P.H.H. Vries, dHtav to xapBovvo Kat ot anoxies npaypatixa Kpioying onpaciac; 0 KéveO Hopepavet xa n MeyaAn AndxAton», Journal of Modern History, top. 12, 1X. 2, BGtvmwpo 2001, 6. 407-446." To épyo tov Kéved Iopepavrt [Kenneth Pomeranz] H MeyéAn AndxAioy: Kiva, Eupory Kai Kataoxeve to Ebyxpovns Maykdopiac Orovopiac evar eva onpavtiKd Kat ekauperixo BiBhio. Onoadi\rote piri Mapadeiyer va to avagépet Ba iftaV [ta KaKi Kprtuxt}. Enopévg ac apxiow toviCovtas aqeoa thy nowdtHTa tov. To nepiEvape ya TORY KaUpS KaL TPOTOD Tapet THY TEALKH TO Hopgrh eixe HON yivet To eniKeVTpO [LAG Stevpopevnc ovbsrmons. Ot mpoodoxies fray MOAY peyec Kat ot avayvidotes dev Ba anoyontevovv. O Kéved Mopepavet, xabnyntiig totopiag oto Mavemorhuo m6 Kalupopviac oto TpBatv [Irvine], Kar ovyypagéag evdc axdpn BiBhiov nov exer SeyGei TohAobc enaivous, H Karaoxevy} was Evdoxdpac: Kpéroc, Korvwvia ka Orkovouia orgy Eow Bépetat Kiva, 1853-1937 (Mrépxhed, 1993, The Making of a Hinterland: State, Society, and Economy in Inland North China, 1853-1937), yet ypayet Eva BiBXio n avayvwon tov onoiov 6a Kataatei vmoxpewtud. Onwg tiHerat ato Keiplevo tov eadguAAov, To BiBhio aoyoheirar we Eva KhactKd toropiKe Girnpa: Tari n Statmphown Plounxavect, avartven Apyise orn Bopeodvruct Evpdorn napa ti exnnktixés opotrytes petakd mponypevev neptoxdv tg Evpdrng kat tg Avatoduc¢ Aoiac; Meta tov Nréiivt Advtl [David Landes], tov Avtpé Tobvtep pave [Andre Gunder Frank] kat tov Pov Mmtv Bovyk [Roy Bin Wong] yia va avagépw Tove mo yrwotovs pelet|TES Nov Mpdggata KatamMdotHKAV HE aVTd To Gimmua, topa éXovpe Kar tm wer tov Mopepavet, Y avery mm BiMtoKperix, Ga ovyxpivo pe diapopec agopyies Ta evphyata Kat TI mpodeyyioerc Tous pe TIG diKéG TOD. Avagépopat eniong eidtxa omy mpooéyyta} tov St6tt n onpacia tov BiBAiov avtod Sev Bpioxerat ovo oto Bépa Tov Kat ota evphuatd Tov ada enion¢ Kat TOV ovyKEKpILEVO TpOrO pe Tov onoi0 0 ovyypapéac ovyKpotel ta emyeIphwaTd Tov. Yroyrdtouat 611 6hor Ba cvpgeviiaere ttn dvodo¢ tA¢ Adons unopei va avavdei IKAVOTONNTIKG HOVO LESW THG OVOTHHATLKIS ddyKpLoNG THE Avong HE «tic UMdAOLTEG Teploxég» TOV Kdopou. Evid ot neptoadrepot avyypageic pOvO entpaveraKd apooudvovtat ae avtd to wWeedec, n TpocEyyion to Méopepavet eiva npayparied ovoTnpariKa ovyxpirixy. Ze avrd éxet éva peydAo mheovextmpa oe oxéon He TOMoss ovvadéhpovs ov. Oxt Hovo exer eEaupertKés Kat and mpidto yEpt yvdoes yta THY oLKoVOLUKA LoTopia TwV vTohoinw», eudika THs Kivac, ahha eniong Eyer Katagéper va yiver Kahoc yvdorng AIG mpoTgaTHS PiBMoypagiac yla THY OLKOVOLLKA toTopia tHE MpdYNS obyxpovns Evpdmme. Ev ovvropia, eivat evnpepwpévos yia dheg tig meptoxés tig omoieg BEAeL va ovyxpivet Kat ed eivat avarykaio pépvet to 51x6 Tov vEo ELMEIpIKO VAIKO. Ynapyet éva oxdhto yea thy ovyKpttUK tov npodéyytan nov Ba npoTIovsa va To Béow evd¥¢ apéowc. Aev pov eivat evtehdg KaBapé Tt axpiBidc ovyKpivet te TL. O tithos eivat apkerd eneEnynpatixdc, To BiBhioeivar yia thy Evpdr kau thy Kiva. AtaBatoveac, 1D. H.H, Vries, «Are Coal and Colonies Really Crucial? Kenneth Pomeranz and the Great Divergence”, Journal of World History, vol, 12, no 2, Fall 2001, pp. 407-446.1» soon xo owe ane 0 Ki liu 9 Anil 2 wordo0, t0 Keiuevo gaiverar Ou n «Evpdrmp, anotedei ua ovvtopevon ts «Bopevodvrixiig Evpiomng».’ Ero pnopei va avayiéver kaveic 6x1 0 ovyypagéac Ba eowidoet THY Rpodoy!h TOV oe pa odyKpLan HeTAkH ms Kivac Kau avtOd tov Tpr\pLaTo¢ Tov Tahatod Kéopov. Mpaypant, ovyvd to Kdvet. AAA Hoy and THY apy! TOV BiBhiov tov toviter enianc to yeyovds O11 o€ KAGE nepirtwan [ExpI Repinov to 1850, Frtav Lovo n Bpetavia ov eixe exProunyaviorel Kat 6xty Evpdmn. Hapdha avta xpnapororei avxvd tovs 6poug «Bpetavia» Kau «Evparm> ws apoiBaia evadhakyiove, yeyovds nov dev pac enepéner navta va kexaBapicovpe eav avté nov Méyerat yia tm Bpetavia epappoterat enions ya THY vndhoimm Bopeloduruxi Evpdmn fh axoun ya ohdxAnpn ty Evpdnn Kar to avtiotpopo. Ga emorpéyw oe avtd to UirHpa ms HovadiKdmHTaG TH¢ Bpetaviag, nov vara éxet nohd evpeieg emraaeic yla TY GUvOXH TeV enyeIpnaTov tov Hlopepavrt Ze oxéon pe TY AoratiK Mevpa mG adyKpLONG n eotiaon iver npdyyatt ony Kiva, adda dev eivar névra KaBaps edv ta oXOhté tov avapépovtat otHY Kiva wos abvoRO H aE repipépetes mopivec, e18iKd THY neployty tov Karw A€Ata tov notapod vavyxti [Yangzi]. Ot exdpopés tov otny totopia me Ivbiag Kat tH¢ Ianwviag napasbpovv ovxva Tov cvyypagéa va ypdqet cay va ouvexpive ty Evpiorn pe THY Aoia, [...] © Hopepavrd npoonadel va evowparoaer «eowrepiKéor Kat «ekwrepiKtor eknyfoeig 0 évaxvpiapyo e&nyntixd oytua. H npookyytoh tov eivau nod mo «eEwyeviigr and exeivn tov Bovyk [Wong], nov eotiiler Kopi, Kat vopitw orny nepintwor tov award, onic eowtepiKéc ekehikerc, Aiver neplaadrepy npodoy} a¢ ovvdéoeic oTIG oToieG 0 Advrt oxe56v dev avapépetar KaBddov. O Advet oto magnum opus tov teivet oxedsv ekoloKAfpov va napauehet to pdlo «wy vmohoinwv» atHY avo tH¢ Adons. O Tlopepavrt Bewped xpiayio to péXo nov énaige n nepipépera rnc Evpionng, xapic, wotdao, anid va xdvet to ei50¢ exeivo ts avéhvang nov eivat tuntKd yla THY OXOht TH¢ aKEYNS ov Kiveitat pe Bdon THY avéhvon evdg «rayKdqBiov GvaTHBATOG. Avayvepiter 611 oF eowtepikoi mapdyovtes otig Sud@opes nepipépete mov ovyxpivovtar ovxva Hiab papativovy 10 61Kd tovg avtdvopio pdXo. H Kovhtospa nov abppwva pe tov Adve sivat o napayovrac nov Kévet Shy tH Siapopa, éxet repwHwapLaKi} Bon oto Epyo tov. AUTO Sev onpaiver Str o Mdpepaved eivar vag yewypagikos veetepuvioric. Iv avtov 1 orkohoyia eivar éva Gna Tov ekaptétat and THY Lotopia, Le avtd n npooéyyio} tov Suagéper FexdBapa and exeivy tov Adves, nov enions ov{nta thy o1KoAoyia arn odyKPLON Tov Kavet petakd Evpdns Kat «wv vrohoinwv», eolalovrag wota0 ato KRiqia Kat otny aobéveia—napayovrec nov dev eppaviCoveat ato iBhio tov Hlopepayrt- aAAd toug avrperonifer wg SopiKods napdyovte, nov and tHY apy Exovv OAD apyntuxéc enintagelg oTHY orKovoRUK avérervgy Kal EEA TIC «AvaTOAAO evd oovTOHA apyiCovy va anotehovy meovexnipata yla tm «Avon». And tovg tpEig ovyypageis ta BiBNia twv onoiwy ovyKpivovrar, o Hopepavet and avtHy THY drown Epxerat eyydrepa atov pave, nov neplypaget to épyo Tov we ja npoonaBeIa yla ja «(nayKoowia) ouKovouuer, SnHoypaguri} e&thynon».1» soon xo owe ane 0 Ki liu 9 Anil 3 Tia va avaxepalaudow, n nodveninedn npootyyton tov Hldpepaved Kat o1 evpeies epireipinés kau BewpytiKés yrddoeic tov éxovv wae anoréAeopa ja O£on nov ivar oBEvapH, ov éxet vonpia, eivat npoxAntixt} Kat propel va ov{nmmPet Kat va SoKysaotei. To yeyovdc 611 bev exw evtehdg netorei and avtiy Sev npénel va npoKadel éxnAngq, Tota epnveia ¥} eSfynan ae Eva t00 nepimAoKo mpoBAnya ener not duu propel va eivat téAeta; ENA KOEZMOX ME EKIIAHKTIKEE OMOIOTHTEE Acy vndpxet appifohia dt tov 19 aubva vmfpXe ta peyahn orkovopKA, andotaon uetakd Adiag Kat Evpdonng, n onoia ekaxohovdei va undpyet. To va npoteiver kaveic tt 1 Aoia exer prdoer thy Evpdonn, éror Gate to npABAnHa HG andkAtans Exel mEplopiotei «ae va amhé oriypa and 6,11 Atav nadSrEpa, Kat o KdaHO< Exet Eavd wos eniKEVTpO THY Aoi» eivar avonsies, 01 Kivétor aypores 8a évwoBay éxnAnén edv dkovyay St éxovv yivet 1690 mMosawor 600 ot aypores tH¢ Evpinns, ta to ndtE aKpiPidg oF oUKOVOHIKE opeiec tH¢ Avtuxiig Evpdnng kat tg Aging Apxtoav va anoxXivovy, Kat mag aKpIBid¢ avtd avvéBn, ot yvapec eEaxohovdosv vacivat Evtova bixaopeves, Ocpedtaxt} yla my Boy tov Hlopepavet eivar n nenoiGnan StL tov 18° atdva Evpaomn Kat y Avia irav axdpn, and orxovopxiig aroyns, «évac Koopos je exMAnKTIKE opoidrnred». Pia tov audva avr, ya tov onoio napovorater ta neproadtepa SeSopéva, Sev popei va per onnaveixés Stapopéc weTakd tov novrov mms Evpdorng Kat tc Agia. vara dev pnopei va vnoomnpiéer avtdy tov ioxLpIOL pow Sedopéveov yia to KaBaps Katd Kepadiy AEII tov nepioxdv avtav. Kavelc dev umcopei, Lenpiter ta emyerpryara tov ae «amhéc evdelkeir: ovyxpivovtac, Katapyiiy, To nposddKyo Gor}g Kar ta Katavahorika npéruna, Avté dev tov divovv Kanow Adyo va oKEpAE! O11 OL KATOLKOL avi mo mponypéves nepioxéc THs Evpeonng eixav peyaddtepy kat kadstepn Goi an6 tous abyxpovoss tov atic mo mponypeves neptoxéc rms Aalac, Le wuxpéc Aemtopéperec poet Kérro10g va Exel oplopeves appiBonies yla ta SedouEva Kau TY eppveia tovs, aAAG n Kipta ypayyn tg entxeipnpaTodoylag Tov eivau nELoTIKH. Tia va MeplopiotoouE o™Y Kiva: ya péva o Topepaved éxet karadelter Sti 1 xOpa avtH, TOVAyLoTOY ta m0 mponypéva uépn tg, e18tKd oto AéAta tov Kétw Ptavyxti, eixe éva Brottkd eninedo nov Sev Fray onpavixd yaunddtepo and exetvo tyg AvtiKi}g Evpdrmns. Avrog pope’ va sivat o ASyos ya tov onoio n Bon avtH Sev sive mAgov avtikeipevo avtinapaGeons énwg ot0 napeAOov. 0 Tlopepavtt Bpiakerat ae ovpgwvia we éva peyado pos tH¢ mpoaparyg Epevvac 6x1 Ldvo omHY Kiva, aXXé eniong omy Ivbia Kat otny Tanwvia. Oxt Lovo Snupévor avtrevpwxevtpiotés dws 0 Ppavk, ahd eniong evpuxevtpiorés dmg 0 Mrdipox [Bairoch], 0 Mnpovié [Braudel], 0 O’Mnpaiav [O’Brien] kat akopn Kat o Advet, etvat npoBopiot va rapadeyBosy 611 wexpt tov 18° audva, Kat MOAAOl e16iKoi Oa URooTHpILaY Ott WEXPL TIC apXéc Tov 19” audva, mpxe éva ido TayKdoptag ovKovopuKrg woTpiag peTAES tw mo MponypEvev meploxdv tc1» soon xo owe ane 0 Ki liu 9 Anil 4 naykoopias o1Kovopiag, AUTO nov kexwpiler tov Hopepavet eivar drt napovorater nohd ovykexpipéva epmerpixd de5opéva, véa kat nadtd, yta va ommpiket th BEon TOV. 0 Topepavrt etvar evfpepos drt évac KprtiKds propel va anavtijoet Sut weTpovtas uepikés HetaBAntéc oe jua ovyKeKpIEVN XpovURH oTLYBH TOV 18" aubva avté dev vnoberkvbet nod yla tic tadEtc, Aetyvovtac dzty BopeLodutiKr Evpimn Sev fray nod, ay byt KaBSAov, mhovorsrepy and THY Kiva Kata Ty bidpKela tov 18" aidva dev anptaiver dn ovkovoptia tg Hrav dmwe tHE Kiva. Tows 1 xevéluny orKovopia etxe H6n eavthijoet thy Svvapxi tH¢ ya va yivet 1400 Movota 400 tay Tov 18° a1dva, evo y Bpetavixt orxovopia eixe aKdun Kod xdpo yia ehrypods, AvtH n EmxeIpnpiatohoyia Exer yiver Wold SuopiAis Hetakd twv «Evpaxevepiotdv». Kaveic ooBapds etSxdc Sevpnopei mAov va apynBel Ox1 ae obykpion, yia napdderypa, He TY Kiva ty nepiodo Zovyx [Avvaoteia Song, 960j.x.-1279 4.x, 1 mpayN odyxpovn Evpwmn eixe apKerd aKoun Spdpo va Siavdaer. Exar n Kupiapyia the Avon éxer efnyMBel Sho Kat MepIaGdtEpO [Le avagopéc otic Sopuéc Srapopéc petakd ms «Abane Kat «wv vTOhoInW», oLoToigc hiyo MOND npoxaddpisay ty Adon Gate va yivet tH KATAAAMAH oTtyLA | avetepA epipépeta ms MayKOopas o1KoVopias, H Agia propel va fray mo npoaTd ya KATO10 SdoTHHa AAG y Evpary amog Fray mo Svat Kar npoodevtixt Kat ovvenddg Hrav npoopiopévn va xepbiget tov aydva. H rheoyngia twv ovyypagéwy nov Eypayav npoapata ya to Bea avts voompiovy aKoun Kamo. eKBoxH avTHC THs éroyNS. KAAZIKEE ESHIHEEIZ PA MIA MH YITAPKTH AIA®OPA 0 Topepavet napovardter ev avvtopia tic Kopies Siapopés perakd tH¢ Adans Kat tH Aoiag nov névrore napovord{ovrar omy BiP\toypagia dxov vroompiterat avr n dnoyn. Sopmepaiver dtu Sev propel va per Kéro1 onpaveiKd H ovotnpanKe meovextipara yia ty Avon o¢ oxéon He THY aypotuRH orKovoplia, Tic wEtaPOpEG, TO LorKd KepdAato, thy texvohoyia, ty avasrtvk plac ayopaiag orKovopliag, ty cvacdpevan fh Ty otkoRoyia. Aev BRéret Kérro1a onpadia nov va vNOS|AOVoLY Sut npLV TOV 18° atdva n Evparm ae oxéon pe aura eie Kéno1a onpavtiké Kau ovoTHPaTIKa TheoveKTipata évavts rg Aviac, AxOpn Kat Héxpt TOV 18° audva mupaveRsg nEptoxéc tHe Kivac (Kat tH Ivbiac) and nodAéc andyers fav mo mponyéves and TAY BopelodutiKi Evpdrn. AUTO qvorxd Sev onpiaiver dri o Topepaved evvosi oxi Sev ummpxav Oepehtaxés Sragopéc perakd TWY OLKOVOLLDY Kal TwY KoIVOWIaY tHg «Evpdrng» Kat tHE «Agiag». ALTO mov HEE va ret eivat ott o& oxéon He To ovyKeKpIRévo LArnpA, aves oF Stagopéc rav Todd uukpdrepes and 6,11 ovjvd mpoteiverat Kat Sev UROSeIKVBODY fla GVORIKH evpeoTaK vrepoxi. O Topepavrd npayyar deiyver eoxa dts kaveig wropikos Sev pnopei va vnootnpiter Out n Evpdir povo Pproxdray ora npdBvpa ty¢ o1KovouuKi}s avanrvtng, eve 1 Avarol fray to Bacidsto Ts oTaapOrnrac Kal TC Rapaxpis, Ta evpipaTa ths axohAs ts Kadipdpviac doov apopa my totopia ts Kivac dev napovadotnKay note AAdote mo mepieKtiKd Kal neioriKd. Zavd, vopilw dtr to KbpIo via mS1» soon xo owe ane 0 Ki liu 9 Anil 5 emryeipnwatohoyiacg tov eivar award, av Kat Ba HPODY Mo EMLpUAAKTIKG He KATEOLOUG EM Epovg taxvpiapods tov. Ac apxiooupe pe THY obyx pion petakd rns yewpyiag orm Bopetodurixi Evpionn kat omy Kiva. 0 Topepavrt enaverhnupéva nporeiver oxi n yewpyia tg «Evpdorng» irav mo kadvorepnpévn and th yewpyia tm¢ «Aotagr. Lmpiter eva peyddo pépog tov emtyetphyuatdc tov oto yeyovds 611 n Evpdonn Sev xpnoonowsae evtatixd Tm yy KaL Ott ot anoddaerg avd kp Hrav ovyKprtiKd xapmdorepec, KadAtepyddveac pot n yewpyia ts Aciag Hrav moh) peyadérepns Evtaong yn Kat epyaciag evd ta apdevtiKd THs avothpata dev eixav opoid rove any Evpdorn, Ané my aAAn peptd, ev yévet n Evpeonai yewpyia ampav tay mo evrarexi orn xphon Cowy, Kat iowe, enions KaMWG mo evtaTiKty o7H xpian tov KepaAaiov, eve hrav rydtepo evtatiKt otH xpran tH¢ Epyaoiac, Pia va grtddovpe ce éva cupnépacua nov Oa Pydter vonua npénet va cvUGWVAGOUHE TL, TF cubiirnon nov Kavoupe, éxet onpiaoia, Pia péva n andvrnon ba fray ndo0 Mhoéto to cbornua Snwovpyei. Tote avtd nov petpa eivar, apytKd, 1 MapaywytKdtta t¢ epyaoiag, Kat, o& prxpdtepy éKtaoN, 1 ODVOMIKA NapaywyIKOTTA TwV RapaydvtwY TH¢ Tapaywyiig Tev vn obyKpION ovaTHUATwV. OL AvOpwnoL napayouv ya va Katavahdaovv Kat doo vynddtepn eivar_n napaywyiKdtnta tHe epyadiag td90 peyadorepn eivar kat Kata Kepadiy Katavihwon. And avtiy THY éxoyn dev eivat TOD HragwtiotiKd to va nobpe Sut n evpwnaixi yewpyia frav Kans KabvatepnyEvy. Orav npoxertar va épOovpe otoug andhuta GeyehtaKods topeig KdbE npoBLopNxaveRti¢ orxovopiag 6a 0eha va bw nepioodtepec ovykpiceis te Kata KEpahiy napaywyiis. EMV Ayyhia in a6 ty apy tov 18" audva éva nogoatd nepinon 45 to1c eKard ts epyaciag anagyohobvrav exrdg Hs yewpyiac. Pia ty Kiva avvohixé to nogoats avté Ga trav onwadijnote XannAdtepo. Tiati avt6 va to anoKahéaoupe «anoruxian te Bpetaveriig yewpyiag Eire nore dev xpeidatnKe va napet to Spouo te évtaang epyaciag, cite note Sev 10 BéAnoE, n evpwnaixs yewpyia ovvéxiae va eivar Mohd trydrepo Evraans epyaciag and exeivn tg Aaiag, we eaipeon my Tanwvia. Etdixd doov agopé ty Katdoraon om Bpetavia vopiw dtr o Topepavet vroBabpiter nod to yeyovds Ott Ain Tov 17 audva eixe td0a MOAAA Léa, raitepa dhoya Kat Bédta, nov Ba ynopodsay va xpnayonomBovy omy yewpyia, ov1c Hetapopéc Kat OTH Blopnxavia, To 1695, yia napaserypa, yia én nepinov exatoppipia Bpetavosc umipyav 1,2 ex. hoya. H dévayn avtay tov addywv Ba Frav ion, ue Bdon THY avahoyia nov ba xpnaponoobae Kaveig, pe exeivn 1 wg SddeKa exatouLpiov evAAiKwV avdpav. Tipoxertar pvorkd yia pla MOA mpdxeIpn extiNON, 1 onoia evéxer aBeBaLrNTES Kat ayvoei, yia napdberypa v1 nOAAA dLoya ypnoonoLoivtay yia StaoKESaon. AAAG aKOHN kat tore, éva terol Medvacpa Shvaunc Ba énpene va diver ory Bpetavia Kdno1o macovéxtnua évavts tH¢ Kivag nov aha dev eixe tinote nov Ba pnopovoe va Aettoupyiaet we vnoKardorato. To Katd Kepadiy evepyetakd andBepa ts Bpetaviag - 0 onoio nposégepay ta dhoya, 0 avelios, to vEpS Kat tO KapBovvo- npéneL, HON OTIC apxés te abyxpovnc nepiddov va vmipke onpaveiKd vyMAdtEpo and exeivo Hs Kivac.1» soon xo owe ane 0 Ki liu 9 Anil 6 Ooov apopa ric petapopés, Sev Bhémw, Smug Kat o Hldpepaves, Kémo10 Aéyo yar 1 Kiva 8a Bpioxdtay ae petovextixty Aéan oe obyKpion pe tH Bopetodvtuxt} Evpdorn kara tH dtdpKeia Tov peyaddtepov pEpoug THC APoBIOLNXAVIKi|G TepIddoD, Wiaitepa doov agopa Tic petagopéc oto eowrepiKd Kal THY NapaKtIa vavainota, OL eowreprKés uetapopéc ony Kiva pe to mvKvd oborpA Motdv apmmpIoy rav iows OL mo anoteheapatixés atov Kdopo. Ta mpaypata, navtwc, dev PeAtudbvovtay ata TEN Tov 19" adva we mY Eamrwon tHe Kivag onic Avixés Emxpaterec, oe ja enoyiy nov Bedtudvovtay omy Evpdmm, wiaitepa omy Ayia. Enerta undpyet n texvohoyia, Eixe mpayyatt n Svtuxf Evpomn drow TeXVohoyiK6 meovextnpa de axon He TY Avia oTHY MpYLN BdyxpovN TEpIoSo duL0< tda0 ovxvd vToatnpilerays AG neplopiotope THY TapaywyrKh Texvohoyia om Blopnyavia. H yewpyia éxer hon ov{ytn bel kar texvohoyuRd 1} ento™HoveRd enttedypara Tov dev éxovv oYéon He THY OLKOVOLLKH aT650an SEV Hac apopodv. Kpivovtac amg and To enopixd wotby10 we THY Kiva, n ovyxprtuct xd tS Evpdonng dev paiverar iairepa enoyopérn and avtd to vnoTIBEpevo mAeovéKrnpa. Katé ty StdpKeia dng THs MpAYENS abyxpovns nEpisbou ot eaywyes tH THY Acia oro HeyaAdtEpo toVs HEpOUG, Rav and ta tpia tétapta anotehodvtay and paBdovc, 0 Heydhog dyKog avteY Fray paBSor apybpov, ev 0 KipIog SyKOg TwY e\9AywydY THE anoteodvtaY and agtaTIKE Blounxavexd ayada, Smog vpdapata Kat ropochavec, AvtO ovyva Bewpeirar ws éva KaQapd onpddr dx n Blopnavia me Evpdnng kat we ex TovrOv, n TexvohoyERH THE enidoon, fitav aaBeviig e1biKd ae odyxpion we thy Kiva Kat thy Ivdia, O Topepaved paiverat va ovppevei. Aev vroompiter, navtws, He ovvéneia avtiy THY énoyn, 61dTt tavtdxpova viobere THY dxoyn TeV Atv Kat XipdAvred [Flynn and Girdldez] du 0 apyupo¢ nov e&iiyay ot Evpwnaior Sev npéner va Gewpndet xprwa add Eva o1KovoHIKo aya, éva and ta nOAAA noV o1 AoLétes, erdiKé o1 KivéCor, ta HOeAay aneyveoopeva Kat ot Evpwnaiov ra novdodoay we evxapiatnan Kabidc Képday tepdatia Képdy ard TH Sagopa ory tyuh. Lari o1 Evpwonaios va emtyerpioovy va ekayouv AXAa npoidvea, drav rrovhdvrag dpyvpo Képbilav ebKola MON} xpripHa Kat and TH oTLyEH Mov o1 AcLatec ayopaotéc HBchav apyupo epiaadrepo and 6,tw5inote AAho; And avtiyy THY énoyn N Sop tov eunoprxod otvyiov werakd ts Aaiac Kat THs Evpwnns Sev ac Aéet odAd ya THY evpenaih kat anvaruKf Texvohoyia, extds and to 611 fav o1 Evpwraiot exeivor nov Hrav npBvp0t Kat Kavol va mLedoovv omy Kiva. Oopavepa n Evpinn eixe texvohoyrKt, vTEpoxH de opiopEvous topLeic Han KpIY THY exPiopnxavion, yta napaderypa atny ekOputy peTé\dov, aTHV KataoKED} pohoyidv, oTHY KataaKevi rhoov, AXA to i610 ovvéBatve oTHY AvatoAA, yla napdberyHa oTHY apdevon, ory draxeipioy mE yng Kat omHY Oppavan. To yeyods 6x1 n Evpdirm eixe ra vmepoi a€ opiapévove topeic tng napaywyiig nov Katd tH StapKeLa tH¢ exPlopnxavionc Ga anodexworav tepdotiag onpasiac dev xpedterar va to oXohidoovpe. AMAA n TeXVOAOYIRH] THE UREPOXA TOV OdAYRGE aTHY o1KOVOKLKT) TIC UNEPOXT eUpavioTnKe, coppova pe tov Topepavet oe éva dotepo eninedo Kat Sev Hrav 1 VAOMOiNoN pag1» soon xo owe ane 0 Ki liu 9 Anil 7 Kabapiig, ovvodixiis Kat Sopuxiig SuruKhg vmepoysis. MpoowmKa vopitw drt teiver va vmopadpiter tig Stagopéc otov Svvaytopo Tov vmpyav petakd THs TexvoRoytKiig kovhtobpas kat tov mpaxtixdy army Avan Kat othy Avatohiy tov 17° kat tov 18° audva. Mapavt vre Aovyx [Brad de Long] owaté vnoompiter 611 0 xmpos Twv TexvohoyiKdoY avaxahbyewy kétov pera to 1000 4.x. petaxwwAOnKe and my Kiva omy Avtuxth Evpomn. Ero Epyo tov Topepavet to Kdpa Twv TexvoloyiKdy avaKardyewy mov eidape oTNY Evpdomn tov 18° atdva gaiverat we (KupioeKtixd) évag and unyaviis Beds, AAA ot Stagopéc omHY TeXvohoyeKt anotehepaTiKdTHTA HETAES THE Abang Kat THE Kivac KAT tH dtapKeia tov weyadstepov pépovg tHE MpaULINS dyXpovNs TEpIsSOD HrAV aKoLN Hadov puKpr. Ac épBovpe apa oe éva and ta mo ayannra atorxeia thc Svtug Weohoyiag: TY avtiknyn ott 1 Avon rtav n natpida THE otKoVOPiag THg eAe\BEpNs ayopac Kat Tov kamttadtopod. H Béon ot ot SvttKés orxovopies Hrav TOAY mo KovTd Ge [La eat orKovopia Hg ayopdc Kar ywdopiav nOhY Kadbrepa to laissez-faire and TI¢ o1Kovopies -tH¢ Adiag eivat avandonaoto pépoc otic neplaadrepes tatopiec tH¢ «avd5ov ts Abang» Kat mpdagata napovordotnke Eavd and tov Advert, O Tlépepavrt evar katnyopnpatiKdc: avt6 anhiic Sev eivat adrBeta. H Avtixi Evpdnn fyrav Atyorepo pita orxovopia tng ayopac oe obyxpton pe THY Kiva. H téAeta ayopa Tov eyxeiptdicov tH¢ orKovopuric Sev umiipEE Tovbevd otov mpdipo obyXpovo KoapO. AXAA n Evin fyrav axon waxpbrepa and avto 10 «idewSeqy oe oxéon [We THY Acia. Ocov apopa tig ayopés ayaddy Kat epyasiag 0 Tlopepavtt teiver va vopiter 6 hettoupyovaay ovyKpttuKd KaAd Kat ttc Sbo nepLoyés. H ayop& xpiwatoc ory Evpdnn Aeroupyovoe Kadbtepa and 6,t1 omy Kiva. ANNA, ovvolixd, ovpmepaiver drt edv opisovpe Tov KamttaAtoys pe Opove Tov Avray Ewe, iirav Tepiodtepo eugavig om Kiva and 6,t1 omy Evpdmn, evo KatavayKaopoi Kat ovunatyvies we THY éwoia tHE TapéyBaong Kat tHE oTPEBhwang tov ayopaiov EnXavtopod trav mo evpei¢ ony Evpdorm o¢ obyKpion pe thy Kiva, H epunveia tov Mopepavrt ya thy Kamtradtotuy oon tHG KIvéleKNs oLKoVOHiag eivat Miyo mo «atoidokn» ya ta yovora pov. Ymipyav opopeves ovoudders dtapopés uetaks mo Evponaixjs xat mg Kivétueng nohtruxitg orkovopiac. AXAG orny mpoonaberd Tov va Mepdcet Eva GNLAVTIKO pHvUpA KémoLEs UTEPBoRés eivat vyXwpNTéEc, Aev KavEL Kaxd va tovicovpe dt Stagopés wetakd tHe opyavwans Kat TE hettovpyiag ts omKovopiag tH¢ Kivag kat Hg Avtixiis Eupdmng Hrav moAW puKpdtepes and avtéc nov TOMI totopiKoi, Sms yla rapaderypiao Advert, axoun vnootnpitovy. H évvoia tov «Kanitakiopod» dev avtipetwniotnKe HOV, OTE Kal MaVTOTE, HE ZpuBtavovs dpovs. Yrdpyet eniong Kat n |epunveia tov Pepvav Mmpovréd [Fernand Braudel], 1 onoia gaiverat axpiBis n avtiBern and exeivy Mov oKentdravo Zpu0, KaB< eivat «avtt-ayopaia», xapaxtnpCopevn and ddovc Tove MBavodc tpdToVG XeIpaywynons 2 Anhadij w éva aterrnpa ayopéc drow Aettovpyoby mohAoi ayopactéc Kat nwAATEc, oF oot eva eAeWBepor va emhékoo at aveigand avrois Bev eiva kav va emppedot Soquna ic TIpes Kalki avtéc KaBlopiCovrar and ne Buyers TIC ayopAC. (omp. 28.0. 416),1» soon xo owe ane 0 Ki liu 9 Anil 8 TH ayopdg Kat napEUBaong atovg ayopaiovg pNnXavipods, UeV Kapdid avtob Bpioxovpie To epmdpio peydov anootécewy. To epndpio avid Sev Hrav Kabddov eevbepo. Le Tord peyGdn EKtaoy Kuplapyodvtay and mpovowwodyec etaipeies, O Hepkavtidtopds Bete Tov tovo pe dha doa Tov avvodedovv tda0 otic biebvEic otKovotKés oXEoeIG 60 Kat OTHY eYXWpta otKovoptia. Me Bdon thy Mnpovtedeavi, Evvoua Tov dpov, n Evpiorn npaypatt fray, onws napadéxetat kat toviter o Mopepavtt, mo KamttakwoniKi) and THY Agia. To 8iSog avt6 Tov Kamta\topod mpdypatt propel va vmpke Staxprtd evpwnaixd. O Mopepavrt to Préme wg éva Bepehtakd otorxsio oto ovyxprTiKd MeoveKTHpa Tov 1 Evpdmn Ba orxodojaet ory opydvway tov epopion HaKpwvev anootdcewv, GtOV MOAeHO, Kat THY arorKtoKpatia. H dqteon dvverspopa tov OTHY exPlopnxavian je dpovg Xphjiatos Kat avOpdrov Bewpei drt eivat paAAAov juxpH. H avveisgopad Tov navtwg ATav GepehGéng Sidti enétpeye ory Adon va éyet pa Tpovoptaxi) eisodo otic orKkovopies tg mepupéperac, To Kpétog Kat ta «avaTHpata Kpatov», Ta onoia UMpEay GdjupwVA He TOAAODG avdiKod¢ «povadixoin SutuKoi Geopoi, mavtote Kvplapyovaay atic eknyHaEIG TOV mG Avon Eye Movota. Eto épyo tov Tloepavtl n onpasia Tove, népa and to poo Toc atic Stebveic orKkovoquxéc oxEoeiG, eivar UaAov vMoBaBjtopEVn. Aiyo REptaddtEpo ya to yovoro pov. Nopive, ya napaserypa, drt 0 vvodtKds poAog tov Kpdtous ommy Kiva dev ray BetiKds doov agopa THY TOvWOH Kat StEvKOAVVOT| THE OLKOVOLLKI|G avarTTUENG. ATS THY MAevpa auth, n NatepvadoTUKy Tov poaeyyioN Kat y TAoN Tov va MapenBaiver Stav 1 vRaPXoVGA KowwvUKi] TakN ameOdvTaY propel Va HiTaV EMIGUA, TOVAXLGTOV ya THY OtKOVOKH KatvoTopia, Ge GYKPIO, ya Mapaderypa, pe TH Bpetavia pevd to 1688. Aev xperdletar Kaveig va vioGerijaer tm Béor Sti UMpXe KamoLo eidog «avaTohiKod Seonotiopov» omy Kiva thy nepiodo Towvyx [Qing], H tadAov Kértotog Sev mpéret va to kdvet avtd ~yia va emtanpdiver to yeyovdg ttn Kiva thy mepiodo Towyx Hrav ja Kowevia oY oToia To MOAITIKS KAipia Mpoyaye Mydtepo TY Kawvoropia and 6,71 Bpetavia peta to 1688, Evag édAog mapdyovtag nov avxva eppavilerar otic neprypages THs SutUKHG exBlopnxaviang eivat 1 cvaampevan. O TMopepavet avagépetar mold cbvropia oto entyeipnyia dui avtd ray Katt nov Stagoponorodse ty Evpimn and ty Avia. Tddo omy Evpdrn 600 Kat omy Kiva irav yevexd StaBEayo to xphjia Tov xpetaCorav ya TG avayxaies Popnxavixés enevddoerg. O1 Kegadataxés anaurigeLg TMs Plopnyaviag Kava TH, diapKeta Tov mpdpwv xpovev tH¢ trav oxeTIKa juKpéc, Etyv Aoia drs Kat oTH AvTUK, Evpdnn vmiipyav apxetol avOpwrot pe enapxh péoa ya va t1c oTmpiEovv edv to HPehav. Bay 1 Kiva dev exPiopnyaviornxe avtd Sev éywve ekartiag me éAAerpyc Kegahaiwv. To yeyovds and my AAn peptd tt Evpdrn to EKave, avrd Sev rhrav «anoréAeopay ™¢ SiaGeopstH Tas tepdotwv Todor TwV Kegadaiov. Aev undpxet djteon vdeo oTHV Evpdnn petaks tov xphpatos nov KepdiOnke atov bei} pepKavtrAtoTiKd KaMITAhGHS kat otny ékevan THs dyxpovns BlopNxaviKijs napaywyi. [...]1» soon xo owe ane 0 Ki liu 9 Anil 9 Ze bho tov to PiBio o Topepavel eivar nohd evaicGntoc o¢ orKooyiKé (TABATA adhd avririderar oBevapa othy drown 6117 orKohoyia rav Katt nov éxave TY AvatOh} va eivar eyyevios axatédAndn yla avarrukn oe odykpion pe tH Avon. Onwc vnodeigaye Sev Katamaverar dieEOIKa HE TO PSO TOU KAipatos Kat THE aBEvEIAG mc o Advet. Odre ovppevel pe tov Opavk nov vRosmpiter 6x1 o Noyos tov MANBLOPON xpos TH yn Kat rove ndpovs oTHY Aaia fray vYMAdTEpOG and ty Evpdr Tov 18° audva Kau avgavotay ypnyopotepa. Avtd to Gewpei we ja vnepamovotevpévn avriBeon petakd prac otxooyiKd napyxpacpeyns Kivag, Tanwviag xau/H IvSiag Kat was Evpdorng n onoia eiye axoqin peyda neprBdpia. Ta tov 19° audva Kau ja tic mpmies SeKaetiec tov 20” audva kaveic, ovpnepAapBavouévov Kat tov Topepavet, dev Ba apvoovray on peyaha aurhpata tHe Kivas avtpetdomay of€ia orKohoyixd npoBhhpata, Qorda0 o Hopepavet npoonadei va Seige 6x1 npwv and tote ot nvpnvixéc nepioxéc ME Kivac Kat t¢ Tanwviag Sev ijtav XeIporepa and ovKoXoyurtig drowns ae odyKptan pe TH A. Evpimn. Ot nvpyvexés Teploxés Tov naaiod Kdopov Kata TH SidpKeia tov 18” ava avrperomtav avyKpioyies eddetyerc npoidvte Evtaang yng Tov ev pépet pSvO KaASMTOvTaY and to eundpto. H otkohoytxi} Kpion nov vnoriBerat dni epnddite THY oLKoVOLIKH avarrvEy TS Aaiag ovviGuc avvdéerar deca pe Tuc Sqwoypagixéc ekeAikerc, H Kiva Ba aveyerdomite npoBhijyara eneidi} o mAnBvouds tH¢ avkavotay tao Tod xwpi¢ Kapia evdidpeon Siaxom}, Evo n Evpdnn anépuye ty xaraotpogi, otyy Kiva npayyaronouOnKay ot por tov MNOovc, Avté StaBaler Kaveic oe ta vvyOropévy SnHoypageri) totopia tH¢ Kivac tov 18° kat 19” aubva. O Topepaved anoppinrer avtiy thy exBoxt. Ot e€edikerg amny Kiva atny mpdyin obyxpovn enoyh Sev rrav nepioabtepo Ma\Povaavés oe obykpion pe THY Evpdrm. H avarrrv§y tov mnBvopod dev Frav SopKd Kat onpavtiKe vymhorepn and exeivn, yta napaberyya, ts AyyAiag Kat to i5to toxvet Kau yta THY mieon navw otove ndpovs, TMpoBAiwata vneprAnBvopod mpaywart npogKvyaY de Kdnote¢ epioxéc tH¢ Kivac adhd [ovo tov 19 audva, kat ae opiopévec neployts akoun apyotepa. H peyadvrepy apyytuch enintwon tm WAnBvopiaxijg avérrv¥ng Sev Hrav t600 y eqmAoxi tg Kivag oe jua MadSovaavi, «nayibar, adXd to andé yeyovdc dt o mnOvopds avarrvoodray nohd ypnyopdtepa otic Praxdtepes nepioyés EW and Tov muptiva rns Kivag, petdvovrac erat to karté Kepahiy AEII. Ga kévw 6v0 naparnpioa oto Keipevo tov Tlouepaved yia thy ovKoRoyia Kat THY Sypoypagia rns Kivac: n xpwTH apopa ty KaTdataaT KpLV TOV 19" audva Katy aAAN THY Kardotaon tovg Sto Teevtaiovg audvec, Karapyiy, ei6ixd n Snpoypagri toroptoypagia tm¢ npdyung adyxpovns Kivac eivarnohd Arydtepo KaBapH and avd no umopei xaveic va oxebei StaBaCovrac tov Tldpepavet. H eppnveia tov Basiterat evpéwc ova épya tov At [Lee], AiB\t [Lavely] kat Bovyk [Wong], ot onoiot nporeivovy ét1 0 mAnOvopds tH¢ Kivac ora péoa tov 17° audva frav yOpw ora 150 jue 180 ex. O Mout [Mote] nov Baaiferat orov Xéwtpa [Heijdra] npoteiver dvi ty eno exeivn o mAnBvopds rg Kivac Eenepvodae ta 250 ek. Aedtepov undpxet to GirmHa ylari vmipye avti} 11» soon xo owe ane 0 Ki liu 9 Anil 10 avoduxt taom akoun Kat Stav o avgavopevos rAnBvopds Bete migEIc otOVE ndpovc, Oa emtotpéyo o¢ avr ory oviiirnan nov Oa Kdvw oxeriKd He To yrari 1 Kiva anéroxe va exBlopnyaviorei. TIPOHTMENEE OPI ANIKEE OIKONOMIEE, Zbpgava pe tovllopepavel dev vmpxe Kapia Sopuxs Stapope petakd tm¢ Korveviag te Kivag kat ms Evpdire nov 6a pnopodae va BewpnBet dri Sntovpyobae tm Siapopé, KaBiig Oa Bete my Evpdrn oe jua mpoKaBopiopevy opeia npoc THY o1KovoRIKt nyEhovia, Nord90, axdpn Kat edv KAGE Evag and ToVvG RapayovTEs Tov av{qTHONKAY and povos tov dev yet peyAAo Papos, Gor pall, ovvdvatopevor, KAvovv ua Bepedtarc Sagopa. Teivw va ovpigoviow we tov Topepavel on avr Sev ovvéfy e6d. Onotesdiynote oporstnres pnopel Kaveic va Stakpiver atyy npayn abyxXpovn Mepiobo, Tov 19° atdva n Bpetavia Kat n Kiva, xat ho Kat nepioadrepo, n Avatoht Kat n Adon, eixay yiver S00 StapopetiKoi Kdopot. HIpénet va vndpyet évac H neptaadtepor Adyou yr avté. 0 Topepaved katadjyer omy Béon Sti n AvtuRH Evpdor Kat o1 mo mponypéves xowevies mg Adiag umpfav avtd mov o Pivykhed [Wrigley] 6a aroKalodoe exponypéves opyavikés Komwwvieg, onic onoiec ot mBavdentec yea avarrrvn rav Kupicas ZpuBtavéc, Kat ot neptopiopoi omy avérroky Fray Kvpi«ag MaABovoravoi. H ZpiGlavf avarrv€y popei va Statnpndei yia apKetd xpsvo kat propel va PBAaet ae apxera vynda enineba, adhd Kaba dev PaoiLera oe texvohoyiKés Kaworopies H adhayéc omy evepyetaxih H vAIKH Bdon tH¢ orKovopiac, eivar TOAD evaiaBnr otOVG MaBovoiavoic neptopiapods, To ondowpo avray Tw neplopiopdy Bétet Ty orKovopia ae ja teAelwg Siapoperixi ropeia. O Topepavet tovider dtu n Adon Sev Hrav Kata avornpaTiké rpdn0 emKepahiig o¢ avtéc tic avaKaddyerc. H mpdyn odyXpovn EnoxH Sev Fray wa exoxh avvexods avarervEns otHY onoia n exBiopNxavian HraV pa archi ovvéxerd ame. Ziyoupa éxet dixto. ANNA npénet va mapadex0s du dev ywapitw Kaveva aoBapd orkovoyoAsyo Mov va vootnpite Katt této10, OdTE Kat o Lvdovk¢ [Snooks}, tov vroompiter jua noAY aisvdSoEy éxoyn yea TY npoBLopNxaviEt, avarrvén oTH AUT Evpdban ty tehevtaia xidteria. Or peemntés TG oxohi}g Tov Avad [Annales] Bewpodoav THY wwropia tH¢ PacKd ws ja sotopia axivery. Tpdapata noddoi peermtéc vroaripiéay 61 covohtKd Sev umpEE KarToIa orKovORUKT averrrvEn oT AvTtK Evpiomn ory mpaqun odyxpovn nEpiobo, Kat Uahtota Sut OL KpaypariKo! KATA KEpAAiY [OBoi TV HepoKapaTiapndev HeIdOyKAV onHavtIKa avti va avEnBosv Kara TH StAPKELA THC nepiddov. Exet evdiagépov 6 n Bpetavia gaiverat va eivat n mo onpavtiKt e&aipeon oro Kavéva. H avanrvéy tg Hrav apKerd otadepH, Kat Katt Mov Loxbet yla d\n TH Avtuxi Evpdmn, n orxovopixt, avarukn fray Stamphoyn. AAAG aKdpn Kat oto nparto Bropnxavixd EOvoc n oxéon pETAED mE MpoBLouNavURris ZpiBraviig avarrveng Kat TS Bropnyavuxric avarrvEng hrav neptotaotaxi} napa ariaKih.1» soon xo owe ane 0 Ki liu 9 Anil u H petapaan and thy «puGiavi» averrvéy omy obyXpovn Plopnxavirsy avarrrvkN Sev ray Katt «avtovdNTor odtE Kat avandpEvKTO. YnpXOvV MOAAA Mapadetypata dxov avti Sev ovvépn. Ot dvOpwnor tov 18° audva othy Evpomn Kat adAod Sev nepipevay va ovpBei avtd. Eto épyo tov Zyud Sev undipyer kérora évberky dct mpOPAeyE THY eppavion, ac Brounxavixiig Korverviag othy Bpetavia, Avté nov eide we puaroroyiKi 066 FraV 1 eEaoBEvnon tmH¢ orKovowuntig avdnTvEng Kat _n mpookyytion oe éva KabeoTwG ataoporytac, Ta Sv0 napadelypata Kowveviey nov miateve but eixay Oda Ge avTd To KaGeatibc irav ONavdrxH AnpoKpatia kat n Kiva, Odte oty Avan odte oY AvaTOAH ot ekehikerg odnyoboay avandSpacta oe ua Plopnxaviki enavdotaan. H évvora tg pwtoeKPiopnxavianc n onoia éxEt yiver SnHOpIAHs, TOUAAXLTTOV GE oprgpEvons KIKAOUG, kat mporeiver 611 Bopnxaveri Kowovia jrav Und KataoKeDh Sn KATA TH SudpKeta tH Tatas Koweviag, eivat vid avtd to npigpia pa axvpodeEia, Toddéc npwotoPiopnyavexéc Spaotpiorytec odnyoboav ce adiéEoSo Kat Sev anoterovsay Kav npwronoptaKés Biopnxavurés Spaompidtntec, H Kiva eixe nodAéc tetoIEes, (ows mepidadrepec and 6,11 Evpamm, Kat exel dng ovyva ovpBaiver otny Evpdm, Sev vmipEav to mpato Biya onorovdinote eiSovg mpaypatuajs Plopnyaviac, «Aev eivar KaBapd eav avti 4 ovykexpysévy pn avarrrven [Sn. yia thy Kiva kat ty lanwvia tov 18 audval yperdterat ehyNOT [...] O mo «pvatoroyiKder Spdptog paiverar va umApEe ua eavt\non Tov mOavoriitwv tH¢ MpwroeKPlopNyavions. AVTS nov xpetdferar va eEnynbel eivar pra qnhpata mg Evpdnng dev akohovOngav avtdv tov Spopio [...]». Zoventde to Gra «Ciati 1 AyyNia Sev Hitav Smeg to AéAta tov Fravyklis» éXet elcov Vonpa je THY m0 cqpvatoRoyrxtp epdtyan: «Pari to AéAta tov tavykti Sev Htav dnwc n AyyRia3». Tia tov Topepaved 1 exBlopnxavion wmopel va pny mpoxdAece ja dyteon, Kat neyédn avéqon oto AEM, ad, napdra avtd, vmipke pia Gepetaxr piEN omy TayKdopia orKovowixsy otopia, Kabiirc AépBave xeopa ory Evpwmn Sywwodpynoe wa avev nponyoupévoy andxhon petak tg Avong Kat «twv vTORoinwv». Ymipke o TMporoynds evoc HepeXtaKd SiapopetiKod Trov avarTUENs Kat flag Stagvyrig and ToVG orKohoytKOdE TepLopiopods. Tia va extyGovpe To BiBrio tov Tdpepavtt eivat onpavtixd va opicovpe tt axpiBiig motebet Oui mpénet va eEnynOei, Smad, Tt Bewpei ws Gepehtaxd YapaxtpiotiKd tHE HeYAANS andKALONS, E6a 6a Tapab sw opropéva axd4m oxdhta yta to Ciytmpa avtd. Ta tov ywoor eivar KaBapd dt éXet emmpeaotel mod and TY epynveia tov Pivyeded yia thy Bpetavixr) Biopnyavixf) Exavaotaan. Emmy epunvela avej n Eppaon Bivetar oto vewtEpiKd otorxeio Mov éxet | avarTvEN Tov eppaviotHKe otHY Bpetavia kata ty StépKea tov 18" auiva. MpodnoGérer pia petaBaon and ya nponypévy opyavur} orxovoptia oe pa orkovopia nov Baoiverat omy evépyeta nov napayetat and ta petaddedpata. H peréBaon avti npoxdpnoe pe ua tadtkasia aviong avarrukys je Aiyovg SvvapiKods topeic, e1diKd o° exeivovs dmov xpnaiLoTodvtav evpitepa n Véa myi evépyetag Kat ta véa vkuKd. Aina oe ave THY «PivyKAeLavi eppnveia, o Topepavtt éxet avtd nov 0 ThGovve aroxaXel jua aroyn ts Biopnxavixris Enavaotaons1» soon xo owe ane 0 Ki liu 9 Anil 12 1 onoia ornpiterar ormy npwroKabedpia tng «uxprig AyyAiag». H exBiopnyavion Kara Tpato Kat KOpIo AOyo Hrav Kdti Bpetavikd. Eyive Eva «evpwnaixdy pawvdpevo pdvo énerta and ja apy Siadikacia didyvons, énerta and jua onpaveuxi KaBvotépnON, and 1m Bpevavia oe édAa pépn me Evpdonng. Ona vnodeikape, navtws, dev eivar ovvertig we avr Kat ae OANA onpeia vmooTpiter vMaLvioaETaL Stu 1 exPlouNXavion frav éva Avrikoeypwnaixd pawvopevo. Pia ASyous avvéneiac Oa ekerdow npata thy éxtaon omY onoia o Topepavrl karagépvet va neprypayer kat va enyijoet my Blopnyavii tov exavdotaan: wa Fapvixt, avion popgr orKxovopKr}g avarrrvEng 1 onoia ovyKevepaverat a¢ optopévovg nyetiKods Topeic, Kat n onoia SntoupyHONKE Kupiing and aXAaye oTIc evepyetaxég mys Kat otovg vAiKo¥e ndpovg nov EaBay yopa ary Bpetavia, Exovrac Kavet av7d Oa oyoAtdow and thy poomTKA Tov evadhakriKidy efnYOEWY Mov BhEnovY THY exBiopNXavion nepioodrtepo Nd dpovg wag SiabiKasiag rolvyiopevns, SrarpHans Kai avvolxig orKovOpUKi}G avarrveng Tov yapaxnipie Ox! "Ovo ™ Bpetavia adhd peydda yépn mc Avtuxric Evpdorng. Efera¥ovrac ty ovykexpysévn epunvela rs exptounxavions and tov Hopepavet ro tijrnpa tov 11 axpiBic apopodae n tpopEpA pHEN TS HEYAANS andKhong dev eivat SvoKoho va anavenfei, tovhayioroy akwpariKa, Lto téhog n peydAn andKhion avpmoxvarverar oro yeyovds 61 EF optopod Kara tH SlapKeta exBiopnyavioncn Bperavia Eégvye and mM MadOovaaviy nayida Kar tovg LwiOavods mepropiapovs nov XapaxriipiCay (11g mponyéves) opyavixés orxovopies, ev tinote avahoyo Sevéyve omy Kiva, AMAd mic hae yopa kat ylati ovvéBn np@ta orn Bperavias H ESHTHEH TOY MOMEPANTZ TIA TH MEPAAH AIMOKAIZH Tloiec eivat ot oxetixéc dtapopéc nov opel va etnyiaovv THY aNdKALon TwV OLKOVOHLDY ang Kivac Kat tm¢ Bpetaviag; O Mopepavrt paiverar va mpotipd va pny ypager ya catiegy Kat «eEnyiaeic» aAAG avagéperat oe «eixteg» Rov Siagopomotody Tic MepHVEKES Teptoxés ths Avtuxric Evpionng and exeives ts Aviac, Avagéperat oe tpeic Stapopé nov, ay Kat oxt Kpiowpes, eivar TOA onpaveuKés: éva Koa TeXVOLOYEKdY KaLVOTOHLDY AUTO Tov anoKadei «to meovéKTHHa THS KABvOTEpHANS, To yeyovds Smadi} 6tt optopévor eyxcoptor ndpor tHg Evpdrng eixav peiver axdyn avexperdddevtor ekattiag BeopiKdv eumodiov- Kat, TeoG, optopéva opyaveTiKd Mheovertiipata Mov agopodsay thy dteEaywoyth Tov MOAEPOD, To paKpIVd EPMOpLO Ka THY aNoLKLoNoinan. Avagépetat enions O70 yeyovds Ott umpxav evdeikers Ovi THY Evpddrn vmpye ua evporepy Giron ya ayaGa ovtedeiac. Me thy avodo otnv e€ovoia tg Svvaoteiag TowyK (Qing, 1644- 1911), 1 mpog Ta Tavw KoLwVIKH KIVATIKOTHTA éyive MPOBANLATUKH, yeyovdc TOU TpoKadeoe pia oxertKi napaKph orn “ton oT Kiva ayaddy nov ewav atatovs, oe obyKpton He THY Evpdmn, onov mY ida oTryH aveavoray n yatiK KatavaAwon ayaddv TOV Hav Kénws Eexwplotd and ta Gdda. H eniSpaon avriig te ekeAiENg omy exPiopnxavion Sev npénet, navtwe, va tyrav TON’ peyaAn.1» soon xo owe ane 0 Ki liu 9 Anil B Abo napayovtes piokovtat otov mupiva Tov emxetpruatog tov TMopepavtt. Avt6 mov éxave THY Evpdbrn va anoxNivet frav to KapBovvo Kat n enéxtaon tH¢ Evpirng OTHY Apepuct, Hf yla va to Géoovpe aKopN M0 odvTOHA: AvVOpakag Kat BayBaKL. Ac apxigovpe avadbovtac to pddo Tov dvOpaxa. Xwpic apipiBodia to opKTd avtd Kadoyto mpoaégepe orn Bpetavia ia E050 and Thy evepyetaxi otevotHTa Tov apyd n yphryopa Ga otapatodoe 1 tovddxtotov Ba epnddive THY orKoVOREKT THS avarrtVEN. Eto Maicto tH ¢ Bpetaviac tov 18” kat 1°’ aidva tay o avOpaKac nov Snytodpynoe pa evtEhwc vea evepyetaxi katdotaon. O Hopepavtt dev exepatet tT onpagia tov avagepopevos oTHY avaoyia Koatove/ tis, AAAG HeTPaVTAG THY KOLVOVIKH anoTapievon Nov npoéKLyE and mH mBavdrHTa TMs PHONG dvOpaKa we Myr GEppavonc Kat evépyetac oe avtiDEon he Tig Undpyoves evaddaxriKés Adoetc. H KoLveVIKT avtH anotapievan noV wmopel va hetpnGei we dpovc aghost acreage», SnAady ms NoGTATAG THG yng —Ya THY KAAAEPYELa Evheiac- nov Ba xpetaoray yla thy nogdtHTA Béppavons Kat Evépyetac nov mpooégepE o avOpaxac, Yrohoyifet to ovvohtKd mood tH¢ KAAMepyrowNs yn¢ oT M. Bpetavia to 1800 yopw ota 17 ex. axp. Hin to 1815 to KapBovvo napeixe om Bpetavia wa vroKpuntopevn emupavera [ghost acreage] nov trav ion 1 Kat peyaAdtepy and avtiy, dnAadi 15 pe 21 ek. axp. H onpacia tovavOpaka dev Ppioxeta povo omy uKkavornta tov va Snwwovpyei Beppotnra we Kavorpso Kat ontavOpaKag [KoK], ahd eniong omy tKavorhTd Tov va npoogépet tH SHvayN Tov atpod. Mpoonadjote va pavtacteite THY andtopn avodo ory Ptopnxavedt) rapaywytKrnTa, Hy oTHY NapaywytKdryTa nov EaBe xepa orig wetapopés, Xwpi¢ tov dvOpaKa. H onpasia tov dvOpaKa popei exiong va exGpaaTei OTHY TepdoTia MoGdTHTA TH¢ «UTOKPUNTOpEVNS Epyaciag» nov mpopDevoe. EEGAAov 7 onpasia tov dev eivat Hovo KaBapd noootUKt. Eixe YapaxtnprotiKd nov EMemmav and Sec ot AAdec ywwotés evaddaxtxés myés evépyetag Tov 18° adva. Maxponpofeopa n enavdotaan nov avijyyethe thy véa enoxi, Fray avavtippyta n enavaotaon tov dvOpaka. Eivat tod SboKoXo va det Kaveig tt Ba Tov avtiKaBLotobaE drav éprace 1 otLypH Va yivel n Bpetavert BlopnXavici avartvén avtoovvmpodpeyn. Ede n emxeipnpatodoyia tv Topas [Thomas] kat MaxAooxt [McCloskey] nov Bewpoov XApAKTMPLOTIKO Tw OLKOVOLUKdY TO yeyoVds StL dla Ta MpayHATA -RopodY va vroKatactaBoby, anhioc dev Aertoupyei. Avro dev onpaiver drt 9 npoPiounyavixt «SpuGcavi» avarerven orn Bpetavia eixe HSN Gtdoet oto avidratd tg eninedo. Tic mptec Sexaetieg tov 19” aubva ot rapadocakés myss evépyetac Kat ot texvoroyiec BastopEves oe avtéc dev eixay aKopN ekavthn Bei. To vepd, 0 dvepiog, ta Ciba Kat o avOpwnog xpnoonowodvtay aKopn Kat HaAtota pe avéntiKods prOpovs. H orkovopc avarvén tHe mpdtHS BlounXavurtys enavaoraons, axoun Kat ory Bpetavia, Sev Bacoray anox)etotiKd otov avepaKa. AUTO epappdterat axdun neptaodrtepo oTHY eKPlouNXavtan AAW Xwpdv rw or Hvwpéves Tlodreies Kat n Ianwvia. Mapéa avtd n Agony ott 0 avOpaKag rtav avayKaiog ya va anotpéyet thy anioxvaan ty¢ avarrvénc utopel pe dveon va unoatptyGel. Xwpic avtdv1» soon xo owe ane 0 Ki liu 9 Anil 4 -Kat pe avy thy éwota voit fray mpaypatt anoAstic BepehtaKds Kat ovventdg kploipoc- Oa eixe avappiBoha npoxdyer mia evepystaxt, avdoyeon. Ev n épevva yia pOnvés kat evaddaxtuxés mnyéc evépyetac eiye oxpeyer thy Bpetavia oro vaidapoc, n oxetKH onavidey ta tpogi}s Kat GAAwY opyavtKey ndpwv THY odfynoay nEpay and Tov wkEavd, AvTH 1 oxETIK oavi6tHTa frav anotéeheapa TH¢ oXETUKHG onawdtHTag THE yng. Le nEpintwon nov Karo1o¢ anogasiter, ya onowvadijnore ASyovs, va NY Epyaotel evtariKdtepa THY yi MoD eixe diab oysn, umopel va apijaet adAouc va KadAepyraouy mpoidvra Evtaons yng ta onoia xperdterat Kat éneita va ta eidya. Avtd axpifd¢ éxave n Bpetavia Kara tm StdpKeia tH¢ exPlopnxavions edv moréyoope Tov Tdpepavrt, E5d eivar nov 0 podog rs nEpupéperac yiverar Kpioytoc «mBavdv t500 onpavtiKos ya [..] TOV oIKOVOHKS LeTaaxnHATIOHS 60 Kat n totopiKt} otpogH ata OpLKTA KaboYLa». H emtofuavon tov pov rng nepipépeiac Sev anoreAei and wovy tHE [a Lotoploypapixt} Kaivoropia. Yndpxovv MOAAs peewee OTIC onoies ot anorKieg KAU nepipépetes eiyay mod anpavtixt) G£on omy effynon tH¢ Bpetavuxiig Brounxavixric Enavdotaang, adixd ae peérec nov xpnoonowsoav thy npoatyyian tov BXepardiv [Wallerstein]. 0 Tlopepavtt Bpioxetai ce ovppwvia pe avtiy thy mpooéyyton and thy dnoyn out toviger tH onpaoia nov eixe ya thy Evpdrn n nepipéperd te, Wiaitepa n epipéperd tng ato Néo Kéapo. Qavd00, yi’ avtiy 70 epdpIo He ono.ady\rore Mrytepo ponypevn xopa Sev Hrav apxerd. Avt6 nov xperatorav npdira and hay Bpevavia fray évac ovvepyarnc nov 8a pnopodae va th¢ napdayer pOnva MOAAA aya Evtaanc yNG, Kat SebtEpov Kar Aryotepo onHavtIKs, Hrav nPsBLAN KaL Kav va ayopAter ta EroyLa Blopnyavixa tg npoidvea. Ero PiPNio tov avinta yia MOAAE nEpLoxéc, apyifovtac and ty Avatohut} Evpann we tm ovpmepiAnyn tov xwpdv me Badtixyig, ty Zoundia kat ty Pwoia. Aver 1 Mepupeperaxc neproyth Hrav onLavtuRt Kupliag we eaywyéag ditov, Eodeiac Kat GAAwv vAtKOV HOV Xpno|oRoLOdvEaY oTHY KaTAKEDH Moiwy, KaBIG Kat Lev. H Zovnsiayrav évac onpaveixds napaywydc oidipov. H «Avatohuxi Evpdmp dev propose, cbppwva ne tov Topepavrt, va yivet ekicov onpavnikt yla th Avtuxi) Evpdimn onwc Ba yworav n repipépeta tov Néov Kéapov. Aev pnopodce va ikavoroujaet tic avaryxes tg A¥ans Kat Fray «ho Kat neplaadrepo avertapKiig yla va Kadbyer thy dpekn tHe AvtiKt}g Evpdrng la ayaa Evrans yng». AUTO Sev uopdd eHKORA va To avpLAtdaw jE TO yeyovds Or, dn09¢ 0 {8106 0 Topepavet toxvpiterat, Hn tov 17° audva avtd to e4ndpio AvatohiG- Avong eixe anoyewbei. Odte pnopodae va ayopdaet apKetd npoidvta and tov i510 muptiva. Iv avr Bhénovpe pia pSvusn expoH apyipov and tm Adon atny AvatoAi. AV kat kaveic Sev unoped va apyndet THY onpacia Twv e1caywydy and THY REpIpépeta THE Avarohuxiig Evponng yla ty avarrvéy tng Avtixiig Evpdnng, 0 pddog tovs dev Hrav anpavexds orny totopia tng Bpetaviac—exrdc and tc e1saywyéc at5ipov oT apyéc tS Biopmyavixiig Exavdoraong. Hore dev ewohyaye Goa and exei. MExpt 0 1770 dev e1oryaye kaQ6Aov oft, Kat axopn kat werd TY NHEpopNvia avth ot etoaywyéc tpOgiHwV1» soon xo owe ane 0 Ki liu 9 Anil 15 and ty Avarohtxi Evpimn fray oxetiKd juxpéc a€ adykpion pe TIc etoaywyés and adios. 0 TMopepavet ovveyifer my avédvay tov pe ja neprypaph tov oXEdewv tHE Evparng we my Avatohixy, Aoia, thy India, npw evowpatwOet orm Bpetavixr, avtoxpatopia, ty Appx Kat thy Kiva, Evvontiké kat neworixd ovdnta tH onpacia rovs, toviovtag to pdro me Kivac we peydAng SeEapeviig apybpov, nov dtatiipyae emaxepdi ty e&opuén apyopov ory ApepiK. Tv avtov, navtws, 1 mpaypatier repipépeta eivat o Néoc Kéapos. Hrav to epindpio je THY neploy avtH Rov napeixe oT Adon Evav Hovadixd epnopiKd exaipo. H nepipépeia tov Néou Kéopov trav avti nov mpayyarixd éxave tm Stapopd. EEiyaye aoft Kar xpva6 Kat Hrav pla onLavTrKy epipépeia ya to Sovdepndpio. O Topepavet avadver axpiBodikara to 2 ye80¢ Kat tH onpacia wv ayabev avrdv Kat avtod tov eunopiov yia rig RopnveKés omKoyevetec, EEnyei TH onLaia tov pABSWV apySpov KaL TOV Sovdepnopiov. O1 pABHOI ROA TIHWV HETAAAOY, iaitepa apybpov, tpopodotovsay to eundpio tg Evpdonng pe ty Badnx, THY OBapavixi Avtoxpatopia, tny Ivbia Kat thy Kiva. To Sovdepndpio npookpepe OAAG képbn. ANNA avtd nov mpaywariKé HetpodE Fray ot eaywyes and avtiy TY MEpLoyh Evhelag, Kagé, Kakdov, Layapng, toaytod Kat iaitepa BayBaxtod- nov fftav npoidvea évtaang epyaciag kat napdyovtay and epyaruxt Sbvapn nov Sev ray eXevBepy. O Neos Koopos eixe pia npoaBern onpacia we pia avantvoodpevn ayopa nov aroppogosse ta aya8a H¢ A. Evpdonne, H orxovopia tg Sev orpepdtav mpog thy avroKatavédwon. Ot Sovdoxrijres Behav va Kepsioovy xpiua Léow eEaywydov Kat o1 SowRor Sev frav oe Béon va napayovy ot 16101 ta avaykaia yta THY EmPiwaH Tove, Extd¢ avtdy o mAnOvaps¢ ToVG avéavérav nod yphyopa. O podog ms nepigépeiac ya THY eKBrouNxdvion tH¢ Bpetaviag Kar tH¢ Avon vmipfe eva Gia yia to ontoio vmfpEay oAAéc aveinapabioeis Kar BewpHPnKe corepigepetaxd» 0° éva onpaveixd 4p0po tov Tlaxpix 0” Mpdiay [Patrick O’Brien] 0 onoiog eivat 0 mo ywwatds exppaaTis TeV pehetHTAV exeiviav nov npoeono.oby tt avveisgopa tH nepigépetac Sev mpéner va vnepryNdel. O TMopepaved ywopiter tic andyers Tove Kat mpoonadel va avayetpndel pe avtéc, Apyiké vroompiter drt oe éva ApopiopNaviK6 Maiow ja yuxph ad—noN otHY aKaBapLom enévdvon, eLartiag TeV KepStv nov anopépet to epndpio pe thy mepupépera- 0 0” Mapdiay vnodoyite avtiy THY avinon o€ 7 to1c exatd oto ywword dpbpo tov- unopel va éxe1 tepaatia eni6paon oto avvoltKd mood HC KaBaphs enévdvons, eneidi or KaBapés enevOvaer ae ja poptopnxavirt Kowwwvia eivar anhig Eva juKPS ROGOGTS TwY OvvOhIKGY EnEVdHaEwv. Kara Sebtepo Ayo voampiter ott 1 mpayyatuRh akia Tov eioaywydv and THY repipépeta eivat vynhorepn and To MOG TwY XPNAATV TOV MpaypaTiKa MANPGONKE ye avréc, Ta neptoadtepa npoidvra ms nepipéperac anoKtHOnKaV He THe KaTUTEPEG TO ayopaiwv. O1 diathaveuKéc oxgoerg wetaks tov Mahtod Kau tov Néov Kéoou ev Hrav covvaivertkécy. Ot ekaywyés and THY TEpipépera tov Néov Kéopov diatnpHOnKav avinrixés da0v apopé tov dyKo Tous Eve THY {Sta oTLYLH LeLVovTAY aTaBepA o1 TIRE1» soon xo owe ane 0 Ki liu 9 Anil 16 rove, Hav and dha, 1 nepigépeta avti, oe avtiBeon yia mapaderyua pe exeivy 7S Avarohixiig Evpionng, avkave avvexiic tic etoaywoyéc He and tig mupnvixés meployéc, O Tlopepavet vnoatmpiter 61 Svvapers extéc ayopag fray evpéws vnevboves ya av7s. Pe avtov 1 nepioxi yopw and my Kapaifix frav qua napadoya peyadn ayopa yia e1gaywyécr. Zava n Bapdryra me Aéon¢ avti eivar x1 n oNpaGia Twv npoidvwy npénet va uetpnGei pe avtd nov Oa xpetatsrav yia va BpeBowv vnoKatdatata. O Tlopepavet npoonadei va vmoRoyiae TY «vnoKpURTopEVn Empavela YAO THY mo oNHAVTKOY npoidvtev nov n Bpetavia ehyaye and thy nepigépeta tov Néov Kéopov. Or eiaaywye¢ Bielag and avtiy thy nepwoyi Epravay ta 1 eK. UROKpUNTO[EVA aK, GE GBYKPLOT [HE 650.000 vnoKpuntopeva aKp nov napeixe n Evdeia tm¢ Badtixiis. H ewoaywyi tov anoKahodpevov «pappaKertixdy tpogipwv» [kapéc, Kakéo, Caxapn, Todi] napeixe yopw a70 4 to1g exatd tov Bpetavixay Beppidwv yipw oro 1800. Ita va anoKt}aovy TI¢ {Stes roodrytec Deppidwv 01 Bpetavoi Ba xperdfovray éva iaodbvayo touhayiatov 1,3 He 1,9 ek, aKp atmmpav. Tia to 1831 1 emipavera avn eixe avgnpei oe 1,9 we 2,6 ex axp. H onpacia tov BapPaxiod civar evtonwotaxi, akdpn Kat Stav petpietaL pe Tov «apadoa.aKd tpéT0», ws HoGoOTS Twv GvOLIKY eraywydv A Ge xpiwa. ANLA Eavé eivat 1 vnoxpuntdpevn empaveia yng nov deixvet thy mpayyatiKy, onpacia tov. Tia to 1815 vmoRoyiler dt. 1 vNoKpuntdpevn emigaveia yng avepydtav ce 9 ex. axp. O vMOROYLOp6s yla To 1830 eivat 23 eK. aKP, KOND nEpiadstEpa and TH ovVOAIKH EmIpaveLa nov kahMepyobvrav orn M. Bperavia! H noxpuntoueyn emupaveia yng nov xperatorav ‘yla THY KadAuépyera Aivapiod yta to 1815 H}rav vo 200.000 axp Kat yia xo 1830 500.000 axp. To i510 woyser yia THY Kévvapy. O Topepave’, navrws, vnoompiter out avtd ta UdIKe la Stpopouc hoyous Sev Oa pnopossay va vNoKatactioovv to PayPaxt. H ovvohux} vroKpuntopevn emupdveta yng nov anéxtyae 1 Bperavia evsdyoveac BayBaxt, Caxapn Kau EvAela to 1830 Hrav yopw ora 25 pe 30 ex. aKp. MIA ANAAYSH THE EEHTHEHE TOY IOMEPANTZ: ANOPAKAY KAI BAMBAKI Tida0 retotuKt eivar aveH n entxeipnpatoRoyias H napatiipnan du puxpéc av€ioers TwV axaBapiotwy enevdicewv pnopei va Kavovv peyadn Stagopd ota nogoota KaBapii¢ exévdvong Sev pov gaiverar modd eyxvpy. [...] Yndpye, mavewc, OewprtiKé TOVAAXLOTOY, Jud MBavorHTa va vRosTHpIAOEl 1 EmLXEIPNHATOAoyia tov Topepavtt, He Tov touptopd 611 n Mpdyn obyxXpovn Bperavia, 1 Evpomn, dev eixe evaddaxcuxéc mye eod5wv- i tinote mapandijai- yia to e1odSnua nov KépbiLe and thy mEpLpépeta. Tpoowmkd teive va moredw 611 evadAaxruxés myes Oa wnopovaay va BpeBobv. Tipoxeipévov yta tov pn ovvawverikd xapaxtiipa tov epmopiov wetak Bpetaviag Kau mg mepipéperdc tHE oT Néo Kéaplo, o Topepavel npénet va eknyiioet nepiaadrepo ag ovppLAwoverat pe To yeyovdc drt Eva arperind opavtiKd pépoc tov Néov Kéapov, Sndady} ot HITA, Hrav avekaprytec Kar xvplapyec and ra Tey Tov 18 audva, eved1» soon xo owe ane 0 Ki liu 9 Anil 17 «Aarwuxi Apepuciy arehevdepdOnke and thy Kndepovia tov Tonavey Kat Hoptoyadwv Ovo [etd to 1800. Aev apvoouat du n Bpetavia fray Kvpiapyn twv Badacady, adhe adc n Bpetavia ynopobae va méaet rovc avOpdnovs va TAnpwaovy je THY TH TOV Hehe avti Kat va tovg mpoagépet ta npoidvea THe; O Topepaved gaiverat drt éxet eniyvoon ov mpoBhiaTog Kat VMOBELKVEL drt TOV IF” axdva.o pdog rns lvdiag Kat tH Kiva ws repipépetes tay mo onpaveixds, Avtd adnOeder GANA Sev taupidler Kopyd om™HY emtyeipnwatohoyia tov, Odte to yeyovdc 611 t0 1820 n Evpainn sirav aKopn Kata ROY 0 ueyaddrtepoc etsaywyac Bpetavixay RayBaxepdy, ayopalovtac nav and to 58 toI¢ eKaTd TOV TOTOTOINLEVEV EpMOPEDHATOV KaL_TévW aNd To 65 ToIG eKaTd TwV BapBaxepdy ayaddy nov e&yaye n Bperavia. Ody ave} ovdrman epi KatavayKaopos, ovpnaryviag Kat pn ZwGravod epmopion nporetver dui n Bpevavia eixe jua nepipépeia nov te napeixe pOnvotEpa Kat mo edkoha npooPacwa epnopedpata and AdXec neploxéc Tov KOapov. O avayverotns, raytag, pétaa yaxver yla Karo1a obyKpION pETAED TwY TINGV ROD H Bpetavia mArpove oTHY nepipépela, TwY TIHdY Tov MAipwve ae Ade nepIOxéc TOV KdoHOD, Kal, edv DMFPXAV, Twv «nayKdoBLwY ayopaiwy TyLdV>. ANd Ta EMXELP|LATA Tov vMovoEitaL StL n Bpetavia pnoposce va npopndevde! Raypaxt and tic HITA ae xapmddrepn tyAH ad exeivy yla napaderypa nov pnopobae va npopndevdel n Kiva and thy nepupéperd ms, H and Kdénovadhod, ANd novdevd o Hopepavrd dev deiver kart téro10 H dev KaveL KArCOLa npoondde.a va anoseita du avtd mpaypat ovvéfatve. Ta anoteAopara jag téro1aG avotmpatixiis obyxpions jinopei va eivar evdiagépovta, H Gaxapn, yra napaderyya, ovxvd nohovveay orm Bperavia oe Hig ymrdrepes and Tic nayKdoqtes ayopaieg TIRE. Mia vravoodpevn npéraon ota oxdMia nov Kaver o Tldpepaved ya my Katdotaon omy mepipépera eivar Ott n epyacia twv 6o¥Awv Hrav PonVEtEpN, yeyovds ov éxave ta npoidvra tous pOyVétEpa, Kat ovvERtis n Bpetavia BpiaKdtay ae KamG M10 mpovopiaxi) Gon éXovtag THY Svvatstyra va ayopdce ayabd and ua SuKi tH Sovdocttxi nepipépeta. AvtS axodyerat Mavs AXA ioxve omY npaky; Oa nepipeve kaveig mpaypatt o1 SoAor va napryav pOnvorepa and Tous eyxsopiouc epyatec nov mnpavovtay avviGws de ptoB0s¢ nov Ppiokovtay Kétw and to avaykaio dpi0 eniBiwonc; Ymipyav exatoupripia ouxiakoi epyarec othy Ivdia ota tehy tov 18” aidva dtav 1 Teploxi avti gyive tuHwa tHe Bpetavixric nepigépeiac. Ymipyav eniong exaToppia and avtodg Kat otHy Kiva. Kat orig Svo avtés xdpec, dns o id10¢ 0 Tlopepavrt Seixvet, ot proBoi Fray XapnAdtepor and exeivovs te Evparns, Kat ororynpiarivw Sut Arav xapmAdtepor ard ToVg «juDBovg» Twv SoUAwV atov Néo Kéopo. Aev apveitat kaveic 6x1 n Bpetavia ayépate to peyahvrepo pépoc tov BapBaxiod tg and to Noto twv HMA, kat 611 avté to éxave 61571 yla tH Bpetavia avti n nepioxsh rav 0 mo pOnvdc nponevtic. ANG avapwtepar edv avtd eixe ev MOAI va KAveL He TO «UN avvauverikd» epndpio Kat tm Sovdela. O1 HITA ama Bpioxovtay nohd mo Koved ota Bpetavixé Aytdvia ae adyKpion je Tovs eyEAove napaywyous RapBaKiod te Adiac, Kat 1 orKovoptia ts Htav MOA mo avorKTi. H petagopd evtdc twv HITA éywe oxetiKé1» soon xo owe ane 0 Ki liu 9 Anil 18 pOnvétepn Ka NeydStepo MpoBAnyatixi and peydha tphpata the Aaiag ekartiag ts exéxtaang Tov otdnpodpopixod tng ducrbov Kat TeV Kavahldy THe. To coTHBA TeV qvrerdv epdppote orKovopies KhipaKog xt eneibh epydCovrav Sodhon, aA amdadg eneibi} 01 poteies fray peyadtrepes emyeiphoeic and Tic neploadrepec AoLATIKES PAPLES. Ley Aoia, Kata néoa mBavdenta, n Rapaywyi PayBaxiod fyrav gOnvdtEpH and exeivy tov HITA. 0 Hopepavet unopei gvarxd va. vxootmpike 6x1 to meovéxrnpia nov give o Néos Kéopog orm Bpevavia dev Hrav rda0 o1 gOnvéc mpopietec, aA to yeyovds dtt avvéxioay va eivar pOnvéc Kat akoun éyivav POnVorepec napa TAY avénuevn GTHON. Avridera vnawvicaerat tt Oa ovvéfarve edv n dirtION yea MOpovs Evtaang epyaciag adkave onpavrixd, ya napdderyua, othy Kiva, E5a 1 ovykprtixh npoatyyion tov Topepavet Tapanaici. Aev npoapéper ovotmparixéc mAnpowopies yia Tic TIE, THY MPoapOpA Kat amy Giron mov emxpatobay oe addeg mvpnviKes neploxgc Kat nepipépetes, ‘Eto. optopéva onpavtiké epwrhpata napapévory avoukré. To Gimpa, Katapyty, edv n Bperavia Kat poarKd adA|c mvpnviKés Meploxéc pmopodoay va elvat oe Béon va ayopadovy tovg «ndpous Evtaans yng and KATOv adAod. Tlépav KaToWY aXOhiwV ya ta npophfpara nov ba avterdnive n Bpetavia evodyovras BayBaxi ty nepiodo tov Auepixavixod Eupudion Tohgpov, to Girmpa avrd dev Biyerat. Batw rm A€EN «évraons Yo» evrds eloaywyiKddy KaBKs to mo oMBAvTIKO and Ta ayaB4 ata onoia avapépera o Tlopepavrd, Smad} to PauBaxt, Sev Htav rda0 évtaanc yns. Eav n Bpetavia otepodveay auc eroaywyéc Bayfaxiod Ga xpeatorav npaypatt tepdoties noadtHTes yns Ya va Siarnpel mpoBara ya padi, aAAA oe neployéc nov KadMtepyosy PayBaKt to BayBaKt Sev eivat éva npoidy évtagng yng. AKOUN Kal Kata TH SidpKELa MepIddev Avonanc dev Bea miégeis orm yn otKG HITA. To yeyovds avté nporeiver tt 1 Bpetavia Oa pnopovae Katapyiiy va yet Bpet evaXAaxrikods npopndevtéc oxertKd edKoha. Seny mpaky, NaVTIOG, ovvéqite va Bacitetat kara nod ori eroaywyec BapBaxtod and tov apeprkavixd Noro. TlohAa efapraoveat and to nda0 peydAn Fray n GiitAON yea BapBaKt orm Bperavia ae obyKplon He TH GLVOIKH NayKdopUa Mpoopopa. Edv Htav onpaveuRi, propel Kavelc va nepipéver O11 ot tusk Ba avéBaivay dao n Bpetavia perépepe ty LieHaH THC aNd Ic HIIA o¢ Kénovo AXXo pépos. Tia va SHow dbo napadeiypata. «Merakb 1785 kar 1833 ovo n enapyia Kovavravyx [Kwantung] eiomyaye katé pédo 6po and-rny [vdia £1 popéc Teploadtepo axatépyaoto RapBaKt and avts nov xpnoyonoiodae emoiwc n Bpevavia THY er1oxH TOU o ApKpat [Arkwright] ewohyaye THY mpden vspoKivgt KwoTIKA UNXAVH} tov. Mia exéxraay tov Kivétikwv eaywydv BapBaxepav evdopdtwv oe obyxplon He exeivn nov éAaBe xcpa o7m Bpetavia tov 18” audva tao ae oxEon we ty taxbrneE dg0 Kat pe Bdon to peyeB6¢ rms o€ oXEoN He TY EowTEpLKT} ayopd Oa rraV OND weyaAn yla THY RayKdopta StaBEsysn ayopaotuRi Svan exeivn THY EMOX"p. O i5toc 0 Tlopepaved vrobekvier 611 Tov 18° adva omy enapyia Teavay tg Kivas 9 napaywyh BayBaxiod avepydtav oe 500.000.000 RiBpes, oe odyxptan pe 100.000.000 AiBpes nov etomyaye to 1815 1 Bpetavia kat 263.000.000 nov tojyaye to 1830. To 1870 n Kiva ovvohixé1» soon xo owe ane 0 Ki liu 9 Anil 19 mapiyyaye 1.850.000 iBpec, road nov vopiter dt iytav tovddxtotov iao pe exeivo tov 1750, évav o mAnGvopds fray nod puxpérepos, Evvohexd y KaTavéAcan BapBaxiod ory Kiva to debrepo juod tov 18” audova Bewpetrat oxi frav apKerd ovykpio\sn He exeivn tH¢ Evpdnns. O Mexuét Pkevtg [Mehmet Geng] npoapéper thy axdAov8n, mnpogopia ae oxéon pe My Blopnyavia BapPaxiod tc OBwpavixric AvtoKpatopiac: «To 1772 n AyyNia Katavéhove 4,2 ex. AiBpe¢ axarépyaotov PayBaxios. To 1792 n Karavadwon eixe avéhBer oe 15,5 ex. NiBpec. To 1790 wdvo 1 nEpIOxA tH¢ OLooaXovixns-Maxedoviag éxhwGe 7 ex. NiBpes BayBaxtod oe vipa kat to 4496 to XpnoonoLobaE yla THY KaTAOKEDH vpagpatov. Tho ovotacrixé, 6a Gea va yvepitw ndan onpacia eixav o THLE Tw MPatwV vhdy hapBavovrac vndyy ndgO TapaywyrKi HraV n BpetaviKH napaywyh BayBaKepdv aida. Aev Ga eixe KatopOaet va KataKTiaEt Tic ayopé¢ aKopN Kat ay eixe avayKaotel va ayopater and Kérrov aXAod mo axpibds H xpayparixi vnepoxi TE «@¢ mpOG Tov avtaywviopd dev BpioKdrav oto yeyovdc 6x1 napilyaye pOnvé teiKd npoidvea, avti va aryopater gOnvec npwtec bec; Otay epxouaare onic vnoriBépeves «napahoya peyaheo» eaywyinés ayopés tov Néov Kéapov, avapwriépa ndo0 «napadoya peyaheor fray. YrevOopitw ov ov HITA ray ua avekapryry xopa. Edv o: dvOpwnor exei aydpalay PayBaxepd xa aa npoiévta and ty Bpetavia to éxavay 6161 10 APEAAV Kat Eiyav Tovg Adyous ToVG. OL Avrixéc Ivbiec o¢ Ka8e nepintwon dev unopodaay va yivovv jua napahoya peyAAn ayopa. 0 mAnPvapdc rove dev Hrav apKerd peydAog yi’ avt6, To 1801 n Bpetavuxi, Kapaiuci Katorxobvray and 760,000 avOpinovs, O Topepavrd npoteiver tt n ayopa Bpetavixdy ayaidy otic Sovdoxrnruxéc neploxéc ropodae va yiver weyahtepn and THY «KavovuKy ekauriag, petaks Ade, tov yeyovdtos 611 01 BovAo1 Sev pnopodaay va napakouv ta bike ous pd —ija Kat EvSvon, Aev eiXav TOV Xpovo Kat THY EAevdepia va. TO KAVODV. IIpéxertaL ‘yta unepBohi. Odte dot o1 Sovhor epydloveay we epyarec otic pureies BapBaxtod, KaL akoyn Kat exeivor nov epydtovtay onic gureies Sev KaAMepyodoay BayaKt tov nepiaadtepo xpovo. Avrideta and touc toxvptopods tov Mopepavrt ywopiCoupe Sut ot SooAor otic véties HITA napilyayav apKerd orrdpl, AaxaviKd, Kpéac, MatéTEc Kal pooxa. Erot undpyet n mOavoryta 01 ayopéc avréc va pny Htav enions napéAoya yeydrec. Avté lag pépver orig vnoxpuntopeves emtpavetes ypc. Ot eoaywyéc Evhetag Sev ray aotpavres, GAG n anpacia tovg Fray juKpH Ge oxéon pe Tic e1saywyes TOV cqappaxertixdy ayaBarv» kat wtaitepa tov RayBaxiod, H Ayyhia e&4AAov pnopobae va ny e1adyet avtd ta eidn and to Néo Kéapo. H onpavia tov Néov Kéopov oto medio avté Sev eivar evrunworaxch, H Caxapn Eprave oto 4 to1c exaTd tev Beppidav nov Katavéhwove n Bpetavia to 1800. 01 Beppides avréc Ba popodaay va eixav Aeiyer xwpi¢ onpaveiKe orkovoiKd anoreNgopara. H npaypatixh anehevBépwan and Tove nepiopiapovs nov eeray ra tpOpILA MpOAABE and TIC eIgaywyéc xt Tov Néov Kéopov, aA and IG «Kedtuxég napupéc» [Celtic fringe, SNA. ty Ovadia, ty Lkwtia, ty Kopvovdln kat thy1» soon xo owe ane 0 Ki liu 9 Anil 20 Iphavdia), my Evponaixiy fyretpo Kat oto Sebtepo usd Tov 19” audva, oe avéavopevo Badys and tHY Bopao Apeprxi Kat tH Pwoia. 0 TMopepavet teiver va diver my evronwon Ot n Bpetavia npayparixd népace péoa and tH WOT THE PehSvac Kat Sut xwpic Tc ELGaywysc TpogiNwV Ta MPaypata ba cixav Mohd doynun tpom}. Nopier ott Sev tg eixav anopeiver MoAAd and ta anoxadovpeva «mheoverthpata tg KaOvarépnonc». H avéavouevn ekapryon ms Bpetaviag and to e€wtepixd ya THY MpopiBeta tpopiig anoteLodoe Eva avavtippyto yeyovds, aha mpénet va eiSeoVei oe jua npoontiKh. Aev anotedei npodyyeho SvoKohiv Stav ya napaderypa o Hopepaved vnoompiter tt «ny napaywyiKdtHTa tHe ayyheKiyg yewpyiag paivetar ott dev eixe adAdEEt TONY peTAEd 1750 Kat 1850», 1 Stav oxodder ott «OL AVG AKP Kat OF GDVOAUKEs aTPOSdoEIG aNd THY KAAMEpYHoULN YH Rapspevay ordoyLES Kat 1 ametht THS MapaKys povyN». O Bpetavixdc TANBvopd¢ peta 1750 Kat 1850 avé ine and nepinov 6 ex. o¢ 18 ex. To epmoptKd ooksyto yla Tpdpija Kat Nora Ge aUTIY thy nepiodo and Eva «aypottKd» ekaywytKd Medvacpa otn SeKaetia tov 1770 népace oe Eva etoaywyikd Medvaopa Kata 25 to1g eKard, to onoio mpoiinobérer Set n OvVOAIK TapaywytKdryta mpénet va eixe oe adpéc ypappies Sindacacrei. To nats obornpa Kars ta pavopeva dev eixe GOdoe ota Spld tov. H napaywyi) Ka n apaywyiKorTa tmopodce axdpn va avkaverar pe aktoonpeiwtous puOpLods. H OMavdia, pra and Tig mo TUKVOKATOLKTHEVES TEPLOXEs THS Evpdmnc oTIc apxés Tov 19°” atdva Kat emions pa arto Tig Movarorepes, Htav eniong Kat ja Xopa mov ekiyaye tpdpipa. [...] AAAG eivar yeyovdc ott n Bpetavia tpepstay do Kat Mo TOAD and to eEwrepiKd. Ev téhet doov agopa to Bay Bart, o Mopepavet exer va Sixto, Bivat Tod SvoKoXo va pavtactei Kaveic Tota eyXdopta KaAALEpyeta Ha Enaite to podo Tov Kara THY eKBLopnxavian tH Bpetaviac, ay Kat Oa Htav Xprotpo edv o Topepavrt eixe eEnynoet nepioodtepo yrati obppwva [NE avtéy to Aivdpt Kat n KawvaBn Sev pnopodoay va Aettovpyiaovy wo «oyiKéor evadhaxtiKés Mboetc. H avddvon tg onpaciag tov epmopiKov oXéoEwy He Spovg vMOKPURTOEVNS enipavelas yng aroredet sta Rouct} Kat StapeotiotiKA oTparnyuRy. ta va eivan evreheds ovatnrariKds 0 Mopepavtl dgette eniong va eixe mpoonadiaet va vrohoyicet doa vmoxpuntopeva axp Oa xpetatoray n Bperavia edv Sev epmopevdtay we ty AvtiKA Evpdmm. Eivat, wordao, oe Kae nepintwon atvyéc drt 0 ovyypagéac, nov iyoupa dev £yet MpOBANpa va napovardter ta otorxeia tov RocoTIKoMOINpEVA, Movdeva oto BiBhio avr6 dev napovordter apiOpovs yia UntHpata nov eivat anodbTws ovataTIKA, dm< OL etoaywyéc Kat ot ekaywyéc ms Bperaviag and tic dtapopec mepupepetéc TMG, ot epopIKEs oxéoeic petaks mg AvtuKiig Evpdang Kar tH¢ Bperaviag, Kar petakd ty¢ vmddoumns Evpdmng Kat tH¢ mepigéperds THs, 1] oXETUK Béon, TOV SteBVOuG epimopio Ge Stdpopes XepeC WG ToGoGTS Tov AEII, n yewypageri, Stavop tov, to Roots tov die6 vows eumopiov nov mepvodoe and ta xépla tic Bpetaviac, or mayKoomes THE Stapopwv TpoiSVtWY Kat O1 TILE TOV TARpeVaY OL Bpetavoi. O avayviooms npénel HSVIBIA Va1» soon xo owe ane 0 Ki liu 9 Anil 21 Kortdker Karov aAAod yia Anpogopies nov eivar anavtiKés yia va extyuaEL tH AON tov Mopepavtt. O ANOPAKAE KAI TO BAMBAKI EEHTEI IIPATMATIKA TH MET AAH ATIOKAIZH; 0 Mlopepavet vnoatpiter du1 ywpic AvOpaKa kat ywpic Tc eroaywyéc ayaBev évraons epyaaiac ané thy nepupépera n Bpetavxf yewpyia kat iyovpa n napaywyh wav, Ba eixe yphiyopa pOdae1 ato dpid tH¢ Kat ovventic Oa eixe epnodiorel n orkovopuKi} THC avarrTvEN. Yn6 avy thy évvoia avagepdpevos ae avtéc Tic avaykaieg nepotacers vopiter tt napéxet ua enapxil neprypagi te Brounxavixiic Exavdotaang orm Bperavia. Xwpic apgiPoXia optopévor kprttkoi Ba emtanpdvovy 6x1 axdpn Kat orn Bpetavia y Biopnyavirs, Enavdoraon Hrav Katt napandvw and avOpaxas Kat Baypaxt. TpoownKa vopitw drt Apayyart irav Eva paivozevo nepiaadtepo wolvytapevng avirtvEng. ANA ag wn eiyaote nohd Aentohdyor. Xwpic avrd Ga ray ua wy avayvepiousn «Bropnxavirs, enavdotaany Kat appiBadAw edv Ba pnopodce Kav va aroKAnGei «enavictaon. Exot ory Kapdud me Biopnxavixiig Exavaoraang ts Bpevaviac Bpoxdtav o avOpaxag Kat to BapBaxt, yta ta onoia n Bpetavia «érvxer va ta Katéyet eve ot «ondhoron» bev ta eixay. AANA o€ no1a ExtagN Mpoogépovpe [la enapKA e&ynON TS enavaotaans avrg avagepopevor amhidc ae avtoss tovc Sho napiyovtec; To epHthya avtd eivat vouipo, Kabdg yia tov Topepavet vnoserxvier ty ovoia tg enavdoraons avtiig KaGkis Kat thy e&hynon tH. Ac apxioovpe pe ty Aon tov Tlopepavet yia tn ovvetapopa me mepipéperac. O amlobotepos tpérovg ya va emonpdvw avr nov GEhw eivar napatnpdvtag dt. n Bpevavia Oa énpene va mAnpdoe ya tic npopGerts nov anoKrosae exei Kau énetta pUTavTAC He MOL0 TPETO aNoKTObsE To xpiHA yla va TAnpwaEL TI npowHDeLEc tHe. H andytnon eivat nohd ani: o¢ evpeia Baan [ow twv eEaywydov Broynyavikdy ayaBdv. Avté Exel epappoy téa0 omy Apepii 60 Kat ovuG undLotnES Mepipépetes, Xwpic TI¢ ekaywyéc lopnyavikdov npoidvewy n Bperavia dev Oa fray kav} va yiver jue yepa nov ota téAn tov 19” audva etaiyaye to peyaAsrepo pépos THE TpOGIE THE Kat GAAwV npoidvtwy Evtaan¢ epyaoiac. Xwpic rm Biopnyavixt) Enavaotaar tm¢ n Bpevavia ane Sev Oa irav iKavh va e1odyer ayaa ora onoia o Topepavel apéoxerat va avagéperat. Ot eaywyéc mg Kat ovvenddc o1 e1oaywyéc mE Ba fray puKpdtEpec. Exet onpagia xt ot THLE Tw BpetaviKdy eEaywydv -KaTd KOpIO Moyo PlonYaviKOY ayaBav- peLdOnKaV Ge ooyKpIon HE TIE TYRES Tov eIGaywYSY tHE KUpi«og TPP, MpOTEG Beg Kat NpiKatepyaopéva npoidvta, Kért ato onoio Sev avagéperat o TMopepavtt, Eva pépog avtiig THE pEiwoNs jMopet va Bewpndei we anorEeopa tHE eKPLopNXdvLays Ot Spot eqinopiov rng Bpetaviag emdervOnkav Kata OAD o7y StdpKeta tov 19 audva, AUTO We Kavet va morebw 611 n Blopnxavia révwsE to epndpio nEpIddstEpO and 4,11 TO EMdpIO ovwoe tH Plopnyavia. H Blopnyavert| Exavdotaon orn Bpetavia fav ovoiaatixd pia avinon mg napaywyrK6ty rac napa Eva anpdopevo SHpo Twv POnVav Eaywyav.1» soon xo owe ane 0 Ki liu 9 Anil 22 Ga myarva axspn rapanépa.’Eva pey’Xo Uépoc TwY BpetaviKdy eroaywydv Ba ray anAd adbvarov va etoaxGosv xwpic THY exPiounxavion, Oxt HOvo vd THY Evvora Tov éw neptypayer, Syhadi exPiounxavion Snwovpynoe ty Svvatdrmta va TAnpwbody ot Stagopec etoaywyéc ayabdy évraon epyaciac, ahd eniong Sit ot addayés omy napaywyh Kat orig petagopéc nov BpioKovtay otny Kapbid THs exPiounxdvians (arSnpdSpopot, atyomAota, wnXavés, xnUIKd Aindowata Kat édda) Tov enétpeyav oTHy mepigépeta va mapayer gOnVva ya Tov mUpiiva, THY i6a oTLyL exétpeyay orov mupiiva va napayet ddo Kat mo ponVa yla va ornpiter tic avaryKes Tov kat Tig avatykec THS MEpUpEpeLdg ths. H avEnon THg Napaywyric KaL Tov eLaywydy Tov ayabey évraoncepyaciag omy mepipépeta — Kat enions otOV mupijva- {tav neptoadtepo anoréheopa napa mpoindG_on ms exBlounxavions. TEXNOAOTIA, @EZMOI KAI H AOMH THE ZHTHEHE Adyovtac 61101 Bpetavoipnopodaay va exPropnxaviarosy ekartiag tov avOpaxa Kat TH¢ Auepixiig Sev efnyei to yrari Kar to mbc 1m Bperavia Kar dt Karo. Addn xspa, Xpnowonoinoe tooo anoteheopatiKd tov avOpaxd tH¢ Kal Snjtovpynde ja avtoxparopia ya va raiptater omy exPlopnyavion tHe. Katapyiy dddec xcpec Oa unopodaay va to eiyav Kavet enionc. Exovtac dvépaka Kat Ty ApepiKi Sev enapKei, H HAN ov Kérro10s Sev apKei «va ra éxern. Oa mpémet va ta Ppet, va KUpIapX"oEt Ge avtd, Va ta xpnowonoujoet. O Hopepavet vnoBabpiver ra npoBhiara, to KbotOG Kat TOV xpovo Tov avtd anartobe. To BiBhio tov eivat yeparo avagopéc oTHY «evoiwvy TonoBEdia tov avOpaxa», orig «evtoyeic SieOveig ovykvpiec» otHY «yewypagiKa Kad TOxN», oTIG «yewypagiiés GupMToaEIG», OTIC «onHAvTIKES ovpTTdDEKG TS YEwypAgiag Kat TH¢ tonoBeaiag» H «ota nOhAd anpdopeva dcopar. 0 avOpaxac eivat andaog Eva opuKtd Kadaio nov BpioKerat ato nédapoc, Oa npénei va ekopuyGei, va petagepbei, va ypnoyonomdel ae KaBe ei6og napaywyrKiic StadiKaviag, va petaoynnatiotel oe ontavOpaKa H ATS KaL obTW KABE ekihc, MpLV yiver Backs orxovoiKe Kepéaio yia th Bpetavia, Kard ty dtadikacia avti Eva ebpoc popAnpdtwv Ba Enpenc va avtipetwmotei. Av enpoxetto yla ja edKohn Soverd katy emtroyia dev Hrav ebaopadtopern. Xperdlovtay Kaworopies Kat epevpéaeis Oxt WOvo o¢ avriy kad? eaveiyy thy ekSpvén tov avOpaxa, ITodAé EAAeiyers oTnY toropia mpoKAheoay mpoxhijoeig nov nore dev avtpetoniotnxay enapkidc, HoAé¢ avaykaidtyres Sev Snwwodpynoav egevpéoetc, EnimAéov, n oxéan pETakY Tov oIKOhoyIKGV TEPLOPLOPOY Kat wy egevpéaewy- evpbtepa Kat 6x1 pOvo ae axgon [He Tov avOpaKa- eivat Tod Atyotepo mpopaveic kar dqeaes and 6,t1 nporeiver o Topepavet. Avté pag gépvel o¢ ja entmAgov, TOAD axeTIKH, dtagopa perakd tm¢ Bpetaviag kau tn< Kivac, Shadi omy texvohoyia, nov eupaviterai wc eKeivo to emtMAgov mov éKave Suva} thy BEATIOT xpH}an TOV dvOpaKd me, O Tldpepavel ovppwvel drt o1 texvoRoyEKES Kawworopieg fitav OAD annaveiKés, Sut n Evpdnn eixe neproadrepec Kat dui to yeyovds1» soon xo owe ane 0 Ki liu 9 Anil 2B avté xperitetat ebfynon. Aev gaivetar va to Kdver avtd oAdOvpa. Tov apécet va vroBabpiver my onpacia tHg Kat TOV KaLvoTOLKd XapaKTi}pa THE Mpotelvovtag dt tA amhtis éva arotéeopa tH¢ dmapEng avOpaka Kat THs MpSKANNG Tov Sjuovpyovoay Ta TpoPArpatd ts, mpoteivovtas dt Kabidg n Evora tHE atHooPaIpLKTG mieonG rTaV yvwort omy Kiva, 1 exavdotaon tov atpod pope’ va eixe mpoxdyer ening otyy Kiva, 4 vroompiovtag tt 1 onpacia tH Ba rrav TONY puKpdTepR Xwpi¢ avOpaKa Kat THY Tepupépeta. AKOpN KaL av AUT HytaV aANBLv6, Sev [MOpodpE amis va Kavoupe Eva katéhoyo Twv TexvohoyiKOV epyadeiwv Tg Kivag nov Ba propovsay va otaBovy anévavtt oto Kipia Tov egevpécewv nov Phénoupe otHy Kiva, kat evpitepa omy Evptirn, tov 18° aubva. H Kiva Sev Bptoxdtay atic napugés pag Emotmpovexns Enavaotaong, obte, mpaypa mov eivat mo oHpaveiKs, Kaba 1 Emotnpovexi) Enavéotaon Sev Bptoxdtay orny Kapdud tHg MPdtHS exPropNXavions, HTav TexvooytKd tod SvvapinKr 600 y Avan, Avt6 nov avtyietonioupe Sev tav ua Bpetavia n onoia ywotav mo Tponynévn, o€ weydho Padus tovhaxtorov eEattiag Hg TXNG, Kat énetta amhedg onIG Texvoroyies ov avvdéovray je Tov dvOpaka, AvtO mov Bhémovpte va ekeNiodeTat Tov 18° audva Hrav jua evpeia vmepoxt, ms Avang omY TexvoLoyia. Or Katvoropies ts Bptoxdtay Ge ja pakpa ovvext ypayyti avtotpopodotovpevwv epevpédewv Kat Kaworopudy atm AvtuKr} Evpomn. Mropei Beata Kaveic va net Sti atHoRNXave H\TAV [a andi} Kat avarorehecpatixi pnXaviy Tov Ba jiropovae edKoAa va eixe epevpedi ANAov. ANA ot Katvotopies eivar navta amhéc [ETA to yeyovds [THE EpevPETrg ToVG]. Onowodiyrore oxoAtapsraiso ywopiler afpepa yla tog vnooytotés repioadtepa and 600.0 Atvotéuv. Onwg axpidc avvéBy jte tov avOpaka, Kata tov idto tpOTO Kat ot amtorKieg SEV fray amhé pra Kadoroxia, H Apepext Sev ray amhidc Eva KoppaTt yng Mov Mepieve va yiver avtixeipevo experédAevaons. Enpene va BpeQei, va ekepevvndei Kar va expetaddev08i. Miow and ig «arorxieg» Bpioxetat pra ovykeKpievn BpetaviKH mOALTUKT orKovopia, Save o Mopepavet to yvepiler avtd Kat ovykeKpytéva avagépetar oTny TohtuKI} ovkovoptia TIS GyEMaLyviag Kat TOV KaTAVAyKAGHOd Kat Yta TO Medg OL Evpwraiot Unopodsay va KepSicovv and avtiy. AAA To TepdoTio KdoTOG Tg avTOKpaTopIaG GE Xpriua, xpovo, npoonddera Kat avOpdnovg Sev tov anacxdAnos. Aev Oa énpene va Bewpiaovpe tH Bpetavixi AvtoKpatopia Kdmo1o eiSoc «avandvtexov Beiov Supov». Avté Ba Hrav Mohd «austd6oko» ae oxéon je TIC XHpES THE IBnpLKIIg XepaovH}GoV TOV Tpayyatt KépStoay Kérota ebKoha KEpdr aNd TIC amorKies tov EEwrEpIKOd. Avté pas apivet pe Sb0 «eEnyntixes Stapopégr. H mpdrrn nov anoKadelrat and tov THépepavel «otacpdtytar, ‘tay cbugeva pe avtdv, oXe56v anodoa and THY Bpetavia. H &dAn, H dnapén evdc vyAdtEpov puopod adAayav otHY NdSa oTHY Bpetavia kat athy Evpdmn, e5iKd doov agopa ta eid évSvans, oiyoupa énaike polo omy Btounxaveat) exavaotaon omy Evpdm. Xwpic tig addayés ory pdSa Kar ty peysdn Gymon ekwruxdy ayadoy, Prounxavixev if Un, oLKatvoTopies oTHY evpwraiKr mapaywynh1» soon xo owe ane 0 Ki liu 9 Anil 24 Ba ray nohd mo apyés. H e&fynon navtws avtiig THs Siapopac peTakd Adiag Kat Evpaorng eivar éva ado Liyrmpa nov Ba to ovinnjow napaxérwo. TIATIH KINA AEN EKBIOMHXANIEZTHKE; Teati n Kiva, ¥ @Aes mupnvixés neptoxés ms Aciag, Sev xpnoworoinoay dvOpaxa Kat dev anéxroay nepipépetec; Me thy avotmpr évvoia tm¢ AEG N Kiva eixe AvOpaKa. AKoun éxet MoMA Korrdopara. Onis ywwpiovpe and va Epya tov Mapxo TTdho ywdpite Han Tov dvOpaKa mprv and tig neplaadrepec evpuaiixés apes. Hdn Kata thy nepiobo Zovyk [Song] edpvace avOpaxa Kar naphyaye onravOpaKa (KoK) Kat aidnpo oe evrumwoiakés noodtmtec. AAA THY nEpiodo TawyK o avBpaKac ploxdtay oe AABog épn Kat Sev Snpwovpyodae ta TovwTiKa TeXVOLOyIKE MPoBAiHata nov SnyLovpyowaE o évOpaxac atm Sbon, EnnAgov, ta opvxeia tg ta expetadAevovray o¢ piKpH Kiara uxpoenyeipnpariec. Nopitw drt 266 Bpioxerar Eva Gyrmpa plas txaiag wotopuKtig Hh UaAov yeaypagiaiic nepiotaans nov énaige onpaveuKd pOho, Me Hy Evora avty n Kiva Tray npayyart «deoxy» av Kat, PuorKd, Sev avapepopaote oe akenépagta npoPhiipara. Acv propodoay o1 KivEtor va Bpovy pa kbon oe avtd to yewypagrKo mpOBAnpias Tari n Kiva dev eixe ty Apepuct 196 Ev ovvtopia yiati Sev tm xpetatoray Kat oe ueydo BaBps yiati Sev thy Heke. Avtd dev onpaiver drt n Kiva adiagopovae ya tH Bddacoa Kat Tov &€w KPO yla Va apyioel ja PaKPA nepiodo «oTaTHSTATAG KaL andovpong». H Kiva eixe éva tepdotio ekwrepixd epmdpio. AAA dev eixe vtepndvties anomKieg Kat nepipépetec, Ymipyav Kwvélor oro ewrepixd, add dev efyav ovarnpatiKs kpatix vnootipiEn yia va eyKabiSpboovv anorKiec, Fa va to Bésoupe SiagopetiKd Sev vmipye KwvEliKog LepKavtropds, Mpaypa to onoio, dnw¢ napadéyetar o Topepaved, Fray TOA onpaveIKd, Ot uepkavtIdoTiKés RohiTIKEs Rpoakgepav ory Evpdirmn nod ueyaddrepn epmeipia omy opyavwon tov epmopion peyédwv anoordcewv, otov amorKIoHd KaL oTOV MOAEHO and exelvy Rov anéxrnoay ot Kivélo1. Tov 19 audva avtd 6a to petavidaouy ot Kivétot. H Kiva, névrac, eixe pa Sux} tg nepigépeta. Tov 18° audva eywve dbo gopés ueyadrepn Kat eixe eniong ota dpid tH¢ ua peyaAn GeIpd KpaTaY nov Fray Gopov vrioteheig oe avti. AMAA n ertepigépetdo mg HraV la nepipépeta yg, He Bla eowrEpIRA obvdean petaks twv Kpatdy, TWA plas avtoKparopiag, xt pla mepupEpera evd¢ Néoo Kéopov, tpiwa evd¢ naykdopiov ovoriipatos tov Badeporaiv. KaradipOnxe and EevBepovg xwprKods nov Epydovray jie 6povg avtoovvTPRaNS Kal cvvends eEHYAV Aryotepo payntd Kat ayaa Evtaane yng otoV Mupiiva de axéon we THY MEpLpépeta TOV Néov Kéapov, 1 onoia ekartiag tov eunopevparixey tov Spagmpioritwy Erelve va aryopaver noAAé and avtev tov mvpiva. AAAA edixpivd, edv 9 Kiva eixe avOpaxa kat anouie, axdpn vopitw du dev Oa. eixe exProunxaviotel npiv thy Ayyhia. H tevoRoyia kat 1 GOnan Mov diver amheg te éMernay. Otay epydpaote atHy orKovoptRi tH¢ Sop, Tov 18° aidva Sev umTpyay aKopn1» soon xo owe ane 0 Ki liu 9 Anil 25 meatikoi Mdyor yia va napet évav SiagoperiKd Spdpo, obte meotiKd adiéEoda nov Ba uopobaay va Aettoupyfgovy wc Kivytpa yea SopuKés adAaysc. Enttgov n MORtTiKt orovopia tng Kivac we téro1a Sev ray oTpayEYN POG THY SOLLKH O1KOVOHKT aAAayA, adhd pdddov 10 avridero. Kara xérowo tporo 0 Topepavrt éxet Sikio érav Aéet Set y «un avarrvey oTHVY Kiva dev xperditerau nodd e&tynon. Méxpt ta thn tov 18” audva n jn exPlopnxavion, Fray Katt To @vaIOoyEKd. ADTs Mvt.aG MoD xperdterat va e&nyNBEl, REploddtEpo and 6,11 Kéver o Tldpepavrt, elvar pati ave} ny vynAd aventvypévn Ka exhenTopévy kowvevia dev akohosnae thy avarrrvén ts Avans. Has pnopoby Siagopéc nov apytKa ray uxpéc va yivouv 1600 peyadec ae td ypiyopo ypowKd SiéoTHWa Kat va ueyadvovy aKdpn neproodtepo yia nave and éva audva; Fiat n Kiva dev axohob8noe ty Bperavia nod vopitepa kat oe nod evpitepn KAipaxa and 6,11 ovvépns Tloddéc e&nyioei¢ poréOnkav yia va Abgovv avtdv tov ypipo, Kat ot Tepioadrepes Hrtav amhéc mpoexracers ts eEhyHONG ov nposepEpe To yeyovds StI N Kiva dev ijrav to mpdto E8voc mov exPlopnyaviotnke. EEnyfoe ong onoieg n Snpoypagia npordOnKe ws o KupLdtEpoc ASyos eivat axdpn MONd SnLogAAeic, Hpdxertar, ya napdderypa, yia eva and ta hiya mpdypata yia-ta oT|ia o Advts Kat o pave teivovy va ovppwvobv. H mAnBvowiaxi adénon omy Kiva fray té00 weydAn Kat ovvextig dare n xeipa endiiyn and oxettKd vnepmAndvopd Kat eupaviornkay MaABovoravd avprropata, 0 Topepavel dev ovppwvei pe Ty MaSovaravi Bon, H niean otovg n6pous Htav Aiyo ¥} nohd i6ta avy Bpetavia kau otpy Kiva tov 18° audva kat propel va ray XeIpotepn oT Bpevavia ané 6,11 omy Kiva. H mnOvoptaxi adéqon omy exBropnxaviCopevn Bperavia etaki 1750 kat 1900 irav noAd vRAdteph Ge odYKpLON je THY Kiva THY enol EKeivN. Avré moped va epunvevdel we évdergn, St 4 rANOvopLaKA ad—non oTHY Kiva ywwotav mpoBhnyatici) eneidi) Sev vmfpye exPlounyavion, napa wc Evdeiky Str Sev umfpye exPiopnxavion eneidi} avkavdrav 0 mAnBvods, Kart téro10 Oa irav nod PlaoteRd, EMV Bpetavia, dmwe kat omHY Ianwvia, n AANBvopiaKs avénon eixe peiver otaoysn, [Expt tO anpieto pddtora va etvat pndevext yia apkeréc Sexaetieg nptv THY orKovopuxt aoyeiwan. Avro mBavév dievkohove Thy Katd Kepahiy avérrrvén, thy enEvdvan oTIG UROdOLES Kat THY ovospevon Keparaiov. Uy Fadia Snov n exPropnxavion fray wadAov ia mo apys Hradixacia, n AAnovaptaxh adkyon and 10 Sebtepo juod tov 18" audva fray enionc apy. 0 ovvdvacyidc avtdc pope’ enionc va eixe SievKodbver Kéto.a avénon oto Katé Kepadiy e1d5npia, Ooo nepioadtepo ovvexiCorav n mAnBvoptaKi adkyon xwpic exPonnxavion, 1600 m0 SoKoho Ba fray evdexouE ving va TeOet n KwvELKN o1KoVOHIA GE pa SiapopeTURH, Bropnyavirt, nopeia. H avvexiig adkqan tov mnBvopod, wiaitepa ory Bopera Kiva, eivat éva akionepiepyo gawvdzevo nov akiler va epevvndet neproadrepo dnws Utd 0 Tlopepavet, Ero Kwélixo mhaiow pag EuuStaviig orxovopiac nov Aetrovpyei anpdoxonta n naparerapévn mAnBvopiaxi avarrrvéy ovxvd KatnyopHONKE Yla THY eUpavion tH anoKaRospeyns «ynrod entnébov nayibac toopponiag». Kevtpuxi ae avtiiy thy évvo1a,1» soon xo owe ane 0 Ki liu 9 Anil 26 HV onoia éxet Savetotei e&? ooKAiipov oxeO6v and tov Mpavk, eivat n avriknyn drt to MaPohoyiKd KdoTOG raV TOAD XaHNAA, Kat TO KEPAAALO Kat OL RAPOL TONY oMAVIOL OTE va avoigooy to Spdyo ya THY UNXAvEKH mapaywyh. O Topepavet apveirat tos LoXvplopods tt to KdoTOg Epyaciag otHy Kiva Hrav t6G0 xapMAS date n enévdvon oe unyavixd eEomtopd Sev eixe Kéro10 o1KovoUIKd vonUa. To Kdotos Tov npdLov Blopnxavixod eEomopod Hrav tdd0 aoipavto, Kal ta napaywyiKd KEpoy THC XPNOWoroings tov tdc0 evrumwotaKd, Gore To eninedo pLoBdv SdoKoha Ba napeixe avtukivntpo othy pnXavexh napaywy}. av npoKerrar va moréyoupe tov Topepavtt Kat da0ug ovppwvodv He avtov drt n Kiva Sev Hrav Prox! Ge odyKpION we THY AvTIKI Evpdm, du ta etoodipata Savépovtay ekicov opad doo oty Evpdmn, Kar Sut ot ayopéc tH¢ Hytav evonoinpéves Kat Aettovpyosoay axoun KaAUTepA and ekeives HS Evpdoring, tore or kevelor emtyerpnparies Oa mpénet va eixay ua TOAD peyaAn ayopa. Oa eiav, Ba éAeya, KaGe ASyo va apyicovy va exunxaviGovy thy napaywy". Eovotkd avtd dev ovvebn, tovhaxtotov oe ja KAipaxa ovyKpiown we exeivn TS Avong. Ttati; O Topepavret Sev mpoxwpei ae PaBos oto HEpa avtd, ara npoonadei, TAVTOG, Va TO avtIETwriel. Ldppwva pe TY dxoyh Tov Tov 19° audva or mvpyveKés reptoxéc tH¢ Kivac, ot onoies eixay fn vioGeriiser tiaitepa anoteheowariKés Tapaywyrkés texvixés, Sev eixay ode avOpaKa ore ja mEpUPEpELa Oris EiXE o MUpHVAG amc Abang. Eric nepigeperaxéc neptoxés tm¢ Kivac n ayporiK kat PlownXavurr napaywoyyy aviiOnKe pati pe THY adnon tov MANBvoHOd, aAAG avti} n anepLpépetan Sev ekediOnKE ae évav evmposdpposto napoxo GOnVdv TépwY oToV mupHva Kat Evay evéAuctO ayopaoth twv ayaBav ms, Avrideta Brénovpe ja peiwon twy eEaywydv tpopipwv KaL AAwy npoidvtwv évtaong yng, ta oTDoia Thpa xperdlovtav oro eowrEPLKO KaL ja vrOKATAoTANN Eoaywydv doov apopd THY Rapaywyh TUROTOMpEVOV npoidyTwV E16iKA HG MPOBLopNXavixr}g Tapaywyi}s. To yeyovdc Sut ot AEbBEpOL aypdrec HTAV OF KUPLOL Tapaywyoi EKxave Th Sagopa oe obyKpLON He THY KatdotaoH Tov EniKpatovoe oTHY Tepigépeta tov Néov Kéopov. Edd vndpyet éva tovpd otoryeio ekaptnonc: Ooo TEpisadtepo n KoLvovia Badifer o avtov tov Spdpo tH¢ Mapaywyhs npoldvtwy Evtaons epyaciac, 1500 m0 SioKoho va nape évav Spopo evtaong Kegaraiov Kat évtaons evépyetac, axoun Kat Und evvoiKes ovvOliKEs Tov EXOUV va KAVODY He THY TeXVOAOYia Kat THY MpoaPOpa TpOISYTOY and THY RepL@EpEta. oO MO anoSOTIKA XpnoonoLOdYTA Ta StabEcia pea Rapaywyrig todo mo SvoKoXo yiverat va teBei Ge Aettovpyia Eva veo obotHya mapaywyiic. Ogeihw va napadexOo dtt dev evrunwordfopat and avtd to emxeipnpa. Yrdpxet Kamora evdeikn Set ot Kivélor emayerpnuaties Sev expnxdvicay TY napaywyi kat ott Kiva mpaypart dev exBiounyaviotnKe dwg n Evpim e€artiag EMeiyewy mpdtwv VddY; Acv eipiat et5ix6¢ otHY otxovoptxt) otopia tng Kivas tov 1 audva Kat prope va avapep0d pdvo o¢ epyaciag avOpdnwy nov eivat etdtKoi. Aev exw Bpet Kamora Evderky Out 0 BapBaxt f to petakt eyive todo onavio Kat TOd0 aKpIBO dote or vTOYAGLOL Biopn}xavor 6a epnodifovtav va eyKataoTidouv éva epyootdato. Edy, dws 0 {tog 01» soon xo owe ane 0 Ki liu 9 Anil 27 Tlopepavrt woyvpiterat, n expnyaviopevy napaywyh KatéAnée va elvan pOnvdteph and tH kn expnxavopévn apaywyi, Ba Hrav npaypatt nOdb napdkevo edv évac neiopatapns emiyeipnpiatiag Sev éBproKe uc pares Hec nov xpeidlovrav oe ja tepdotia Kat TapaywyrKi xopa dnwe fytav n Kiva tov 19° ava, Maa mAfpn andvenon oto Litnpa avrd Ga anatrobae evtatiK Epevva Kat éva ohdxAnpo BiBhio, aXAA orm gpevva avtt Ba MporeLva oE KADE Mepintwon va EoTIaTOULE THY MpOaOH TEpIaGdtEpO ato PAo ToD KpATOUE Kal TeV BeTHdY and 6,71 KAvEI Oo Tlopepavet oro BiBhio tov Kat cuvertic Ba épBovpie Kovrdtepa omy éEoxn avaddvon ToD Bovyk oto épyo tov H ueraoyquariopévy Kiva. Ot orxovowikoi Beapoi te Kivag Kat ot vrobSopéc mg Sev tay avtiotoryes He eKeives Mov anartovse La obyXpovn PlowNXaveRt otkovopia, H éAAeuyn, tows, TuMKiy OLKOVOPIKOY BEopOV Kat KaVovOY Kat n URapEN evs adbvapov Kpétovg Sev Hrav peyéAa pelovertipata oe jd oXETIKa Ker poBiopnxavixt Kowwovia, 2” Eva duoc exlopnxaviCopevo Kat dreBvidc avrayeoviCopevo Kop SMwE HTaV avTdg Tov 19” audva UmpEav iyoupa petovertipata, To KwvEliKO Kpatoc tov 19° audva fray éva ekaobevnievo Kpatos, Aev npoatgepe THY «pogtaciay Kat tic vnodopEc nov Frav avayKaiec npobnoBaeIc yla THY exPiopNyavion, Tov EdAetnav ta pda, n BEANON Kat 1 Lox, To yeyovdc O11 BpEONKEATO EAeog Twv AUTIKdY SvvapEwy, Tyg Pwoiag, Kat apydrtepa ts lanwviag, Exave ta mpaypata aKdun mo SvoKoha, To {Sto Kat to tepdotio peyeog THE aVTOKPaTOpiag KaL o1 KaTATTPOGIKES KOLVoIKEG avaoratidoeis, Hold edxoha Eexvape Stun exPlopnxdvian evds puxpod vnOLOS dm n Bperavia eivar Kati nOAb SiapopeTiKs and Thy eKBIoNNXavIOn as TEpdoTIaG Nreipov énwc n Kiva. H EKBIOMHXANISH Q ENA AYTIKO ®AINOMENO MExpt twpa to mpoPAnpa ths HeEyaAnc andxhiong éxet epunvErdei wc Katt Mov etnyei to yatti n Bpetavia exPiopnyaviomnxe oe avtidean we thy Kiva. AugiBadhw eav avtoc eivar © Kahbtepos tpg ya va HEovpe To LiytHpa. Be KAGE nepintwon avTd Sev ivar KAT Tov aviqtiétat cvvi}9s ota PiBXia mov xovv we BELA ToVUG TH «pleyaAn aNdKAtON Kat THY «Sqtovpyia tH¢ obyXpoVNG MayKOoRAG orKOVOHiag». AUT GvVA|BUs EoTLACOUY THY Mpodoyi} Tove ato ytati n AvteKi Evpdrmy Kat Suépopec amorkieg AevKdby itav ot npdrec Teptoxéc Tov ywepicay THY ayXPOVN, avtoovvTHPOdLEVH OIKOVOLLKH avamTLEN, Eve GE ANeg nepwoxés tov Kdopov -pe puKpéc eaupécerc- 1 orKovouKr) avirrtuEn épetve 600 TONS maw. epic aypiBohia n Bpetavia iyrav n npdtn Kat yta pepinés SeKaeries n pOvN, neydn Piopnyavixt xdpa doov apopa tov dvOpaka Kat to BayPiKt, aAAG a) 1 exBiopnxavion mo Bpetaviag Sev jimopei amddg va anoovvéebei and to Avtixoevpwnaiko tg maiaw, B) peta and optopeves Sexaetieg nodAés xOpeC TIS Abang akohovOnoay evo «ot vmdAoimes XopEE GVVEXLGAY Va [NY TO KAvOUY, Ka y) AKON Ka exeives ot SutiKés xapec Tov Sev exPlopnxaviomnkay He Bday to fpetaviKd MpOTUTO Biwoay Starmpioyin orxovotrr avarrrvén Kat Sopués adAayég oTHY orKovoptia TOVG,1» soon xo owe ane 0 Ki liu 9 Anil 28 H Avtex Epon Hd and mY mpaxn obyXpovn nepiodo, ada axdpn Teptosdtepo Tov 1F adva Arav pla Cdovn Wiaitepa adAnoovvdedpevy TORiTiKG, OIKOVOLIKG, TeXVOLOYIKE Kat TOMITIOTIKGe GoTe Sev Ba Hitav word va anoLovevoope evtehidg TH Bpetavia oe jua avadvon ts orKkovopiKris avantvéng. H avtahhayh ayaBiy, avOpdnwy kat edv oe évay SteBvi Katapepious epyaciac tHY eixe H5n] evoTOUaeL Ge téro10 PaOUd wore Ga Hrav napamAavntKd va peherape THY exlouNXavior TIS H THY Sopuriy orKovoUKy arAay!} Ge pla avatHpH Bdon and xdpa oe xdpa. Fiyoupa, dddec evponaixés xapeg votepodoav Evavtr tH¢ Bpetaviac. AAA ypryopa oxeTIKA THY épracay eiduxd edv AaBovpe vAdYH Ta KataoTpogIKd anoTehéopata TH¢ EnavaataTtKt¢ repiddov Kat Twv Narohedvrewy nohépwv. Eiyoupa ddec ot xwpes exPtopnxaviorKay ue to 1x6 tovg tpOTO. AANA eivat Bepehtddec Out Tov 19 audva dec Apxtoay THY StadtKasia me Sopris orKovopnK|s adayiig n onoia tic etofyaye o™HY StatmpHouN otKovopKt avantvén. Sovohixd n vmdXowm Evpdmn Sev eyewe niow Kar oe xe repintwon to éxave KAY MtyStepo and Thy Aaia, pe THY eEaipen ts Ianwviac, Avti}n «Btopnxavurt) exavaotaon» we thy evpitepn epunveia tov opov eixe enions pow Pei oxupa and tic véec TexVvOAoyies oTOV dvOpaKa Kat OTO Gibnpo. ANAA Sev rav udvo avrd. Kat onowoidijnote kat av iftav ot StagopetiKoi Spopot ov eaBe, navrote vionoobytay oe StatnpHoyN o1KOVOHIKH avartvEN n onoia cvvodevovtay and Sop omKovopuci adAayi. Edv SexBoope avtiy thy evpbtepy epunveia tov dpov Kat edv THY Tpoceyyioovpe ws [ta anoyeiwan mpog THY avtoovvenpodpern avarTven Kat TH SOpLKT, otKovoptrt adAayi,n Bon Ott y AvTuKr Evpdirmy «wc owvoRo exBtounxaviornxe even Kiva Kat 1 vmdAou Aola, we thy eaipeon ts Ianwviag Sev to EKave, yivetat TOAD mo anodexri. To BéAyto kat 1 EXBetia exBropnyaviornkay apKerd vepic. Mia apa dmws n Tadia pnopei va unv exPtopnxaviomnxe ypiiyopa doov apopa tov dvOpaxa Kat to Bay Baxi, adAé eixe Starnphown orkovowuxty avarrven tov 19° atdva. To i6to toxset yta ayy Iradia. H Teppavia dev avtéypaye thy Bpetavia, wotdao éywve évag Blopnxavixds yiyavtac. H OdMavdia kat n Aavia tov 19 audva SvoKoha a unopoboay va anoKhnBovv Biopnxavixd £8vN, AAAA ot oLKOVOpiEs ToVG HtaV GdyXPOVEC, OL KATOIKO! TOUG MhodotoL kat otaGepa yivovtay mhovadtepot. Bay to mpdPAnpia tHe peyaAnc andxAton¢ tebe! peoa ora TepieKTIKdTEpA Mhaicia THC EUPAVLONS H TNS LN ELPAaVLONS TNS OvyXpovNG OLKOVOLKHS avartVENS Kat THG SopLKTS oiKovoptnris adAayiig, ot anavtHoets Tov Tdpepavet yivovrat Wohd Atyotepo metoTIKEs, Tlowg eivar 0 podog tov Néov Kéapov orny exPiopnxdvion fy mo evpotepa omy omKovopiKl avértven THs EXBetiac, tov Bedyiov, tg Tepyavias, ts OAAavdias, ts Bopetac ItaXiag kat twv byxpowwy neptoxdoy tHe lonaviag; Tt ovpBaiver pe avtiy TY actatixh xopa, THY Ianwvia, n oToia enionc exPiounxaviotnKe; Avapéveo dt TOAAOi BiBMoxprtiKoi Ba BEsovv tov Hopepavet avréc tic epwtjoers. H mpdrn aviyrhOnKe evtatixd and Tous pehemnrés nov Sewpody dt oto TEhog H EKBLoNXavION HraV Eva evponaikd gavopevo. H xatéotaon oTny Ianwvia, Kat etSiKd 1 obyKpton wetakd TH avarruing eet kau TH¢ Kivac, Oa Wray Kateoxty avtiKeipevo Tov endpevou BiBhiov tou1» soon xo owe ane 0 Ki liu 9 Anil 29 Tlopepavtl, Yrapyovv nods Stagopés petaks tg nepintwong mg Kivag Kar ts Ianwviag, To yeyovdc dt n Ianwvia expiounyaviotmxe apketa vwpic Kar apKeré yphyopa, eve n Kiva dev to éxave, eivat enapxrig anddergn yr avtd, AAG to yeyovds out vndpxovy eniong MoAAs opodtHTEC HETAkS Twv Svo avtey aotatiKGy XwpeY jMOpei Va wag Bondi va eotidoovpe KaBapdtepa ato TL aKpidc ypeldlerar ya va exPiopnyaviotei ja xopa, napa edv ovyxpivoope mY AvtiKt) Evpdnn pe tHy Kiva, ot onoies eivat nohb SiapopenKéc and nodAés andyers. H MEPINITOSH THE IATONIAY Onwg n Kiva, n kadstepa, axopn nepiasdtepo ané ty Kiva, n lamwvia fray pua xopa uukpdv ayporoy nov KalMepyobaay Kara KOplo Ayo puXt. Exel evdiagépov UNO TO gag yc bons tov Hoepaved dru dn avtyerame jua Babe Kpion orKohoyuKiig eLaveAONS tov 18° adva, O Kévpavt Tétpav [Conrad Totman] oro npdagaro BiBhio tov yia THY toropia rI¢ Ianwviag avapéperat ayy nepiobo and to 1700 wExp1 tO 1820 «os pa EMOyh araa porta Kau anoobvOeon¢. Eixe ta peyadn ayporuct Blotexvia. Ev ovvropia fray ja xdpa Evraans epyaciag and Kae dnoyn. Oniac paiverat, ory lanwvia dios axpiBid¢ kat ory Bpevavia n exPlopnxavion pe werd and ua paKpa nepiobo Syyoypaguiig araowornrac, Onws kat n Evpdnn, Kat oe avrideon pe tay Kiva, n mpoBiopnxaver Ianwvia ywapile noddéc nouKidiec povorwltaKod avtaywviopod Kat «pepKavTIAiopoo» arg eqmopucéc tHe oytoeis perakd Slagdpwv nepioxsiv. Onwg Kat ot SvtiKoEvparnaiKés KvBepyfjaers, 1 KvBéprnan tHE Tamwviag eixe StapKdg EAevyN ypNBaTwV Kata THY SudpKe1a ohSKAnpov tov 18" auava. Thy nepiodo Mettt. 0 mAnOvopdc Kat n napaywyh avEhOnKav. O ayportKds ropéac Hrav iKavdc va Opéyet Tov avgavspevo mANOvaLs Xwpic va vnOGTe! Kéroa HeLEhiaK Sopuct adAayH|—pe pla ayporuxh Sop ovyKpio\n we avr ms Kivac, Ka we ta yewpyia ov fitav akoun nepiaddtepo Evtaanc ys n lanuvia Kardpepe va ekdryer paynTd EXPL 10 1890, orav npaypariKxé «anoyeiOnKe>. H exPronxavion ts oTpixONKE Kopivns oTHY eyydopia GeO Kar xpnHATOdoTHGNKE Kupiac and eyyapia KepaLata. H Ianwvia avértuke fla onpavein KAwototpavroupyia Kat e&fye BapPaKepd npoidvea. Bixe kéro10 dvOpaka kat adgqoe THY Rapaywys Tov, ada y Leon fray peyahirepn and-tHY npoogopé, état cvvolixd n Tanwvia éytve eioaywyeac avOpaxa. Tov evoiyaye, weraky adAwv, and tay Kiva, Oray apxiae va exPiopnyaviterar, dev eixe Kéno1a mpovopiaxs repipépeta. H nepintwon me Ianwviag Kat n adyxpton ms Tanwviag we my Kiva, pou Selyver KaBapa Ott n KOAtTiKE orKovopia, oe avTAY THY Tepintwon n enavdotaan TH¢ nepiddov Meixtt oe obyxpion He THY arovoia jias LoxDpI|G KaL GUVEROvS KotTIKI}C orkovoptKod exovyxpoviopod and thy Kiva, rnopei va Kavel THY HeyAAN Stapopa Kat va BonOrjoe1 orn Syuovpyia juac peydAnc andxhions.1» soon xo owe ane 0 Ki liu 9 Anil 30 ZYMIEPAZMA. Ynapyovv nepioadtepa mpadypata nov ovvéparay omy eypévion tg abyxpovns orKovopiKiig avdrrrvEng ané tov dvOpaxa Kat Tic anorKiec, aKdun Kat dv o dvOpakac, oF anomKiec, 1 texvohoyia Kat _y KpaTiKr Soi ovvéBalay otov ekavayKaopo twv Tepipeperdoy Kat otyy nodnyéton te ayopac. H Adon tov ypipov me peyaAng andkhiong anartel neproodtepa and thy epdtman ylati n Bpetavia exPropnyaviornke eve 1 Kiva 6xt. O Mopepavrd dev éAvae éva KAaoiKd totopiKd epmthya adda ogetovpe va tov cipaate evyvapoves yia tov ekaiperiKké diagatiotixd Kat evo} tpSno pe TOV onoio to avtpetdmoe. Mpéxerrar yia pia onovdaia enoxi ya va peerd Kaveic maykdoqta totopia.