Final Abdu Pro

DESIGN OF AIR TYPE VERTICAL PRESSURE VESSEL
1
Course name Machine design one Designed by Abdulbasit muhammed
2
3
4
PROJECT TITTILE: DESIGN OF PRESSURE VESSELS
Name of student:-ABDULBASIT MUHAMMED

Issued Date:-
Start Date:-
A.SPECIFICATION
1. Main parameter
I. Medium Air
II. Inner service pressure [MPa] 1.7
III. Nominal Volume: [𝐦𝟑] 1
IV. Service temperature: [℃] 250
V. .Position vertical
2. Supporting Element
Supporting element Lateral leg
3. Connecting Pipe
A. Two longitudinal, one lateral pipes with
Nominal diameter [mm] 80
B. One Bottom discharge with
Nominal diameter [mm] 40
5
6
Acknowledgement
First of all we would like that my almighty God for helping me to finish this project
successfully I also indebted to express my heartfelt and deeper to my advisor and teacher
mr.Beyene Gadissa who first introduced me as project of machine design, leader for his
critical comments, constructive correction and very useful fruit full advice. I would also like
to extend my sincere and thanks for the direction and supervision to finish this project
successfully. And I would like to thank- my family for finical support.
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
Nomenclature
CA = corrosion allowance, mm
Di = inside diameter of the vessel, mm
Do = outside diameter of the vessel,
Ri = inside radius of the vessel, mm
Ro = outside radius of the vessel, mm
SA = maximum allowable stress, kg/cm2
E = joint efficiency, %
T = required the thickness, mm
tn = minimum thickness provided for the nozzle, mm
trn = selected thickness for the nozzle, mm
fr = strength reduction factor
14
W = weight of the vessel

As = area within the skirt, mm2
P = design pressure, kg/cm2
t = minimum required thickness of the shell exclusively of Corrosion
allowance Where, t
P= design pressure, or maximum an allowable working Pressure welded
-joint efficiency
15
ABSTRACT
This project presents design, and analysis of pressure vessel. High pressure rise is
developed in the pressure vessel and pressure vessel has to withstand severe forces. In the
design of pressure vessel safety is the primary consideration, due the potential impact of
possible accident. There have a few main factors to design the safe pressure vessel. Also to
study design analysis of bottom leg support of a horizontal pressure vessel. Since leg have
the vital role to support the pressure vessel and to maintain its stability, it should be
designed in such a way that it can afford the vessel load and internal pressure of the vessel
due to air contained in the vessel. A model of vertical pressure vessel and lateral leg
support is created in ANSYS.
16
CHAPTER .1
1. 1. INTRODUCTION
Pressure vessel is important equipment’s in many engineering industries like power plants,
sugar mills, paper mills etc. Pressure vessels are found in different shapes such as vertical
and horizontal. Pressure vessels are leak proof containers. These are having wide range of
applications and it is produced in several fabrication industries like steel plants in addition
to the main equipment like blast furnace. High pressure rise is developed in the pressure
vessel and pressure vessel has to withstand severe forces. So, the design of pressure vessel
is most important in mechanical engineering field. A pressure vessel is also defined as
container with internal pressure, higher than atmospheric pressure. The fluid inside the
pressure vessel may undergo state of change like in case of boilers. Pressure vessel has
combination of high pressure together with high temperature and may be with flammable
radioactive material because of these hazards it is important to design the pressure vessel
such that no leakage can take place as well as the pressure vessel is to be designed carefully
to cope with high pressure and temperature. Type of support used depends on
theorientation and pressure of the pressure vessel. Support from the pressure vessel must
be capable of withstanding heavy loads from the pressure vessel, wind loads andseismic
loads. Pressure on pressure vessel design is not a consideration in designing support.
Temperature can be a consideration in designing the support from the standpoint of
material selection for the different thermal expansion. The current range of Pressure
Vessels in the market of AZ ‘series, come either in skirt support or supported by 8 legs
equidistance from each other. However, a custom made pressure vessel has been ordered
for the cumene process. The custom made vessel has to have a lot of controls for the
cumene process; hence 8 legs are not feasible. Six legs support with a non-symmetric
distribution was tried out initially. However the current requirement is to have more floor
space. A vessel must be designed to withstand the maximum pressure to which it is likely
to be subjected in operation. For vessels under internal pressure, the design pressure is
normally taken as the pressure at which the relief device is set. This will normally be 5 to
17
10 per cent above the normal working pressure, to avoid spurious operation during minor
process upsets. When deciding the design pressure, the hydrostatic pressure in the base of
the column should be added to the operating pressure, if significant. Vessels subjected to
external pressure should be designed to resist the maximum differential pressure that is
likely to occur in service. Vessels likely to be subjected to vacuum should be designed for a
full negative pressure of 1 bar, unless fitted with an effective, and reliable, vacuum breaker.
The pressure inside our vertical pressure vessel is taken as 1.7 Mpa. The design
temperature at which the design stress is evaluated should be taken as the maximum
working temperature of the material. The temperature inside our vertical pressure vessel
is taken as 250°C subjected to high temperature the designstress is based on the yield
stress (or proof stress), or the tensile strength (ultimate tensile stress) of the material at
the design temperature. For materials subjected to conditions at which the creep is likely to
be considered, the design stress is based on the creep characteristics of the material. Hence,
the pressure vessel must be designed after the series of Hydrostatic tests. The safety and
stability of pressure vessel is determined by the ANSYS analysis. The pressure vessels are
designed with great care because rupture of a pressure vessel means an explosion which
may cause loss of life and property.
Generally there are three main types of pressure vessel. These are Horizontal, vertical and
spherical pressure vessel. However there are some special type of vessels like regeneration
Tower, reactors, but these names are given according to their use only. The material of
pressure vessels may be brittle such as cast iron, or ductile such as mild steel. Pressure
vessel have wide applications in thermal and nuclear power plants, process chemical
industries, in pharmaceutical industries, and in food beverage industries. The failure of
pressure vessel may result in loss of life, health hazard and damage of property. The
material of pressure vessels may be brittle such as cast iron, or ductile such as mild steel.
Pressure vessel have wide applications in thermal and nuclear power plants, process
chemical industries, in pharmaceutical industries, and in food beverage industries. The
failure of pressure vessel may result in loss of life, health hazard and damage of property.
Pressure vessels often have a combination of high pressure together with high
temperatures, and in some case flammable fluids or highly radioactive materials. Because
of such hazards it is imperative that the design be such that no leakage can occur.
18
1.2. BACKGROUND OF PRESSURE VESSEL

Pressure vessels store energy and as such, have inherent safety risks. Many states began to
enact ruleand regulations regarding the construction of steamboilers and pressure vessels
following severalcatastrophic accidents that occurred at the turn of the twentieth century
that resulted in large Loss of life.By 1911 it was apparent to manufacturers and usersof
boilers and pressure vessels that the lack ofuniformity in these regulations between states
made itdifficult to construct vessels for Interstatecommerce. A group of these interested
partiesappealed to the Council of the American Society ofMechanical Engineers to assist in
the formulation ofstandard specifications for steam boilers and pressurevessels. (The
American Society of MechanicalEngineers was organized in 1880. As an educationaland
technical society of mechanical engineers.) Afteryears of development and Public comment,
the first edition of the Code, ASME Rules of Construction ofStationary Boilers and for
Allowable WorkingPressures, was published in 1914 and formallyadopted in the Spring of
1915. The first Code rulesfor pressure vessels, entitled Rules for theConstruction of Unfired
Pressure Vessels, followedin 1925. From this simple beginning the Code hasnow evolved
into the present eleven Sectiondocument, with multiple subdivisions, parts,subsections,
and Mandatory and non-mandatoryappendices. Almost all pressure vessels used in
theprocess industry In the United States are designedand constructed in accordance with
Section VIII, Division 1.A pressure vessel is a closed containerdesigned to hold gases or
Liquids at a pressuredifferent from the ambient pressure. Thelegal definition of pressure
vessel varies from countryto Country, but often involves the maximum safepressure (may
need to be above half a bar) that thevessel is designed for and the pressure Volumeproduct,
particularly of the gaseous part (in somecases an Incompressible liquid portion can
beexcluded as it does not contribute to the potentialenergy stored in the vessel.) Pressure
vessels are usedin a variety of applications. These include the industry and the private
sector.
1.2. STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

I want to design vertical air type pressure vessel with lateral leg support which can control
or resist many problems such as failure, fracture and corrosion. Pressure Vessel failures
can be grouped into four major categories, which describe why a vessel failure occurs.
19
Failures can also be grouped into types of failures, which describe how the failure occurs.
Each failure has a why and how to its history. It may have failed through corrosion fatigue
because the wrong material was selected! The designer must be as familiar with categories
and types of failure as with categories and types of stress and loadings. Ultimately they are
all related During the design the following problems are occurring. Those problems are
listed as: Improper selection of material; defects our material. Incorrect design data affect
our material in accurate or incorrect design methods, Fabrication- Poor quality control;
improper or insufficient fabrication procedures include welding; heat treatment or forming
methods.
1.3. Objective
1.3.1. General objective

 To design vertical air pressure vessel
1.3.2. Specific objectives

 Analyze and Design vertical vessel foundation using manual calculation
available in literature
 Evaluate the Manual Method of designing vessel foundation
 To determine the length of the pressure vessel .
 To determine the supporter
 To determine the thickness of the sphere shell.
 To determine the length of the pressure vessel.
 To determine the stresses in a spherical vessel.
 To determine the supporter.
 To determine the thickness of man hole.
1.4. Scope of the projects

This project focuses on design and analysis of Vertical Pressure Vessel. The ASME Code is
construction code for pressure vessel and contains mandatory Requirements, specific
prohibitions; and non-mandatory guidance for pressure vessel materials, design, welding
20
and testing. To ensure the objective is achieved, some of the important elements must be
consideration. There is analysis of maximum stress value and main components of
pressure vessel load.
The design includes following items:
 Design of foundation of parts of pressure vessel

 Design of nominal and circular thickness
 Calculate the length of the pressure vessel
 Design of thickness of the cylinder shell
 Design of nozzle
 Design of flanges
 Design of manhole
 Design of the supporters
 Design of lateral legs
1.5. Significance
Pressure vessel is used to store oil at different temperature and pressure in analogous to
ambient. It used to air tight containers mostly in process industry, refinery and
petrochemical plant to hold liquid, gases or fluids. Increase your sales revenue with an
increase in production. Enjoy a set cost and quality level. The main significance of this
project is
 To exchange heat in the industry
 To used air cool exchangers
 To satisfy our customers need.
 To get income from the success of our project.
 To satisfy our need by increasing our fund
1.6. Future study

In the future we have modified the pressure vessel which is used in a modernized a
modernized or latest industry. Also we should have proven the limitation of our project in
the future. The present study is based on one typical case study. There is a provision for
21
repeating this study considering a large number of foundations with varying parameters to
arrive at a more comprehensive conclusion.
In our project we improve in future many things. Those improvements are:
 Change of material
 Change of diameter
 Change of material: The protected flange coupling design is prepared by using cast
iron but in our design stainless. Because it has:
 High strength and hardness than cast iron
 Ability to resist corrosion
 Good wear resistance
 Ability to weld and machined
1.7. Benefit
This design is based on Engineering Standard covers the minimum requirements for design
of pressure storage spheres. In this Standard, pressure storage means storage spheres with
design pressure above 10MPa gage. The requirements of this Standard apply to both
refrigerated and non-refrigerated LPG pressure storage spheres.This Standard is intended
for use in oil refineries chemical plants, marketing installations, gas plants and where
applicable, in exploration, production and new ventures
1.8. Limitations
The internal pressure must exceed the external pressure.
The analysis is based only on the effects of internal pressure.
The formulas derived are valid throughout the wall of the vessel except near points of
stress concentration.
1.9. Explicit
 To store gas at different temperature and pressure in analogous to ambient.
 It used to air tight containers mostly in process industry, refinery and petrochemical
plant to hold liquid, gases or fluids.
22
1.10. Implicit
 To exchange heat in the industry.To used air cool exchangers.To
satisfy our customers need.
CHAPTER.2
2.1 LITIRATURE REVIEW

The main purpose of this literature review is to get information about the project from the
reference books and websites. In this chapter the discussion will be made base on all the
sources. Since pressure vessel have different type. Vertical pressure vessel is type of
pressure vessel. This forms the most typical application of plane stress. Plane of stress is a
class of common engineering problems involving stress in a thin plate. It can also be called
as simplified 2D problems. Vertical pressure vessels have the advantage of requiring for a
given pressure and diameter than the equivalent. Therefore they are used for large gas or
liquid containers, gas-cooled nuclear reactors, containment buildings for nuclear plant, and
so on. Pressure vessels are leak proof containers designed to hold pressure substantially
different from the atmospheric pressure. Pressurevessels and associated equipment’s are
used in oil, space, chemical, nuclear power and many other industries. Pressure vessels
areclassified into two based on their shape i.e. cylindrical pressure vessel and spherical
pressure vessel. Advantage of sphericalpressure vessel over cylindrical pressure vessel is
that for a given diameter and pressure, spherical pressure vessels require thinwalls than
cylindrical pressure vessels. Still cylindrical pressure vessels are usually preferred for
construction over the sphericalpressure vessels since the construction of spherical
pressure vessels is more complicated and expensive. In cylindrical pressurevessel, end caps
are connected to it called heads. Types of head in a cylindrical pressure vessel are dish end,
hemispherical,ellipsoidal, flat etc.
C. K. Ramesh [1] in his paper made an elastic analysis involving partial differential equation
of pressure vessel with different heads such as ellipsoidal, tori spherical and hemispherical
head for the classic theory of thin shells of revolution. He attempted a step-by-step
numerical integration procedure following Goldberg’s earlier works involving
segmentation technique. Numerical results are obtained from the general computer
23
program FORTRAN for number of cases and for given values of poisons ratio, elastic
moduli, and thickness to diameter ratio. The results obtained are then compared to the
values from literatures and also with the stress predicted by ASME code.
Darian Kozak [2] presented a numerical analysis of pressure vessel with different heads
such as pressure vessel with hemispherical head and pressure vessel with semi-elliptical
head. For a given material property and dimension, both pressure vessels are analysed
using finite element method and von Mises stresses are determined. Based on the
analytical solutions for membrane stress state of pressure vessel, numerical analysis of the
pressure vessels with different head is also performed. The result obtained for
hemispherical head is compared with that of the result obtained from finite element
analysis. After the analysis, it was conclude that the equivalent stresses in hemispherical
head is lesser than that in the semi-elliptical head. Nevertheless, in exploitation, there is
much more pressure vessels with semi-elliptical heads, because manufacturing of
hemispherical heads is much more complicated and expensive.
Apsara C. Gedam[3] analysed a thin pressure vessel with different heads such as
hemispherical, flat circular, standard ellipsoidal and dished end using finite element
analysis. Three cases were considered in the analysis. In first case, axisymmetric models of
pressure vessel with different heads were analyzed. In second case, finite element analysis
of horizontal pressure vessel with saddle supports were conducted and in third case, finite
element analysis of vertical pressure vessel with straight leg support were conducted.
Longitudinal and circumferential stresses in all the three cases were plotted and the
comparison of stresses was made for different heads of pressure vessel. Effect of supports
on pressure vessel was also studied by the authors.
Shildip D. Urade [4] made a stress analysis of multilayer pressure vessel which is made of
homogeneous and isotropic material and subjected to internal loading. The stress analysis
of the model was carried out in finite element tool, ANSYS. The number of layers are varied
for calculating the hoop stress for finite element and theoretical analysis. In multilayer
pressure vessel, the layers are brought in contact by applying shrink fit between the layers
of the pressure vessel. The analytical estimation of hoop stresses in pressure vessel
consisting n layers is carried out.
24
2.2. Types of pressure vessels

 According to the dimensions: - The pressure vessels, according to their
dimensions, may be classified as thin shell or thick shell. If the wall thickness of the
shell thickness is less than 1/10 of the diameter of the shell diameter, then it is
called a thin shell. On the other hand, if the wall thickness of the shell is greater than
1/10 of the diameter of the shell, then it is said to be thick shell. Thin shells are used
in boilers, tanks and pipes, whereas, thick shells are used in high pressure
cylinders, tanks, gun barrels etc.
Note: Another criterion to classify the pressure vessels as thin shell or thick shell is the
internal fluid pressure and the allowable stresses. If the internal fluid pressure (p) is
less than 1/6 of the allowable stress, then it is called a thin shell. On the other hand, if
the internal fluid pressure is greater than 1/6 of the allowable stress, then it is said to
be a thick shell.
 According to the end construction :-The pressure vessels, according to the end
construction, may be classified as open end or closed end. A simple cylinder with a
piston, such as cylinder of a press is an example of an open end vessel, whereas a
tank is an example of a closed end vessel. In case of vessels having open ends, the
circumferential or hoop stresses are induced by the fluid pressure, whereas in case
of closed ends, longitudinal stresses in addition to circumferential stresses are
induced.
 Generally there are three main types of pressure vessel . These are:-
 Horizontal pressure vessel
 Vertical pressure vessel
 Spherical pressure vessel.
25
2.3. Components of pressure vessel
Fig 2.1 components of pressure vessel
1. Nozzle
A narrow or tempering part at the end of the tube or pipe, used to direct or control the flow
of the liquid or gas. It is necessary component of pressure vessel for the process industries.
Nozzles are used for the following applications:
 Attach piping for flow into or out of the vessel.

 Attach instrument connections, (e.g., level gauges, thermo wells, or pressure
gauges).
 Provide access to the vessel interior at many ways.
 Provide for direct attachment of other equipment items, (e.g., a heat exchanger or
mixer )
2. Flange
It is one of attachment and accessories essential for the vessel. Used for coupling the pipe
which the fluid enter or live the pipe to pressure vessel. it is also used on the shell of a
vessel to permit disassembly and removal , for cleaning internal parts. The flange are used
for closures, nozzles, man holes, return flux, pipe inter and bottom product and etc.
There are many types of flanges some of them are:
 Welding – neck flange
26
 Slip – on flanges
 Lap joint flanges
 Screwed flanges
 Blind flanges
 socket flanges
 Traded flanges
Welding- neck flange:-
A sectional view of wilding- neck flanges is shown. Welding neck flanges differ from other
flange in that; they have a long, tapered hub, between the flange ring and welded joint. This
hub provides a more gradual transition from flange ring thickens for the pipe- wall
thickens; there by decreasing the discontinuity stresses and consequently increasing the
strength of flange. These flanges are recommending fluids, where failure leakage of flange
joint might disastrous consequences.
Slip – on flanges:-
The slip- on types of flanges is widely used because of its greater ease of aligned in welding
assembly of its low initial cost. The strength of these flanges is calculated from internal
pressure considerations is approximately 2/3rd that of a corresponding welding neck type
of flange. The use of this type of flange should be limited to moderate services, where
pressure fluctuations, temperature fluctuations, vibration and shock are not expected to be
severing. The fatigue life of this flange is approximately 1/3rd that of welding- neck flange.
Lap joint flanges:-

Lap joint flange are usually used with a lap joint stab. These flanges have about the same
ability to with stand pressure without leakages as the slip in flange, which is less than that
of the welding neck flange. In addition, these flanges have the dis advantages of having only
about 10% of the fatigue life of welding neck flanges. For these reason, these flanges should
not be used for connection where, severe bending stresses exit. The principal advantage of
these flanges is that the bold wholes are easily aligned and this simplifies the erection of
vessels of large diameter and usually stiff piping. These flanges are also use full in cusses
where, frequent dismantling for cleaning of inspection is required, or where it is necessary
to rotate the pip by swiveling the flange.
27
Screwed flanges:-
Screwed flanges can be fastened to the opining by screwing. It can be connected instantly
without welding. The only disadvantage is that possibility of leakage.
Blind flanges:-
They are used extensively to blank off pressure vessel openings and hand holes, block off
pipes and valves. In this application, a valve followed by blind is flange is frequently use at
the end of line to permit addition line while it is „on stream. Depending on their properties
we selected the flange type slip on flange on our pressure vessel Because
 It is easily aligned in welding assembly.
 It is initial cost low
3. Head:
Is part or component used to close both ends the shell. Heads are typically el5) support: -
The type of support that is used depends primarily on the size and orientation of the
pressure vessel. In all cases, the pressure vessel support must be adequate for the applied
weight, wind, and earthquake loads. Generally it is component which is used to support the
pressure vessel.
4. Support:
The type of support that is used depends primarily on the size and orientation of the
pressure vessel. In all cases, the pressure vessel support must be adequate for the applied
weight, wind, and earthquake loads. Generally it is component which is used to support the
pressure vessel.
5. Skirt support:
The support material between the vessel and the foundation is termed as skirt. It is welded
to the base of the vessel and has consists of a cylindrical or conical shell. The skirt is usually
welded to the vessel. It is recommended for vertical vessels as they do not impose
concentrated load on the vessel shell. It is suitable for the use of tall columns subjected to
wind loading. There is no maximum bending moment on the skirt because of itself, but
there is maximum bending moment due to stress from dead weight and from wind load in
another word no stress formed due to internal and external pressure by itself. Thickness of
28
the skirt must be sufficient to with stand the dead weight loads and bending moment
imposed on it by the vessel.
6. Anchor bolt:
The moment produced by wind and other lateral load will tend to overturn the vessel, so
this is opposed by securely anchored the skirt of the vessel to the concrete foundation by
using anchor bolt. The main aim of anchor bolt is used to support skirt. The anchor bolt is
used to shear over turning load equally.
7. Gaskets:
A gasket is used to create a seal between mating surfaces of machines or piping assemblies.
The seal is necessary to prevent leakage of gas, liquid, or dust into or out of these
assemblies. The gasket must be able to withstand the pressures applied to it and to be
unaffected by the temperature or materials that it comes in contact with. When a gasket is
clamped between the mating surfaces of a joint it must deform enough to compensate for
the imperfections in the finish of the mating surfaces. It would not be economical to
machine all surfaces to a mirror finish, and the bumps, scrapes, and corrosion of normal
use would soon reduce the quality of the finish. Tool marks are usually evident on the
surfaces of most machine pieces. The clamping pressure applied to these joints does not
create enough distortion in the flanges to affect a seal, so a gasket, placed between these
surfaces, deforms to fill in the valleys and compress on the high points. The gasket must be
soft enough to deform, yet strong enough to resist being squeezed out by the pressure
carried in the machinery. It is desirable to have some roughness (tool markings) on most
flange surfaces to help grip the gasket and prevent it from creeping under internal
pressure. These tool marks should run the same way as the lay of the gasket; that is, a
circular gasket should have circular tool marks in the flange face. There are ellipsoidal,
tori-spherical, hemispherical, conical and tori conical flange faces.
8. Saddle:
Horizontal drums are typically supported at two locations by saddle supports. Saddle
supports spreads the weight lode over a large area of the shell to prevent an excessive local
stress in the shell at the support points. The widths of the saddle, among other design
details, are determined by the specific size and design condition of the pressure vessel. One
29
saddle support is normally fixed or anchored to its foundation to other support is normally
free to permit unrestrained longitudinal thermal expansion of the drum.
9. Lug:
Lugs that are welded to the pressure vessels shell may also be used to support vertical
pressure vessels. The use of lugs is typically limited to vessels of small to medium diameter
(1 to 10 ft.) And moderate height to diameter ratios in the range of 2:1 to 5:1.Lug supports
are often used for vessel of this size that is located above grade with in structural steel. The
lugs are typically bolted to horizontal structural members to provide stability against
overturning loads; However, the bolt holes are often to permit free radial thermal
expansion of the drum.
2.4. Material selection

The selection of materials for a machine part or structure member is one of the most
important decisions that the designer has to make. Methods for estimating stresses and
deflection of machine member are based on the properties of the materials from which
members will made. We do select materials not only for stress and deflection design but
also for filling gaps, space, or for as the tics qualities to resist corrosion. For the selection of
materials the physical, mechanical, chemical, and their manufacturing process are the most
important decision the designer has to make.
According to different kind of standard such as ASMS the following given below are used
for the selection of materials
A) Strength
B) Corrosion resistance
C) Environmental factor
D) Corrosion allowance
E) Fabrication/predictability
A. Strength:
Is a material ability to with staled an imposed force or stress strength is a significant
application. Strength determines on truck a component because to with stand the imported
loads. The overall strength of a material is determined by its yield strength, ultimate tensile
30
strength, creep and rupture strengths. The strength properties depend on the nominal
compression of the material.
B. Corrosion resistance:
Corrosion is the determination of metals by chemical action. a material resistance to
corrosion is probably the most factor that influence its selection for specific application the
most common.
C. Environmental factor:
Aside from the obvious environmental of high pressure vessel may also be subjected to
other factor such as high or low temperature and corrosion or reactive media for vessel
operation at elevated temperature the decrease in yield strength with undressing
temperature must be considered. If the vessel is to be subjected to high pressure and
temperature for any approvable to me, the phenomena of creep must be considered under
the condition. Low temperature result is significant reduction in to toughness of the vessel
material. It is important. There for to apply the preceding discussion of toughness in terms
of properties to the material lowest operating temperature Expected.
D. Corrosion allowance:
The "corrosion allowance" is the additional thickness of metal added to allow for material
lost by corrosion and erosion, or scaling. The allowance to be used should be agreed
between the customer and manufacturer. Corrosion is a complex phenomenon, and it is not
possible to give specific rules for the estimation of the corrosion allowance required for all
circumstances. For carbon and low-alloy steels, where severe corrosion is not expected, a
minimum allowance should be used; where more severe conditions are anticipated this
should be increase.
E. Fabrication/predictability:
Fabric ability refers to the case of construction and to any special fabrication practice that
are required to use the material of special importance is the case with which the material
can be rolled or otherwise shaped to conform to vessel component geometry requirement.
The material chemistry of the weld area must be equivalent to that of the base material
31
F. Ductility:
It is the property of material which enables to be drawn out or elongated to an appreciable
extent before repute under the load.Generally I selectcarbon steel based on the
temperature for bolt and nutsbecause it has good yield strength, tensile(UTS) strength
good fracture toughness, good resistance of temperature, good corrosion resistance and it
can fabricate in different mated except casting.
Parts Of Vertical Pressure Vessel Materials Used At 2500c Design Stress In N/mm2
Nozzle Stainless steel 108N/mm2
Lateral Leg support Stainless steel 205N/mm2
Flanges Stainless steel 108N/mm2
Shell Carbon manganese steel 128N/mm2
Bolt and nut Carbon steel 93N/mm2
Table2.1 material selection
2.4 Factors causing pressure vessel failure
The following factors are causing the premature failure of the pressure vessel so we have to
take care these factors in the design stage of the liquid nitrogen storage container.
 Material: Unsuitable selection of materials or faults in material
 Design: Due to incorrect or insufficient design data.Inaccurate design methods
Inadequate testing facilities
 Manufacturing Processes: Improper fabrication procedure, including welding
Poor quality control Improper heat treatment process ,Improper forming methods
 Service:
Changes in service condition during its service period Inxperienced or unskilled
operators or maintenance personnel
Creep strength
Material are often pleased in a service at elevated temperature and exposed to static
mechanical stress the deformation under such circumstance is termed creep .The time
dependent and permanent deformation of material when subjected to a constant lode
and stress.
32
Rupture strength
Is the martial resistance to the fracture caused by the internal pressure Of the fluid
that was present inside the tank. And it is proportional to tensile strength(UTS)
which means the martial have high UTS and it have good Rupture strength
Resistance to hydraulic attack

The tensile strength (UTS) and elastic modulus of metals decrease with increasing
temperature. The temperature that give for my presser vessel is 250 0 C , hydrogen attack
cause irreparable damage through the component thickness & can damaged carbon and
low alloy steel.
Material Cast Aluminu Nickel copper

iron m
Tensile 414 90 520 200

strength(ULT)MPa
Design stress at -- -- 220 --

temperature (2500C)
Table2.2 tensile strength at 250 temprature of material
Fracture toughness
The ability of the material that absorb energy up to fracture .brittle fracture without
applicable deformation and by rapid crank propagation .The direction the crack motion
is very nearly perpendicular to the direction the applied tinsel stress and yield stress
related with fracture surface.
33
CHAPTER.3
3. METHODOLOGY AND DESIGN ANALYSIS
3.1 METHODOLOGY
In the design of the pressure vessel the methodology I followed is;
 Problem identification
 Data collection Material selection
 Design consideration
 Design analysis Component and construction
 Maintenance and repair
 Assembly and dis assembly
Data collection
We collect data from different sources. Those sources are: Internet,Interview , Different
types of references. Such as: text book & dictionary.
3.2. Design Considerations

Before we going to design analysis we have consider the following procedures.
 To determine the thickness of the sphere shell.
 To determine the length of the pressure vessel.
 To determine the stresses in a spherical vessel.
 To determine the supporter.
 To determine the thickness of man hole.
3.3. Design Calculation

In ourdesign volume of pressure vessel
34
i. Inner Service Pressure: [M P a]
0.25 0.4 0.6 1 1.7 2.5 6.3 10 16 25

*
ii. Nominal Volume: [m3]

0.25 0.5 1 1.6 2.5 4
*
iii. Service Temperature: [0C]
200 250 300 350 400 450
*
iv. Position
Horizontal Vertical

v. Supporting Element: Lateral leg
Assume Factory of safety = 2.5 Assume Correction allowance =0.02
1. Calculation of length
Pressure
Psi MPa
L/D ratio
3 0-250 0.000-1.724
4 250-500 1.724-3.448
5 >500 >3.448
There for the ratio of L/D= 3 and L=3D because the deign pressure between 0-
1.724MPa
V=V h +Vs where V h=volume of the head and Vs=volume of the shell
V h= (4/3)*π*R3=(4/3)*π*(D/2)3=(1/6)*π*D3 D=internal diameter of the shell(D=2*R)
V h= (1/6)*π*D3
V h= (1/6)*π*D3 R=internal radius of the shell
Vs=π*R2*L=π*(D/2)2*L= (1/4)*π*D2*LL=length of the shell
35
V s = (1/4)*π*D2*(3D) L/D=3 and L=3D
Vs = (3/4)*π*D3
And the sum of the volume is 1m3
V=V h +V s=1m3= (1/6)*π*D3 + (3/4)*π*D3 = (11/12)*π*D3
1m3=2.87D3 and D = (1/2.87)1/3m=m=0.7m
There for D= 0.7m
And L=3D=3*0.7m= 2.1 m
2. Design of the thickness of shell

The total force acting on a longitudinal section =Intensity of pressure * projected area
=p*(l*d) ………… (1)
And Total resisting force acting on a cylinder wall = σt1* 2t*l…………. (2)
p× d
Equating (1) and (2)t=
2× δ all ×η
To calculate the allowable stress we take the factor of safety F.S =3
The design stress for carbon steel is equal to 93Mpa
p× d
Now, calculate the thicknesst=
2× δ all ×η
t =(1.7Mpa*0.7m)/2*93Mpa*0.75 = 8.5mm
3. Design for nominal & circular thickness

Let us Ri = inside radius of pressure vessel with considering the corrosion allowance
p×r
The maximum required thickness at longitudinal=t n= [ ]
( s ×η ) −0.6 p
+C
The minimum required thickness at circular

p×r
[
t c =¿ + 0.4p] + ct n=
]
( s ×η ) −0.6 p
+C
36
tn = (1.7*350)/(93Mpa*0.75)_(0.6*1.7) =8.4mm
t c =¿ + 0.4p] + c clearance from C = 0.01 - 0.09 then we take 0.02.

tc = (1.7*350)/(2*93Mpa*0.75)+(0.4*1.7)+0.02 =4.22mm
According to ASME tc < tn < tactual should be concerned. 4.22mm < 8.4mm < 8.5mm so, it
is applicable & my design is safe.
4. Design of Circular & Longitudinal Pressure

2 δη nt
Longitudinal pressure is given by, P1=[ + 0.6t n ]
Ri
δη nt
When Circumferential pressure is, Pc =[ −0.6 t n ]
Ri
Metal alloys Aluminum Copper Nickel Cast Stainless steel
iron
Yield 35 69 138 197 205
strength(MPa)
Having Efficiency, h= 0.75
To calculate the Pl & Pc we need to calculate, tn and ri
tn = tactual –C ,take c= 0.02 ri = r – tactual
tn =8.5mm-0.02 ri =350mm-8.5mm
tn =0.00848m ri=341.5mm = 0.3415mm
2 δη nt
Now, Calculate (Pl & pc) P1=[ + 0.6t n ]
Ri
Pl=[2(93Mpa*0.75*0.00848)]/0.3415 +(0.6*0.00848)
Pl =3.465
δη n t
pc¿ [ −0.6 t n ]
Ri
37
Pc = [(93*0.75*0.00848)/0.3415]-0.6*0.00848)
Pc = 5.06Mpa
According to ASME, if the actual working pressure inside the vessel is less than the
maximum allowable pressure calculated above then, we can conclude that; the design is
safe
5. Design of Head analysis

The heads are normally made from the same material as the shell and May be welded to the
shell itself. They also may be integral with the shell in Forged or cast construction. The
head geometrical design is dependent on the geometry of the shell as well as other design
parameters such as Operating Temperature and Pressure, Thickness
My pressure vessel is hemispherical head in shape and 10MPa internal design pressure is
applied on it and its thickness is given below
According on the two theories
i) thin-shell theory
S= (PR)/ (2t)
ii) ‘’exact’’ theory
S = [PRi3/R30-R3i] [1+R30/2R3i]
Given values Ri=0.7m
Ro=0.4m
38
P =1.7MPa
t=3mm=0.003m
E=1
C.A=2mm=0.002m
i) thin-shell theory
S= (PR)/ (2t)
S= (1.7MPa*0.7)/ (2*0.014m)
S=42.5MPa
ii) ‘’exact’’ theory
S= [PRi3/ (R30-R3i)] [1+R30/2R3i]
S= [(1.7MPa*(0.7) 3)/ (0.43-0.73) m3] *[1 + (0.4)3/ (2*0.73)]
S =74.25MPa
Therefore, let’s find the head thickness and take the largest value for S =2273.4MPa.
t=PRi/ (2SE-0.2P) + C.A
= (1.7MPa*0.7)/ (2*42.5MPa*1 – 0.2*1.7MPa) + 0.002m
t= 0.008413m =8.413mm
t =8.413mm
t=PRi/ (2SE-0.2P) + C.A
= (1.7MPa*0.7)/ (2*74.25MPa*1 – 0.2*1.7MPa) + 0.002m

t = 0.007754m =9.44mmt =7.44mm
To change it to standards form t=10mm
6. Design for Man Hole

D=400 mm
l=210mm
39
According to ASME dm/h≤ 4, apply by the given 210/400 = 0.525≤ 4 so, it is acceptable
In this calculation we use the same material to the cylinder.
So, take σ y =0.5 σ ut
Then, σ ut =σ y /0.5
= 93 ⁄ 0.5
σ ut = 186Mpa
Now, calculate the thickness of man hole;
4.8 PR 4.8 ×1.7 ×200

t mn= =
σ ut 186
t mn= 8.77mm
8.7mm are taken because – between the cylinder shell and manhole there will be welding
for this reason the thickness of manhole have to be increased.
The diameter of the opening is 1/3 0f the outer diameter of the shell.
d o = 1/3× 0.4m =0.13m approximately it is =0.1m
Radius of the manhole is:
Rn = 1/2×0.1m = 0.05m
Nominal thickness of the manhole (t n) is 8.77mm=0.00877m
The inside diameter of the manhole is:
d i = opening diameter ˗ (2×t n)
= 0.1 – (2×0.00877)= 0.08m
The inside radius of the manhole is:
Rn = 1/2×di = 1/2×0.8=0.04m
7. Calculation of Thickness of the Nozzle

By assuming 300mm the opening diameter & allowable stress of 108N/mm2 the thickness of
nozzle is
Area of required reinforcement, Ar:
Ar =d ×t s × F (mm2 )
40
d =Diameter of circular opening, or finished dimension of opening in plane under consideration,

t s=¿ Minimum required thickness of shell when E = 1.0, in.
F = Correction factor, normally 1
According to ASME Section VIII-1, Calculate a basic pipe nozzle SA-53 Grade B, seamless:
Design Pressure = 10MPa
Design Temperature = 250°C;
Shell Material is SA-516 Gr. 60;
Nozzle Diameter =38mm,
Nozzle Material is Corrosion Allowance = 0.02
Wall thickness of the nozzle (mm)

P× r
t n=
[σ al ×η−0.6 P]
10× 155
=
[371.41× 0.75−0.6× 10]
= 5.03mm
T n= 5.503mm + 0.02mm = 5.505 mm
Area of required reinforcement,( Ar )

Ar =d ×t s × F (mm2)
¿ 38 ×5.05 mm ×1.0 mm2
= 209.411mm2
Available reinforcement area in shell, Ar as larger of A sor An :
A s = Larger of: d (t a−t c) −¿2t a(t a−t c)
= 209.114(60.7 – 35.2)– 2*60.7(60.7 – 35.2)
= 348.13mm2
An = smaller of: 2(2.5 ¿ ¿) (T n−t n)
= 5*6.07*0.02 = 0.61mm2
Ar ¿ (A ¿ ¿ s + A n) ¿= Ar < (348.13+0.61)
96.63 < 348.74mm2
Since it attend the required is safe
8. Calculation of Overall Load for the Design of Supporter
Mass of pressure vessel is given by:
m= [(πr12* L1)-(πr2* L)] ρ
r12= r+ the actual thickness
=350mm+8.5mm
=358.5 mm
=0.3585mm
L1=L+ actual thickness

= 2100mm + 8.5mm
= 2108.5mm
m= [(π*(0.3616)2*(2.108.5mm)-(π*(0.350)2*2.1)]*ρoil
= [0.059185]*900Kg/m3
41
=53.2665kg
mair =V × ρ air
= 1m *900kg/m3 = 900kg
3
mtotal=m+mair
= 953.2665kg
moverall =mtotal + 0.15× mtotal
¿ 953.2665 kg+(0.15∗953.2665 kg)
¿ 1096.2546 kg
9. Design Calculation of leg
 First to calculate the load in the lateral leg the mass of the over load of the pressure
vessel and its components have to Calculated. Mass of the pressure vessel; Density of
the stainless steel alloy is ρ = 7850 Kg/m3
m =ΔV*ρ
m= [(πr 21×L1) - (πr 22×L)] ×ρ
m= [(π (0.3616)2×2.1) - (π (0.350) ²×2.1)] ×7850kg/m3
m = 366.86kg
Where
r
( 1 = r +the actual thickness &
L1 = L + the actual thickness)
ρ= is density of stainless steel alloys
Then we will calculate the mass of the air, m air which is possessed in the pressure vessel
m air = V × ρair
Where; V=volume of tanker, ρoil =density of air
= 1m3*900kg/m3
= 900kg
Total mass of the tanker = mass of air + mass of the pressure vessel
= 900kg +366.86kg
= 1266.86kg
But the overall mass include the relief valve and other components of the pressure vessel so add
15% of additional mass to the total mass
moverall =mtotal + 15 % mtotal
= 1266.83+ 0.15*1266.83
= 1456.8545kg
Finally calculate the weight of the leg
W =m overall × g
=1456.8545×9.81
= 14291.74N
10. FLANGE AND GASKAT DESGIN

A) FLANGE APPLIED LODE AND FALNGE MOMEANT
The lode on the flange can be given as fallow
42
m=gasket factor
Pi=internal pressure of flange
Pi=1.12MPa
B=in side diameter of a flange for each pipeB=A/2
b=effective gasket selling width
2b=effective gasket pressure width
tf=thickness of flange
tf=J
hd= (G + H – 2E)/4
hg= (H - G)/4
ht= (G + H)/4
G’=mane diameter of gasket =B + (ht-hg)
Hg=gasket reaction forces (pressure forces) =πG’ (2b) mPi
H=total pressure = (π/4)G’2Pi
Hd=pressure force of area inside the flange= (π/4) B2Pi
Ht=pressure for a flange face=H - Hd
The moment on the flange isMop=Hd*hd + Ht*ht + Hg*hg
Let’s calculate the lode and moment
There gasket factor width and internal pressure for the flange are the same
m=1.25, b=10mm and Pi=1.12MPa
hd= (G + H – 2E)/4
For 40mm = (84.1375+168.1-2*60.452)mm/4=32.83mm For 80mm = (133.35+228.6-

2*101.6)mm/4=39.69mmhg= (H - G)/4
For 40mm= (168.1-84.1375)mm/4 =20.99mmFor 80mm= (228.6-

133.35)mm/4=23.82mmht=(G+H)/4
43
For 40mm= (168.1+84.1375)mm/4=63.06mm For 80mm=

(228.6+133.5)mm/4=90.53mmtf=J
For 40mm=22.225mm For 80mm=30.1625mm
B=A/2
For 40mm=52.371mm/2=26.19mm For 80mm=90.17mm/2=45.09mm
G’=B + (ht - hg)
For 40mm=26.19mm + (60.06-20.99) mm=65.24mm For 80mm=45.09mm + (90.53-

23.83) mm= 117.89mm H= (π/4) G’2Pi
For 40mm= (π/4)(65.24mm)2*1.12MPa=5679.97N For 80mm = (π/4)

(117.89mm)2*1.12MPa=18546.95N H d= (π/4) B2Pi
For 40mm= (π/4) (26.19mm) 2 *1.12MPa=915.355N For 80mm = (π/4) (45.09mm) 2

*1.12MPa=2713.182N Ht=H-H d
For 40mm= (11,627.25-915.355) N=10711.895N For 80mm= (37,966.69-2713.182)

N=35253.5N Hg=π G’ (2b) m P i
For40mm=π(65.24mm)(2*10mm)1.5*1.12MPa=10447.5336N
For80mm=π(117.89mm)(2*10mm)1.5*1.12MPa=18878.90N
The moment is
Mop=Hd*hd + Ht*ht + Hg*hg
MoP =(243.197N)(27.682mm)+(4208.803N)(44.5mm)+(6621.142N)(17.4625mm)
=309645.605029Nmm=309.6456Nm
For 40mm pipe
Mop=(953.086N)(32.83mm)+(10674.164N)(63.06mm)+(10698.781N)(20.99mm)
=928970.00841Nmm=928.97000841Nm
For 80mm pipe
Mop=(2780.56N)(39.69mm)+(35186.13N)(90.53mm)+(19332.9N)(23.83mm)
=3756463.7823Nmm=3756.4637823Nm
The minimum load required bolt load under the operating condition given by
44
Wm1=H + Hg
Wm1, 40mm=11,627.25N + 10698.781N=22.326031kN
Wm1, 80mm=37,966.69N + 19332.9N=57.29959Kn
The force and the momentum must be checked under the bolting up conditions. The
moment is given by
Matm=Wm2*hg
Where Wm2is the bolt load required to sat the gasket, given by Wm2=yπG’b
y=gasket sating pressure (stress)=2.8MPa
Wm2,40mm=2.8MPaπ65.24mm*10mm=5735.90N=5.7359KN
Matm,=5735.90N*20.99mm=120,396.56Nmm=120.39Nm
Wm2,80mm=2.8MPaπ117.89mm*10mm=10,364.89
36489KN
Matm,80mm=10,364.89N*23.82mm=246,891.65Nmm=246.89Nm
11.Design of Bolt
 Total number of bolt required = 14
 In our case since we use blind hole for bolt we don’t need nut.
Bolt design (hemispherical head)
The bolt spacing must be selected to give a uniform compression of the gasket. It will not
normally be less than 2.5 times the bolt diameter, to give sufficient clearance for tightening
with a wrench or spanner. The following formula can be used to determine the maximum
bolt spacing:
From the tables the material [SA-193-B7] and maximum allowable stress(f b) for the bolt is
172.37MPa (25KPSi).
The minimum bolt area is given by
Abf=Wm/fb
Where, Wmgreatest of Wm1or Wm2
Nominal Dia.(mm) Wm1(KN) Wm2(KN)
45
40 33.01 5.7359
80 59.36 10.36489
Table 3.7.Bolts standard
Abf=Wm/fb
For 40mm =33.01KN/172.37MPa=192mm2
For 80mm =59.36KN/172.37MPa=344.4mm2
The bolt spacing must be selected to give a uniform compression of the gasket. It will not
normally be less than 1.29 times the bolt diameter, to give sufficient clearance for
tightening with a wrench or spanner. The following formula can be used to determine the
maximum bolt spacing:
Pb =2db+6tf/ (m+0.5)
Where Pb-bolt pitch (spacing), mm
db-bolt diameter, mm
tf-flange thickness, mm
m-Gasket factor, 1.25
Pb will be,
For 40mm
=2*8mm+6*28.5mm/(1.25+0.5)=143.8mm
For 80mm
=2*16mm+6*30.1625mm/(1.25+0.5)=134.5mm
46
CHAPTER FOUR
ASSEMPLY DRAWING
4.1Assembly
The assembling procedure of pressure vessel is as follow:-
 First weld the hemispherical head to the cylinder.
 Second weld the saddle support to the bottom side.
 Then insert the outlet and inlet nozzle on the upper part of the vessel.
4.2 Disassembling
The assembling procedure of pressure vessel is as follow
 First disassemble the support from the vessel
 Second disassemble the heads and nozzles.
4.3 Working Principle

The pressure vessel which is mounted on vertical lateral leg support is used to store air
at 2500c. The internal pressure of the pressure vessel is 1.6MPa and all parts is
constructed from carbon steel.
4.4 Component Construction

Components of hemispherical head pressure vessel are discussed as follow:-.
 There is a one shell which is at the middle of two heads.

 There are two heads at both side with inner diameter 0.4m and thickness 0.055m of
the cylinder.
The pressure is supported by lateral leg at the bottom sides of the heads.
47
4.5 Improvement and Futurity
4.5.1. Improvement
When I relate to my project with the former one is from Aluminum/steel and it has the
following properties.
 Its strength is not that match.
 It is Expensive.
 It is affected by corrosion.
But now in my project I improve these properties
 Strength and hardness increase.
 It can elongate beyond the yield point since it is from different alloy steel.
 Its Costs are fair.
48
Chapter.5
5. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1. Conclusion
Pressure vessel are the product to store any things of liquid in the form of storage The need
has long existed for an improved portable for industrial application It is highly desirable
that a pressure vessel become available that can be operated at different area for storing
application. It should be easily operate when any person use it in today technology it is
essential for nuclear fusion for storing the gas but as I focus we design a pressure vessel
which is contain air some other reinforced support surface design This particular design of
air pressure vessel will prove to be beneficial in storing air.
49
5:2 Recommendations
The pressure vessel store depend on shell and head so in order to protect the pressure
vessel from failures it is recommended that future have strong and latest material will be
invented so at that time when we have to reduce the weight and mass of pressure is reduce
bending moment and external pressure applied is reduced Since the pressure vessel it may
occur on plate of pressure vessel so we can laminate with the latest material .when fracture
is happened in the pressure vessel without any doubt it will be maintain.
50
References
[1] Joshi, M.V. and Maharini, V.V., Process Equipment Design, 3rd Edition, Macmillan, 2004
[2] Avallon, E.A., Marks‟ Standard Handbook for Mechanical Engineers, 10th
Edition, MacGraw – Hill, 1997.
[3] Coulson and Richardson‟s, Chemical Engineering Design, Volume 6, 2nd Edition,
Butterworth Heinemann, 1996.
[4] Spence, J., and Tooth, A.S., Pressure Vessel Design Concepts and Principles.
Smith ells, Metals Reference Book, 7th Edition, 1992
[5] Perry, R.H., Chemical Engineering Handbook, 6th Edition, 1984.
[6] Harvey, J.F., Theory and Design of Pressure Vessel, 2nd Edition, 1991
[7] Gill, S.S., the Stress Analysis of Pressure Vessels and Pressure Vessel Components,
Pergamon Press, 1970.
[8] Hessen, H.C. and Rushton, J.H., Process Equipment Design, D. Van Nostrand Company
51
APPENDIXIES
APPENDIX A
Material selection guide
52
APPENDIX B
Allowable stresses for bolts
53
APPENDIX C
Pressure - Temperature RatingsFor Steel Pipe Flanges and Flanged

Fittings
54
55
56
Reference
57
58
59
60

Final Abdu Pro

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Final Abdu Pro

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

DESIGN OF AIR TYPE VERTICAL PRESSURE VESSEL

PROJECT TITTILE: DESIGN OF PRESSURE VESSELS

Name of student:-ABDULBASIT MUHAMMED

Supporting element Lateral leg

A. Two longitudinal, one lateral pipes with

Nominal diameter [mm] 80

B. One Bottom discharge with

Nominal diameter [mm] 40

W = weight of the vessel

1.2. BACKGROUND OF PRESSURE VESSEL

1.2. STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

1.3.1. General objective

1.3.2. Specific objectives

1.4. Scope of the projects

 Design of foundation of parts of pressure vessel

1.6. Future study

2.1 LITIRATURE REVIEW

2.2. Types of pressure vessels

2.3. Components of pressure vessel

Fig 2.1 components of pressure vessel

 Attach piping for flow into or out of the vessel.

Lap joint flanges:-

2.4. Material selection

Table2.1 material selection

2.4 Factors causing pressure vessel failure

Resistance to hydraulic attack

Material Cast Aluminu Nickel copper

Tensile 414 90 520 200

Design stress at -- -- 220 --

Table2.2 tensile strength at 250 temprature of material

3. METHODOLOGY AND DESIGN ANALYSIS

3.2. Design Considerations

 To determine the thickness of man hole.

3.3. Design Calculation

i. Inner Service Pressure: [M P a]

0.25 0.4 0.6 1 1.7 2.5 6.3 10 16 25

ii. Nominal Volume: [m3]

V h= (4/3)*π*R3=(4/3)*π*(D/2)3=(1/6)*π*D3 D=internal diameter of the shell(D=2*R)

V h= (1/6)*π*D3 R=internal radius of the shell

Vs=π*R2*L=π*(D/2)2*L= (1/4)*π*D2*LL=length of the shell

V s = (1/4)*π*D2*(3D) L/D=3 and L=3D

And the sum of the volume is 1m3

V=V h +V s=1m3= (1/6)*π*D3 + (3/4)*π*D3 = (11/12)*π*D3

1m3=2.87D3 and D = (1/2.87)1/3m=m=0.7m

There for D= 0.7m

And L=3D=3*0.7m= 2.1 m

2. Design of the thickness of shell

To calculate the allowable stress we take the factor of safety F.S =3

The design stress for carbon steel is equal to 93Mpa

3. Design for nominal & circular thickness

The minimum required thickness at circular

t c =¿ + 0.4p] + c clearance from C = 0.01 - 0.09 then we take 0.02.

4. Design of Circular & Longitudinal Pressure

Having Efficiency, h= 0.75

To calculate the Pl & Pc we need to calculate, tn and ri

tn = tactual –C ,take c= 0.02 ri = r – tactual

tn =0.00848m ri=341.5mm = 0.3415mm

5. Design of Head analysis

According on the two theories

Given values Ri=0.7m

ii) ‘’exact’’ theory

S= [PRi3/ (R30-R3i)] [1+R30/2R3i]

S= [(1.7MPa*(0.7) 3)/ (0.43-0.73) m3] *[1 + (0.4)3/ (2*0.73)]

V h= (4/3)πR3=(4/3)π(D/2)3=(1/6)πD3 D=internal diameter of the shell(D=2*R)

V h= (1/6)πD3 R=internal radius of the shell

Vs=πR2L=π(D/2)2L= (1/4)πD2*LL=length of the shell

V s = (1/4)πD2*(3D) L/D=3 and L=3D

V=V h +V s=1m3= (1/6)πD3 + (3/4)πD3 = (11/12)πD3

S= [(1.7MPa(0.7) 3)/ (0.43-0.73) m3] [1 + (0.4)3/ (2*0.73)]

= (1.7MPa0.7)/ (242.5MPa1 – 0.21.7MPa) + 0.002m

= (1.7MPa0.7)/ (274.25MPa1 – 0.21.7MPa) + 0.002m

The moment on the flange isMop=Hdhd + Htht + Hg*hg

Mop=Hdhd + Htht + Hg*hg