Professional Documents
Culture Documents
, 2018, 18 (1), 66 - 74
Laela Nur Anisah1,2,*, Wasrin Syafii2,*, Gustan Pari3, and Rita Kartika Sari2
1Ministry of Environment and Forestry, Manggala Wanabakti building, Block I 7th Floor,
Jl. Jenderal Gatot Subroto, Jakarta 10270, Indonesia
2Department of Forest Products, Faculty of Forestry, Bogor Agricultural University (IPB),
Kampus IPB Dramaga, Bogor 16680, Indonesia
3Research and Development of Forest Engineering and Forest Products Processing,
Ministry of Environment and Forestry, Jl. Gunung Batu No. 5, Bogor 16610, Indonesia
ABSTRACT
Samama (Anthocephalus macrophyllus) is one of a pioneer indigenous fast growing species in Indonesia which
have been used as traditional medicine for various diseases. The objectives were to determine the extract yield, to
analyze their antidiabetic activity by inhibition assay for α-glucosidase enzyme activity and analysis chemical with
GCMS. Extraction of leaves, bark and wood samples were done by using ethanol 95%. Fractionation the most active
bark ethanol extract was conducted by using n-hexane and ethyl acetate. The yield of ethanol extracts in leaves,
bark and wood were 13.90, 12.87, and 2.18% respectively. Based on antidiabetic activity assay, the bark ethanol
extract was the most active extract by the IC50 value of 5.86 μg/mL. Phytochemical analysis on bark ethanol extracts
showed that they contained flavonoid, quinone, triterpenoid, saponin, tannin and coumarin which were assumed
have high contribution in antidiabetic activities. The result of fractionation ethanol extract bark showed that the ethyl
acetate fraction was the most active fraction (IC50 6.82 μg/mL).GCMS analysis in ethyl acetate fraction indicated the
presence of phenolic compounds such as antiarol, phenol and Scopoletin in which were estimated have antidiabetic
activity. Isolation using column chromatography and identification of compounds from ethyl acetate fraction using
NMR and LC-ESI-QT of afforded compound 1 Scopoletin which having antidiabetic activity with IC50 13.37 µg/mL.
Until now there is no publication about antidiabetic activity of Scopoletin from Samama. These results indicate that
the compound Scopoletin from ethyl acetate fraction Samama bark was a potential source of antidiabetic agents.
ABSTRAK
Samama (Anthocephalus macrophyllus) adalah salah satu jenis pohon pionir cepat tumbuh asli Indonesia yang
telah digunakan sebagai obat tradisional berbagai macam penyakit. Penelitian bertujuan untuk menentukan kadar
ekstraktif, aktivitas diabetesnya melalui uji penghambatan aktivitas enzim α-glukosidase dan analisis komponen
kimia dengan GCMS. Ekstraksi daun, kulit dan kayu menggunakan etanol 95%. Fraksinasi ekstrak etanol kulit
teraktif menggunakan n-heksana dan etil asetat. Rendemen ekstrak etanol daun, kulit dan kayu adalah 13,90, 12,87,
dan 2,18%. Berdasarkan uji aktivitas antidiabetes, ekstrak etanol kulit merupakan ekstrak teraktif dengan nilai IC50
5,86 μg/mL. Analisis fitokimia ekstrak etanol kulit menunjukkan kandungan flavonoid, kuinon, triterpenoid, saponin,
tanin dan kumarin yang diduga berperan dalam aktivitas antidiabetesnya. Fraksinasi ekstrak etanol kulit
menghasilkan fraksi etil asetat yang teraktif (IC50 6,82 μg/mL). Analisis GCMS terhadap fraksi etil asetat
mengindikasikan keberadaan beberapa senyawa fenolik seperti pirokatekol, antiarol, fenol dan Skopoletin yang
diduga memiliki aktivitas antidiabetes. Isolasi menggunakan kolom kromatografi dan identifikasi senyawa dari fraksi
etil asetat menggunakan NMR dan LC-ESI-QTof menghasilkan senyawa 1 Skopoletin yang memiliki aktivitas
antidiabetes dengan nilai IC50 13,37 µg/mL. Sampai saat ini belum dilaporkan aktivitas antidiabetes senyawa
Skopoletin dari Samama. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa senyawa Skopoletin dari fraksi etil asetat kulit
Samama merupakan sumber potensial bahan alam sebagai antidiabetes.
Kata Kunci: Anthocephalus macrophyllus; antidiabetes; α-glukosidase; fraksi etil asetat; Skopoletin
pH 7.0 (495 µL) were mixed in reaction tube. The GCMS QP2010 series. Samples were pyrolyzed at
mixture was preincubated at 37 °C for 5 min. Then, 400 °C for 10 sec. This instrument worked on injection
250 µL α-glucosidase enzyme from Saccharomyces temperature at 280 °C, detector temperature at 280 °C,
cerevisiae were added into the mixture. The mixture was the initial temperature of column at 50 °C with
incubated at 37 °C for 15 min. The enzyme reaction was increased 15 °C/min to 280 °C. Software data analysis
stopped by adding Na2CO3 0.2 M (1 mL). The GC-MS were used in data processing. Identification of
absorbance of the reaction mixture was measured compounds were completed by comparing the data in
immediately by spectrophotometer UV Vis at 400 nm the mass spectrum with existing data in the 7th WILEY
wavelength. The blank solution was prepared by mixing library.
DMSO, phosphate buffer, ρ-NPG, without the addition of
the extract sample. Control solution was prepared both Chemical compound isolation from ethyl acetate
with enzymes and without enzymes. Quercetin was used extract
as a reference solution with various concentrations (1– The ethyl acetate extract (3.02 g) was
10 µg/mL). The percentage inhibitory activity was fractionated and isolated on silica gel column
calculated as: chromatography and eluted by n-hexane :
C E / C 100% dichloromethane, dichloromethane : ethyl acetate; ethyl
acetate : methanol by gradient. The fraction with the
where, C is the absorbance of the control solution, E is
best spot data was further purification using preparative
the absorbance of the extract sample solution.
layer chromatography (PLC) with dichloromethane :
The Inhibitor Concentration (IC50) value was
ethyl acetate (9:1).
calculated by logarithmic regression equation analysis
between the percentage inhibition and concentration of
Chemical compound analysis by NMR and
the extract. Antidiabetic activity could be determined by
LCMS/MS
the IC50 value that is the concentration of α-glucosidase
Chemical compounds analysis were detected
enzyme inhibitor that could inhibit 50% of its activity
using a Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) JEOL
under the assay conditions [6]. The extract is classified
JNM-ECA 500. The NMR spectra were recorded at 500
as very active if it has IC50 value less than 10 µg/mL,
MHz for 1H with CDCl3 as the solvent. The mass
while classified as active and inactive if the IC50 value
spectra were measured with Xevo G2-XS QTof
are between 10–100 µg/mL and larger than 100 µg/mL,
(Waters) instrument.
respectively [23].
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Extract partition
The dried bark (750 g) was extracted with 7.5 L
Phytochemical Analysis of Samama Powder
ethanol 95% for three times at room temperature. The
Samples
solvent was evaporated using vacuum rotary evaporator.
The ethanol extract partitioned with n-hexane and ethyl
The qualitative phytochemical analysis in all
acetate, respectively. The n-hexane and ethyl acetate
powder samples from Samama leaves, bark and wood
solvent were evaporated by using vacuum rotary
showed that several of compounds group which were
evaporator.
detected are alkaloid, flavonoid, quinone, steroid,
triterpenoid, saponin, tannin, and coumarin (Table 1).
Chemical components analysis by GCMS
Based on some studies of several researchers that
Chemical components analyses of the most active
compound groups such as flavonoid, alkaloid,
fractions were detected using a Gas Chromatography-
terpenoid, saponin, tannin, anthocyanin, glycosides, and
Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) Pyrolysis Shimadzu Pyr-
Fig 1. Correlation between ethanol extract Samama concentration and the percentage of α-glucosidase enzyme
inhibition
Table 2. IC50 values and antidiabetic activity of the Table 3. IC50 values and antidiabetic activity of the
ethanol extracts from Samama fraction from ethanol extract partition Samama bark
IC50 *) Enzyme α-glucosidase IC50 *) Enzyme α-glucosidase
Extract Fraction
(µg/mL) inhibition activity **) (µg/mL) inhibition activity **)
Leaf 38.49 active n-hexane > 100 inactive
Bark 5.86 very active ethyl acetate 6.82 very active
Wood > 100 inactive residue 11.41 active
Note: *) the average of 3 replicates with quercetin control (IC50 of Note: *) the average of 3 replicates; **) Darmawan [23]
4.83 μg/mL); **) Darmawan [23]
phenolic have α-glucosidase enzyme inhibitor activity each ethanol extract from leaves, bark and stem were
[8,17-18,24]. Based on Table 1, the various parts of different visually. Fig. 1 shows that increasing the
Samama tree (leaves, bark, wood) considered as a concentrations of the extract could increase the
potential inhibitor for the enzyme α-glucosidase activity. percentage inhibition of α-glucosidase enzyme activity.
However, there were differences in the response of α-
Antidiabetic Activity of Ethanol Extract of Samama glucosidase enzyme inhibition by the three different
kinds extracts. This indicated that the compounds
The yield of ethanol extract ranged from 2.18– content of each extract varied in types and
13.90%. The highest yield was resulted from the compositions. This was supported by the results of
extraction of the leaf (13.90%), followed by bark extract Anisah et al. [19] researched on A. cadamba extract.
(12.87%) and wood extract (2.18%).The difference of There were reported that the differences in various
extract yield indicated that the content of extractive parts of the ethanol extract of A. cadamba (leaves,
substances varied widely among different parts of the bark, wood) shows different responses antidiabetic
tree although they were extracted by the same solvent bioactivity.
[20]. The high yield of leaves ethanol extract was due to Antidiabetic activity can be determined from the
the presence of chlorophyll compounds in the leaves IC50 value. There were differences IC50 values and
which were extracted by ethanol solvent [21-22]. antidiabetic activity of ethanol extracts from different
Chlorophyll can be dissolved in organic solvents such as parts of Samama tree (Table 2). Ethanol extract of
ethanol, acetone, methanol, ether and chloroform [22]. Samama bark had the highest anti-diabetic activity
The bark has higher extract content than wood. It was (IC50 5.86 µg/mL). It was very active in inhibition α-
due to the content of the lipophilic and hydrophilic glucosidase enzyme activity. Leaves extract was
compounds in the bark which were higher than wood. classified as active (IC50 38.49 µg/mL), while the wood
The same phenomenons were observed by Anisah et al. extract was considered not active inhibitors. The high
[19] on leaves, bark and wood extract of Jabon antidiabetic bioactivity of the ethanol extract of
(Anthocephalus cadamba). Samama bark was predicted because of the presence
The results in antidiabetic activity by inhibition active compounds from group compounds such as
assay for α-glucosidase enzyme showed that the extract flavonoid, quinone, triterpenoid, tannins, saponin and
ethanol from Samama tree had capability to inhibit α- coumarin (Table 1). The flavonoid compounds such as
glucosidase enzyme. The color and characteristic of
Fig 2. Correlation between fraction concentration from fractionated ethanol extract Samama bark and the
percentage of α-glucosidase enzyme inhibition
anthocyanin, isoflavone and flavonol [14] and observe that residue contained large amount of
hydroquinone can inhibit the enzyme α-glucosidase compounds which could not dissolved in n-hexane and
activity [25]. ethyl acetate solvents. It indicated that Samama bark
contained large amount of polar rather than non-polar
Antidiabetic Activity of n-Hexane Extract of Samama extractives.
Bark Table 3 and Fig. 2 shows that n-hexane fraction
had no antidiabetic activity (inactive) with IC50 values
Ethanol extract partition by n-hexane resulted n- > 100 µg/mL, whereas residue had antidiabetic activity
hexane extract yield about 4.70% and the highest extract with IC50 values 11.41 µg/mL (active).
yield was resulted from residue (64.34%). We could
Table 5. 1H-NMR data of compound 1 (1H, 500 MHz) esters of catechol glycoside have anti-hyperglycemic
and Scopoletin activity in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats [30].
Position
Compound 1 Reference [33] α-glucosidase enzyme plays a vital role in
δH (mult., J Hz) δH (mult., J Hz) maintaining the normal physiological function and
1 - - participates in carbohydrate metabolism that
2 6.28 (d, 1H, 9.08) 6.25 (d, 1H, 9.75) specifically hydrolyzes the α-glucopyranoside bond to
3 7.61 (d, 1H, 9.73) 7.84 (d, 1H, 9.75) release glucose from the non-reducing end of the sugar
4 - -
5 6.93 (s, 1H) 7.19 (s, 1H)
[31]. The effective α-glucosidase enzyme inhibitors can
6 - - significantly retard the dietary complex carbohydrate
7 - - digestion and decrease the post prandial effect of
8 6.85 (s, 1H) 6.79 (s, 1H) carbohydrate consumption on blood glucose levels
9 - - [32].
10 3.96 (s, 3H) 3.90 (s, 3H) Fractionation and isolation of ethyl acetate
extracts using silica gel column chromatography given
fifteen fractions (F1-F15). Fraction F4 is the fraction
with the best spot data based on Thin Layer
Chromatography (TLC). Purification of F4 was done
using preparative layer chromatography (PLC) to afford
a coumarin derivative 1 (5.1 mg). Characterized of the
chemical structure of compound 1 was conducted by
combined the 1D-NMR (1H) spectral data (Table 5) with
molecular weight data.
The molecular formula of compound 1 was
determined by LC-ESI-QTof MS as C10H8O4 (m/z
193.04879, [M+H]+) as presented in Fig. 3 and 4.
The 1H-NMR spectrum showed four aromatic
protons (δH 6.28, 6.85, 6.93, 7.61 ppm) and one
methoxy group ((δH 3.96 ppm) (Table 5)). Based on the
spectroscopic data, molecular weight data and
reference comparative [33], compound 1 was identified
Fig 5. Correlation between Scopoletin concentration as Scopoletin, a coumarin derivative compound
from ethyl acetate fraction Samama bark and the (Fig. 3).
percentage of α-glucosidase enzyme inhibition Until now there is no publication about Scopoletin
of Samama. Based on Fig. 5, Scopoletin from Samama
Antidiabetic Activity of Ethyl Acetate Extract of bark has strong antidiabetic activity with an IC50 of
Samama Bark 13.37 µg/mL (active). Lee et al. [27] also reported that
Scopoletin from Morinda citrifolia, the same family with
Ethyl acetate fraction was the most active extract Samama (Rubiaceae) inhibited α-glucosydase enzyme
with IC50 values of 6.82 µg/mL and extract yield of activity with an IC50 of 9.7 µg/mL. Scopoletin also
30.97% (Table 3, Fig. 2). Thus, the ethyl acetate fraction showed signification reduction in blood glucose level in
was a very prospective fraction to be developed as an streptozotocin induced diabetic rats [29].
antidiabetic agent.
Chemical components analyses of ethyl acetate CONCLUSION
fraction by Pyrolysis GC-MS are presented in Table 4.
The results showed that the ethyl acetate fraction The present study have demonstrated the
contained compounds such as pyrocatechol (25.78%), potential of Samama the indigenous fast growing tree
antiarol (20.91%), 4-methyl catechol (9.97%), phenol species in Indonesia as sources of α-glucosidase
(5.89%) and Scopoletin (2.01%). Although pyrocatechol enzyme inhibitor. Screening phase on various parts of
is the dominant compound, Wang et al. [26] reported Samama tree (leaves, bark, wood) were identified to
that pyrocatechol did not show α-glucosidase inhibitory have antidiabetic activity. The extract ethanol of
activity (IC50 > 1000 µM). Otherwise, Scopoletin was Samama bark showed very active inhibition for α-
detected in small amounts, but this compound have glucosidase enzyme. In the stratified partition of
strong α-glucosidase enzyme inhibitory activity [27-29]. Samama bark ethanol extract, ethyl acetate fraction
Phenolic compounds derived from phenylpropanoyl was the most active fraction as α-glucosidase enzyme
inhibitor. It contained phenolic compounds were [10] Halawane, J.E., Hidayah, H.N., and Kinho, J.,
estimated to have antidiabetic activity. 2011, Prospek Pengembangan Jambon Merah
Isolation and identification chemical compound of (Anthocephalus macrophyllus (Roxb.) Havil),
ethyl acetate fraction result to give one of the phenolic Solusi Kebutuhan Kayu Masa Depan, Environment
compounds contained in the Samama bark, that is and Forestry Research and Development Institute
Scopoletin, a coumarin derivative compound. Until now of Manado, 20.
there is no publication about Scopoletin of Samama. In [11] Gurjar, H., Jain, S.K., Irchhaiya, R., Nandanwar,
this research, Scopoletin from Samama bark could R., Sahu V.K., and Saraf, H., 2010, Hypoglycemic
inhibit α-glucosidase enzyme activity with an IC50 of effects of methanolic extract of Anthocephalus
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Antidiabetic activity of stem bark of Neolamarckia
cadamba in alloxan induced diabetic rats, Int. J.
The authors would like to thank the Ministry of Pharm. Technol., 2 (2), 314–324.
Environment and Forestry and the Directorate for [13] Dewi, R.T., Tachibana, S., and Darmawan, A.,
Research and Community Service of the Ministry of 2014, Effect on α-glucosidase inhibition and
Research, Technology and Higher Education for the antioxidant activities of butyrolactone derivatives
Republic of Indonesia for the research grant with the from Aspergillus terreus MC751, Med. Chem.
cooperation contract number: 079/SP2H/LT/DRPM/II/ Res., 23 (1), 454–460.
2016, 17 February 2016. [14] Kumar, S., Narwal, S., Kumar, V., and Prakash,
O., 2011, α-glucosidase inhibitors from plants: A
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