a body rotting about o fixed point, the orqulerr yemrentium of the co Yemains conctant, Req: Rom eqn © The vote of no of ee merrestum 5 given at d Deg 4 Se - [ewer r % [sian +n Be] fax, U dt at ZS furor te xh 13 {y * x | ie 2 |e (vex) 40 xr] + ZY] mto+ wx] eee ew AL 2 Rierors = Ti * Text ea Uhere Text (S the Sum of evtunal Torque acting on the suptien. Se eqn @ shows that the rol of chores of total ony amementiuem of the stp tro of gstils obout ony 0 ts equal to ‘the external oope oxting on te ayftin TE Text © ; then Heo (ov [L=wastont) S in rotating mcion jin the absence of evleroal Torqpe acting ona eystem the angular momentum femains constant, NiUN Riso Motion i a Cenhal force fpeld O Coral forces A cenhal force 5 defined as a force which alvoays och 09 0 particle (on body towards (01) away, pon a freed potok and ushose ctlude dipends vpoo only on the distance ftom ‘the dived potat . This siwed pont ts known at “cenhe of the. poree e, > deb 0” be the cenlre for force, wshich ts Token as he origie of wordinate Syplero ee > Piso particle whose polar coordinates fio) one V0 >The cohal free on porticle “Pes exprened Eda Where F = cechal force Fox) = furetion ofthe distance ‘1 of the particle ftom the fixed point. and =F = unit vector along “the radius vedo ‘1’ of the particle with vespect to fixed pete. Exorn ples of cenbea\ Yorces: 1. Gravitational force of athaction. between tiao mamerte The. fie cueres fore exerkd of a gorticle other particle which 6 Stationary fo a0 ertial frome of reference vs a cenkal Jove. fe ag Gite a ie sgn ied cater ‘y We know that oF - Fin). 7 force is attractive ioe Se cea 3 ae fr © =~ Grom] a FON YarExample: the earth moves around the sun under a cola) Force wh ech ts oloarys directed towards the sun. & Eledostatic force between two charges: The elecbrostatic force exerid on a chavged particle by ancther , oe » charged porticle is central force. ie Usa Fas URE +e a4 we kro that F. Fir) \ f= ae te < = ro 5 W4> FO) Yar Exarople: the electron io hydeogee dlow moves under a cenhal force which &S alioays Airected towards the nucleus. 3. the dasic pice cocking on a om suspended fiom spring:- A gasticle tached to one end ot a. opting where dther end 5 statiocay fo an coevtial flame of reference &% ako on exarnple of ceria) force: Fenket whee %= The distance of the rons from sthe untelched position of the spring. ke Opting comtant. Maio feotins of Cenhal Grease Chuockerestis of cerhal forces: 1. the ae Jorn of central force #5 represented by F. fW).4 sere Ptar = Gandion of distance wt he ponte flow the fied pot. ond + © unit vector org wrodtuy vector + of the particle voilhvespeck ty that fixed point. © 2) Genhol force 5 a comervative force te," the soo done by the fore 65 Tmoving © particle how one point to another poiot + and tt ws independent o} the path fptlowed B) Under a Cenkol force, The torove acting on he particle fs always Ze10., cake 2 rx FOF le [Piss Fon] = wex F(T : = 1 Fly [4x4] {Eo} ) Under a. antral force, the ong Comenved. 6) Unies a cerhal force, the areal velocity of the poticle semains comtant. : 6)a) the cenhal force is athocbve when F(x)20 , Cc, negative. b) The cental joe {5 vepulcve — vabeo 0) sopaen te nlay mernestam Of the pocibiclelivempeting x Conservative Noture of Central force: Grxervative fortes Tf the voork dove by a cenlval force to moving a partite om one point +p arother port Aapends, only on the fortial and Seal positions of the particle ond ts ‘odigeodeot of tte path Jollowed by ck othe éuch a. pee {Stalled “comervattue spree.” To prove that cent dpre 1 a comervative pre <> Gnitdey a tivo point “WN & 'B’ connected Pi hoo axbikary path 1 ond Q.S > kek oa porticle moves, hom point A to point & along any path urder : é a central pre which 6 divected x way, ftom a poirt ‘oe’. ; 3 AK Takeng 0’ gs “he centre draw doo & eA a7) anes of Yadit Sx’ and “vidy? spectively. These axe «hoon by dettid Woes 4 the. hye > Thee ava eb the circles cut the path tond & at P. P' and 8,9) vespectivel > Potb-1 = ApP'R & fath-2 = Aga'g > et dr, ond dry be the displacements of the Porticle between the aves olen, fath-1_ ond path-a vopetively. > det fy and F be the eendal forces Fi and Fy ave capa! he ave cea ot the same distane ftom ‘0’, * Tf 6) be the orgle belween F, & de, and ©) be the argle between Fy ard dry. <7 Then the projections of velor dr, and dry ep hi dr, Gs0, and dr, so, em ty dry @s0, = dr= dry (oso, & A tot be So dr, Gos6, = dy, (10, Fi dy, (080, = Fy dry ColOy Fidy = iets edn this, way we tan obtapath Beqroent taken along path -1 and path -3. So, to uae 3 2 fear = i eae he aa path -3 path -i1 Sth toorkdone by the forces along the Tis paths ¢ equal. wy (path - 3) : lal (path ii) in thi ueny, the torkdone by a ceohal force acting 00 2 prticle moving. hor post A to point B #5 fedependeok of ath - tence , the eenhal force is comerved. X Fquahion of motion under a central force + (Motion of 0 body uoder the force dependent on oo When a body wove, under the action of a cenhal fore sThe force ts radial and ts al wsays towards a fixed powt- > Th case of eokal fprce . there {5 no force acting ona po perpercicar tov, te, hanverse attelration (5 Fer, Aceelerabion (a) = Oy+a, Unter the eentral poe a= ay and a4 <0 & Where Oy = oe (Sy 30 ~ yy ay [0 88] oe aucelevation ef the portide dt i Oy = Transverse Componest: a d - » + a [v ae ee acceleration of the particle vB Constant (h) eas) a dEdoh at rr het us take standard notation us ‘ly 4% Yecipoeal wadius vector a s ae | 1)he a 5 (apy S iyivie chek hy aoa do” Y (4) [ ae 7 2 Shula Shy de ya bapa etal Che aes) ieee ate ee be wrios ana { : u] Foxe acting on the particle. = Maw x Accelerotion be ~mx [hw cate -hu3| do* Here negobive San tedicates that force is attach've. Es [mera + re] m:F hur we, + htud = F/m © P whac Flm =P, ‘P15 “the fore per unit man hur PY 4 prud - . do sae! P Wu? [e+e] =P ES wv] > Phew| +O This 5 the differential eqpation of the ovbit ofa porticle Mexiog under an abthacbive central fore Pf ger unit mars.® tuples hows: Yivet law: This law is known as the “law of elliptical orbrk”, This law qe the “shape of the orbit of o planet round them, oun”. decordiog to this law,’ The path of a planet *5 an elliptical otbtt around the sun, with sun at gne of th ypu’. pttlaw: his law 1s Keown on “he “law ofp Areas”. This lau que “the velakiondip between the orbitol speed of the plonet and ib distance fern The sun" Rcording to this law , "the nadius vector ,drawn fiom the sun tb a planet , sweeps out equal areos io equal time te, th evel wdlorrly % -tonstant ”. 374 lows This law «5S known of “Hay menic_law”. Thies ives a. relabion- ship bekweer the “size of the orbit of 0 plane: ard th times Of revolution", Acterding, to this daw “he sqrave of éme period of the planet round tte su i proportional to the cube oh the seme ahs ons of th mbit”. CP reductioo of; Kepler 4a low: > Gmider 0 planet ofy rman ‘mt ts vol “14? io on mbit of vadivs cy = fuordiog to Newton: low of Fd Ae fpre | beeen the 5 F- AMM god ts direcdid tows a2 4 + A The atulevation oh ‘the plooek toward, the 4 ating round ‘the Sun of Mars atraction * iyTo polar coordinates the yadtal accelwation fs giver by @ ae eae OS db * (22 —-@6 @®:0 a dl dis = [gh] pu? We know “hat trawtverse acceleration &5 7270 + & [v3] -0 & oboe b +4] he know , that the pol equation of central force ee ue Phy -~@ RON rm vs = Eqn @ > ou = Hur hu aU Tue fete do? G2) gat s(u-"h) =0 -@ dp” th eis een gol de do > au ar “de” e atgr @©@ > PX 44-0 — de” ¢ the solution of the above eqpation Gan be woritlen a4 a= utp» = A Gs (0-2) fithere A ore 4 ‘ ; Constants |GT a a u~/h?> ~ A los (0-9) Us B/E + As (0-9) 4+ = M/b + A Gos (0-2) Aloe w/b? fa + A (5 (0- 2] be tie it Au bh &s (0-B) io = —_—_—_—_—_——_—. we 7 the equation of conic section tg polar Coordinate fs ee by Gay a SAO cee 34 @ fom O« @ we qt eeeen beret te) - Pbijs Je Serofdatur vedum = Mj Ib e241, the path is ellipse. tk elem path is. - parabola Ip cr)» the path is haperbola. The volue of *e? con be obtained by cakalating the om Of tte lorcet the loth. he Hola) energy of the plore con be cakulatd o qpllas The HSS of the planet in the orbit to poby ceovdinate, Ve ee pe omen US BE)" pg etir (Se a ar Nee edo 2 (aaceardl if ae 1 (vie QD e) aBm | $5) (t,)’ + $0 BE By 7 ao [he (8)"4 ty] ” | (5) + be] nas + A 50-2) a - —A bin (8-2) ae eh en a Cn du (oe aaras Soo We aces (sy u) [m CABO -4)) + hr (yr +P co(0-#))} g mo [HP A 6irt (0-8) + be [Cn 0? s* (0-0) + aj A Os (0-6)| = tw? [ A? Sir (O-B)+ My 4 A? Cos?(6-B) + \ ke = 3 Pltatial en SHA Gs (0-9) moh? | »>[sKe-+ (os? (6-B)] + PHY + anh Gs (0-8) ae i GM : ar od mb | p?+ W/ py eae Os (0-9) =3@ ei of the flanet to gobr coordinate ts Gren oy [- “The workdone a 0. planet foro distance ‘Y© SES Bee PE =

[2 he mh Pat SEs ha mh> Bscnee ae he yes eee nh L yon © gate = Pe gee socal hes ee ue roe oe ‘| h27 eae eed > [ prom ® Th e <) @ B det the planet roves horn ~bp i dk See. Now aren Swept: by the vadius Nector (line ‘a pboek to sun) fo Yime dk & i dn= do [rhea of bianyle = 3 xbas x hut} Preol velocity , es os me) dp hh i «38h - Constant | sa + 2 Comtant This shows thot area) Sea of te plooet ts constant « Ths ‘s Kepler's ard low. : Veplenls “hied use the tine pero of revolution fo. gta by oreo Swept fo One Yevo lution ae ‘oneal aa Ulhere Tab = oreo. of he elipse with ond ‘5 at Aemt-mejat ond Aer - Tin ans, We knous that semi Jolin rectum W) = WA te knoe hal Al = ea oe be ahi eee ho caoen> eae [a h 61 ota _ _akatorb by Ha feeb Sopasivg, ao both Sides is (anofa)” ig SuNoler® We)? eae y F a Ake qu “Thus The square of the period oF revolution of a planet sound the sun t% proportional tp the cube of Sem( — maj axis, this ¢S keplev's third laws.