EXCEL 2020 

EXPLAINED

A Well-Explained Guide to Master Microsoft Excel Functions and

Formulas from Beginner to Expert Level

AARON BADDEY
 CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER ONE
UNDERSTANDING EXCEL 2020
What’s Excel?
What's New in Excel 2020?
Microsoft Excel Terminologies
CHAPTER TWO
UNDERSTANDING THE EXCEL RIBBON TABS
What’s the Ribbon?
Ribbon Components Explained
The Excel 2020 Tabs Explained
Home Tab
Insert Tab
Page Layout Tab
Formulas Tab
Data Tab
Review Tab
View Tab
Help Tab
CHAPTER THREE
GETTING STARTED WITH EXCEL 2020
Launching Excel
The Start-up Screen
Starting a New Workbook
Opening an Existing Workbook
Working on Your Excel Sheet
Zooming in and Out Your Worksheet
Entering Data into the Cell
Identifying a Cell Name
Quick Summation of Data
Copying and Pasting of Data
 Adding a New Worksheet
Renaming a Worksheet
Coloring a Worksheet
Saving Your File
Formatting Your Data
Formatting Font Style
Formatting Your Font Size
Formatting with Bold, Italics and Underline
Formatting Your Font Color
Formatting the Bottom Border
Formatting Number Type
Formatting an Overlap Data
Repeating a Format Using the Format Painter
Formatting Data into Table
Rotating Text Directions
Inserting a New Row and Column into Your Table
Deleting a Cell
Hiding and Unhiding Data
CHAPTER FOUR
CELL REFERENCING
Range Reference in Excel
Excel reference Styles
Creating References in Excel
Creating a Range Reference
How To Change Excel Cell Reference In A Formula
How To Cross Reference In Excel
Referencing Another Sheet in Excel
Referencing Another Workbook In Excel
Types of Cell Referencing
Relative Cell Reference
Absolute Cell Reference
Mixed Cell Reference
How to Switch Between Different Reference Types

CHAPTER FIVE
EXCEL FORMULAS EXPLAINED
 Ten Excel Basic Functions
SUM
AVERAGE
MAXIMUM & MINIMUM
COUNT & COUNTA
IF
TRIM
LEN
AND & OR
CONCATENATE
TODAY & NOW
How To Delete Formula But Keep Calculated Value
The New Formulas in Excel 2020
CONCAT FORMULA
IFS FORMULA
MAXIFS FORMULA
MINIFS FORMULA
SWITCH FORMULA
TEXTJOIN FORMULA
CHAPTER SIX
WORKING WITH EXCEL 2020
Understanding Cells
Inserting content in a cell
How to delete a cell
Copying and pasting cell content
Dragging and dropping the cell
Using the fill handle in a cell
FORMATTING THE CELL
Font formatting
Changing the font
Changing the font size
Changing the font color
Using the bold, italics, and underlined commands
Adding background color using the fill color
Adding borders to the cells
Changing the text alignment of your border
Modifying the columns, rows, and cell in a worksheet
Modifying the column width
 Modifying the height of the row
How to insert rows and columns
Inserting the row
Inserting the columns
Deleting of rows and columns
How to hide and unhide rows or columns
Wrapping text and merging cells
CHAPTER SEVEN
WORKING WITH EXCEL FORMULAS AND FUNCTIONS
How to insert formulas in Excel 2020
How to insert a function
The Excel formulas and functions you should know
The SUM function
The AVERAGE Function
The MAX functions
The MIN functions
The TEXTJOIN FUNCTION
The LEN Function
The COUNT functions
The TRIM function
The XLOOKUP function
The SORT functions
The UNIQUE function
WORKING WITH CHARTS
How to insert a chart in Excel
How to add a title to a chart
How to change chart type in Excel
How to change chart style in excel
How to change chart layout in Excel
How to switch rows and columns of data in a chart
How to move a chart
How to resize a chart on your worksheet
CHAPTER EIGHT
EXCEL 2020 TIPS AND TRICKS
EXCEL SHORTCUTS
TIPS AND TRICK
How to use Ideas
How to remove blanks from a worksheet
How to remove duplicate data from Excel workbook
Transposing on your worksheet
How to add text to columns
How to insert screenshot on your Excel workbook
How to insert multiples rows
How to create People Graph
How to highlight text and numbers
How to highlight cells that have formulas
How to get data from the internet
CONCLUSION
 INTRODUCTION
We all deal with numbers in a way or the other. We all have expenditures
ranging from the monthly income that we earn to our day to day expenses.
For one to spend wisely, one will need to know their income with respect to
their expenditure. Microsoft Excel comes in handy when we want to analyze,
record, and store such numeric data. Since the inception of Microsoft Excel
in 1985, it has won the hearts of many users in the private, education, and
especially in the business sector. Excel is a useful and user-friendly software
designed to work with spreadsheets, in particular, for simple and complex
calculations as well as for analysis and predictive modeling.
Microsoft Excel is an application software (spreadsheet package) that is used
to record and analyze numerical data. It is a collection of rows and columns
that form a table. Alphabetical letters are generally allotted to columns and
numbers to rows. The point where a row and a column meet is called a cell.
Excel's spreadsheets are operational in any direction and not just for
calculations, but also to create and edit tables, produce forms as well as to
develop custom programs and functionalities through Visual Basic for
Applications (VBA).
This book focuses on practices appropriate for users desiring to learn the
basics of Excel. The steps stated in this book apply not only to Excel 2020
but also to Excel 2007, 2010, 2013, 2016, and 365. This book will also teach
you how to use the newly added functions to Excel 2020, which include
CONCAT, IFS, MAXIFS, MINIFS, SWITCH, and TEXTJOIN. I believe that
you will find this book useful to aid your practical understanding of Excel
spreadsheets.
 CHAPTER ONE
UNDERSTANDING EXCEL 2020

What’s Excel?
Excel is a program developed by Microsoft which uses spreadsheets to
organize data and numbers with formula and functions. It is developed with
features like calculation, graphing tools, charts, pivot tables, etc.

What's New in Excel 2020?

The 2020 version of Excel comes with a vast collection of new and improved
features and capabilities. These features make its usage easier, more reliable,
and well-organized. Below is a list of some newly added features:
Data Import Tool Improvements
The Power Query data import tool in Excel 2013 was renamed Get &
Transform in Excel 2016, but the name has reverted to Power Query in Excel
2020, bringing it in line with the name agreements adopted by the associated
Microsoft products Power Map, Power Pivot, and Power BI.
The improved Power Query tool provides the capability to import data from
external data sources and then clean the data placing them in Excel. Some of
these
transmuting skills include the ability to group data, transpose data, detect data
types, parse data, reverse rows, merge columns, split columns, replace values,
unpivot columns, create conditional columns, and rename column headings.
This feature makes it easier, faster, and more precise to import data from
external sources for manipulation and analysis in Excel.
Automated Workflow
Excel 2020 now connects better to Microsoft Flow, which allows you to
create automated workflows in which data are recovered from other
applications and then saved or manipulated in Excel. The dataflow can be
programmed to automatically send to or share those data with other people or
third-party apps. Flow can recover your data from practically anywhere —
your accounting system, stock price databases, CRM system, ERP system,
weather forecast databases, reminder notices, email messages, etc.
3D Images
Excel 2020 now embraces new 3D imaging capability in which you can
rotate a 3D model of an object. The 2020 version of Excel now contains
hundreds of 3D images, which are accessible from the Insert tab's 3D Models
option. Image categories include animals, letters, gadgets, dinosaurs,
dioramas, space, geology,
electronics, biology, and more.
Custom Functions
Excel 2020 now permits users to create their custom functions using
JavaScript. Earlier versions of Excel already enabled users to create user-
defined functions using Excel's built-in Visual Basic for most Applications
programming language; since JavaScript has emerged as a frequently used
platform for such purposes, Microsoft has added this new capability to permit
more excellent compatibility with third-party solutions.
New Functions
Excel 2020 now includes six new or improved functions, as follows: IFS,
SWITCH, CONCAT, TEXTJOIN, MINIFS, and MAXIFS. IFS and
SWITCH are simplified versions of the nested IF function, which eliminates
the need for more complex nested functions.
The TEXTJOIN function is a simplified version of the CONCATENATE
function in which text inserted need not be captured by quotation marks. The
CONCAT function permits you to merge text from multiple cells without
stipulating a delimiter. The MAXIFS and MINIFS features work like the
SUMIF or COUNTIF functions. They calculate only minimum or maximum
for those data that meet the criteria you stipulate.
Custom Visuals
To deliver more visual ways to display and present your data, Microsoft has
unified its Power BI suite of apps into Excel 2020. Available visual add-in
apps include Word Cloud charts, Speedometer charts, Bullet charts,
Lucidchart Diagrams for Excel, the Prevedere Forecasting Tools, and
Supermetrics, to name but a few. Most of these add-in apps are available for
free, while some are priced from $1.49 to $13.99, and others have payment
prices ranging from $1.49 to $5.99 per month.
Full SVG Graphics Support
Excel 2020 now supports scalable vector graphics (SVG), which means your
graphic images won't pixelate when you increase the image size.

Over 500 New Built-In Icons

Excel offers over 500 new built-in SVG-compliant icons for creating
dashboards and infographics.
New Forms Capabilities
Excel 2020 now works in unison with Microsoft Forms to produce improved
documents to request responses to questions such as those included in
surveys, quizzes
and polls. To get started making a new Form, visit forms.office.com, sign in,
and click the New Form button. As you collect automated responses, you can
open the survey results in Excel for additional analysis or charting of the
collected data.
Map Chart Improvements
New options allow you to project your maps in Albers, Miller, or Mercator
layouts (meaning you can display your map charts as curved or flat). There
are also new controls for choosing the map area to be shown.
Chart Improvements
New choices in Excel 2020 allow you to control better axis information on
your flue charts, such as tick marks and number formats, and you can now
also produce color-coded heat maps.

Co-Authoring
New co-authoring capabilities enable you to share your workbooks with
others (third party), so several users can edit the same workbook at the same
time when your File is stored on either the OneDrive or SharePoint platform.
The sharing tool also permits you to set permissions for collaborators.
New Themes
Excel now offers you three Office themes that you can apply; Colorful, Dark
Gray, and White. To access any of these themes, go to File > Options >
General, and then click the drop-down menu next to Office Theme.

Microsoft Excel Terminologies

Workbook
The workbook refers to an Excel spreadsheet file. The workbook stores all of
the data that you have entered and lets you to sort or calculate the results. A
workbook that is accessible to be viewed and modified by multiple users on a
network is called a Shared Workbook.

Worksheet
A worksheet is a sub-component document of a workbook. It is also called
spreadsheets; you can have multiple sheets nestled in a workbook.
Tabs at the bottommost of the screen will indicate which of your worksheets
you are presently working on; this is also known as an active sheet or active
worksheet.

Cell
A cell is an intersection between a column and a row on a spreadsheet. Each
cell in a spreadsheet can encompass any value that can be called using a
virtual cell reference or called upon using a formula. Any data that you want
to enter into your worksheet must be put in a cell. An Active Cell is one that
is currently opened for editing.

Columns and Rows

Columns and Rows refer to how your cells are aligned.
Rows are aligned horizontally while columns are aligned vertically.
Column and Row Headings
These headings are the lettered and numbered gray areas located just outside
of columns and rows. Clicking on a heading will select the entire row or
column. You can also modify the row height or column width using the
headings.

Workspace
Just like worksheets in a workbook, a workspace allows you to
simultaneously open numerous files.
Ribbon
Above the workbook is a segment of command tabs known as the ribbon. A
multitude of options is found behind each tab of the ribbon.
Cell Reference
A cell reference is a set of coordinates that classifies a specific cell. It's a
combination of letters and numbers. For example, B3 would point to the cell
situated where column B and row 3 intersect.

Cell Range
A Cell range is a cluster of cells that have been identified as a group based on
a variety of criteria. By using a colon (:) between cell references, Excel can
determine the range, also called an array. A range in a row, for example,
could look like A3: D3, telling the formula to look at the cells in a row
between A3 and D3, while C4: F9 would tell the formula to look at all cells
in a box bounded by columns C and F and rows 4 and 9. A 3-D reference
refers to a range that encompasses more than one worksheet in the same
workbook.
Merged Cell
When two or more cells are united, it's become what is known as a merged
cell.
Template
A template is a formatted workbook or worksheet intended to help users
fulfill a specific need in Excel. Examples of this include stock analysis,
process map, and calendar.
Operator
Operators are signs or symbols that specify which calculation must be made
in an expression. Operators do not necessarily refer to simple mathematical
types; comparison, concatenation, text or reference operators also exist.
Formula
A sequence inside a cell that is used to produce value is called formula. It
must begin with an
equality sign (=). This could be a mathematical equation, functions, cell
references, or operator. A formula is also known as an expression.
Formula Bar
Nestled between the workbook and ribbon, the Formula Bar will display the
contents of an active cell. In the case of formulas, the formula bar will display
all components of the formula.
Function
Functions are formulas that are pre-built into Excel. They are intended to help
simplify hypothetically complex formulas in a worksheet.
Error Code
Error Codes appear if Excel finds a problem with a formula provided.
Cell Formatting
This is the act of changing how a cell or its contents are displayed in the
spreadsheet. When you format cells, only the visual appearance of the cells is
altered; the value within the cells remains the same.

Filter
Filters are guidelines that you can employ to choose which rows in a
worksheet to display. These filters can use data such as conditions or values.
AutoFill
This enables you to copy data to more than one cell easily.
AutoSum
This feature will add up the numbers you have entered
in your sheet and displays the total in a cell of your choice.
AutoFormat
This is an automatic format application to cells that match pre-determined
conditions. This could be as simple as size.
Data Validation
This feature helps to avert inappropriate data from being entered into your
worksheet. Data validation promotes accuracy and consistency in the data to
be entered.

Pivot Table
This is a data summarization tool most commonly used to sort, average, to
sum up, data automatically. The information is heaved from one table while
the results are presented in another.
Pivot Chart
This type of chart provides a visual aid for pivot tables by providing
graphical illustrations of the pivot table data; the user can offer a level of
interactivity with the data.

Pivot Area
The pivot area is a point on the worksheet where you would drag a Pivot
Table field to rearrange how a report is displayed.
Source Data
This is the information used to create your pivot table. It can either exist
within the worksheet or from an external database.
Values Area
In a pivot table, Value areas are recognized as the cells that contain the
instantaneous information.
Item
These are sub-categories of fields in the pivot table. If you have an area that
is marked Country, the items could be the United States of America, Italy,
and so on.
 CHAPTER TWO
UNDERSTANDING THE EXCEL RIBBON TABS
What’s the Ribbon?
The Ribbon is the central control panel of Excel. The ribbon offers shortcuts
to commands in Excel. A command is an action that the user performs. An
example of a command is creating a new document/workbook, saving a
document, printing a document, etc. The image below shows the ribbon used
in Excel 2020.

Ribbon Components Explained

Ribbon Start Button
It is used to access commands such as creating new documents, saving
current work, printing, opening the options for customizing Excel, etc.
Ribbon Tabs
These tabs are used to group related commands. The
home tab is used for basic commands such as formatting the data for better
presentability, sorting and finding exact data within the spreadsheet, and so
on.
Ribbon Bar
The ribbon bars are used to group similar commands. For example, the
Alignment ribbon bar is used to group all the commands that are used in
aligning data together.
The Excel 2020 Tabs Explained
Home Tab
The home tab contains the most commonly used commands in Excel. The
commands under the home tab include clipboard, font, alignment, styles,
editing, and so on. The tabs are explained briefly below.
Clipboard
You can show the Clipboard Task Pane by clicking on the dialog launcher in
the bottom right corner of the Home tab.

Paste - This button will paste the current contents from the
clipboard. The drop-down contains the commands: Paste,
Formulas, Paste Values, Use Text Import Wizard, No Borders,
Paste Link, Transpose Refreshable Web Query, Paste as
Hyperlink and Paste Special. The As Picture extension contains:
Copy as Picture, Paste Picture Link and Paste as Picture. Exactly
which commands are enabled will be determined by the type of
object that has been copied.
Cut - (Ctrl + X). Cuts the current selection and keep it in the
clipboard.
Copy - (Ctrl + C). Copies the current selection to the clipboard,
 which can later be pasted. The drop-down contains the command
Copy as Picture as well.
Format Painter - Copies the format from a cell (or range),
allowing it to be pasted somewhere else.

Font
The "Format Cells" dialog box and Font tab can be displayed by clicking on
the dialog box launcher in the bottom right corner of the Home tab. This
section is used to format the type and size of your fonts; the options under
this tab include font type, font size, increase and decrease font, bold, italic,
and underline.

Font Type - Drop-Down. This provides a list of all the available

fonts style from which you can choose from.
Font Size - Drop-Down. This lets you adjust the character size of
your text.
Increase Font Size – This increases the font size of the current
selection to the next larger size in the Font Size box.
Decrease Font Size – This decreases the font size of the current
selection to the next smaller size in the Font Size box.
Bold - (Ctrl + B). It permits you to bolden the current selection.
Italic - (Ctrl + I). Toggles italics on the current selection.
Underline - (Ctrl + U). Button with Drop-Down. The button
toggles bold on the current selection. The drop-down contains the
commands: Underline and Double Underline.
Borders - Button with Drop-Down. The button applies a border
to the present selection. The drop-down contains the commands:
 Bottom, Top, Right, Left, No, Outside, All, Thick Box, Bottom
Double, Thick Bottom, Top and Bottom, Top and Double
Bottom, Top and Thick Bottom, Draw Border Grid, Draw
Border, Line Color, Erase Border, Line Style and More Borders.
Fill Color - Button with Drop-Down. The button applies a color
to the contextual of the current selection. The drop-down
contains these commands: Standard Colors

Theme Colors, No Fill and More Colors.

Font Color - Button with Drop-Down. The button changes the

color of the current selection font. The drop-down contains these
commands: Automatic, Standard Colors, Theme Colors, and
More Colors.

Alignment
You can show the "Format Cells" dialog box, Alignment tab, by clicking on
the dialog box launcher in the bottom-right corner of the home tab.

Top Align - Align text to the top of the cell.

Middle Align - Align text to the center of the cell.
Bottom Align - Align text to the bottom of the cell.
Orientation - Drop-Down. Rotates the current selection to a
vertical angle or a diagonal angle. The drop-down contains these
commands: Angle Counterclockwise, Angle Clockwise, Vertical
Text, Rotate Text Down, Rotate Text Up and Format Cell
Alignment.
Wrap Text - Wraps the text so it is displayed on multiple lines
so you can see all of it.
Align Left - Aligns data to the left side of the cell.
Center - Aligns data to the middle of the cell.
 Align Right - Aligns data to the right side of the cell.
Decrease Indent - (Ctrl + Alt + Shift + Tab). Decreases the
indent by a level of 1 or removes the indent completely.
Increase Indent - (Ctrl + Alt + Tab). Increases the indent by a
level of 1.
Merge & Center - Drop-Down. The button merges the selected
cells and centralize the contents in the new cell. The drop-down
contains these commands: Merge & Center, Merge Cells, Merge
Across, and Unmerge Cells. The Merge Across merges the cells
in the same row.

Number
You can display the "Format Cells" dialog box, Number tab, by clicking on
the dialog box launcher in the bottom right corner of the home tab.

Number Format – This provides a list of all the available

number formats. The built-in number formats are: General,
Currency, Number, Accounting, Long Date, Short Date, Time,
Fraction, Percentage, Scientific and Text.
Accounting Number Format - Button with Drop-Down. The
button adds your 'default' accounting number format to the
current selection. The drop-down contains these commands:
English (US), English (UK), Euro and More Accounting
Formats.
Percent Style - (Ctrl + Shift + %). This applies the percent
number format to your
 current selection.

Comma Style – It will apply the comma style number format to

your current selection.
Increase Decimal - Adds one decimal placement to the current
selection.
Decrease Decimal - Take away one decimal placement from the
current selection.

Styles

Conditional Formatting - Drop-Down. It gives access to

conditional formatting commands which can be used to apply
cell formatting automatically. It contains these commands:
Highlight Cells Rules, Top/Bottom Rules, Color Scales, Data
Bars, Icon Sets, Clear Rules, New Rule and Manage Rules.
Format as Table - Drop-Down. This applies a Table Style to
your current selection and defines it as a table. The drop-down is
made up of these commands: Light, Dark, Medium, New Table
Style and New PivotTable Style. The New Table Style shows the
"New Table Style" dialog box. The New PivotTable Style shows
the "New PivotTable Style" dialog box.
Cell Styles - Drop-Down. This applies a specified cell style to
your current selection. The drop-down is made up of these
commands: Custom, Good, Bad and Neutral, Data and Model,
Titles and Headings, Number Format, Themed Cell Styles, New
Cell Style and Merge Styles.

Cells
 Insert - Button with Drop-Down. The button is used to inserts
cells into the current selection thereby shifting cells down. The
drop-down contains the commands: Insert Cells, Insert Sheet
Columns, Insert Sheet Rows, and Insert Sheet.
Delete - Button with Drop-Down. The delete button always
deletes the current selection thereby shifting cells up. The drop-
down contains the commands: Delete Cells, Delete Sheet
Columns, Delete Sheet Rows and Delete Sheet.
Format – Button with Drop-Down. The format option provides a
range of useful commands that

apply to columns, rows and sheets. The drop-down contains the

commands: Column Width, AutoFit Column Width, Row Height,
AutoFit Row Height, Default Width, Hide & Unhide, Rename Sheet,
Move or Copy Sheet, Protect Sheet, Tab Color, Lock Cell and Format
Cells. The Hide & Unhide extension comprises the commands: Hide
Rows, Unhide Rows, Hide Columns, Unhide Columns, Hide Sheet,
and Unhide Sheet.
Editing
 AutoSum - Button with Drop-Down. The same command can be
found on the Formulas Tab and it contains the commands: Sum,
Average, Count Numbers, Max, Min, And More Functions.
Fill - Drop-Down. This option allows you fill the selection in any
direction and into any range of adjacent cells. The drop-down
contains the commands: Down, Up, Right, Left, Across
Worksheets, Justify, Series and Flash Fill.
Clear - Drop-Down. This removes everything from the current
selection or remove particular items. The drop-down contains the
commands: Clear All, Clear Contents, Clear Formats, Clear
Hyperlinks, Clear Comments, and Remove Hyperlinks.
Sort & Filter - Drop-Down. This helps you sort the currently
selected data or current region into descending or ascending
order and allows you add filters to decrease the number of
evident rows.
Find & Select - Drop-Down. This option permits you to find and
replace an input or selected data. The drop-down contains the
commands: Find, Replace, GoTo, GoTo Special, Comments,
Formulas, Constants, Conditional Formatting, Select Objects,
Data Validation, and Selection Pane.

Insert Tab
The insert tab permits the insertion of various inputs into your Excel
worksheet. Below are the insert options:
Tables
PivotTable – This feature displays the "Create PivotTable"
dialog box. It is used to arrange and
 summarize complex data into a PivotTable. The drop-down contained
the commands: PivotTable and PivotChart. The PivotTable shows the
"Create PivotTable" dialog box and the PivotChart shows the "Create
PivotTable and PivotChart" dialog box.

Recommended PivotTables – This shows the "Recommended

PivotTables" dialog box. It displays a list of customized pivot
tables that are good for your data.
Table - (Ctrl + T). Displays the "Create Table" dialog box. When
you outline your data as a table, it makes it easier to filter, sort
and apply formatting.

Illustrations

Pictures - Displays the "Insert Picture" dialog box permitting

you to browse to a file from your file system.
Online Pictures - Discover and insert pictures from an assortment
of online sources.
Shapes - Drop-Down. The drop-down contains the commands:
Recently Used Shapes, Rectangles, Lines, Basic Shapes,
Equation Shapes, Flowchart, Block Arrows, Stars and Banners
 and Callouts.
Icons - Displays the "Insert Icons" dialog box. You can insert an
icon to visually communicate what you are explaining using
symbols.
3D Models - Drop-Down. It allows you to insert a 3D model so
you can rotate it and view it from all angles. The drop-down
contains these commands: From a File and From Online Sources.
SmartArt – This shows the "Choose a SmartArt Graphic" dialog
box which grants you access to choose from these series of
SmartArt: List, Cycle, Process, Hierarchy, Matrix, Relationship,
Pyramid, Picture and Office.com.
Screenshot - Drop-Down. It allows you to insert a snapshot from
your Windows. The drop-down contains the commands:
Available Windows and Screen Clipping.
Clip Art - Snaps the presentation of the Clip Art task pane to
allow you insert drawings, sounds, movies, photos and so on.

Add-ins

Get Add-ins - Displays the Office Add-ins window permitting

you to see all the add-ins in the Office store.
My Add-ins - Button with Drop-Down. Displays the Office Add-
ins window displaying to you all the add-ins you have currently
installed.

Charts
The "Insert Chart" dialog box can be displayed by selecting your data and
clicking on the dialog box launcher in the bottom right corner of the tab. If a
chart is active the "Change Chart Type" dialog will be shown.
Recommended Charts – This is used to insert charts that are
recommended for the selected data. Excel will identify your data
type and give you some recommendations for the suitable charts.
Column or Bar - Drop-Down. It is used to visually compare
values across a few categories. The drop-down is made up of
these commands: 2-D Column, 3-D Column, 2-D Bar, 3-D Bar
and More Column Charts.
Line or Area - Drop-Down. It is used to show trends over time
such as year, day, month. The drop-down contains the
commands: 2-D Line, 3-D Line, 2-D Area, 3-D Area and More
Line Charts.
Pie or Doughnut - Drop-Down. It is used to show proportion of
a whole. The drop-down contains the commands: 2-D Pie, 3-D
Pie, Doughnut and More Pie Charts.
Hierarchy - Drop-Down. It is used to compare parts to a whole.
The drop-down contains the commands: Treemap, Sunburst and
More Hierarchy Charts.
Statistic - Drop-Down. It is used to statistically analyze your
data. The drop-down contains the commands: Histogram, Box
and Whisker and More Statistical Charts.
Scatter XY or Bubble - Drop-Down. It is used to show
relationship between set of values. The drop-down contains the
commands: Scatter, Bubble and More Scatter Charts.
Waterfall or Stock - This drop-down contains the commands:
Waterfall, Funnel, Stock, Surface, Radar and More Stock Charts.
Combo – This is used when the range of values varies or when
you have mixed data. The drop-down contains the commands:
Combo and Create Custom Combo Chart.
Maps - Drop-Down. The drop-down contains the commands:
Filled Map and More Map Options.
 PivotChart – Button with Drop-Down. You can insert this to
graphically summarize and explore complicated data. The button
displays the "Create PivotChart" dialog box. The drop-down
contains the commands: PivotChart, and PivotChart &
PivotTable.
Surface or Radar - The drop-down contains the commands:
Surface, Radar and More Charts.
Other Charts - Drop-Down. Offers access to other chart types.
The drop-down contains the commands: Stock, Doughnut,
Surface, Radar, Bubble, and All Chart Types.

Tours

3D Map - Button with Drop-Down. This is used to set graphical

data on a 3D map. It permits you to create data visualizations in
your workbooks. The button displays the "Power Maps for
Excel" window. The drop-down is made up of these commands:
Launch Power Map and Add Selected Data to PowerMap. You
must enable the Data Analysis add-ins to use this 3D map feature

Sparklines

Line - Displays the "Create Sparklines" dialog box which lets

you insert a line chart within a single cell each representing a row
of data in your selection.
Column - Displays the "Create Sparklines" dialog box which lets
you insert a column chart in a single cell.
 Win/Loss - Displays the "Create Sparklines" dialog box which
permits you to insert a win/loss chart in a single cell.

Filters

Slicer – The slicer visually filters data in your Tables.

Timeline – This filter dates interactively in your tables, pivot
charts and pivot tables.

Links
Link - Button with Drop-Down. (Ctrl + K). Displays the "Insert
Hyperlink" dialog box. It is used to create link in your document
for quick access to the webpage.

Text
Text Box - Inserts a textbox that can be situated anywhere on the
page.
Header & Footer – This automatically positions your cursor in
the header box. This will then show the "Header & Footer Tools
- Design" contextual tab.
WordArt - Drop-Down. Gives you a choice of Word Art styles
that you can insert. The drop-down contains a gallery of various
styles.
Signature Line - Button with Drop-Down. The button inserts a
signature line that stipulates the individual who must sign. The
drop-down shows these commands: Microsoft Office Signature
Line and Add Signature Services.
Object - Displays the "Object" dialog box permitting you to
insert entrenched objects.

Symbols
This gives you access to insert symbols that are not on your system keyboard.
Equation - Drop-Down. From here, you can insert your desired
equation to your workbook. The drop-down contains the
commands: Area of Circle, Expansion of a Sum, Binomial
Theorem, Fourier Series and Insert New Equation.

Page Layout Tab

Themes

Themes - Drop-Down. This alters the overall look and feel of

your workbook together with fonts, colors and effects. The drop-
down is made up of these commands: Built-in, More Themes on
Microsoft Office Articles, Browse for Themes and Save Current
Theme. The built-in themes are: Office, Facet, Ion, Integral,
Retrospect, Boardroom, Organic, Wisp, Slice, Berlin, and Frame.
Tooltip indicates the current theme and the default theme is
"Office".
Colors - Drop-Down. This will change the color of the
document. It displays a list of all the existing colors and allows
you change the color element of the current theme. The drop-
down contains the commands: Built-in and Customize Colors.
Fonts - Drop-Down. It permits you to alter the font style of your
texts. It displays a list of all the accessible fonts and permits you
change the font element of the current theme. The drop-down
contains the commands: Built-in and Customize Fonts.
Effects - Drop-Down. With effect tool, you can change the
general look of your document ranging from shadowing to
shading. It displays a list of all the available effects and allows
you change the effect element of the current theme.

The drop-down contains these commands: Office, Office 2007-2010,

 Banded Edges, Subtle Solids, Glow Edge, Smokey Glass, Grunge
Texture, Top Shadow, Frosted Glass, Inset, Riblet, Milk Glass,
Extreme Shadow, Reflection, Glossy.
Page Setup

The page setup gives you access to alter the setting of your workspace. Here,
you can change the orientation, margin, background, the page size, etc.
Margins - Drop-Down. Permits you to choose from one of your
built-in margin settings or lets you customize your own. The
drop-down contains these commands: Normal, Narrow, Wide,
and Custom Margins.
Orientation - Drop-Down. This lets you switch between
Landscape and Portrait layout.
Size - Drop-Down. It permits you select from all the different
available paper sizes for your document. The More Paper Sizes
displays the "Page Setup" dialog box, Page tab.
Print Area - Drop-Down. This allows you to choose the area on
the sheet you would like o print. The drop-down contains the
commands: Set Print Area and Clear Print Area.
Breaks - Drop-Down. This drop-down contains the commands:
Insert Page Break, Remove Page Break and Reset All Page
Breaks.
Background – This feature permits you to add a background
image to the worksheet. This caption changes to 'Delete
Background' if an image is allotted to the current worksheet.
Print Titles – It displays the "Page Setup" dialog box, Sheet tab.
This allows you to enter rows or columns to repeat on each
printed page.
Scale to Fit

Width – This shrink the width of the printout to fit a certain

number of pages. The combo box comprises of Automatic, 1 to 9
pages and More Pages. The More Pages displays the "Page
Setup" dialog box, Page tab.
Height - This shrink the height of the printout to fit a certain
number of pages. The combo box comprises of Automatic, 1 to 9
pages and More Pages. The More Pages displays the "Page
Setup" dialog box, Page tab.
Scale - This shrink or stretch the printout to a percentage of its
actual size. It changes the page scale in increments of 5%. It also
provides a shortcut to the Page Setup.

Sheet Options

Gridlines View - Toggles the display of gridlines on the active

worksheet.
Gridlines Print - Toggles whether the gridlines are printed.
Headings View - Toggles the displays of row numbers and
column headers on the active worksheet.
Headings Print - Toggles whether the row and column headers
 are printed.

Arrange

Bring Forward - Button with Drop-Down. The button brings the

selected object forward one level so that it is hidden behind fewer
objects. The drop-down contains these commands: Bring
Forward and Bring to Front. Bring to Front will bring the
highlighted object in front of all the other objects.
Selection Pane - Drop-Down. Displays the Selection Task Pane
which makes you see the list of all your objects for easier
alteration of their order or visibility.
Send Backward - Button with Drop-Down. The button brings
the selected object back one level so that it is hidden behind more
objects. The drop-down contains these commands: Send
Backward and Send to Back.
Align - Drop-Down. It will change the placement of the selected
object on your worksheet.

This drop-down contains the commands: Align Left, Align Center,

Align Top, Align Right, Align Bottom, Align Middle, Distribute
Vertically, Distribute Horizontally, Snap to Shape, Snap to Grid,
View Gridlines.

Group - Drop-Down. This option permits you to, join objects

together as if they are one so that you can format them together.
This drop-down contains the commands: Group, Ungroup, and
Regroup.
 Rotate – Drop-Down. This allows you to rotate or flip the
selected object. This drop-down contains these commands:
Rotate Right 90, Rotate Left 90, Flip Horizontal, Flip Vertical,
and More Rotation Options.

Formulas Tab

Insert Function - (Shift + F3). Drop-Down. With this, you can

insert a function (formula) in your current cell. It displays the
"Insert Function" dialog box permitting you to search for a
specific function or display the list of functions by grouping.
AutoSum - Button with Drop-Down. The button inserts the Sum
formula into the cell calculating the total of the selected cells and
placing the total below the selected cells. The drop-down
contains the commands: Sum, Average, Max, Min, Count
Numbers, and More Functions.
Recently Used - Drop-Down. Provides quick access to the last
10 functions you just used.
Financial - Drop-Down. Provides quick access to all the
financial functions that you can add to your worksheet in the
Financial category.
Logical - Drop-Down. Provides quick access to all the logical
functions in the Logical category that you can add to your
worksheet.
Text - Drop-Down. Provides quick access to all the text
functions in the Text category that you can add to your
worksheet.
Date & Time - Drop-Down. Provides quick access to all the date
and time functions in the Date & Time category that you can add
to your worksheet.
 Lookup & Reference - Drop-Down. Provides quick access to all
the lookup or reference functions in the Lookup & Reference
category that you can add to your worksheet.
Math & Trig - Drop-Down. Provides quick access to all the
Mathematics and Trigonometry function

in the Mathematics & Trigonometry category that you can add to

your worksheet.

More Functions - Drop-Down. Displays a drop-down giving

you access to more functions like the Statistical, Information,
Engineering, Compatibility, Cube, and Web categories.

Defined Names

Name Manager – This grant you access to find and modify all
the names used in the workbook.
Define Name - Button with Drop-Down. The drop-down
contains these commands: Define Names and Apply Names. The
Define Names lets you create workbook and worksheet level
named used and displays the "New Name" dialog box.
Use in Formula - Drop-Down. The drop-down contains a list of
all the names used in the workbook so you can paste them in the
current formula.
Create from Selection – This automatically generate names
from the selected cell. It enables you to name a selected range of
cells using a column or row title that you've entered.

Formula Auditing
 Trace Precedents – This displays arrows that specify what cells
affect the value of the currently selected cell.
Trace Dependents – This as well displays arrows that specify
what cells are affected by the value in the currently selected cell.
Remove Arrows - Drop-Down. The button gets rid of all the
arrows drawn by the trace precedents and trace dependents. The
drop-down contains these commands: Remove Arrows, Remove
Dependent Arrows, and Remove Precedent Arrows.
Show Formulas - (Ctrl + '). This display of the formulas in each
cell rather than the result.
Error Checking - Drop-Down. This check for common error
that occur when using formula. The drop-down contains these
commands: Error Checking, Trace Error and Circular
References. The Circular References extension will only be
active when the current workbook comprises of at least one
circular reference.
Evaluate Formula – This helps you to debug a complex formula
so as to evaluate each part of the formula individually, in other
word; it allows you to step through a formula calculation so as to
verify its correctness.
Watch Window – This allows you to view the contents of cells
and their results as you update other parts of the worksheet.

Calculation

Calculation Options - Drop-Down. The drop-down lets you

 swiftly alter the calculation setting in the active workbook
between Automatic, Manual, and Automatic except for Data
Tables.
Calculate Now - (F9). Provides a shortcut to calculating the
entire workbook now.
Calculate Sheet - (Shift + F9). Provides a shortcut to calculating
the active worksheet.

Data Tab

Get Data - Drop-Down. Discover, connect and combine data

from multiple sources. The drop-down includes these commands:
From File, From Azure, From Database, From Other Sources,
From Online Services, Launch Query Editor, Data Combine
Queries, Query Options, and Source Settings.
From Text/CSV - Import data from a text, comma-separated
value or formatted text file.
From Web - Import data from a web page.
From Table/Range – This feature permits you to create a new
query linked to the selected table. If the selected range is not part
of a table, it will be transformed into a table.
Recent Sources - Manage and connect to recent sources of data.
Existing Connections - Import data from common sources.

Queries & Connections

 Refresh All - (Ctrl + Alt + F5). Drop-Down. The button apprises
all the information in the current workbook coming in from
outward sources. The drop down includes these commands:
Refresh, Cancel Refresh, Refresh Status, and Connection
Properties.
Queries & Connections – This lets you access data connections
that are linked to data sources outside the workbook.
Properties – This specifies how cells connected to data sources
are updated and what content will be displayed.
Edit Links – This allows you to view all other file types your
current spreadsheet is attached to so you can update or remove
the link.

Sort & Filter

Sort A to Z - Sorts data from lowest to highest; alphabetically

from A-Z and numerically from the lowest number to the highest
number.
Sort Z to A - Sorts data from highest to lowest; alphabetically
from Z-A and numerically from the highest number to the lowest
number.
Sort – This enables you to find values quickly by sorting your
data.
 Filter - Toggles filtering on the currently selected cell.
Clear - Clears the filter and sort for the currently selected range
of data.
Reapply - (Ctrl + Alt + L). This helps you to reapply the filter
and sort to the current selection so that the changes you have
made are included.
Advanced – Filter using complex criteria.

Data Tools

Text to Columns – This permit you to split a single column of

text into multiple columns.
Flash Fill – This automatically fills in values into the cell.
Remove Duplicates – This remove duplicates sheets from a row.
Data Validation - Drop-Down. This lets you limit the type of
data that can be entered into a cell. The drop-down includes these
commands: Circle Invalid Data and Clear Validation Circles.
Consolidate – This summarizes data from separate ranges then
consolidating the result in a single output range.
Relationships – The relationship feature lets you create or
modify relationships between tables to show linked data from
separate tables on the same report.
Manage Data Model - Opens the Power Pivot window in order
to add and prepare data or continue working on data on the
workbook.

Forecast
 What-If Analysis - Drop-Down. This function lets you try out
various values for the formula in your sheet using the drop-down
options. The drop-down contains these commands: Scenario
Manager, Goal Seek and Data Table.
Forecast Sheet – You can create a new worksheet to predict data
trend using this feature. It will let you forecast your timeline data.

Outline

Group - Drop-Down. The button permits you to group a

selection of rows and columns. The drop-down contains these
commands: Group and Auto Outline. The Auto Outline
command option creates an automatic outline from the current
section.
Ungroup - Drop-Down. The button lets you ungroup a range of
cells that are previously grouped. It removes outlines from the
current rows and columns. The drop-down contains these
commands: Ungroup and Clear Outline. The Clear Outline
command option clears all the levels of outline.
Subtotal – This option automatically inserts subtotals for the
selected rows to calculate rows of related data.
Show Detail - Enlarge a collapsed group of cells.
 Hide Detail - Collapse a group of cells.

Review Tab
Proofing

Spelling - (F7). The spelling feature lets you check the spelling
on the active worksheet.
Research – This toggle the display of the Research Task Pane.
Thesaurus – you can research another way of saying what you
mean by using this feature.

Accessibility
Check Accessibility – This displays the Accessibility Checker
Task Pane. This recognizes any parts of your workbook that
could be modified to aid people with disabilities.

Insights
Smart Lookup – This displays the Smart Lookup Task Pane.
This lets you learn more about the text you selected by searching
for images, definitions, and other related articles to the text.

Language
Translate – This translate the selected text into a different
language.
Comments

New Comment / Edit Comment - (Shift + F2). Inserts a

comment at the currently active cell.
Delete - Deletes the selected comment in a cell.
Previous Comment – This moves you to the previous comment
in the active workbook.
Next Comment – This moves you to the next comment in the
active workbook.
Show Comments - Toggles the display of the Comments task
pane to be shown.

Notes
Notes - Drop-Down. The drop-down contains the commands:
New Note, Next Note, Previous Note, Show All Notes,
Show/Hide Note, and Convert to Comments.

Protect

Protect Sheet – You can prevent unwanted alteration from third

party and limit their ability to modify your worksheet.
Protect Workbook – This helps you to protect your workbook
from others so they don’t make structural changes to your
workbook.
Allow Edit Ranges – This feature permits specific users to
 modify certain ranges in a workbook or sheet. You can set up
password protection on your workbook ranges.
Unshare Workbook - This is deactivated by default. If you open
a workbook that is currently being shared using the legacy "Share
Workbook" option this feature will become activated, letting you
unshare the workbook. Shared workbooks have been replaced
with Co-Authoring in 2020 version.

Ink
Hide Ink - Drop-Down. This option will not delete

ink in your workbook rather it will hide it. The drop-down contains
these commands: Hide Ink, Delete All Ink on Workbook, and Delete
All Ink on Sheet.

View Tab
The commands for hiding and viewing workbooks as well as windows can be
found on this tab.
Workbook Views

Normal – This lets you view the worksheet in the normal view.
There is also a shortcut to this view in the bottommost right
corner of the status bar.
Page Break Preview - Used for adjusting page breaks whereby
you can see where the page break will appear when the document
is printed. There is also a shortcut to this view in the bottom right
corner of the status bar.
 Page Layout – This shows the worksheet as it will appear on a
printed page. It displays a very helpful horizontal and vertical
ruler, you can as

well add/change headers and footers, row/column headings and

scaling selections, check margins.

Custom Views – This permits you to save your current display

settings for future use.
Full Screen – This displays the workbook in full screen mode.
You can press Esc to return to the normal screen mode.

Show

Formula Bar - Toggles the display of the formula bar so you can
see the formula in a cell.
Ruler – This helps to toggles the display of the vertical and
horizontal rulers n0065t to your document. It is only obtainable
when you are in Page Layout view. By default, the ruler shows
the default units that are indicated in the regional settings.
Gridlines – This shows the line between the rows and columns
in the sheet in order to make the sheet easier to read.
Headings - Toggles the display of the column heading and row
numbers.
Message Bar – This shows the message bar which allows any
required actions to be completed.

Zoom
 Zoom – This allow you to zoom your worksheet to the level that
suits you.
100% - Zoom your workbook to 100% of its standard size.
Zoom to Selection - Zoom the worksheet to display just the
currently selected cells in the entire window.

Window

New Window – This helps you to create a new window of your

current workbook.
Arrange All – Here, you can arrange all open windows side by
side on the screen.
Freeze Panes - Drop-Down. The drop-down contains these
commands: Freeze Panes, Freeze First Column, and Freeze Top
Row.
Split – You can easily split the window into several resizable
panes which let you to have various views of the same
workbook.
Hide - Hides the current workbook or window.
Unhide - This allows you to unhide a workbook or window.
View Side by Side - View two workbooks side by side to allow
you to compare and contrast their contents.
Synchronous Scrolling – with this option, you can synchronize
the scrolling of two windows so they scroll together. The View
 Side by Side option must be active for this command to be
enabled.
Reset Window Position – This resets the window position of the
two windows being likened so that they share the screen equally.
Save Workspace - This lets you save the layout of all the
workbooks that are presently open so this layout can be reopened
at a later date.
Switch Windows - Drop-Down. This allows you to switch in
between your windows. The drop-down contains a list of all the
workbooks/ windows that are currently open.

Macros
Macros - Drop-Down. The button is a shortcut to View Macros
displaying all the obtainable macros. The drop-down contains
these commands: View Macros, Record Macro, and Use Relative
References.

Help Tab
This tab offers quick access to the Help Task Windowpane and some useful
website links.
Help & Support

Help - Displays the Help task pane showing the home page so
you can get help from Microsoft.
Contact Support - Displays the Help task pane allowing you to
request help from an Office support agent.
Feedback – This pane displays the Feedback tab from the File
tab.
Show Training - Displays the Help task pane. This displays
training and learning contents.
 What's New – This displays the What's New task pane, it allows
you to see the most recently installed updates.

Community

Community – This helps you to connect with Excel experts.

When clicked, it will launch you to Excel homepage.
Excel Blog – This opens your default browser and launch you to
Excel blog for networking with other Excel users.
Suggest A Feature – This also opens your default browser and
launch you to Excel page where you can suggest a feature which
you would love to see in updated Excel versions.

Tell Me Box
This is a search box that quickly lets you find relevant commands. You can
also use it to type in a question and related results will be displayed.
 CHAPTER THREE
GETTING STARTED WITH EXCEL 2020

Launching Excel
To launch your Excel, first click on the start button and go to the list of all
programs and locate Excel; then double click it to open.

The Start-up Screen

Once you launch your Excel, the interface that will pop up is called the
startup screen as shown below:

The start-up screen is made up of various sections, there you will see:
Recent documents
Blank workbook
Sample templates, etc.
Starting a New Workbook
There are a few ways of starting a new workbook. First, you can start a new
workbook by clicking on the blank workbook on the start-up interface as
shown below:

Another way of starting a new workbook is by clicking on the new icon on

the interface or simply by pressing on your keyboard CTRL + N to open
create new workbook. The workbook interface is shown below.

Opening an Existing Workbook

To open an existing workbook, click Open Other Workbooks in the lower-
left corner, then click Browse on the left side of the resulting window, then
use the file explorer to find the workbook you wanted to open, select it, and
click Open.
Working on Your Excel Sheet
Zooming in and Out Your Worksheet
To zoom in or out your worksheet, scroll to the bottom right side of your
worksheet and click the plus button to zoom in and the minus button to zoom
out.

Entering Data into the Cell

To enter data into a cell, simply left-click on the cell, this will grant you
access to enter your preferred data into the selected cell.
Identifying a Cell Name
As earlier explained, a cell is the intersection between a row and a column.
For example, a cell can be named B3, C5, E7 and so on. In the example
below, the data was entered into the D-column and row-4.
Quick Summation of Data
Data entered into a cell can be quickly calculated by highlighting the data
(left-click the data and drag to the data end) and checking the result
(summation) at the bottom right side of the worksheet as shown below.

In another way round, you can perform auto sum and let it appear at the cell
appearing immediately after the cells containing your data. To do this, simply
highlight the data you wish to perform auto sum on and click the auto sum
button at the top right side of the worksheet under the home tab.

Copying and Pasting of Data

You can copy and paste data either from one Excel cell/worksheet/workbook
to another or from other applications on your computer to Excel. The copy
procedure is still the same as normal copying of files or data, just highlight
the data you wish to copy and click copy. In order to paste the data into your
Excel worksheet, click the cell you want the pasted data to begin from, then
right-click on the cell and select paste or simply press the shortcut key: CTRL
+ V.
Once you click the paste option, two basic options will be loaded asking you
to select the format options you want, the first being keep source formatting;
what this
paste option does is to keep the data format the same as from where it was
copied, this will keep the data format constant with respect to the data source.
The second option is the match destination formatting; what this does is that
it will keep match the data to the current data format on your active
worksheet.

Adding a New Worksheet

You can have numerous worksheets in a workbook. To add a new worksheet
to your workbook, just navigate to the bottom-left of the workbook and click
on the plus sign that’s situated beside the sheet.

Renaming a Worksheet
A new sheet can be renamed simply by double-clicking on the sheet tab and
entering the new name you wish.
Coloring a Worksheet
You can add colors to your worksheet by right-licking the worksheet and
selecting color tab to make a choice of color.

Saving Your File

To save your file, navigate to the file tab at the top-left side of the pane and
select save. This will then launch you to a window where you can enter your
file name and the corresponding folder; then click save.
On the other side, you can also select save as option, this will permit you to
save a copy of your current workbook either with a new name or into a new
folder.

Note: You can save your files either into your computer system or into your
online drive. These options are available to both save and save as option.
Saving into an online drive will launch you to your online drive.
Formatting Your Data
You can format your input data to your taste. First, we
will be looking at how to format your data fonts. In the home tab under font
options, there are various operations that you can perform on your input data
varying from font size, font style, font color and so on.

Formatting Font Style

You can alter your font style by selecting (highlighting) the data and clicking
on the font pane to select the style you wish to use for the input data. Excel
2020 comes with a variety of good-looking fonts varying from Calibri to
Arial to Verdana and so on.

Formatting Your Font Size

The font size of your data determines how big or small it will look on your
worksheet. Depending on the type of document you are working, you will
have to choose your font size with respect to your desired output size. This
means a bigger font size will give a bold and big looking data. To alter your
data font size, first highlight the data you wish to change the font size then
navigate to the font size pane at the top left side of the worksheet and toggle
the font sizes to your choice.
In another way round, you can either increase or decrease your font size by
clicking on the alphabet A that is situated just beside the font size pane. If
you click the bigger A, it will increase your font size and if you click the
smaller A, it will decrease the font size.

Formatting with Bold, Italics and Underline

To add the either bold, italics or underline or the combination of any of them,
first highlight the data you wish to format then navigate to the font pane
under home tab and select your desired format option. If you wish to apply
the bold format; click on the B icon, if you wish to apply the underline
format; click the U icon, also if u wish to apply the italics format; click the I
icon. In case you wish to apply more than one of these format options, just
click the combination you want to use.

For the underline option, you can choose to use single or double underline
format. To choose either of these, click the drop-down icon by the underline
icon to show the drop-down for selection.

Formatting Your Font Color

You can choose to use a different color for a specific data. To change your
data color, click the colored pane under the font tab, this will show a drop-
down of color options which you can choose from.

Formatting the Bottom Border

There are times when you will need to use a bottom border to differentiate a
data from others, such situation includes when writing a header for a set of
data. To add border to your data, click the border button at the font pane and
select your border type. When clicked, numerous border style will load
ranging from bottom, top, left, right, thick outside border and so on.
Depending on your desired output, you will have to look at the illustration of
each of these border options and choose the one that best fit your output.
Formatting Number Type
There are times when you will be dealing with a particular number type such
as currency. For example, if you are dealing with currency, different
countries have different currency units and symbol. To insert a
currency symbol into your input data, navigate to the number pane under the
home tab and select currency symbol you are dealing in.

Just in case the displayed currency type is not the currency you are dealing in,
you can click the drop-down link beside the dollar symbol to load other
currency types. One thing you will observe after choosing a currency type for
your data is that decimal places will be input into your data.
You can choose to either increase or decrease the decimal place. To do this,
click the zeros button beside the currency type. There are basically two
buttons here, one is to increase the decimal places while the other is to
decrease the decimal place.

Formatting an Overlap Data

Cells in Excel are designed with equal cell size by default.
There are times when you will enter data into a cell and it will overlap into
the following cell, an example is shown below

In the sample above, the data was entered into column D but as observed, the
data has exceeded column D and has lapsed into column E and F. To correct
this, navigate to the top of the original cell column (column D in this
example) and click the column, you will see that the column will be
highlighted.
Once this happens; position your cursor at the extreme right edge of the
column; then you will observe that the cursor will change to arrow-cross,
then you can now
click and drag the column edge to until your data fit in.

Another easier way you can do this is by highlighting the overlapped data cell
and navigating to the format pane at the top-right side and select autofit
column width (provided it overlaps by the width) or autofit column height
(provided it overlaps by the height).
Repeating a Format Using the Format Painter
There are times when you would have performed a whole lot of formatting to
a particular data and you will want to repeat the same formatting for different
data entirely. Instead of going through the whole process and steps taken on
the first data, you can make use of the format painter to repeat the formatting.
To do this, highlight the formatted data, then double click the format painter
button the top-right side of the worksheet.

Once you double click it, the previous formatting would have been activated
and ready to be applied to any other part or data on the same worksheet. To
apply the activated format, just click the cell containing the data you wish to
apply the format to; immediately all the formatting will be activated to it.
Formatting Data into Table
There are times when you will have a range of data which you will love to
format into a table. To do this, select the range of data you wish to format
into a table

Now navigate to the format as table in the style pane in the home tab. A
drop-down will show indicating different table formats, choose the one that
best suit your data.

Once you select the table format, immediately a pop up will show up
requesting your confirmation of cell involved. Click ok to proceed, then your
data will be transformed into a table form as shown below.
Rotating Text Directions
There are times when texts directions need to be rotated to a specific angle.
This is applicable mostly in tables though it can also be done on pure data. To
achieve this, select the cell containing the text you wish to rotate, after that
navigate to the alignment pane under home tab and click on the arrow at the
bottom right of the alignment pane to load more alignment options.

Once you click that button, the alignment extension will be loaded and you
can now select the angle of your text rotation.

You can also choose to enter the rotation angle in the box.

Inserting a New Row and Column into Your Table

You may need to insert a new row or column or both into your table. To
insert a new column, select the column where you wish to have the new
column inserted to and navigate to the cells pane in the home tab and click
insert, once clicked a drop-down will show asking if you want to add a new
column or a new row.
Select the insert sheet column and automatically, the column will be added.

The same procedure goes for the row, if you wish to add a new row, follow
these steps to get it done.
An easier and faster means of inserting rows and column is by clicking the
row or column where you wish to add a new one then right-click and select
insert. This will automatically insert a new row/column depending on your
selection area.
Deleting a Cell
To delete a cell is simple, first select the cell/row/column as the case may be
and navigate to the cell pane at the top-right side of the pane and click delete.
This will inquire from you if you are deliting a sheet row or a sheet column
or a cell, choose the corresponding option to what you are deleting.

A shorter and faster means of getting this done is by selecting the

cell/row/column you wish to delete, then right-click your mouse and select
delete.
Hiding and Unhiding Data
You can hide data and at the same time unhide data in Excel. To hide a range
of data, highlight the cells these data belongs and right click on them and
select hide.

To unhide the data, just repeat the same procedure and select unhide and the
whole data will become visible again.
 CHAPTER FOUR
CELL REFERENCING
What’s Cell Referencing?
A cell reference is also known as a cell address. It is a combination of a
column letter and a row number that defines a cell on a worksheet.

When cell referencing is used in a formula, it help Excel find the values the
formula should calculate. For example, to pull the value of B1 to another cell,
you use this simple formula: =B1. Also, to add up the values in cells B1 and
C2, you use this formula: =B1+C2.

Range Reference in Excel

In Microsoft Excel, a range is a block of two cells or more. A range
reference is denoted by the address of the upper left cell and the lower right
cell separated with a colon. For example, the range A1:C4 includes 12 cells
from A1 through C4 as shown below.
Excel reference Styles
There are basically two address styles in Excel:
A1 reference styles
R1C1 reference style

A1 Reference Style
A1 is the default style used in most times for Excel referencing. In this style,
columns are defined by letters and rows by numbers; that is A1 entitles a cell
in column A, row 1.
R1C1 Reference Style
R1C1 is the referencing style where both rows and columns are recognized
by numbers, i.e. R1C1 designates a cell in row 1, column 1.

Creating References in Excel

To make a cell reference on the same sheet, carry out the following
operations:
Click the cell in which you want to enter the formula.
 Type the equality sign (=).
Type the reference directly in the cell or in the formula bar, or
betterstill, c lick the cell you want to refer to.
Type the rest of the formula and press the Enter key to complete
it.

For example, to add up the values in cells A1 and A2, you type the equality
sign in the cell you wish to have the answer, click A1, type the plus sign,
click A2 and press Enter.

Creating a Range Reference

To create a range reference, select a range of cells on the worksheet which
you wish to work upon. For example, to add up the values in cells A1, A2,
A3 and A4, carry out the following
type the equality sign followed by the name of the SUM function
enter opening parenthesis (
select the cells from A1 through A4
type the closing parenthesis ) and press Enter
How To Change Excel Cell Reference In A Formula
To change a cell address in an existing formula, carry out the following steps:
Click on the cell that contains the formula and double-click the
cell. This will highlight each cell/range referenced by the formula
with another color.
Select the reference in the formula and type a new one or
Select the reference in the formula, and then select another cell or
range on the sheet.
Press the enter key.

How To Cross Reference In Excel

You can actually refer cells in another worksheet or workbook. To refer to
cells in another worksheet or a different Excel file, you must recognize not
only the target cells, but also the sheet and workbook where the cells are
situated. This can be done by using external cell reference.

Referencing Another Sheet in Excel

To refer to a cell or a range of cells in another worksheet, first type the name
of the target worksheet followed by an exclamation mark (!) before the cell or
range address. For example, to refer to cell A1 on Sheet2 in the same
workbook, type:
=Sheet2!A1
If the name of the worksheet you are referring contains spaces or non-
alphabetical characters, you must enclose the name within single quotation
marks, e.g.:
='Tax sheet'!A1
There are times when you can mistakenly mistype the sheet name, to prevent
possible typos and mistakes,
you can get Excel to create an external reference for you automatically. To
create an external reference:
Start typing a formula in a cell.
Click the sheet tab you want to cross-reference and select the cell
or range of cells.
Finish typing your formula and press Enter.

Referencing Another Workbook In Excel

To refer to a cell or range of cells in another Excel file, carry out the
following operations:
Write the workbook name in square brackets [ ]
Followed by the sheet name and an exclamation mark
Then enter the cell or a range address.
For example: =[TaxBook.xlsx]Sheet1!A1
If the file or sheet name comprises of non-alphabetical characters, be sure to
enclose the path in a single quotation marks, for example:
='[Taxfile.xlsx]Sheet1'!A1

Types of Cell Referencing

There are basically three types of cell references in Excel, they are:
Relative references
Absolute references
Mixed references.

When writing a formula for a single cell, you can use any of these referencing
type, but if you intend to copy your formula to other cells, you must use the
appropriate address type because relative and absolute cell references behave
in a different way when filled to other cells.

Relative Cell Reference

A relative reference is the cell reference without the dollar sign ($) in the row
and column coordinates, such as A3 or A3:B7. By default, all cell addresses
in Excel are relative. When a relative cell is copied or moved across multiple
cells, it changes based on the relative position of rows and columns. For
example, to multiply numbers in column A by 5, you enter this formula in
B2: =A2*5. When copied from row 2 to row 3, the formula will change to
=A3*5.
Absolute Cell Reference
An absolute reference is the reference type with the dollar sign ($) in the row
or column coordinates, like $B$2 or $B$2:$B$5.
An absolute cell reference remains unaffected when filling other cells with
the same formula. Absolute addresses are particularly useful when you want
to accomplish multiple calculations with a value in a particular cell or when
you need to copy a formula to other cells without altering references. For
example, to multiply the numbers in column A by the number in B2, you will
have to enter the formula below in row 2, and then copy the formula down
the column by dragging:
=A2*$B$2
The relative reference (A2) will change based on a relative position of a row
where the formula is copied,
while the absolute reference ($B$2) will continually be locked on the same
cell as shown below:
Mixed Cell Reference
A mixed reference contains one relative and one absolute coordinate. For
example, to multiply a column of numbers in column A by 3 different
numbers B2, C2 and D2, you put
the following formula in B3, and then copy it down and to the right:
=$A3*B$2
In $A3, you lock the column coordinate since the formula should continually
multiply the original numbers in column A. The row coordinate is relative
since it needs to change for other rows. Same goes for B$2, you lock the row
coordinate to tell Excel always to select the multiplier in row 2. The column
coordinate is relative because the multipliers are in 3 dissimilar columns and
the formula should adjust consequently.
How to Switch Between Different Reference Types
To switch from an absolute reference to relative and vice versa, you can
either type or delete the $ sign manually, or use the F4 shortcut:
Double-click the cell that encompasses the formula.
Select the reference you want to alter.
Press F4 to toggle between the four reference types.
 CHAPTER FIVE
EXCEL FORMULAS EXPLAINED
A formula is an expression which computes the value of a cell. Microsoft
Excel is enormously powerful and useful when it comes to calculating
numbers or solving mathematics and engineering problems. It aids quick
calculations, you can easily total or average a column of numbers in the blink
of an eye. Apart from that, you can also compute a compound interest and
weighted average, amidst other computing functions. All these can be done
by entering formulas in cells.
In Excel 2020, few updates has been made to the formula bar. The updated
formulas include CONCAT, IFS, MAXIFS, MINIFS, SWITCH and
TEXTJOIN. But to start with in this guide book, we will be looking at ten
basic Excel formulas.

Ten Excel Basic Functions

Below is a list of ten simple but helpful functions that are essentially needed
for your expertise skill in Excel.

SUM
This is the first Excel function I will be familiarizing you with. It is the one
that performs the basic arithmetic operation of addition.
Your Sum formula in Excel should include at least 1 number, referenced to a
cell or a range of cells. For example:
=SUM(A2:C6) – this adds up values in cells A2 through C6.
=SUM(A2, C6) – this adds up values in cells A2 and C6.
There are times when you will need to perform multiple functions such as
addition and division, you can perform this within a single formula, for
example, add up values in cells A2 through C6, and then divide the sum by 5:
=SUM(A2:C6)/5
Also, you can sum with conditions. To sum with conditions, use the SUMIF
function:
In the 1st argument, you input the range of cells to be verified
against the criteria (A1:A4)
In the 2nd argument, input the criteria itself (C2)
In the last argument, input the cells to sum (B1:B4)

=SUMIF(A1:A4, C2, B1:B4)

Note: The easiest and fastest way to sum a row or column of numbers is to
select a cell following to the numbers you want to sum (the cell directly
below the
last value in the column), and click the AutoSum button on the Home tab, in
the Formats group. Excel will insert a SUM formula for you automatically
and add up the corresponding values.

AVERAGE
The second function we will be looking at is the average. Excel AVERAGE
function does exactly what its name implies, that is; it finds an average, or
arithmetic mean, of numbers.
Having a closer look at the formula from the previous example
(=SUM(A2:C6)/5), what this does is that it sums values in cells A2 through
C6, and then divides the result by 3, what it does here is called average;
dividing total by the frequency.
To perform an average, you can simply input this formula in a cell:
=AVERAGE(A2:C6)
To calculate average cells based on condition, use the AVERAGEIF formula,
where A2:C6 is the criteria range, D3 is he criteria, and E2:E6 are the cells to
average:
=AVERAGEIF(A2:C6, D3, E2:E6)

MAXIMUM & MINIMUM

The MAX and MIN formulas in Excel get the highest
and lowest value in a set of numbers, respectively. The formulas for
maximum and minimum is as simple as:
=MAX(A2:C6) – identify the maximum value from cell A2
through C6.
=MIN(A2:C6) – identify the minimum value from cell A2
through C6.

COUNT & COUNTA

Another important function in Excel is the COUNT & COUNTA function. If
you need to know how many are cells in a given range contain numeric
values (numbers or dates), you don't need to waste time by counting them by
hand, the Excel COUNT function will do the trick.
The COUNT function deals only with those cells that comprises of numbers
while the COUNTA function counts all cells that are not blank, whether they
contain numbers, dates, text, times or errors.
For example, to find out how many cells in column C contain numbers, use
this formula:
=COUNT(C:C)
To count all non-empty cells in column A, use:
=COUNTA(C:C)
Summarily, COUNT processes only numbers, COUNTA outputs the total
number of non-blank cells in columns, including the the text value in the
column header.

IF
This seems to be the most popular function in Excel. In simple terms, you use
an IF formula to ask Excel to verify a certain condition and return one value
or perform one calculation if the condition is met, and another value or
calculation if the condition is not met. For example:
IF(logical_test, [value_if_true], [value_if_false]). This will test the validity or
otherwise of the input data.

TRIM
There are times when your correct Excel formulas return just a bunch of
errors, one of the first things to check is extra spaces in the referenced cells.
These extra spaces need to be trimmed. There are quite a few ways to get rid
of unwanted spaces in Excel, with the TRIM function being the easiest one:
For example, to trim extra spaces in column B, enter the following formula in
cell B1, and then copy it down the column:
=TRIM(B1). This will eliminate all extra spaces in cells.

LEN
The LEN function is used to determine the number of characters in a certain
cell.
For example, if you wish to find out how many characters are in cell C2, Just
type the formula below into another cell:
=LEN(C2)
Note: Excel LEN function counts absolutely all characters including spaces.

AND & OR
These are the two most popular logical functions to verify multiple criteria.
AND returns TRUE if all conditions are met; FALSE if
otherwise.
OR returns TRUE if any condition is met; FALSE if otherwise.

CONCATENATE
This function is applicable when you want to take values from two or more
cells and combine them into one cell. For example, to combine the values
from cells A3 and B3, just enter this formula in a different cell:
=CONCATENATE(A3, B3)

TODAY & NOW

These functions are used to keep the date and time on your workbook up to
date.
To see the current date and time each time you open your worksheet without
having to manually update it on a daily basis, use either:
=TODAY() to insert the today's date in a cell.
=NOW() to insert the current date and time in a cell.

How To Delete Formula But Keep Calculated Value

When you remove a formula by pressing the Delete key, the computed value
is also deleted. Nevertheless, you can delete only the formula and keep the
consequential value in the cell. To do this, take the foolowing steps:
Select all cells with your formulas.
Press Ctrl + C to copy the selected cells.
Right-click the selection, and then click Paste Values > Values to
 paste the calculated values back to the selected cells. Or, press
the Paste Special shortcut: Shift+F10 and then V.

The New Formulas in Excel 2020

After briefing the basic Excel formulas, we will now be looking at the newly
added formulas to Excel 2020. As
earlier stated, the new formulas include:
CONCAT
IFS
MAXIFS
MINIFS
SWITCH
TEXTJOIN

We will be analyzing each of these formulas one after the other explaining
how to make use of each of them.

CONCAT FORMULA
The CONCAT formula concatenates a list together without a delimiter. That
is; CONCAT function is a built-inExcel function that is categorized as a
String/Text Function which allows you to join two or more strings together. It
was built to replaces the CONCATENATE function in previous Excel
version. Below is a formula breakdown for the CONCAT format:
=CONCAT(first text to combine, [second text to combine], …)
If you want to combine text or a range of cells together, the CONCAT
Formula in Excel will do this for you in a easily. It will simply combine the
text you specify together into a single text. To use the CONCAT function,
carry out the folowing tasks:
Enter the CONCAT function in a blank cell: =CONCAT(
Select the range of cells that you want to combine together e.g.
 =CONCAT(A2:C4)
Apply the same formula to the rest of the cells by dragging the
lower right corner downwards.
Press enter key to complete the command.

IFS FORMULA
The Excel IFS function runs numerous tests and returns a value
corresponding to the first TRUE result. The IFS function can be used to
evaluate multiple conditions without multiple nested IF statements. IFS
permits shorter, easier to read formulas. Summarily, the IFS functions checks
multiple conditions and returns the value of the first TRUE condition.
Formula breakdown:
=IFS(first condition to check, value to return, [succeeding conditions to
check], …)
If you have several logical conditions to verify, instead of creating Nested IF
Formulas, we can use Excel’s IFS Formula. It allows us to specify several
conditions to check, then the IFS Formula will look for the first condition that
gets satisfied.

MAXIFS FORMULA
The Excel MAXIFS function returns the highest numeric value that meets
one or more criteria in a range of values. MAXIFS can be used with criteria
based on dates, text, numbers, and other conditions. If you need to get the
max value while performing filtering at the same time, the MAXIFS Formula
will do this for you in Excel.
The formula is written as:
=MAXIFS(cells that contains the values, first set of cells to base the filtering
on, filtering condition of first set of cells, …)
To use this function, take the following steps:
Enter the MAXIFS function in a blank cell: =MAXIFS(
Enter the MAXIFS arguments: max_range
Select the cells containing the sales numbers that you want to get
the maximum value from: e.g. =MAXIFS(C3:D8,
Select the cells containing the sales person names:
=MAXIFS(C3:D8, C9:C12,
Type in the filtering criteria e.g. =MAXIFS(C3:D8, C9:C12,
“Maxwell”)
Press enter.

MINIFS FORMULA
Just like the MINIFS formula, this gets the minimum value based on the cells
that matches the criteria. If you need to get the minimum value while
performing filtering at the same time, the MINIFS Formula will do this for
you.
The formula breakdown is as below:
=MINIFS(cells that contains the values, first set of cells to base the filtering
on, filtering condition of first set of cells, …)
To use the MINIFS function, you need to specify on which data you want to
get the MIN value, then specify one or more conditions used for filtering. In
the step below, we want to get the minimum sales of Maxwell. Follow these
steps:
Enter the MINIFS function in a blank cell: =MINIFS(
Enter the MINIFS arguments: min_range
Select the cells containing the sales numbers that you want to get
the minimum value from: =MINIFS(B9:C13,
Select the cells containing the sales person names:
=MINIFS(B9:B13, C9:C13,
Type in the filtering criteria, here our filtering criteria is
Maxwell: =MINIFS(B9:B13, C9:C13, “Maxwell”). You now
 have Maxwell’s lowest sales number.

SWITCH FORMULA
The SWITCH function compares one value against a list of values, and
returns a result equivalent to the first match. It simply matches multiple
values and returns the first value that has a match.
The formula breakdown is as follow:
=SWITCH(expression, value1, result1, [value2 / default, result2], …)
That is;
=SWITCH (value to check, value to match against, result to return,
[succeeding values to match or the default value if nothing gets matched], …)
The steps in using the SWITCH function is as follow:
Enter the SWITCH function in a blank cell: =SWITCH(
Enter the SWITCH arguments:
Select the cell containing the rating that you want to translate to
the correct description =SWITCH(G7,
Beginning from the first value of the rating table. If the value is
1, then the description is “Bad” =SWITCH(G7, 1, “Bad”
Check the second value of the rating table. If the value is 2, then
the description is “Average” =SWITCH(G7, 1, “Bad”, 2,
“Average”,
Check the third value of the rating table. If the value is 3, then
the description is “Great” =SWITCH(G7, 1, “Bad”, 2,
“Average”, 3, “Great”,

TEXTJOIN FORMULA
The Microsoft Excel TEXTJOIN function lets you to join two or more strings
together with each value separated by a delimiter. It concatenates a list with a
specified delimiter.
The formula breakdown is as follow:
=TEXTJOIN(delimiter, ignore_empty, text1, …)
That is; =TEXTJOIN(the delimiter, ignore empty cells in combining text,
first text/range to combine, …). To use the TEXTJOIN function, carry out
these tasks:
Enter the TEXTJOIN function in a blank cell: =TEXTJOIN(
Enter the TEXTJOIN arguments: =TEXTJOIN(“,”,
Let us set to TRUE to ignore the empty cells when combining
them together: =TEXTJOIN(“,”, TRUE,
Select the range of cells that you want to combine together.
=TEXTJOIN(“,”, TRUE, C3:E8)
Apply the same formula to the rest of the cells by dragging the
lower right corner downwards. You now have your combined
text.
 CHAPTER SIX
WORKING WITH EXCEL 2020
Understanding Cells
The cell is where the information on the worksheet is entered. The worksheet
contains thousands of rectangles that are known to be the cells. The cell, on
the other hand, is an intersection of a row and a column. The Columns are
tagged with letter of the alphabet (A, B, C, etc.) while the rows are tagged
with numerical values (1, 2, 3, etc.)
Whenever you work with Excel, you'll enter information, or content, into
cells. Cells are the basic building blocks of a worksheet. You'll need to learn
the basics of cells and cell content to calculate, analyze, and organize data in
Excel.
Every worksheet is made up of thousands of rectangles, which are called
cells. A cell is the intersection of a row and a column. Columns are identified
by letters (A, B, C), while rows are identified by numbers (1, 2, 3)

Every cell on the worksheet has its name or cell address and this is displayed
at the top left corner of the worksheet.
A group of cells is known as cell range; the cell range is the combination of
more than two cells and for example, the cell range is written in this manner
A1: A5 or B1: B5

To select a cell range

Click, hold and drag the mouse to the cells you wish to highlight
Release the mouse and select the cell range you desire.

Inserting content in a cell

To insert a content be it letter or numbers, all you need to do is:
Click on the cell you wish to type into

Type the content into the cell and press Enter and the content will
appear in the cell and also on the formula bar
NOTE: You can delete the content of the cell
Selecting the cell content to be delete
Press the Delete or Backspace to delete

How to delete a cell

To delete a cell from the worksheet
Select the cell you wish to delete

Select the Delete command from the Home tab from the Ribbon
and follow the option that suits you

After doing this, the cell will automatically shift up by itself

Copying and pasting cell content

To perform this operation
Select the cell content you wish to copy

Go to Copy command on the Home tab (you can use ctrl+C for
this operation)

Then select the area you wish to paste the content and then click
on Paste on the Home tab. Keep this mind; the copied cell will
have a dashed box around them for identification (you can also
use ctrl+ V to paste)

Dragging and dropping the cell

To save the stress of cutting, copying, and pasting of the cells, you use the
dragging and dropping method to move your contents from one cell to the
other. To do this, all you need to do is
Select the cells you desire to move
Move the mouse on the border of the cells you have selected, and
drop the cells to get their contents moved
Click, hold, and drag the cells to the desired location
Release the mouse and the cells will be moved to the desired
location

Using the fill handle in a cell

The fill handle in Excel helps save the stress of copying the content from a
cell to other cells in a worksheet. With the fill handle, you can quickly copy
and paste the content of a cell to adjacent cells within the same row or
column
To use the fill handle:
Select the cell you wish to duplicate its content and the fill
handle appears as a small square in the bottom right corner of the
selected cell

Click, hold and drag the fill handle until all the cells you wish to
fill are duplicated
 Then release the mouse to fill the selected cell

You can as well use the fill handle to continue a series in the form of
numbers (1,2,3) or days (Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday). In most cases, you
will need to select more than one cell before this fill handle can work.
The pictures below will give us a clearer illustration of how to continue a
series with the fill handle

FORMATTING THE CELL

There are a lot of features available for formatting the cells and here we will
be discussing on how to apply these features with simple guidelines.
Font formatting
Changing the font
When the Excel program is launched, the default font
that displays is the Calibri. This font is what shows when you begin to input
words, numbers, and the likes into the cells on the Excel worksheet. You can,
however, change the font to anyone you like in the Home tab that allows for
the changing of the font.
To do this:
Select the cell you wish to change its font

Go to the Home tab, click on the Font command and change it to

the desired font
Changing the font size
To change the font size, all you have to do is
Select the cell you wish to change its font size

Go to the Home tab, click on the Font command and change the
font size to the one you desire
Changing the font color
To change the font color of your cell, all you need to do is:
Select the cell you wish to change its font color
Go to the Home tab, click on the Font Colour command and
change the font size to the one you desire

After you must have done this, the font color will change
Using the bold, italics, and underlined commands
Select the cell you wish to change its font color
Go to the Home tab, click on bold, italics, or underlined
command to make the desired changes

Adding background color using the fill color

The fill color allows you to add a background color to your cells making
them stand out from every other part of the worksheet. You can add any color
of your choice to the cell background.
To do this;
Select the cell you wish to apply the fill color to

Go to the Home tab, click on the Fill color and select the color
 you want

Adding borders to the cells

Creating a border in a worksheet helps to distinguish the cells from other
cells in the worksheet. To add a border:
Select the cell you wish to modify

Go to the Home tab, click on the Border command and select the
border style you want
 Here on this page, the selected border will appear

NOTE: You can also draw the border by yourself and also add colors to the
border with the Draw tools at the bottom of the Borders drop-down menu

Changing the text alignment of your border

By default, the text entered into the worksheet is always at the bottom of the
cell. You can change the way your cell content is displayed in such a way
that makes it easy to read. To change the alignment, all you have to do is
Select the cell you wish to change
From the Home tab, select the Alignment command to choose the
one you prefer

Modifying the columns, rows, and cell in a worksheet

Modifying the columns, rows, and cell allows you to change the height and
width to different sizes you desire.

Modifying the column width

To change the width of the column, all you have to do is:
Place the mouse over the column line in the column heading and
ensure that the white cross becomes a double arrow

Click, hold, and drag the mouse to increase or decrease the

column width.
 Release the mouse. The column width will be changed.

Modifying the height of the row

To change the height of the row, all you have to do is
Place the mouse over the column line in the row heading and
ensure that the white cross becomes a double arrow
Click, hold, and drag the mouse to increase or decrease the row
height
Release the mouse and the row height will be changed.
How to insert rows and columns
Inserting the row
Choose the row heading below where you desire the new row to
display
Go to the home tab, select the insert command and click on Insert
sheet rows and the new row will be seen

Inserting the columns

Choose the column heading to the right where you desire the new
column to display
Go to the home tab, select the insert command and click on Insert
sheet columns and the new sheet will be seen
Deleting of rows and columns
In case you want to delete a row or column you don’t find useful, all you
need to do
Select the rows and columns to be deleted
From the Home tab, click on the Delete command and the
selected rows and columns will be deleted

How to hide and unhide rows or columns

You can certainly hide some of your rows and columns on your worksheet
while working on it and to do this
Select the column or row you intend to hide
Right-click on it and select Hide from the formatting menu
 The column or row is hidden with an indication of a green line on
it

To unhide a column, select the columns on both sides of the

hidden column
Right-click the mouse and select Unhide from the formatting
menu and the hidden columns will appear

Wrapping text and merging cells

In the course of working on the worksheet, a cell may have too much content
on it and you may need to wrap or merge the cell rather than increasing the
size of the cell. With the use of wrapping, the texts are modified in such a
way that they fit into the cell thereby adjusting the cell and displaying the
content on multiple lines. Merging on its own allows you to combine or join a
cell close to it by creating a large cell.
To merge cells
Select the cell you want to merge

From the Home tab, go to Merge and Centre to choose the option
you desire in the listed options

Then the cell will be adjusted to the option chosen

To wrap texts
Select the cell you wish to wrap.

From the Home tab, go to the Select Text command and the texts
in the cells will be wrapped
The texts in the cells will be wrapped
 CHAPTER SEVEN
WORKING WITH EXCEL FORMULAS AND
FUNCTIONS
Formulas
Formulas in Excel has been extensively discussed in the earlier chapter.
Formulas in excel can be described as a statement written in the alphanumeric
pattern, which can perform a particular function on a cell or a range of cells
based on the values from other cells or range of cells. For instance; {=Sum
(A1+A2) adds up the value in cell A1 with the one in cell A2.}, {=Average
(A1: A5) shows a simple average of the values from cell A1 to cell A5}.
Excel uses standard operators for formulas, such as a plus sign for addition
(+), a minus sign for subtraction (-), an asterisk for multiplication (*), a
forward slash for division (/), and a caret (^) for exponents.

How to insert formulas in Excel 2020

To create a formula, you must first understand what a cell reference is and the
cell reference is what contains the cell address which is used to create a
formula. With the cell reference, you can check if the formulas are accurate
and you can as well change the value of the cell reference without having to
change the formula. For example, the A1 and A2 in the table below is the cell
reference.
=A1+A2 Adds cells A1 and A2
=C4-3 Subtracts 3 from C4
=E7/J4 Divide cell E7 by J4
=N10*1.05 Multiply cell N10 by 1.05
=R5^2 Finds the square of cell R5
To create a formula in Excel
Select the cell that will contain the formula

Start typing in the formula with the equal sign preceded by the
first cell address with the mathematical sign you wish to use and
lastly followed by the other cell address

Click the Enter key and the formula will be calculated with the
value displayed in the cell

NOTE: let’s assume you want to make some changes to a formula in the cell,
all you have to do is just:
 Select the cell that contains the formula to be edited

Click on the Formula bar to make changes and a border will

display on the reference cell

After this, press the Enter key and automatically, the formula will
be updated by itself

Functions
Functions are pre-programmed formulas already available in Excel which
makes it easier to perform calculations on topics like statistics, date and time
arithmetic, financial calculations, engineering, and the likes. Just like the
formula, you need to start the function with an equal sign before the function
name.
To use a function, one must understand what an argument is. The argument is
what contains what is to be calculated in form of cell addresses and they are
contained or enclosed within parenthesis.
Examples of Functions are SUM, AVERAGE, COUNT, MAX, MIN,
COUNTA, IF, TRIM, etc.

How to insert a function

Excel contains varieties of functions that can be created depending on what
operation you want to carry out. To insert a function on your Excel program
Click on the cell that will contain the function

Type in first the equal sign and then the function name

Open the parenthesis and highlight the cells to affect the changes
 and then click on Enter and the final result will be displayed at
the end of the cell

You can also insert a function by using the Function command by following
the steps below
Select a cell and click on the Insert function button above the
worksheet

Choose any out of the categories of functions that will be

displayed then click on Ok
 In the next page, the Function Arguments dialogue box will
appear
Select the range from the Range box and the criteria from the
criteria box

Then click on Ok

The Excel formulas and functions you should know

Since you have made it this far in this journey of learning more about Excel,
there are certain formulas and functions in Excel you should be well
acquainted with whether you are a pro or a rookie, it just doesn’t matter.
Therefore, we will be taking time to discuss the basic formulas and functions
that you need to know

The SUM function

The SUM function allows you to add or sum up the value of selected rows or
columns.
=SUM (number1, [number2], …)
The tables below show how to calculate the sum of the scores the student had
in each subject
For reference purpose
To insert the SUM function
In the cell, type the SUM function
Go to the Function argument to select the cells into the cell range
box
Then click on Enter

The AVERAGE Function

The AVERAGE function is used to calculate the average of a group of
numbers and it is written almost the same way as the SUM function
=AVERAGE (number1, [number2], …)
The tables below show how to use the AVERAGE function
To insert the AVERAGE function
In the cell, type the AVERAGE function
Go to the Function argument to select the cells into the cell range
box
Then click on Enter

The MAX functions

The MAX function is used to locate the cell with the highest value MAXE
(number1, [number2], …)
To insert the MAX function
In the cell, type the MAX function
Go to the Function argument to select the cells into the cell range
box
Then click on Enter

The MIN functions

The MAX function is used to locate the cell with the lowest value MIN
(number1, [number2], …)

To insert the MIN function

In the cell, type the MIN function
Go to the Function argument to select the cells into the cell range
box
Then click on Enter

The TEXTJOIN FUNCTION

The TEXTJOIN function joins or combines texts from different ranges with a
given delimiter to differentiate
between each value or texts that will be joined or combined
TEXTJOIN (delimiter, ignore empty, text1, [text2], …)

To insert the TEXTJOIN function

In the cell, type the TEXTJOIN function
Go to the Function argument to select the cells into the cell range
box
Then click on Enter

The LEN Function

Len function also knowns as the length excel function is a function that is
used to count the numbers of characters in a text in form of letters, numbers,
special characters, and all spaces from an excel cell

To insert the LEN function

In the cell, type the LEN function with the cell reference
Then click on Enter

The COUNT functions

The Count function help to count the numbers of cell that contains numbers
and also count numbers within the list of arguments
COUNT (value1, [value2], ...)
To insert the COUNT function
In the cell, type the COUNT function within the cell reference
Then click on Enter

The TRIM function

The Trim function removes all spaces between words except for the single
spaces in between words. The trim function can also remove irregular
spacing from texts copied from other applications
To insert the TRIM function
In the cell, type the TRIM function with the cell reference
Then click on Enter

The XLOOKUP function

The Excel XLOOKUP function is a replacement for functions like
VLOOKUP, HLOOKUP, and LOOKUP. It allows you to search for an item
and give the best matching result.
XLOOKUP (lookup, lookup array, return array, [not found],[match mode,
[search mode]
When using the XLOOKUP, you must be able to provide three-parameter
The value you are looking for (Look up value)
The list where the value can be found (look up array)
 The list from which you want the result (return array)

For example, we want to look up for the amount made by John in Feb the
table below

The first thing you need to do is type in the XLOOKUP function

in the cell or formula bar

Type in the first parameter is the lookup value which is John in

form of cell referencing A2

The next parameter is the look up array with cell referencing A5:
A12
 Follow by the third parameter which is the return array with cell
referencing E5: E12

Finally, the amount made by John is displayed here

The SORT functions

The Sort function helps to sort the content of a column in an ascending or
descending order
=SORT (array, [sort index], [short-order], [by col])
The first thing you need to do is type in the SORT function in the
cell
Choose the entire table

Select the Sort index which can be column 1 or 2 depending on

your choice

Select the Sort order which can be in ascending order for -1 or

descending order for 1
 In the final option, you can choose True or False depending on
how you want to your column or row

Finally, the data is sorted out as you desired

The UNIQUE function

The Unique function helps to extract or returns a list of distinctive values or a
list of values that only appear once.
=UNIQUE (array, [by_col], exactly once])
To use the UNIQUE function;
Type in the UNIQUE function in the cell and select the entire
cells
Here on this page, it returns the unique values on the list

To show the value that appears once on the list, go to the formula
bar and edit the UNIQUE function by changing to TRUE- return
every item that appears once
 Then the value that appears once will only display

WORKING WITH CHARTS

Charts in Excel help to present data on your worksheet in a visual form
thereby displaying the data which are in form of rows and columns as bars on
a chart. These are varieties of charts that can be applied or used to display
data. To mention a few, Excel provides charts like Pie chart, Line chart, Bar
chart, Column chart, etc.
Data shown in charts are more interesting, clearer, and easier to read and
understand. With the use of charts, you can evaluate your data and make
comparisons between different values

How to insert a chart in Excel

Select data for the chart

Select Insert and go to Recommended Charts

Choose a chart on the Recommended charts tab and preview the

chart
 Select the chart and click on Ok

How to add a title to a chart

When you add a title to your chart, it gives your chart a sense of purpose, and
people going through your work on the Excel worksheet will be able to
identify or recognize the purpose of the chart. To add a title to your chat, all
you need is to do is
Click anywhere within the chart area
Click on the plus sign at the upper part of the chart

Then click on Chart title among every other option listed

And to change it from Chart Title, just click into the textbox to
any title of your choice
NOTE: To change the color, font size, and the font type, just right-click on
the Chart title

How to change chart type in Excel

There are different types of charts used in the presentation of data. In case the
chart type you used in presenting your data is not suiting or appropriate, you
can switch to another chart that best explained your data.
To get this done;
Click on the chart you wish to modify

Go to the Design tab and select Change Chart Type

From the Change Chart Type, a popup window will be displayed
where you will have to pick your charts from Recommended
charts or All charts

Choose any chart you want and preview it

Then click on Ok and the chart will be displayed in the

worksheet
How to change chart style in excel
To change the chart style in your Excel worksheet
Click on the chart you wish to modify

Go to the Design tab and select Change Chart Style

Here on this page, the chart style will be changed

How to change chart layout in Excel
Click on the chart you wish to modify

Go to the Design tab and select Quick Layout

Select the Chart layout you want and the changes will be effected
on the Chart

How to switch rows and columns of data in a chart

You can change the way charts arranges your rows and columns of your data
to suit your interest. To get this done,
 Click on the chart you wish to modify

Go to the Design tab and select Switch Row/ Column

Here on this page, the rows and columns of the data will be
switched

How to move a chart

You can move a chart from any location on a worksheet or to a new or
existing worksheet.
To move a chart within a worksheet, with the mouse, drag it to the location
you want but to move it to another worksheet
Click on the chart you wish to modify

Go to the Design tab and select Move Chart location

After clicking on Move Chart Location, a window will pop up

where you will need to choose where you want the chart to be
placed
 Then click on Ok and the chart will be moved to another
worksheet

How to resize a chart on your worksheet

You can adjust the size of a chart to either small or big depending on what
you want. To carry out this operation
Click on the chart to modify and at the edges of the chart, some
loop handles will appear
The loop handles allow you to change the horizontal and vertical
arrangement of the chart

Click on the loop handles to increase or decrease the size of the

chart
 CHAPTER EIGHT
EXCEL 2020 TIPS AND TRICKS
Imagine there is a shortcut to getting to a particular place in just 5 minutes
and initially, the journey should cost you not less than an hour, I am sure you
will opt-in for that shortcuts. To make the use of Excel especially that of
2020 easier, faster, and convenient to use, we will be taking ourselves to
learn some tips and tricks which will come in handy as you begin to get
yourself more accustomed to the use of this app.

EXCEL SHORTCUTS
Editing shortcuts
Keys Functions
F2 To edit cell
Ctrl + C To copy
Ctrl + V To paste
Ctrl + X To cut
Ctrl + D To fill down
Ctrl + R To fill right
Alt+ E+ S Paste special
F3 To paste the name into a formula
F4 Toggle reference
Alt +Enter To start another new line within the
same old cell
Shift + F2 To insert or edit a cell comment
 Shift + F10 To display a shortcut menu
Ctrl + F3 To define the name of a cell
Ctrl + Shift + A To insert arguments names with
parentheses for a function after typing
a function name in a formula
Alt + I + R To insert a row
Alt + I + C To insert a column
Formatting shortcuts
Keys Functions
Ctrl + B To bolden
Ctrl + I For italics
Ctrl + Z To undo
Ctrl + Y To repeat the last action
Ctrl + A To select all cells
Ctrl + 1 To display or bring up the format cell
menu
Ctrl + Shift + ! For number formatting
Ctrl + Shift + % For percent format
Ctrl + Shift + # For date format
Alt + h To increase decimal
Alt + h+ 9 To decrease decimal
Alt + h + 6 To increase indent

Navigation shortcuts
Keys Functions
Arrow To move from one cell to the next
 F5 Go to
Ctrl + Home Go to cell 1
Home To go to the beginning of a row
Shift + Arrow To select the adjacent cell
Shift + Spacebar To select an entire row
Ctrl + Spacebar To select an entire column
Ctrl + Shift + Home To select all to the start of the sheet
Ctrl+ Shift + End To select all to the last used cell of
the sheet
Ctrl + Shift + Arrow To select the end of the last used
row/column
Ctrl + Arrow To select the last used cell in
rows/columns
PageUp To move the screen up
PageDown To move the screen down
Alt + PageUp To move the screen to the left
Alt+ PageDown To move the screen to the right
Ctrl + PageUP/Down To move the next or previous
worksheet
Ctrl + Tab To move to the next worksheet
while on the spreadsheet
Tab To move to the next cell
File shortcuts
Keys Functions
Ctrl + N New
Ctrl + O To open
Ctrl + S To save workbook
F12 Save As
Ctrl + P Print
Ctrl + F2 To open the preview print window
Ctrl + Tab To move to the next workbook
Ctrl + F4 To close a file
Alt + F4 To close all open Excel files
Paste special shortcuts
Keys Functions
Ctrl + Alt + V+T Paste Special formats
Ctrl + Alt + V+V Paste Special values
Ctrl + Alt + V+F Paste Special formulas
Ctrl + Alt + V+ C Paste Special comments
Ribbon shortcuts
Keys Functions
Alt To show ribbon accelerator keys
Ctrl + F1 To show or hide the ribbon

Clear shortcuts
Keys Functions
Delete To clear cell data
Alt+ h + e + f To clear cell format
Alt+ h + e + m To clear cell comments
Alt+ h + e + a To clear all data formats and
comments
Selection shortcuts
 Keys Functions
Shift + Arrow To select a cell range
Ctrl + Shift + Arrows To highlight a contiguous range
Shift + PageUp To extend selection up one screen
Shift + PageDown To extend selection down one screen
Alt + Shift + PageUp To extend selection left one screen
Alt + Shift + PageDown To extend selection right one screen
Ctrl + A Select or highlight all

Data editing shortcut

Keys Functions
Ctrl + D To fill down from cell above
Ctrl + R To fill right from cell left
Ctrl + F To find and replace
F5 + Alt + s +o To show all constants
F5 + Alt + s +c To highlight the cell with comments
Data editing (inside a cell) shortcuts
Keys Functions
F2 To edit the active cell
Enter To confirm a change in a cell before
opting out of that cell
Esc To cancel a cell entry before opting
out of that cell
Alt + Enter To insert a line break within a cell
Shift + Left/Right To highlight within a cell
Ctrl + Shift + Left/Right To highlight contiguous items
 Home To move to the beginning of the cell
contents
End To move to the end of a cell content
Backspace To delete a character from left
Delete To delete a character from the right
Tab To accept autocomplete suggestion
Ctrl + PageUp/Down + Arrows For referencing a cell from another
worksheet

Other shortcuts
Keys Functions
Ctrl + ; To enter date
Ctrl +: To enter time
Ctrl + ‘ To show formula
Ctrl + ] To select an active cell
Alt To drive menu bar
Alt + Tab To open the next program
Alt + = To autosum

TIPS AND TRICK

How to use Ideas
If you are looking for suggestions on how best to display your Excel data, use
Ideas as an inspiration. To do this;
 Click anywhere on the table

Go to the Home tab and choose Ideas

The ideas will pop up any graph suitable to display your data,
then click on insert

How to remove blanks from a worksheet

If you want to remove a bunch of empty cells in a set of data
Highlight the whole list of data
From the Home tab, go to Find and Select

Click on Go to special

Then click on Blank and press Ok

Here in the next page, the blank cell will be highlighted

To delete, right-click on any of the empty cells and select Delete

In the Delete option., select Shift cell left and the blanks cell will
be deleted
How to remove duplicate data from Excel workbook
If you have a list of data in Excel and you want to remove the duplicates, do
the following
Hight light the data

From the Data tab, select Remove duplicate

Click on the options that come up depending on the one you want
and click on Ok
 Here in the worksheet, the change is effected

Transposing on your worksheet

Transposing allows you to switch the rows and columns on your table and to
get this done
Highlight the table, right-click, and select copy
Select the new location, right-click on it and select Paste Special

Select the Transpose and click on Ok

Here in this, the changes will be effected

How to add text to columns
you can copy texts into your column from a different source by applying the
following instructions
Copy the data into an Excel worksheet

Go to Data and select Text to column

Go to the pop-up window and select Comma, check for the

preview at the lower part of the pop-up window, and click on
Finish
 Here on this page, the change has been effected

How to insert screenshot on your Excel workbook

To insert images from other application to Excel worksheet
Go to the Insert tab and click on Screenshot

From the Screenshot tab, select the image available

 Here, the selected image will be displayed on the Excel
worksheet

How to insert multiples rows

Rather than inserting rows one by one in your worksheet, you can insert three
to four rows at once and this helps to save time. To add multiple rows
Select as many rows as you want and right-click
Click on insert and new rows will be added

NOTE: The steps above can be applied when adding multiple columns in a
worksheet

How to create People Graph

Peoples graph is a kind of graph that is created with a simple two-column
table. To do this
Go to the Insert tab and click on Transform col data into a cool
picture which will bring up a default people graph
When the default graph appears, move to select your data

Go to the simple two-column table to highlight your data and

click on Create

The changes are seen here in this page

How to highlight text and numbers
To highlight only numbers in a worksheet
Select the whole data in the table

Press F5 and a window will pop up and then click on Special

Select Constants, tick on Numbers and click on Ok

 Here on this page, the numbers will be highlighted

Then go to the fill color to apply to the highlighted numbers

To highlight only texts

Select the whole data in the table
Press F5 and a window will pop up and then click on Special

Select Constants, tick on Texts and click on Ok

Here on this page, the texts will be highlighted

 Go to the fill color to apply to the highlighted numbers

How to highlight cells that have formulas

To select or highlight the cells that have formulas
On the table that contains all the cells, press Ctrl + g
Right here, a window will pop and click on Special
In the next window that pops up, select Formula and press Ok

Here in this page, the cell with formulas with be highlighted

How to get data from the internet
You can get live data into your Excel worksheet and to get this done, all you
need to do is
Open your internet browser and go to the website you need to get
the data

Copy the URL link from the website

Go back to Excel, go to Data and select from Web

Paste the copied URL and select Ok

A window pops up showing you the list of data on the web page,
select the data you want and then click on Load

Finally, on this page, the data is displayed on the Excel

Worksheet
 CONCLUSION
Excel 2020 Explained was specifically prepared to provide the technical
skills needed to effectively make use of Excel software. Having gone through
this book, I am sure you must have realized how important and useful
Microsoft Excel is to the organizations in the world especially that of 2020
coupled with the features it entails.
As a businessman or woman, excel is meant solely for you; You don’t want
to waste your time doing what you could have done in little or no time with
Excel 2020.
As a student, there are a lot of added advantages you get to see by taking your
time to learn how to use excel, you never can tell where you will find
yourself in the future. Moreover, it is dangerous to live in this world without
any basic knowledge regarding the use of Microsoft Excel.
With Excel 2020 Explained, you are on your way to taking your business,
career, etc. to another height.