13 Concrete Technology 13.2 Properties of Concrete : a ‘The concrete, in the plastic state (Re. freshly mixed concrete) should have the following Properties : (© Morkabiliy: The concrete should have good workability. It is defined asthe ease with ‘which it can be mixed, transported and placed in position in a homogeneous state. It depends upon (e) Bleeding. The concrete should have no bleeding, It is defined as ‘the separation of water or Water-cement mixture from the freshly mixed concrete. It causes the concrete porous and weak, (@) Harsh. Itis the resistance offered by concrete to its surface finishing, ‘The surface of harsh concrete remains, rough and porous. = The concrete, in the hardened state, should have the following properties : 1. Strength. The hardened concrete should have high compressive strength so that it can resist the heavy loads of the structures. It should not be less than 15.5 Nimma?. 2. Durability. The hardened concrete must be durable to resist the effets of rain, fost action etc. This property is mainly affected by water-cement ratio, 2. Impermeabili. “The hardened concrete should have sufficient impermeabitity or water ‘ightness so that it can resist the entry of water inside the structure. iy rinkage: The hardened concrete should exhibit minimum shrinkage, This property i guided by water-cement ratio. 5. Creep. The hardened concrete should be subjected to minimum creep. Itis the continuous ‘rain, which the concrete undergoes due to application of external loads, 6. Thermal expansion, The hardened concrete should have minimum thermal expansion so 45 to provide good resistance to fire. 13.3 Classification of Concrete ‘The concretes are classified as follows : 1. Plain cement concrete. Tae plain cement concrete consists of cement, sand and a coarse SofENe med insuitable proportions in addition towater. The cement is used as a binding materia, “Sodas fine aggregate and shingle, gravel, broken brick or crushed stone as coarse aggrogates. 488‘Concrete Technology 489. ‘The usual proportions of ingredients in plain cement concrete are : Portland cement (1 part), t n:nt(50 kp). After carrying out anumber of ekperiments byConerete Technology 495 Duff Abrakms, he established a telationship between water and cement, which is known as water cement ratio law. ‘This law is valid only when the concrete is of workable plasticity. According to - this law, the strength of concrete wholly depends upon the amount of water used in the Preparation of conerete mix and is quite independent of the proportion of cement and aggregates. The strength of ‘concrete is inversely proportional to the water cement ratio. In other words, the strength of concrete decreases as the water cement ratio increases. It may be noted that when the water cement ratio becomes less than 0.45, the concrete is not workable ‘and causes honey-combed structure containing 8 large number of voids. Ifthe water cement ratio is more, then the capillary voids will be more in the physical structure of hydrated cement. The strength and durability of concre‘e will also be less. 13.18 Workability Itis defined as that property of freshly mixed concrete or mortar which determines the ease and homogeneity with which it can be mixed, placed, compacted and finished. The concrete mix is said to be workable, if it has mixabilty, stability, lowability or movability, compatability and finishability. The optimum workability of fresh concrete varies from situation to. situation. Sometimes, the ‘terms consistency and plasticity are used to denote the: workability of concrete mix. Following are the factors which affect the workability : (a) Hater content, The workability of concrete largely depends ‘upon its water content, It increases with increase in water content on account of greater lubrication, (0) Size of aggregates, The concrete having large size aggregates is more workable than that containing small size aggregates because the smaller size aggregates require more quantity of water for lubrication, (©) Shape of aggregates. ‘The round shape ageregates increase the workability whereas the angular, flaky and elongated: ‘aggregates reduce the workability considerably. {)Surface texture of aggregates. The smooth surface aggregates increase the workability because less quantity of waters required for iubricaton. On the other hand, cough surface aggregates reduce the workability because more quantity of water is required for lubrication, (©) Grading of aggregates. The grading of aggregates affect the workability and should be continuous lean concrete mix. O)Air entraining agents. The air bubbles produced due to adding air entraining agents in the + Concrete mix, act as rollers and thus increase the workability, : © Ge) Temperature. The workability of concrete mix reduces at higher temperature, “13.19 Measurement of Workability i A number of different empirical tests are available for measuring the workability of fresh » but none of these is fully satisfactory. Each test provides only useful information within a range of variation in workability. Following are the enapirical tests widely used : 1. Slump test. The slump test is essentially a rpessure of consistency or the wetness of the concrete mix. ‘This test is carried out with a steel mould in the form of a frustrum of a cone whose top Giarmeteris 100 mm, bottom diameter is 200 mm and the height is 300 mm. According to Indian standard specifications, the maxitmum size ofthe aggregate should not exceed 38 mam in the slump “test. This method is suitable. only for the concretes of medium to high workability. The slump value for high degree of workability should vary between 80 to 100 mm. Ttmay be noted that asthe slump -value increases, the workability of conerete also increases, vik’ 2. Compaction factor test. The compaction factor test is carried out to measur the compactability of concrete which is an important aspect of workability. This test works on the principal ‘of measuring the amount of compaction achieved by a standard amount of work done by allowing the sfgperete to fall through a standard height. This testis more accurate than slump test, ‘especially for -#gnerete mixes ofmediumand low workabilities :e. compacting factor of 0.9 100.8. The compaction Sl496 vit Engineering factor test is more popular to determine the workability of concrete mix in laboratories. The compaction factor is the ratio of weight of partially compacted concrete to the weight of fully compacted concrete. 3, Vee-Beetest. The Vee-Bee test is suitable for stiff concrete mixes having low and very low ‘workability. In this tet, the time required for complete remoulding in seconds is the required measure of the workability and itis expressed as the number of Vee-Bee seconds. ‘There is no rigid correlation between workabilities of concrete as measured by different test methods. The workability measured by different test methods are given in the following table : ‘Table 13.1. Recommended workability values. Degree of ‘Slump, in om Compacting factor Wee-Bee time workability ‘inseconds Nerytow |" 0-25 0.75 -0.80 20-10 Low 25-50 080-085 10-5 ‘Medium 30-75. 085-092 52 High 75-150 092 20 13.20 Concrete Grades According to Indian standard specifications (IS : 456-1978 and IS : 1343-1980), the concrete mixes are designated into the following seven grades : M10, M15, M20, M25, M30, M35, M40 In the designation of a concrete mix, the letter M refers to the mix and the number to the specified characteristic compressive strength of a 150 mm cube at 28 days expressed in MPa €N/mm’). For example, a concrete mix of grade M25 means that the compressive strength of 150 mm ‘cube at 28 days after mixing is 25 MPa (N/mm*). The concretes are mainly divided into two categories ic, ordinary concrete and controlled concrete, The concrete in which no preliminary tests are performed for designing the mix is called ‘ordinary concrete. The ordinary concrete is used for M10, M15, M20 and M25 grades of concrete ‘mixes. The concrete in which preliminary tess are performed for designing the mix, is called controlled concrete. The controlled concrete is used forall the seven grades of concrete mixes. ‘The proportions of different ingredients (cement, sand and ageregate) in the concrete mix are as follows : ‘So | Grade tf Mao ‘Mass concrete in piers, abutments, massive reinforced cconerete members. | ‘Normal R.C,C, works de. slabs, columns, beams, walls, ‘small span arches. 2 | Mis 3. | M20 Heo obras reservoirs, columns and 4 Mas ea arches and highly loaded columns. 5. M30 Mass concrete foundations. 6 | M35 Post tensioned prestressed concrete. 7 _| Mao Pre tensioned prestressed concrete, 13.21 Methods of Proportioning Concrete “The process of determining the proportion of cement to fine aggregate and coarse aggregateConcrete Technology “7 for concrete mix is called proportioning of concrete. The various methods of proportioning concrete are as follows : 1, Arbitrary method, In this method, one part of cement to M parts of fine aggregate and 2M parts of coarse aggregate are taken as the basis. The quantity of water required for mixing is determined according to the desired workability. In order to obtain the required workability the minimum quantity of water to be added to fine and coarse aggregates is determined by the following relation : dxp = 03p+0.1y +0012. where WIC = Water-cement ratio, P = Quantity of cement by weight, Y = Quantity of fine aggregate by weight, and = = Quantity of coarse aggregate by weight. 2. Minimum voids method. This method is based on the principle that the concrete which has the minimum voids is the densest and strongest. In this method, itis assumed thet the voids in the coarse aggregate are filled by the fine aggregates and the voids in the fine aggregate aie filled by the cement paste. In order to allow for additional voids created by wedging action, the volume of fine aggregates required for 1 m’ of coarse aggregate is equal to the total voids in coarse aggregate plus 10% aggregate extra and the volume of cement paste required for I m’ of coarse aggregate is equal to the total volume of voids in the fine aggregate plus 15% aggregate extra. 3. Fineness modulus method. This method is based on a factor known as fineness modulus of aggregates. The fineness modulus is used to indicate an index number which is roughly proportional to the average size of the particle in the entire quantity of aggregates, The percentage of fine aggregate to the combined aggregate (P) is obtained by the following relation : Xk, 100 Z-¥ _ where X, YandZ = Fineness modulii for coarse, fine and combined aggregates respectively. 13.22 Storing of Ingredients of Conerete ‘The ingredients of concrete should be stored in a warehouse whose walls are of water proof ‘masonry construction and the roofs leak proof, The importance of storing the various ingredients of ‘concrete is to maintain the uniformity of grading and moisture. The capacity of a warehouse depends upon the floor area occupied by one cement bag and the height to which the cement bags are piled. In designing a warehouse, it is assumed that each bag contains 50 kg of cement and the floor area ‘occupied by one bag of cement is 0.3 m’. The height of each cement bag containing 35 litres of cement is 0.18 m. In order to prevent the cement bags from any possible contact with moisture, the ‘cement bags should be placed closed together in the piles and the space between the exterior walls and piles should be 300 mm. The width and height of the pile should not exceed 3 m and 2.7 m respectively. The cement bags should be rolled on the floor when itis taken out for use, The ‘first-in, first-out’ rule should be applied when cement bags are to be removed from the warehouse, It may be noted thatthe strength of cement decreases with the passage of time, 13.23 Production of Concrete ‘The production of concrete of uniform quality involves the following stages : 1. Batching or measurement of materials. The process of proper and accurate measurement ofall concrete materials for uniformity of proportions and aggregate grading is called batching. The importance of batching is to obtain strength, workability, durability and economy. For most of the large and important jobs, the batching of materials is done: by weighing. The weight batching is done by spring dial scale, platform weighing machine or portable weigh batchers.496 Civil Engineering ‘The weighing machine’should be levelled before placing the material and the bucket in which the material is to be weighed should be cleaned thoroughly. The chart should be prepared indicating the weight of each material used for different strengths of concrete, For most of the small jobs, volume batching is adopted. The volume of one bag of cement is taken as 35 litres. The wooden gauge boxes (known as farmas) are used for measuring the fine and ‘coarse aggregates. For measuring 50 litres of aggregate, the inner dimensions of a farma should be 3lem x 3lem x $2 em, The batch volume for some of the commonly used mixes are given in the following table : ‘Table 13.2. Batch Volume of materials for various mixes. Grade] Concrete mix | Cement, kg Fine aggregate, Coarse aggregate, ares res M10 30 105 210 MIs 0 70 140 M20 50 525 105 M25 $0 35 70 2. Mixing. The thorough mixing of the materials is essential for the production of uniform concrete, The concrete mixing is normally done by mechanical means called mixer, but sometimes, the mixing of concrete is done by hand. The machine mixing is more efficient and economical as compared to hand mixing. The mixers are classified as follows : (a) Tilting type mixer (6) Non-titing type mixer ;and (c) Reversing mixer. ‘According to Indian standards (IS : 1791-1968), concrete mixers are designated by a mamber representing its nominal mixed baich capacity in litres. The following are the standard sizes of the three types : Tilting (I) : 85-7, 100T, 1407, 200T Nontilting (NT) : 200NT, 280 NT, 340 NT, 400 NT, 800 NT Reversing (R) : 200 R, 280R, 340 R, 400R The concrete-mixers are generally designed to run at a speed of 15 to 20 revolutions per ‘minute, For proper mixing, about 25 to 30 revolutions are required in a well designed mixer. 3. Transporting. ‘The concrete can be transported by a variety of methods and equipments. For small jobs, the concrete is transported in iron pans, wheel barrows or t.10 wheel carts by manual labour. For large and massive works, the concrete is transported by buckets or by pumps which are operated mechanically. The concrete is transported by purmps for concreting of tunnel lining. The concrete can be lifted by puinps through a maximum vertical distance of 50 m. In transportation of concrete by pumps, the water-cement ratio should remain between 0.5 to 0.65. The slump should not ‘be less than 50 mm and more than 80 mm. The number of bends in a pipe line should be as small as possible. For large-conerete works, particularly for concrete to be placed at ground level, trucks and dumpers or ordinary open steel body tipping lorries can be used. ‘The skip and hoist is one of the ‘widely adopted methods for transporting concrete vertically up for multistorey building construction. 4. Placing. It is very important that the concrete must be placed in position in a proper manner as early as possible within the initial seting time of cement. The following precautions be taken while placing the conerete : {@) The concrete should notbe thrown froma height of more than I m, to prevent segregation. (6) The placement of concrete should be discontinued during rainy periods. (c) The placing of concrete should start width wise in reinforced cement concrete slabs from one end, . .Concrete Technology 499 (d) The concrete should be laid continuously in order to prevent the formation of irregular and unsightly lines, 5. Compaction. 1t is the process of consolidating conerete mix after placing it in position. ‘The main aim of consolidation of concrete is to eliminate air bubbles and thus to give maximum, den: sity to coricrete, The proper consolidation ensures intimate contact between the concrete and the surface of reinforcement. The compaction of concrete may be carried out either manually or mechanically. The concrete is compacted manually by using hand tools such as rammers, templates for tamping and spading rod, ‘The concrete is compacted mechanically by jets of compressed air or by vibrators, The various types of vibrators used are as follows = (a) Ingmnal or immersion or needle vibrator; (b) Surface or seed vibrator ; (c) Form or shutter of exjernal vibrator; and. (d) Table vibrator. In case of large sections of mass concrete in structures, the concrete is compacted by internal vibrator. The external or screed vibrator is used for compacting plain concrete or one-way reinforced concrete floors. When vibrators are used for compaction, the consistency of concrete depends upor the type of ‘mix, placing: conditions and efficiency of vibrator. The slump should not exceed 50 mm when ‘compacting concrete with vibrators. It may be noted that when the slump of the concrete mix is less than 50 mm, the segregation will not take place while compacting it with vibrators. The vibrator should also not touch the form surface. 6. Finishing. ‘The finishing of concrete surfaces is an important process from the engineering point of view. The results of finishing are good if slump is about 50 mm. “The finishing may be achieved by the following operations : (a) Screeding. It's the levelling operation that removes humps and hollows and give a tue and uniform concrete surface. (&) Floating, Ibis the process of removing the irregularities from the surface of concrete left after screeding: (©) Trowelling. 1c is final operation of finishing the concrete surface. It is performed where smooth and dense surface is required. 7. Curing. It is the process of hardening the concrete mixes by keeping its surface moist for "a: certain period, in order'to enable the concrete to gain more strength. The object of curing is to “prevent the foss of water by evaporation; to reduce the shrinkage of concrete and to preserve the “properties of concrete. The concrete gai strength upto 100 percent after the curing of 28 days. The "proper curing of cement concrete is good fr its volume sibility, strength and wear resistance. 13.24 Stripping of Forms The removal of forms after the concrete has set is termed as stripping of forms. The period upto which the forms must be left in place before they are stripped is called stripping time. Under normal circumstances, the vertical sides of columns may be stripped after 1 to 2 days and the beam soffits may be removed after 2 days. OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS 1, The practical utility of concrete technology for civil engineers is to (a) enable them to know how to stock properly the materials required for concrete: (6) enable them to perform different tests concerning conerete (c), make them conversant with the fundamental principles of concrete (d) all of the above ANSWERS L@ 2 @ 2 © 4 @ 5 @ 6 @ 2 2 @ © W@ © 2 @ B@° MW@® 6@ 64 70 18 ©500 Civil Engineering 2. The strength and durability of concrete depends upon (a) size of aggregates (8) grading of aggregates (©) moisture contents of aggregates (A) allof these 3. The breaking up of cohesion in a mass of concrete is called (@) workability (®) bleeding (€) segregation (@ creep 4, The workability of concrete is defined as the (@) ease with which it can be mixed, transported and plated in position in a homogeneous state (6) breaking up of cohesion in a mass of concrete (C) separation of water or water-cement mixture from the freshly mixed concrete (@ none of the above 5. The separation of water or water-cement mixture from the freshly mixed concrete is known as bleeding. (a) True (6) False 6. The continuous strain, which the concrete undergoes due to application of external loads, is called (2) workability (®) bleeding “(© segregation (a) creep T. A good conerete should be subjected to creep. (@) maximum, (©) mininsum &. Segregation in concrete results in = (a) honey combing (6) porous layers (€) surface scaling _(d) all of these / ‘9. Harshness in concrete is due to the excess of 1 (@) water (8) finer particles (©) middle sized particle (@ coarser particles 10. In order to avoid segregation, the concrete should not be thrown froma height. (@) Agree (@) Disagree 11. In lime concrete, lime is used as. (a) coarse aggregate (b) fine aggregate (c) binding material (d) admixture 12. The type of lime used in lime.concrete is (@) fat time © poor lime (c) staked lime (d)_ hydraulic lime 13. A good conerete should have minimum thermal expansion. (a) Yes (8) No 14, The lime concrete has ... strength as compared to cement concrete. (2) less (6) more (© same 15. The usual proportion of ingredients in plain cement concrete is (@) Portland cement (1 par), clean sand (14 to 8 parts) and coarse aggregate (3 to 16 parts) (6) Portland cement (1 part), clean sand (3 to 16 parts) and coarse aggregate (1 to 8 parts) (c) Portland cement (1 part), clean sand and coarse ‘aggregate (1% to 8 parts) (@) any one of the above 16. The usual proportion of ingredients in reinforced cement concrete is (@) Portland cement (1 part), clean sand (2 to 4 parts) and coarse aggrewate (1 to 2 parts) (2) Portland cement (1 part), clean sand (1 t0 2 parts) and coarse aggregate (2 to 4 parts) (€) Portland cement (1 part), clean sand and conse aggregate (2 to 4 parts) (@) zy one of the above3@° M& @ 15. (a) 16. (6) 17. (6) 18 (0) 19. (6) 20. (6) 2. 22. (@) «=. 23. (6), H.- (*) 25, (a) 26. (@) 27.) 8.) 29, (c) 30. (6) Concrete Technology 501 17. Ferro-concrete is another name given to (@) plain cement conerete (2), reinforced cement concrete (©) prestressed cement concrete (d), mone of these 18, Reinforced cement concrete is equally strong in taking (a) tensile and compressive stresses (b) compressive and shear stresses (C) tensile, compressive and shear stresses (cf) tensile and shear stresses 19, Plain cement concrete is strong in taking, (@) tensile stress (©) compressive stress (©) shear stress (@) allof these 20. In flooring of building, prestressed cement concrete is commonly used, (@) Right (2) Wrong 21. The cement concrete in which high compressive stresses are artificially induced before its actual use, is called (@) plain cement concrete (b) reinforced cement concrete (e) prestressed cement concrete (@) lime concrete 22. The prestressed cement concrete can take up high tensile and compressive swresses without development of cracks, (a) Correct (8) Incorrect 23. For heat and sound insulation purposes, we shall use (@) vacuum concrete (6) aircentrained concrete (©) saw dust concrete (@), both (a) and (6) a4. ‘The cement concrete, from which entrained air and excess water are removed after placing it in position, is called (@) vacuum concrete (8) light weight conerete (©) prestressed concrete (@) sawdust concrete 2S. The removal of excess air after placing concrete helps in increasing the strength of concrete by (a) 15 to 20% () 20 t0 30% (ec) 3010 50%. (d) 50 to 70% 26: The cement concrete prepared by mixing aluminium in it, is called (a) air-entrained concrete (2) cellular concrete (©) aerated concrete (@ any one of these 27. The lightweight concrete is prepared by (a) mixing Portland cement with sawdust in specified proportion in the concrete (8). using coke-breeze, cinder or slag as aggregate in the concrete (@) tiixing alurninium in the concrete (@ none of the above 28. The sound absorption coefficient of light weight concrete is neatly... than that of -ordinary concrete. (a) twice (6) three times (c) four times (@) six times 29. InmakinBlprecast structural units for partition and wall lining purposes, the concrete should be (@) sajvdustconcrete. (0) sir-ontvained concrete (6) light-weight concrete (@ vacuum concrete 230, Cement concrete is to moisture. : (a) permeable (8) impermeable= er ak 2. @) #0) 3 37. (6) 38. (d) 40. (d) 41. (0) 43. (@) “« © 45. (a),(b) 46. (6) 47. (0) 48. (d) 502 ‘Givil Engineering 31. Which of the following statement is wrong ? (a) The concrete can not be: pumped. (6) ‘The concrete should have maximum creep. (c). The concrete structures can be put to use immediately after their construction, (@) all of the above 32. The characteristic, which makes the concrete a versatile and widely used material of modem. construction, is the possibility of (a) controlling the properties of concrete by using appropriate ingredients (8) moulding the concrete in any desired shape (c). complete mechanisation of concrete preparation and its placing process (@) allof the above 33. The concrete without any reinforcement has nse strength. (a) low (6) high 34, Segregation of concrete increases the strength of concrete. la) Yes (®) No 35. The material used as an ingredient of conerete is usually (@) cement (b) aggregate © water (@ all ofthese 36. A suitable admixture added at the time of preparing the concrete mix, makes the concrete (a) water-proof (®) acid proof (c) highlystrong _—(¢)_ all ofthese 37, The function of aggregates in concrete is to serve as, (a) binding material (8) filler (c) catalyst (a) all of these 38, Calcareous material used in the manufacture of cement consists of {(@) lime stone (®) chalk (e) shells (d) all of these 39. In the manufacture of cement, the dry or wet mixture of calcareous and argillaceous materials is burnt ina (a) country kiln (8) continuous flare kin (6) rotary Kiln (@ all of these 40. In the manufacture of cement, the dry or wet mixture of calcareous and argillaceous materials is bumt at a temperature between _ (a) 900°C to 1000%C (6) 1000°C to 1200°C (c) 1200°C to 1500°C (d) 1500°C to 1600°C 41. Argillaceous materials contai .»: 85 their major constituent, (@) calcium (®) time (e) alumina 42. Hydration of cement evolves heat, (a) True (b) False 43. The proportion of lime, silica, alumina and iron oxide in a good Portland cement should be (a) 63:22:6:3 (6) 63:22 (c) 22:63:6:3 (dy 22:63:3:6 44, The chemical ingredient of cement which provides quick setting property to the cement is (a) lime (6) silica (@) alumina (@) iron oxide 48, The presence of lime in cement (a) makes the cement sound (b) provides strength to the cement (c) lowers the clinkering temperature (a) allof these43. (a) “4. (©) 45. (a),(6) 46. (b) 47. (0) 48. (d) 49. (a) 50. (d) Sl. (a) 52. (a) 53. (6) 54. (©) 58. (a) 56. (d) 57. @) 58. (6) 59. (d) 60. (@) Concrete Technology 503 46. The gypsum is added to the cement for (a) providing high strength to the cement (8) controlling the initial setting time of cement (C)_ lowering the clinkering temperature of cement (@) all of the above 47. Which of the following ingredient of cement when added in excess quantity, causes the cement to set slowly ? (@) Lime () Silica (© Alumina (@) Iron oxide 48. Lime when added in excess quantity (@) makes the cement unsound (6) causes the cement to expand and disintegrate (©) lowers the clinkering temperature of cement (@) both (a) and (6) 49. The magnesium oxide and sulphur dioxide when added in excess quantity makes the cement unsound. (a), Correct (& Incorrect 50. In order to provide colour, hardness and strength to the cement, the ingredient used is, (@) lime (6) silica (©) alumina (@)_iton oxide 51. Alumina in the cement lowers the clinkering temperature. (a) Agree (6) Disagree 52, After the final grinding, the cement is sieved through IS sieve number (a) 9 ® 12 (m4 @ 48 53, The change of state of cement paste from fluid to solid is called hardening. (a) Right (0) Wrong. 54, Efflorescence in cement is caused due to the excess of (2) silica (6) lime (0) alkalies (@) iton oxide 58. The presence of tricalcium silicate in cement (a) hydrates the cement rapidly (®) generates less heat of hydration (©) offers high resistance to sulphate attack (d)_all of these % $6. The presence of dicalcium silicate in cement (a) hydrates the cement slowly (b) generates less heat of hydration (©) has more resistance to sulphate attack —(d)_ all of these ‘$7. The tricalcium aluminate in cement has the property of (@) reacting fast with water (0) causing initial setting of cement (©) generating large amount ofheat hydration (call of these 58. The tetra calcium alumino ferrite in cement has . cementing value. (@) good (0), poor ‘59. High percentage of tricalcium silicate and low percentage of dicalcium silicate in cement results in " (a). rapid hardening (6) high early strength (¢) high heat generation (d@) all of these 60. Low percentage of tricalcium silicate and high percentage of dicalcium silicate in cement resul (a) rapid hardening (8) high early strength (0) high heat generation : (0) none of these i61. (a) 67. (d) 73. (a), (b) 504 61. 62. 62. (a) 63. (d) 64. (c) 65. (a) 66. (a) 68. (0) 69. (6) 7. (d) Tl. (6) Th. (6) ™. (¢) 78. (c) 76. (b) 77." (b) 78. (d) 7 Civil Engineering ~ a ‘The-first compound which reacts with water when mixed with cement is tricalcium aluminate, (a) Correct (®) Incorrect . Tricalcium silicate develops strength in cement for first 7 days. (a) Yes (b) No ‘63. Which of the following statement is correct ? (a) The high early strength is obtained by adding tricalcium silicate in cement. (8) The dicalcium silicate provides good ultimate strength to cement. (c) The tetra calcium alumino ferrite has poor cementing value. (@) all of the above 64. The sum of the percentage of tricaleium silicate and dicalcium silicate for Portland cement varies from (a) 50: 60% (6) 60 t0 70% (c) 70 t0 80% (d) 8010 90% 65. Ordinary Portland cement should not be used for construction work exposed to sulphates in the soil. (a) Agree (2) Disagree 66. The rate of hydration is --««.. proportional to the generation of heat. (a) directly (8) inversely 67. Rapid hardening cement is used (a) where high early strength is desired () where form work is to bé removed as early as possible (c) for constructing road pavements (@) allofthe above 68. Low heat cement is used in structures. (a) thin (b) thick 69. The cement, widely used in retaining walls, is (@) rapid hardening cement (6) low heat cement “"(c). sulphate resisting cement (d) ordinary Portland cement 70. Blast furnace slag cement is used for (a) dams (0) bridge abutments (c) retaining walls (@) all of these ‘71. Blast furnace slag cement concrete requires ..... .. time for shuttering and curing.. (a) less (6) more 72. Low heat cement contains more lime than ordinary Portiand cement. (a) True = (@) False 73. Blast furnace slag cement (a) develops low heat of hydration (6) has less early strength (c). develops high heat of hydration (d) has high early strength 74. Which of the following cements is expected to have the highest compressive strength after ‘3 days? (a) ordinary Portland cement (0) rapid hardening, cement = (c) high alumina cement (d) sulphate resisting cement 78. For a structure subjected to the action of sea water, the cement used is (a) rapid hardening cement (0) low heat cement (c) high alumina cément (@) sulphate resisting cement +73. @),(6) 7% () 7% (©) 16. (6) 77." (b) 78. (a) 79. (b) 80. (d) 81. (©). (D), (A), (8) $2. (a) 83. (c) 84. (6) 85. (c) 86. (d) 87. @ 88. (d) 89. (b) Concrete Technology 508 76. The strength of concrete using air entraining cement gets reduced by (@) Sto 10% @) 10t015% —(e) 15 020% @ 201025% 71. “Coloctete” is the commercial term for (@) high alumina cement (®) coloured cement (©) low heat cement (@) sapid hardening cement 78. Pozzolana is essentially a silicious material containing clay upto (a) 20% ) 40% (0) 60% Ad) 80% 79, Inthe manufacture of pozzolana cement, the amount of pozzolana material added to ordinary Portland cement clinkers is about (@) 20% () 30% (©) 40% (@) 50% 80. Which of the following statement is correct ? (a) Sulphate resisting cement is particularly used for canal lining. (8) Low heat cement should not be used for thin concrete strictures. (c) Rapid hardening cement should not be used for massive concrete strv ' ures, (@ allofthe above - 81, Match the correct answer from Group B for the statements given in Group A. Group A Group B (@) Bhakra dam was constructed with (4) blast furnace slag cement (6) The cement used for chemical plants is | (B) sulphate resisting cement (c) The cement not to be used in thin R.C.C.|(C) pozzolana cement Structures is (@)_The cement used for marine works is * ‘82, The degree of grinding of cement is called (a) fineness (0) soundness (©) impact value (@) bulking '83. The hardening is the phenomenon by virtue of which (a) the cement does not undergo large change in volume when treated with water (®) the plastic cement paste changes into hard mass (c) “the cement paste sets and develops strength (@) none of the above 84. The phenomenon by virtue of which the cement does not undergo large change in volume ‘when treated with water, isknown as” - (@) fineness (®) soundness (c) setting time (@) none of these 85. The fineness of cement is measured in terms of (2) percentage weight retained on IS sieve number 9 (6) surface area in cm per gram of the cement (©) high alumina cement ©) either (a) oF (5) (@ none of these ~86, Too much fineness of cement : (a) results cracks in concrete (6) generates greater heat _ __ (©) develops early strength (@) both (a) and () 87. The setting time of cement isthe governing factor for Ya) mixing of concrete (6) placing of concrete (€) compaction of concrete (@ allof these84. (6) 85. (c) 86. (d) 87. (@) 88. (d) 89. (b) 9. (c) 1, (d) 92. (b) 93. (c) 94, (6) 95. (c) 96. (b) 97. (a) 98. (c) 99, (6) 100. (a) 101. (c) 506 Civil Engineering 88. According to IS : 269-1976, the requirement of an ordinary Portland cemeut is that (@) the residue does not exceed 10% when sieved through IS sieve No. 9 (8) its expansion is not more than 10 mm for unaerated cement (©) its initial setting time is not less then 30 minutes (d) all of the above 89. The compressive strength of an ordinary Portland cement (1:3 cement mortar cube) after 7 days test should not be less than (a) LE Néeom? (6) 175Nimm? ——(¢) 22. N/mm? (@) 27.5 .Nimm? 90, Vicat’s apparatus is used to perform (a) Gineness test (0) soundness test (c) consistency test (d) compressive strength test 91. The knowledge of a standard consistency of a cement paste is essential to perform (a), setting time test (b) soundness test (c) compressive strength test (q) all of these 2, In Vicat’s apparatus, the diameter of Vicat plunger is (a) Simm (6) 10mm (ec) 15mm (@) 20mm 93. The length of Vicat plunger in Vicat’s apparatus varies from (a) 20to 30mm (b) 30t040mm fe) 4010 50 mm (d@) 50to 60mm 94. The percentage of water for making a cement paste of normal consistency varies from (a) 1510 25% (8) 251035% —— (c) 3510 50% (A) 5010 60% 95, To perform the initial setting time test, the water is added to the cement at the rate of... by weight of cement. (a) 0.72 P (b) 0.78 P (c) 085-P (d) 0.95P where P= Percentage of water required for normal consistency paste. 96. Le-chatelier apparatus is used to perform (q) fineness test (8) soundness test (c) consistency test (@, compressive strength test 97. ‘To perform the soundness test, the water is added to the cement atthe rate of 0.72 P by weight of cement, where P is the percentage of water required for normal consistency paste, (@) Correct (0) Incorrect 98. To perform the compressive strength test of cement, water is added at the rate of (a) 0.72 P+ 3% of water (0) 085 P+ 4% of water (c) P+ 3% of water (d) P+ 4% of water where P = Percentage of water requited for normal consistency paste. ‘99, Initial setting time of ordinary Portland cemen: is (@) 15min (6) 30min (©) 60min (@ 10h 100. For performing the compressive strength lest of cement, the size of cube mould should be 7.06 cm side, (a) Right : () Wrong 101. According to Indian standard specifications for the compressive strength test of cement, the cement and standard sané mortar in the ratio of... . isused. fa) 121 () 4:2 1:3 (dy Lid102. (c) 103. (d) 104, (c) 105. (d) 106. (d) 107. (d) 108. (a) 109, (c) m0. (6) Ml. (@) 2. (6) 113... (c) 114. (6) 115. (6) 116. (c) 117. (6) 118, (6) 119. (a) ‘Concrete Technology 807 102. The cubes of cement prepared for compressive strength test should be kept at a temperature of jin an atmosphere of at least 90% relative humidity for 24 hours. (a) 15°+2°C (6) 212°C (c) ze 2BC (d), 30° + 2°C 103. During field test, the cement is said to be pure and of good quality when (2) the colour of cement is uniformly greenish grey (@) a handful of cement, thrown into a bucket of water, floats (¢) hand is thrusted into a bag of cement, it feels cool (d) all of the above 104, The inert mineral material used for the manufacture of mortars and concretes is (@) cement (b) water (e) aggregate (@) admixeure 105. According to IS :383-1970, a good aggregate for concrete construction should be (a) chemically inert (®) sufficiently strong (€) sufficiently hard and durable (@) allof these 106. For reinforced concrete, the aggregate used is (a) sand (®) gravel (c) crushed rock ——_(@) all of these 107. For the manufacture of concrete of low density, the aggregate used is (a) furnace clinker (6) cokebreeze —(c) sawdust (@) all of these 108, The material having particle size varying from 0.002 to 0.06 mm is termed as (@ sit (6) clay (©) sand (@) none of these, 109. An aggregate is said to be ... 1 Aggregate if its size is more than 75 mm, coarse (®) fine (©) cyclopean 110. The aggregate which pass through 75 mm IS sieve and entirely retain on 4.75 mm IS sieve is known as (a) cyclopean aggregate (b) coarse aggregate (c) fine aggregate (dy all-in-aggregate 111, The maximum particle size of coarse aggregate is (@) 45mm (0) 55mm () mm @ 75mm 112, The maxinnum particle size of fine aggregate is (a) 2.5mm (0) 4.75 mm (¢) 5.85 mm (d) 6.5mm 113. The aggregate which pass through 4.75 mun IS sieve and entirely retain on 75 micron IS sieve iscalled (a) cyclopean aggregate (b) coarse aggregate {c) fine aggregate (@) all-in-aggregate 114. -The minimum particle size of coarse aggregate is (@ 25mm (0) 4.75 mm (c) 5.85 mm (@) 6.4mm 118. The minimum particle size of fine aggregate is i (@) 0.0075 mm () 0.075mm ——(e), 0.75 mm (@ 0.95 mn (@ flaky (@) flaky © 118, The size of an aggregate is determined by length gauge. (a) Yes (6) No ey=e Mo et ee - 26 ads 120, (d) 121, (a) 122, (@)_— 123. (a) 124. (a=) 126. (a) 127. (a) ~—«:128. (6) ~=—:129. (@) ~—s:130. () 508 Civil Engineering 119. The aggregates of rounded shape require minimum cement paste to make good concrete. (a) True () False 120. Which of the following statement is correct ? (@) The maximum size of coarse aggregate should not exceed one-fourth of the minimum dimension of the plain concrete member. (b) The maximum size of coarse aggregate should not exceed one-fifth of the minimum dimension of the reinforced concrete member. (€) The aggregates of 40 mm, 20 mm and 10 mm sizes are commonly used for concrete works. (d) all of the above 321. The aggregate is said to be flaky when + (a) ‘its least dimension is three-fifth ofits mean dimension (8) its least dimension is equal to its mean dimension (6) its length is equal to its mean dimension (a) ‘its tength is equal to 1.8 tines its mean dimension 4122, The aggregate is said to be clongated when (a) its Yeast dimension is three-fifth ofits mean dimension (6) its Teast dimension is equal to its mean dimension (©) its Length is equal to its mean dimension (2) its length is equat to 1.8 times its: mean dimension 123, If the aggregaie completely passes throvgh 2.50 mm sieve and retained on 40 mm sieve, then the particular aggregate is suid to be flaky if ts least dimension is less than (@) 27mm (6) 37mm (S70 @ ST ram 124. In the above question, the particular aggregate is said to be elongated if its length is not ese than 81 mm. (a) Tme (6) False 125. Bulk specific gravity of an aggregate is defined as (a) ‘the weight of oven dry aggrepaté divided by its absolute volume, excluding the natural pores in the ageregate particles (0) the weight of oven dry aggregate divided by its absolute volume, including the natural pores in the aggregate particles (c) the weight of aggregate required to fill a container of unit volume (d) the difference in weight of the aggregate in saturated surface dry condition and in moist condition 126. The apparent specific gravity of an aggregate is defined as (a) the weight of oven dry aggregate divided by its absolute volume, excluding the natural pores in the aggregate particles (6) the weight of oven dry aggregate divided by its absolute Volume, including the natural ‘pores in the aggregate particles {c) the weight of aggregate required to fill a container of unit volume (d) the difference in weight of the Aggregate in saturated surface dry condition and in moist condition Z 127. The bulk density of an aggregate is the weight required to filla container of unit volume. @) Agree (6) Disagree126. (a) 1127. (a) = 128. (6) = 129. (d) «= 130. () 131. (@) 132. “(@) 133.) 134 13S, @~—136, @)«—s«s7. (@) 138. (a). 139. (c) 140 (@) 14. (@) 142, (@) 14, Concrete Technology 509 128. The value of bulk density for angular and flaky aggregates is ‘as conspared to graded aggregates. : (a) same (}) tess (©) more 129. The value of bulk density of the aggregate depends upon (@) size distribution of aggregate (0) shape of aggregate (©) specific gravity of aggregate @) allofthese 130. An aggregate which may contain some moisture in the pores but having dry surface is known as (a) very dry aggregate : (6) dry aggregate 4c) saturated surface dry aggregate (@) moist aggregate 131, An aggregate having all the pores filled with water but having dry surface is called (a) very dry aggregate (0) dry aggregate (©) saturated surface dry aggregate (@) ‘moist aggregate 132. A moist aggregate is one (a) whose all the pores are filled with water and also having its surface wet (6) whose all the pores are filled with water but having its surface dry (©) which do not contain any moisture either in the pores or on the surface (@) which may contain some moisture in the pores but having dry surface 133. The surface moisture of aggregates increases the water-cement ratio in the mix and thus ssseeaneeeeeens the strength, (@) increases (®) decreases 134, Which of the following statement is correct ? (@) "Larger the size of coarse aggregate, lesser is the quantity of fine aggregate and of cement required. (5) If very dry aggregates are used, the workability of the mix is likely to be reduced, (©) Bulking is caused due to the formation of thin film of surface moistsre around the sand particles, (d) all of the above = 135. The deleterious materials present in the aggregate (a) prevent normal hydration of cement (6) reduce the strength and durability of concrete (c)_ modify the setting action and cause efflorescence (d) alll of the above 136. The sum of percentages of all deleterious materials in the aggregate shall not exceed (@ 5% (6) 10% (©) 15% @) 20% 137. The resistance of an aggregate to compressive forces is known as : {@) crushing value (6) impact value (c) abrasion value (d)_ none of these 138, The resistance of an aggregate to sudden compressive forces is called impact value. (a) Correct (8) Incorrect 139. The resistance of an aggregate to wear is known a3 {@) shear value (6) crushing value (¢) abresion value (¢) impact valuie 4140. The resistance of an aggregate to the effect of hydration of cement and weather is called (@) crushing value (6) impact value (¢) abrasion value (4). soundness ‘Los Angeles machine is used to perform the abrasion resistance test of an aggregate, (@) Right (6) Wrong .138. (a) 13%. ©) 140, @) 141. (a) 14% (a) 14, (d) 145. (a), 146, (co), 147. (6) 148, (0) 149. (a) 150. (d) 18k fd). 15% (c) 183 (a) ~—sAS4. (a), (6) 1588. @) _ 510 Civil Engineering 142. The impact value of an aggregate is generally used as an aktemative to its crushing value, tO know the quality of aggregate. (a) Yes (®) No 143. Bulking of sand is (a) compacting of sand (b) segregating sand of particular size (©) increase in volume of sand due fo presence of moisture upto certain extent (@ none of the above 144, With the moisture content of S to 10% by weight, the bulking of sand is increased by (a) 20% + @) 30% (©) 40% (@ 50% 148, When the sand is fully saturated, its volume is. vu the volume of dry and loose sand. (@) equal to (®) tess than (e)' more than 146. The ratio of the volume of moist sand to the volume of dry sand is known as (a) crushing value (6) impact value (c)-butking factor (d)_none of these 147, Fine sand bulks than coarser sand. (a) less (@) more 148. The fineness modulus of an aggregate is roughly proportional to + (a) specific gravity of the aggregate (b) shape ofthe aggregate (c) average size of particles in the agoregate (cd) grading of the aggregate 149. The coarser the aggregate, the . és the fineness modulus. (a) higher (6) lower 150. The value of fineness modulus for fine sand may range between (@) 1.1013 () 131016 (©) 1.6022 (@ 221026 151. If the fineness modulus of sand is 3, then the sand is graded as (a) veryfinesand (b) fine sand (c) mediumsand —_(d)_comtse sand 152, The percentage of fine aggregate to be combined with coarse aggregate (x) is determined by Fe Ete eee (@) x ren (b) x Fr * RoF® FrF —— papal | © rag ext00 @ apa pm where F = Fineness modulus according to the specified grading, F, = Fineness modulus of fine ageregstc, and Fy, = Fineness modulus of coarse aggregate. 183, The presence of nu in water has ¢n adverse effect on the setting time of cement, (a) sodium carbonate and bicarbonate (8) calcium chloride (¢) sodium chloride (@ sodium sulphate 184, The presence of calcium chloride in water (a) accelerates serting of cement (6) accelerates hardening of cement (c) causes litle effect on quality of concrete (d) all ofthese 155, The admixtures are added in concrete to (@) accelerate the rate of setting and hardening of cement (8) -make the concrete water proof, acid proof ete. (e) reduce.the bleeding and segregation of concrete mix {@) alfof tiie above rr186. (6) 157. @) 88 @) ’ 159 (6) 160, (a) i sa (c),(d) 163. (a),(6) 164. (a) 168. (c) 166. (a) ae = @ 169. (b) 170. (d) 171. (a) 1m. (6) me ‘ ae (2) 175, (6) ~— 176. fd) — 177. () 178. (6) 179. (0) Conetete Technology 156, Water cannot be used as. lubricant in concrete mix. (a) True : (b) False 157. IF sea vater is used for preparing conerete mix, it (a) reduces strength (&) comrades steel reinforcement (eo) causes efflorescence (@) allof these 188. If mineral ol is present in mixing water for concrete, I increases strength for a concentration upto 2 percent. (a) Yes (® No 159, Which of the following *tatement is wrong 7; (@) The coarse sand proauces a harsh and unworkable mix, {(@) Anadmixtre cannot inereasethe workability ofconeri® without increasing water content. {¢) Salts of manganese cause a considerable reduction in the strength of concrete. (@) allofthe above 160, The standard sand now used in Tndia is obtained frcm (a) Ennore (Chengai) (6) Mumbai (6) Orissa (@ haipur 161. Insufficient quantity of water (a) makes the eoncrete mix harsh ® makes the concrete mix unworkable (c)_ causes segregation in concrete (a) causes bleeding in concrete 162. Excess quant of water (a) males the;Conerete mir harsh (8) makes the concrete mix unworkable (©) causes segregation in concrete (a) causes bleeding in concrete 163. Water eement ratio may be defined as the ratio of (a) volume of water to that of eement in a concrete (b) weight of water to that of cement ina concrete mix (@) ‘volume of water'o that of concrete in # concrete mix (a) weightof water to that of concrete in a conerels mk 164, The rule of water cement ratio was established by (a) Duff Abram (®) Plowman (e) W. Simms (d) Dr. Karl Terzaght 165, According tothe rule of water cement ratio, the strength of concrete wholly depends upon (a) the quality of cement (B) the quality of cement mixed with oggreEs= (c) the amount of water used in preparation of concrete mix (@ allofthe above 166. The strength of cement conerete increases wih the increase of water cement ratio, (a) Agree 167, C2) cere ving water! cat en than 045 by wel cates Booyah ‘structure. (a) Correct (B) Incorrect 168, Hydration of cement is duet the cherncal action of waist with (a) dicaleium silicate (@) tricalcium silicate (©) tricalcium aluminate (@) all of these 169, The development of first 28 days strength js on account of the hydration of (a) dicaleium siieate (8) tricaletum silicate , (c) tricalcium aluminate > (@), tetra calcium alumino ferrite ——————168. (d) —«:169. (b) © 170. (d) = :AT4.. (@)— ssa, (6))—ss«173=, @) 174, (a) ‘178. (6) «176. (d)_ «ATT. (c)—«178. (6) «17. (=) 180. (4) ‘181. (4) 182, d) 183, (©) 184. (a)———188. (a) 512 Givil Engineering 179. Ifthe water cement ratio is more, then the (q) strength of concrete will be less ” (®) durability of concrete will be less (c) capillary voids will be more in the physical structure of hydrated cement (@) all of the above 171. Water-cement ratio is, usually, expressed in . (a) litres of water required per bag of cement (4) litres of water required per kg of cement é (©) both (a) and (6) (@ none of these 172, High temperature nun. the setting time of cement in concrete. (@) increases (®) decreases 173. The concrete mix is said to be workable if it has (a) compatibility (8) movability _—_(c) stability @) allofthese 174, Which of the following statement is correct ? (a) Duff Abram’s law is valid only when the concrete is of workable plasticity. (6) Ifthe water-cement ratio is less, the strength of concrete will be less. (©) The steength of concrete decreases with age. (@ Arich mix of concrete provides low strength than a lean mix. 175. At freezing point, the concrete sets casily. (@) Right (6) Wrong 176, The intemal friction between the ingredients of concrete is minimised by (@) adopting coarse aggregates (6) using more water (€) reducing the surface area - ( allofthese 177. For the improvement of workability of concrete, the shape of aggregate recommended is (a) irregular (6) angular (¢) round (@) Maky 178, Smaller size aggregates require less quantity of water for lubrication, (@) Yes (@) No 179. Grading of aggregates should be continuous for .... _. mixes. (@) lean ©) ich 180. The use of air-entraining agents in concrete (a) increases workability of concrete (6) decreases bleeding (0) decreases strength (@) all ofthese 181, The workability of concrete is expressed by. {a} water-cement ratio (B) shump value (©) compaci (@), both (a) and (6) 182. The workability of concrete can be improved by adding (a) hydrated lime (8) fiyash (©) calcium chloride (@) all of these s 183. The sicel mould used for slump test isin the form of a (a) cube (8) cylinder (©) frustrim of'a cone (d) none of these 184. The top diameter, bottom diameter and height of the mould used for slump test are respectively (@) 100 mm, 200 mm, 300 mm. (8) 200 mm, 100 ram, 300 mm (¢), 200 men, 300 mm, 100, mm {@)_ 100 mm, 300 mm, 200 mm 18S. In the siump test, the maximum size of the aggregatr shoutd not ev mm. (@) Comsct (b) imcecrrect186, (@) 187. (@) 188. (c) ~—s'189. (a) = 19. (a) 1.) 192, (a) 19% @)_— 194, () 198, (198, (@)— TH) ee es a Oe Concrete Technology 513 186. For high degree of workability, the shimp value should vary between (@) 0025 mm (6) 25t050mm — (c) 50t0.80mm —(d) 80 to 100 mm 187. For high degree of workability, the compaction factor is (a) 0.65 (®) 0.75 “ (©) 085 (@ 0.95 188. Workabilty of concrete mix having very low water-cement ratio should be obtained by (@) flexural strength test (©) stump test (c) compaction factor test (d@) any one of these 189, Vibrated concrete needs... slump Values. (@) less (6) high 190. Conerete with higher compaction factor has less workbility, @ Tre (6) False 191. The workability of concrete by slump testis expressed as (a) minutes () mm/h () mm/h @ mm 192. The slump test of concrete is used to measure its + (@) consistency (6) mobility (c) homogeneity (@) all of these 193. The compaction factor is the ratio of weight of partially compacted concrete to the weight of fully compacted concrete, (a) Yes (b) No 194. If the slump of concrete mix is 70 mn, is workability is considered to be (a) very low (0) low (©) medium @ high 195. A compaction factor of 0.88 indicstes that the workability of concrete mix is (a) very low (@®) low (©) medium @ high 196. The Vee-Bee tests suitable for concrete mixes of low and very low workabilites, @ Te (0) False” 197. Which of the following statement is correct ? @ “Harshness in concrete mixiocreasesif Finer aggregates ofl the Voids in coarse apgrepates are less. (0) As the internal fiistion of aggregates increases, the workability of concrete decreases, (€) As the slump value increases, the workability of concrete also increases, (@ all of the above 198. ‘More water should not be added in the concrete mix, as to increase (@) strength (6) durabitity (©) water-cement ratio (d) all of these 4199. The main object of proportioning conerete is to cbiain @ required strength and workability (6) desired durability (C) water tightness @ allot these 200. As per IS: 459-1978, the concrete mixes are designated into (@) 4 grades (6) 5 grades (©) 6 grades @ 7 grades 201. Which of the following grade is not recommended by IS 456-1978 ? (a) M10 ie () M20 (c) M40 (@) M55 202. ‘The concrete mix of grade M 25 means that the compressive strength of 15 om cubes at 28 ddays after mixing is (a) 15 N/mm? (6) 20 N/mm? (©) 25Nimm? (@) 30 N/mm? 243. The test conducted inthe laboratory om the specimen made out of trial concrete mix is called (@) preliminary test (8) slump test (c)._ works test (4) none of these204. (d) 205. (d) «= 206. (d) = 207, (6) 208. (6) 209. (b) 210. (6) 211. (©) 212. (d) 213. (d) 214. (a) 215. (@) 216, (6) 217. (c) 218. (a) 219. (4) 220. (d) 221. (¢) 514 Civil Engineering 204. In performing preliminary test (a) the moulds required for test specimens should be rigid {B) the mix should be stored in air-tight containers (c) the aggregates should be dry (d) all of the above 208. After moulding, the test specimens of trial mix are placed at a temperature of (ay 102°C @® 1542 (@ BL7re (@ 2742 206. In order to prepare a test specimen, it is mecessary to (a) mix the cement and fine aggregate (sand) by dry hand (0) mix the coarse aggregate (c) mix water to the cement, fine aggregate and coarse aggregates (@) all of the above 207. The ratio of different ingredients (cement, sand and aggregate) in concrete mix of grade M 20 is (@ 1ili2 () 1:15:23 (©) 1:24 (@) 1:3:6 208. The preliminary test is always conducted in the field. (a) Agree (0) Disagree 209. In preliminary test, the concrete is placed in the mould in .. .- layers of equal volume. (a) two (b) three (©) four (@) five 210. Each layer of concrete placed in the mould, in preliminary test, is compacted 25 times with a 20 mm diameter rod and 60 cm in length. (a) Right (6) Wrong ‘211. The preliminary test should be repeated if the difference of compressive strength of three test specimens exceeds (a) 0.5 Némm? (@) 1Nimn? , (©) 1.5 Nimm* (@ 2Nimm? 212, For mass concrete in piers and abutments, the grade of concrete mix used, is (a) 1:1:2 () 11S (9 12:4 (@ 1:36 213. In performing the works test . (a) the mould for test specimen should be made of non-absorbent material (&) the mould should be constructed in such a way that there is leakage of water from test specimen during moulding (c). the base plate of the mould should be of non-absorbent material (d) all of the above 214, For highly loaded columns, the conctcte mix used is ofiproportion (a) 12122 13 fo 12k 4 (f) 1:36 215, The correct proportioning <1 acwuis ingredients +. nat te largely depends upon (a) bulking of sand = (b)_ water content {ej absorption, (q) all of these 216, If the proportions of different ingredients (cemitt, sand and aggregate) are in the ratio of 1:24, then the grade of concrete is (@ M10 (@) Mis te) M20 (@) M25 217, 1£30% excess water is added, the strength of concrete is reduced by “(@) 30% () 40% (e) 50% (a) 60% 218. The finer the sand, greater is the bulkage. (a) Correct (b) Incorrect216. (6) 217. (c) 218, (a) 219, (6) 220. (d) 221. (e) 222. (d) 223. (d) 224. (d) 225. (c) 226. (6) 227. (c) 228. (d) 229. (a) 230. (c) 231. (a) 232. (c) 233. (d) Concrete Technology 518 219. The concrete in which preliminary tests are performed for designing the mix is called (a) rich concrete fost (6) controlled concrete (©) lean concrete {d) ordinary concrete 220. The maxinmm quantity of aggregate per 50 kg of cement should not exceed (a) 100 kg © 200k (©) 350kg @). 450g 221. The minimum quantity of cement to be used in controlled conerete is specified as (a) 120kg/cm? ©) 160 kg/cm? — (ce): 220 kg em? @ 280kg/ cm? 222. The concrete in which no preliminary tests are performed for designing the mix is called * ‘ (@) rich concrete (6) controlied concrete + (c) lean concrete 223. The ordinary concrete is not used for. (@) M10 (6) M20 “224. The controlled concrete is used for (@). one grade of concrete mix (0) “three grades of concrete mix (0) five grades of concrete mix (@) all the seven grades of concrete mix 225. The water used for ordinary concrete is equal to 5% by weight of aggregate plus weight of cement. (2) 10% @) 20% ©) 30% @ 40% 226. For reinforced cement concrete lintels and slabs, the nominal size of toarse. ‘aggregate should not exceed (@) 10mm @ 15mm (© 20mm @ 40mm 227. Which of following proportion of different ingredients of concrete mix confirm to the arbitrary ‘method of mixing ? (@) 1:2:5 (6) 1:3:7 (1:4: @ 1:5:9 228. The factor which effects the design of concrete mix is (@) fineness modulus (0) water-cement ratio (©) stump (@) aofthese 229. in arbitrary mix method, the coarse aggregates are taken twice the fine aggregates, (a) True (8) False 230. The percentage af fine aggregate to the combined aggregate (P) is obtained by the relation. x+r = xX-y () P= 378 2100 Oe yayx100 xX-z Z-¥ (©) P= FF x10 (@) R= Za x10 where X,Y, and Z = Fineness modulii for coarse, fine and combined aggregates respectively. 231, In order to obtain the required workability, the minimum quantity of water to be added to fine and coarse aggregates is determined by the relation (a) WCxp=0.3p+0.1 y+ 0.012 (6) WICx p=0.1p+03y+0001z (0) WCxp=0.001 p+O.1y+032 (@ WiCxp=0.3p+0.001y+0.12 where WIC = Water-cement ratio, P = Quantity of cement by weight, Y= Quantity of fine aggregate by weight, and’ 2 = Quantity of coarse aggregate by weight,228. (d) 229. (a) 230. (c) 231. (a) 3, (e) 233, 234, (a) 238, (a2) «236. (d)~—-237. (a) «238, () 239, 140. () . ). ) S. 616 Civil Engineering 232. If 50 kg of fine aggregates and 100 kg of coarse aggregates are mixed in a concrete whose water-cement ratio is 0.6, the weight of water required for harsh mix is (a) Ske ©) 10ke (© 12kg @ Whe 233. The number of bags of cement required per cubic metre of | :2;4 concrete will be approximately (a) 2003 (6) 3104 (co) 4005 (@) 506 234. A mix with water-cement ratio of 0.78 is termed as wet mix. (@) Yes () No 235, The Indian standard code specifies that the crushing strength for which the mix should be designed in the laboratory should be «times the strength actually required. (@) 1.25 @ 1s @.2 @ 25 - 236. In voids method of determining the quantity of cement paste, itis assumed that the (a) voids in the coarse aggregate are filled by the fine aggregates (6) volume of fine aggregates required for | m’ of coarse aggregate is equal to total voids in coarse aggregate plus 10% aggregate extra to allow for additional voids created by wedging action (©) volume of cement paste required for 1 m’ of coarse aggregate is equal to total volume of ee eee by wedging action (@) all of the above 237. The workability of concrete mix increases with the increase in moisture content. (a) Agree (8) Disagree 238. The importance of storing the various ingredients of concrete is (@) to maintain the uniformity of grading (6) to maintain the uniformity of moisture (6) to maintain the strength of materials (d) both (a) and (b) 239, The main requirement, which « ware-house should fulfil is that (@) its walls should be water proof masonry construction (8) its roof should be leak-proof (©) it must have large number of windows (@) its plinth should be very high 240. The term ‘ware-house pack’ means (a) the total capacity of ware-house (8) packing of warehouse (0) pressure compaction of bags on lower layers (@, pressure exertion of bags on upper layers 241. To prevent the cement bags from any possible contact with moisture, the main point that should bbe kept in mind is that the (a) space between the exterior walls and piles should be 30 cm (0) cement bags should be placed closer together in the piles (c)_ width and height of the pile should not exceed 3m and 2.70 m respectively (@) all of the above 242, In designing a ware-house, itis assumed that (a) each bag contains 50 kg of cement (b) floor area occupied by one bag of cement is 0.3m? c) height of each cement bag containing 35 litres of cement is 0.18 na @ allot the above i @ (@), (6) @ | | |240. (c) 241. (d) 242. (d) 243. (a) 244, (d) 245. (d) 246. (d) 247. (d) 248, (d) 249. {d) 250. (d) 251. (b) 252. (a) 253. (d) 284, (6) 255. (c) 256. (a) 287. (c) ‘Concrete Technology 517 243. The ‘first-in, first-out’ rule should be applied when cement bags are to be removed from the ware-house, "@ True (0) False 244. Which of the following statement is wrong ? (a) If the height of pile exceeds 1.44 m, the cement bags should be arranged in header and stretcher fashion. (b). The cement bags should be rolled on the floor when itis taken out for use. (©) The strength of cement decreases with the passage of time, (d) none of the above 248, The capacity of a ware-house depends upon the (@) floor area occupied by one cement bag (4) height to which the cement bags are piled (©) either (a) and (6) (d) both (a) and (6) 246. Ifthe effective plan area of a warehouse is $4 mr’, and the maximum height of pile permitted is 2.7 m, then the number of cement bags to be stored is (a) 2000 (®) 2200 (© 2500 (@ 2700 247. The process of proper and accurate measurement of all-concrete materials for uniformity of Proportions and aggregate grading is called (@) proportioning —_—(b) grading (©) mixing (@) batching 248. The importance of batching is to obtain (a) strength (®) workability (c) durability @) all of these 249. Weight batching is done by (a) spring dial scale (6) platform weighing machine (©) portable weigh batchers (@) allof these 250. When the batching of material is done by weight (@) the bucket in which the material is to be weighed should be clegned thoroughly (6) the weighing machine should be levelled before placing the material (©) the chart should be prepared indicating the weight of each material used for different strengths of concrete (d) all of the above 251. For batching 1:2: 4 concrete mix by volume, the ingredients required per bag of cement are (@) 50 kg of cement : 70 kg of fine aggregate : 140 kg of coarse aggregate (0) 50 kg of cement : 70 litres of fine aggregate : 140 litres of coarse aggregate (©) 50 kg of cement : 100 kg of fine aggregate : 200 kg of coarse aggregate (@) 50 kg of cement : 100 litres of fine aggregate : 140 litres of coarse aggregate. 282. For measuring aggregates by volume, wooden batch boxes known as farmas are used. (@) Correct (6) Incorrect 253, The measuring 50 litres of aggregate, the inner dimensions of a farma should be (@) 25cm 25 cmx 40cm ©) Wemx 29 emx 48 em (©) 30cm 30cmx 50cm @) 31 cmx 31 cmx 520m 284. The finished concrete is measured in litres. (a) Right (®) Wrong 255. The mixer, which produces a steady stream of concrete as long as itis in operation, is known as. (@) non-tiling batch mixer (©) tilting type batch mixer (©) continuous mixer (@)_ none of these252. (a) 258. (a) ha fai 253. (@) 284: (6) «285. (c) 28%, (a) 287. 259. (@) 260. (d) 261. (c) 26.) 263. 268. fal 266. (ec) 267. (da 268. (d\ 269. oe zs Civil Engineering ~ 256. The process of mixing, transporting, placing and compacting the cement concrete should not take more than (@) 30 minutes () 6Ominutes —(c) 90 minutes (@) 120 minutes 257. For continuous transportation of concrete, the method used is (@) transport of concrete by pans (0) transport of concrete by wheel barrows (c) transport of concrete by belt concrete conveyors (@) transport of concrete by pumps 258. For concreting of tunnel lining, the concrete is transported by (@) pumps (6) pans (c) wheel barrows —(d)_ containers 259. The concrete can be lifted by pumps through a maximum vertical distance of (2) 10m ®) 20m (©) 30m (@ 50m 260. In transportation of concrete by pumps (a) the slump should not be less than $0 mm and more than 80 mm (b) the water cement ratio should remain between 0.5 0 0.65 (©), the aumber of bends in a pipe line s. wuld be as small as possible (d) all of the above 261. The diameter of the pipe line used for transportation of concrete by pumps should not exceed (a) 10em (6) 20cm (2 300m (@ 40cm 262. To prevent segregation, the conerete should not + thrown from a height of more than (a) 12m (6) Im (c) 1.5m @ 2m 263, The placement of concrete should be discontinued ducing rainy periods. (a) Yes (6) No 264, The coneret be laid continuously in order to p: vent the formation of irregular and unsightly lines. (a) should (8) should not 265. The placing of concrete should start width-Wise in reinforced cen ent conerete slabs from one end. (a) Tre (0) False 266. The process of consolidating concrete mix after placing it in position is termed as (a) curing (8) wetting (6). compaction (2) none of these 267. When the conerete mix is too wet, it causes (a) segregation (0) tow density (c) excess laitance at the top (d) all of these 268, ‘The object of ¢> spaction is to (2) cradicate aires : (0) give maximum density (c) ensure in imate contact between the concrete and the surface of reinforcement (d) al ofthe. bove 269. The factor which effect the quality of compaction, is (a). density of concrete (8) strength of concrete (©) durability of concrete (@) allofthese 270. For < »mpacting large sections:of muss conerete in structures, the type of vibrator used is (q). internat vibrator (b) screed vibrator (©) for vibrator (all of these (©) (a) (a() 267. (268. (a) (a) 273. (d) 274. (a) 2%. (a) 277. ©) (@) 279. (2) 280. (6) 282. (c) 283. (d) (6) 285. (a) 286. (a) 271. For compacting plain concrete or one-way reinforced concrete floors, the vibrator used is 264. (a) 268. (a) 270. (a) 271. (6) BASF (a) internal vibrator (0) screed vibrator (©) form vibrator (@ allot these 272, The slump should not exceed $0 mm when compacting concrete with vibrators, (a) Agree (6) Disagree 273. When vibrators are used for compaction, the consistency of concrete depends upon the (ay type of mix (®) placing conditions (c). efficiency of vibrator (d) all of these: 274. If the slump of the concrete mix is less than 50 mmm, then while coompacting it with vibrators, the segregation will not take place, (2) Right (0) Wrong 275. Which of the following statement is correet while ‘compacting concrete with vibrators ? (a) The vibrator should be inserted horizontally. (6) The vibrator should not be immersed through a full depth of freshly laid concrete, (©) The vibrator should not touch the form surface. (@) all ofthe above 276. The levelling operation that removes humps and hollows and give a true, uniform concrete surface is called (@) screeding (b) floating (©) trowelling (d) compacting 277. The final operation of finishing the concrete surface is called (a): serecding (6) floating (©) towelling (@) none of these 278. The process of removing the irregularities from the surface of concrete left after screeding is called floating. (@) Correct (®) Incorrect 279. Trowelling should be finished on the same day of its laying operation. (a) Yes (8) Now. 280. The process of hardening the concrete mixes by keeping its surface moist for a certain period is called (@) floating (6) curing (0) sereeding (@) none of these 281. The object of curing is to ms (a) prevent the Joss of water by evaporation (5) reduce the shrinkage of concrete (c) preserve the properties of concrete (@ all of these 282, After the curing of 28 days, the concrete gains strength upto (a) 40% (0) 67% (©) 100% (d@) 122% 283. Proper curing of cement concrete, is good for its (@) volume stability (6) strength (©) Wear resistance (4) all ofthese 284. Under normal circumstances, the beam soffits may be removed after (a) 2 days (6) 7 days (@) 14 days (@ 21 days 285. Vertical sides of columns may be stripped after © (a) 1 t02 days (8) 7 days (o) 14 days. (d) 21.days 286, In concrete walls, construction joints should be provided at the (@) floor level (®) soffit level of lintels (©) sill devel of windows (@) allofthese as 281. @) {e) @ ©)288. (d) 289. (b) 290. (d) 620 Civil Engineering 287. The construction joints in cement concrete (a) should be located where bending moment is large (0) should be located where shear foree is large (6) should not be provided at the comers (@) should be spaced at a distance of 3 m apart in case of huge structures 288. The construction joints are generally provided in concrete (a) roads (6) retaining walls (c) liningoftunnels (¢) all of these (289. The most useless aggregate is, whose surface texture is (@)_ smooth (8) glossy (©) granular (d) porous 290. The bulk density of agaregates depends upon its (@) shape (0) grading (@) compaction (@) all of these ANSWERS 1. @ 2 @ 3 © 4 @ 5. (2) 6 @ 1. ©) a @ 20 W@ 2 12. @ 3 @° &4@ 1% @ 6% 1% 1& (© 19. (b) 20. (b) a. (c) 22. (a) 23. (b),(c) 24. (a) 2. (2) 6. (@) 2) B®). 30. (6) 1. @ WG Bea 64 3 @ 36. (@) 37. (b) 38. (d) 39. (c) 40. (a) 41. 42. (a) 43. (a) 44. (©) ‘45. (a),(b) 46. (b) 47, (b) 48. (d) 49. (@) «50. @d) SH.) 82 (=) 53.) 54. (0) 55. (a) 56. (d) 51. (@) 58. (0) 5% (d) 60. (d) 6. @ 6. @ @ @ 6.) 65 (a) 66. (a) 7 8 8&6 MM 71. 2. @) 73. (@),0) 4 (1S. (5 (HT) 7B. (d) 7. (6) 80. (4) 81. (©, (0), es () 82. (a) 83. (c) Ln) 85. (0) 86. (a) . @ 88. (d) @) 0. (c) ay (@) Mm ) - © 94. (0) ©) 9. (0) 9%) — 9B) (100. Ga) © 04, 102. (@) 103. (@)_—=— 104. (ce) «105, (106. (a) 108: (@) 109. () sO. (). @). ) 14.) MS. @ oT HB.) 120() 121. (@) 12.) 123, (@) 1K. (@) 126. (@) 127. (@) «128. () «129. (130. () 132, (a) 133. @) 134113868. @) «137. @) 138. (2). 139 () 140. (d) tl. (a) 4, (a) 143.) 144. (@) 148. @) 9, 146. (c), 14 BD. @ 150. (d) 18h, (4). 182 (©) 153 (a) ‘184. (@), (0) 155. 156. (6) 157. @) oo ISB @)) 159) 160. @) ~— AFL, @, @Concrete Technology 162. (c),(d) 163. (a),(b) 164. 168. (d) 169. () 170. 174. (@) 175. @) 176. 180. (d) 181. (@) 182. 186. (d) 187. (@) ‘188, 192, (@) 193, (@) 194, 198. (c) 199. (d) 200. 204. (d) 205. (d) 206. 210. (by) A. (ec) 22 216. (6) 217, (c) 218. 222, (d) 223. (d) 224. 228. (d) 229. (a) 230. 234. (a) 235, (a) 236. 240. (U1. AD. 246. (2) 147. (48, 252. (@) 2583.) 284. 258. (a) 259. (d) 260 264. (@) 265. (a) 266, 270. (a) 271. (6) 272. "276. (a) = 277%. (@) 278. 282. (c) 283.) 284. 288. (2) 289. (0) 290. (a) (@) @) () @ (a) @) 168. 1m. 171. 189, 195, 201. 213, 219, 225. 231. 237. 243, 261. 267, 27. 279, 285. © (a) © @ ( @ @ @ . {d) © © @ @ @ 1m, 178. 184. 190. 196. 202, 208. 214, EREREEE BRE 74. BE (a) @ @ @ o 191. 197. 203. 209. 215. 221. 221, 233. 239. 281. 257. 263. 269, 275. 281. © © (a), (6) @ ® © @