WOLLEGA UNIVERSITY

INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL
ENGINEERING

3RD YEAR SECTION C

COURSE NAME (CODE):- MACHINE DESIGN PROJECT (Meng3161)

PROJECT – 1

TITLE:- DESIGN AND INVESTIGATION OF PRESSURE VESSEL

PREPARED BY:-

JORISO MAU ID NO: - 0641/15

SUBMITTED TO Mr. SENA GONFA

May,
2018

Nekemti, Oromia
Design of vertical pressure vessel @Wollega
Un. 2018
Acknowledgement
First of all great thanks to my god which help me and with on every things of my activities and
also who achieved me to this two and half year life, and who made me a person who take this
project course.

I would like to give my deepest appreciation and gratitude to Mr. Beyene Gadisa, for their
invaluable guidance, constructive criticism and encouragement during the course of this project.
Grateful acknowledgement is made to all the staff and faculty members of Mechanical
Engineering Department, Institute of Technology, Wollega University for their guidance on
different things.

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Abstract
Pressure Vessel is an important part of many industries such as chemical industries, oil and gas
industry, marine applications, power industry. A pressure vessel is a container used to store
fluids, gases and substances at a pressure more or less than the atmospheric pressure. Pressure
vessels are used to store toxic gases, cryogenic substances, chemicals, water and steam at
extremely high or low temperatures. The pressure differential causes bursting of pressure vessel
which is hazardous to people working around and also a big loss for the industry. Therefore the
design of pressure vessel is critical and standard codes are required to be used for the design
purpose. For the industries based on pressure vessel design and manufacturing softwares are
developed which eliminate the hectic task of doing analytical calculations.

Vertical vessels are massive structures used in oil industries which store oil and different
fluids. Due to the massiveness of the structure and pedestal considerations, an octagonal
foundation is designed in place of a simple rectangular footing. The design includes analyzing of
loads from superstructure, design of base plate and foundation bolt, design of pedestal and
footing. The design of pile is not considered in the present study. The main objective of the study
is to evaluate the manual method of design procedure. The same footing is modeled in different
commercial finite element software. Performance of the designed foundation as obtained from
the finite element analysis is then compared with that obtained from manual calculations.
Maximum moment obtained from the software for the given support forces are found to be
higher than those calculated manually according to Process Industry Practices guideline.
Therefore, the design process outlined in PIP underestimates the bending moment demand as per
the present study. However the present study is based on one typical case study.

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Table of Content

Contents Pages
c
Design and Methodology...........................................................................................................................21
3.1. Methodology......................................................................................................................................21
3.2. Design analysis...................................................................................................................................22
3.2.1. Design parameters.....................................................................................................................22
3.3. Factors Considered in Designing Pressure Vessels.............................................................................24
3.4. Design of pressure vessel parts...........................................................................................................25
3.4.1. Design of shell.............................................................................................................................25
Fig. 1 vertical shell....................................................................................................................................25
Table 6: Standard value of pressure depends up on the ratio L to D..........................................................26
3.4.2. Design of Tori conical head.......................................................................................................28
3.4.3. Design of nozzle..........................................................................................................................30
3.4.4. Design of bolt........................................................................................................................32
3.4.5. Design of flange....................................................................................................................33
Table 7: Flanges standard..........................................................................................................................34
Table 8. Gasket material............................................................................................................................35
3.4.6. Design for skirt support.......................................................................................................38
Chapter 4...................................................................................................................................................40
4.0. Drawing.........................................................................................................................................40
4.1. Component construction of vertical pressure vessel......................................................................40
Table 9: Quantity of each part of pressure vessel I used............................................................................40
CHAPTER 5..............................................................................................................................................41

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RESULT AND CONCLUSION................................................................................................................41
5.1. Summary of Findings.........................................................................................................................41
Table.10. Summary of Result....................................................................................................................41
5.2 Conclusions and Recommendation......................................................................................................41
Reference •................................................................................................................................................43

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NOTATIONS OR ABBREVATIONS
 σall = allowable tensile stress for the pressure vessel, N/mm2
 Sut = ultimate tensile strength for the pressure vessel material, N/mm2
 Syt = yield strength for pressure vessel material, N/mm2
 δy – yield strength
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 F.S – safety factor
 V h=volume of the head
 Vs=volume of the shell
 D = internal diameter of the shell
 L=length of the shell
 p = internal pressure
 σ = maximum allowable stress
 V = volume of cylinder
 CA = corrosion allowance
 ρ = density of material selected
 g = acceleration due to gravity
 t = thickness
 db = bolt diameter
 M = gasket factor
 B = inside diameter of flange for can pipe
 2b = effective gasket pressure
 tf = Flange thickness,
 G’ = mane diameter of gasket,
 WT = Total weight
 WS = Weight of shell
 WH = Weight of head
 WIO = Weight of inlet and outlet
 WC = Weight of content

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Chapter 1

1. Introduction
Vessels, tanks, and pipelines that carry, store, or receive fluids are called pressure vessels. A
pressure vessel is defined as a container with a pressure differential between inside and outside.
The inside pressure is usually higher than the outside, except for some isolated situations. The
fluid inside the vessel may undergo a change in state as in the case of steam boilers, or may
combine with other reagents as in the case of a chemical reactor. Pressure vessels often have a
combination of high pressures together with high temperatures, and in some cases flammable
fluids or highly radioactive materials. Because of such hazards it is imperative that the design be
such that no leakage can occur. In addition these vessels have to be designed carefully to cope
with the operating temperature and pressure. It should be borne in mind that the rupture of a
pressure vessel has a potential to cause extensive physical injury and property damage. Plant
safety and integrity are of fundamental concern in pressure vessel design and these of course
depend on the adequacy of design codes. When discussing pressure vessels we must also
consider tanks. Pressure vessels and tanks are significantly different in both design and
construction: tanks, unlike pressure vessels, are limited to atmospheric pressure; and pressure
vessels often have internals while most tanks do not (and those that do are limited to heating
coils or mixers).
Pressure vessels are used in a number of industries; for example, the power generation industry
for fossil and nuclear power, the petrochemical industry for storing and processing crude
petroleum oil in tank farms as well as storing gasoline in service stations, and the chemical
industry (in chemical reactors) to name but a few. Their use has expanded throughout the world.
Pressure vessels and tanks are, in fact, essential to the chemical, petroleum, petrochemical and
nuclear industries. It is in this class of equipment that the reactions, separations, and storage of
raw materials occur. Generally speaking, pressurized equipment is required for a wide range of
industrial plant for storage and manufacturing purposes.

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The size and geometric form of pressure vessels vary greatly from the large cylindrical vessels
used for high-pressure gas storage to the small size used as hydraulic units for aircraft. Some are
buried in the ground or deep in the ocean, but most are positioned on ground or supported in
platforms.
Pressure vessel can classified as follow:-
1. According to the dimensions.
The pressure vessels, according to their dimensions, may be classified as thin shell or thick shell.
If the wall thickness of the shell (t) is less than 1/10 of the diameter of the shell (d), then it is
called a thin shell. On the other hand, if the wall thickness of the shell is greater than 1/10 of the
diameter of the shell, then it is said to be a thick shell. Thin shells are used in boilers, tanks and
pipes, whereas thick shells are used in high pressure cylinders, tanks, gun barrels etc.
2. According to the end construction.
The pressure vessels, according to the end construction, may be classified as open end or closed
end. A simple cylinder with a piston, such as cylinder of a press is an example of an open end
vessel, whereas a tank is an example of a closed end vessel. In case of vessels having open ends,
the circumferential or hoop stresses are induced by the fluid pressure, whereas in case of closed
ends, longitudinal stresses in addition to circumferential stresses are induced.
 Generally there are three main types of pressure vessel.
These are:-
 Horizontal pressure vessel
 Vertical pressure vessel
 Spherical pressure vessel.

However there are some special type of vessels like regeneration Tower, reactors, but these
names are given according to their use only.

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Fig 1. An example for horizontal pressure vessel

Types of Supports
 Saddle Support:-Horizontal drums are typically supported at two locations by saddle
support. It spreads over a large area of the shell to prevent an excessive local stress in the
shell at support point. One saddle support is anchored whereas the other is free to permit
unstrained longitudinal thermal expansion of the drum.
 Lug Support: - Vertical pressure vessels may also be supported by lugs. The use of lugs
is typically limited to pressure vessels of small and medium diameter (1 to 10 ft) .Also
moderate height to diameter ratios in the range of 2:1 to 5:1. The lugs are typically
bolted to horizontal structural members in order to provide stability against overturning
loads.
 Skirt Support:-Tall vertical cylindrical pressure vessels are typically supported by skirts.
A support skirt is a cylindrical shell section that is welded either to the lower portion of
the vessel shell or to the bottom head (for cylindrical vessels).The skirt is normally long
enough to provide enough flexibility so that radial thermal expansion of the shell does
not cause high thermal stresses at its junction with the skirt.
 Leg Support:-Small vertical drums are typically supported on legs that are welded to the
lower portion of the shell. The max. Ratio of support leg length to drum diameter is
typically 2:1. Reinforcing pads are welded to the shell first to provide additional local
reinforcement and load distribution. The number of legs depends on the drum size and

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loads to be carried. Support legs are also used for Spherical pressurized storage vessels.
Cross bracing between the legs is used to absorb wind or earth quake loads.

1.1. Background
Vertical vessels find their application usually in oil and gas industries. They contain a number of
trays which are designed for mixing between a rising gas and a falling liquid. The vessel is
similar to a horizontal drum that comprises of two dished heads, one at the top and one at the
bottom. It is supported by a skirt which is welded to the bottom head. Skirt is a cylindrical steel
shell which rests on the reinforced concrete foundation. It is due to the massive structure and
large capacities of the vessels for which octagonal foundations are preferred. The monopoles are
also designed with octagonal foundations underneath.
The design includes analyzing of loads from superstructure, design of base plate and foundation
bolt, design of pedestal and footing. The design of pile is kept outside the scope of the study.

1.2. Problem Statement

Design of vertical pressure vessel of 4.5m3 volume, 2 factor of safety and subjected to internal
pressure of 5 bar for constant supply of crude oil (paper pulp + water) for Tori conical head.

1.3. Objective of the project

1.3.1. Specific objective
To design lug or skirt support for vertical pressure vessel which store crude oil using ASME
code.

1.3.2. General objective

1. Analyze and Design vertical vessel foundation using manual calculation available in literature.
2. Model and analyze the foundation using drawing
3. Evaluate the Manual Method of designing vessel foundation

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4. To find pressure vessel application usually in oil and gas industries.
5. To design vertical pressure vessel with tori conical head.
6. To analyses the design calculation for pressure vessel with cylindrical vessel.

1.4. Scope of the project

I want to design and investigate pressure vessel with the following specification:-
 Cylindrical with tori conical head
 Vertical with lug or skirt support
 12pa internal pressure
 4.5m3 volume and
 2 factor of safety

1.5. Significance of the project

The pressure vessels such as cylinder, pipeline or tanks are design and construct to store a
crude oil under pressure. The oil that being stored may be through change of state inside the
pressure vessel, for example case of steam boilers or it might combine with other reagents, such
as a chemical plant. They have wide application in storing ,transporting ,processing of fluid
under high pressure in chemical industries ,sugar industries ,oil and petroleum industries etc.
They also appear as components of aerospace and marine vehicles such as rocket and
balloon skins sub marine hulls .And also used as reactor ,separator and heat exchanger.

1.6. Future study

 In future prototype model can be made and hydrostatic test can be performed smoothly
with above design procedure.
 Design of pressure vessel in PVELITE software can be accrue.
 Further FEA analysis can be done to verify the above design procedure.

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Chapter 2

2. Literature Review
Head design in pressure vessels is a challenging task. For the pressure vessels, different types of
heads or ends can be provided. In this work, a comparative study of different types of pressure
vessel heads is discussed. A finite element method based software ANSYS is used to observe the
stresses in these heads. Axe-symmetric behavior of elements is used to reduce the modelling &
also analysis time.

2.1. History of Pressure Vessels:

Numerous boiler explosions took place through the late 1800s and early 1900s. This led to the
enactment of the first code for construction of steam boilers by the Commonwealth of
Massachusetts in 1907. This subsequently resulted in the development and publication of the
ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code in 1914, which sought to standardize the design,
manufacturing, and inspection of boilers and pressure vessels. In 1921 the National Board of
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Boiler and Pressure Vessel Inspectors was organized to promote consistent inspection and
testing. The publication of the section on locomotive boilers also appeared in 1921. The ASME
and the ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) material specification merged in
1924. The first publication of Section VIII ‘‘Unfired Pressure Vessels,’’ appeared in 1925. This
document was referred to as one of a theoretical factor of safety of 5. The petroleum industry did
not consider it to be adequate for their purposes and also desired better utilization of available
materials. The year 1928 saw the advent of welded pressure vessels. For higher pressures the
welded shells were made thicker than 70 mm. These required nondestructive examination (NDE)
before service. In 1934, a joint API–ASME Committee published the first edition of an unfired
pressure vessel code specifically for the petroleum industry. In 1952 these two separate codes
merged into a single code – the ASME Unfired Pressure Vessel Code, Section VIII. The ASME
Pressure Vessel Code, Section VIII Division 2: ‘‘Alternative Rules for Pressure Vessels,’’ was
published in 1968 and the original code became Section VIII Division 1: ‘‘Pressure Vessels.’’ A
considerable boost was provided to the understanding of the basic behavior of pressure vessel
components following the development of the nuclear power program in the U.S. and Europe in
the late 1950s and early 1960s. Similar developments can be found in the British, French,
German and Japanese codes, to name but a few.

2.2. MATERIAL SELECTION

In order to select appropriate material for the intended design The mechanical and
physical properties are very important. For the selection of the martial by using different
kind standard such as ASMS.

A) strength
B) corrosion resistance
C) resistance to hydraulic attack
D) fracture toughness
E) fabric ability
A) STRENGTH

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The strength of the martial are based on the mechanical propriety of the material that used
for the most easy ,fast ,strong and low cost of production .some of the mechanical properties
are(yield strength ,ultimate tensile strength ,creep strength and rupture strength).

Yield strength:- the region which a material changes from plastic to elastic deformation.
Some of the material I select for my presser vessel are shown below and there yield
strength .The stress level at which the plastic deformation begins.

Metal alloys Aluminum Copper Nickel Cast iron Stainless steel18Cr/8Ni(304)

Yield 35 69 138 138 205
strength(Mpa)
Table 1.Yield strength of alloys
Ultimate tensile strength(UTS)
The ultimate tensile strength (tensile stress) is a measure of the basic strength of the
material .it is the maximum stress that the material will stand and measure by a standard
tensile test.

Materials Aluminum Copper Nickel Cast iron Stain less

steel18Cr/8Ni(304)
UTS(MPa) 90 200 520 414 510

Table 2.Ultimate tensile strength

Creep strength:- Material are often pleased in a service at elevated temperature and exposed
to static mechanical stress the deformation under such circumstance is termed creep .The
time dependent and permanent deformation of material when subjected to a constant lode
and stress.
Rupture strength:- Is the martial resistance to the fracture caused by the internal pressure of
the fluid that was present inside the tank. And it is proportional to tensile

strength(UTS) which means the martial have high UTS and it have good

Rupture strength.

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B. Corrosion resistance

Corrosion: is partial or complete wearing away, dissolving, or softening of any substance by

chemical or electrochemical reaction with its environment. The term corrosion specifically
applies to the gradual action of natural agents, such as air or salt water, on metals.The most
familiar example of corrosion is the rusting of iron, a complex chemical reaction in which the
iron combines with both oxygen and water to form hydrated iron oxide. The oxide is a solid that
retains the same general form as the metal from which it is formed but, porous and somewhat
bulkier, is relatively weak and brittle

Chemical Cast Aluminum Nickel Copper Steen less

iron steel18Cr/8Ni(304)
Crude oil G G C C G

Table 3.corrosion property

Where, G-good and c-caution-depending on the material

C. Resistance to hydraulic attack

The tensile strength (UTS) and elastic modulus of metals decrease with increasing temperature.
The temperature that give for my presser vessel is 400 0 C , hydrogen attack cause irreparable
damage through the component thickness & can damaged carbon and low alloy steel.

Material Cast Aluminum Nickel copper Steen less steel

iron 18Cr/8Ni(304)
Tensile 414 90 520 200 510
strength(ULT)MPa
Design stress at -- -- 220 -- 107.6
temperature (4000C)

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Table 4.Temperature effect on UTS
Generally, I select Stainless steel 18Cr/8Ni(304)because it has good yield strength(205MPa),
tensile(UTS) strength(510MPa), good fracture toughness, good resistance of temperature, good
corrosion resistance and it can fabricate in different mated except casting.

Material Tensile strength, Modulus of Hardness Brinell Specific gravity

MPa elasticity, GPa
Stainless steel 510 210 160 8.0
18Cr/8NI (304)

Table 5 .Revision of property of stainless steel

2.3. Welding types

Welding, in engineering, any process in which two or more pieces of metals are joined together
by the application of heat, pressure, or a combination of both. There are several methods to make
welded joints. In a particular case the choice of a type from the numerous alternatives depend on:

1. The circumstances of welding.

2. The requirements of the code.

3. The aspect of economy.

THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF WELDING:

In many cases the accessibility of the joint determines the type of welding. In a small diameter
vessel (under 18-24 inches) from the inside, no manual welding can be applied. Using backing
strip it must remain in plate. In larger diameter vessels if a man way is not used, the last (closing)
joint can be welded from outside only. The type of welding may be determined also by the
equipment of the manufacturer.

DESIGN OF WELDED JOINTS: (Types of joints tobe used for vessels in various services and
under certain design conditions.) UW-2, UW-3

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JOINT EFICIENCIES AND STRESS REDUCTIONS: (Efficiencies of joints at certain locations
and reduced allowable stress to be used in calculations of vessel components.)The data of the
table are based on the following Code regulations: Full, spot, partial radiographic examination or
no radiography of A, B, and C joints. UW-11

For longitudinal stress calculation the efficiency of partially radio graphed joints is the same as
for spot radio graphed joints. Seamless vessel sections and heads with Category B,C or D butt
joints that are spot radio graphed shall be designed for circumferential stress using a stress value
equal to 85% of the allowable stress value of the material; UW-12(b)When the joints are not
radio graphed and for joint efficiency, E the value in column of table “Types of welded joints”
are used, in all other design calculation, a stress value equal to 80% of the allowable stress value
of material shall be used except for unstated flat heads, etc. UW-12(c)

2.4. Main Components of Pressure Vessel

The followings are the main components of pressure vessels in general

 SHELL:-Horizontal drums have cylindrical shells and are constructed in a wide

range of diameter and length. The shell sections of a tall tower may be constructed of
different materials, thickness and diameters due to process and phase change of process
fluid. Shell of a spherical pressure vessel is spherical as well.
 HEAD:-All the pressure vessels must be closed at the ends by heads (or another shell
section). Heads are typically curved rather than flat.
The reason is that curved Configurations are stronger and allow the heads to be thinner,
lighter and less expensive than flat heads. Heads can also be used inside a vessel and are
known as intermediate heads. These intermediate heads are separate sections of the
pressure vessels to permit different design conditions.
 NOZZLE: A nozzle is a cylindrical component that penetrates the shell or heads of a
pressure vessel. The nozzle ends are usually flanged to allow for the necessary
connections and to permit easy disassembly for maintenance or access. A narrow or

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tapering part at the end of a tube or pipe ,used to direct or control the flow of a liquid or
gas
 SUPPORT:-Support is used to bear all the load of pressure vessel, earthquake wind
loads. There are different types of supports which are used depending upon the size and
orientation of the pressure vessel. It is considered to be the non-pressurized part of the
vessel.
 Flange: It is one of attachment and accessories essential for the vessel. Used for
coupling the pipe which the fluid enter or live the pipe to pressure vessel.
It is also used on the shell of a vessel to permit disassembly and removal, for cleaning
internal parts. The flange are used for closures, nozzles, man holes, return flux, pipe
inter and bottom product and etc.
 There are many types of flanges some of them are:
 Welding – neck flange
 Slip – on flanges
 Lap joint flanges
 Screwed flanges
 Blind flanges
 Socket flanges
 Traded flanges

 Welding- neck flange:-

A sectional view of wilding- neck flanges is shown. Welding neck flanges differ from other
flange in that; they have a long, tapered hub, between the flange ring and welded joint.

This hub provides a more gradual transition from flange ring thickens for the pipe- wall thickens;
there by decreasing the discontinuity stresses and consequently increasing the strength of flange.
These flanges are recommending fluids, where failure leakage of flange joint might disastrous
consequences.

 Slip – on flanges:-

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The slip- on types of flanges is widely used because of its greater ease of aligned in welding
assembly of its low initial cost. The strength of these flanges is calculated from internal pressure
considerations is approximately 2/3rd that of a corresponding welding neck type of flange. The
use of this type of flange should be limited to moderate services, where pressure fluctuations,
temperature fluctuations, vibration and shock are not expected to be severing. The fatigue life of
this flange is approximately 1/3rd that of welding- neck flange.
 Lap joint flanges:-
Lap joint flange are usually used with a lap joint stab. These flanges have about the same ability
to with stand pressure without leakages as the slip in flange, which is less than that of the
welding neck flange. In addition, these flanges have the dis advantages of having only about
10% of the fatigue life of welding neck flanges.
For these reason, these flanges should not be used for connection where, severe bending stresses
exit. The principal advantage of these flanges is that the bold wholes are easily aligned and this
simplifies the erection of vessels of large diameter and usually stiff piping. These flanges are also
use full in cusses where, frequent dismantling for cleaning of inspection is required, or where it
is necessary to rotate the pip by swiveling the flange.
 Screwed flanges:-
Screwed flanges can be fastened to the opining by screwing. It can be connected instantly
without welding. The only disadvantage is that possibility of leakage.
 Blind flanges:-
They are used extensively to blank off pressure vessel openings and hand holes, block off pipes
and valves. In this application, a valve followed by blind is flange is frequently use at the end of
line to permit addition line while it is „on stream.

Depending on their properties we selected the flange type slip on flange on our pressure vessel
Because
 It is easily aligned in welding assembly.
 It is initial cost low

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 Man holes:
Also it is one of the attachment and accessories essential for the vessel. It is large in size. It is the
way the man used for maintain the pressure vessel.
 The shell:-Is the primary component that contains the pressure? Pressure vessel shells
are welded together to form a structure that has a common rotational axis. Most pressure
vessel shells are cylindrical, spherical and conical in shape.
 Lug: Lugs that are welded to the pressure vessels shell may also be used to support
vertical pressure vessels. The use of lugs is typically limited to vessels of small to
medium diameter (1 to 10 ft.) And moderate height to diameter ratios in the range of 2:1
to 5:1.Lug supports are often used for vessel of this size that is located above grade with
in structural steel. The lugs are typically bolted to horizontal structural members to
provide stability against overturning loads;
However, the bolt holes are often to permit free radial thermal expansion of the drum.

2.5. Failure theories for pressure vessel design

Induced stresses due to loading in any component are meaningless if these stresses are not
compared with proper failure theories. Thus the failure theories compare the combined stress due
to complex loading pattern with the maximum stress at the elastic limit of the simple tensile test.
Generally for the pressure vessel design two important failure theories are used, these are
Maximum principal stress theory and Maximum shear stress theory. ASME code, section VIII
division 1 uses Maximum principal stress failure theory as a basis of design for pressure vessel
[1]. H. Mayer, H.L Stark and S. Ambrose has studied the parameters like stress intensity range
and principal stress range on the fatigue design of the pressure vessel

2.6. Factors causing pressure vessel failure

The following factors are causing the premature failure of the pressure vessel so we have to take
care these factors in the design stage of the liquid nitrogen storage container.

Material:
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 Unsuitable selection of materials or faults in material

Design:

 Due to incorrect or insufficient design data

 Inaccurate design methods
 Inadequate testing facilities

Manufacturing Processes:

 Improper fabrication procedure, including welding

 Poor quality control
 Improper heat treatment process
 Improper forming methods

Service:

 Changes in service condition during its service period

 Inexperienced or unskilled operators or maintenance personnel
2.7. Types of Failures
 Failure due to elastic deformation
 Failure due to plastic deformation
 Failure due to brittle Fracture
 Failure due to creep or fatigue
 Failure due to stress corrosion
 Failure due to corrosion fatigue

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Chapter 3

Design and Methodology

3.1. Methodology
In the design of the pressure vessel the methodology should be followed are;

1. Data collection
2. Material selection
3. Design consideration
4. Design analysis
5. Component and construction
6. Maintenance and repair

Data collection

We collect data from different sources. Those sources are:

Internet interview, Different types of references. Such as: text book & dictionary.

Material selection

The selection of materials for a machine part or structure member is one of the most important
decisions that the designer has to make. Methods for estimating stresses and deflection of
machine member are based on the properties of the materials from which members will made.
We do select materials not only for stress and deflection design but also for filling gaps, space, or
for as the tics qualities to resist corrosion. For the selection of materials the physical,
mechanical, chemical, and their manufacturing process are the most important decision the
designer has to make.

1. Mechanical property: strength, stiffness, fatigue ,hardness, elasticity,

plasticity ,ductility & brittleness , machine ability , toughness and etc.
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Machine design project 1. by Joriso Mau.
Design of vertical pressure vessel @Wollega
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2. Chemical properties : oxidation stability , corrosion resistance , degradation ,toxicity
flammability Physical properties , density , specific heat, thermal expansion,
conductivity , melting point , electric properties , magnetic properties
3. Material Types : ductile or brittle , Plastics , Composites , Ferrous ,non-ferrous , alloys
Manufacturing process , cast sanding , shell molding , hot working o cold working ,
machining , joining , powder ,Heat treatment , annealing and etc.

According to different kind of standard such as ASMS the following given below are used for
the selection of materials

A) Strength
B) Corrosion resistance
C) Environmental factor
D) Corrosion allowance
E) Fabrication/predictability

3.2. Design analysis

3.2.1. Design parameters
The following are design parameters of pressure vessel
1. Allowable stress
2. Design Pressure
3. Corrosion Allowance
1. Allowable Stress
As per the IS Code and ASME Code, the allowable stress is based on the ultimate tensile
strength with a factor of safety of 3 and 4 respectively. As per the IS Code, the following stress is
obtained on the yield strength with a factor of safety of 1.
Therefore,
Allowable stress, σall = Sut/3 or σall= Syt/1.5
Where,

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 σall = allowable tensile stress for the pressure vessel, N/mm2
 Sut = ultimate tensile strength for the pressure vessel material, N/mm2
 Syt = yield strength for pressure vessel material, N/mm2
2. Corrosion Allowance
The walls of the pressure vessel are subjected to thinning due to corrosion which reduces the life
of the pressure vessel.
The corrosion in pressure vessel is due to the following reasons:
 Chemical attack by reagents on the inner wall surface of the vessel.
 Rusting due to atmospheric air and moisture.
 High temperature oxidation.
 Erosion due to flow of reagent over the wall surface at high velocities.
Every attempt should be made avoid the corrosion. However, this may not be always possible.
An allowance is, therefore, required to be made by suitable increase in wall thickness to
compensate for the thinning due to corrosion.
Corrosion allowance is an additional thickness of the pressure vessel wall over and above that
required to withstand the internal pressure.
 Aspect of economy
The joint efficiency factor with are sometime referral tool quality factor or weld efficiency serves
as stress multiplier applied to vessel component when some of the joint are not fully radio
graphed. This multiplier result in an increase in the factor of safety as well as the thickness of the
component I select the joint efficiency factor according to the welding type we have select may
welding type I select is single welding butt joint with backing strip circumferential butt joint with
one plate, offset the degree of radio grapy examination spot with E=0.8.
 Guidelines for providing corrosion allowance:
1. For cast iron, plain carbon steel and low alloy steel component, the corrosion allowance of 1.5
mm is provided. However, in case of these chemical industries where severe conditions are
expected, the corrosion allowance may be 3mm

2. For high alloy steel and non-ferrous components, no corrosion allowance is necessary.

3. When the thickness of cylinder wall is more than 30mm, no corrosion allowance is necessary.
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3. Design Pressure
In the pressure vessels, three terms related to pressure are commonly used
 Maximum Working pressure is the maximum pressure to which the pressure vessel is
subjected.
 Design pressure is the pressure for which the pressure vessel designed
 Hydrostatic test pressure is the pressure at which the vessel is tested. The pressure vessel
is finally tested by the hydrostatic test before it is put into operation.
 The design pressure and the hydrostatic test pressure are obtained as follows:
Design pressure = 1.05* (Maximum working pressure)
Hydrostatic test pressure = 1.3* (Design pressure)

3.3. Factors Considered in Designing Pressure Vessels

1. Dimensions-Diameter, length and their limitations.

2. Operating conditions – Pressure and temperature.

3. Available materials and their physical properties and cost.

4. Corrosive nature of reactants and products.

5. Theories of failure.

6. Types of construction i.e. forged, welded or casted.

7. Method of Fabrication.

8. Fatigue, Brittle failure and Creep.

9. Economic consideration
Design consideration

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Machine design project 1. by Joriso Mau.
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Design required to the feature of the design and progressive according to design appropriate
ratability and function able care morally sound to words the outer stand need of client efficiency
of productivity of pressure vessel. The design must be consider the cost of material or fabrication
and estimate current cost (power needed) during faberica5ion and operation force application
analysis, optimum vessel preparation material selection typically pre requirement procedural of
the vessel etc.
More over the design pressure vessel basically can cerates the following design specifically
Position; Vertical
To store; crude oil
Head; Tori conical
Volume = 4.5m3
Design pressure = 12Mpa
Design temperature = 150 from the table: 2 analysis of allowable stress of stainless steel.
In addition to this economic consideration (i.e. fabrication cost) estimating current cost (power),
fore application analysis, typically pre current procedure of vessel material selection optimum
vessel portion etc.

3.4. Design of pressure vessel parts.

3.4.1. Design of shell
The shell is the primary component that contains the pressure, that has common rotational
contains the pressure that common rotational axis. The shell is the primary component that
contains the pressure, the pressure vessel pressure shells are welded together to form structure
that has common rotational axis. The most pressure vessel shell is cylindrical. In shape of
horizontal drums have cylindrical shell and fabricated walk range of diameter and length
We calculated according to the ASME design (2-5) in terms of diameter to calculate the length of
the shell 3or cylindrical is simple.

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Fig. 1 vertical shell

The selected material is stainless steel which has 103 allowable stresses depending up on its
temperature.

Table 6: Standard value of pressure depends up on the ratio L to D.

 Allowable stress calculation
 To calculate the allowable stress we take the factor of safety F.S = 2
δy 205 Mpa
σall = = =102.5 Mpa∨σall=103 Mpa where,
F .S 2
δy from the table 1 δy – yield strength
F.S – safety factor
σall – allowable stress
From ratio of length to diameter we can get the value of pressure from the standard table:
That means;
L
=5
K

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V=V h +Vs.

Where: - V h=volume of the head and Vs=volume of the shell

D = internal diameter of the shell (D=2*R)

Assume Volume of head, Vh = 0.5m3

VS = π*R2*L=π*(D/2)2*L= (1/4)*π*D2*L where, L=length of the shell

VS = (1/4)*π*D2*(5D) Where, L/D=5 and L=5D

VS = (5/4)*π*D3 = 3.925D3

And the sum of the volume is 4.5m3

Vt = V h +V s= 0.5m3 + 3.925D3

4.5m3 = 3.925D3 + 0.5m3 then 4.5m3 – 0.5m3 = 3.925D3

4m3 = 3.925D3 then D3 = 1.019m3

D= √3 1.019 = 1.006m

The standard form of diameter is D = 1m = 1000mm

L = 5D = 5*1000 =5000mm

Vh = 0.5m3 And Vs = 3.925m3, we have VT = Vh + Vs = 3.925+0.5 = 4.425mm3

Which is; VT < V
 Since the calculated total volume is less than the assumed one then our design is safe.
From the standard values we can the pressure value above 3.448Mpa. Depending on this value I
use p = 12Mpa.
Thickness analysis:
Given data: where,
Pi = 12Mpa p = internal pressure

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CA = 2mm for stainless steel18Cr/8Ni σ = maximum allowable stress
E = 0.8 R = Internal radius
D = 1000mm D = Internal diameter
L = 5000mm V = volume
V = 4.5m3 CA = corrosion allowance
D 1000 mm
R= = =500 mm
2 2
By using circumferential stress joint we have the formula;
P∗R 12∗500 mm
t= +C . A= +2=81.79 mm Approximately t = 82mm
σE−0.6 P 103∗0.8−0.6∗12
By using longitudinal stress join we have the formula:
P∗R 12∗500 mm
t= + C . A= +2 mm=41 mm
2 σE+0.4 P 2∗103∗0.8−0.4∗12
Then the circumferential stress is the great stress joint.
Stress analysis of shell
The stress that subjected to shell vertically or tangentially is called circumferential stress given
by:
PD 12∗1000
σ1= = =74 Mpa
2t 2∗82
Longitudinal stress is given by:
PD 12∗1000
σ2 = = =74 Mpa
4t 4∗41
 From this we conclude that the longitudinal stress is relative to circumferential stress.
Also hence the calculated stress is less than allowable stress then our design is safe.
Design of weight on the shell
The weight of the shell is depends on the material properties which are selected to the design of
the ends and thickness whole weight is given by:
W = mg =ρvg, where: ρ = density of material selected
V = volume of cylinder
g = acceleration due to gravity
Since I select stainless steel material for the shell design , density of stainless steel is given by,
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ρ = 8238kg/m3
w = ρvg =8238*3.925*9.81 = 317.198KN
Load on the shell
They can classified as a major, that must be considered in vessel design and subsidiary loads that
loads which progress will be subjected the vertical (tangential) and longitudinal (horizontal)
form. The forms of load to subjected is determine the effects of the subsidiary loads in only
required in the codes and standards where it is not possible to demonstrate the adequacy of the
design.

3.4.2. Design of Tori conical head

Tori conical head which is used to end curse of cylinder vessels is formed from zone and the
parts of spaces between the cylindrical selections and lead that at the suction of radius on it
The thickness of Tori conical head is given by:

Calculating Angle, α

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Machine design project 1. by Joriso Mau.
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Assume that, R = 80mm, r = 50mm, A = 60mm, B = 150mm
R+r 80 mm+50 mm
sinϕ = 2 2
= =0.805∧ϕ=¿ 53.5o
√ A +B √ 602 +1502
A 60 mm
tanθ = = =0.4∧θ=¿ 21.8o
B 150 mm
α = ϕ + θ = 53.5o +21.8o = 75.3o
D1 = D−2 ( R−Rcosα )=1000−2 ( 80−80 cos 75.3o )=¿ 880.6mm
L = cosϕ √ A2 + B2 = cos53.5o √ (60 mm)2 +¿ ¿ and L = 96mm
D1 880.6 mm
L1 = = =1735 mm
2 cosα 2 cos 75.3°
L1 1735 mm
M = 0.25* (3+
√ R
¿=0.25(3+
8 mm√ )=4.43 M = factor depending on head

proportions.
PLM 12 Mpa∗96 mm∗4.43 5103.36
t= = = =31.42 mm∨t=31mm
2 σE−0.2 P 2∗103∗0.8−0.2∗12 162.4
Depth of head
Since the heads are tori conical head the depth of each head is equal to ¼ the inside diameter of
the shell.
Depth head = ¼ internal diameter
1
= D=0.25∗1=0.25 m or Depth head = 250mm
4
Design of weight on the head
The material of weight on the load depends on the material properties what was selected on the
head weight given by:
W = mg*2 = 2ρvg = 2*8238*0.5233*9.81 = 84.58 KN
Design of parts of head
There are two parts of head. Those are:
 Top head
 Bottom head
Weight of top = weight of bottom = 84.58 KN

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Then total weight = weight of top + weight of bottom
= 84.58 KN + 84.58 KN = 169.16 KN

3.4.3. Design of nozzle

The nozzle is the part of the pressure vessel that have includes. In general outlet, inlet and
manhole depend up on uses and applications doing on it.

 Design of manhole
The general equation for the thickness of manhole is required to kept the balance of person who
invent to clear a pressure vessel is given by:-
Pi∗Di
t= =¿ Where;
2 σE−Pi
Pi = internal pressure
Di = diameter of manhole has taken by supper or assumption
σ = design stress that depends on the material selection
E = the efficiency that design on it
Assume, Di = 200mm
We are using the other value which we are used on the above, since we are using the same
material called stain less steel. Then:
Pi∗Di 12∗200 mm
t= = =15.7 mm
2∗σ∗E−Pi 2∗103∗0.8−12
 Design of manhole load
Load is the stress that being or applied on the vessel part of man hole design that is the stress
subjected to the vessel part of tangential and horizontal or parallel to the vessel
 The circumferential stress (σ1)
Pi∗Di 12∗200
σ 1= = =76.43 Mpa
2t 2∗15.7
 The longitudinal (σ2)
Pi∗Di 12∗200
σ2 = = =38.21 Mpa
4t 4∗15.7
 Hence the designed stress is less than allowable stress the design is safe.
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 Design of cover plate on manhole
The flat pleat are used as cover for manhole as blain flange and for the end of small diameter and
low pressure vessel, the general equation for the thickness of felt required to resist a given
pressure can be written in the form of
P
t=CD
√ f
Where; f = the maximum allowable stress

D = effective pleat diameter

C = a constant which depends on the edge support
If edge can take as completely required, C = 0.43 and it is essential free volte = 0.56
P 12 Mpa
t=CD
√ f
=0.56∗200∗
√
103 Mpa
=38.1 mm∨t=38 mm

 Design of inlet and outlet

This party pressure vessel is used to input the material you want to store and used to remove the
material input offer used to the way to omitted or throughout from the material by this things.
The general thickness equation inlet and outlet is used the thickness formula for the shell from
the above
Pi∗Di
t= =¿
2 σ−Pi
Where, Pi = internal pressure
di = internal diameter
σ = allowable stress
t = thickness

 Load in inlet and outlet

The load that subjected to the vessel parts of inlet and outlet are a load subjected to vertically and
horizontally (Par ally) the load that subjected to the vessels parts vertically is given by:-
p∗d
σ1 =
2t
The load that subjected to the vessel parts horizontally is given by:-

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p∗d
σ2 =
4t
 Material selection of inlet and outlet
The material selection is depends on the properties that subject able with other parts of material
and the welding point with other, corrosion allowance, the distance.
The factor environment malleability of material the selection of material from table that has the
above properties is stainless steel (Cr, Mo) the above properties are stainless steel
The equation of the thickness given by:-
Assume that the internal diameter, di = 200mm
Pi∗di 12∗200
t¿ = =12.37 mm∨t=12mm
2σ −Pi 2∗103−12
The stress subjected on the vessel part vertically or tangentially is called circumferential stress
(δ1) is given by:-
The circumferential stress (σ1)
Pi∗di 12∗200
σ1= = =100 Mpa
2t 2∗12

The stress subjected to the vessel part horizontally is called longitudinal stress (δ2) given by:-
The longitudinal (σ2)

Pi∗di 12∗200
σ2 = = =50 Mpa
4t 4∗12

 Since the designed stress is less than allowable the design is safe.

3.4.4. Design of bolt

Bolt is used to join the part of instrument with a vessels part by using connecting methods Load
on bolt. The load that applied on bolt is subjected to the stress due to the stress due to the torque
transmitted and depends on the number of bolts and to tall load on the all bolts. Load on each
bolt is given by:-

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Machine design project 1. by Joriso Mau.
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π d2
The total load on all bolt: F¿ ∗σ b
4
π d2
The given torque transmitted is: F= ∗σ b∗n
4
Where, D= diameter of bolt given suppose
σb =allowable stress for bolt

4. Material selection of bolt

As I selected stainless steel depends on the property that have low cost, good familiar with other
in type of joining and welding thickness analysis of the bolt.

Assume diameter of bolt, db = 80mm where, db = bolt diameter

The allowable stress for my material is σb = 103Mpa σb = allowable stress for bolt

 Load in each bolt

π db 2 π 802
F= ∗σb= ∗103=517.5 KN
4 4
π db 2
Total load on all the bolt F = ∗σb∗n
4

Number of bolts (n) = multiple of 4 from standard design.

In the bolt design the diameter is equal to the thickness material bolt d = t

t = 80mm

3.4.5. Design of flange

There are seven parts of flange I used to my pressure vessel their Assumptions are shown below.
 Two longitudinal pipe with D = 65 mm
 One cereal pipe with D = 65 mm
 One bottom discharge D = 125 mm
 One sample opening D = 25 mm
 Safety value D = 25 mm

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Machine design project 1. by Joriso Mau.
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Table 7: Flanges standard

Flange applied load and flange moment
The load the flange can be given as follow.
M = gasket factor
Pi = internal pressure of the flange, Pi = 12Mpa
B = inside diameter of flange for can pipe
A
B=
2
2b = effective gasket pressure
tf = Flange thickness, tf = j
(G+ H−2 E)
hd =
4
(H−G)
hg =
4
(H +G)
ht =
4
G’ = mane diameter of gasket, G = B + (ht – hg)
Hg = gasket reaction force (Pressure forces) Hg = G’ (2b)Mpa
π 2
Hd = pressure force of ark inside the flange B Pi Pi
4
Ht = pressure for a flange foal, H- Hd
The moment on the flange

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Machine design project 1. by Joriso Mau.
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Mop = Hd*hd + Ht*ht – Hg*hg

Table 8. Gasket material.

The gasket material I select is stainless steel from standard table given above.
From the table
M = 4.25mm, b = 10 mm p = 12 Mpa

5. Two longitudinal pipe with D = 75 mm

(G+ H−2 E)
hd =
4
(53.97+123.825−2∗33.528)
For D = 25mm, hd = =27.685 mm
4
(100.01+190.5−2∗73.152)
For D = 65mm, hd = =36.05 mm
4
(141.224+ 279.4−2∗177.8)
For D = 125mm, hd = =16.256 mm
4
6. For gauge
(H−G)
hg =
4
(123.825−53.97)
For D = 25mm, hg= =17.46 mm
4
(190.5−100.01)
For D = 65mm, hg= =22.62 mm
4

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(279.4−177.8)
For D = 125mm, hg= =25.4 mm
4
(H +G)
ht =
4
(123.825+53.97)
For D = 25mm, ht= =44.45 mm
4
(190.5+100.01)
For D = 65mm, ht= =72.63 mm
4
(279.4 +177.4)
For D = 125mm, ht= =114.3 mm
4
tf = j
For 25 mm = 17.5mm
For 65 mm = 23.4 mm
For 125 mm = 34.95 mm
A
B¿
2
26.67
For D = 25mm, B= =13.335 mm
2
62.738
For D = 65mm, B= =31.4 mm
2
128.27
For D = 125mm, B= =64.135 mm
2
G’ = mane diameter of gasket given by;
G’= B + (ht-hg)
For D = 25mm, G’ = 13.335 + ( 44.45 - 17.46) = 40.325mm

For D = 65mm, G’ = 31.4 + ( 72.63 - 22.62) = 81.41mm

For D = 125mm, G’ = 64.135 + (114.3 – 25.4) = 153.035mm

H – Total pressure form is given by:-

π
H= G ' 2 Pi my internal pressure is 12Mpa
4

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π
For D = 25mm, H= ( 40.325)2∗12=15317.915 N
4

π
For D = 65mm, H= ( 81.41 )2∗12=62431.88 N
4

π
For D = 125mm, H= (153.035)2 *12 = 220613.68N
4

Pressure force of area inside the flange (Hd)

π
Hd = ( B)2∗Pi From this our internal pressure is 12 Mpa
4

π
For D = 25mm Hd = ( 13.335 )2∗12=1675 N
4

π
For D = 65mm, Hd = ( 31.4 )2∗12=9287.74 N
4

π
For D = 125mm, Hd = ( 64.135 )2∗12=38747.27 N
4

Pressure for flange face (Ht)

Ht = H – Hd

For D = 25mm Ht = 15317.915N – 1675N = 13642.915N

For D = 65mm, Ht = 62431.88N – 9287.74N = 53144.14N

For D = 125mm, Ht = 220613.68N – 38747.27N = 181866.41N

Gasket reaction force (pressure force (Hg)
Hg = π*G’* (2b)*m*Pi
For 25 mm Hg = π (40.3725) (2 × 12) × 4.25 × 12 = 155184.31N
For 65 mm Hg = π (81.37725) (2 × 12)4.75 × 12 = 312762.067N
For 125 mm Hg = π (153.035) (2 × 12)4.75 × 12 = 588168.6N

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The moment (Mop)
Mop = Hd +Ht*ht + Hg*hg

For 25 mm Mop = 1675N + 13642.915N*44.45mm + 155184.31N*17.46mm

Mop = 3318302.77Nmm

For 65 mm Mop = 9287.74N + 53144.14N*72.63mm + 312762.067N*22.62mm

Mop = 10943824.57Nmm

For 125 mm Mop = 38747.27N + 181866.41N*114.3mm + 588168.6N*25.4mm

Mop = 35765560.37Nmm

The minimum load required bolt load under the a great condition given by
Wm1 = H + Hg
Wm1, 25 mm = 15317.915 +155184.31 = 170502.225N or = 170.05KN
Wm1, 65 mm = 62431.88 + 312762.067 = 375193.95N or = 375.193KN
Wm1, 125 mm = 220613.68 + 588168.6 = 808782.28N or = 808.782KN

3.4.6. Design for skirt support

The load occur on skirt support are tensile stress, compressive stress. The all component of
pressure vessel load exert in skirt like density of air, shell and head
-internal pressure 12Mpa
- Volume of water 4.5m3
Material selection for skirt support
The selection of material for skirt support is more strength than all material part for the vessel
and have a good corrosion allowance not simple crack in resistance time .the selection of
material are stainless steel (Au, 1316) are good strength than other material
Dimension and stress analysis for skirt
The thickness skirt density for support is given by;

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Machine design project 1. by Joriso Mau.
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1. The average diameter for skirt support according to the ASME design is Di=60m is
the slandered form -The value of efficiency for lap joint E=0.45
2. The density at a given temperature ρ=230kg ⁄ m3
R
3. The torsional moment for skirt support from design text is MT =Cs×
4π
4. From the thermodynamics properties of metal the design of stainless steel at metal
form
ρ = 8238kg/m3
Volume for skirt V=A×L
π d2
A= =π ¿ ¿
4

The length of skirt much more less than the length of cylinder so takes the standard form interval
of diameter L=1.19d =1.19(0.06) =0.0714m
Volume is given by:
V=A×L=0.003×0.0714 =0.0002142m3
Weight for skirt support;

W = ρvg = 8238kg/m3*0.000214m3*9.81m/s2 = 17.3N

This weight only used for skirt vessel parts and attachment with other support is:
R
MT = σc* Where δs=is tensile stress
4π
R
MT =Cs× =230N ⁄mm2
4π
d
R= = 60/2 =30mm
2
R 30
MT = Cs× = 230× = 549.36N ⁄mm2
4π 4∗3.14
The thickness of skirt is calculated by two substitutions the above;
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12 Mt∗π∗St W
t= +
R 2
D∗π∗σ∗Mt
12∗549.36∗3.14∗0.45 17.3 N
t= + =10.35 mm
30 2
60∗3.14∗0.45∗230
Therefor the design is under safe condition because the tensile stress is less than the design stress
σ1< σc
The weight of the skirt is the total weight of all components
Wcontent = mg = ρvg = 0.566kg/m3 *12.38m3*9.81m/s2 = 68.74N
WT = WS + WH + WIO +WC where; WT = Total weight
WS = Weight of shell
WH = Weight of head
WIO = Weight of inlet and outlet
WC = Weight of content
There are 3 skirt support weights for my Assumption. The inlet and outlet is negligible design so
divided the total weight.
WT = WS + WH + WC = 317198N + 84580N + 68.74N = 401.846KN

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Machine design project 1. by Joriso Mau.
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Chapter 4

4.1. Drawing

4.2. Component construction of vertical pressure vessel.

 Disassembling
Pressure vessel contains many parts like:
 Nozzle
 Saddle
 Manhole
 Gasket
 Tori conical head
 Cylindrical shell
 Bolts
 Skirt Support
S .No Components Quantity
1 Nozzle 1
2 Manhole 1
3 Head 1
4 Shell 1
5 Bolts 8
6 Support 4

Table 9: Quantity of each part of pressure vessel I used

 Assembly part
 One vertical pressure vessel with tori conical head

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Machine design project 1. by Joriso Mau.
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CHAPTER 5

RESULT AND CONCLUSION

5.1. Summary of Findings

Summary of Results will be as shown below on the Table 10

Determined Parameters Symbol Value unit

Length Of Pressure Vessel L 5000 mm
Diameter Of Pressure Vessel D 1000 mm
Thickness Of The Cylinder Shell T 82 mm
Thickness of tori conical head tr 31 mm
Thickness Of Manhole Tm 38 Mm

Table.10. Summary of Result

5.2 Conclusions and Recommendation

Generally as usual the liquefied increased awareness of the potential improvements in storage
system efficiency and performance is an important step toward increasing the competitive
capabilities of energy-intensive industries. Additionally, some of the treatment chemicals that are
contained in condensate are problematic to a plant’s wastewater treatment facility. The paper has
led to numerous conclusions. However, major conclusions are as below: The design of pressure
vessel is initialized with the specification requirements in terms of standard technical
specifications along with numerous requirements that lay hidden from the market. The design of
a pressure vessel is more of a selection procedure, selection of its components to be more precise
rather designing each and every component. Regarding storage of fluid for a pressure vessel
system should be preferred due to its simplicity, better sensitivity, higher reliability, low
maintenance, compactness for the same capacity.

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Machine design project 1. by Joriso Mau.
Design of vertical pressure vessel @Wollega
Un. 2018
The pressure vessel components are merely selected, but the selection is very critical, a slight
change in selection will lead to a different pressure vessel altogether from what is aimed to be
designed. It is observed that all the pressure vessel components are selected on basis of available
ASME standards. The following additional conclusions were made from the project study:
Selection of pressure vessel components should be according to standards rather than
customizing the design.
As a biding by the standards lead to:
• A universal approach
• Less time consumption.
• Easy replacement.

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Machine design project 1. by Joriso Mau.
Design of vertical pressure vessel @Wollega
Un. 2018

Reference •
 Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design, 8th Edition ,The McGraw−Hill Companies,
( 2008).
 R.S.KHURMI AND J.K.GUPTA, A Textbook of Machine Design, First multicolor
edition, Eurasia Publishing House (PVT.) LTD, (2005
 . Machine element mechanical design - edition
 . Pressure Vessels, the ASME Code Simplified- 8th Edition
 Mechanical Behaviors of Engineering Materials
 http//www.wikipedia.com/pressure vessel

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Machine design project 1. by Joriso Mau.