MoDUL - 12 ‘dang Keahlian Nautike Perkuliahan ke: 12 ‘Mata Kuliah ‘Maritime English | Materi Kuliah Navigation Methods Hiscorca Navigation meds As armodera aman, you have the cary of advanced electronic navigation. With a GPS on every vse etablishing an lectronie LOP by satelite: stat aed effets. However, navigation Wes a0 always 0 ey nthe cary day of sentra silos sed a method called piling rave slag constines More adveuss explorers acd dead reckoning to tavel father ou. Both of tse wethods were limiting end cated high ik of ror, With the rise ofeeletial navigation, however, a vel became anc more practical. Even today the night ky rennin & reliable tool fer ding your bearings. Now, ofcourse, ne rely on rae Beacons nd rar to give us vahuble information about our Iocan, However, these instruments can il. 1 they do, you must be prepared wo aaigate the old-fashioned way. [you ca se the shore, you caa use he eange of known lesion lad calculate two or moe lines of position (LOM) Ifyou a frou at eu, you can establish a With elestial LOPS. You wll aso ased tbe fm With he ‘Sandon ime, sped, and Ufstane formulas x0 Ut your eakulaions ae secure a 1) READING > Read the chapter on navigation methods. Then, choose the corract answers. 1 What is the purpose of the chapter? ‘2. To explain why a particular method is superior b. Tocompare two different navigation types yTo give an overview of sea navigation #+0 describe how to get one’s bearings. hat can you infer about navigation using dead reckoning? yThey can easily get lost. Bo They must stay near the shore. They can only navigate at night. d._They use a method more reliable than celestial navigation, What should a navigator do if the GPS fails? a. Calculate an electronic LOP b,_ Rely on dead reckoning Use the stars for guidance Establish new time, speed, and distance formulas Words Answer Definitions: Range AL. * Pickinchaven noi Bearing PD © Sesion nti bons ad Radiobercon Fc Meaement cleat using slit das Celestial LOP E & *evierin mend osedon srs Fietronie OPC © Therhtive poston ofcomcting Celestial navigation G £ A location signal from a fixed station7. Piloting 8 ‘g. Measurement calculated wsing postions of the stars >> Place the words and phrases from the word bank in the correct box. Satellite Dead reckoning GPs Line of position piloting Time, speed, and distance formulas Radar Measurements Madern navigat Traditional navigation 3) USTENING > Listen to 2 conversation between a naval instructor and a student. Mark the following statements as true (T) or false (F).. 1 ____The man understands the important of learning traditional methods. 2 ___The woman corrects the man’s misconceptions about a particular method. 3 __ The woman suggest using a methods that involves monitoring objects on land. yi fen again and complete the conversation. Insiructer Edward, can you tell us how early navigation meiheds can help a 1 ‘student Well, it's important to be able to navigate without instruments, incase your Q) Instructor That's right. What (3) ‘can you use if you have instrument failure in the middle of the ocean? ‘student Umn, [guess you should sely on the early method of 4). Instructer ‘Well, not exactly. That only works (5) ‘student Really? I thought you could use that method 10 (6) anywhere,4) GRAMMAR Advantage and Disadvantage Essay There are two types of Advantages/Disedvantages essay: Type | asks that you simply discuss the advantages and disadvantages. Type 2 asks that you discuss the advantages and diszdvantages and give your epinion on whether the advantages ourweigh the disadvantage or vice vers Advantages and Disadvantages Essay Question: Type 1 Example question’ The imternet has made knowledge immediately available to people through computers and smartphones ail around the world. Much of this knowledge is also free. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of this trond. Structure: Your Advantages and Disadvantages essay should contain an introduction, 1wo main body paragraphs and a conclusion. 1 Introduction 2 Paragraph 1 (Advantages) 3. Paragraph 2 (Disadvantazes) 4 Conclusion > The Planning Stage: Before you begin to write your Advantages and Disadvantages Essay, make a brief plan. You should make a note of two advantages and two disadvantages, along with specific ‘evidence! support for those ideas. ‘Advantage Disadvantage ‘Example 1 Tt is quicker to find | Inaccurate information information Evidence Googie/Search engines Forums — no fact checking Example 2 We can access a huge amount | Breakdowns in technology Evidence Wikipedia —more | Intemet can fail, books more comprehensive than traditional | reliable encyclopedia RT RAE GRE Rd id TOR IE 7TH Before you beginto write your Advantages and Disadvantages Essay, makea brief plan. You should make a note of two advantages and two disadvantages, alongwith specific evidence that supports those ideas > Use Topic Sentences: Begin Paragraph 1 and Paragraph 2 with a topic sentence - this sentence will serve as an. Introduction to the paragraph and indicates to the reader what you intend to talk about in. the rest of the paragraph. Paragraph 1 ‘There are numerous advantages to internet-based learning. Paragraph 2 Readily available knowledge is not without its disadvantages, however.Tip: tts a good idea to memorize some topic sentences such as these, as you will find that ‘you can apply the same topic sentence to most advantage/ disadvantage essays. ‘e.g There are numerous advantages to....shopping online/ taking a gap year/ assessing students through exams ‘Shopping online/ Taking a gap year/ Assessing students through exams is not without its disadvantages, however. ‘After your topic sentance, you can then communicate the ideas in your plan. > Linking Your Points: You will also need to link the ideas within your paragraphs, in order to show that you have thought about structure and sequencing Advantage Disadvantage Te is quicker to find | Inaccurate information information Google/Search engines Forums — no fact checking Fxample 2 Tn addition What's more ‘We can access a huge amount | Breakdowns in technology Evidence Wikipedia “more | Intemet can fail, books more comprehensive than traditional | reliable encyclopedia ‘Some examples thet you can use in the Advantages and Disadvantages Essay include: © Inaddition to the speed at which one can find owt some form of knowledge, the depth of the knowledge available is also more substantial. + What's more, we are at the mercy of elecironics. While a book can last a century, the Internet may be susceptible to failure, > Conclude your paragraphs with a final statement: Paragraph 1 (Advantages): Overall, online knowledge nowadays is both efficient and broad. Paragraph 2 (Disadvantages): In short, there ore drawbacks to the expanse of knowledge on the internet. > Using Clauses of Contrast: You also have plenty of opportunities in the Advantages/Disadvantages essay to use Clauses of Contrast: eg. although, while, despite. We use these clauses to show that we are contrasting and weighing up the advantages and. the disadvantages. Eg. Although the internet is effective in delivering us information at high-speed, we cannot always rely on computers in the same way that we can with books. Remember the erarmar needed with these structures: + Although + full clause (Although the intemet is effective...) ‘+ While + full clause (While the intemet is effective...) + Despite + verb-ing (Despite being effective...)‘© Despite the fact that + full clause (Despite the fact that the intemet is effective) Writing the Introduction and Conclusion: ‘© Inthe introduction, you should first make a general statement connected to the topic. ‘© Then you should paraphrase the exam question in your own words. * Finally, you need to say what you are going to do in the essay. Example: The internets a massive repository of human knowledge and f continues to accumulate more everyday (introduction). At the clickof a button, one can access information on just about any topic, from the abstract to the mundane. Not only is the Information immediate, but it a0 fee (Paraphrasing). This essay wil discuss the benefits ond drawbacks ofthis trend (What you are going to do). © Inthe conclusion, you need to say what the essay focused on. © You also need to write a general staiement about the topic: Example: This essay discussed both the advantages and the disadvantages of free and immediate information available on the internet (What the essay focused on]. In short, while the benefits are enormous, the drawbacks should not be overlooked (General Statement). ‘Advantages and Disadvantages Essay Question: Type 2 Example question: The internet has made knowledge immediately available to people through computers and smartphones around the world. Much of this knowledge is also free. Do the advantages of this type of information outweigh the disadvantages? > The Introduction: This type of question requires that you do more than simply state the advantages and disadvantages. You are also required to give an opinion on whether you think there are more advantages or more disadvantages. This means that you will need to change the structure of your essay slightly, as you need to present a clear position. The introduction that we looked at above would need to be extended to include this positior The internet is a massive repository of human knowledge and it continues to accumulate. At the click of a button, one can access information on just about any topic, from the ‘abstract to the mundane. Not only is the information immediate it is also free. This essay will discuss how the benefits of this trend clearly outweigh the drawbacks. > Topic Sentences: You also need to make this position clear in the topic sentences of your first and second paragraphs. Some commentators (indicate that thi disadvantages of readily available knowledge However, despite the apparent drawbacks, it is clear that there are also significant (use extreme vocabulary to demonstrate a strong stance) advantages to internet-based learning. (Note that in this case the order of the paragraphs has also been changed. The effect of putting the opinions of others first and your own second can create a stronger position.)> The Conclusi You also need to restate your opinion in the conclusion: This essay has demonstrated that the advantages of free and immediate information available on the internet clearly outweigh the disadvantages... Now you can havea practice: Write about the following topic: People now have the freedom to work and live anywhere in the world due to development of communication technology and transportation. Do the advantages of this development outweigh the disadvantages? Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own experience or knowledge. 5) SPEAKING >with a partner, act out the roles based on previous task above. Then switch roles. Use language such as: + It’simportant to + What method... ? + [thought you should use... Student A: You are a naval instructor. Talk to Student B about: - Navigation methods = When to use traditional methods = What methods to use Student B: You are a student. Talk to student A about navigation methods. 6) WRITING > Use the chapter on navigation methods and the conversation from previous task to fill out, the student's notes. Include: two navigation methods, a description of each method, and which method is preferred in case of instrument failure.