PSAPES – 1st Semester Notes

1st SHIFT 6. Provides opportunities for personal goal-

setting
PHYSICAL EDUCATION
7. Increases personal fitness and motor skills
- Process through which an individual obtains development
- optimal physical, mental, and social skills and 8. Helps reduce stress & anxiety
fitness though physical activity 9. Strengthens relationships with others
- This phrase is used most commonly to include 10. Boosts academic learning
teaching movement in schools
- By participating in physical education, one RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PHYSICAL EDUCATION
is changed in one of three fundamental AND SPORT
ways:
1. ATTAINMENT
1. PHYSICALLY 2. COGNITIVE FUNCTION
2. EMOTIONALLY 3. BEHAVIOR
3. INTELECTUALLY 4. ATTENDANCE
5. MENTAL HEALTH
FUNDAMENTAL DOMAINS 6. WIDER SOCIAL OUTCOMES

1. COGNITIVE DOMAIN 1. ATTAINMENT –

- Intellectual aspect
Well-controlled longitudinal studies suggest that
- Acquisition, comprehension, analysis,
academic achievement is maintained or enhanced by
synthesis, application, and evaluation of
increased physical education, physical activity or
knowledge
sport. When using physical education as an
2. AFFECTIVE DOMAIN
intervention several studies have found either no
- Emotional/psychological aspect
decline in academic achievement or an improvement
- Development of attitudes, appreciations, and in arithmetic and reading scores even when this
values additional physical education replaced academic
- Contains both SOCIAL & subject lesson time.
EMOTIONAL DIMENSIONS
3. PSYCHOMOTOR DOMAIN When a substantial proportion of curricular
- Physical aspect time (up to an extra hour per day) is allocated to
physical education, physical activity or sport, learning
- It is understood that the mind and body work
seems to proceed more rapidly per unit of classroom
together to coordinate & execute
time. Accelerated psychomotor development has been
movements
shown in children who received additional physical
- Fundamental movement & game skills
education which could be the mechanism for
accelerated learning.
WHY PHYSICAL EDUCATION?
2. COGNITIVE FUNCTION –
1. Encourages physical activity for life.
2. Helps prevent sickness and diseases A positive relationship exists between physical
3. Provides an outlet for creativity and self- activity and cognition; perceptual skills, attention and
expression concentration are all improved by about of physical
4. Develops Cooperation & teamwork activity. Primary and middle-school age children
5. Builds Self-Confidence appear to gain the most benefit in terms of enhanced
function.
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Prior exercise may be beneficial for cognitive
function in both the morning and the afternoon as
studies have shown an improvement in adolescents’
performance on visual search and attention tests in
the morning and on children’s performance in
mathematics after an afternoon walk.
3. BEHAVIOR –
Extensive research reviews conclude that physical
activity has a positive effect on classroom behavior. As
little as 10 minutes of additional organized physical
activity in outside the classroom improves classroom
behavior, and consequently may enhance academic
performance. In one study the most disruptive
children showed greater behavioral improvements.
Studies from the World Health Organization and
German researchers found that young individuals who
participate in organized sport demonstrate lower
rates of anti-social behavior which may result in less
disaffection from school and thus enhanced academic
performance.
4. ATTENDANCE –
Large cross-sectional studies have shown a
positive relationship between participation in sports
programs and school attendance and between
physical fitness and school attendance.
The evaluation of school sport partnerships
indicated that increased opportunities to participate
in physical education, activity and sport provided
increased motivation for young people to attend
school.
For targeted groups researchers believe that
physical activity provides social capital for
participants which may indirectly enhance school
attendance. School connectedness and school
satisfaction, two outcomes linked with successful
school sport and physical education programs, are
known to prevent drop-out from school and positive
improvements in school attendance.
To impact on whole school attendance, physical
education and school sport programs should be
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innovative, engage the whole school in daily or weekly
activity programs and importantly, be fully integrated
within a multi-dimensional school aim of improving
attendance, increasing attainment, and changing
attitudes to learning.
5. MENTAL HEALTH
The positive impacts of physical activity on
anxiety, depression, mood and wellbeing are not
disputed and longitudinal studies have also
reported a positive association between physical
activity and several components of mental health
including increased self-esteem, emotive well-
being, spirituality and future expectations.
There is also an effects on increased self-
esteem which benefit all aspects of school life. This
maybe influenced by the activity mode
undertaken, although positive cognitive
behavioral modifications have been observed
across aerobic, strength, dance, and flexibility
activities.
Taking part in sport and physical activity
programs can improve confidence by giving an
opportunity to be good at something, this
confidence has transferred to other aspects of
school life.
6. WIDER SOCIAL OUTCOMES
WHO suggests that physical activity
participation assists social development of young
people by promoting self-expression, social
interaction, and social integration.
PE, Physical activity and sport have been shown to
positively impact the following:
- Feeling connected to their school: Due to greater
attention directed towards young people who
participate, and the increased amount of
interactions with significant adults that
extracurricular physical activities entail.
- Aspirations of young people: Researchers
suggested that participation in sport promotes
identification with the school, and a
commitment to school-related values which
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consequently benefit both academic and non-
academic outcomes.
- To extent to which positive social behaviors exist
within school: Whilst there is an
acknowledgement that PE and sport programs
are not “miracle cures” some researchers believe
it to be an appropriate environment for socio-
moral development and is most effective when
combined with programs that seek to address
wider personal and social development.
SPORT
- Institutionalized games associated with
competitive physical activities governed by a
formal set of rules & played by individuals &
teams seeking to win
➢ INDIVIDUAL, DUAL, TEAM SPORTS
FORMS OF SPORT
1. PLAY-SPORT
- Remains essentially informal; can be
pursued in areas that are easily accessible
2. ATHLETIC-SPORT
- More competitive, has more systematic
techniques when science & technology are
applied to the development of game skills &
when there are commercial sponsors
e.g. UAAP, NCAA
3. PROFESSIONAL GAMES
- Involve activity where participants are
obliged to perform; are oriented in
pragmatic concerns of everyday life; & are
pursued for profit or material gain
e.g. PBA, PSL, PVL
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PHILOSOPHY VS SCIENCE
• PHILOSOPHY
- From Greek word “philosophia” – love of
wisdom & pursuit of truth
- Like science, analyzes &
examines PHENOMENA
- However, unlike science it can assign &
designate values to our experiences
- Therefore, it can be used to make value
judgments, whereas science cannot
➢ CONTEMPORARY PHILOSOPHY – critical
evaluation of experience, rationality, & facts
by reason inquiry, which lead to the
acquisition of wisdom & subsequent
generation of knowledge
- Both science & philosophy employ
- investigative process, even though their
respective topics and evidence may be very
different
• SCIENCE
- Seeks to prove or disprove hypotheses.
- Seeks an answer to a specific question
- Concerned with the material, observable
universe & are less concerned with meaning
that they are with measurement
BASIC PHILOSOPHICAL TERMS DEFINED
1. LOGIC
- Art & science of reasoning
- Ability tothink accurately & systematically
2. AXIOLOGY
- Branch of philosophy that seeks
to
determine nature of values
3. AESTHETICS
- Addresses the nature of art & beauty & can be
applied to such forms of human movement
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as dance & other movement pursuits where
beauty & grace of movement many times
resemble art
4. ETHICS
- Right & wrong, correct & incorrect behavior
- Concept of fair play is emblematic of
traditional ethical behavior
5. POLITICS
- Study of common good
e.g. Relationship of coaches & athletes
6. THEOLOGY
- Study of the nature of God & religion
7. METAPHYSICS/ONTOLOGY
- Study of the nature of reality & being
- Divided into: mind & body
2ND SHIFT
ANCIENT GREECE
Olympics started 3,000 years ago. At the Olympia,
Greece
- Provided unity
- Happens every 4 years
First event: men’s 200m sprint
PANHELLENIC GAMES
• Olympics – every 4 years
• Pythian games: 582 B.C. – every 4 years (3rd
year of each Olympiad)
• Isthmian games: 580 B.C. – every 2 years (2nd
and 4th year of each Olympiad)
• Nemean games: 573 B.C. – every 2 years (4th
year of each Olympiad)
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SOCRATES
- Greek philosopher, credited as one of the
founders of Western Philosophy
- Created Socratic irony and the Socratic
method.
- Physical fitness is important to get great
glory and gain very high honors.
- All uses of the body is in high state of
physical efficiency as possible.
PLATO
- Athenian philosopher during the Classical
period and the founder of Platonist school of
thought, the Academy & the first institution
of higher learning in Western world.
- What is a sport? (Has 3 souls)
o Appetite soul – sport is based
on the gaining of material
goods through prizes won at
the competitors
o Emotional soul – sport is
based on the elementary
ancient agon; The value of
sports
o Reasonable soul – sport is no
longer necessary to compete
with other contestants; But
more on how sport is properly
executed.
ARISTOTLE
- Ancient Greek philosopher and Scientist,
tutored Alexander the Great and founded
his own school, the Lyceum of Athens
- Nichomachean Ethics, Politics, Metaphysics,
Poetics and Prior Analytics.
- Beauty varies with age
- The most beautiful athletes are those in
pentathlon
- Aristotelian Ethics: How to Not be Bad
- Importance of virtue
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MILO OF CROTON
- Wrestler
- One of the greatest athletes to join the
Olympics and other events at an old age.
- Won the Olympic title 6 times within a span
of 16 years and acquired 27 championships
at the Nemean, Pythian and Isthmian games.
- Saved the life of philosopher, Pythagoras
LENIDAS OF RHODES
- Olympic runner
- Won the wreath in three categories
- Also competed in hoplitodromos which was
a strength-based race
- Achieved 12 Olympic victories
- Recognized as the individual with the most
Olympic wins ever recorded.
WOMEN ROLE
- Women were allowed to participate in
sporting events in Sparta
- Women weren’t allowed active participation
in the Olympics
- Women were extremely discouraged to
participate in sports and extreme laws
- Adult women were prohibited from attending
the Olympics by the laws of Ellis
- If a female participant was caught in the
Olympic stadium, the city of Ellis stated that
they were to be thrown into the river from
Mount Typaion.
SPARTA
For Spartan they focused on required training so that
all citizens be a soldier while for the Athenian they
focused more on arts and academic.
SPORTS:
1. Boxing – combat sports while wearing
himantes (gloves for protection) , usually
finish when someone surrendered or because
of mutual exhaustion.
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2. Chariot Racing – form of contest between
small, two-wheeled vehicles drawn by two,
four, or six-horse teams;4-6 chariots
competed in a single race, normally consisting
of seven laps around the circus; Racing chariot
were light, fragile; Easily smashed in collision;
Driver was often entangled in the long reins
and dragged to death or seriously injured.
3. Wrestling – combat sport; 3 throws are
necessary to win, a throw was counted if the
body, hip, back, or shoulder touched the
ground. If both competitors fell, nothing was
counted.
4. Pankration – combat sport that allows you to
use any techniques from boxing and wrestling;
Kick and choke are allowed
5. Running – Oldest and most important
Olympic sport; athletes ran the running events
naked and barefoot on the running track.
3 kinds of run events:
▪ Stade – straight line sprint just
over 192m
▪ Diaulus – same meter of stade
and then turn around in a
separate posts before
returning to the start line
▪ Dlichos – a 20-24 laps of the
track
6. Javelin throw – sport where you throw a
spear like object as far as you can.
7. Discuss throw – disk-shaped object, known as
a discuss, is thrown for distance; originally
made of stone and later of iron, lead, or bronze
8. Long jump – event where an athletes attempt
to leap as far as possible from a take off point;
uses stone or lead weights called halters to
increase the distance of a jump and releases
until the end of their flight.
Pentathlon:
- Sprint running, Javeline throw, Discuss throw,
Long jump, wrestling
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- Only boys from noble families could become

THE MIDDLE AGES
o In the history of Europe, the middle ages (or
medieval period) lasted from the 5th to the 15th
century.
o It began with the fall of the Western Roman
Empire and merged into the renaissance and
the age of discovery
THE MIDDLE AGES IS THE MIDDLE PERIOD OF THE
3 TRADITIONAL DIVISION OF WESTERN HISTORY:
knights
- There is a code of conducts that all knights
must live by
3. Nobles
- People who pledged their allegiance to the
king
- In return for their loyal service, they were
given large areas of land within the kingdom
- Titles of nobility include duke, count, lord and
baron

1. Classical Antiquity
4. The royalties (kings and queens)
2. Medieval period (early, high and late)
- Kings were at the top of their social system
3. Modern period
within their kingdom
- Only people above them were the emperor
PYRAMID OF POWER IN MIDDLE AGES and the pope
- Ruled large areas of land
Royalties - To protect this land from invasion, the king
gave parts of it to local lords, who were called
Nobles vassals. In return, his vassals promised to fight
to defend the king’s land
Knights
ST. THOMAS AQUINAS
Peasants
Italian philosopher, theologian, and Dominican
friar is regarded by many as the greatest figure of
SOCIAL RANKS IN THE MIDDLE AGES
scholasticism
1. Peasants He was the greatest of the medieval scholars
- Placed at the bottom of the social system He embraced the idea of physical fitness and
- They farmed the land of the knights, nobles recreation as a physical force in prompting social
and kings in return for protection for the lords and moral well-being
- The peasants labored from sunrise to sunset,
lived in huts, and suffered from frequent CLADIUS GALENUS
pestilences - At the age 28, he was appointed physician of
- They were often helpless prey of the feudal the gladiators in the Pergamum kingdom
nobles - Known also as the first “sports medicine
specialist.”
2. Knights - Galen’s treatise ‘on the exercise with the small
- Considered vassals and were given land, or a ball’ (medicine ball today)
fief - He recommends: “take fresh air, get a good
- They were trained for war and fought for sleep, eat and drink properly, control
nobles and kings emotions and empty bowels once a day!” he

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adds: “ no activity is exercise unless you
become breathless”
SPORTS IN THE MIDDLE AGES
1. Jousting
- Riding a horse then you kill the other person
on a horse also
- Biggest sports in this time
- Designed to train the knights and their man
and the weak ones are being killed
- Quintain and pell training were essential for
the knights who participated in these sports.
Feudal lords and knights and their men at
arms used such weapons as swords, lances,
daggers and battle axes
2. Archery
- Described as a bowman, one skilled in the use
of the bow and arrow. However there were
also other types of archers during the period -
the longbow man and the crossbowman.
- A maker of the Medieval Bow and Arrow and
other archery goods was called an Artillator.
3. Horseshoe pitching
- Origin: Adopted from the discus throw of the
Ancient Greece. Poorer people can’t afford
equipment so they manage to improvise
equipment which consists of a Horseshoe and
a stake.
- Events: it is an arcade game played by
peasants
- Tournaments: first world championship of
horseshoe pitching took place in 1910 in
Bronson, Kansas. Today the game is popular
throughout the US. It is estimated that more
than 10M people play horseshoes every year
4. Hammer Throw
- The concept of hammer throw started
approximately 2000 BC ago with the Tailteann
people
- Showcasing talents to their kings
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- Inspired by the Celtic warrior Culchulainn
- Started from whirling around a chariot wheel
and throwing into a huge distance
- The use of Boulder with a wooden axle and
sledgehammer was originated in England and
Scotland during the Middle Ages.
- Introduced in the Olympics in 1900
- Played by those who are capable of throwing
the hammer in a long amount of distance;
specially knights
- Tailteann games; Olympic throwing event;
IAAF world athletics championships
ANCIENT ROMAN ATHLETICS
• Roman entertainment spread across vast
arrays of interest
from theater, to gladiatorial games, to chariot
racing, to animal hunts, and to public
executions. These games pervaded all aspects
of life in ancient Rome. The games served
multiple purposes, religiously, politically and
socially.
• The blood shows are called munera, the
provision of public works and entertainment
provided for the benefit of the Roman people
by individual of high status and wealth.
• It became their main source of entertainment
and it’s what keeps their blood boiling
PLACES FOR ROMAN SPORTING EVENTS
1. Campus
- A flat ground near the river used before
for newly recruited soldiers to practice
their marching and do other trainings.
- After it is not used anymore by the
roman military, it became a field for
men to exercise and do activities like
running, jumping, practicing archery in
some places in the Campus, and after
exercising they would go swim the river.
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2. Circus Maximus ROMAN ATHLETICS

- The main Amphitheatre before the
- Some Ancient Roman Sports was influenced by
colosseum was built. The circus was built
the Greeks
for entertainment purposes which was
- Ancient Roman Athletics are shown through
witnessed by a huge crowd and it has room
violent and bloody entertainments.
for 250,000 to 300,000 people to be seated
- The Ancient Roman culture made its people
at the same time
make it fine to have executions and ritual
- After the Colosseum was built it was now
killings.
primarily used only for chariot racing
- The ludi romani or the “Roman Games”
due to the its size.
represent the first appearance of mass
spectator sport in history. The main Roman
3. Colosseum
festivity for Roman games which was held
- The main Amphitheatre of Rome also
every September.
known as the Flavian Amphitheatre
- It Comprises of Three Basic Disciplines:
- The site for most of the gladiatorial
1. Circus – Most popular and common and is
contests
devoted to Chariot Racing
- Has room for around 50,000 – 70,000
2. Munera – Gladiatorial Combats
people to be seated at the same time.
3. Naumachia – Rarest Roman games like
Naval Battles
4. Domitian Stadium
- Emperor Domitian attempted to copy SPORTS
Greek style competitions and built a
1. Acrobatics
stadium called the Domitian Stadium.
a. The acrobatics were done to
- He failed because Roman’s wanted blood,
entertain crowds. The acts were
not nude male athletes that Domitian
done in-between matchesas the
preferred.
nextevents were being prepared
- Soon became an arena for Gladiatorial
b. Jugglers, tight-rope walkers, and
Combats
acrobats that specialize in ground
productions
5. Palaestra
werethe acts thatare being
- Events like boxing and wrestling took
performed.
place in this site.
c. They are asked to perform while
- Adapted from the Greek Palaestra but
gladiators and wild animals are
during the Roman Imperial Period the
unleashed.
Palaestra was often combined with, or
2. Venationes (Beast hunting)
joined to, a bath with large swimming pool
a. Modernized version : hunting
or natatio used for swimming and other
b. One of the bloody-filled sources of
aquatic sports.
entertainment of Rome. Occurs
- The Palaestra during the Ancient Roman
during daytime before gladiatorial
Period was a free space for the public to
combats.
use
c. The Venatores (Professional
hunters, slaves, criminals) had
their own training school called
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ludus matinus which meant
“morning school” because the
venationes were typically held
during mornings at the Roman
colosseum.
d. The captured beasts are
showcased in the colosseum to
execute them or see animals fight
against the gladiators or against
another animal, the spectacle is
called Beastiarii.
3. Beastiarii (Beast fighting)
a. Modernized Version: May show
links in Bullfighting
b. The Romans wanted to all types of
fight not only between gladiators
but between different animals,
between humans and animals.
c. Beast fighters were people who
were closely associated with the
beasts of the arena.
d. There are accounts where
sentenced criminals and prisoners
of war were executed by being
thrown to the wild beasts in the
colosseum which is called
damnatio ad bestias.
4. Sagitarii
a. Modernized Version:
Archery/MountedArchery
b. The display of archery and
equestrian skills. This game may
also represent mock battles
reflecting victories of Rome
against the Noxii Gladiators
(Sentenced Criminals) who had
little chance of winning.
c. Sagitarii is a gladiatorial game in
the ancient Rome. The auxiliary
troops in the Roman Army
consisted of foreign allies. The
weapon utilized in this sport were
short, curved bows of Parthian
origins.
5. Chariot Racing
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a. Modernized Version: Horse-
boarding & Horse-surfing.
⬗ Horse-surfing requires two
people, a horse, water or land and
a wakeboard
or skate.
⬗ Horse-boarding is the modern
version of chariot racing that
promises to pump extreme hearts
and classic horse lovers.
b. It was created for the
entertainment for the masses,
chariot races took place in the
Byzantine and Roman empire for
social status and political reasons.
They are often being used as a
proxy for skirmishes and for
showcasing equestrian skills
c. The format of the sport would be
to have 12 chariots racing in
teams. There were four teams
called factions, which were
identified according to their colors.
The chariots would break out of
the starting gates at the one end.
They would do the circuit seven
times; seven laps being required to
complete the race.
6. Pugilatus
a. Modernized Version: Boxing
b. Pugilatus was one of the favorite
sports. The gloves that we have
may seem to be similar to what
they use before. They used raw ox-
hide cut into thin slices and
wrapped over their hand.
c. This is a very violent sport wherein
the players don’t get to wear any
protective equipment, so deaths
are common. If a fighter didn’t die
in during the fight, they will surely
die after the fight.
d. Boxing in ancient Rome is almost
similar to today’s boxing in some
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ways. Fighter would use their right
hand to fight and the left to
defense. You can do wrestling; you
can also use your elbow to attack.
Unlike present-day boxing, boxers
could hit someone as even when
they were knocked down.
7. Cetus boxing
a. Another kind of boxing in the
Ancient Rome was Cestus Boxing.
The boxing glove used is a brass
knuckle loading with nails and
iron. These gloves lead to more
deaths and more limbs being
broken.
8. Pankration
a. Modernized Version: MMA
b. Pan = “all of power”
c. Kratos = “strength, might and
power”
d. Was developed in thearchaic
Greek Society of the 7th century BC
e. Traceable from the Greek Sports,
adopted sports by the Romans
intro their gladiatorial events by
the imperial period
f. Due to its bloodiness which seems
more in-line with roman’s love of
bloody spectacles
g. The matches were decided based
on submission of a player. Death of
an opponent is also considered as
a win. The only rules of the sports
was no biting and no eye gauging
9. Gladiatorial Combats
a. The games were a Munus and a
way to appease the Roman Gods
and avert Rome from disaster, but
later the games started to be
events sponsored by Rome’s
Politics and Wealthy persons to
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enhance their prestige it was then
make used as business through
gambling, public spectacles and
also public executions for
sentenced criminals.
b. Gladiator Combatsas Two Types:
1. As a Sport during the ancient
times seem to be unbelievable,
but some famous gladiators
were sent to the arena for
public spectacles just like the
modern boxing and MMA.
2. As a Punishment because
slaves, criminals who were
given a death sentence, and
prisoners of war were forced
into the roles of the first
gladiator, but then free men
started to enroll as gladiators
for the sake of glory, money
and fame, they were called as
an Rudiarus.
c. The combats are not always held in
the colosseum but in small arenas
only through their sponsors who
are sometimes the emperor or the
high magistrates in the provinces
can their fight be scheduled in the
colosseum
TYPES OF GLADIATORS
▪ Elite
▪ Heavily armed
▪ Lightly armed
▪ Unusual types
WOMEN AND SPORTS
- Ancient Rome was a patriarchal civilization
who gave less opportunities towards women.
- Seen in the picture were women holding
oblongated medicine balls, dumbbells and a
ball.
- The Romans paid less attention to these kinds
of sports because
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they don’t show case fighting.
- The idea of a female gladiator during this
period may seem to
be farfetched but there were evidences that
women
participated in the arena, but they were only
used for opening
acts for the main events such as fighting dwarf
men which
amuses the crowd. But there were accounts
that women
gladiators competed much the same as the
men did.
ANCIENT ROMAN POET “JUVENTUS”
“you should pray for a healthy mind in a healthy
body” – Juvenal
JUVENTUS
- A Roman poetactivein thelate firstand early
second AD.
- Stated the famous phrase that is widely used
in the area of Physical Education which is
“mens sana in corpore sano”
- its connection to Physical Education is to
express the theory that physical activity is an
important or essential part of mental and
psychological well-being.
ANCIENT ROMAN PHILOSOPHERS
CLADIUS GALEN “the best physician is also a
philosopher”
- A Greek physician.
- He was the greatest physician of his era, a
skilled surgeon and also a renowned
philosopher
- When he was working with the gladiators, he
developed unique insights towards the field of
anatomy and trauma.
- He gained more knowledge about practical
human anatomy due to his human dissection
in a time when it was strictly forbidden.
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- His philosophy primarily focuses on what is
essential to a physician’s lifestyle (ethics, logic
and physics)
MARCUS AURELIUS “if it is not right do not do
it; if it is not true do not say it”
- An emperor who was also a stoic philosopher
and an artist
- “A wise man sees beauty in all things even if it
is only as byproduct of something else’s
beauty. There are many such things that the
foolish cannot appreciate but in which the
wise can learn to distinguish a different kind of
aesthetic value.”
SENECA THE YOUNG “sometimes even to live
is an act of courage”
- A Roman stoic philosopher
- Condemned the gladiatorial contests not for
being to vicious and violent but for being
boring and therefore unworthy of the
attention of a well-reasoned man.
CICERO “live as brave men; and if fortune is
adverse, front its blows with brave hearts.”
- He was an orator, lawyer, politician, and a stoic
philosopher
- Utilized philosophy to bring his political goals.
- Offended by the Greek customs of competing
in the nude.
- Condemned Greek sport as undermining
family, duty, and state. But complimented
gladiatorial contests for being “a noble and
education art”, where the combatants showed
self-control and grace in the face of death
EPICTETUS “only the educated are free”
- Greek stoic philosopher
- Was born as a slave and lived in Rome until his
banishment
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PSAPES – 1st Semester Notes
- Best known for his works “The Enchiridion”
and his “Discourses”, a foundational works in
Stoic Philosophy
- Influenced Marcus Aurelius
AGE OF ENLIGTENMENT
• Concentration on science
• Preparation for the real world
• Experiments & experience
• Physical activity came from chores & farming
• Educators stressed to include everyone from
all social classes
• Physical activities taught in classrooms
SPORTS:
1. GYMNASTICS
• Combination of body coordination, gracefulness,
strength & acrobatic skills
• Modernization began in 1775 when Johann
Basedow included physical exercises at his
school in Dessau, Saxony
• In the late 1700s, equipment used were
developed by Friedrich Ludwig Jahn who is
considered as the “Father of Modern
Gymnastics”
• In the 1800s, gymnastics thrived in Germany &
Sweden. Jahn’s opening of his school prompted
in the formation of many clubs across Europe &
England
2. BOXING
• In 668 BC, also called fist fighting, was included
in the Olympics
• It was played with no gloves & no rules in 18 th
century England
• There were also no weight divisions, producing
only one champion
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3. HORSE RACING
• Professional sport during the reign of Queen
Anne
• Evolved into multi-horse races where viewers
threw on bets
• Gambling based racing was common in France
from 1643-1715
CHARLES II
• Known as the Father of English Turf
• Established the rules for horse racing
4. WHIST
• Classic English trick-taking card game
• Played by 4 players, they will compete as 2 pairs
• Believed to have originated in England during
the early 16th century
• Pairs attempt to win 7 or more of the 13 four-
card tricks from 52 cards
5. COCKFIGHTING
• 524-460 BC English Royalty & Gentry from Early
16th – 19th century
• Cocks are given special diet & exercise
• Metal spurs are attached to natural spurs are
used as weapon
• The cock wins if its opponent is already dead or
unstable
6. GOLF
• Traces up to the time of Julius Caesar & Song
Dynasty in China
• Played hitting a feather stuffed ball using a club-
shaped tree branch
• Stroke play was introduced around 1759-1764
• First rules were introduced by honorable
company of Edinburgh Golfers in 1744
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SCIENTISTS: 4. RICHARD MULCASTER

• Supported the idea that physical activity &
1. ISAAC NEWTON
exercise is important in meeting the social,
• Integrated the ideas of Copernicus, Kepler, &
emotional, and educational needs of a person
Galilei in 1687 book Principia Mathematica
• Explains the law of universal gravitation
5. JEAN JACQUES ROUSSEAU
• Religious views were not only the sole means of
• In his work Emile, he argued that a child must
understanding the forces of nature
base his learning from nature or the objects
surrounding the child
2. GALILEO GALILEI
• He also pushed for training areas and
• Observation over speculation
gymnasiums to be a requirement for a school
• Established experimentation

6. JOHANN BERNHARD BASEDOW

3. FRANCIS BACON
• Advocated the use of realistic teaching methods
• Developed the foundation of the scientific
• Introduction of physical education into the
method
schools
• Necessary to collect data, observe, and draw
conclusions
PHILOSOPHER:
• Advocates empiricism in order to gain
knowledge through using examples to draw a 1. THOMAS HOBBES
conclusion from a general point • In his work Leviathan, he described humans’
natural state as a state of conflict or “state of
EDUCATORS: war”
• Humans lived in conflict for three reasons:
1. JOHANN GUTSMUTHS
• COMPETITION
• Grandfather of Gymnastics
• DIFFIDENCE
• Introduced systematic physical exercise
• GLORY
• Developed the basic principles of artistic
• Identified a way for athletes & coaches to be in a
gymnastics
state of peace

2. JOHN LOCKE
• Fitness is essential for a child’s health as said in
his work “Notions of Education” CURRENT TRENDS AND ISSUES IN SPORTS
• One must learn to dance, swordplay, & ride as
well as other physical activities
• Stressed the importance of recreation for youth
SUMMARY OF TRENDS –

The history of sports extends back to the ancient

3. MICHEL DE MONTAIGNE world. The physical activity that developed into sports
• Emphasized that physical exercise is not to be had early links with ritual, warfare and entertainment.
neglected because a person needs a healthy body Before sports teach lessons about social changes and
for a healthy mind about the nature of sports itself, as sports seems
involved in the development. In the beginnings of
sports, it was related to military training, competition
was used as a mean to determine whether individuals
were fit and useful for service. As time passes, sports

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also progresses due to the advancement of technology
as evident especially in the 21st century.
SUMMARY OF ISSUES –
In sports, the problems range from severity of injuries
to doping/drug scandals and some athletes struggle
with poor funding from sports associations, poor
training facilities, old equipment and other more
problems throughout the years.
I. Not Equal Pay of US Womens National Team
Winning the Football Cup VS Mens
III.
- According to the action network, The US
mens football team which did not qualify
for the 2018 world cup would make
$1.1million if they had won the world cup
thats like 55M pesos if converted. On the
other hand, The womens team only
recieved $250,000 each which is 12.5M
pesos when they won the world cup.
Moreover, there is a huge gap of prize
money between men and women’s world
cup. There is $30M in prize money for the
2019 women’s world cup but in the 2018
mens world cup the prize money was
$400M according to the new york times.
IV.
The inequality with genders in the world is
still evident as seen through the prize
money of the men and womens world cup.
Even though men and women have
different capabilities, they should still
acknowledge that men and women give
the same effort in everything.
II. ESPORTS
- What are esports? According to BBC,
Esports is a shortcut for electronic sports
wherein just like football players play
together, esports players play computer
games against each other. Nowadays,
esports have become popular with
children, teens and even adults. Esports
are such a big thing that you don’t just play
video games inside the living room but it
happens all over the world in big arenas
with a large audience watching. Also back
in 2016, gamers in the UK spend 3.3M
billion euros on computer games but is
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also worth it since if you win competitions
you win thousands in prize money. Here in
the Philippines, esports are so popular
nowadays because young people did not
adapt to the technology they were born
into it which gives them an advantage in
this field. Also for esports, height is
irrelevant, race and social status are
transcended and where hard work,
passion and talent can bring them to the
top.
Players now are easily injured
- Sports science and medicine are more
advanced than ever. However, long-term
injuries to the incoming rookie class
spiked this past season. Players have a
higher tendency to get injured due to lack
of sleep caused by the excessive use of
technology. Weaker bones, in part
because of low calcium and high sugar
intake; an uptick in wear and tear, thanks
largely to players specializing in basketball
at a young age; and weaker muscles, as a
result of shucking traditional weight
training for more en-vogue methods
ShotTracker
- A firm in Kansas created a platform that
can analyze data in realtime called
ShotTracker.
- The platform's founders describe it as an
easy-to-use system that is put together in
two parts. First are the electronic
sensors which are installed in the
facility’s rafters. This can map a basketball
court in 3D. Meanwhile, as a game or
practice is in progress, ShotTracker
gathers up data by following the real-time
movement of both the ball and players
fitted with lightweight sensors.
- The firm says that its technology can
specifically enable coaches to make
adjustments based on any game-in-
progress data, doing so during half-time or
on the fly. In addition, coaches and players
receive game and practice summaries and
reports, giving them direct access to the
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PSAPES – 1st Semester Notes
intel and data that can be used to improve
the form of both individual players and the
team.
- technology like this can help coaches
recognize areas of the floor where the
team is shooting successfully and where it
is not. Likewise, a team can pinpoint when
it’s getting beat in the low post, on the
perimeter, or in transition. So far,
ShotTracker has been piloted and used by
the National Association of Intercollegiate
Athletics’ Men’s Basketball
Championships for the last two years. As
the game continues to get more
competitive, it is likely that both basketball
teams in the U.S. and abroad will look for
different ways to use data collection to
improve game strategy.
• What is a ShotTracker?
• ShotTracker is an easy-to-use system that is put
together in two parts. First are the electronic
sensors which are installed in the facility’s rafters.
This can map a basketball court in 3D. Meanwhile,
as a game or practice is in progress, ShotTracker
gathers up data by following the real-time
movement of both the ball and players fitted with
lightweight sensors. It is fully autonomous.
V. Deaths in Contact Sports
- We are all aware that contact sports like
MMA, Boxing, Taekwondo, and the like are
all dangerous sports. Neuroscientists want
contact sports to be banned especially on
children ages 18 below. The most common
cause of death in contact sports are brain
injuries like cerebral hemorrhage. 2 MMA
fighters namely, Joao Carvalho and Ramin
Zeynalov both died recently due to brain
injury. Joao Carvalho received 41 blows to
the head that caused a blunt force trauma
to the head while Ramin Zeynalov suffered
from cerebral hemorrhage. Maxim
Dadashev, a 28 year old boxer, died after
his fight against Subriel Matias. He
immediately underwent a brain surgery
but still died because of sustaining injuries
Page | 15
from the Fight. In less than a week after the
death of Dadashev, Hugo Alfredo Santillian
also known as Dinamita, fainted after
finishing the fight against Eduardo Javier
Abreu and died due to swelling of his brain
that continued to worsen and affected the
functions of his organs.
• Maxim Dadashev - underwent brain surgery,
sustaining injuries
• Hugo Alfredo Santillan - Fainted after the
announcer, announced that the fight was a draw.
Swelling of his brain.
• Ramin Zeynalov - cerebral Hemorrhage
• Joao Carvalho - 41 blows to the head causing blunt
force trauma
VI. Lack of Support of the Philippine Government
for National Athletes
- The Philippine Sports Commission (PSC) is
expected to provide sufficient funding and
proper training facilities to athletes
representing the country. However, many
athletes claim to experience a lack of
support coming from the PSC.
- This may be one factor why the PSC cannot
fully support the Philippppine’s national
athletes. There are also only two
government-run facilities in the
Philippines, Rizal Memorial Sports
Complex and Philsports Complex, which
are both worn out and poorly maintained.
This implies that sports is not one of the
top priorities of the Philippine
government. These issues may be the
reason why the Philippines has only won
10 medals (3 silver, 7 bronze) for all
Olympic events combined.
VII. Wearable Technology
- Wearable technology devices were
released between 2006 and 2013 like
Nike+ and Fitbit but started to become
popular around 2014-2015. They help
users monitor their own fitness by
tracking their movement, heart rate,
calories burned, and others that help them
achieve their goals. They help athletes
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PSAPES – 1st Semester Notes
implement a more proper exercise
program that is best suited for them. This
can help them achieve better performance
when playing their sports and obtain
better results.
VIII. Use of Performance-Enhancing Drugs
- Performance enhancing drugs are used to
enhance an athlete's performance.
However, these do not only come in the
form of steroids. There are different types
of performance enhancing drugs used by
athletes and such will be discussed
further.
IX. Rising Popularity of Volleyball in the
Philippines
- Back in 2005, the NWT competed in the
sea games and also brought home a bronze
medal from the said event. However, it was
only 8 years later wherein the NT was able
to compete again internationally in the
asian womens championships.
- Popularity of sports in the country has
increased due to the rivalry between
Ateneo and lasalle in UAAP womens
volleyball finals.
SPORTS PROGRAMS IN THE
PHILIPPINES
Palarong Pambansa
- Founded and organized by DepEd in
1948
- 17 Regions participate and is open to
both public and private schools.
- Divided into elementary and
secondary divisions
- Have the division, district, provincial,
and regional athletic meets before
proceeding to palarong pambansa.
The national competition was initially called
the Bureau of Public Schools-­­ Interscholastic
Athletics Association Games (BPISAA). In 1974, it
was named Palarong Pambansa, but was renamed
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Palarong Bagong Lipunan in 1980 and Palarong
Pilipino Gintong Alay in 1984
Institutionalized in 2013 through R.A.
10588. It assigned the annual games as the primary
venue for providing in-­­school sports opportunities
to improve the physical, intellectual and social well-
­­being of the youth. Widen the base for talent
identification, selection, recruitment, training and
exposure of elementary pupils and secondary
students to serve as a feeder to the National Sports
Association (NSA) for international competitions
and provides a database for a valid and universal
basis to further improve the school sports
development programs.
NCAA
▪ Founded in 1924 by Dr. Regino Ylanan
▪ Oldest athletic association in Philippine
history.
▪ There are currently 10 competing colleges
in the NCAA.
▪ Divided into the Junior and Senior division.
Governing body for college athletics.
▪ Has a “South” branch.
Key Events in NCAA:
1924-­­ NCAA was founded by Dr. Regino
Ylanan. UP, ADMU, DLSU, Institute of Accounts,
NU, San beda, University of Manila, and UST.
1962-­­1963-­­NCAA Season was suspended due
to disagreements between the schools and
hooliganism of athletes.
1998-­­NCAA South is established where in
partner schools from CALABARZON compete.
However, the south branch do not compete with
the main branch.
2002-­­NCAA has a breakthrough and starts to be
televised in ABS-­­CBN, and would later be televised
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PSAPES – 1st Semester Notes
in ABS-­­CBN’s international branch, The Filipino
Channel.
UAAP
▪ Founded in 1938 and has originally only four
universities (UST, UP,NU,FEU)
▪ ­There are currently 8 competing universities
in the UAAP
▪ The governing body for university athletics.
Key Events in UAAP:
1932-­­ UP, UST, NU withdrew from NCAA to
form the “Big 3”. “Big3” was born. Members are
UP, UST, NU. Sports included are Basketball,
football, Baseball, Volleyball, Swimming, Track
and field, Relay, and tennis.
1938-­­ UAAP was founded. UST, NU, UP, FEU.
Sports included are basketball, baseball,
football, women's volleyball, swimming and
track and field.
2011-­­UAAP season 74 opens at an outdoor setting
for the first time, at Marikina Sports Complex.
August 26, 2015-­­ R.A. No. 10676 is signed into law.
This is known as the Student-­­ Athlete protection
act, which affected the UAAP’s two year residency
rule for transferring student athletes.
Other Leagues:
Philippine basketball Association
• It is a men’s professional basketball
league in the Philippines, composed of
twelve company-franchised teams.
• It was founded when nine teams left the
now-defunct Manila Industrial and
Commercial Athletic Association
Page | 17
(MICAA), which was tightly controlled by
the Basketball Association of the
Philippines (BAP)
• The league played its first game at the
Araneta Coliseum on April 9, 1975.
• Most of the players in the Men’s
National Basketball team is
composed of PBA Players
Philippine SuperLiga
• The Philippine Superliga is the first
club volleyball league in the
country organized by Sport score
• The PSL puts a premium in the
advancement of a volleyball player to
pursue the sport after college.
• The first PSL invitational in 2013 was
envisioned to initially test the feasibility
of a corporate backed league in
preparation for the official start of the
first conference (PSL open)
PVL
• The Premier Volleyball League (PVL) is a
women’s professional volleyball league in the
Philippine League
• It was established in 2004 by
Sports Vision Management Group,
Inc. and sponsor Shaey’s Pizza
Philippines (International Family
Foods, Inc).
MPBL
• MPBL was launched in August 29, 2017 by
Senator Manny Pacquiao.
• The inaugural cup of the MPBL commenced
on January 25, 2018.
• It started as a 10-team
tournament then it has expanded
to a 31-team tournament in its
3rd conference.
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 PSAPES – 1st Semester Notes
Philippine Sports Commission
The sole policy-making and
coordinating body of all amateur sports
development programs and institutions in the
Philippines.
Foresees all national sports competitions
in the Philippines and aims to develop the
grassroots.
PPC and PHILSPADA
The Philippine Paralympic Committee
of the Philippines is the National Paralympic
Committee of the Philippines recognized by the
International Paralympic Committee while
the Philippine Sports Association for the
Differently Abled is the PSC recognized
national sports association for the physically
impaired athletes, tasked to spearhead
developing sport competency for Filipino
persons with disabilities from grassroots to the
highest level of sports competition. Last June
2017, the first summit was held regarding the
development for Paralympic competitions and
sports in the Philippines. It was named
“Transcending Barriers Through Sports”.
Dr. Regino Ylanan
-Founder of the NCAA and former director of the
PAAF.
-Had a hand in the layout for the construction of
Rizal Sports Complex.
-Outstanding athlete in athletics and baseball.
-Surgeon and Physical Educator
-Contributed greatly to studies on the
development of Philippine Sports. He even
wrote a book “The History and Development of
Physical Education and Sports in the
Philippines”.
LOCAL SPORTS
Arnis is the national sport in the country. It is a
form of martial arts which involves the use of
two twin wooden sticks. The referee stops and
Page | 18
restarts the fight if one or both competitors fall
on the ground, one or both weapons fall on the
ground, or one competitor grabs the handle and
takes away the opponent’s weapon. There is also
demonstrative competitions whose points are
determined by a pannel of judges. It is also called
“Eskrima” in some dialects.
Sikaran is a martial art which mostly involves the use
of feet or kicking. There are “paralyzing” blows and
“lethal” blows. The first type of blow focuses on non-
vital areas, whereas the second type focuses on vital
areas. The hands are usually not used in this sport or
is only used for blocking. The special or unique move
in Sikaran is called the “Biakid Kick”, which is like a
spinning hook kick which targets the back of the
head.
Sipa is a sport which is closely resembles the Sepak
Takraw of Indonesia. The game is undertaken with
two teams opposing each other, with a net in the
middle of a court. The goal is to kick a rattan ball
back and forth until it lands on the floor of the
opponent’s side.
Dumog is a style of wrestling in the Philippines. Its
goal is to pin down his/her opponents to the ground
as well, but by using a variety of Filipino martial arts
techniques.
Palo-sebo is a sport that is also commonly played
as a street game in the country. It involves a greasy
pole or bamboo stick, which athletes have to climb.
The goal is to climb the greasy pole and get the bag
of prizes on top in the fastest time possible
Sungka is a game for two, played using a wooden
block with 16 holes that can hold pieces of
pebbles, marbles, or seeds. Two of the holes
(called ‘heads’) remain empty, each player
protects their own ‘head’. The goal is to gather
as many pebbles etc in their ‘head’ as the player
can in order to win the game.
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PSAPES – 1st Semester Notes

SEA GAMES, ASIAN GAMES & OLYMPIC GAMES two countries which is Philippines and Indonesia
were formally admitted in 1977.

- SEAP Federation changed their name to

SEA GAMES
Southeast Asian Games Federation
- Owes its origin to the Southeast Asian (SEAGF)
Peninsular Games or SEAP Games - the games were known as the Southeast
Asian Games
May 22, 1958
9th SEA Games
Delegates from the countries in Southeast
Asian Peninsula had a meeting and agreed to establish - Brunei was admitted
a sport organization. - Happened in Kualalumpur, Malaysia

Laung Skhumnaipradit 22nd SEA Games

Vice president of the Thailand Olympic - East Timor was admitted

committee & conceptualized the SEAP Games. - Happened in Hanoi, Vietnam.

Proposed Rationale: 23rd SEA Games

A regional sports event that will help promote - held in the Philippines
cooperation, understanding and relations among - started from 27 November and ended on 5
countries in the Southeast Asian Peninsula region. December 2005, hosting the biennial event for
the third time
FOUNDING MEMBERS:
NOW THEY HAVE 11 COUNTRIES PARTICIPATING
1. Thailand
IN THE SE GAMES including:
2. Burma (Now Myanmar)
3. Malaya (Now Malaysia) Brunei Philippines
4. Laos
Cambodia Singapore
5. South Vietnam (Now Vietnam)
6. Cambodia Indonesia Thailand

First SEAP Games Laos Timor-Leste

- Was held in Bangkok, Thailand from Malaysia Vietnam

December 12-17, 1959
Myanmar
- With 527 athletes and officials, participating in
12 Sports ( Aquatics, Athletics, Badminton, As of now SEA Games happened 29 times and
Basketball, Boxing, Cycling, Football, Shooting, Phillipines will host the 30th Sea Games starting on
Table Tennis, Tennis, Volleyball, November 30 to December 11, 2019
Weightlifting)
There will be 56 sports, with an estimated
8th SEAP Games in 1975 8,750 athletes and team officials; 2,050 technical
officials, 1,500 press and media attendees; 12,000
SEAP Federation considered the inclusion of
volunteers
Indonesia and the Philippines.

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TRIVIA:
The Philippines ranks 4th in the All-time South
East Asian Games medal table, garnering a total of
3,351 (918 Gold, 1076 Silver, 1357 Bronze) over the
course of SEA Games history.
The 3rd Sea Games in 1963 is hosted by
Cambodia but it was cancelled due to domestic political
situation
ABOUT THE SPORTS
According to the SEAGF Charter and Rules
✓ A host nation must stage a minimum of 22
sports
✓ Each sport shall not offer more than 5% of the
total medal tally, except for athletics, aquatics,
and shooting.
✓ For each sport and event to be included, a
minimum of four countries must participate in
it.
✓ Sports competed in the Olympic Games and
Asian Games must be given priority.
Criticism in SEA Games
The games has no official limits to the number
of sports to be contested, and the range can be decided
by the organizing host pending approval by the
Southeast Asian Games Federation.
Except for core sports that must be featured,
the host is also free to drop or introduce other events.
Hosts maximizing their medal hauls by
dropping sports disadvantages to themselves relative
to their peers and the introduction of obscure sports,
often at short notice, thus preventing most other
nations from building credible opponents.
LOGO
1959 edition in Bangkok, the logo was
introduced and it had 6 rings representing the six
founding members and was used until the 1997
edition in Jakarta
Page | 20
The number of rings increased to 10 to reflect
the inclusion of Singapore in 1961 during the 1999
edition in Brunei
Brunei, Indonesia, Philippines joined the
organization in 1977
During the 2011 games in Indonesia, the rings
became 11 to depict the inclusion of the newest
member, East Timor which was admitted in 2003
2019 SEA Games Logo:
11 rings represent the 11 participating countries in
Southeast Asia, when combined to form a shape of the
Philippines, the logo embodies ideas of unity and
togetherness.
INFLUENTIAL PEOPLE
Lydia De Vega
❑ Asia’s fastest woman during 1980s
❑ “Asia’s Sprint Queen”
❑ SEA Games record holder in 100m
(11.28s) since 1987
❑ Former record holder (23.35s) from 1987
to 2001
Efren “Bata” Reyes
❑ Bronze medals in 2011, 2013 and 2015
❑ Billards
ASIAN GAMES
- is the oldest and most prestigious event on the
Olympic council of Asia (OCA) calendar, dating
back to the inaugural edition, 1951.
- Held every 4 years like the Olympic Games
- Follows the Sports program of Olympics
- Regarded as the second biggest sports meeting
in the World
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PSAPES – 1st Semester Notes
New Delhi
- First edition of the Asian Games was held in
New Delhi in March 1951
- Opened by President Rajendra Prasad at the
Dhyan Chand National Stadium
- 489 athletes
- Japan topped the medal table
Manila
- The second edition of Asian Games was held in
Manila, in May 1954
- Opened by President Ramon Magsaysay at the
Rizal Memorial Stadium
- 970 athletes
- Japan topped again the medal table
The Asian Games was originally found by the
YMCA in 1913 in the image of the Olympic Games and
it ended in 1934 before the Second World War.
In 1951 the revived Asian Games took place in
New Delhi. Its ostensible purpose was to promote
sport in Asia and to unite Asian countries through
sport.
1913
Three countries; the Philippines, China and Japan
agreed to have a sports meeting which was similar to
Modern Olympic Games.
The Game was named Far Eastern Olympiad (FEO),
organizational body was called the Far Eastern
Olympic Association (FEOA)
Elwood S. Brown
General secretary of the Philippines YMCA and
the founder of Far Eastern Games
Pierre de Coubertin
President of the International Olympic Committee
(IOC) in 1913. (where Brown reported the success of
the Game)
Page | 21
1915
Far Eastern Olympic Association (FEOA) was
changed to the Far Eastern Games Federation
(FEGF); and the Far Eastern Olympiad was changed
to the Far Eastern Championship Games (FECG)
AIM OF THE ASIAN GAMES:
➢ To train outstanding oriental athletes to
participate in the Olympic Games
➢ To spread Western morality and masculinity
among those weaker oriental people.
Revival…
Came after the Second World Ward when
there was a process of decolonization and the
emerging post-colonial countries took a different
route to independence and modernity.
The Asians saw independence and
modernity as involving transformation of all kinds,
political, economic, and social, in Asian society.
February 13, 1949
The Asian Games Federation (AGF) was born at
Patiala House in New Delhi
Maharaja Yadvendra Singh (India) – first
President
George B. Vargas (Philippines) – First Vice
President
G.D. Sondhi (India) – the First Secretrary-
cum-Treasurer
ASIAN GAMES…
- Provided an opportunity for the Asian states to
confront the traditional system and the
intraregional isolationism maintained by the
colonial powers.
- They brought regional cooperation but also
brought a sense of regional identity
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PSAPES – 1st Semester Notes

- Provided a cultural base that developed LOGO

understanding and cooperation between the
The logo for the 2018 Asian Games was
contemporary Asian regions.
initially chosen to be the same bird as the original
- Product of cultural imperialism
mascot of the games ie. the bird-of-paradise
- Product of independence and
character named Derawan. The new logo, themed
decolonialization
“Energy of Asia”, depicts an aerial view of Gelora Bung
- Enhanced the image of the Orient in the
Karno Stadium, which was built for when Jakarta
international sports arena
hosted the Asian Games in 1962.
- Provided an opportunity for advancing the
development of the Asian states in the global Main Sports
political system.
✓ Basketball
- The first regional sports event in Asia which
✓ Aquatics (Diving, swimming, Polo)
united together Asian athletes
✓ Soccer (Most Important)
First decade of Asian Games ✓ Volleyball
✓ Athletics
Focus was on the cooperation of the Asian states
✓ Baseball
Second decade of Asian Games in 1960s
Demonstration Sports in the Asian Games: E-Sports
Became a battlefield of regional and international and Canoe Polo
politics between the superpowers
SPORTS MENTIONED:
Principles of the Asian Games and Olympic
AQUATICS
Games:
1. Diving
equality, fair play and non-discrimination on
the grounds of race, sex, color, religion and politics to In diving, two medal events—3 m springboard and 10
make the Asian Games a true and distinctive Games for m platform
the whole of the Asian society and take it “Ever
2. Swimming
Forward”.
In swimming, 8 events, 5 of freestyle (100 m, 400 m,
800 m, 1500 m, and 4 × 100 m relay) and one of each
Margielyn Didal backstroke (100 m), breaststroke (200 m) and medley
(3 × 100 m). After these Games, 800 m freestyle and 3
nabbed 4th gold medal in the Asian Games for the
× 100 m medley relay were removed from the
Philippines, when she dominated the field with a top
swimming calendar of Asian Games.
score of 30.4 points in women’s street skateboarding
competition. 3. Water Polo
Hidilyn Diaz In swimming, 8 events, 5 of freestyle (100 m, 400 m,
800 m, 1500 m, and 4 × 100 m relay) and one of each
Philippine sports star Hidilyn Diaz captured a bronze
backstroke (100 m), breaststroke (200 m) and medley
medal in the women's 55kg category of the 2019
(3 × 100 m). After these Games, 800 m freestyle and 3
International Weightlifting Federation (IWF) World
× 100 m medley relay were removed from the
Championships on Friday, September 20 in Pattaya,
swimming calendar of Asian Games.
Thailand

Page | 22
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4. ATHLETICS
Athletics was the only sport in which all the eleven
participating nations sent their athletes. The Games
featured 24 medal events for men and 9 for women.
5. BASKETBALL
During the 1951 Asian Games: Basketball at the 1951
Asian Games In basketball, five Asian teams—Burma,
India, Iran, Japan, and Philippines—participated. In
the matches, the round-robin format was employed
and on the basis of final points table top three podium
places were decided.
6. CYCLING
In cycling, four nations—Burma, India, Iran, and
Japan—sent their cyclists. Two disciplines—road race
and track race—were contested. Track cycling
included—1000 m sprint, 1000 m time trial, and 4000
team-pursuit; for road cycling, 180 km individual road
race was contested.
7. FOOTBALL
In football, six Asian teams—Afghanistan, Burma,
India, Indonesia, Iran, and Japan—participated. The
gold medal was won by the Indian team, who defeated
Iran 1–0 in the final. Japan defeated Afghanistan, 2–0
to win the bronze medal.
8. WEIGHTLIFTING
In weightlifting, seven countries participated in seven
events—bantamweight (56 kg), featherweight (60
kg), lightweight (67.5 kg), middleweight (75 kg), light
heavyweight (82.5 kg), middle heavyweight (90 kg),
and heavyweight (+90 kg).
OLYMPIC GAMES
Types of Olympic Games:
✓ Summer Olympic Games
✓ Winter Olympic Games
✓ Paralympic Olympic Games
✓ Youth Olympic Games
✓ Deaflympic Olympic Games
✓ Special Olympic Games
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PIERRE DE COUBERTIN
Dedicated to the promotion of physical
education, the young baron became inspired by the
idea of creating a modern Olympic Games after visiting
the ancient Olympic site. In November 1892, at a
meeting of the Union des Sports Athlétiques in Paris,
Coubertin proposed the idea of reviving the
Olympics as an international athletic competition
held every four years. Two years later, he got the
approval he needed to found the International
Olympic Committee (IOC), which would become the
governing body of the modern Olympic Games.
1896
First Modern Olympic Game in Athens, Greece
OLYMPIC LOGO
- Created under the guidance of Baron
Coubertin in 1913
- Released in 1914.
- First hoisted in 1920 in Antwerp, Belgium
- 5 rings represent 5 continents of the world
- Blue, yellow, black, green, red, white
- Europe, Asia, Africa, America, Australia
- According to Coubertin, the colors of the rings
together with the white of the background
- included the colors composing every
competing nations flag at the time.
2020 Olympics
Will be held in Tokyo, July 24, 2020 – August 9, 2020
The 4th time the Olympics will be hosted in an Asian
Country and will be the 2nd time for Tokyo to host the
Olympics.
CANCELLED OLYMPIC GAMES
1906 -- AKA 1906 Intercalated Games
1916 -- Due to World War 1
1940 -- Due to World War 2
1944 -- Due to World Ward 2
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SPORTS
1. Handball (Team Sport)
- Two teams of seven players each
6 Field players, 1 Goalkeeper
- Pass a ball using their hands with the aim of
throwing it into the goal of the other team
- Consists of two periods of 30 minutes
- The team that scores more goals wins.
- 40 by 20 meters playing field
2. Mixed Martial Arts (Individual Sports)
- a full-contact combat sport
- using techniques from various combat sports
and martial arts.
- allows striking and grappling (depends on the
discipline)
3. Table Tennis (Individual or Doubles Sport)
- A.K.A Ping Pong
- players hit a ball back and forth across a table
using small rackets
- takes place on a hard table divided by a net
- race to 11 point
- usually best of 5 or 7
4. Volleyball (Team Sport)
- Two teams of 6 Players each separated by a
net.
- Each team tries to score points by grounding a
ball on the other team's court under organized
rules.
- usually played with the hands or arms.
- but can be legally strike or pushed (short
contact) with any part of the body.
- race to 25 points
- In case of deuce, one team should be 2 points
ahead in order to win the set
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5. Basketball (Team Sport)
- two teams of 5 players each opposing one
another on a rectangular court
- objective of shooting a basketball through the
defender's hoop
- a field goal is worth two points.
- three points if shot from the 3-Point Line
- the team with the highest score wins
6. Water Polo (Team Sport)
- Two teams of seven players each
- 6 Field players, 1 Goalkeeper
- players swimming to move around the pool
- Treading water to keep afloat (eggbeater
technique)
- typically played in an all-deep pool meaning
that players cannot touch the pool floor
- Goal is to pass the ball and shooting at goal.
- The team that scores more goals wins.
7. Soccer (Team Sport)
- Two team of eleven players
- 10 Field Players, 1 goalkeeper
- Pass a ball using the feet with the aim of
kicking it into the goal of the other team
- Consists of two periods of 45 minutes each
- The team that scores more goals wins.
- 110–120 yards by 70-80 yards
8. Swimming (Individual or Team Sport)
- Use of one's entire body to move through
water.
- varied distance events in different strokes
(butterfly, backstroke, breaststroke, freestyle)
- Relay (4 swimmers per team)
- Long Course (50m Pool)
9. Track and Field (Individual or Team Sport)
- athletic contests established on the skills of
running, jumping, and throwing.
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PSAPES – 1st Semester Notes
- name is derived from where the sport takes
place, a running track and a grass field
- categorized under the umbrella sport of
athletics
- most events are individual
- foot racing events: sprints, mid, long-distance
events, race walking and hurdling.
- Regular jumping events: long jump, triple
jump, high jump and pole vault
- throwing events: shot put, javelin, discus and
hammer
10. Gymnastics (Individual or Team Sport)
- sport that includes exercises requiring
balance, strength, flexibility, agility,
coordination, and endurance.
- movements involved contribute to the
development of the arms, legs, shoulders,
back, chest, and abdominal muscle groups.
- most common form of competitive gymnastics
is artistic gymnastics
- Women events: floor, vault, uneven bars and
beam
- men events: floor, vault, rings, pommel,
parallel bars, and horizontal bar
MICHAEL PHELPS
❑ Swimming (2000, 2004, 2008, 2012, 2016)
❑ Most decorated Olympian
❑ 28 Olympic Medals (23 Gold, 3 Silver, 2
Bronze)
❑ 2004 (6 Gold, 2 Bronze)
❑ 2008 (8 Gold) *breaking Mark Spitz’s record of
7 Olympic gold medals
❑ 2012 (4 Gold, 2 Silver)
❑ 2016 (5 Gold, 1 Silver)
USAIN BOLT
❑ Athletics (2004, 2008, 2012, 2016)
❑ Fastest man in history
❑ 8 Olympic Gold Medals
Page | 25
❑ 2008 (2 Gold)
❑ 2012 (3 Gold)
❑ 2016 (3 Gold)
LARISA SEMYONOVNA LATYNINA
❑ Gymnastics (1956, 1960, 1964)
❑ Most bemedalled Female Olympian
❑ 18 Olympic Medals (9 Gold, 5 Silver, 4 Bronze)
❑ 1956 (4 Gold, 1 Silver, 1 Bronze)
❑ 1960 (3 Gold, 2 Silver, 1 Bronze)
❑ 1964 (2 Gold, 2 Silver, 2 Bronze)
HIDILYN DIAZ
❑ Weightlifting (2008, 2012, 2016)
❑ Silver Medalist in the 2016 Olympic Games
❑ Women’s 53 Kg
❑ Ended Philippines’ 20-year Olympic medal
Drought
❑ First Filipino woman to win an Olympic medal
TEOFILO YDELFONSO
❑ Swimming (1928, 1932, 1936)
❑ First Filipino and Southeast Asian to win an
Olympic medal
❑ Only Filipino to win multiple medals in the
Olympic Games
❑ 2 Olympic Medals
❑ 1928 – Bronze Medal (200m Breaststroke)
❑ 1932 – Bronze Medal (200m Breaststroke)
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OTHER FILIPINO MEDALIST: 3rd SHIFT

SIMEON TORIBEO - 1932 Olympics – Bronze, SPORTS SOCIOLOGY: INTRODUCTION TO MODERN
Athletics SPORTS

Sociology – Study of human social life (culture),

JOSE VILLANUEVA - 1932 Olympics – Bronze,
Boxing
groups, and societies
Sports: Institutionalized physical competition
occurring in a formally organized or corporate
structure.

Elements Definition
MIGUEL WHITE - 1936 Olympics – Bronze,
Institutionalized Established norms,
Athletics
statuses, roles &
social relationships
(enduring patterns
ANTHONY VILLANUEVA- 1964 Olympics –
of interaction)
silver, Boxing
Competition Form of conflict
governed by rules &
limits in which there
is agreement on the
means that can be
used to pursue an
end such as
receiving a reward
like a prize,
leadership, prestige
or power.
Formal Bureaucracy:
Organization division of labor,
permanence,
professional
management,
hierarchical
coordination and
control, strict chain
of command, and
legal authority.
Corporate Business dimension
Structure that produce,
market, & sell
commodities
(contests,
paraphernalia, etc.)

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Sports Sociology
Makes use of sociological concepts and perspectives to
reveal & explain important social patterns, effects &
implications of sport in society and culture.
Dr. Harry Edwards – Introduced the
Sociology of Sports
Sports in Everyday Life
1. Sportswear has a symbolic value – brand
names & looks are seem to be far more
important than their functional purpose.
2. Sportswear provide opportunities for people
to indicate their membership of different
social groups or celebrate national identity.
3. Sportswear is a reflection of a complex chain
of economic and social relationships.
4. Sportswear promote a globalized consumer
culture.
Key Sociological Terms
Culture: patterns of human activity & their symbolic
meaning that can be seen to characterize a specific
society or group within that society.
Society: system of structured social relationships
connecting people together according to a shared
culture.
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Sociological Imagination: the ability to think
ourselves away from the familiar routines of everyday
life in order to look at them with a new, more inquiring
and questioning mind. This ability requires making
use of an extensive body of sociological concepts and
theories.
Social Reproduction: refers to the concept that
overtime social groups, such as those constructed
around social class and gender, act in ways that help
reproduce the social and cultural structures that
characterize the specific society.
SPORT AND MODERNITY
1. Industrialization – mass production
2. Capitalism – the business model where the
goal is to have a profit
3. State Control of Everyday Life –
4. Institutionalized Control of Violence –
5. Urbanization –
6. Science and Technological Innovation –
7. Forms of Social Stratification: Gender,
Race, Ethnicity, Disability and Age –
8. Promotion of National Identity by Nation –
9. Globalization – what happens in other
countries affects other countries also
10. Mass Media – crucial in lives of the people
11. Consumer Culture – the culture to always buy
things even when you do not need it
ORGANIZATION STRCUTURE OF MODERN SPORT
Secularization- refers to a historical process through
which religious ideas begin to lose their power and
influence.
However, religion now has an important role in the
spread of team games.
Sport has become the new religion.
Equality of opportunity- through the ideals of
inclusivity, athletes from many background
(nationality, race, social class, gender, sexuality,
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PSAPES – 1st Semester Notes
disability) are actively encouraged to take part in
sports.
Specialization of roles – sport has become
dominated by a highly segmented range of roles (e.g.
in soccer, there are goalkeepers, right backs, center
backs, midfield players, strikers, coaches, managers,
chairmen, fans, stewards, etc.)
Rationalization process- training in sports is
increasingly rationalized, seen in sports science, with
sub-areas of diet, physiology and medicine and
psychology, contributing to the preparation of both
athlete and coach.
Bureaucratic Organization – sport bureaucracies
determine all the formal aspects of the sport, from the
size of the playing field to the types of surface to the
numbers of players, the rules and any fines or
penalties that may be imposed for an infringement of
rules.
Quantification- the process of expressing
observations in numerical terms to aid analysis and
comparison. Sports scientists quantify training to
study its effects on the performance and health status
of competitive athletes.
Quest for records – Coaches, staff, and fans judge
players by their numbers and the winning records
they break to be considered to be at the top of their
league.
ATHLETE ACTIVISM
Consists of efforts of the athlete to promote,
impede, direct, or intervene in social, political,
economic, or environmental reform with the desire to
make changes in society.
Although social justice activism by athletes is
not a new phenomenon, athletes’ recent peaceful
protests, public statements and collective action have
sparked discourse and debate over the
appropriateness of athletes using sport as vehicle for
social change.
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SOCIOLOGICAL THEORIES OF SPORT IN MODERN
SOCIETY
Sociological Theory – is the best currently accepted
explanation of human social behavior and social facts
in the real world.
HISTORY
Sociologists – they try to understand how humans
behave in a group setting.
AUGUST COMPTE
Stressed Positivism (knowledge can be derived only
from sensory experience) and believed in the
existence of social laws which governed societies.
EMILE DURKHEIM
Studied the effects of industrialization, the
development of the division of labor, and problems
of anomie (sense of purposelessness due to the new
social order).
KARL MARX
Espoused historical dialectical materialism
(economic structures determine all aspects of society)
and scientific socialism (social change was brought
about through the process of conflict between the
proletarians vs bourgeois)
MAX WEBER
Explored the influence of the Protestant ethic on the
development of capitalism, introduced the verstehen
method (sympathetic understanding), and made a
descriptive analysis of bureaucracy.
GEORGE HERBET MEAD
Espoused that the self takes on the role of the
significant other (through imitation, play, and game)
and generalized other (generalized impression of
what people expect from us).
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PSAPES – 1st Semester Notes

ERVING GOFFMAN Symbolic Interactionism – focuses more on the

Articulated the dramaturgical approach through
impression management, multiple selves, role
segregation and role distancing.
individual and how they behave. It is based on the idea
of the meaning we give to things.
Feminist Theory –

TALCOTT PARSONS - Focus on gender inequality and patriarchal

society
Advocated structural-functional analysis where - Gender Oppression: women are
society is seen as an organism, and each part serves a marginalized, oppressed, discriminated,
and abused
purpose or maintains a function.
- How women’s experience in social
situations differ in men
- Shed light to the inequality
IMPORTANCE of SOCIOLOGICAL THEORY - Unequal relationship between men and
women
- Provide a framework for asking questions - Objectification of women, views women as
lesser beings
about the social world.
- Provide a toolbox of concepts and ideas for Rational Choice Theory
understanding the social world. - Weigh cost and benefits of an action
- Help us predict and explain what is happening - Transitivity and Independence of
irrelevant alternatives
in the world. - How people choose the best possible
- Help us make informed decisions and choices. options for themselves
- In every decision we make, we ask how will it
benefit us
- If we do this, what would be the exchange
MAJOR SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES - We don’t always make rational choices

4 Classical Theories in Social Behavior: These 4

governs the human behavior, and as guide as to why Exchange Theory
- People behave with the goal of maximizing
we behave this way. (From the vid)
reward and minimizing punishment
Functionalism – how a society can exist and survive - Self-interest guide human interaction
- Human relationships are formed as the analyze
over time, a society always comes to an equilibrium interaction
trying to stabilize the structures that make up the
society likes institutions, always wants peace and
Before we make choices we think how it will benefit us;
order. The minor changes an institution makes to find
best options: Rational Choice
a stable balance in the society.
Thinking of the benefit: Exchange
Conflict Theory - it focuses of how a society changes
and adapts overtime though conflicts. You have 2
opposing sides that ought to be each other that
eventually lead to the creation of a new synthesized
society, conflict creating a new society.

Social Constructionism – looks what the society is

rather than how it exists or changes. Everything is
created from the minds of the society, there is an
agreement that something has meaning and value that
a thing doesn’t actually have intrinsically.
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PSAPES – 1st Semester Notes
SPORT FOR FUNCTIONALISM
- The promotion, development and growth of
organized sport.
- The increasing amounts of supervision and
control of athletes and the success of elite
programs
- The importance of compulsory physical
education and coaching education programs
- How sport provide avenues for upward
mobility
Limitations of Functionalism:
- Assumes that all social groups benefit equally
from sports and it does not recognize that
sports are social constructions that privilege
or disadvantage certain groups over other.
- Overemphasizes the positive consequences of
sport for society.
SPORT FOR CONFLICT AND CRITICAL THEORY
- the significance of class inequality and how it
might be reduced or even eliminated through
sport
- how athletes are used for the profit and
personal gain of the economic elite
- increasing specialization/professionalization
of sport that progressively dispossess
laypeople relegating them to the role of
spectators or amateurs
- by emphasizing play and recreation above
commercial spectator sports, participation
maybe more productive for individual for
exercise and enhancement of psychological
adjustment
Limitations of Conflict Theory:
- The emphasis upon economic resources
ignores the importance of other structuring
dimensions of society as gender, age, race, and
ethnicity
- Limits social life as economically determined
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SPORT FOR INTERACTIONISM
- How sports play a vital part in the processes of
socialization and formation of the self.
- How sport integrate members of society
through shared sports commitment &
interests.
- How sport has various meanings to different
sets of individuals situated in different sets of
cultures who have varying degrees of popular
sympathy or hostility towards it.
- How sport has a continuously unfolding
multiple realities that are constructed,
negotiated, and redefines by assorted
participants.
Limitations of Interactionism:
- Overemphasizes the individual and fails to
recognize adequately the role that differences
in power have to play, particularly with regard
to structural inequalities.
- The social world becomes relative so that
nothing can be wholly false or wholly true.
SPORT FOR FEMINISM
- Sport can become a site to challenge aspects of
society that systematically privilege men over
women.
- How to expose and transform oppressive
forms of sexism (persistence of barriers to the
growth in female sports participation) and
homophobia in sports
- Efforts to exclude women from some sports,
limit their participation in others, & demean
their sports capabilities & accomplishments.
- How sports can empower women to promote
notions of partnership and competition with
others.
Limitations of Feminism:
- May lead to victimizing and over-
generalization or over-compensation of
women.
- May overlook the important role of men in
women’s lives and their complementary roles.
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PSAPES – 1st Semester Notes

ANTHROPOLOGY SPORTS ANTHROPOLOGY: FOCUS ON CULTURE

- Anthropology- Scientific study of whole
human species in all its cultural diversity.
Specializations in Anthropology:
- Cultural Anthropology
- Archeology Applied
- Linguistics
- Biological Anthropology
Anthropological perspective, challenges and looks
more critically at popular ideas about human nature
by investigating cultural diversity.
Dominant Culture is the culture of the most powerful
group in society.
Culture – the distinctive patterns of behavior and
thinking that people living in social groups learn,
create and share.
• Ways of life, Language
• Oral and Written literature
• Music & song, non-verbal communication
• Religion or belief systems, rites and
ceremonies
• Sports and games, methods of production of
technology
• Natural and man-made environment
• Food, clothing, shelter
• Arts, customs, traditions

Subcultures are cultural groups whose values and
norms of behavior differ to some degree from those of
the dominant culture.
Countercultures develop cultural practices that
politically or morally defy the norms and values of the
dominant group.
SPORTS AND CULTURE
Sports are closely tied to cultural activities and
situations that either embrace or challenge particular
ideologies of a culture.
- Dominant cultural ideologies
- Popular cultural ideologies

Ethnocentrism is the habit of judging another culture However, cultural ideology is fluid and never
by the standards of one’s own culture. established permanently.

Xenocentrism is a culturally based tendency to value SPORTS AND DOMINANT CULTURE

other cultures more highly than one’s own. Dominant Cultural Ideologies

Cultural Relativism is the idea that something can be - -Ideas and perspectives favored and promoted
understood only in relation to the cultural context in by powerful groups
which it appears. o Rationalization, cost cutting,
- Emic perspective – seek to understand how cultures corporation, competitiveness,
look from the inside and what one must know in order production & mass consumption of
to think and act as a native. sporting goods.
- Etic perspective – seek to derive principles that o Masculinity in sports – men’s sports
explain the behavior of members of a culture and can more popular, have more money,
be used to compare one culture with another. perceived more favorably as sporting
endeavors and so on.
Global Culture is the diffusion of a single culture
- o White and patriarchal
throughout the world which is increasingly marked by
capitalist interest. - o Elite sports

SPORTS AND POPULAR CULTURE

Popular Cultural Ideologies
- Emerges from the large segment of society
who are subordinated or disempowered in some way

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PSAPES – 1st Semester Notes

by the social system – they lack some of the privileges RECURRING THEMES IN VALUES ORIENTATION IN
that social power provides. SPORT
- Subordinates might be women, people of
color, children and youth, the elderly , ethnic 1. CHARACTER BUILDING
minorities, persons with disabilities or handicapped, - Sport’s contribution in nurturing the
and the poor. development of socially desirable personality
o Includes: Women individual & - traits such as integrity, responsibility,
team sports, extreme sports, wholesomeness, maturity, honesty,
sports for children, youth & dependability, & cleanliness
the elderly, indigenous sports, - Where did the notion of sport & character
Paralympic games, sports for building originate?
social development.
• Former amateur
athletes achieving
success outside sport
CULTURE AND VALUES
(business & politics)
identify sport as the
Values are conceptions of what is describable within
basis for success
an individual and social context.
• Individuals who make
livelihood from sports
Universal value orientations are:
espouse virtues of
o Achievement & Success
sport
o Activity & Work
• Prominent national
o Moral Orientation leaders often use
o Humanitarianism sporting metaphors in
o Efficiency & Practicality speeches & comments
(shifting goal posts,
FILIPINO CULTURAL VALUES run with the ball)

- Emotional closeness & security in the family 2. DISCIPLINE

- Place high authority value to elders, parents, - A number of social critics argue that youth of
older siblings, etc. today lack discipline
- Economic & social betterment of the family as - The sport ethic supposedly generates self-
a form of utang-na-loob discipline & social control
- Patient, suffering, & endurance - By involving oneself in sport, the discipline
- Religiosity and/or spirituality associated with training and/or being a team
- player is seen as a positive product of sport

SPORTS AND VALUES 3. COMPETITION

SPORT – a microcosm of society that reveal a good
deal about cultural values, goals & functions of a
particular society
Page | 32
- Sport supposedly prepares us for the
competitive nature of living
- The competitive spirit is said to develop
tomorrow’s leaders
- There can only be one winner – winners are
afforded many privileges
- Dominant culture endorses the social
psychological determinant known as social
comparison (to compare oneself against
another provides valuable information about
our talents & competencies)
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 PSAPES – 1st Semester Notes
4. PHYSICAL FITNESS
- Sport is often seen as the means by which
individuals can achieve:
• Good body
conditioning in terms
of reflexivity, strength,
& endurance
• Muscularity
attractive body image
• Athleticism in terms of
speed, agility,
instinctively quick
body responses
5. MENTAL FITNESS
- Sport has the capacity to “clear the mind”
- Prepare an individual’s mental toughness
- Help individuals sharpen their determination,
focus, & mental alertness
6. RELIGIOSITY AND/OR SPIRITUALITY
- Sport originally started out as religious forms
of worship, rituals, & expressions
- Sport in contemporary times is often used as a
metaphor for religious values orientation:
patience, suffering, mystery (due to
unpredictable outcome of games), & triumph
of good over evil
- Sport enhances spirituality by being conscious
of external forces beyond one’s control &
being conscious of the link of oneself & the
physical environment
- -
7. NATIONALISM
- Athletes, particularly Olympians, are often
referred to as ambassadors of goodwill
- Often sporting heroes are identified as being
conveyors of nationally significant messages
- Sports, individual athletes, competing for the
nation have been argued to unite the nation
with respect to a common goal
COMPETITION AND WINNING IN SPORTS
- “The winner is the only individual who is truly
alive…Every time you win, you are reborn;
when you lose, you die a little.”
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- Excessive commitment to winning can distort
effort & undermine legitimate sports
competition
• Pleasure of participation will be replaced by
stresses & pressures to win & makes it more
likely that winning by any means (cheating,
substance abuse, dropouts) will become more
important than playing hard & fairly
&
WHAT IS THE EFFECT OF LOSING AND WINNING AS
& A MOTIVATION OR HINDRANCE TO WIN OR LOSE?
CAUSE EFFECT
WINNING - Expectations of future victories
(winning generates more
winning)
- Breeds losing in team
competition because it decreases
the need to win
LOSING - Motivates a strong effort to win
because it increases the urgency
of winning
- Demoralizes the individual or
team (losing generates more
losing)
SPORT HEROES
- Symbolic representations of dominant social
myths & values of a society’s popular culture
- Fictional characters constructed by mass media
& public from idealized conceptions of real
people
It does not matter that athletes are real people
that have flaws as long as the public overlooks
these human flaws
SPORT HEROES CHALLENGES
- Because of growing public cynicism about
athletes and sports, athletes have become too
humanized or trivialized to be heroes today
- Prominent athletes are involved in gambling,
infected with AIDS, convicted of rape, accused of
battering & killing their wives, testing positive
for illegal drugs, involved in immoral & unethical
acts
RZGC- 1SPS______
PSAPES – 1st Semester Notes

SPORTS FANS - Stoic young men & women involved in volunteer

- People who attribute special meanings &
devotion to a certain sport because their feelings
are fed by nostalgic images & powerful symbolic
images of striving, struggling, winning, losing,
character, masculinity, pride, sacrifice,
discipline, achievement, & success
- Results of sports contests matter to them
especially when sports are associated with
matter of deep cultural & personal significance
- Sports for them serve as a symbolic refuge-
sports provide meaningful escape from the dull
or unfulfilling routines of everyday life
activities patrolling beaches & saving lives
(referred to as “the bronzed Aussie ethos”)
- Interestingly, it is not the highest participatory
sport in Australia but it is afforded the status as
being one of Australia’s most precious
sporting/community commodities
- Noteworthy also is that the male world
champions are arguably provided more status
than female world champions (possibly a
reflection of the patriarchal society in which
Australians live)
• PHILIPPINE GOLF EXPERIENCE

MODERN WORLD SPORT SYSTEM
- Major international events/modern global sport
events links athletes of many nationalities
through the same formal structure of each sport
➢ Follow the same rules
➢ Governed by the same international regulatory
bodies
➢ Face the same penalties & sanctions
➢ Play on the same size field
➢ Wear the same type of uniforms
➢ Games involve the same number of players
➢ Use the same scoring system
- Golf is a sport that meet the needs of the elite
➢ Political & business leaders use golf for
entertainment & making deals
➢ Construction of golf courses provide substantial
profits for large land owners & corporate
investors
- The public (farmers, labor organizations,
environmentalists) attack the golf boom
➢ Removes land from agricultural & industrial use
➢ Contaminates agricultural lands
➢ Pollutes drinking water
SPORTS CULTURAL IDENTITIES OF DIFFERENT
COUNTRIES

CULTURAL DIFFRERENCES COUNTRY SPORT/S

1. BRAZIL Soccer
• JAPANESE BASEBALL EXPERIENCE 2. CANADA Hockey
3. CHINA Gymnastics, Martial Arts, &
- Japanese games can end in a tie, US cannot Ping Pong
- Japanese managers emphasize collective goal of 4. EUROPEAN Gymnastics, Figure Skating,
winning pennant & team loyalty at expense of COUNTRIES Alpine Skiing, Bicycling
individuals 5. GREAT Rugby & Cricket
- Japanese baseball is authoritarian & highly BRITAIN & its
ritualized, & reflects traditional Japanese values former
- Individualism & egotism are frowned upon in colonial
Japan empire
- Salary disputes, temper tantrums, 6. KENYA Distance Running
moodiness & complaining, lawyers, 7. LATIN Association Football,
criticizing umpires, abusing teammates & AMERICA Baseball, & Basketball
opposition are not done 8. PHILIPPINES Basketball & Boxing; Arnis as
national sport (RA 9850)
• AUSTRALIAN SURF LIFESAVING EXPERIENCE 9. UNITED Basketball, Baseball, &
STATES OF American Football
- Surf lifesaving is perceived as an “Aussie Icon” AMERCA

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