CHAPTER I A} e- WF FA) Gwen DdBm = 10° W jo°% jot = low = Odbm +40 dB = 40dBm = OW13] Paging spilens ore aesined to pride shoe relied fe coverage, Gren gnside buildings. Sree buildings can atterute radlio signals 4y % cr 30d8, to maximize the” Signal-te-aeise relia al Gai, PRY receiver, we need to reduce the noise level. This con be achiaved by reducing the RF bandwidth lo whith the noise level ws Proportional. The Stull RF bandwidth thus result im lw deta rate In 6 paging system. the sigel lewl yy a receiver deprodks When the disterce between the receiver and the base statin becomes booge Tf ths comape of w paging systen is defied Ly he Grape ata at which the Signal-to-naise reheo US above a certan threshold . [a7 @ lower date rete, the novse level > the receiver will be sweller thus T® 3 frrd threshald , the avenge will be feger. 74) Since the coverage ares of noble collalar phere vs erstely doger than thet of paieble Cebller Phares, te ower 5 ppl rguinnot of the mobile célluler phene is higher then that of Ue parteble cellilir plow. The Ceveinge range of prket prges t loge tan that of Ue condless pharcs, fawersr, pogers ae recire-anly. whereas terd loss Phases use bath « treosmitter and aha The pe Sapply Mepuireneat of poder 15 drmsch srellep Ge ad, Mo Sa life of 0 fou das. Pies ney fove « betey 214 Cont'd Jn a mobile radix system age coverage range reguares In Creases betty deain andl reduces High fenilsol poor wd battery oe Spall cell size, on th her bad, reeds Low “fondost per ard therefre deerenes battery Genin crcl inererss 7 battery 14 fete FAL ina sinvlastng popeg gt Ue pegag recive receives tho domurart signed crviving from the thansmetter cbrxest to th paging reciver- Tf th preteteion SWR ot Ux recur % gre ter tan the FM threshdd , Uh wenger Syne we totaly elimnated wed ly the desired Sigrol. THe and the recerver v Sard to & ‘capt Captuct G aed in FA improves the outpet SMR. Jy cellule radia systers - the recerver wll olso be th co-channel sntoeference coming jm neigh — Urls the sgral-te- interme retin ot iver vs greeter tan the threshold , the cope off Gonot dlp the “elleler reve systens. See also Section 6-4, F8| A walkie-talkie 18 6 fel} aples syoter Ft allius fiep -Way Commune ation 4 wing “the sams edie channel for beth transmission tad neiptin. At og gino es, the user Can erly either Urensret OF Peeve pntoraticn . The Corerene eage oF pelfie - Glee 75 hegh Gadd vts reguared J ¢6 Cot'd nppstructice , complexity heedvare Cost ore all (pw. A Cordless Beliphone , in the Other head 3 a full duphe system Tt allones simak tarzons fro red Commanitelin . Transmission ancl reception WS om tee difeent errs (FLD) elthmah pew cord. iss systim ave using TOD. The Cmerage ronge , repusred mnprastrect ure, Kardunre Cost f ° Grdless s Dies cyan on low and the complexity 18 noderate . User orpentatins ave preter for a cer less tabiphene ET] Pager -only receives, chesr'd tranamit FE) Gell phone — transmits over longer dictences ther, cordless phone FQ Tf th user fas one 3-minete call tho tottery lefe = —C2tlees (A~miatt) vse (60x26 -3) 935 4 PX250 (mb-innde) S75 oys = 28-2 hows Tf the wser hes ome F-minte call or (6 hours bex lov0 Ubosb-3)435 4 paso XE * 2218 hows the batting hfe TY te use has me Z monte call twery Aowe te battery life = hows box foee (60-3755 + 37250 The mosimum tlh Time = Ce? 345 minutos = 4 hows AJ 1 Battery = 1000 mAfar Receive Call Duration = 3 min = 0.05 hr a) If the user makes one 3-minute call every day. ‘Average battery life = during call: © = 250 mA - (0,05 hr) = 12.5 mAh during rec: ** = 838.25 mAh tot for 1 day = 28.21 hours Average life = ») Ifthe aser makes 1 call every 6 hours. Average battery life = 12.5 mAh during call 39 235 during ree: © = 80 =208.75 mabe avg. For 1 call/6 brs= 220.75 mA-hr Wootma br 22075mahr 227.18 br “Average life = Ifthe user makes 1 call every hour. Average battery life = uring call: & = 125 mAbe = 3.25 mAbr daring ree: © aug, For 1 callhir= 45.75 mAh0 Cat ol 1000ma- br Average ite = 4575278 a oe 100002: Maximum talk time= 25°MA 4 hones 3 battery states iat transceiver = mA Average battery life = In order to verify the influence of the duration of these periods (idle, wake-up, and wansceiver), Jet us write the expression for T hour: 1 ho 1 Teshour call 1 Tw-hour wake-up mode | Thou ile mode So we can write: Takes aff, 025A +N,s, x0035 +[N(t-T,) -7 Jooos) where v= # of hours of battery life N=# of cycles (idle-wake-up" per hour 4 Tall (ext) yes ml ovete ideswekeup= T nA Tie — Observe that we consider thatthe call occurs during idle mode. Bno Conk ry te ve Duty Cycle 700) 1 eal for 2¢nours 8 patary Life Tima (hours 100 ‘call per hour 40 7 80 80 —«100 50 Duty Cyele Ta110 Cont of % text 1.10 % pattery Lite for one 3 minute call every hour for i=1:200 %(4)=1/ (((4/200) * (37/60) *0..005)+( (400-5) /200) * (57/50) #0,.001) + (0.25¢3/60) « ) end plotix, 0") hold on; & Battery lige for one 3 minute call 6 hot for j=1:100 ¥(3)=(1/(( 5/200) * (357/60) +0.005) + ( (200-3) /290) * (357/60) *0.001)+(0,25+3/ 60)1) "6: plot (y}: hold on; 8 Battery Life for one 3 minute call every day for k=i:100 2 (i) = (2/ (( (8/100) * (2437/60) #0.005) +( ((200-k) /200) * (1437/60)*0.002) +(0,25¢0 3/60) 11 "24; end, plot(z,"+"); xlabel (‘Duty cycle’); ylabel (‘Battery Life Tine’); title("Battery life vs Duty Cycle’); Th110 Cont d Nov, defining he duty cycle by, pe > ROT ‘Also, since W isthe # of cycles during 1 hour, 1=NT So, we can rewrite the expression for the battery lie as: 1 _wfpansa rpoossa ft-D-7, Joey us [qeasaepedase-[1-p-7, peo” hours Inthe figure on page 7a, we car see the cove for bsteny fife x dy cle Fovone 3 min, caliday, four 3 min. calls!day, and 24 3 min. callsidsy ‘that since the power required by the phone during i eall js much higher (250 mA) than during idle and wake-up states, the battery life is reduced dramatically. FT| Fer 37 minwte all [dog hectey life T Goxsove (manminte) 2g gy ays (60424 -3)x5 + 3450 198 F4 hours For_arinutt~aoll[ BIS pn beste bettery lof = Tees 357TH x6 (7275_posws For 3 rinntt= lf hase af — —bex tre = bottoy bofe = Essai = te bees The mmerinum teke tig = ARLES = 70 minties = [25 howe an12 the Coverage range of the CF-2 systen 18 lower than thet of th Cellular radio system. Yo oblrin the sone SGnal to - nate relio tm th Cavtraye arte, @ CT-2 handet Veguires tess Lrensmmtted foer than a cellular telighene, ad thes 0 srallr battery chien Li3] FA has severcl addvasteges cvor AM. The mat impetert edoantage FMS Super poise Suppresion chemctorisics. Hirth Comentioral AM, the redeleting Sorel ws popes ots the carver in ths Jom oF amplitude rarteliens. Hewarer, nese Mnlroduted rte th system also gmdoces Aaroes in A cuphitude of the tneclope . Torte. the aise cancer be versed from the cm pavedom pth obo Tenerrg a portion of the mirmetion signal. With FM, the Yrfrmation. is impressed orto the cauter rn th jon Cf fespuancy variations Theefere, with FAI receivers,13 Gud kde variokins CQousid by noise Can be penored from ihe compesite naevesfarm Simply by bait ng the perks of tht meelope prior Le detedtien. With FI1, on mproverel in the SWR 5 cchievel daring the derodul pecs Tas. System peafermerss mn tle yresoe of noise Gon be inpiored by doting See aise section 6-1 Another advantage thet FM fos over AM 2 the pet thet low-level nadulatin Cm be wel with sebwgocat highly efficent class C power anphi fia Since the FM owtfam does not very 7” aphids te reformation vo nA lost by class C ay i ficalion as if 28 AM , which requires deas A enplifiers ivhteh “eae Less power aficet TH\ (a) Factors ted ie tt dormant of the GSM system 4 Le ley Ewrepe i D Te Solve the fegmantalten Jriblem of the ferst collelar Systems 7m Europe, ercble the customer b ust a Senghe subscribe unt hrugh cot Euape ( Pax Eusopeon roaring). @ fe prvide etre ISDN- type fowbites such ab coling bine ‘detificalian - 4 high bi rede data beaver ond Sart (ard robles ont bibliog. @ Te poe a lower power Budget ond a better fell tame Te ight tor size yellio ther analy.14 Cat d @ fh Pri le cetspor-subsanber with a tenfied Earp tehoday ®D To reduce the effed of adliosest chansel and lo~ J Geaccl Interference , improve pow earl ond herd bed reduce the Spe G meltipeth coral Phove concellatin j 2 (6) Fectors tid te the deeelonat of tk Us. di Cellular System ° Y 9 To offer bege miprvenset we ty erly om lege cities To reduce tht Cet, woeght ad Srze 7 the mebste s To imprme the up-link arc cose lonf guelity of eS 8 / J d Semic€ to cr Prom the nibile — improved access (ler, Mekiog) and fewer mide trvereten dbapped coll tn Eurpe, & new yadio bond was established (935-960 Mle chown bok exd 890-915 (Me wpbiak ) je we GSM Syston. Jn Noth Amecin, there was neo tow crllrcated bend fo te Us. aegilad hilar Syste. The arial coblelee sy fas to Share the Sane allocated band with the wreleg Syplim CAMPS). Theaoe the dinitd ond the ernle systems fave ty be coonstent fey this ream, >» deal- mede imcbile unit was decided nj Ve, the ut @n work or both, avaleg and hyrtol systems in the US.. FI] Since the chancel bend maids fr YSDC,GA aed I-48 Gre Z0KHZ, 2e0kHz aed! 1.25 Affe, Tespectirly we kur, Sn: oO1s Cont'd : sts. IIBHO Nees. 228 : 1 NIP sang. 2/6248 Mae BE 2567 =8240B Meoe 2 72/ Nase Whee Mum. Nasre. ed Nesas 7 te naive level for the abort Systeais. asoe will rey ively Tor the same tracsietted power sod! Botente - provide che best SNR at © recetr Th: omy is Bade compued ‘te GSM and 16-246 corgered to IS-95 ‘Systen the spose—basel Cabar codes syster- £ the conventional cellular vedio a In the seatellte fes as « base SteTeon 0 fystem Thus he space besed cellular redio system (+ provide lage coverage ata, for im vuaal areas Whee vb vs Expensive fo nity pith @ canventiioned system sterct, Over mnewrleent oF service the tier Commu Ext the spose based J a system pill experrece mere Line delag . veguire mire Trensnat J F of B arteana due to the tong link pow Gad forger Sie 6 f Tho Gnvertional ‘baneen the Satellite and the mobile Cellular redco system Guld suppart a larger Aum fr @ given prague clloution due to WS seller Thes can reduce the ost of service jr each / wl size. 7 Subscriber. Honever . spose based system offer Tremendous J 7 promise fer pagug, dete edledion . as well a fer ghbel reemng - ber of user: aed enerqancy Comm gency nical;ZI7] Sxamhles of paging standards culled from homework turned in by several EEG6!4 students, Spring’97, Maple Continent) T cm —— Paging i [Frequency J) Chane re feces | oe Modulation Co References Senet _[retnines |operason|_ Be MMA pandi| j Peet q 940-941 | Rees Trova || sont | eT ae Pasuay | taut ntatcn |] eter serie TAB TENE apes gn conven ay 4 | 901-902 | i Mit __ NPCS j | and | erin | pact H sos | wile | pansy lone eg |] @ersonal air TP Norm | Mite | pi www.pesi comurltesh sh |Communicaions) TOMA | America | 930-931 | OMSK || 50/50 kee | ie ind 30725] pwn ein US soa | L _| Miz __| Le it __ Examples of cellular standards culled from homework turned in by several E6644 students, Spring’97, F cettatar |) Miltiple || Access Sundae nie com | MOM Noah || elite) | TDMA | iia | Spout pus Dops vt ean | fi Examples of PCS standards called from homework turned in by several E6644 students References ay Spring’97. f tiple [Continent ji = ~ Cotatar frraseuer | cusses of Modulation References Stndard renigues operation! Band | [Bana . | | | fs) |] requires * Fukasawa er ai,"Wideband CDMA System for S665 | wecpMa | Nom | M8519] ccherew | 10415 | Fkmawn ca ‘EEE Communications Mae | | fosien | CRY cin | Mt Onl rE | J | | JL epi) _ TER 1 ‘dase \ 25 kttz vor Espen | TOMA | Eaope | a0 atte | Casi |, leeds ata “Tamed j efi i coals mag | chon) | bess coun 12Hush pote rede area Systens Low pooer, bad 88 systems Low apr» wide aren systems Group 4 High speed , Local aren systems “Tras Gamat Gry mp2 | boop 3 Systems | pt “Fe Route ote | - - fangs Do Ope ww Paging Syston x — Gods Pheve x pcs x TA Has the tok 4 thest cians te declep regieel cad wlerostinel sterdecd’ The compere advantage 77 wig da fferint prrcless standards 70 differnt pew of the world that we can brow He adeantage ood Hesodlartege of each strndud bY copering then and then the Jn prove:19 Cot h ment of these stands vs pre Abo, reffered Standards jnsue certain companies wild howe an adranseze ” mane fictoring Gerprent But there tha proWim hep dipornt standads and differen Prpwences act wed in difort parts of the wird, A sabsarber mill, net bork aeyrdere » the wold. The sporoblem vs my Conplented ad xs heed te Solve unless a universal Standard is adapted 122 The overall chjectives of IMT- 200 ave To pro all services Gerrably evauleble evugh the Pred ratworke (0, porte. fo ond date) To mobjle systems Tt 3% ahtexded b prvde West Services over a snide verge of aser olen — Sikes ond Seepaphes Coverage Ata, Clls within the mobile fe are qwted To and frm th rnttllegent rat bork » either fod & noble win terestril o- Satelite loks Meg et let fewr hinds of adie saterfece (Ru Ry Rs Ke). The R, enter foce 7S wed 4 mobile Stlins The Ry, ralertace ys ised by radio axel oud deer Pesoel statins (headsets), The Rs terface 2 wed by mebile stebcons Conmunicatiag Cheergh satelite , ard 47.20 Gntd the Re jrterfnve sed by pager All mobile calls can be cornested other Hrectly te Pst (public service telephone network) or via a mobile smrtch The mobile Systems can be ether a narrowband or widebandCHAPTER 2 Sekchans will vary ever “hie. and locatien leCHAPTER 3 ai] Gorerelly « fr Melt 2ptp We an do the following te find the nearer Com channel reighbars of ae prose ll (1 move 1 cells odo any chain of Aaxagers end than (2) tun bo degree Yeunter- declwase and move f colls using the cosine law, WE Foom the f mg fpr howe : : pe bowl pm )]-20: (RD ] CR? (120° whe Re ER, tancfo 7 = BN°R Hence + ore: A tae) BB2 Banat lin : Ineawrd Benen pweretois Bay el eb(oh dtm 9 EY wey ec B= (sco) =fescoF = (00 ¥500) scalar jroduct mean value of the scalar roduct ifthe aboveis periodic over the interval thes Lfecow, soe s+ 00F =, 00f +(y(0.¥,(0)+(,00.¥00) +f sag (NED) =C(0.¥,00)* (v..¥2(0) = wet lee (thy, * (ede Stott ie a ase) and) ar both pero wit ps then (400) ELM (Ov, *()at ‘lf the signals are uncorrelated, then V, (t) + V, (t) has a correlation of Reaw =Ri(s) +832) +Ray(0) +R) 1F uncomelated forall, then Rise) = Ely (Qu (t+ )]= EOE C+ 9] the signals are uncorrelated then Py = P, + P, and at least one signal must havea ze mean Thre eno oe pes conn sn i was Sled in the problen at he sip a sal independent A gaussian process sao assumed This homework problem submited by Mark Glesgow, Northern Virginia Ste, Commonwealth Graduate Engineering Program, Spring 1997.32 Cont'd ample? ven to dependent volages wand V(t tat are aed opti dering the nomalzd verses Powe Py = Cup PoC)? = Ely D4 Evy] EL Es] Ev, ]=0 W EyJe0 of Ell=0 then the resting powers whichis equal fo the sum ofthe individual powers. ar wy an Vl re cote ot aces infependen he nomalzed svergs power of voltage sum is (o-+¥2(0) vy 1+ E[yy ]+2E[vva] Paw rom te corclaton property if te two sigmals ar uncorelted Bly.) = El JElvs) Gosia at ar unsold wil av combine average fowereqalt the sum of Be individust powers if ther sigaal is mean 260 trout te noted ha tz independents are uncoreae bt anced may oF SY na BE statistically independent ‘Also, ite signals are orthogonal, Elyvs}=0 ‘ris honewor poten submited fy JobnB, Call Commonnests Graduate Engineering Program, Sing 1997, whare Mis the chester Size. We hae Wy[3] | (@) 20 MHz /[25 tHe * 2] + 400 channels (>) 400 /4 = 100 Sle dee i be the number of Cchamal. interfering cells, Be errederettioel cntenras, 1526. Acsune n=4, 7 we hare Bs BOs sap -3pg22 Sy >459 => W=7 (b) Fer 120° Seetering » to=2 i vi) 71623 => N > 2-65 => w=? For 60° Sedeving , Poel s > Foe 23163 => NM >18] => M=2 Aly (cy Fron (0). (b) Gad (0) We Can See that sing [20° Sectoriag lan meres the capacity by 4 factor of B, or 2333. Mihough using 60° “eeltring Can alse Irurease the ts racly by the sane foster, wt wl decrease the Lrunking Ofcency thavepore we chose the (20° sectoring 3G soluton aof available= a) Calls are not lost due to weak signal condivon during handoff if tiwance traveled during handoff _ dain SHC > 45 seconds (2) Tmobile speed 7 + dyin = Feceived power et BS, reaches Pryin Pn = ~026 rin) doin = 3OTPerw™ = OHI. (8) « duo => received power at BS, reaches Pro Pago = ~29 06 vo) = do = 10-7" (a) Using @)s . 1 TB FB amonds © Pro > ~86.8 4m ® Thus, = Pepto — Peon = 4 2 1288. a 1) If we wet A too large, several unnecessary handoffs will be requested and performed, increasing the signaling trafic Betws the base stations and ae rajucing conter (MSC). On the other hand if Os We ‘small, that se Pano is ony slightly greater thas in thers will not be enough time i a eae the banda (especie for high speed mobiles), and calls may pe ost due to weak signal condition, For 123 1676. =D N75 DM 7 => NV eB NEt From (0), (band (0). WE con See that using be" sextering can increase TAR capocety bY a factor of 12/3, or 4 For (0" Secfaring . he peer as aly fp, er 1TH Theetfire , we choose the Go" Secteri-g. 2!37 (Caster: els 48, Cand D 27] Pest fi corchanel cis (Céls& share the ee channele Figure 1: Cellular system asing cluster size AY = 5, ®) Contribution of co-channel base stations ia each tier to the total eo Channel interference received at the mobile, and Sift at ti mobile Git contribution of eochannel base stations in the t-th tier to the total eo. channel interfrence is the sum of the interference signal hers those base sta Hons, received at the mobile 1 = rig @) where Fi isthe received powe: at the motile fom the i-th base station in the et fen, gion bp 0) 1\" Per (3) . @) df is the distance between the ‘mobile and the k-th base station in the tth tier, {a this problem, we assume that the mobileis locate! atthe ait boundary (worst y Sey (4 fei ht rag nae It nome with F/ fr each tit, and path loss exponent "2, Sand 4 and cluster sizes N= 1.3)4.ant ¢ 22.39 Contd “Table L: Interference 1 for cluster size N = 1, 3, £ end 7, and path loss exponents n=, Sand 4 ER) [ 7 rormalized with PRY Yiev06% 107 | 2.046% 10-* | 2.5031 «10° [ srarni0-! | 9.174010"? | 7.4298%10"¢ claster sie [ert] wae nes aad T 2887 2.3380 [21688 2 1.2969 | 4.660010? } 1.7725% 107 3_{ s.an80x107? | 1.8569% 107% | 4.2571 107% T5006 % 10-7 | 2.9128% 107 | 7.190610 2 | dorisx10-* | 7.6130%10-? | 14731x107% 3. | aveassx10-? | 3.3340% 107? | 4.1833107% Te tt2x 10" fL-7ABx 107 | SBT XAT | 2 | 29an9x10- | 4.8511x107 | &.0107x107° 3_| 2.0063%107 23178x10 Tf 3.0003%10—" | 6.5: [6510x107 2 3 “Table 2 Constibution ©” of cochannel base stations in the ter the total co- on ster sizes N= 1,3, 4 and 7 and path loss exponents » = 2, caster sive_| tert T 2 3 178 1 | 2.86 85.29 2 | war 10.8 3_| 18.87 3.03, Tse as 2 || 28.63 1169 \ 3_| i921 3.38, pry as B57 | 2 | 28.09 1267 3__[iss7 | 9.25 | 376 L131 We ean also express the contzibution of co-channel base stations in exch tier co the total co-channel interference using 10 wo 5) 0 = A x 100%. 6) suble 2 and Figure? show CO for enh ier, and path lostexpontatsn = 2,3 rae aad cluster szee N= 1,3,4 and 7 BFigure 2: Contribution C1 of co-channel bese stations in the ttier to the total Cochannel interference, ‘The signal-to-interference ratio why SIR, is computed by uly T tiers aze assumed, denoted by ™ P, STR 1064 Pets @ Frere Pas is the power ofthe desired signal received a the mobile and given by Pas = Pp ROP ‘Table 3 ond Figure 3 show SIR) for cluster sizes Nv loss exponents n = 2,3 and 4, 18,4 and 7 and path ») Co-channel interference analysis irom the results presented ia Figures 2 and 3, ve conclude that the contrition of base stations in a given tier depends mainly on the path loss eqpencnt Salons in more distant ties produce negligible interference. "Therefore the true SIR at the mobile is STR) SIRO = log qt Pe (TETAS TOT @ ‘he eror in the cotimate of S7R when oply the frst T tars are considered i Efig= SIR - SIR) Pa y,9 {in dB). (8) 24Figure 3: Signal-to interference ratio atthe mobile located at the eall boundary, when only the frst T tiers of co-chennel cells are considered ‘Table 3 Signal-to-inerference ratio at the mobile located at the cell boundary, when the frat T tiers of co-channel calls are considered: cluster sizes N= 1, 3,4 and 7 and path loss exponents n = 2, 3 and 4. cluster SIRT (aD) size n=? nee aa “536 S11 “3.70 8.91 124 0.62 “1.53 264 074 0.19 523 3.29 2.94 | N= eeelesclen fee H a 252) Cont'd Using the results trom Figure 3, we can compute ET, for cluster sizes N= 1, 3, 4 aad 7 and path les exponents n = 2,3 and 4. Reaslts are presented i Table 4 We conclude: for error < 0.5 dB, ~ Path loss exponent n = 2: We need to consider all three tiers, regardless of cluster size, ~ Path loss exponent n= 3: ‘We need to consider the frst ewo tiers, regardless of duster size. ~ Path loss exponent n = 4: For cluster size N’ = 1, we may consider the first tier only: for duster sisse 43,4 and 7, we need to consider the frst wo tiers, Table 4: Ervor in the estimate of SIR using only the frst T tiers, for cluster sizes N= 1,3,4 and 7 and path loss exponents x= 2, 3 and 4. aster [, hin B) 2m size = [nae 246 | 1.06 | 042 0.60 | 0.28 | 0.08 277 | 139 | 0.64 oi | 038 | 0.13 283] 146] O71 093 | 0.40 | 0.15 289 Sd | 0.78 0.95 | 0.42 | 0.17 a feefo cle ep) ‘Table 5: Location of co-channel base stations in the first tier. Serving cell is located ‘at the origin of the coordinate system. Coordinates z and y are normalized with R. Net Woo © NET] xy x yf xy 1.3000 0.8660 3.0000 1.7821) 45000-0566) 6.0000 1.7921, 0.9000 3.4681] 3.0000 3.4641 3.0000 1.7321] -1.5000 4.3301 3.0000 -1.7322 | ~4.5000 0.8650, 0.0000 -3.4041 | -3.0000 -3.4641 3,0000_-1.7321 | 1.5000_-4.3301 | -1.5000 0.8660 -1.5000 -0.8660 3.0000 1.732 1.5000 _-0.8660 oenee-l] 26a4 cat d ‘Table 6: Location of co-chennel base stations in the second tier Serving cell is sa fiat the origin of the coordinate system. Coordinates = asd y ore normalized swith A. N Ned L Ne7 ] x yI = zl x wT cars| apa Sain sae | Som) TFET e | isco 2.598 ‘gost | 20000 5.2962 | 7.5000 25981 | 8} cowo soe Eyam || 0.0000 69282) 6.0000 6.9282 | 10 | -1.5000 2.5981 5.1962 || -3.0000 5.1962 1.5000 7.7942 J: 3.0000 17321 £1962 | 6.0000 3.4641 | -3.0000 8.6509 “Sionao 0.000 sam | 0000 Ou | 60060 5190 0000 -1.7322 eitoo | -e.0000 246 | 20000 2-752 “i's000. -2.5981 Wl ~ 900 users O Ahered: WE - C=[00 > o.03 Beam graph (fig. 34) 3% eos @) Each seek bee 33.3 ehamels gos - 32 Fong > % 25 Eclargy foes boy 35- U Au (EE) => U= 250%3 sechrs U> 250 users ) 2500 km* Sime 7 PD cells => 500 * 900 wsersf, 7s 40,00 users G) 500 cells => 500% 750 userall = 375,000 users 28BT) By the some rethel used om Carph 3-9, tfan o> frm mae clirettiond anternas to 60° Seetered onrnie? the pander of chaneals por Secl@r = s =95. Given Pol Boakrgl) If, from the Erling B disinbatin we bane the betel offered bape witemely por setor A= 4) Ebogs - / For az all [hour H= 2 minnte [tall the nunber of calls thet Cach seach sector Can handle pe hour is ~ A #4 _ j2 Ute Eo = (23 Users > cH Caper = $X123, = 733 users, Frm comple 7, > toss in trunking oficeny = Be S094 44 IRD = 32 wats cet radius= 10 km, GOS i 5%, blocked calla cleared =2 minutes andh=2 calle rhe ‘Assume cell willbe split into ees) a} Whatie the coment spacity ofthe “Radio Kab cell) Using the functions defined in problem 2.7 wt Mey A:=0067 Eanes P=0s Probability C=8 Assume N+ a0 Teil guess Ja.Ci=r00GOSIACHE,A] Solve iteratively for total waffic ‘Ay(P.C51.528 Eriangs ») ‘Wat isthe radius and transi power ofthe new eels? Since te 4 new cells must cover the area ofthe old cll, the ads ofthe new cells must be V2, where R is the radius ofthe ol eel. Ther the area covered by he new eels is Cf) val tan ene 27312 Contd Tomsiatain the same SNR, the Tonalin Power atthe eége ofthe new cll mut equal the power ate edge of the ay parten,[& (3) at BET ‘wher PrandPs are the power oft tse sn into new el respec. MP e32 wats, then Prod wats c=s7 Each new cell geu the aumber of chennel ofthe arigina cellonce ‘the cell splitting proces ls camplete )Reeathic i uniformly distibuted, what blocking in these new cells be below 772 he new llc arid by cache cel? Wil te probaly of fter the split? ® ™ 7 [Un193 users per new cell ASUA, —AS12.867 Erlangs COS(I289.57}-0 The probably o bisekig is es than 194 [Since users are uniformly distributed over the area, each cell in the cluster is iB [* ‘ ° assigned the same number of chanrels: ‘) where No = number of channels perce M = umber of channels available athe system (300 channels) N cluster size (9) Given the number of channels per cell and the designed blocking probability Bi = 18% we can compute the maximum carted trae per ello Eslocg (Ce) using the Erlang B formula Co = Erlang(Ne, ,), (19) and the maximum carried traffic in the system C: = Oe x64 (uy) Since each user offers a trafic of 0.04 Erlangs, the maximum number of users supported by the system is c 0.04 eble 2: Number of channels per cell (1c), carried trafic per cell (Cc), total carried trallc in the system (C), and maximum number of users in the system (Ny), for luster sizes N'= 4, 7 and 12. Blocking probabilizy 1%, N (03) ‘Chister [[ channels per | carvied trafic |toval canted size N | cell (Ne) _| per cell (No) | traffic C number of users Ny 7 75 O75 EH) S101.09'SA | 127507 7 42 3077 El | 2584.81 Ex | 64620 2 25 16.12 Exl_| 1354.49 Ext | 30862 301) Since mobiles, with ongoing cls, aze crossing cel boundaries (leaving « sine ri btorg anothe),the average call duzation, from e particular base station perspective, decreases 2) Some ongoing cals entering cell wll be feroed to terminate due to lack Seat Sable channels in their new cls, reducing the average call duration 4) When mobiles with ongoing cals are enering # parlour co the 62 verquest rate of that cll composed by new cll request rate (tl requests He mobiles alzady within the cll), and requests made by mobiles en: tering the cell (with ongeing call). HIS (a) Given 6OS= 7, For C= 4 channels, from the Erling B chat Arad * Lf Eings Aptana = ©E = 0578 Erlog t s 4 annals 18 Filangs Poet = Fx 7 Gbgs fo (= 40 Channels Abate = 31 Erlengs 2 Aprctomal = Ataot = (Ue Aw 21 + yy . UH Fo 08 = fe oe (0 far C= ¢ choasals , Ataat = 1-1 Elangs Hz tos second fall frm the Evleag C dart, we howe Pel delog >0] = 0-03 = Pr dabg > 205] = Prl dilog 20) expl-< Abe) 2029 /t] = 003% expl-(4-10) 120/15 ] So0/] 3!SS Cont “d Fer C= 20 Charms. Aya = /4 Elegs LHe have Prl delay >a] F006 > Pel deleg > 2050} = PrLdbley >0] expl (Aut) desee/H1] = 696 x exp [- (30-14 )xd0/\05] = 0.0/9 Ter C= $0 Channels. Ateat = 3) Elgs, we have Pr [leg >0) = oo] => Pr [delay >2032] = oe7a HP[- (41-31) 20/5] =o. 0/2 (d) Fran Ce) We Can See Uhat the prbebiley wt @ call will be dele JP Pet then 2 Seemds in a lost call Blaged Syston ys 45 tha BY Jo al the different Chonnal rumbers. Thus a fat oll colaged system Prfem better than a syston Wag deps blocked calls Bile! for? Cell reuse gatten, the interference Signal pose frm antifier transmaitler vs PP (GY Py (Sry Whe Bos the Trangmit Prior in bese Station, D vs Hs thsterce fy thy Corter of the neat Co-choanel cells, Yo the pager vediex. In thes Cape » Pee iW, N=7, =, n=3_ thus we hue 32Be Cant‘ a Bury? Pe es ) <-foedBm Joke Je AW . 2 yy3 = jo tg, lnw* (Fi) ejedgm => x 247o1m LW oo For_+ coll rect patton, Wo4, We fone Imi (far y3 12%, salle asa <-foodém => _Y > 669m rm ae EM ase of @ cl (heseg en) = 5B y*- 3B (o.4)01)=05}bkint number of sors m 0 cell U= wea of a cell x wer dersity = 5)4 x Fo0e = 5167 mers => Az Wat = SISDX Bo XI = 86-1 Erbogs Given C2 Go, fram Eideag C Aart. we hae tHe probability that a col will be delayed Pr (diby 22] 208 => PT delay passe) = Prl deley >0] Prl delay > 0 coley] F08 x exp [- (90-861) Kaffe] Bb BB See seetim 3-7-1319 Fer 4 cell reuse patton Gad 3 Sectors pr we Con divide the 395 vores chars rte $x3=/2 Subsets, Coch Cartarning objet 33 Channels. In each subset the claert chjacent henrel vs 12 charoehs emay. Each ctl uses thee Subsets of annels; one Subset J% 7% Seton. This chearal ASigrwent is Wustrared In the chart bel along with the Catrol channel assigmen Wit veped Lo the chert. exch cll usr chaaels yy the subse tAtVBtiC. hee 7 an raleger frm 1&4 ed A.Bmnd C repre 3 afoot Sectors, repadirely The foted number of verve hannel rn a cell 2s about 99. Tha taderbined Set of raonbers carrespand to thy cortrol channels 336 337 558339 340 28) 342 363 Be 345 38 345 350 Get 352 353 254 358 3256 357 350 9] 362 361 362 363 364 365 366 367 BER 509 346 658 659 bo 661 662 663 6A ES O65 7? 78 HD - ot ore 720° 72) Jor 723 224 5 PE 7 23 PF 730 73) 732 73 74 735 726 197 789 759Pr coll. me can divided the 395 perce chenels mle 416724 Subsets. Each subset is labeled pith an roleger punber 1 fallomed by a bite, U ranger fom lb 4 and tho bier foom A tof. The roteger tember and the tetley donate the cel number and Seeker nant , respectively Therefore each cell uses channels im tho secdsot TAtIBticr7'pt TE + OF Far © 7 Cell vewe pation with 3 seclrs por coll, eh cell user abot 57 Channels , and each sector uses (7 harrals . Srace fe ihe (20° sectoring , ths swenber of mnterfrs mm the foot loved V5 reduced jem Ste lo na, We cn divide the 19 Karnls of cath Sectar int 3 gious, €ach meth about 6 hanks ter example , the 12 churntls im seot A of cell | tan be darted ints 3 Groups as Fallows « grep: [1 22,92. 64, 85. lb} gpa: fay #164, e211, Bip 31 £253. 274295. 670, 69, 712, 103} 570 Sinilarly for # cell rH patter and 6 Sectors 7rrap Zt vod When ore. seater uses the charnels mm one of the three IPS. the ther Tino jnterformg Seatrs Should first chore the 3s321 Cont'd Chearels faim the other Tomy gros, and this should be Crtinucd until oll the Clannols rm oe Girap have been Cccuppted When this happens The Seetrr can yore the chancel» tn Other gps Algar'thm 2+ Tn thes elgerithn , the (9 Charvchs are used as a idole pup When ora Sector utes the thensels on» thes Pep. the othr timo wrtecpiving sector wse ths reneintig Chencihs. When abl the 19 charechs Kove been oaupied by te thee sectos. the MEC Will beri the chearels Het ave tet occupied tram the other sedters ym th to-chereel coll: 363} (a) For AMPS. Vs chanel bacdmitth B= 30kitz Given nae sigue F> lodB=|0. we have nei Flor = K-Bw FTe , whae K ts Boltenan corstee, [a 2292°k => nove Jiocr zs 28 X10" *xZox/0° xlex2Fe 2 prxie® (W) 2-7-2 (dBm) (b) Fer GSM, Bw = d20kile = tate plese = K Bey F To = 13840 Quarts por fe = Sxl (W) =-111 (dBm) (0) Fer_ USDC. bw = 30 Kh teor = -if7-2 (Br) (4) Far DECT, Bu = 1728 MH? wr = Tork (dBm) (¢) Fr IS-95 - By 272288 MHZ = 4 CABry SIR) (a) SHR= sgred leved (dBm) ~ nar fo» (dBm? = -90- (-19.2) = 27-2 AB 373.23 Cont'd (8) SWR=-Fo - C1) SNR = ~fo-(-103-1) = Gf) SWR = -90-(-14) = 24 dB See the cppadix te tort book 25| See the MATLAB program p3-2.m cad fy p32Sta\th, Ln Fig. pet? 6), te ratio vi ee tragfic ontens ily of the Sectored system To thet of the omni-directional cartenna System , Gite. , I Shown jr different neaber of hesstls . Also shown i Us rakio of te SIR of the omni. diecticnal anterra system to thet of the SRenani Sectoed system | Fram the faue we can See thet Amt S, SlRonwy Asvaer STReas. Born ~ StReeir + Roo Saka, thet Mears Prucking Loss tS alwys ess then the SIR Goa | 38[322] a) Given we 3 ef how He 8 miouter/ Coll, > Aus ate () Gites C= 1. Ay=025 Elo s, G0S=o6/ fom the fileg B det, we hue Az oot A. ot ois Bat , actually Gre ustt Cald be Seepperted on cre hoseel, => rumber ef wers . Ape = 064 yesers So Us) user (0) Giten © 28. GOS= ae) => A 14 bbe >= Us prs egy sors So U= 5 users bes. (A) Us Sx2=/0 users => A2WAg= 0%025 225 &, “gs fer C=5, A= crhegs D> Los ony Pla ccvoptebh purtrmerse. Tet nears 7 ont Colts will be blocked clue Te chacost Occespurus “y BOS S002 wb desind oF fel J chering the busi howr. Gosrelly , 6 327) (a) Tke AMPS System Lepke Given tetel fredwidth Pian = Soh, Bel fueter of Hearth WV = G32 Cherrd., We have Ws bend midds = Bete if lard med tf y* ech chorsl By Peet. = Feet = bokle fo327 (ot This bandwidth of 60KHe fr uh charrel sph ako foo homey onrlsa oma chexrol Cfrm whe bat- Stelir te the ‘sib and a Yenee cavesh Cfren the wevibir te the bose stetitn), each with berdlnidth of Bofile. The fered chacesl is exeatly 45 Mite hapher Hon the reverse Heanel . (b> Fer Fin 880-56 0M = Frerese = Fw - 45 fed number of erittel Sarcl = 035-560 pitiz (co) Given M2832, Nan =42, We have Nye = N= Man = 932-427 170 is for ach CuTier 395 _havetls 572 Siowodls Total ruméer ef voice cherrcl number 2¢ Cordtrol Char. fo ach Ceanrer Neo A= Nes b= Me. (d) See example 3-3 (@) Far 7- cell reuse» M=7, here Ro Qe vip r= 458 ths mdins of the cll >@: ln=lF = =D Ter 4- cell reas. M=4. =>pcal 8) Mininum STR In order to compute the minimmun SIR at the mobile, we need to determine the ‘umber of interfering bas: stations in each possible configuration, which can be done by inspecting FiguiesJ and 2. Table 1 shows the number ofinterferiag base Station in the fst ter, when 8 seciors (BW = 220°) and Gsectrs (BW = OO?) are used, for cluster sizes N= 5 and 4 Using expression (1), we determine the minimum STR (approximation) in eneh ‘configuration (path loss exponent n= 4). Results are shown in Table 2 Therefore, cluster size N = 3 cannot be used, since the minimum SIR achieved is below SIR = 18.7 4B. On the other hand, both coaSguratious using cces size NV = 4 are feasible, regarding co-chanael interference (assuming thet a difference of 0.1 4B is negigible). b) Mazimum carried traffic per cell Let us now computer the carried trafic per cell, when secoring is used. As we know, each sector is assigned a subset ofthe oot of chasnels awigued to the eel For example, for cluster site IV = 3, each cellis assigned 800/3 = 100 chaanels, Uf six seetrs are employed, each sector is assigned 100/616 channele, Using Erlang B formula, we find that each sector carries a maximum traffe of 9.88 Erlangs at blocking probability f 02. Therefore, the maximum trafic carried by each cell is 983 x 6 = 58.97 Evlangs. Repeating this procedure, we cos compute the maximum cared trafic per cell for other beammidths and cliser sizes, Table 3 presents the results ‘Table 1: Number of interfering base stations in the first tier (ig) when 8 sectors ( Teble 2: Minimum SY achieved when sectoring is used, for cluster sizes 4 (BW = 120") and 6 sectors (BW = 60°) are used BW BW =r ar 3 af a 2 Band Table 3: Maximum carried trafic per cell (in Erlangs) when sectoring is used, for luster sizes V = 3 and 4. 300 channels arailable in the system, P, = 253.28 Cont'd Figure 2 Cluster sige W*A, three fork sectors a3[BBE] (a) Given Loan = $6xr08, Cot of MT, Conse $15 010, Cor of base Staion Gs=45x0e , Ct of ad ver— Lvement . Cad= gexiot, we hoe, he nusbsr of the base stations we ave able to rsial wc ew Conse Cd Sieh 15m SxE 8g Cos Sx0o® = (Cb) Given We & cells, Datel Cavemge aren Aut = ofa. => coverage oven of each coll Acach = eet 2B km Se Aesh= 262? We have Re leek = [22 = 26km (0) Far each seer, cack custémer will fa P=50xj2 = $600, Asuna the number of custemors on ite fort dey of Sorte vs M, the ee bethig rola by the ond of the fourih year of Pralin is G= (M4264 4M 18M)? = ISP We prod G 2 Florio’ => ISMP2 loxi08 => M xz loxe§ _ joxJo® ISP 15 x600 Hence the rinimem rember of cestinsr on the furst dey of Serie 2 =i] (d) marker of wees per fgume km = “4CHAPTER 4 4] Pe» Bae ® _W¥o) G@nia® Gmc OP W la e= Pao. @EUOD. 491077 W Gm d? Ge)*(10')" 2 9 dBm R= PA. et. P+ (i20r an) /% Ge = 39610? Yu < Ee 2) Re bel = I T10 159 p54 lolhethr?= 218 Hence the two ray model could be Op hed . 4742 Cont'd (c) Usiag the two rey model, Wwe (an see that at bye distacwes. the reteired power folls off mith Ute raised To the pout Pert oF ef a rete of 40dB/detade , and He received peer and path toss are vadependent f peng A) as alta" “Mh ed? ~ [aya = dln (Achy d[ (Hayy For A>> bathe, (they cer, (Achy coy Using Taylor S€ries “pprximation . we have Ais (hehe J ~ dL 4 £(hecheys) 421M (hey) = dd. thehr = hehe 77 da EE] When d>hethr, we have O,- $, zeke » A I on Aathe EE A 2 Ao Be tes’ xO, -/ = = 4. 3x0? . i ae ee 327m4.10 Cont'd _ = att hanin he = SH B21K2 = = dnin= # Bee = 938 XT = 45811 (md fhe sy al nudls at the receiver, 4m At the location &. = eis n, pene, where 1 ib @ postive integer § * Maal: > do. ! Oa = shee such thet 42| Appronmle Frost + [2-26:00 (2-284) * (2-2fs0) As S Praye fGen be® i200 a Wd? Tae Gea (sabe bee whare See problem 424 As ce proltn Pe pe GDL See proilen 424 i the “pe Pei Gr | 4 fy? 8 fa1= Petd) = lea) dX = Season f ” PCM Pid) = logo eae 50 x1 x 2 x 0.15977 FO = 1logio(1.58 x 10-9) = ~98dBw = ~684Bm b) Aes Bid) = Pd 1207 (B| = | OOF 67 mv/m V = Pld) x dag = VISE TOPS ERG = 0.178 (8) (9) (10) (11) (a2) (13) a7) 4) In order to use the 2-ray model approximstion, the following condition must be held. > Mle sm (18) Since d=10000 m, we can use the following equations for the ?-ray ground refiection model, 2a? PW) ac At 501.5? = e122. F 5.825 x1" W P(dBm) = -12.5 dBm 50 (a9) (20) (21) (22)Tia ZB) We wad to fd 0 Of such that 2d "d= é as dind = [hoki ~ Cehededh > [eho g ~ [Becky = -4 => bhrthrde Y = (hr -hr)'4 at F B.D. [he-hn Ay id mo dps [ieee oheshe)+ FIG 6) Pre [dae = af he een P= RR = dfn Gy ap = Pr Since dds DARPA, 4 ect. using Tay br series apron mcion, we hare Fy . : pe dem thy ]= ae £4 Prt dele e(hy] = abt tt = 4= PtPe~ casas) 2 atZh ys (doth (dade) as (a wh Td aad OF Ha TPP (te#)] (b) Fram the definition of Y, 2m Seve tol f cor, tenes ficer, we have Lxtob= 5, es =A. ie4c Contd > a= PrP=B, 4 = y ded. Dh=o dtd, = Ys \ [5 Be = dds dtd = A | eda Aldird) 4.[][ A general design rule for microvave links is 55% clearance of the first Fresnel zone. For a 1 km link at 2.5 GHz, whet is the maximum first Fresnel zone radius? What clearauce is requlted for this systern 7 e_ 8x10 3 Fo apg Om (23) For the first Fresnel zore: The maximum Fresnel zone radius occurs for dy = dy = 500m, Using Equation (4.56), tie Fresnel zone radius i foundto be [rid [TOI n SOR BOO Ve 500 + 500 Sahm (24) ‘Thus, 55% first Fresnel gone clearance would require at least 5.48 x 55% = 3.0m above the obstruction to the LOS path as shown in the figure below. Fresnel Zone Clearance Fresnel zone clearance, $2Dittieced poner derennm withthe increase f the frequency as chown in Figar 1 Figure i: Difracted poser ws. fequercy FA) Gin Peslow. Gee lodB=10. L=/dB= 1259 Gr=3dB:2, fe>GooMHe, > Sov07 Rove =5000m, We have Ae = x = 0333(m) and free Space recerted — loxley 2x 0333 © (6n)'x (S000 yx 1259 5aBm pier Fe Geeks P Frncpen (4nd? 1 = 4.98 x10 Mw) = For th femetry shown below, we Can redraw om eaothar geom tog “y approsinatin. soon | hese kn the figure abore Wve kave Fram the 5S4.19 Cont'd Tan = Aetsick Mo = 482-6 2 9.4733 => B= 0.1285 (ra) a Fo00 tink? = Aeistate he _ BeS So.y975 DLz o/fsel sed) a => ob = 24 p= 01/2354 oF7$ = 03078 (rad) and U= o. [2d = 03 Nancy Using tr epprorimetion eguation 359.2) , we oblisn Gd (db )= 20-49, (2%) = 2 fy, (2 = -443 de => Prewied = Presp (dBn)+ Gad = - 525 V>04 ffresio Ld = Frepae~ Preenet = $348 F20\ (0) f= 50MHe = Azz TOM = toss dur fo a J > Feespae = EAN = 145 x10" {(w)-28-4 (dBm) j= of aa = 3006) iC, v [= Fo 37es [yin = bbb Gd= aoly ( = 20 by, (ies) 2 -28-] de => Frewsed = Frese t Gd =~ 28:4 - 28-7 = -57.1 dBm dd =~ Gd=3r7 4B4.20 Cont'd (5) feo stom? > dE F = 0158(n) on, = BGM eT =~ Prin = BERENS Jo Fm = 640M) Uso fzdea = 03°75 [see 2374 Gsm 3) ) =- 445 dB > Gaz 20keg (= 20 %G => Preset = Prayge + G4 = ~6e-445= Ld=-Ga = 44-548 4.5 dBm 421 PL(d) = Plo + 10sloe(4/de) PLi(ds)= Plo + Honteel@/ds) + ror beeen the measures and the rei y= Pld) PEO ronal) MSE: Leh a= Wnloe SF = FO) Sh aypts— Pe ring f-39¥8 $0 -® I qe Sele ee De 10tes SF 2350, & + Peldei(abn) 739 -Gg, oP 70 =" 35 abr For 2 -25dBr , ortnuvs 9.0 2B) aol = aC) =) => Bap27 > 02 275 AB 55423] (0) Far free spat Pps Poly? Given Ps = 108(W) = -30dBm, ole=1Km For d= 2km . Pe = j0"* (3$)°s 25 xp) Pnitecly fa d=5km |p foes fer d= tekn | Pre For d=dokn, Py = 5bPesto ® (F)¥ = p27 x10 (w)= 39 FEM Pr=-5tdBm dBm dBm () Far n=4 Pre RG)" 42dBm fer d=5km, Pr=-58 dPm For _d=2km, Pr For d= ttm, Pr=-Jodbm For d= Qokm, 82 dBm (4) Fax ties rag greend reflection model using the creel expmsie Prdeys B&G, R= Fults) C0 de’ (ry de® Gt Grob? Given Pre low, dos (km, Gt> Gr=0d8= | > = 108 xGnx (lee) Ir Rh Tena = 5679 x10°(W) From problem 4.12, the exad expression vs Prldr= BEG 4. sf 2) whe Oye 8, hehe Gi -d? on . a Bir d=2km, O25 dyy 7 PES = 4546 reds > Pps S S290 y tet (01667) ote, °C) x (e000)? x4 XSin (4546 ) = S97 x10? fw) = Srmilacly fa d 189 rads => Pr = 7.99x1o*(m, fedgn For d= lokm, Oa= => Pe=764A/0%(w) = / 3m — 32.25 dBm5842 (ond for dzaokm. 2 ogg reds Ss prs 5.0r nie Wwr= 63 dom (e) Far Extended Hela model [so Carlen) = 4634347 (45. 9- 6 5 ey,h0) ty,.4 4 Oa 12.92 bg, he at Whee (n= 348 for taoge cil alhyd= 32 (egy 15 be) 4.97 aE for fez toe MHe => ath) = 32[ bg, (urgrad]'- 491 = 269 OB 2.326g,40~ For d=2km . Lag (akin) = 4631339 La, 1800 ~ 1 For bFt (G69 695 69 + (489 by ft, 243 = 48-3 dB Leo (ikm) = 1348 db = Pe (dbm) - [ bse (Bake) Lsot{km>] = 39. [m543- 134-3] = = #035 dBm Similoly , for dF Kn, Pr far_d:iokn Pr for _d=aokm, Fr J See the MATIAB program pits.in aad Fig. pA-23- FH) See the MATLAB prey’ Te can be seen prom a figue gow when d>5km, Base tno models 99 When q> ek ke yam pirtm and Fig gt ted bY ths program At ee and When d Peng. Therefore, ‘he probability that a handoff occur is given by Sy Pr{ handel) = Pri < Puzo) PrlPea> Pra @ where Fiz and Pa are the received signals at BS, and BS,, respectively Pay is given by = Po~ Wn logio(és/do) +x, ll) = m+ xp (3) Likewise for Py Pea = Pa~ Un bogul(D~ ds)/dol=yo —_— = mex “ Therefore, for a given distasce di, Pz and Py are Gaussian variables with Sandatd deviation ¢ and maanem, aed Wa eae ‘Tous, the probability PrIP,, < P,4o]is Prifes Pod = i xg [= Bama gg Substituting (3)-(7) into (2), we have the probabiity that a handoff occurs as 8 function of the distanced. Figure 2 shows th reeived area average powes & pth base stations (m and ma) (Not required in the homework), Figure 4 shows the probability that + handof occurs, along with the probabilities PriPra < Phao] and Pr{Pea > Pea) 5) From the plot in Figure 3, the distance dhe, such that the probability that a handoff occurs is equal to 80%, is dhe = 1000 ma. eoevar Figure 2: Received aren average power levels at the mobile, from bot base stations Figuce 3 Probability that a handoff occurs, Pr[Pha < Prato] and Prl Fea > Prone]420] The acta comrage Loved UP)= aR f Pool Pel >¥] dA ~ 7a LE Pos Uhtnevy-rdr = B Fr aes Lede ny Where Pea) = o- (only F and oh, expressed >> abo ds a Cordtant determined jm th Tronsmr ker a aattina heights and gains, and so on, then ad “em 14 reed le 6 [ ZEB] =f beef (Zee te @] Dea Thon tthorg as. bt lion, eter, ve get ut) = Fig affr orf teebbakoth te Psasblyé we have dre fe8 7? Re Se Substtetag t: athhE mnt (2) » We obtacn UO: 3. Bi [BREE eft) £05 Sr e°. enf dt @) Substitvtng tot rate GQ). we obtan ozWF a4.26 Cort’d Using the mn tepral fernsfe ¢ LY br Gf = 15x L 2 [efane = Feel n- Zope sefitr£) from (4) we have uy) ~ effay ee [ eg EE )]} ~ Whan aza, (5) beams urd= 3 fre oP [raf eb} 6) See te MATLAB progrim prem end Fi p4.26 Given poise figue Fe §db=6-2, receiver bendmedth = BokHe. = noise flour = KB F-Te, whire K is Balteman constant. Te = 290°K Pot: Hloer = 138 X10 *x 30X19) x63 x3 Fo = 7 86x108W) = -1212 (dpm) => theshdd Y= nore floor (elBin) + SUR (ABD = 62720 =-Jol.2 (dm) Soce Prl Pe (dre) >] = CCS BED) <0.95, we hue y- Be ded = pgys P Puldeun) = VA HEO = -H0f-29 145 XB = -B2-04(49) Gien Pes is w, dee = of66)m, Erzpdee s5$5. Gr>3dB-> => Pld) = PGebr x (40) - de, 6447 Cont'd 150 Sts axel? = papsxtc lw) 2 -fo7rdem (479 * (oor) Since Pp ldnay = Pr (de) (ABm)~ 107 4. (ay _ we hare a, pont lag, (GE) = Pelde)~ Py dnusy =~ 4217-8804) = ty, Le 2 182 > Se 15.2 (kn) (kn) = kK Bw FT 138x102 BoxiaxtoX 272 = 2x10") =. 119-2 (dBm) => theshld Y= ners flor Pn) + SVR(dB) =-1/9.2 425 =~ §F-2 (dBm) Given EIRP = Pe-ba> yew, Gr=00B=1, de=iKin, A> F2033in 423| role Hew Pe bebr® = JooxIx0333* Pld Te line (tan = PMH) = 465 dBm For dzjokm, n=4 Day = Pel) 10-0-€4,.(G) = 45 -40=-55dBn => Pr (Dp = Y- Flay) = Pr (Ptd2%)= O[%— Bi] = @[-1 = B(-1-875) = 0-994 os423) (Fade mini en gre aor (NNSE) eae oh patho exponen, Frest note Tal Be[leon)= Od Bm = FL) Eley steeds Pale) ~ Pu(d = ber, E5-(0- ond 2) TL 3500 Ong es 3 63 Jonly 2), (©) Caculate the standare deviation of shadoving abou the mar value, oe let= [aa A (nvs.30 = 98 fe ba \e28 (3.3) +3294 AF [se = 2782 BB+ SAH Sa fs - Ba) 580-1822, HA) R)-PLU) = Od - 1034 EE) = © - 42.94) dBy (6) Predict the icethood tat the rece signal level ak wil be greats han 35 Bm. Express your answer as a Q function, Gasser C SAS RCP, (een) = 354 Bm] = 2888, Q as -35- | Tne pan AT 2h using Mode | = O(al#). Q(om) = (1) E2554 992 10h +1000"Figure 1 From the paper, rst Fresnel zoneis defined as an ellipsoid whose foci are the eovemit and receive antennas. The distance from either entenna to point oo the atipooid aad back tothe other antenna is/2 greater tao the dest pth distance, ry Saown in Figure 3, The break point will be consdered as the distance for which the ground begits to obsruct the first Fresnel zone.” We wish to show that the distance, dy et which the first Fresnel zone becornes obstructed, is given by o So, we wou the reflection point of rs to occur atthe “break point,” so we can assume that» bounces off the ellipsoid and then goes tothe receive antenna. Asa result, 2 ante @ oT430 Contd Now, we can use image theory and the ‘geometry shown in Figure 2 to complete the derivation of the expression ford; Figura We see from. geomery that d} +(t, +h,) =r? and d? +(i, -&,)' =r2, Now, welet = 4,44, and A= A,-A,, thisteads to d} 4? <7? and d? +a? <7? Sulbstinating into (2),430 Cotid 15 ty Ferctanted cavum, we ea singe reps poerlay model lig Cie Fon Table ate paps we ny asthe pt oe ra nose fe tmnunitatena tight of 8.5 PL(d) = (10n)log,(4) +P, where ps = PL(do) is the path loss in dB at the reference distance ofds = 1 m at 1900 MHz, py = 38.0 dB, as given inthe paper. The received signal power is found from (dm) = P, (dBm) + G, (dBi) ~ G, (AB!) ~ PL(AB) Since it was given that the wansmit and receive antennas are unity gain, ‘Oddi ; the transiniwed power is P, = IW’ QdBHV ~ 30dBm so (dBm) = 30(dBn) ~ PL(dB) . This leads to the following results TR PuéB) [PE 30m__| 81.49 51.49 00m | 89.2 592, 000m | 114.8 3 (2) For LOS environments, ve use the double regression model. There are wo possible models, one in which the break poiat is fixed at he firs®resnel zone Clearance distance, and one ia which the break poiat is determined by 2 curve fit Either is acceptable [or oenta+ 7 forld, MMSE Bes Fit PL,(d) = 94.30 Contd. Using the following values ftom Table ofthe pape, Fresnel Best-Fit t MMSE Best Fit a [te J oid) | ede) [ay Tm” | ab) | dam) | [Med (8.5m) [217 [336] 788 | 366 [214 [oar] 725 1 asa) leads tothe following results: Fresnel Best Fit MMSE Bex Fit TR PL(dB) PidBm) | _PL(dB) | PAdBm) 50m 74.87 44.87 74.36 | 44.36 | [100 814 Sid g0R | 608 | (100m 1 108.3 8.31 104.75 7 ©) Since we are using the log-normal shadowing model, the received signal powers in 4Bm should fit a Gaussian probability density function, with mean values equal 1 the ath loss values ealeulsted ja part b. Asa result we may use the Q-funetion 10 dstermine the likelitood that ine received signal wll be greater then or equal t0 ‘dBm. However, the Q-function mus. be normalized to bave the desired mean and stundard deviation, From Appendix D ofthe text, the Gaussian pdf is given by: aiving Jo4.30 Contd (@) In obstructed environments, for T-R = 50 m, using o = 7.67 from Table Tl wn 2b p> 2B p24 912.41) sing Table F.1 inthe text, 2.410.008, so PAP, 27048] = 0992. Ths, eae iy asa kettoed tha dc recived signal power wil exceeé-704Bm ‘The values for T-1 100 m and T-R = 1000 m are calculated in a similar manner, teadng to te Following results a TR | B[P 2 -70dam] Som | 0992 — 99.2 100m [0.921 82.1% 1000 m 0.027 92.7% (@) For LOS environments, the lkeliboed is caleulated in the same way 28 fo cbstructed environments, except that o=7.88 for the Fresnel best fit, and the MMSE best fit (rom Table I of the paper). This leads to the following: 23 for Freel Best-Fit MMSE Best Te[P,> 704%] ef 2—70d6m] | 50m | ___0.9993 ~» 99.93% 0.9998 > 99.98% TOOm | 0.9908 ~ 99.08% 0.9961 — 99.61! 1000.m | 0.1587 18.87% 0.2581 > 25.61% | The averbound moe! is given by o, =e°*"", where ou is the ms delay spread io nanoseconds, and PL¢d)is the path loss in dB. Using the values calculated for path lass in part 2 leads to the following results: TR OBS os (as) _| Fresnel Best Fitas (ns) [ MMSE Bes-Fit os (ns) | 199.71 | [00m [379.64 1 190.95 [1000 m_ 7740.6 | —*1140.82. j 74.30 Cont'd, 2) Let's assume that the noise figure of 6B includes noise contributions from both the antenna anc the receiver. Then the noise power referredto the receiver input N= FRT,B, where £=1.38x10" IK is Boltzmann's constant, B is the receiver bandwidth, T ie the embieat oom temperature, and Fis the noise figure. We'll assume that Te = 290K. ForGsM, 200 kz, 20 10"*Xi38x10- ¥.290}200000) = 3187x10" HF = 11497480 From class aotes, GSM has CI requirement of 13 dB, so the minimum received sigoal power for GSM is Pay =-11497 + 1310197 di, For IS-136, B = 30 kHz, so FATE = (10"*Xi38x10 Y290K30000) = 4.780x10""W = -123.21d8m From class notes, IS-136 has CT requirement of 14 dB, so the minimum recei signal power for IS-136 is Pa © -123.21 + 14 =-109.21 «Bm. All ofthe ressived signal powe: values calculated in part 2 for both obstructed and LOS environments are substantially higher than these minimum required valucs sp the receivers will not be noise-mited, atleast upto 1 km distance Therefore, if we assume that thermal noise i te only limiting factor, it willbe posible s recelve either GSM or 18-136 signals at these distances and in these environments, ‘Now let's consider the limitation caused by the time delay spreed, The probler Statement says that we should assume that an adaptive equalizer is not avede? ‘mobile receiver when the symibel duration is greater than 10 times thenme # spread. So, given our estimated values for ms delay spread cafcutated ir deed to determine the minimum symbol éuratioa, or maximum symbo" so that we don't have touse an equalizer ~ [symbol durations. = 10 leads to the folowing requirements: Ja4.30 Lont'd [Eevitoonent TR | Sites) | Min signal [Max Symbol | { retiod (ns)_|_ Rate (symbols/s) 1997.1 ops 100m | 329.64 3296.4 | 4000 m__| 1740.63 | 174063 (Tos) Som) 129.87 [12987 Fresnel 100m | 19854 | 1985.4 503,677 Best-Fit 7000 m_—_| 114082 |__11408.2 87,656 LOS 30m | 12504 1256.4 MMSE 100m | 19095 1909.5 523,697 Best-Fit__| 100m _| 90456 | 9045.6 110.551 LL Beserit | 1000m_ 1 90456 From Table 11.12 of the text, we find thatthe data rate for GSM is and the data rate for IS-136 symbol rate and data rate art symbol, and its symbol rate is bal! the dat the sams, 1S-136uses n/4 DOPSK, is 270,833 bits/sec, Ty 48,600 bits/see. GSM uses one bit per symbol, 50 its s0 it has 2 bits per $e, of 24,300 symbols/sec. we compare the 1S-156 symbol rate sgainst the values calculated forthe maximum 1 an equalizer, we find that the symnbs symbol rate allowable without separations in all et jess than the maximam symbol rate forall TAR s ‘Therefor, it will be possible to receive IS-136 signals in alle separations without an equalizer. Comparing the GSM symbol rate agsint the maximum symbol ‘an equalizer, we find that the symbol face for all T-R separations in all enviroamentE. Jun, We find that for a T-R separation of | kr, the actal syzmbol bigher than the maximum symbol rat ellowable without ao equa ust use ap equalizer 1o receive GSM sigealsin al environments why kan For T-R separations of 50m and 100 m, an equalizer is reception of GSM signals. 73 rate for GSM is less than the XCEPT for a TR separation of 1 ol rate for GSM is favironments. -avitonments at all T-R fe allowable without ‘maximum symbol rate used in GSM is izer. Therefore, we ata T-R separation not required for43!) See the Mareag Progen PAS |.m aed the Following Figure Seatw a ® ls the MATLAS progam pisen > E55] a) Gien tated budmedth Bayer = B0/Mliz (one-neg ) choansh banc roidth Bry = d0eo KH? al vedio channel S= Bite = 20310 5, 200 xfa? ~ b>) hunter of users that can be served by a a bese Station during fully loaded aprration = 3Xb4= S12 ation ding fe apeati ©) Given n=4, 02048, UM=0F, fim Fee 4 we hove Bo (Ro]3 , where Y= ~9.dPm Py (po= Pri Pe (R> >”) = o[2 he | =073 => : D> Pg = ob 04 V 041284 (Jo) F-85722 d Bia => Fllp = PR d8m>- pa (49m) Joby, Bafis)~ (85-2) = 728-13 dB Assume de= km, Gr= 008=), misecHareows tess L = 0d B=, fier Ge (odB= 0 fe EMH ( Concspanding & ergest Pith), we dave he Ze 0453 (rm) = pildy--to GeGr X.Y jexix(or53)* pula) 4, (4 chs! Js lent He Use Ter | = 38-3 dB < Sone Pllky= Pelaay+ lorteg, $s. jor nz4, we hae ao 20.15- =/o Bee? 1 = 7-88 (Km)423] (mtd @) Lets fot TALE thy Auveh number fo tS (ener fieguny Channel ember Gnter Preguncy (MH) Reverse Chonnel 1SN<150 OLN + 1582.5 Forward Chennal ISN S150 02M 4 1929.9 We can SEE that oh, [ormerd ond rere, Charnal ” Each Fer One Soperared 4 & Atty Since the cluster size ¢s Cpual tot, we dinde thy thfal (20 redo channel pnts #x3=12 Subsets The joboving chan illustrates these 12 Subsets IA 2A 4A jb 28 3B oR 4 238 4 5 6 7 B 4314 1S 16 17 18 IF RO 133 134 BS BE OB? BBE BP 14. 0 i 42 G38 95 Hb M7 M8 RG 150 a OTe it (7 be sen from the chart thet ea A subset Contains epour 12 chearls. In each subset, the closest Chenned ty 2 Aearals anay. In a feor cell rouse. System each cell uses ha. Rdjacent ed chosen from the subsets. reg er rom | Co 2. Thee Caroels . ” The eyacent channl To PBT C. Whee 1 18 an > gah coll Can ase about 374.33 Cont'd distance 05 4 Chensels, — New we (ar clescribe the channed reuse Some fr each cell mm tho aity Cell Numbers 12 Manber of chanrls used by each cel ee a oe C4 : 37 Cluster Size NA : Newest reuse distance » D= haw RIP R=3 $x GE ® 342K The distribeticn of the [0 cells over th coy ws Shown m thy felling fig (002 fH Z v2, jee) e) 1) Ten cells art avarlble throughout the entire ay Fi) Total radio chanesls = Chester Size xS = 4x15 07 600. pi) Tetel [lser Channels = Total redo chanls x Buses /chamel = boox8 = #200 $f) Total cot of bese stalin = 10 x S00ere =f x08 Tote cost of yadin chasse = 60°X50, Total cost of System = Sx108+ 3400" = = $2x/0" b2s210" 77433 (ont'd 4) Giver Pabebilly of Blocking 5} Munber of user Chanasls par cell: C= 38x8 = 30% Assure trafic Prlessity por User An? UH = 3X55 70 Erbeags => hunbey of wee that (an be needa aed Start-up = Y= A/Au = 300/017 3 => parinun rumby of subserters that can be Supported at Start op Useepumber = A> QUnanter = 3.000 xe 3x10" KY Cot por vote = PSHE MEE 2416-67 i 3X]0% 000 [434] Given Pe= tow, Ge=6dB=4, Gr=3dB=2, We z > ee B]m, de=ikn, we hae Prlde)= FeGe Ged . loxtrexo337” Gn). do* (41¥ x (1000)* = -#24 dBm At the boundary of By PriRd= Prlde)- 2549.4 (&) 474, ~2509. dr= [lesRyt(Epy 234R => Peds) =-42-4- 40%, (256) =~ 404 tote (By saas => Gt = PlR- Bray ~424- Ste, Ge )- [404 Fob )-2295| = 2225 +b lagit) = 5-76x10 lw) “ ae434 Cont'd The variance of 1% quel to 0-748 => PLE vides) o[ Ee g- #) } = ossesunt th >997 9 295415hq as 18 beset BY) 5233 = I5.bag ie) <- 1203 => £ S634 => Rebatde = 62 Km > Rens 6:34 km ‘ 35 Ae cot Se 3 Pula) de yor 20 Lo (19) + 2 is Pus de «yor 205 15 AS eae 2 33% pole]. esrete lodde P.. RPL > Joden - 101 de = Re = - 81d — 79CHAPTER 57] CAF > eS sivime _ O54 4 FO” ery Fy~ Sew O =x 4 As ¥5-Ae-e vie lkm/ > vy. C278 mp6 =7 HA 18 HL Ve Shelby S v= 189 ake > G = 908 te Vz (0k, => ye 21.8 mls >Re 105 He VIGO 5 a> = 278 mis PLS eK Ue * @ lime, spectros edges are 1949.0999982 mb and 1950, COOCOIT mie @ Skinfye 1 SPectral edges are 1949 qaqagce; mba ad R50, 0OCCOISS miby @1COtm ye eAQES re 1949.999 8195 mie and 1950. 00005 mi. 1000 ken] edges are 1949999195 mie © wo 1960. CONES mHsnannel and te wansmser perpendicular 2 ine mpd two sflerent ) A oz No Dopses shit) constion ozauts whee either 1) the coceiver, st nol moving, 2) wnenthe recive is moving along 2 Ine tat is eae toon Gla ransmnte! and evewer. Note mat the perpendicular de paler ‘smay be traveled by te rocener to cota O| {0} Postive maximan Doppler occurs when the receiver is moving Surce mere he angle Between Dre tne drawn er the receiver leave is 20:0) euight ine tomar fe signa Iovate tea! rae (6) Maxioury negative Dopples fore Pe angie bat srs whoa te reoiver is moving in a traight ine away tear the signal okay rain fom the Warsi torecewer ane the fine ol the receiver (6) Positve hatmaxmuen Doof fortwo dilleent phys corilions, where cosine ofthe angle yensmiier an foceNe ‘nian hs angie mese between the reeevOrs line ot trave! and ‘hone Ju tram tne recelver tothe ansmiter is ether +6) et -60 degrees). This shows Depate Heqvency isnot unique fr a gren droccn of rave except forthe maximum ano minum Bn s 573] show that if, A, and y are BP signals, z(t) = Reels) om] a) = Re[tuie) &*) we) = Relroe] a) then, : rit) = Hed) 9 lh (2) We know ult) = a(t) AG) @ YU) = XU) as) 2(0) = Relelt) &*] = fet) om een a4) Xf) = Flee] = FH) os baie m4) as) Note tht Fett] = CEL) (Grom FT Theory, vse complex signal translation) (16) X() = He 4) ++ FI) on and it fllows H() = Blas ~ $0 BET = 0) a8) a53 Contd. Now, look at ¥(f) = X(/)H(/) aed multiply ¥(f heir ~L)+ OF ~ 6) «Halt — f2) THN-F-f)) (19) J HB(-F-f.) “fe 0 fe f Cf fe) JL™ NN “fe 0 fe f Figure 1: Spectra Hj(~f~ f_) and C(f — f.) do not overlap, Now note that spectra do not overlep when C(f — f,) x 1), Likewise, C*(-f ~ f.) x Hf ~ f.) = 0. Thus HS(—f ~ fe) = 0 (see Figure YU) = YOU = LW 8) 4 CHF =) x RF 19) = iffeu-samu- rks x mes-n] en Now note wll) = Ref] = jr (21) lee py ad Fiv(dl = 5RU~ f+ }R(-F-1) (on) where Rf) = 1. C(/JH(S). Thus YN FRU =) + RF ~ £3) (9 ui) =Fe*A. QED (28) 82The block diagrem of & binary spree spectrom tidieg tem is Showh Im Fig. 57. Carelslar araltipeth measurensat $42 Section 5:22 jMlustrates how vt vs used fo wessure powcr delay profiles. (2) Given Tee fore. ¢ Ce ee Slide foster P= = => time between maximal Cerroletion 2T=%£7¢ 3.3 x23 xJons = wie B= 30kHe , We hase 23, (Oo required Ip posstard bendusidth Bay = kB )=6ekHE The time resolution aT of this Sytem 2 aboot ST= 27e = 20ns (or Tons rms width) lor system wrth Stralar Time reslution, For a dred the parsbend ” bandoeitth 1 Brg = Ze = looppiz . Comparing the poesbeed bandwidth of thes tro system, we con see Bars << Bry , thet neers wsinga spread Spain wshend rose and. interference , Thus omprorog te Coverage verge for a given Lrnsnitter power, Sytem , Can rejea much of the 33> for flat Ze Facing * Ts 56, "Te 2% 106, Er Flat Roding 94= _ Kot 1x50 tale 4oalrloo 27}25(n9) = OME 10010> = 377, 5/25) For 0) + T Ti1#01# 00] Zs = AO z50%4 014754 0917100" 1517019 oe] 1498-3 (ns*) => ty rms clay spread Ce = 4985-2775 Since & Sol, 7s Zlob: =2/Jors = Smallest symbol 3-7 Mbps geetest dela rede oreixo 0X5 +10 2 9.46 ys) Fe > For (T= 7 2 yp? elto+4 0 " “ cel¥o4 01154 140" - 97.34 (us') eer oyti (F-@ = arm * Tinin = 10% = 1686 (MS) — Ray = FH * #25 kbps T5min = BTL @) Te ~coaget OE \oteccg! ¢ ‘ Dee fo Bk Ts & far fading SiR Fr FS y aay ys en 0) 94-4 Np. 3 ot/st io ® 28 , 4 pisdem yes the , S280! | a2 Bee es, the, S280", 12 cS! yevecity — 220s « IRE «Tome ' = 30 S260! 1254 212 v/s + \cO ny Sa-Be-freote | es57 Contd, Cheveree Tine Define [2%] Te afr = (code Set, Te ia, * sq, ess R10, (2) Here we have Lf * 2c04, | TS 10S; s slow Rang > TS <¢T. hae ioe «lo? [esm\ Fading, 9) pick your Te , then 5 + bits sent = RyvTs = 10% | = 58] For(a), the Joh larreletion Coberence bandwith L / . Boog = Boge * Fararasy = Heekee the 50% correlation cobsrence bandwidth is : i os 2 = pe Boos * 5G = LEMME Fr (1), Boog = BEE 85 kite Bens = x = 18-5 Ke S| For_@ Linsey mnoduleded Signal fr d Ts bit vate ~ PR => ES o1Ts = oxdo = 4 (us) 1 > “vie = Fo(ad %y 4 lot d 3 2 2 Fiza 8-PoK opie ° = Te igs fo (49) SO < os Ts = 05x40 = ZU) 87si) Pircer= [8 pendr Le op (SEs) or ze = Gear ig at F (20°) ope Ge = 1 exp (5B) For P2-fodR = 0316, the porentege 7% Lime Het & vw 1048 o7 mar below the rms volue Sipel A Fader Pt Tees % P=} exp(-e°)= epkase) 2 75% J 512| (0) Sine Ne= Bi fr the ratio of we desired Signal level to rms signal lovel that maxinizes Ne is the Selution of the equation ath =0 = OF Im => /-2p so = Poe 3 Ly - © ~ 3% : ARF ge £080m) Ya BHR sep > ine x= = = WE? (A)we have aac LaF fon P ets [am x4/. OX OF 448 (osege/s) => the mesinun number of times tho Sigal envelop wl fate bolus the Level fosnd im Co) ducing @ I painete test = Neb = 44.8 x60 = 2658 e. = (CQ) Fok BH egg cmsy Pie Zane 2S 513) for P=-wdB 20316, —. t ely gy Tet = fre L- 2/22 Pe 1 Spegege PEO fn= FDS V= fwd = Jn x = Ox FF 443 (nfs) > d=Vt= #43x10 = #42 Fer Pol, Nez Bi fo Pe’ = [im x28 ise = 124 (casings) => Tot nunber of foe tae segaal wnddergo al tke rns thread level darieg a 10 Stmd interred = Nat= 408 5.1) From Fig PSM, we have {2 o #95 (ms) ma ) - = 3th. “Z [BIS] (a) A= i Rouse 0) es fe Bs 2778 (m/s) oie 0349 => fin: The Deppler spotiin vs Shown as feos ~ = 776 HE Sef) Siorn'7ng — Boornt (8) For Pz-d0dB =0-/ Me = I fin PO? LEKTEG Ko Ca, (87 Corsi) 902 et __ sos ms) Phin 01 x776x02 nD equalizer i’ required S76\ When O/Ts S01, Fer USDC woug # Dopsk modulation De ~ 2 HR Syrbal posted Ts a ya Bac” PON ip2 (4S) = vin g/2 = 4.2 (HS) => Trax =01Ts GSM ag 03 GMSK medilat ion , —___ =p 12-3 (HE Tee Dota kate 0-3 x270833x/0" 123(42) => Ono =o Ts =0/¥ 123 = £23 (45) for Fer DET “J 03 GMSK modulation , 1 Sob —, +289 (as) O3xRE Date Rete 3 xUS22107 7 (asy = 0.289 (as) Ts= => Onox =0:1 Ts = 0X 2-87 s7@ cos (ato) = co8S cosb — sina 0b, &,@)-E, Ee On cos(zr fit + Bn) a ot o£ ES tresGeoktt A) Inkt — Te) PReverite Esc sin(2nfak + Bq) 0 aft ES ns Tre!)5p Cork'd. (0) The 6 ore tade pendent aed idenhéally distibuted uaifoemy on (0, an ® (H) se of f,c2r OThe Cr are random vanables | CR, Seem. OTEOF - E, = Cobos (20 446.) Lam UY assume Cy are independent of ©, (ie. Bn) t ee) Le ESOT = B's (7°Y, cos [thier daft +2 05]-Ge) en” ©) large sum of componente causes E.Q) + have Goussian distribchon Envelope of « Gaussiin yields o Rayletan distribuhos ae c [E.G@\ plr)= Re ® Rison distributed Riding (also Spelled Riczan) AE 35 OW :05 re @) Ke 8 Si = sai ° 2 z where 6 © Eo. (Eel - = { From, Here ASE, given k= CE) | os 7(B) A 92FI8\ For « HA vertical remopdle , Gk = 75, tus WTS Sees spettun and the Corresp pet bascberd wn 7 Fig. 5-20 ue RE Py hoy jt a of dn excelep detector are and Fig. 5.21 respectively 5194 Carsider Yoo independent , porp-menn Gaussten vendem variables with guod parance 0%, Their pot chesity fused “é ye - Beer’ lg ex oy P * he pe) det Z represen the magraiece (cavelepe) 7 f the Sum of tore indapendont ietily didribeted conplon (guad ature ) Gaussian Sources , WE “have Ze fay, The Gara ledeve distributen of Z gine by Ris Rlz<2) (( fax axdy par z Pe LOO sae sae speeds = cep) , 220 Hece fy(Z)> Exp (- . We Can see that the ‘onder: saviadle Fis Raylegh distribute}210 (8 ata ey ee ey $ O° tor eae ease os ae ats as as aoatd Fie 4Ey3| Theoretical value we have [Axe x1 Xe = crossings [Set — = 0.0343 (SCO GP x20x 0-1 = 2xJo (5) = 2RS for foc. we Awe hb z Ne = Cam x20 Koalxe So _cessngs/ eon 2 axprt (5) Son - (5) Win x doxoas orms () faz ane for Prod: we Awe ai” Ne = $9:6 ose 5 /sec 2 mS we have inasfee T= oo) mS = 2M os5.23 Gna'd See the MATLAB propre £23. fr Stnudel ior result. The Simuledign reoudt 1s owe to the theoreittal velue whn P os Lage. Wher P decores 5 wall ep, P= ool) , the Simulation result vs different fe the theoretical your. Thes 7s beause when p és vey Smell. Me and E becom small. if th number of poe of whe TFFT mm the simulation rot lage orca h, the resclution in time camun , at. Sharld be lager than 7. and thus we will miss Sone jeeeg wert. Tf we martae the IFFT runker of | pt We Con ob lan were accurate reoutt. Fer example , Jo fmiaolle , 4 ne teke 260 poets m the fapeng doves trom 0 Le fa. we howe of = Lee) te. “Wiek W319 pit IFFT tht résolution om Time comacn 15 i a - Aly fe Raf * Taaypy Sento 0s) ep22ms We Ge see thet Blog, >Feg.2ms when Proos, hats we well 55 almnt all of the fedeg events, Weeh NEUPIE, Seem = 053 me eZ Zoeoms hud we can Gal moe acre results if & times ae meey points act wed 524\ See the MATLAB prigam pS24m and Fig p24 %Fig. phd 525| See the MATLAB pr 5.25, ; 5] “ program p&lEm and Fg pre ronsiy Da Fusco 2 Ran Dion Fig, p&25@)Gurus Dsrewten ss Reon Diraton | i oa soo ed Sl eve Fb ta any Fig. p25%0) 52 ce) ksiedg “gral Level R (AB abort medion) 80-20) = Jo dp From the Fae 1 Pblem $25 We have Pr (rv < ~bodbm) = 08 L => Pr (1>-SodEmy =) Pe (vr <$oelBn) = HRY (4) k=3aB Similarly . we hue Pr(vé-8dBm) = AY > Ply >~S0dgm) = 96, cd“BEAD sce we mr ny pt prc nan fo ® we Pe (sean ra A causin ere eR IO Rabel kgf) was den TK oF): SE “31lts owe * Tris pays 2 (0) Wa the tat gresage pow nd? Ran Seemat = = = PUR) b= 567207 2 ody [su oy wrap eto? a een 2 F a 1A 10 Fie hth er pelehite f eta ERS ae Note Pest gah 6p Rs SEL ao cue is = est Spade Ce eee made wee Ep as oe ae ndog Bens mers pg 5] Ry Res P RS 2. RT EBE geo bees Be = Yas 1 We de act Ress BMS a teat ice 1 Vee Has S320 Ms “> FLAT TAPING Bosc see fangies er pecs Suet Te osc bias cnet wi he ena apnea fo hae cosas ES? ce Cire Choenr Gordwidty % selve The: Judes ccurs over Ble Be 90% Gorehthion of Aevh se aphids ecco erty, Se Sth wakhe Fon Fecha kobe Be Shae 28-50 Khe 285-7 bie *h Comeleten: 1 a Be sam fe— A LADO +12? 5281 (a) meen excess delay F=Aetoa? =I (us) v IFOle? Sy - _[ko+00) 4 jr2? 2 TS EIS (US MFOlt) 7 ) rms elig spred C= e957 20.976 a) (b) rarimum eles delay (22 dB) = (0) Tinen = 10 8% = 10x0976 = 9-76 (MS) => meairum RE yobol Rete = c (d) het fe= 9a MH? => AZZ = 30x19 Vo og 8 (m/s) = Im= KES = 25 (12) = Cher ting Te = 238 B] (a A= = Beet Fe Crp O88) 22.22(mfs) Vz Sexier = 36005 = tao fe = $44.4 (HZ) o.05 Fr Pol, Nes JA fom Pet = la x4tigxicet SAp7 (crsings sec) => Munber of posrlive—Geing zero crrssiags about the cod of fate Stig zero castig ims yalue thet occur overa § Setnd waterval = Nat = $097x5 +2003 fooPtnia ot xte44xdar 530 | Fast Fading + fie > = Slow Fading © fir <= > Freq, Selective Fading: Ty < (a) Jon Doppler ~ 200 Hz (highway speed) cx(urban) * 2us (typical) Given 3/T, = 800 kbps = T, = 2us. fei Nez Siow fading + sinoe fu < 3p Freq, Selective Fading : since 7, 0+ Siow Fading = since fur © o Fast Fading : since fu > 7 Flat Fadiag > since 7, > or JorSAI] See the MATLAB program perm and fy pel nu it JU j os ill] Pn ANNI fo) ocho t0ibee Fig. pS 3 5.32) Saree the maximum Dopler shift Jn and the vehiculer Velocity V ace relsted 4 tde Gustin fae ¥ . fe a gienr, we (an det pm, we know the polacrty v. Thue are Several mays te detect ym 1 Detect the bandaidlth by of the unmotuleted CW Cerrer, then frz # By 2 Detect he (fel crossing rate Mp fe Reg high feds segrel, thr fn® gee Me, hue P is oe velaa of pe Led fouel K. reamclized To tke lool rms empl tede of te fading envclepe 102CHAPTER 6 Gl] Given fn= Zeo-776 He, elo. = bandwidth of the FA sired Br=2 Fy)-fn Br= 2X oti) x0796 = 7-5 Hz For foo Se = 71618 He, th upper sideband frgrarey = fe th ft = [0618 te Safi he the lower sideband fregueney =+ 87-43 to 796-18 Hz Ste fe I 62) For m(t)= Sin (i007) , gen af= IKHz, Am=2 volts, f= EES s00H:. we have by = at - dese = Ste Hef vet : fr hes BV. fm= 2000 He. with fer 2no've, we have c . z , 7 Spanlt)= Ac: GsL2mfet ¢ ky fo mipay) =¢ 4 # Gs [4xfoont- 411 Gs (2 12000)] © 4 Gs [4xt0'rt- 47 Or (4e07)] 3] & ce the MATIAB progrsm pbaohm and Fi, plac} ( Sce Fig. ped 103Xena iter 1-8) = tas) Fis. po 03 agenda essence ne sons quasar ete “SS GR aa ES ee 7 Te Tee Tae Tie S GR a ES ess 7 Te Toe Tae Tae © Freeny Fig. p6.08 (2,0) fod.65 () The table below Idel | 07395 Tining jH0r 0.65% Toning j of bs oe I Cont'd TMustrates the vllege at each Sample point fo Loa ing peter of to pe point or ideal ond Pang Jitter of 110 1 Case 4 ojboF “0672707954 robs oFI5$ 02295. ~0- 6797 Ve Boxrb2/o/ boo spred f= 7 * Sorts ate fe S52) HE 4] Maximum Doppler => netch mith = 2m = 2752) = J04.2He Za - fa. 2. Ba) f= She rk =3 GB) Fer AMPS FM transmissions , (3 > ont put SWR rreproverant fokor = 3% (+1) 3°» (241) £108 = 30:23 dB = (SWReue = (WMR)in + 2033 AB = Jo + 20:23 = 3033 dB on Tf (SNR in 15 Trereased 44 (0dB , the corresprnding J preeense out of the detector 2s also 10 dB 108ET) See Seeticn 6.3.3 Ei] As Shown mm Fnnple 64, fe PMs, Beaeoke, of che loget TF frequency foe foo ¥ = Pol xio’ Hz. we repuire Hl fey p, ce oUF B= tins => Q-(Zolxle” 7x0", 24, © Dxfo? ~ Fon) A lent > O= 3064 0 chase L Fol UH, we hewe 0-64 2TXJex/0%xo.f xjo"% = (347x107 Q = 1347 KQ ence B=RWe(C, +0), we hak Ore = 2 30.64 OL RW.” aR cama tone = 5/74 PE Assuming C= 2078 PE = 222F we get C= 20pF > Jnpj= 2ERO page? MOE GS [nga LD a + tn La(z-#)] + ten" [3065 (L_ Zex0') Toxio® LHD) = F z 2 066.8 Cont'd The MATLAB program PE. lots the amplitude and phase response of thes quadrature detector Whech ae Shown im Fig. p6.28 (a) and (bh), rex ively (ig.1e2). G9) See the MATLAB prigm pafm end Fig. 6-07 a (0), (6), C0, (ad and (€) aad 9. 20Gb (a), (6), CO. (4) end (8)- Me ee | ee | i 6.098 640: ! ue6.8 Cont'd Tha MATIAB prigrem Pern plots the enphtade and phase vespase of thin guadritare deledar which oe shen in Fig. pb08 (a) end 0B). respuively (rg. 122). TA] See the MATIAB progam peohm sad Fig. 08a (0), (6), C0, (d) and (2) and fy. 4.09b (6), (6), CO. (d) ged (8)rr ant |Zlo| See BPSK recewer m section 6.8.1 EIT) See the MATIAE pope pen and Fig. p 6-1 Resme 2 O( [EE), Parr beplien) Fe.orsx = O( PEE), Petskwc? 3 ep (~ Hr) BPSK. DPSK and QPSK are all lineny Censtant nodulation. technigues They can save barduidth, bt Gre poor 7h power piciery Fide duping Cn neke de modulation Technipnss non -canstard envelape gad oven mare bendwedth efficent BPSK and OPSK all ned tokerent detection which moe comp cated than the han~ coherent detection. — FSK is @ nonkresr constant Cmvely nodulation, Using class C amplifier, We Ve Powir efrdent bit oeupes 0 Largey barduidth tan tnewr modyletion stones, even hin ple sheping is used, FSK technigucs ere rot 05 bandwidth officitnt 25 lecar lechnigucs FSK can ase pontobsrent detection . yeast AP) Seiyebead rou pees PSO [ae Ses toute! &S BOR Be Gari, “210s (c) Wat i tbe abeslute bandwidth ofthe RF spectrum if ined cone rll! Pica ore FAs HSK sed ee Bows [4 4) 10% = | 1.333 10 Ae (€or of 10° ds eh fee a eid ie ‘st plan wl eee pons mye anata Reon pele predece me £02 Gee ab kt such that TERT, erp} to KO) (tre sere he) ie Te git, 8 exactly 56s hen timing offset 6 exactly exe Symbol . Thos, Godigh te hegst catest fa Fe des¥ sar, atch pk Se (UGE dala Wi be unt and eT bandwie of 0 LS reewed / hed forthe Gaumian low pas fc, what the proper choos fr heFM ve. the eee A ea requncydeviatinn, SF? We seFegee by, arg fe Bh B56 (wer A fuacterf Fe ei!) (0 Fox GSK sodelation wing ST $05, bow Say speccalndlabes = ha bhes coor ot OTES I Gilaaep? fro sdebbes Ceo each sub of erssee) S23] Far SWR =20dB = jooo, B= 2ookHZ, the minum pasible data rete, C= Bey, H) = dee x1o'ate, (100) =1-99 Mbps The GSM data wale ts 270. 533 bps. which w only bout OBEC“b-H4) For IS-54, R= 486 Kbps, B=30KHe > le B= BE a sbedps/ie For GSM, Reon 253 Kbps. B d00kHe 135 bps/tte > Is = = 2p Fer Pot. R=42kbps, B=25kHe =f For 15-95, the bendwedth efficiensy depends en tA saumber of wars K For R= 9-6 Kbps/s , Bs /.2288Mie. ies AE = BEB = 7x10 bps fie If SWR= 2odB=/o0, He theoretical specarel Oficieny Trae = Lap, (#SHR) = Leg, (i t00) = 6-66 bps/te B15] See the MATLAB program (perisiin and Fg pais odand ) oss (ra) t Hee = [xi 6 Ges LUGL2T- Hot) } ss Te bag () = ES Sn(Zb) (BE) CO Fraction of tc teted radiated enagy that will fall cut-of bead (Ey 4 -- Se tip {ioe Sen MT)? [ibe He Gf: ( ae ) 4Fig po1Sta, ()Se) Bl=05. 1 pps (See also prom 6.27) => Be GE = 05 192 10) = Fé Khe > t= LOM nie 2B 29-6 10" => Me(f) = epl-a't af?) = explaiere! ji? Ag(t) peke ) = 28907- 28967-08 ep (-262 x10’) BI: > bee = ox /9-2x/0° = 3.94 KHz > = 224 2 ss7TTe . = Helf)= expl- ~e'f") . expraz5ai*f*) halt) = Ee E = 6/3X/0F t') = 11559 exp(-tagsxi't?) Bis=075 | => B= = oS x19 2x003 = 14-4 Ke 7 ee LOPE 17 PB aH ne => He tf)= expl- d= exp (1b pa0* f) 24.088 x10 F teity= © ep pCR t= to" exp (SE font") The rpubse respas aad freguenty reiporse art shan m Fig. pote (a) and (b) . rexpectively doig ths MATLAB program pbtb.M, We cin Colealte the [rion , Frat, of ts total radiated energy tat wed fee out-of band « Fer BT, =05, Feue 2232x107 For BIs=o2 , foot = 2-204, For BT 2095. Faz = 9-91 108a Ce? (a) segnrey te)” Fe = 10308 . Ingato espnse ot Gausan pute easing te & time) Re #182066 Fig. p&JO(), 0)S17} Please see the MATLAB program attached inthis salution. To be comparable, we use the input NRZ. bitstream [1 0 1]. Applying different BT values, we can see the output of the bi-polar NRZ waveform from the Gaussian pulse-shaping filter with impulse response: with 0=0.5587/B (B is 3€B baseband bandwidth). Te filter ean be achieved in MATLAB by time-domain convolution or frequency domain multiplication (by means of DFT DFT). sentto a FM modulator, in which the frequency devistion constant ky can be calculated from the output vaiues of the signal ftom tne Gaussian pusse-shaping filter, The modulation the program is 0:5 Tke output plots of signal of the Gaussian pulse shaping filter and FM modulator, with BT=02, 0.5 and | respectively, are shown inthe inres. The signal i followin oo a mo iS oT PP NET TT N TN Tl PHI6.17 Cont'd. ce thet IST is invoduced inthe signals after the Gaussia pulse-staping fille, especially -<0.5. This isthe price paid for good spectral efficiency ane constant eavelope properties. Similarly, we ean recreate the simpltfied version of Figure 41 ts below, The PSD ca be calculated in MATLAB fom its dfiztion o by using existe funtion, sich as specinem( ot pdG, The NRZ bit team is randomly generated inthiscase. See MATLRB program pone Note: There is 3B difference compared withthe graph inthe textbook PSD ola OMSK signal Az TAA RENENY [|S 100] j ° 05 1 15 Normalized Freq. (Ha)617 Contd. “Table 63 in the textbook can be recreated by calculating the power density to reach the required pereeotage. BT a WH am] ] (Paros, 3.250 rxce ‘x08 i ‘O2GMSK. 0.5205 0792 09953 1 (escnsk [0.83 1.0336 12939 | [oxenisic 07320 T0838 8080 1GMSK | 0.7465 LAs 1.9533 { 30GMSK | O78 nie 2silF “qsky | |518) From eguslion (4-104), we have t Sasp y= Malt )-ees oe + molt) Sn (BE) -S, (anft) (post) Thee ert fone stodes that the pir (rele), Mott) Could be When Mrtt=1, Melt)= 1, egualion pole betomce Suan lt) = Co (Be) bos arf. t) 4 Sm BL) Sa corft) = Gofanfr~ = Glerft - mur met) Ze ro] 2. when Mrltj= L mgit) =4, Sansbocly we howe Smsxlt) = bs laptrB) = Col mfr mitt mat EE y0] Te 3. When Myltd=-1, Melti=1. we have Swen =~ Cs(ZE) tafe) + 8x (2).S, = ~ Go Lape + ze + = Cx [orfet - mies amt) Ben] # Whe Wet)=-1, Melt)=-1, we hae Swap tt) = = Gos [anfer- FE Ze) =O [erfet- mot wnat) HE fy] Frm th abe . we Can see ee oe Che be expressed as Smsk lt) = os [2rfee Mit) Mp lt) ee ae = + Dx} where De 72 of meee Unf mew6 FTP] See the MATLAB program pé-l?-m ad fy pel 9 (a).(b), (6, dd, (2), Gd, @. (A) and (1) for @ diy message stream 01190101, te servad dela Sirtam is Lowered to bro bleh data streame, ach wth symbol pate Gs One Auf g pe bit rete. The even deta bits m(t) ( the fest bit of dida stream v5 Labeled as EO) of 00 owe frst opty we Bat ported and hey vaadtipled 4y xt) ( See fy 539 dn Section 6.92), the odd dots bid Malt) owe anadtsphed by Ye) The sue of these Tmo aodeph elon results 23 the Sk segrel The Signsls mytt-xCt), Molt), Mottr yee). ingit), aad Smxtt) ore Shown om Fig ps1? (a), (6). Ce). (4). (e) . reopectivery In the receiver, the mek of wa Nope Sn in tte IL chal 1s shawn In Fag. ps7 (7) and tHe onepat of the lopreter we shen mm Fig pe) Ter the & cherneh , Srante $ted 15 shown yy Fay po-/Hh) ad Th cusped of the mntagrator 25 shor wh Fy poritt). In a Pb MA Gad (1), th Sampled Stynals as the spel of Oke tnesheld detecters are uso Tihestretel, Za) p= 0(%) =0( B(FIRS) = In doterrine the bore result we assnmethat ell woirJorors prove eguek wer, the Same ay the desired vser, AU e80rs art tomsiilced crthogenel pe 4 and inspordint, and ths boutsinn spprrivation # asinved Je be valid 3x10”