Discharge Calculator - Flowrates, Jet Properties and Outfall Design

The following spreadsheet was developed for the estimation of effluent flowrates and their characteristics of a
reverse osmosis (RO) desalination plant. The procedere is based on the technical note "Improved Discharge
Configurations for Brine Effluents from Desalination Plants" by Jirka (2006).

First, the flowrates of the desalination plant are estimated related to the drinking water flowrate Qdrink.
Additionally the effluent properties (e.g. density, salinity) are calculated.
Second, the required design of the outfall (geometry) and its characteristics (e.g. discharge velocity Uo,
momentum flux Mo, length scales LQ & LM) are calculated for a discharge into a stagnant water body.
Third, the properties of the negatively buoyant jet are estimated (Dilution S, maximum level of rise zmax, xmax,
impingement point zi, xi) and a recommendation for the outfall location is given (distance to shore).
In the summary all important parameters are listed.
The density & viscosity calculator is attachted and can be used separately. The figures for the calculation of the
jet trajectory and the dilution are also attached.

Note that the calculations are only valid for dense discharges (= effluent is more dense than the ambient)!

For the calculation following parameters are required:

- ambient characteristics: temperature Ta, salinity Sala, bottom slope qB
- plant characteristics: flow rate Qdrink, recovery rate r, brine temperature Tdesal
- if existent blended effluent char.: flow rate Qeffl,ex, temperature Teffl,ex , salinity Saleffl,ex
- outfall geometry: discharge angle qo, port openenings n
Please enter the values of these parameters into the highlighted cells on the following three worksheets.

Declaration of the colors of the highlighted cells:

yellow fixed parameters (ambient characteristics, plant/effluent properties)
blue freely selectable (outfall geometry)
green calculation not yet implemented
Flowrates & Effluent Characteristics RO

- ambient characteristics (seawater)

ambient temperature Ta = 22.00 °C
ambient salinity Sala = 33.00 ppt
ambient density ra = 1022.44 kg/m3
ambient kin. viscosity na = 9.98E-07 m2/s

- fresh water (permeate)

flowrate Qdrink = 1.00 m³/s
recovery rate r= 50 %
intake flowrate Qin = 2.00 m³/s

- brine characteristics (effluent from desalination process)

plant effluent flowrate Qdesal = 1.00 m3/s
temperature Tdesal = 22.00 °C
salinity Saldesal = 66.00 ppt
density rdesal = 1047.49 kg/m3
substance concentration cdesal = 20.00 ppm

- blended effluent - external - (e.g. waste water or others)

flowrate Qeffl,ex = 1.00 m3/s
temperature Teffl,ex = 20.00 °C
salinity Saleffl,ex = 0.00 ppt
density reffl,ex = 998.40 kg/m3

Final effluent characteristics:

flowrate Qo = 2.00 m3/s
effluent temperature To = 21.00 °C
effluent salinity Salo = 33.00 ppt
effluent density ro = 1022.73 kg/m3
buoyant acceleration go' = -0.00281 m/s2
-> negatively buoyant, ok!
kin. viscosity no = 1.02E-06 m2/s

substance concentration co = 10.00 ppm

 stics RO
annotations/limitations:

T= 10 to 180°C
Sal= 0 to 160 ppt (ppt = g/kg)
allowed ranges for viscosity calculation:
Sal = 0 to 130 ppt, T = 10 to 180°C (El-Dessouky, Ettouny (2002))

recovery rate:
percentage of intake water converted into permeate;
plant characteristic; following Lattemann: r = 40-65%

nation process)

usually ambient or 1°C above

with Saldrink= 0 ppt

e.g. coagulants, anti-scalants, ....

(has no effect on density or mixing characteristics)
waste water or others)

Sal = 0 to 160 ppt, T = 10 to 180 °C

mean average
mean average

go' = g∙(|ra-ro|)/ra
go' < 0: negatively buoyant, go' > 0: positively buoyant
allowed ranges for viscosity calculation:
Sal = 0 to 130 ppt, T = 10 to 180°C (El-Dessouky, Ettouny (2002))
Discharge Characteristics RO
annotations:
- ambient characteristics
ambient density ra = 1022.44 kg/m3
buoyant acceleration g'o = -0.00281 m/s2
offshore slope qB = 10 °

- effluent characteristics
flowrate Qo = 2.00 m3/s
discharge density ro = 1022.73 kg/m3
kin. viscosity no = 1.02E-06 m2/s

- discharge characteristics
Choose a discharge angle (recommended: 45°) : 45
discharge angle qo = 15 ° [0°qo90°] only integer!
discharge angle ok!
port discharge velocity Uo = 5.00 m/s recommended: Uo = 4-6 m/s
number of openings n = 6 start with one opening!
port diameter D = 0.29 m

dens. Froude Number Fro = 174.75 Fro = Uo/(g'o∙D)1/2 = Qo/(D²p/4)/(g'o∙D)1/2

Reynolds Number Reo = 1.43E+06 Reo = Uo∙D/no

Checking of characteristic properties: required:

Diameter D: in required range, ok! 0.1  D 1.0
Froude Number Fo: huge value, please check openings! Fro  10, recommended: Fro=20–25
Reynolds Number Reo: in required range, ok! Reo > 4000

Choose an appropriate port diameter (DN according to ISO standard):

port diameter D = 0.30 m

Final discharge characteristics:

port diameter D = 0.30 m
number of openings n = 6
discharge angle qo = 15 °
flowrate (individual) Qo,ind. = 0.33 m3/s
port discharge velocity Uo = 4.72 m/s
dens. Froude Number Fro = 162.42
Reynolds Number Reo = 1.39E+06
momentum flux Mo = 1.57 m4/s2 Mo = Uo∙Qo
buoyancy flux Jo = -0.001 m4/s3 Jo = g'o∙Qo (<0: negatively buoyant)
discharge length scale LQ = 0.27 m LQ = (D²∙p/4) = Qo / Mo1/2
1/2

momentum length scale LM = 45.87 m LM = Mo3/4 / Jo1/2

Jet Properties RO
annotations:
- discharge & ambient characteristics
discharge angle qo = 15 °
port height ho = 0.50 m ho= 0m or ho= 0.5-1.0m
in required range, ok!
offshore slope qB = 10 °
imaginary offshore slope qB * = 10 ° due to port height, not yet implemented

momentum length scale LM = 45.87 m

dens. Froude Number Fro = 162.42

- geometric jet properties (for discharge angles that are not a multiple of 15°: linear iterpolation!)
Zmax/LM (3%) = 0.564 (c/cmax = 3%)
Zmax/LM (25%) = 0.447 (c/cmax = 25%)
(taken from Fig. 2(a))
zmax/LM = 0.232
xmax/LM = 1.241
zi/LM = -0.487
(taken from Fig. 4(a))
xi/LM = 2.700 !port height not considered!
upper jet boundary Zmax (3%) = 25.86 m
Zmax (25%) = 20.51 m
maximum jet centerline z max
= 10.64 m
position xmax = 56.94 m
jet centerline position at z i
= -22.34 m
the impingement point xi = 123.85 m
offshore location x  869.62 m
local water depth Hao  15.38 m Hao0.75∙Zmax (25%)

Choose an appropriate outfall location:

offshore location x = 870.0 m in required range,
local water depth Hao = 15.39 m offshore location ok!

- dilutions & concentration (for bottom slopes that are not a multiple of 10°: linear iterpolation!)
minimum centerline Sm/Fro = 0.21 Fig. 2(b)
dilution at zmax Sm = 34.8
bulk dilution at Si/Fro = 1.00 Fig. 4(b)
impingement point Si = 162.5
substance concentration at the centerline of
max. level of rise (zmax) cm = 0.29 ppm S = co/cc -> cc = co/S
impingement point (zi) ci = 0.06 ppm
SUMMARY RO
- ambient characteristics
ambient density ra = 1022.44 kg/m3
offshore slope qB = 10 °

- effluent characteristics
flowrate Qo = 2.00 m3/s
discharge density ro = 1022.73 kg/m3
kin. viscosity no = 1.02E-06 m2/s
buoyant acceleration g'o = -0.00281 m/s2
(<0: negatively buoyant)

- dicharge characteristics & jet properties

flowrate (individual) Qo,ind. = 0.33 m3/s
port discharge velocity Uo = 4.72 m/s
dens. Froude Number Fro = 162.42
Reynolds Number Reo = 1.39E+06
momentum flux Mo = 1.57 m4/s2
buoyancy flux Jo = 0.00 m4/s3
discharge length scale LQ = 0.27 m
momentum length scale LM = 45.87 m
max. jet centerline position zmax = 10.64 m
xmax = 56.94 m
jet centerline position zi = -22.34 m
at the impingement point xi = 123.85 m
min. centerline dilution @ zmax Sm = 34.8
dilution @ impingement point Si = 162.5
substance concentrat. @ zmax cm = 0.06 ppm
substance concentration @ zi ci = 0.22 ppm

- recommended outfall geometries

port diameter D = 0.30 m
number of openings n = 6
discharge angle qo = 15 °
port height ho = 0.50 m
offshore location x = 870.0 m
local water depth Hao = 15.39 m
 SEAWATER DENSITY & VISCOSITY CALCULATOR
Please enter the values of salinity and temperature of the effluent or ambient water (p=1atm):

Salinity: Sal = 33.00 ppt for r: 0 £ Sal £ 160 ppt

for m: 0 £ Sal £ 130 ppt
Temperature: T= 20.00 °C 10 £ T £ 180 °C

Density: r= 1023.019 kg/m³

Dynamic Viscosity: m = 1.069 *10-3 kg/m s

Kinematic Viscosity: n = 1.045 *10-6 m²/s

source:
El-Dessouky, Ettouny (2002): Fundamentals of Sea Water Desalination (Appendix A: Themodynamic Properties)

Density of sea water as a function of salinity and temperature

Salinity: 0 to 160 ppt, Temperature: 10 to 180 °C, Pressure: p = 1 atm

The density correlation of sea water is given by:

r = (A1F1 + A2F2 + A3F3 + A4F4)*10³ [kg/m³]

where:
F1 = 0.5 G1 = 0.5 A1 = 4.032219 G1 + 0.115313 G2 + 3.26*10-4 G3
F2 = A G2 = B A2 = -0.108199 G1 + 1.571*10-3 G2 - 4.23 * 10-4 G3
F3 = 2A² - 1 G3 = 2B² - 1 A3 = -0.012247 G1 + 1.74*10-3 G2 - 9.0*10-6 G3
F4 = 4A³ - 3A A4 = 6.92*10-4 G1 - 8.7*10-5 G2 - 5.3*10-5 G3

A = (2T-200)/160 B = (2Sal-150)/150

Viscosity of sea water as a function of salinity and temperature

Salinity: 0 to 130 ppt, Temperature: 10 to 180 °C, Pressure: p = 1 atm

The dynamic viscosity correlation of sea water is given by:

 m = (mW)(mR)*10-3 [kg/m s]

n = m/ r [m²/s]

where:
Ln(mW) = -3.79418 + 604.129/(139.18+T)
mR = 1 + A*Sal + B*Sal²
A= 1.474*10-3 + 1.5*10-5 T - 3.927*10-8 T2
B= 1.0734*10-5 - 8.5*10-8 T +2.23*10-10 T2
Fig. 2 (a)
Zmax/LM zmax/LM xmax/LM

Geometric jet properties at maximum level of rise

2.5
f(x) = − 1.90213E-12 x⁶ + 2.10388E-09 x⁵ − 3.86272E-07 x⁴ + 2.18413E-05 x³ − 0.00022331
+ 0.0234174 x + 0.196157
f(x) = − 4.15536E-12 x⁶ + 2.07658E-09 x⁵ − 3.13673E-07 x⁴ + 1.51073E-05 x³ − 5.80846E-0
2.0 + 0.0185735 x + 0.122231

f(x) = 8.96035E-12 x⁶ − 1.96811E-09 x⁵ + 1.61941E-07 x⁴ − 1.10417E-05 x³ + 0.000691285 x

+ 0.0063922 x
1.5

1.0

0.5

0.0
q [°]
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
x_max Polynomial (x_max) z_max Polynomial (z_max)

Theta7.2432
0
0.9715
2.6160
4.5568 x_max 0
0.1151
0.3157
0.5162
0.7835 Theta 0
4.6697
10.6027
17.1311
23.2161 z_max 0
0.0403
0.1362
0.2693
0.4172 Theta
0.5342
5.7276
8.9923
13.0000 Z_max 0.5002
3%
0.2118
0.3227
0.3967 Theta
0.6768
3.3468
9.5783
15.3665 Z_max 25%
0.1375
0.1817
0.3074
0.4479
10.3725
13.6449
18.2490
22.9980
28.3379
34.1195 1.0285
1.2065
1.3621
1.4730
1.5615
1.6129 28.8572
34.3508
40.1412
45.1897
48.6048
54.8402 0.5726
0.7355
0.9058
1.0613
1.1650
1.3426 15.3753
20.7202
24.2840
28.2938
31.8582
34.9781 0.5669
0.7223
0.8334
0.9668
1.0853
1.2038 18.1868
21.7495
26.7980
30.8074
34.6691
37.7879 0.5219
0.6181
0.7736
0.8995
1.0329
1.1366
39.7502
43.3051
45.3786
48.6357
51.2990
55.4410 1.6270
1.6192
1.6115
1.5813
1.5364
1.4541 60.6289
66.1192
71.0146
75.6121
83.9150
89.8436 1.4906
1.6089
1.6975
1.7639
1.8521
1.8885 38.5429
42.8513
46.8623
49.6848
52.9523
56.2192 1.3298
1.4928
1.6410
1.7448
1.8559
1.9596 40.0156
44.1747
46.5511
49.3725
53.6787
57.8356 1.2107
1.3588
1.4403
1.5292
1.6625
1.7809
58.6937
61.3548
64.9021
68.3006
71.6981
74.6517 1.3645
1.2898
1.1778
1.0585
0.9242
0.7974 59.4851
63.3435
66.9045
70.6126
75.3588
79.6589 2.0484
2.1371
2.2110
2.2701
2.3438
2.3953 61.6946
64.8106
70.1516
73.7110
77.5667
80.5318 1.8771
1.9436
2.0471
2.0987
2.1502
2.1796
78.1945
80.5566
83.6556
86.4593
88.0818
89.7043 0.6260
0.5142
0.3502
0.2012
0.1043
0.0075 84.8479
87.6643
89.7390 2.4467
2.4687
2.4759 84.5340
87.6462
89.5726 2.2089
2.2233
2.2305

xmax/LM = -3.87340930091997E-11*theta^6 + 1.35855657125514E-08*theta^5 - 1.88466399633769E-06*theta^4 + 1.3237009998

zmax/LM = 8.96034580956262E-12*theta^6 - 1.96811134631301E-09*theta^5 + 1.61940812676287E-07*theta^4 - 1.10417101559
Zmax(3%)/LM = -1.90212551452414E-12*theta^6 + 2.10387511821525E-09*theta^5 - 3.86272303589499E-07*theta^4 + 2.1841306566
Zmax(25%)/LM = -4.15536063691431E-12*theta^6 + 2.07657972657878E-09*theta^5 - 3.13673259007529E-07*theta^4 + 1.5107324663
xmax*/LM = 5.84507682255264E-08*theta^6 - 2.48546607631953E-06*theta^5 + 4.05917264968633E-05*theta^4 - 3.32232691203
of rise
8413E-05 x³ − 0.000223318 x²

1073E-05 x³ − 5.80846E-06 x²

17E-05 x³ + 0.000691285 x²

70 80 90
Polynomial (z_max)

Theta
0.081158673488
1.41834443667
3.20162685414
4.68787956863
6.17413228312 x_max*
1.09665427509
1.10408921933
1.11895910781
1.13382899628
1.14869888476
8.40406345467
10.187897972
12.269314292
13.3100224521
14.0537009091
15.0944090692 1.17843866171
1.20074349442
1.23048327138
1.24535315985
1.26022304833
1.2750929368
15.9871544775 1.29739776952

3769E-06*theta^4 + 1.32370099986678E-04*theta^3 - 5.59539047637969E-03*theta^2 + 1.42606256975711E-01*theta

287E-07*theta^4 - 1.1041710155979E-05*theta^3 + 6.91284581577634E-04*theta^2 + 6.3922033613153E-03*theta
499E-07*theta^4 + 2.18413065660464E-05*theta^3 - 2.2331771852952E-04*theta^2 + 2.34174001868774E-02*theta + 1.96157411179688E-01
7529E-07*theta^4 + 1.51073246639019E-05*theta^3 - 5.80846006220177E-06*theta^2 + 1.85734633977261E-02*theta + 1.22231246044606E-01
633E-05*theta^4 - 3.32232691203778E-04*theta^3 + 1.84266719305346E-03*theta^2 + 3.45977712866332E-03*theta + 1.0963449609836E+00
 Fig. 4 (b)

-02*theta + 1.96157411179688E-01
1E-02*theta + 1.22231246044606E-01
E-03*theta + 1.0963449609836E+00
Fig. 2 (b)

Minimum centerline dilution

0.30

f(x) = − 6.64809E-12 x⁶ + 2.13444E-09 x⁵ − 2.78481E-07 x⁴ + 1.94759E-05 x³ − 0.0008333 x

+ 0.021792 x + 0.0219627
0.25

S_m/F_o Polynom

0.20
Sm/Fo

0.15

0.10

0.05

0.00
0 10 20 30 40 q [°] 50 60 70 80

Theta 1.7086
1.2691
2.2937
3.4710
4.2061 S_m/F_o
0.0466
0.0562
0.0703
0.0887
0.1013
5.0901
5.8268
6.8580
8.4814
9.6643
10.8460 0.1138
0.1242
0.1389
0.1581
0.1692
0.1817
12.9178
14.6951
17.3624
19.8836
23.2975
26.1192 0.1986
0.2111
0.2280
0.2412
0.2552
0.2646
28.7943
31.9160
35.4860
40.5455
43.3738
46.6494 0.2712
0.2777
0.2820
0.2854
0.2860
0.2859
50.8188
54.5432
58.2677
62.5887
67.6559
71.9781 0.2849
0.2818
0.2786
0.2740
0.2670
0.2609
84.9463
87.9280
90.1641 0.2403
0.2349
0.2311

Sm/Fo = -6.6480900894465E-12*x^6 + 2.13443627515762E-09*x^5 - 2.78481177335259E-07*x^4 + 1.94758862414959E-05

qo = 90.00 °
Sm/Fo = 0.231
9E-05 x³ − 0.0008333 x²

S_m/F_o Polynomial (S_m/F_o)

70 80 90

x^4 + 1.94758862414959E-05*x^3 - 8.33299633928484E-04*x^2 + 2.17919728705891E-02*x + 2.19626824040669E-02

Fig. 4 (b)
 Fig.4 (a)

Jet trajectories for variable offshore slope

3.0

90°
2.0 1.9 q o = 75° qo = 60°
1.8
1.5
45°

1.0 1.1
z/LM

30°
0.6 15°
f(x) = − 0.00104389 x⁶ + 0.00101642 x⁵ + 0.02474152 x⁴ − 0.141491952 x³ + 0.01378634 x² + 0.60806217 x
0.2 0°
0.0 f(x) = − 0.000354762 x⁶ − 0.00314759 x⁵ + 0.03024145 x⁴ − 0.1208275 x³ + 0.00726586 x² + 0.30785127 x
f(x) = 0.00053908 x⁶ − 0.01234451 x⁵ + 0.062724954 x⁴ − 0.17795396 x³ + 0.08343971 x² − 0.01093679 x
qB = 10°

-1.0 qB = 20°

-2.0
qB = 30°

-3.0
x/LM
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5
x
0.0000
0.0324
0.3175
0.5685 z_max (0°)
0.0000
-0.0016
-0.0022
-0.0026 x
0.0000
0.1176
0.2428
0.3679 z_max (15°)
0.0000
0.0325
0.0722
0.1119 x
0.0000
0.0834
0.2025
0.3273 z_max (30°)
0.0000
0.0383
0.1180
0.1977 x
0.0000
0.0605
0.1736
0.3206 z_max (45°)
0.0000
0.0440
0.1694
0.3233 x
0.0000
0.0659
0.1502
0.2907
0.3526
0.4483z_max (60°) 0.1868
0.0000
0.0783
0.2380
0.4946
0.5916
0.7456 x
0.0000
0.0488
0.1095
0.1370
0.2200
0.6142
0.7055
0.8825
1.0995
1.2481
1.3796
1.4997
-0.0084
-0.0143
-0.0375
-0.0779
-0.1124
-0.1526
-0.1985
0.5957
0.7323
0.8576
1.0856
1.2339
1.4052
1.5879
0.1629
0.1912
0.2081
0.2248
0.2245
0.2070
0.1781
0.4692
0.5942
0.7249
0.9182
1.0376
1.1857
1.4306
0.2773
0.3456
0.4025
0.4763
0.5161
0.5500
0.5838
0.4394
0.5583
0.6943
0.7963
1.0177
1.1938
1.3360
0.4430
0.5455
0.6594
0.7335
0.8701
0.9554
1.0008 0.5329
0.6345
0.7475
0.8890
1.0534
1.2240
1.3151 0.8596
0.9964
1.1218
1.2586
1.3782
1.4464
1.4633 0.2701
0.3536
0.4039
0.4654
0.5667
0.6685
0.7253
1.6543
1.7803
1.9064
2.0325
2.1760
2.4059
2.4864
-0.2673
-0.3304
-0.4106
-0.4907
-0.5995
-0.8112
-0.8970
1.7194
1.9367
2.1314
2.3149
2.4756
2.8494
2.9820
0.1436
0.0690
-0.0284
-0.1430
-0.2632
-0.6522
-0.8180
1.5561
1.7045
1.8416
2.0932
2.2765
2.5462
2.7360
0.5836
0.5719
0.5488
0.4684
0.3710
0.1649
-0.0296
1.5752
1.7464
1.8837
2.0268
2.1700
2.4748
2.6191
1.0346
1.0229
0.9826
0.9196
0.8336
0.5247
0.3246 1.4807
1.6124
1.7387
1.9289
1.9984
2.1668
2.2250 1.4402
1.3771
1.2741
1.0282 1.3119
0.9025
0.5310
0.3882 0.7594
0.8165
0.9084
1.0473
1.1056
1.2171
1.2585
2.7514
2.8611
2.9998
3.0867
3.1389 -1.2229
-1.3830
-1.6117
-1.7717
-1.8746 3.2653
3.4044
3.5148
3.5730
3.6313 -1.2867
-1.5668
-1.8182
-1.9553
-2.1096 3.0186
3.0822
3.2038
3.3489
3.4071 -0.4127
-0.5156
-0.7442
-1.0528
-1.1956 2.7811
2.8971
3.0018
3.0833
3.1767 0.0388
-0.2012
-0.4526
-0.6526
-0.9211 2.2777
2.3479
2.4360
2.5011
2.5545
2.6138 0.2225
-0.0003
-0.3145
-0.5944
-0.8514
-1.1256 1.3657
1.4137
1.4559
1.4801
1.4985
z/Lz/L3.2259
z/L
z/L
z/L (0°)
(0°) ====
M(15°)
M(15°)
(30°)
-2.0517 3.6722
3.7189
===5.39080486760213E-04*x^6
-0.075
-2.2353
-2.3610
-3.54761572680218E-04*x^6 -
3.4887
3.5997
3.6876
3.7288
3.7698 -1.4070
-1.7384
-2.0184
-2.1726
-2.3154
-+1.2344505827059E-02*x^5
3.1475920441153E-03*x^5
3.2529
3.3350
3.3763
3.4528
3.4941
3.5297 -1.1725
-1.4467
-1.6124
-1.9094
-2.0694 2.6676
2.7034 -1.4283
2.7335
+ +6.27249541430501E-02*x^4
-2.2407 -1.6282
-1.8167
3.02414455945836E-02*x^4
1.5166
1.5350
1.5593
- 1.77953956910642E-01*x^3
- 1.20827495396952E-01*x^3 +
z/L
z/L
z/L (30°)
M (45°)
M (45°)
z/L M
(60°) 0.225
-1.04388586385085E-03*x^6
0.533 1.01641578112321E-03*x^5 + 2.47415202684351E-02*x^4 - 1.4149195193022E-01*x^3
z/L M
z/Lz/L (60°)
M (75°)
M (75°)
M
M
M
M
== === 1.1117107795144E-02*x^6
5.470577491450970E-04*x^6
0.916
1.406
1.83778805987095*x^6
1.298 - - 1.721598829499270E-02*x^5
1.516790444657090E-01*x^5 + + 9.609741519670930E-02*x^4
6.031069714954360E-01*x^4
- 9.5838303292112*x^5 + 19.0983936369884*x^4 - 19.1190879476489*x^3 - - 3.034449287806640E-01
1.233453456967250*x^3 +
+ 6.650514151144
bottom 0° 15° 30° 45° 60°
slope [°]: x_i/L_M z_i/L_M x_i/L_M z_i/L_M x_i/L_M z_i/L_M x_i/L_M z_i/L_M x_i/L_M z_i/L_M
0 0.000 0.000 2.079 0.000 2.712 0.000 2.802 0.000 2.348 0.000
1 0.658 -0.011 2.148 -0.037 2.755 -0.048 2.827 -0.049 2.360 -0.041
2 0.838 -0.029 2.215 -0.077 2.796 -0.098 2.851 -0.100 2.372 -0.083
3 0.984 -0.052 2.281 -0.120 2.836 -0.149 2.875 -0.151 2.383 -0.125
4 1.112 -0.078 2.345 -0.164 2.876 -0.201 2.899 -0.203 2.395 -0.167
5 1.230 -0.108 2.408 -0.211 2.915 -0.255 2.923 -0.256 2.406 -0.211
6 1.339 -0.141 2.469 -0.259 2.953 -0.310 2.946 -0.310 2.418 -0.254
7 1.443 -0.177 2.529 -0.310 2.991 -0.367 2.969 -0.365 2.429 -0.298
8 1.542 -0.217 2.587 -0.364 3.027 -0.425 2.992 -0.421 2.440 -0.343
9 1.637 -0.259 2.644 -0.419 3.063 -0.485 3.015 -0.478 2.451 -0.388
10 1.728 -0.305 2.700 -0.476 3.099 -0.546 3.038 -0.536 2.463 -0.434
11 1.817 -0.353 2.755 -0.535 3.134 -0.609 3.060 -0.595 2.474 -0.481
12 1.902 -0.404 2.808 -0.597 3.168 -0.673 3.082 -0.655 2.485 -0.528
13 1.985 -0.458 2.860 -0.660 3.202 -0.739 3.104 -0.717 2.496 -0.576
14 2.065 -0.515 2.912 -0.726 3.236 -0.807 3.127 -0.780 2.507 -0.625
15 2.143 -0.574 2.962 -0.794 3.269 -0.876 3.149 -0.844 2.518 -0.675
16 2.218 -0.636 3.011 -0.863 3.301 -0.947 3.170 -0.909 2.530 -0.725
17 2.291 -0.701 3.059 -0.935 3.333 -1.019 3.192 -0.976 2.541 -0.777
18 2.363 -0.768 3.107 -1.009 3.365 -1.093 3.214 -1.044 2.552 -0.829
19 2.432 -0.837 3.153 -1.086 3.396 -1.169 3.236 -1.114 2.563 -0.883
20 2.500 -0.910 3.199 -1.164 3.427 -1.247 3.258 -1.186 2.574 -0.937
21 2.566 -0.985 3.244 -1.245 3.458 -1.327 3.279 -1.259 2.586 -0.992
22 2.630 -1.063 3.289 -1.329 3.488 -1.409 3.301 -1.334 2.597 -1.049
23 2.692 -1.143 3.332 -1.414 3.518 -1.493 3.323 -1.410 2.608 -1.107
24 2.754 -1.226 3.375 -1.503 3.548 -1.580 3.345 -1.489 2.620 -1.166
25 2.813 -1.312 3.418 -1.594 3.578 -1.668 3.367 -1.570 2.631 -1.227
26 2.872 -1.401 3.460 -1.687 3.608 -1.760 3.389 -1.653 2.643 -1.289
27 2.929 -1.493 3.501 -1.784 3.637 -1.853 3.411 -1.738 2.654 -1.352
28 2.986 -1.587 3.542 -1.883 3.666 -1.949 3.433 -1.825 2.666 -1.418
29 3.041 -1.686 3.583 -1.986 3.695 -2.048 3.455 -1.915 2.678 -1.484
30 3.095 -1.787 3.623 -2.092 3.724 -2.150 3.477 -2.008 2.690 -1.553
x² + 0.60806217 x
x² + 0.30785127 x
x² − 0.01093679 x
qB = 10°

qB = 20°

qB = 30°

4.0 4.5
z_max (75°)
0.0000
0.0840
0.3294
0.4607
0.6433
0.7631 x
0.020
0.020 z_max (90°)
0.0000
-0.2814
-0.1957
0.1868
0.6265
1.2602 x
0.0219
0.7732
1.2842
1.3648 z_max
1.89
1.77
0.23
1.47 x
0.000 4 5° 0.000 10°
-0.3499547 0.000 15°
-0.7053079 0.000
-1.0717968
0.9172
1.1683
1.2995
1.4478
1.6189
1.7272
1.7556 1.8900 1.6035
1.6360
0.5000 0.61
1.05
0
1.7613
1.7555
1.6811
1.4296
1.2753
0.8868
0.7040
0.4527
0.1557
-0.1356
-0.4211
-0.5867
-0.7409
-0.8666
4*x^4 -1.0265
-1.2035
- -1.77953956910642E-01*x^3 +++8.34397081634961E-02*x^2 - ++1.09367819386534E-02*x
^4
^4 --1.20827495396952E-01*x^3
1.4149195193022E-01*x^3
- 3.034449287806640E-01*x^3
1.233453456967250*x^3
7.26586495875381E-03*x^2
1.37863402342191E-02*x^2
+ 8.137753393384630E-02*x^2
+ 5.112572979705870E-01*x^2
3.07851264689816E-01*x
6.08062166546006E-01*x
+ 1.00714068002344*x
476489*x^3 + 6.65051415114431*x^2 + 2.65092721076326*x+ 1.609496010525620*x
75°
x_i/L_M z_i/L_M
1.391 0.000
1.395 -0.024
1.399 -0.049
1.403 -0.074
1.407 -0.098
1.411 -0.123
1.415 -0.149
1.419 -0.174
1.423 -0.200
1.427 -0.226
1.430 -0.252
1.434 -0.279
1.438 -0.306
1.442 -0.333
1.446 -0.361
1.451 -0.389
1.455 -0.417
1.459 -0.446
1.463 -0.475
1.467 -0.505
1.471 -0.536
1.476 -0.566
1.480 -0.598
1.484 -0.630
1.489 -0.663
1.493 -0.696
1.498 -0.731
1.503 -0.766
1.508 -0.802
1.512 -0.838
1.517 -0.876
20° 0.000 25°
-1.4558809 0.000 30°
-1.8652306 0.000
-2.3094011
Fig. 4 (b)

Bulk dilutions for variable offshore slope

2.5
f(x) = 2.93122E-12 x⁶ − 4.02975E-10 x⁵ + 4.28139E-08 x⁴ − 5.47864E-06 x³ − 0.000200377 x²
+ 1.593618

2.0

f(x) = − 8.09074E-12 x⁶ + 2.24449E-09 x⁵ − 1.95454E-07 x⁴ + 4.26444E-06 x³ − 0.0002171

+ 0.0296971 x + 1.017428
1.5
Si/Fo

f(x) = 5.43299E-12 x⁶ − 1.45882E-09 x⁵ + 1.48915E-07 x⁴ − 7.01726E-06 x³ − 0.000127067 x²

+ 0.602753
f(x) = − 1.52786E-11 x⁶ + 4.75779E-09 x⁵ − 5.93045E-07 x⁴ + 3.83986E-05 x³ − 0.00157266 x²
1.0+ 0.0771662

0.5

0.0
0 10 20 30 40 q [°] 50 60 70 80 90
Theta 12.4962
0.4865
2.9514
4.9242
Si/F0.3071
(0°)
0.1014
0.2207
o Theta
1.4180
2.7350
5.3705
Si/Fo0.7551
(10°)
0.6439
0.6851 Theta
0.5490
2.8545
5.8190
Si/Fo1.1825
(20°)
1.0343
1.1001 Theta
0.6499
3.4479
6.2458
Si/Fo1.8072
(30°)
1.6178
1.7125
8.7093
18.0975
22.7130
26.3401
30.4628 0.4388
0.5541
0.6941
0.7848
0.8507
0.9167 8.3354
10.9705
14.1011
18.7157
23.6612
28.7733 0.8333
0.9074
0.9816
1.0805
1.1752
1.2577 9.4425
14.0553
18.3392
23.1190
27.7355
33.3431 1.2813
1.3966
1.4996
1.5985
1.6809
1.7634 10.6908
15.4670
19.5861
24.3655
29.6432
33.6034 1.9471
2.0789
2.1778
2.2808
2.3591
2.4004
35.9057
42.5055
49.6026
56.0408
62.9764
68.5917 0.9951
1.0694
1.1274
1.1688
1.1938
1.2065 34.2171
39.8275
45.6048
51.8796
57.8263
63.9404 1.3279
1.3857
1.4271
1.4521
1.4566
1.4405 39.1187
44.7327
48.8622
52.4979
56.1354
62.4206 1.8213
1.8463
1.8506
1.8385
1.8099
1.7404 37.0703
40.7037
44.3389
49.2989
53.1034
55.5859 2.4212
2.4296
2.4216
2.3849
2.3399
2.2989
73.5476
78.5040
85.1141
89.5767 1.2067
1.2029
1.1827
1.1624 69.7259
75.6789
81.3028
86.1008
88.9141 1.4079
1.3548
1.2894
1.2239
1.1788 67.0533
73.8405
78.1455
80.6298
84.7706
88.4154 1.6749
1.5479
1.4577
1.4003
1.3019
1.2076 59.5593
63.2031
66.1866
70.4971
74.9747
78.9557 2.2210
2.1349
2.0447
1.9052
1.7493
1.6016
89.7401 1.1789 82.4393
86.2551
88.5783
89.7397 1.4702
1.3225
1.2281
1.1830

Si/Fo (0°) = -1.5278595890795E-11*x^6 + 4.75779358979899E-09*x^5 - 5.93044679357057E-07*x^4 + 3.83986481204819E-05

Si/Fo (10°) = 5.4329867258437E-12*x^6 - 1.45882071146886E-09*x^5 + 1.48914754346514E-07*x^4 - 0.000007017264569553
Si/Fo (20°) = -8.09073720783789E-12*x^6 + 2.24448932774251E-09*x^5 - 1.95454256787158E-07*x^4 + 4.26443939539355E-0
Si/Fo (30°) = 2.93122121847444E-12*x^6 - 4.02975262671317E-10*x^5 + 4.28138973616809E-08*x^4 - 5.47863676698675E-06

qo = 10.0 °
Si/Fo (0°) = 0.48
Si/Fo (10°) = 0.880
Si/Fo (20°) = 1.295
Si/Fo (30°) = 1.925
pe

6 x³ − 0.000200377 x² + 0.0356861 x

44E-06 x³ − 0.000217177 x²

S_i/F_o 0°
6 x³ − 0.000127067 x² + 0.0295722
(S_i/F_o 0°) x
Polynomial

S_i/F_o 10°
Polynomial
05 x³ − 0.00157266 x² + 0.0529166
(S_i/F_o 10°) x
S_i/F_o 20°
Polynomial
(S_i/F_o 20°)
S_i/F_o 30°
Polynomial
(S_i/F_o 30°)

70 80 90

x^4 + 3.83986481204819E-05*x^3 - 1.5726647486815E-03*x^2 + 5.29165999419988E-02*x + 7.7166165750381E-02

^4 - 0.0000070172645695533*x^3 - 0.000127066526488538*x^2 + 0.0295722168120381*x + 0.602753425771075
*x^4 + 4.26443939539355E-06*x^3 - 2.17177084384487E-04*x^2 + 2.96971296063456E-02*x + 1.01742812853606E+00
x^4 - 5.47863676698675E-06*x^3 - 2.00376622634102E-04*x^2 + 3.56861260665765E-02*x + 1.59361796727542E+00
Fig. 4 (b)