Lecture 02

Advanced Electrical Machines and Drives

Semester 2 (MEEP)

Dr. Muhammad Humza

Email : engr.humza7@gmail.com

Department of Electrical Engineering

Institute of Southern Punjab

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Contents

1. Summary of previous lecture

2. Introduction to Magnetic Circuit

3. Analogy to electric Circuit

4. Rotating MMF
Summary of previous lecture

➢ Introduction

➢ Need for Drives

➢ Conventional Electrical Drives

➢ Components of Modern Electrical Drives

Introduction to Magnetic Circuits

➢ The basic law governing the production of a magnetic field by

a current is Ampere's law

ර 𝑯. 𝒅𝒍 = 𝑰𝒏𝒆𝒕 ⇒ 𝑯𝒍𝒄 = 𝑵𝒊

➢ where H is the magnetic field intensity produced by the current Inet and
and dl is a differential element of length along the path of integration.

➢ In SI units, I is measured in amperes and H is measured in

ampere-turns per meter
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➢ The magnetic field intensity H is in a sense a measure of the "effort"

that a current is putting into the establishment of a magnetic field.

𝝁𝑵𝒊
𝑩 = 𝝁𝑯 =
𝒍𝒄
➢ 𝝁 = magnetic permeability of material , B = resulting magnetic flux
density produced

➢ H, representing the effort exerted by the current to establish a magnetic

field

➢ 𝝁 representing the relative ease of establishing a magnetic field in a given

material

➢ The permeability of free space is called 𝝁𝒐 = 𝟒𝝅 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟕 𝑯/𝒎

➢ The permeability of any other material compared to free space is called

relative permeability
𝝁
𝝁𝒓 =
𝝁𝒐
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𝝋 = ර 𝑩. 𝒅𝑨 = 𝑩𝑨

where dA is the differential unit of area

𝝁𝑵𝒊𝑨
𝝋 = 𝑩𝑨 = 𝝁𝑯𝑨 =
𝒍𝒄
𝝁𝑨 ℱ
𝝋 = 𝑵𝒊 =
𝒍𝒄 ℜ
𝒍𝒄
ℱ = 𝑵𝒊, ℜ=
𝝁𝑨
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ර 𝑯. 𝒅𝒍 = 𝑰𝒏𝒆𝒕 ⇒ 𝑯𝒄 𝒍𝒄 + 𝑯𝒈 𝒍𝒈 = 𝑵𝒊

𝑩𝒄 𝑩𝒈
ℱ= 𝒍 + 𝒍
𝝁 𝒄 𝝁𝒐 𝒈

𝒍𝒄 𝒍𝒈
ℱ=𝝋 +
𝑨𝒄 𝝁 𝑨𝒈 𝝁𝒐

ℱ = 𝝋 ℜ𝒄 + ℜ𝒈
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Analogy with Electric Circuit

Electric Circuit Magnetic Circuit

EMF (volt) MMF (Ampere turns)

Current (Ampere) Flux (Webber)

Resistance (ohm) Reluctance (A/Wb)

Current Density Flux density

Conductivity Permeability
Examples
Q.1. The magnetic circuit shown in Fig. has dimensions Ac = Ag = 9 cm2,
g = 0.050 cm, lc = 30 cm, and N = 500 tums. Assume the value
𝝁 = 70,000 for core material. (a) Find the reluctances ℜ𝒄 and ℜ𝒈 .

For the condition that the magnetic circuit is operating with Bc = 1.0 T, find
(b) the flux and (c) the current i.

Q.2 Find the flux and current for Q.1 if (a) the number of turns is doubled
to N = 1000 turns while the circuit dimensions remain the same and (b) if
the number of turns is equal to N = 500 and the gap is reduced to
0.040 cm.
MMF of Distributed Winding

Assumption:
➢ Using Ampere law Permeability of core is very high
So MMF drop of core is neglected
ර 𝑯. 𝒅𝒍 = 𝑰𝒏𝒆𝒕
𝟒 𝑵𝒊
𝑯𝑺𝒄 𝒍𝑺𝒄 + 𝑯𝒈 𝒈 + 𝑯𝑹𝒄 𝒍𝑹𝒄 + 𝑯𝒈 𝒈 = 𝑵𝒊 𝑭𝒂𝒈𝟏 = cos 𝜽
𝝅 𝟐

𝟐𝑯𝒈 𝒈 = 𝑵𝒊

𝑵𝒊
𝑭 = 𝑯𝒈 𝒈 =
𝟐

Structure Schematic view of flux by winding

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𝟒 𝑵𝒊𝒂
𝑭𝒂𝒈𝟏 = cos 𝜽 𝒊𝒂 = 𝑰𝒎 cos 𝝎𝒕
𝝅 𝑷

𝑭𝒂𝒈𝟏 = 𝑭𝒎𝒂𝒙 cos 𝝎𝒕 cos 𝜽

𝑭𝒎𝒂𝒙
= cos 𝜽 + 𝝎𝒕 + cos 𝜽 − 𝝎𝒕
𝟐
𝑭𝒂𝒈𝟏 = 𝑭𝒂𝒈𝟏 − + 𝑭𝒂𝒈𝟏 +
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THANK YOU