Macro research

Equity Strategy | Global

17 May 2007

Global Equity Strategy

Wizard of Wharton is really the Wizard of Oz

Amongst the many signs of market excess that caught my eye of late, a recent
article by Jeremy Sigel stands out. He argues that profit margins won’t revert to
mean due to an increasing share of overseas income in profits, and a greater
public vs. private ownership structure. Neither of these arguments stands up to
empirical validation. The wizard of Wharton is trying to pull a wizard of Oz!

► Confirmatory bias is the habit of looking for information that agrees with us. It is one of
the most prevalent biases we come across. One potential way of offsetting confirmatory
bias is to seek out those with the opposite point of view from our own. If you can’t identify
the logical error in their view, you shouldn’t be as sure of holding your own view as
strongly as you do.

► In this spirit I occasionally read the opinions of those of a bullish disposition. A recent
article by Jeremy Siegel tries to put the case that profit margins won’t mean revert.
Jeremy Grantham has argued that if profit margins don’t mean revert then capitalism is
essentially broken. However, despite this, Siegel suggests two reasons why we shouldn’t
expect mean reversion.

► Firstly, he argues that “ever-increasing share of the profits of U.S.-based firms is being
James Montier earned in faster-growing overseas economies”. From an economic viewpoint this relies
+44 (0)20 7475 6821
on de-coupling. That is to say, non-US economies are capable of withstanding a US
james.montier@dkib.com
slowdown. I’m not an economist any longer (there are those who dispute I ever was), but
I have seen investors be fooled time and again by extrapolating growth from economies
like Japan and Germany at the time of a US boom into a period of US slowdown, only to
find that these economies were really just as cyclical as they ever were.

► Siegel’s view also needs to be challenged from an empirical point of view. A glance at a
chart of overseas profits to total profits doesn’t reveal his “ever-increasing share”. Since
1980 overseas profits have accounted for an average of 15% of US whole economy
profits. On the latest reading this stands at 16.5% - hardly anything to shout about!

► Secondly, Siegel argues that if one measures profits as including proprietor’s income (as
a measure of private firms income) as well as corporate profits (a proxy for public firm’s
profits) then profit margins aren’t as extreme as one would imagine. Siegel claims that
measured this way profits are “only slightly above its post World War II average and is
not at all at record levels”. However, the average since 1955 is 16%, so the current 20%
looks pretty extended, and represents a 45 year high!
Global Investment Strategy
Research Analysts ► Siegel appears to be arguing that this time is different. The graveyard of the history of finance
Global Asset Allocation
Albert Edwards is replete with those who have dared to utter what Sir John Templeton described as those
+44 (0)20 7475 2429 “four most dangerous words in investing”. Siegel, the wizard of Wharton, appears to be close
albert.edwards@dkib.com
kin to the wizard of Oz. Perhaps well meaning, but ultimately a charlatan.
Global Equity Strategy
James Montier
+44 (0)20 7475 6821
james.montier@dkib.com

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Global Equity Strategy 17 May 2007

The wizard of Wharton is really the

wizard of Oz
One of the most common behavioural biases we come across is confirmatory bias (the
habit of looking for information that agrees with us). Indeed in our behavioural test it is
the question concerned with confirmatory bias that has the single highest failure rate,
some 95% of fund managers failed to answer the question correctly (see Global Equity
Strategy, 2 February 2006 for details).

One of the ways to avoid confirmatory bias is to seek out those who disagree with you
and listen to them. Not in order to change your mind, as this is exceedingly unlikely to
happen, but rather so you become aware of the opposite point of view. If you can’t find
the logical flaw in your opponent’s argument then you shouldn’t hold your own view as
strongly as you do.

In this spirit I recently read an article by the Wizard of Wharton, Jeremy Siegel
(http://finance.yahoo.com/expert/article/futureinvest/30733). Siegel is probably the
closest thing to a modern day Irving Fisher 1 that we have. In this article Siegel takes on
the argument that profit margins should mean revert.

As regular readers will know, both Albert and I have argued that profits (and margins)
are at peak levels (see Global Strategy Weekly, 22 February 2007 and Global Equity
Strategy, 5 April 2006 for example). The chart below provides a prima facie case that US
profit margins are at record highs.
US Profit margins (% of GDP)
13 13

12 12

11 11

10 10

9 9

8 8

7 7

6 6
1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Source: Dresdner Kleinwort Macro research

It is further supported by considering the chart below inspired by John Hussman 2. It

shows that US profits have never grown by more than 6% p.a. when measured in peak to
peak terms. Right now we are at the very top edge of this band.

1
Fisher infamously opined that stocks had “reached what looks like a permanently high plateau” in early
September 1929
2
www.hussmanfunds.com

2
Global Equity Strategy 17 May 2007

Log S&P500 earnings and 6% growth bands

5.0
4.5
4.0
3.5
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
1950 1953 1956 1959 1962 1965 1968 1971 1974 1977 1980 1983 1987 1990 1993 1996 1999 2003 2006
Source: Dresdner Kleinwort Macro research

Normally when this occurs, markets move to a discount to reflect the cyclically high
nature of profits. For example, excluding the bubble years, on average since 1950 when
earnings are within 5% of the top edge of the band, the Hussman PE (measured as price
relative to peak cycle earnings) is 9x. When earnings are within 10% of the top edge of
the band, the Hussman PE is on average 10x. Today the market sits on 18x.
Hussman PE for the S&P500
40

35

30

25

20

15

10

0
1871 1878 1886 1893 1901 1908 1916 1923 1931 1938 1946 1953 1961 1968 1976 1983 1991 1998 2006

Source: Dresdner Kleinwort Macro research

Jeremy Grantham 3 has argued that if profit margins don’t mean revert then capitalism is
essentially broken. However, despite this, Siegel argues that profit margins won’t revert
for two reasons. He suggests

“One reason is that an ever-increasing share of the profits of U.S.-based firms is

being earned in faster-growing overseas economies. As a result, it shouldn’t be
surprising to see the ratio of U.S. corporate profits to U.S. GDP rise.”

Now I have an unfortunately sceptical inclination. I rarely take things at face value. To wit,
witness the chart overleaf; it shows the share of US whole economy profits accounted for
by overseas. I’m not sure that I would describe this as an “ever-increasing share of
profits”. Since 1980, the average is just a fraction under 15% compared to a current
reading of 16.5%! It is also noteworthy that the spike in the early 2000s is due to a
domestic profits collapse rather than an international profits surge.

3
Esteemed head of GMO. See www.gmo.com

3
Global Equity Strategy 17 May 2007

Overseas profits as a % of total profits (US)

30 30

25 25

20 20

15 15

10 10

5 5

0 0
1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005

Source: Dresdner Kleinwort Macro research

However, this isn’t the mainsail of Siegel’s view. Instead he argues

“More importantly, corporate profits are only one form of the return to capital.
Of nearly equal dollar value is what is called “proprietors’ income,” which is
the return to private and partnership capital.

The share of proprietors’ income has been trending downward over most of
the last fifty years as more capital migrates into corporate entities.... Once
this shift is taken into account, the total profits to corporate and non-
corporate capital, now at 20% of GDP, is only slightly above its post World
War II average and is not at all at record levels”

Now cast your eye over the chart below. It shows the sum of proprietor’s income and
corporate profits as a percentage of GDP. The combined total is at a 45 year high! The
average over the full sample is around 16%, suggesting that even on this measure profit
margins are extended, contrary to Siegel’s assertions!
Proprietor’s income and corporate profits as % of GDP (US)
22 22

20 20

18 18

16 16

14 14

12 12

10 10
1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Source: Dresdner Kleinwort Macro research

Perhaps I am missing something. But even a cursory glance at the charts above shows
that the two arguments that Siegel puts forward to ameliorate the likelihood of a profit
margin problem are specious.

Siegel is essentially arguing that this time is different. That peak earnings and peak
multiples are perfectly justified. The history of finance is replete with those who have
dared to utter what Sir John Templeton described as those “four most dangerous words
in investing”, only to find out that their faith was sadly misplaced.

4
 Global Equity Strategy 17 May 2007

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Dresdner Kleinwort Research – Recommendation definition

(Except as otherwise noted, expected performance over next 12 months)
Buy: 10% or greater increase in share price Sell: 10% or more decrease in share price
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provided investment banking services (in the last 12 months)

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Hold 177 30% 25 14%
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Total 600 101
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 Global Equity Strategy 17 May 2007

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