the support movement due to different loading arrangement iv emo ‘0 determine the effects on in three hinged arch, Theory Three hinged arch is a determinate structure whereas two hinged and fixed arches are indeterminate structures. In lab we study three hinged parabolic arch. The equation of parabolic arch is given by y=4hx (L-x)/L?, where, (x, y) is any point on the arch. And the value of horizontal thrust can be found by using the equations of static equilibrium. . Apparatus Required * Model of three hinged arch. ¢ Weights: weights required to apply loads at support and different point of the arch © Measurement scaleExperiment No. 2 Deflection of Beam A. Objective: ‘Measurement of vertical deflection in the case of simply supported beam under the given loading arrangement and verification of result by: * Virtual work method * Moment area method © Conjugate beam method © — Macaulay’s method B. Theory: Whenever a beam is loaded, it deflects from its initial position. The deflection disappears when the load is removed, provided that the clastic limit of the material is not crossed. Deflection in structures is also caused by various reasons such as change in temperature, lack of fit of members, creep, settlement of supports etc. Different methods for computing deflection of beam theoretically are:- * Virtual Work method * Moment Area method * Conjugate Beam method © Macaulay’s method C. Apparatus Required: 1. Model of simply supported beam : 2. Dial gauge: - Instrument to measure deflection. 3. Weights: - Weights required for applying loads.‘Least count of dial gauge ~ ‘Length of beam, L = ‘Young's Moduilus of elasticity, E = 2*10°KN/m Depth of beam section, d = ‘Width of beam section, b = (i) Measurement of Vertical Deflection at Ri SN. | Load at P Load at Q Deflection Re ding at R E. Theoretical Calculations: ‘Compute the deflection theoretically at the point of concern along the beam axis usi ‘ified four theoretical methods. Individual calculation for each method is necessary. ‘Theoretical methods | Theoretical | Experimental Deflection S.N.To determine the maximum tension inthe cable. 1 Theory ‘Cables are the main members of the suspension bridge carrying load of the whole bridge. ‘They are one-dimensional structures. Cables are suspended between supports to carry vertical loads. Since cables are exible, they cannot resist bending moments and ‘compressive forces. As the load is applied, the cable changes its position and the load is carried through the axial tension. ‘The tension in the cable at any section is obtained as: T=(V?+H")!?_ Where, V = Vertical force at the section, H = Horizontal force at the section. C. Apparatus Required Pulley suspension Cable suspenders Anchorage Tower «Supporting towers © Cables © Anchor cable * Suspenders WeightsTension in cable 2 Total tensionent of displacement in statically determinate frame under the given loading ment and verification of result by: Virtual work method Whenever a statically determinate fame is loaded, it is deflected from its initial position. The displacement disappears when the load is removed, provided that the elastic limit of the material is not crossed. Displacement in structure is also caused by various reasons ‘such as change in temperature, lack of fit of members, creep, settlement of supports etc. Virtual work method can be used to determine the deflections theoretically. C. Apparatus Required 1. Model of statically determinate frames. 2. Dial gauge: Instrument (o measure deflection. 3. Weights: Weights required to apply load. ~— 13 13 3 ADisplacement reading at B Remarks | Compute the deflection theoretically at the point of concern alon; above specified four theoretical methods. Individual calculation i=) g the beam axis using | n for each method is Theoretical displacement Experimental displacement Remarks