3.

Carpentry Trade

1
SAFETY RULES AND UNSAFE PRACTICES
GENERAL SAFETY RULES

Remember that “Accidents do not occur, they are caused”. With this
in mind, strictly follow the general safety rules given below and safe practices
indicated in brief under each section.

1. Safety first, works next.

2. Know your job and follow instructions.
3. Avoid wearing clothing that might catch, moving or rotating parts. Long
sleeves of shirts, long hair, neck tie and jewellery are definite hazards in
the shop.
4. Wear safety shoes. Do not wear canvas shoes; they give no resistance
to hard objects dropped on the feet.
5. Keep the area around the machine or work clean.
6. Keep away from revolving work.
7. Be sure that all guards are in place.
8. One person only should operate the machine control.
9. Use tools correctly and do not use them if they are not in proper
working condition.
10. Wear safety goggles when working in areas, where sparks or chips of
metal are flying.
11. Never (a) operate a machine unless you are authorized to do so. (b) Start
a machine unless you know how to stop it. (c) Walk away and leave a
machine running. (d) Distract or interfere with any one, operating a
machine.
12. Get to know who in-charge of first-aid is and where boxes are placed
and where the first aid can be found in case of emergency

2
 CARPENTRY

Introduction:
Carpentry deals with the processing of wood to obtain desired shapes and sizes.
The process dealing with the technique of making wooden pattern is called
pattern making.
Classification of carpentry tools:
1. Marking and measuring Tools
2. Cutting and planning tools
3. Drilling and boring tools
4. Striking tools
5. Holding tools
1. Marking and measuring tools:
Steel rule Marking knife
Steel tape Marking gauge
Folding rule Mortise gauge Try
square Wing compass
Bevel square Divider Meter
Square Trammel
2. Cutting and Planning Tools:
Saws: Cross cut saw (Hand saw) Rip
saw
Tenon saw
Chisels: Firmer chisel
Dovetail chisel
Mortise chisel
Outside chisel
Inside chisel
Planning Tools: Wooden jack plane
Metal jack plane
Smooth plane
 3. Drilling & Boring Tools:
Gimlet
Ratchet
brace Hand
drill Auger
4. Striking Tools:
Warrington hammer
Claw hammer Mallet
Straight peen Hammer
5. Holding Tools:
Bench Vice
Bar Clamp
G-Clamp
6. Miscellaneous Tools:
Screw driver
Wood rasp file
Pincer
Marking and Measuring Tools:
Marking is one of the most important features of wood work and success
of completing a job accurately depends on accuracy of marking and measuring.

Steel Rule: It is used for marking and measuring linear dimensions and
is specified by its length.
Steel Tape: The steel tape is used for measuring longer dimensions. They
are available in different sizes running from 0.6 to 2.5 m. It is flexible can be
coiled and pressed in a case.
Folding Rule: Four – fold box wood rule is made of 4 pieces of each15 cm
length. They are hinged is such a way that they can be folded. It is adapted to
carpentry up to 60 cm length.
Try square: The try square is used for testing flatness of surface marking
parallel lines and also for marking and testing of right angles. It has
a steel blade fitted at right angles in wooden or cast iron stock. It is available in
various sizes ranging from 100 to 300mm.

Meter Square: It is used for marking and testing 450. It consists of a steel
blade fitted in a wooden or metal stock at an inclination of 450 with horizontal.

Bevel square: It is used for marking and testing of any angle between 00
to 1800. It has a slotted blade and stock. The blade can be fixed at any position
by means of a screw.
Marking knife: All dimensional lines marked with pencil are cut with
marking knife. It has a chisel edge at one end and sharp point at other end. It
is made of steel and generally used with a try square.
Marking gauge:-The marking gauge is commonly used when absolute
accuracy is required. It has a stem with a sharp pin at one end. It is used to cut
line along the grains and parallel to an edge. The distance can be adjusted by
sliding the stock (head) on a stem. This can be achieved by thumbscrew.

Mortise Gauge: It has two sharp pins. One is fixed to the stem and other
to a brass slide, which can be secured at any position by a screw. It is used to
cut two parallel lines in a single stroke. It is particularly adapted for marking in
mortise and tenon joints.
Wing Compass: It is made of steel and consists of two pointed legs. The
legs secured in position by means of a setscrew and quadrant. It is used for
marking equal dimensions and for marking arcs and circles on the plane
surfaces of the wood.
Divider: It consists of two pointed legs. The points are hardened and
tempered to prevent wear. It is used for transferring the sizes and scribing curves
or circles on wooden surface.

Trammel: It is used for drawing very large circles and arcs which are
beyond the scope of a compass. It consists of a wooden beam on which the two
puns are located and the distance between them can be adjusted by means of
thumb screws.
 STEEL RULE

STEEL TAPE

TRYSQUARE BEVEL
 MARKING GAUGE

MORTISE GAUGE

COMPASS AND DIVIDER

Cutting and planning tools:

Cutting tools are used for cutting timber to approximate size, cutting
excess wood to obtain desired shape and accuracy. Planning tools are
intended to make smooth and accurate surface.

SAWS:
Cross cut saw: It is used for cutting the wood across the grains
(Hand saw). Its teeth are pointed. The pitch of the teeth is about 2.5 to
3.0mm and blade length is about 600mm. Its teeth have less ‘set’ than
the rip saw.

Rip Saw: It is used for cutting the wood along the grains. Its
teeth have chisel edge. The pitch of the teeth is about 5 to 8mm and
length of the blade is about 700mm.The process of cutting the wood
along the grains is called ripping. Because of high flexibility of the blade
and also number of cutting points per cm (i.e., high pitch) it is not
suitable for cutting across the grains.

Tenon Saw: Tenon saw or back saw is used for cutting small
work. It is mostly adapted in joint work. It has a brass or steel back
which strengthens the blade, but it restricts the depth of cut. Its fine
teeth (6 to 8teeth/cm) and stiff back permits the smooth, accurate
cutting for marking joints. The saw is available in different length
ranging from 250 to 400 mm.
Inside Chisel:
It is leveled inside and is used for marking curved profiles.

Planning tools:
Planning tools are used for reducing and smoothing the surface.

Wooden jack plane: It consists of a wooden body or stocks in

which blade or stock cutter is fastened at an angle of 45° to the sole.
The plane is on (blade or cutter) and the cap iron (back iron) is
assembled and assembly is inserted in the mouth of plane along with
the wedge. The back iron supports the cutting edge and also breaks
the shavings so that they air away from the blade. The blade can be
 set for taking deeper or shallower cuts. The length of the jack plane
is about 350to 425mm. The blade is made of high carbon steel and
has a width of 50 to 75 mm. Its cutting edge is tempered and ground
to an angle of 25 to 30° and it is slightly curved (Convex).
Metal jack plane: Its body is made of gray cast iron and it is
provided with a wooden handle at the back and a wooden knob at the
front for holding with both the hands. A fine screw is used for adjusting
the depth of cut i.e.; the thickness of shaving removed and a level is
used for lateral adjustment of the blade. It is very durable and gives
better finish.
Chisels:
Chisels are used for cutting excess wood in shaping and
joint making.

Firmer chisel: The firmer chisel is capable of doing heavy work

and is used for jointing and shaping the wood, with or without mallet.
The chisel blade is made of rectangular section with beveled edge length
of the blade is about 125mm and the width of the edge varies from 3 to
5mm.

Dovetail chisel: It is similar to firmer chisel but sides are

leveled so that it can cut sharp corners. It is used for cutting sockets
where the angles are less than a right angle.

Mortise Chisel: These chisels are robust, and can withstand

heavy blows. It has a thick stock and narrow cutting edge. It is used
for cutting mortises, and its width is ground to exact size of mortise
to be out.
Outside Chisel: It is level on outside and it is used for making
hallows.
CROSS CUT SAW TENON SAW

CROSS CUT TEETH RIP SAW TEETH

TYPES OF PLANES
PARTS OF CHISEL

CHISELS
Striking tools:
Striking tools are used to drive in nails and to operate chisels.
Warrington Hammer: It is mostly used for bench work and light work.
It is made of cast steel with tempered face and peen. The wooden handle fits
in the eye and steel wedge is driven in to form a rigid joint.
Claw Hammer: It is dual purpose hammer. It has a hammer face which
is used to drive in nails, and claw at the other end for pulling out nails from
the wood. It is designed by its weight and it varies from 375 to 675gms.
Mallet: It is used for operating the chisels and gauges. It is made of
hard wood and is provided with handle. The striking faces are made flat, and
may be in square or rectangular cross-section.

MALLET

WARRINGTON HAMMER
(PEEN HAMMER)

CLAW HAMMER
Drilling & Boring tools:
These tools are used for drilling and making holes in wooden jobs.
Gimlet: It is hand operated tool used for making small
holes for screws. It has a spiral flutes with screw like point.
Hand drills: It is used for drilling small holes. A straight shank
drill is used with this tool. It is small, light in weight. The bit is
clamped in the chuck at its end.

Auger: It is used for producing long deep holes. It is a steel bar

with an eye at the top in which a handle is fitted. The bottom end is
provided with a screw point.

HAND DRILL AUGER BIT

GIMLET
Holding tools:
The vice and cramp are used to hold work while operations are carried out.
Bench vice: It is made of gray cast iron or steel, and it has two
jaws one of which is fixed to the side of a bench and other is movable.
The faces of jaws are lined with hard wood to prevent damage of work
surface. It is used for holding the work for planning, sawing and
chiseling on the bench.

Bar Clamp: It is used for holding wide work such as box of

frame constructions and jointed broads. It consists of a steel bar fitted
with two jaws, one of which is movable by a screw and other is fixed
into one of the spaced holes by fastening pin.
C-Clamp: It is used for holding small work on the bench. It
consists of a frame with a jaw at one end, and movable jaw, which is
operated by a screw and a thumb nut, at the other end.

BENCH VICE

BAR CLAMP

C-CLAMP
Miscellaneous Tools:
Screw Driver: These are used for driving the screws on the board
i.e., wood or unscrewing them from wood. The size is specified by the length
of the blade.

Wood Rasp File: It is exclusively used for finishing the wood surface.
It has sharp cutting teeth and it is used for finishing small curved surfaces.

Pincer: It is used for pulling out nails and is more efficient then the
claw hammers.

SCREW DRIVER PINCER

WOOD RASP FILE

VIVA-VOCE
CARPENTARY
1. Define Carpentry?
2. What is Timber?
3. Name the type of timbers and give examples?
4. What are the types of rules used for measuring?
5. What is the use of Try-square?
6. What is the need of Miter square and Bevel square?
7. What are the types of gauges used in carpentry?
8. What is the use of calipers?
9. What is the need of spirit level?
10. What is the chisel Material and types used in carpentry?
11. What are the types of carpentry joints?
12. What is the need of Bench vice?
13. What is the need for seasoning the wood?
14. What are the types of plane?
15. What is setting of saw teeth?
16. What is the cutting bevel angle in a chisel?
17. What is the material used for making the chisel?
18. What is TPI?
19. What are the types of saws used in carpentry?
20.What are the uses of following joints?
(i) Mortise and Tenon joint (ii) Bridle joint
EXP NO: 1

T- LAP JOINT
Aim: To make a T-Lap joint as shown from the given reaper of size,
65x35x300mm
Tools required: Carpenters vice, steel rule, jack plane, Try-square, marking
gauge 25mm firmer chisel, cross cut saw, Tenon saw, scriber and mallet.

Sequence of operation:
1. The given reaper is checked to ensure its correct size.
2. The reaper is firmly clamped in the carpenters vice and to adjacent
faces is planned by the jack plane and the two faces are checked
for squareness with the Try-square.
3. Marking gauge is set and lines are draw at 30 and 60mm, to mark
the thickness and width of the model respectively.
4. The excess material first chiseled out with firmer chisel and then
planned to correct size.
5. The mating dimensions of the parts X and Y are then marked
using scale and marking gauge.
6. Using the cross- cut saw, the portion to be removed or cut in both
the pieces, followed by chiseling and also the parts X and Y are
separated by cross- cutting, using the tenon saw.
7. The end of both the parts are chiseled to the exact lengths.
8. A fine finishing is given to the parts, if required so that, proper
fitting is obtained.
9. The parts are fitted to obtain a slightly tight joint.
Result:
The T-Lap joint is thus made by following the above sequence of
operations.
EXP NO: 2

DOVETAIL JOINT
Aim: To make dovetail lap joint as per dimensions.
Materials required: Wood 65x35x300mm
Tools required:
1. Carpenter’s vice 6. Steel rule
2. Marketing knife 7. Metal jack plane
3. Firmer chisel 8. Mallet
4. Wood rasp file 9. Try-square
5. Cross cut saw 10. Tenon saw.
Sequence of Operations:
1. The given wood is checked for dimensions.
2. One side is planned with metal jack plane and checked for
trueness by try-square.
3. The four sides are also planed.
4. The excess material is cut by cross cut saw.
5. Now the portions for lapping portion are marked.
6. After sawing remove the waste material by firmer chisel.
7. If the material is still remained in 2 or 3 mm, the remove by filing
by wood rasp file.

71
Note:
Dovetail joint is widely used simple and effective joint. Generally an
angle of 1:6 ratios is adopted. It is partially used in joint between the sides
and back of drawers.
Precautions:
1. Do not keep the tools at the edge of the work bench.
2. Do not keep the plane horizontal in idle mode.

Result:
The dovetail lap joint is thus made by following the above sequence of
operations.
EXP NO: 3

MORTISE AND TENON JOINT

Aim: To make Mortise & Tenon Joint as per dimensions.

Material Required: Wood 65×35×300 mm
Tools required:
1. Carpenter’s vice 6. Steel rule
2. Marketing knife 7. Metal jack plane
3. Firmer chisel 8. Mallet
4. Wood rasp file 9. Try-square
5. Cross cut saw 10. Tenon saw.
Sequence of Operations:
1. The given wood is checked for dimensions.
2. One side is planned with metal jack plane and checked for
trueness by try-square.
3. The four sides are also planned.
4. The excess material is cut out by cross cut saw.
5. Now the positions for lapping portion are marked.
6. After sawing remove the waste material by firmer chisel.
7. If the material is still remained in 2 or 3mm, then remove by filing
by wood rasp file.
Precautions:
1. Do not keep the tools at the edge of the work bench.
2. Do not keep the plane horizontal in idle mode.
Result:
The mortise and Tenon joint is thus made by following the
above sequence of operations.
Exercise No: CROSS-HALF LAP JOINT Date:

Aim: To make Cross-Half Lap Joint as per dimensions.

Material Required: Soft Wood 50×2.35×350 mm
Tools required:
1. Carpenter’s vice 7. Steel rule
2. Marketing Gauge 8. Metal jack plane
3. Firmer chisel 9. Mallet
4. Wood rasp file 10. Try-square
5. Rip Saw 11. Tenon saw.
6. Mallet 12. Mortise Chisel

Sequence of Operations:
1. The given wood is checked for dimensions.
2. One side is planned with metal jack plane and checked for trueness by
try-square.
3. The four sides are also planned.
4. The excess material is cut out by Tennon saw and firmer chisel.
5. Now the positions for lapping portion are marked.
6. After sawing remove the waste material by firmer chisel.
7. If the material is still remained in 2 or 3mm, then remove by filing by
wood rasp file.