fy Designation: C 789 - 95a Standard Specification for Precast Ri Storm Drains, and Sewers* forced Concrete Box Sections for Culverts, “This standard is isued under the fixed designation C789; the number immediely following the designation indicates the year of ciginaladopion or inthe ease of revision, the yet of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year af las reapproval. A ‘Superscript epsilon (e ndietes an editorial change since the lst revision or eapproval 1. Scope 1.1 This specification covers single-cell precast reinforced concrete box sections intended to be used for the construction of culverts and for the conveyance of storm water, industrial wastes, and sewage. 1.2 A complete metric companion to Specification C789 has been developed—C 789M; therefore, no metric equivalents are presented in this specification. Note. 1—This specification is primarily « manufacturing and purchas- ing specification. However, standard designs are included and the criteria used to develop these designs are given in the Appendixes. The successful performance ofthis product depends upon the proper selection of the box section, bedding, backfill, end care that the installation conforms to the constriction specifications. The owner of the precast reinforced concrete box sections specified herein is cautioned that he must properly correlate the Toading conditions and the field requirements with the box section specified and provide for inspection atthe construction site ‘Nota 2—Specification C 850 is to be used for box sections with less than 2 fof cover subjected to highway loading. 2. Referenced Documents 2.1 ASTM Standards: ‘A.82 Specification for Steel Wire, Plain, for Concrete Re- inforcement? A 185 Specification for Steel Welded Wire Fabric, Plain, for Conerete Reinforcement ‘A 496 Specification for Steel Wire, Deformed, for Concrete Reinforcement ‘A497 Specification for Steel Welded Wire Fabric, De- formed, for Concrete Reinforcement? 33 Specification for Concrete Aggregates? €39 Test Method for Comprehensive Strength of Cylindri- cal Concrete Specimens? 150 Specification for Portland Cement* €309 Specification for Liquid Membrane-Forming Com- "This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Commitee C-13 on Concrete Pipe and is under te direct responsibilty of Subcommittee C13.07 on Acceptance Specfestons and Precast Concrete Box Sections ‘Curent edition approved Oct. 10, 1995. Published Februry 1996. Originally published as C789 ~ 1, Last previous edition C789 ~95, * Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 01.04. 3 Armual Book of ASTM Standards, Vl 04.02. * Annual Book of ASTM Standards, No 04.01 465 pounds for Curing Concrete? C497 Test Methods for Concrete Pipe, Manhole Sections, or Tile’ C59S/C595M Specification for Blended Hydraulic Ce- ments C618 Specification for Fly Ash and Raw or Caleined Natural Pozzolan for Use as a Mineral Admixture in Portland Cement Conerete* 822 Terminology Relating to Concrete Pipe and Related Products? C850 Specification for Precast Reinforced Concrete Box ‘Sections for Culverts, Storm Drains, and Sewers with Less Than 2 ft of Cover Subjected to Highway Loadings® C1116 Specification for Fiber-Reinforced Concrete and Shotcrete® 2.2. AASHTO Standard: Specifications for Highway Bridges, 1973 Edition® 23 ACI Code:? ‘ACI 318-71 Building Code, 1971 edition 3, Terminology 3.1. Definitions—For definitions of terms relating to con- crete pipe, see Terminology C 822. 4, Types 4.1 Precast reinforced concrete box sections manufactured in accordance with this specification shall be of three types identified in Table 1, Table 2, and Table 3 and shall be designated by type, span, rise, and design earth cover. 5, Basis of Acceptance 5.1 Acceptability of the box sections produced in accor- dance with Section 7 shall be determined by the results of the concrete compressive strength tests described in Section 10, by the material requirements described in Section 6, and by inspection of the finished box sections. 5 annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol O40. © available from American Association for State Highway Transportation Of cials, 44 N Capitol, Washington, DC 20001, "Available fom the Amencan Concrete Intute, PO. Box 19150, Detroit, Mt 8219,qh c 789 5.2 Box sections shall be considered ready for acceptance when they conform to the requirements of this specification. 6. Materials 6.1 Reinforced Concrete—The reinforced concrete shall consist of cementitious materials, mineral aggregates and water, in which steel has been embedded in such a manner that the steel and concrete act together. 6.2 Cementitious Materials: 6.2.1 Cement—Cement shall conform to the requirements for portland cement of Specification C 150 or shall be portland blast-furnace slag cement or portland-pozzolan cement con- forming to the requirements of Specification C 59S/C 595M, except that the pozzolan constituent in the Type IP portland pozzolan cement shall be fly ash and shall not exceed 25 % by weight. oni Fly Ash—Fly ash shall conform to the requirements of Specification C618, Class F or Class C. 6.2.3 Allowable Combinations of Cementitious Materials— ‘The combination of cementitious materials used in concrete shall be one of the following 6.2.3.1 Portland cement only. 6.2.3.2 Portland blast furnace slag cement only. 6.2.3.3 Portland pozzolan cement only. 6.2.3.4 A combination of portland cement and fly ash wherein the proportion of fly ash is between 5 and 25 % by weight of total cementitious material (portland cement plus fly ash). 6.3 Aggregates—Aggregates shall conform to Specification C33, except that the requirements for gradation shall not apply. 6.4 Admixtures and Blends—Admixtures and blends may be used with the approval of the owner. OUTSIDE LONGITUDINAL. 65 Steel Reinforcement—Reinforcement shall consist of welded wite fabric conforming to Specifications A 185 or A497. 6.6 Synthetic Fibers—Collated fibrillated virgin polypropy- lene fibers may be used, at the manufacturer's option, in concrete pipe a8 a nonstructural manufacturing material. Only ‘Type III synthetic fibers designed and manufactured specifi- cally for use in concrete and conforming to the requirements of Specification C 1116 shall be accepted. 7, Design 7.1 Design Tables—The box section dimensions, compres- sive strength of the concrete, and reinforcement details shall be as prescribed in Table 1, Table 2, or Table 3 and Fig. 1, Fig. 2, and Fig. 3, subject to the provisions of Section 11. Table 1 sections are designed for combined earth dead load and AASHTO HS20 live load conditions. Table 2 sections are designed for combined earth dead load and Interstate live load conditions when the Interstate live loading exceeds the HS20 live loading. Table 3 sections are designed for earth dead load conditions only. Criteria used to develop Table 1, Table 2, and Table 3 are given in Appendix X1. For modifications to the designs shown in Table 1, Table 2, and Table 3 due to anticipated earth and surcharge loads different from those used to develop the tables, see Appendix X2. 7.2 Modified and Special Designs—The manufacturer may request approval by the owner of modified designs which differ from the designs in Section 7; or special designs for sizes and loads other than those shown in Table 1, Table 2, and Table 3. Nore 3—The tabular designs in this specification were prepared according to AASHTO Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges, 1973 Edition. The current Specifications for Highway Bridges allows concrete shear stress criteria that differs from the 1973 criteria. The use of anna LENGTH EQUAL TO SPACING OF toNGrTUDmNAL IRES PLUS 2 1, (199) wit ‘FIG. 3 AND 3A ty NU | LN. cove, - SEE FIG. 2 FOR JOINT REINFORCE ‘MENT THIS AREA RISE (R) SYMMETRICAL rmoanss md OUTSIDE LONGITUDINAL [Nore 1—The dimension is the total of the theoretical cut-off length plus the required anchorage. Note 2—The haunch dimension H is equal to the thickness T. FIG. 1 Typical Box Section 466hb c 789 1m, OUTER CAGE CIRCUMFERENTIAL RE- INFORCEMENT AT PEMALE END, Ae PORES om LONGITUDINAL REINFORCEMENT 1A39 (Bot.) FIG. 2 Section A-A Top and Bottom Siab Joint Reinforcement Ast 4d min, Radius ot. Aa3| at ‘Atnahes nin, for einen & Above | ES 11/2 inches max, for 4 6 Sench Walls FIG. 3 Detall Inner Reinforcement current AASHTO concrete shear stress criteria shall be acceptable by this specification for modified or special designs. 7.3 Placement of Reinforcement—The cover of concrete over the circumferential reinforcement shall be 1 in., subject to the provisions of Section 11. The inside circumferential rein- forcement shall extend into the male portion of the joint, and the outside circumferential reinforcement shall extend into the female portion of the joint. The clear distance of the end circumferential wires shall be not less than Ys in. nor more than 2 in, from the ends of the box section. Reinforcement shall be assembled utilizing any combination of single or multiple layers of welded-wire fabric. A common reinforcement unit may be utilized for both Ay, (or A,s) and A,«, With the largest area requirement governing, bending the reinforcement 90° at the comers and waiving the extension requirements of Fig. 3. See Fig. 4. The welded-wire fabric shall be composed of circumferential and longitudinal wires meeting the spacing As 4a min, 2 inches, ‘oa, Hach FIG. 4 Detail Option 461 requirements of 7.4 and shall contain sufficient longitudinal wires extending through the box section to maintain the shape and position of reinforcement. ‘The exposure of the ends of longitudinals, stirrups, and spacers used to position the rein- forcement shall not be a cause for rejection. 7.4 Laps, Welds, and Spacing—Splices in the circumferen- tial reinforcement shall be made by lapping. The overlap measured between the outermost longitudinal wires of each fabric sheet shall not be less than the spacing of the longitu- dinal wires plus 2 in. If A,, is extended and connected, welded splices shall be allowed in the connection. A, may be lapped and welded at any location or connected by welding at the comers to Ay and A,s. The spacing center to center of the circumferential wires shall not be less than 2 in. nor more than 4 in, The spacing center to center of the longitudinal wires shall not be more than 8 in, 8. Joints 8.1 The precast reinforced concrete box sections shall be produced with male and female ends. The ends shall be of such design and the ends of the box sections so formed that the sections can be laid together to make a continuous line of box sections compatible with the permissible variations given in Section 11 8.2 Outer cage circumferential reinforcement as shown in Fig. | and Fig. 2 shall be placed in the top and bottom slabs at the female portion of the joint when A,, is not continuous over the span. The minimum area of such reinforcement in square inches per linear foot of box section length shall be the same as the areas specified for A,g in Table 1, Table 2, and Table 3. 9. Manufacture 9.1 Mixture—The aggregates shall be sized, graded, propor- tioned, and mixed with such proportions of cementitious materials and water as will produce a homogeneous concrete ‘mixture of such quality that the pipe will conform to the test and design requirements of this specification. All concrete shall have a water-cementitious materials ratio not exceeding 0.53 by weight. Cementitious materials shall be as specified in 6.2 and shall be added to the mix in a proportion not less than 470 Ibiyd? unless mix designs with a lower cementitious materials, content demonstrate that the quality and performance of the pipe meet the requirements of this specification.ih c 789 9.2 Curing—The box sections shall be cured for a sufficient, length of time so that the concrete will develop the specified compressive strength in 28 days or less. Any one of the following methods of curing or combinations thereof may be used: 9.2.1 Steam Curing—The box sections may be low pres- sure, steam-cured by a system that will maintain a moist atmosphere. 9.2.2 Water Curing—The box sections may be water-cured by any method that will keep the sections moist. 9.2.3 Membrane Curing—A sealing membrane conforming to the requirements of Specification C 309 may be applied and shall be left intact until the required concrete compressive strength is attained. The concrete temperature at the time of application shall be within 10°F of the atmospheric tempera- ture. All surfaces shall be kept moist prior to the application of, the compounds and shall be damp when the compound is applied. 9.3 Forms—The forms used in manufecture shall be sufi- ciently rigid and accurate to maintain the box section dimen- sions within the permissible variations given in Section 11. All casting surfaces shall be of smooth nonporous material. 9.4 Handling—Handling devices or holes shall be permitted in each box section for the purpose of handling and laying. 10, Physical Requirements Conerete Testing 10.1. Type of Specimen—Compression tests for determining concrete compressive strength may be made on either concrete cylinders or on cores drilled from the boxed section. (See Specification C 39.) 10.2 Compression Testing of Cylinders: 10.2.1. Cylinder Production—Cylinders shall be prepared in accordance with the Cylinder Strength Test Method of Test Methods C497. 10.2.2 Number of Cylinders—Prepare not fewer than five test cylinders from a group (one day’s production) of box sections. 10.2.3 Acceptability on the Basis of Cylinder Test Results: 10.2.3.1 When the compressive strengths of all cylinders tested for a group are equal to or greater than the design concrete strength, the compressive strength in the group of box sections shall be accepted. 10.2.3.2 When the average compressive strength of all cylinders tested is equal to or greater than the design concrete strength, not more than 10% of the cylinders tested have a compressive strength less than the design concrete strength, and no cylinder tested has a compressive strength less than 80 % of the design concrete strength, then the compressive strength of the concrete in the group of box sections shall be accepted. 10.2.3.3 When the compressive strength of the cylinders tested does not conform to the acceptance criteria stated in 10.2.3.1 or 10.2.3.2, the acceptability of the group shall be determined in accordance with the provisions of 10.2. 10.3 Compression Testing of Cores: 10.3.1 Obtaining Cores—Cores shall be obtained and pre- pared in accordance with the Core Strength Test Method of TTest Method C 497. 468 10.3.2. Number of Cores—One core shall be taken from a box section selected at random from each group of 15 box sections of a single size or fraction of such a group from each continuous production run. 10.4 Acceptability on the Basis of Core Test Results: 10.4.1 When the compressive strengths of cores tested for a group of box sections is equal to or greater than the design concrete strength, the compressive strength of the concrete for the group is acceptable. 10.4.2 If the compressive strength of the core tested is less than the design concrete strength, the box section from which that core was taken may be recored. Ifthe compressive strength of the recore is equal to or greater than the design concrete compressive strength, the compressive strength of the concrete for the group is acceptable. 10.4.3 If the compressive strength of the recore is less than the design concrete strength, the box section from which the core was taken shall be rejected. Two box sections from the remainder of the group shall be selected at random and one cote shall be taken from each box section, If the compressive strength of both cores is equal to or greater than the design concrete compressive strength, the concrete compressive strength of the remainder of the group shall be acceptable. If the compressive strength of either ofthe two cores tested is less than the design concrete compressive strength, then the re- ‘mainder of the group shall be either rejected or, at the option of the manufacturer, each box section of the remainder of the group shall be cored and accepted individually, and any of the box sections that have a core with less than the design concrete compressive strength shall be rejected. 10.5 Plugging Core Holes—Core holes shall be plugged and sealed by the manufacturer in a manner such that the pipe section will meet all of the requirements of this specification. Pipe sections so plugged and sealed shall be considered satisfactory for use. 10.6 Test Equipment—Every manufacturer furnishing box sections under this specification shall furnish all facilities and personnel necessary to carry out the tests required. 11, Permissible Variations 11.1 Internal Dimensions—The intemal dimensions shall not vary more than 1 % from the design dimensions. The hhaunch dimensions shall not vary more than Yin. from the design dimensions. 11.2 Slab and Wall Thickness—The slab and wall thickness shall not be less than that shown in the design by more than 5 % ot Yio in., whichever is greater. A thickness more than that required in the design shall not be a cause for rejection. 11.3 Length of Opposite Surfaces—Variations in laying lengths of two opposite surfaces of the box section shall not be more than % inJ/ft of internal span, with a maximum of % in. for all sizes through 7 ft internal span, and a maximum of ¥ in. for intemal spans greater than 7 ft, except where beveled ends for laying of curves are specified by the owner. 11.4 Length of Section—The underrun in length of a section shall not be more than ¥é inJ/ft of length with a maximum of Ys in, in any box section. 11.5 Position of Reinforcement—The maximum variation in the position of the reinforcement for 5-in. or less slab and wallip) 789 thicknesses shall be +% in., and for greater than S-in, slab and wall thicknesses shall be * 1 in. In no case, however, shall the cover over the reinforcement be less than 54 in., as measured to the internal surface or the external surface. The preceding minimum cover limitation does not apply at the mating surfaces of the joint. 11.6 Area of Reinforcement—The areas of steel reinforce- rment shall be the design steel areas as shown in Table 1, Table 2, of Table 3. Steel areas greater than those required shall not ‘be cause for rejection. The permissible variation in diameter of any wire in finished fabric shall conform to the tolerances prescribed for the wire before fabrication by either Specifica- tions A 82 or A 496 as applicable. 12, Repairs 12.1 Box sections may be repaired, if necessary, because of imperfections in manufacture or handling damage and will be acceptable if, in the opinion of the owner, the repaired box section conforms to the requirements of this specification. 13, Inspection 13.1 The quality of materials, the process of manufacture, and the finished box sections shall be subject to inspection by the owner. 14, Rejection 14.1 Box sections shall be subject to rejection on account of failure to conform to any of the specification requirements. Individual box sections may be rejected because of any of the following: 469 14.1.1 Fractures or cracks passing through the wall, except, for a single end crack that does not exceed the depth of the joint, PTULL2 Defects that indicate mixing and molding, not in compliance with 9.1, or honeycombed or open texture that would adversely affect the function of the box sections, 14.1.3 The ends of the box sections are not normal to the walls and center line of the box section, within the limits of variations given in Section 11, except where beveled ends are specified, and 14.1.4’ Damaged ends, where such damage would prevent making a satisfactory joint. 15. Product Marking 15.1. ‘The following information shall be legibly marked on each box section by indentation, waterproof paint, or other approved means. 15.1.1 Box section span, rise, table number, maximum and minimum, design earth cover, and specification designation, 15.1.2 Date of manufacture, 15.1.3 Name or trademark of the manufacturer, and 15.1.4 Each section shall be clearly marked by indentation on either the inner or outer surface during the process of manufacture 0 that the location of the top will be evident immediately after the forms are stripped. In addition, the word “top” shall be lettered with waterproof paint on the inside top surface. 16. Keywords 16.1 concrete box—precast; culvertih c 789 TABLE 1 Design Requirements tor Precast Concrete Box ‘Sections Under Earth Dead and H820 Live Load Conditions* TABLE 1m conned) Design Earth ‘Gicumferenilal Renforeomert Areas®™ Nore 1—Design eanh covers and reinforcement areas are based on the RSANEM iin ‘weight of a column of earth over the width of the box section as defined §—§ An Asn Ae in Appendix X1. See Appendix X2 for modifications to reinforcement 6 20 0.140 O15 O18 0.142 ‘areas for other earth load conditions. Fa eal ne eas ae he Ni "te design streng si. 14° Nom 2 Concrete design strength S000 psi % or bat ‘ % 019s a Desion at yy Counter Reorement Aas? 6 1 Ozt 92802818? Cover, Me in in 8 19 023 028 029 ota? Sit by 2 tby 4 in& 5 fh by 4 ft by 6 in 2 7 019 0.20 O21 0.102 2 28 0.23, 032 027 0.142 3 15 0.10 om ont 0.102 3 23 0.16, 0.20 021 0.149 ee en aos owe ON8 rae fa Cc ance 3 2 aera RH ect eennCee 0 bo? tae " ae ec 2 2% oe? atta he Ec cleo i ote 838 asa i 018 aay ots aoe 6 1 0x88 023 ata? 5 cs ccc % om taste Tawa Royaine Enbyshoyene fz Teas C= =e TO 2 cc 3 20 0.10% 0.13 0.14 0.102 3 29 ata 0.22 023 01a Fen eee ‘ % OM? basse cd Ten oe ae $ 2% OMe Orta e® 10 16 0.102 O12 0.13 0.102 6 2 o142 O17 018 0142 2 16 0.10 cary 0.14 0.102 8 2 O14? O18 019 0.142 7 a 0 Bo awe ba ae ona 16 18 0.10° O17 0.18 0.102 1 a o1ee 023 024 0.142 18 16 0.10? 0.19 0.19 0.102 “ a ore 0.26 027 0.142 a ee eect 6 hate aaa i too eta akby 2RoySNe ae ShoyaRoy7 Re 2 8 026. ~—~022 020 0g@ | 3 18 ois Ons On8 ta? 2 28 og0 0) Ome OTe 408 % oie ata? g? 3 24 021 01 one ar? 10 7 O18 Onstage 4 24 018 01727? ze 2 7 01 = ots rsa? 5 4 o172 0172 78.70 ‘4 7 nT oc se 6 23 oi a7? ot? gaze 16 ci 019 = ots ore? 8 2 9172 a8 ona 0s78 8 7 021 oat om a2? 19 2 020 020 0217? e 2 2 023 023 ozs 070 aby 3byS ns “ 2 028 = 028287? 2 2 oat oa? ozone 028 023 0280172 3 9 013, 0188 ate? 8 23 ot ose 03207? 4 8 012? ons a3, at? DabyatbyTin® 5 8 0122 on? asta? 6 a tee eG oo Ce eee 2 28 028 —0s3 026 «a7 8 7 ox one te 020 a 25 a1 0220217? 10 7 0122 ots ote 028 ‘ 24 a7 019019078 2 ow gays a? 5 23 a7 on8 x97? 4 7 013 0200200120 s 23 ore a8 ong ze 16 7 01s 02202220 8 23 or? 02902170 18 7 O16 oz 028 02? wo 2 018 023 02s x7? 2 2 0200280287? SR by Ahoy Sine “ 2 oz = 02903070 2 3 O18 050 ome 6 2 02 = ose 0a3. a7? 3 2 012 One Oneata? 18 2 270350367? 4 2 0122 ond 152? ne 5 20 0122 ons ass SELL 6 0 01° ote one 2 8 0240380287 é % 12 oote tsa? 3 2 17 028) oz3 a7 10 8 012° one? 4106 5 0172 020 a1 072 2 16 012° ots 19a? 8 2 0172021 az o7? 6 8 012° 021 zt ta? 10 2 0172 024 = 0250.17 ie i hoy ey 2 3 017? 027028 oa? 18 7 tei ocs a coo “4 23 19 = os sear? = 16 2 o2t 03¢ = oas are Shy 3 by Bin 8 2 0230370387 z 2 026028 om one ae 3 at 017 one ote yo ERT 4 a ou? 015 asa? 2 8 oz as9 Oa) 3 20 oie ote? ais ata? 3 3% ove ozs 025072 4704h c 789 TABLE 1 Continued TABLE 1 Continued Boson Eat py pin tour Rarcornt Ae Deon Ea as n,n Circumdoroniial Renfowamert Areas®™ Cover, * An a Saver, : Ay Aa As Aw 7 2 ore oze 02807? 3 = 028 oar ozo 0.19 5 a 07021 ozo? 6 2 024 028 © 020 19 8 28 oye oz) Oa? 8 2 026 030 ose O18 8 25 07 = 022 ooze 07? 10 2 029 035 03810 0 24 0172 028 = ogra? 2 2 os 039 oat O18 2 24 017 028 = 0g 07? = 4 24 oie se oases RV RBS 6 2 019 035 oar? 2 8 oat ab 035 (OTB 8 23 oat 038 a4) Ot? 3 at 028, 033 ©0299 4 4 30 oz 02 © 02982 ny aero 5 2 023 02 ©0318 2 2 030 oss 028 at 6 28 oz 030 ost tee 3 2 o2t 023 © ozt O82 8 Fa 024 0m ost 19? 4 2 012 = 020020019? 0 2 oar 037 039 ts? 6 26 19? = 020 ozt 0182 12 a 030. oa 04s 0.19 6 26 oie? = 020021092 al 8 2 020 oz ©0238 eRe naby a 0 2 023 02502818? 2 a 026 049 oss 0780 2 25 025, 0200238? 3 35 022 035 ose oa 1“ 25 028 032 © 033018? 4 Fa 020 ost ost 0188 6 25 031 026 089? 5 a o2t oa 03319? 8 25 034 030 04a 0.19% 6 30 021 ost ase 8? = 8 2 022 a 03619? 2a 6 Rey 6 10 2 025, 038 oat O18? 2 2 027, oa? 0280188 2 EI 028 04s 048.10 a 2 oi? = 08028 eae 406 a a1? = 022 ozs 08 een eso 8 2 019? 02402508? 2 a 026 ost 04d a0 10 25 020 027 02908? 5 a 020 037034 a0? 2 2 022 031 ose 018 4 96 aie = 02 0g3 18? 14 25 025, 035 038s 5 34 020 oa 035190 16 2% o27 0330408? 6 2 020 033 038 ots 18 EI 030 az 043018 8 3t o2t 03503818? 5 10 30 023 040 04d O.18 nby eRbren 2 2 028, as 0s ais 2 38 024, oo OE ene 3 31 19° = 027028088 crore 4 2 0192 =e 02518? 2 38 036 oss 0s) One 5 2 19? = 0230250188 3 4 028 032 a7 oz? 6 2 0192 ze 0250198 4 3 028 028027 022? 8 2 019? 028 oT a8? 5 3 028 029 © oz3 28 10 2% 01? = 0290300? 6 30 029 030 03102? 2 2 020, 0330318 a 30 030, os2 ase oz? 4 25 022 036 © 038.18? 10 20 034 os7 039 Oz? 18 2 025, 40 042100 2 30 038, oa cas one? 18 25 027 04s 04s 010° 4 29 04s, a7 0480229 Tiby7 Roy BIn= DhoySRoyan® 2 022, az 08318 2 38 038 048 Osh 022? 3 8 019° = 029) ara? 3 3 026 03 = 0290220 4006 33 0192 = 025 ar 08? 4 2 028 oa 0290220 8 28 012 027 op? 5 3 028, os1 ose) 022? 10 2 01° = ua) 0g2 a8? 8 30 oar os ose 02 2 2 1? = ose 0380.19 5 30 028 035037 oz 4 2 21 037 03919 0 30 ost ao oat oz? 16 2 023 ai aaa 019 2 2 035 0450470227 Boy a Rey EINE Davy TRoyOIRe 2 En 037 040029 0.198 2 a 030 049 oar 020 3 3t o27 028 © 024 0.188 3 38 024 03 ©0202? 4 EI 025, 025 © 024 = 19? 4 33 028 sz 032 oz? 5 2 026, 02 «©0288 5 32 024 033 ot 0222 6 28 026 02 © 028 (O18 6 a 025, 3s 035 oz? 8 2 028 028 © 02919? 8 3 026, 037039 oz? 10 2 032 0a 03190 0 30 029 az 04s) 028° 2 2 036 035 oa? 0188 2 30 033, a7 049022? 4 2 040 east eae shaenmend ent ABLE 2 6 028 ost oso 0220 2 3% 034 oa ose 090 3 30 023 038 ost 0228 3 3s 025 oat ozr 19 4 36 022° =a 03k 0.20 4 2 023 oz 027018 5 34 023 03s os7__ 022 anhb c 789 TABLE 1 Continued TABLE 1 Continued ‘Crcunferetial Reinforcement Areaa®™ Design Earth Gkcomteroniial Reinforcement Areas®™ Moin esa Ey rin, i An Aa Aa Au Ae Aa As Aw 6 % 028 035 os8 022 ® 0 025 Oat 045 O24 8 2 025 038 oat 02 8 38 027 ose as 248 10 31 028 048 04s 0.228 10 a7 030 050 oss 240 2 3 031 4 ose 022° 2 38 ee TRby ORDV INE TR by a Roy Hine 2 8 027. Os oae 02> 2 Cr 3 4 022° = 00038028 3 2 035 = 030 «028° © a26° 4 a oz 03803602? 4 2 035 «= 028 © 026° = a.28° 5 38 022° 038038022 5 39 037 = 02302828? 6 36 oa 037 040020 8 38 039 = 030 ©0308? 8 4 024 040 04s 0.222 8 38 04s 033034282 10 2 026 045 04s 22 0 37 049 = 038 0a9 8? 2 38 029 050 ost 0.229 2 37 055 = 043s 280 " “ 37 062 = 048048? 10 Rby § by 10 6 37 069 053058 28° 2 a 028) Oa oat oe = 3 38 020 os ©0274 Regen bela 4 35 029 030 © 028 oz4 2 a os7 ae ODOR 5 34 031 030 © 030024 3 at 031 035 030026? 6 2 023 os 0830240 4 38 030 «03306? 8 38 035 036 0360.24 5 38 03204 033280 10 2 040 04 oat 24 6 36 036 = 0350388 2 2 04s, 048 048 O28 8 36 037 039 oat 267 4 2 050 050 ost 0240 0 35 or yy a 2 38 048 = as0 05226 10 Rby 68 by 10. 1“ 36 os2 058 oss 8 2 a 035, 046034 0280 16 3 57082 06s 026° a 7 029 038 080.248 4 oe oar os 030 a4? aio S Rey tte 5 3 029 033 = 0330.24? 2 6 033 ~Osi—Os8 «ee 6 3 oat ose 036.24? 3 a 028 = 039 0st 0262 3 3 033 os7 0394? 4 3 027 0380358? 10 2 oar oa oma 280 5 37 029 © 038 = 038 ee 2 2 oat 048 050.242 6 37 030 039 oat 26° “ 32 046, 053055028? 8 % 033 a4 048280 i 10 36 037 048s! 28? HOaby Bert, 2 35 ny a a 2 2 032 oad 038 Ona 14 35 045 081 08s 0.260 3 38 027 os 032 0348, 4 35 026 ost 03224? aie eel 5 a 027 035035 za? 2 56 030 ~~ 085 04a Oe 6 3a 029 038038242 3 6 026° = 0420380260 8 x oat 039042 O24? 4 “ 026° = 09 0aa (Oe? 0 3 036 04504724 5 2 026° oa az 6? 2 2 038 0500520247 6 40 028 = o4z 045060 z 8 39 030 © 04S 6° fabrS Rept ky 10 38 034 = ast 0550262 2 6 031 os 030 00> 2 37 037 os? age 6 3 0 026 039034 240 4 37 oat Oss ass 028? 4 a 025 038 035028? A 5 38 028 os7 03842 eb RB 6 Pd o27 033 0st 0280 2 @ 030087 Ons 0260 8 ey 029 oat 04 8? 3 55 026° = ase oad 262 0 3 032 047 0800282 4 8 026° = ost 000262 2 3 036 sz 0550287 5 46 026° 042030262 eI 6 “4 027 043 oa? 26° TORby Ody 10m. 8 Pr 029 © 048051282 z a 029 Os aaa one 0 0 033 as? Os7 28° 5 “ ze = oats? 02a? 2 39 036 058) 0es 28° 4 40 oz = ogy oT ona? “ 30 040 ass 0700.26? 5 38 025 038 040288 | 6 a7 026 040 04s 024 AoE bea ERIE 8 36 028 043 4s 028 2 = 048 Oat 029 0200 0 35 031 04s 0820247 3 a7 038 = osi, 029° 9° 2 ue 034 Ost oss 024 4 6 038 02a? 0200 0.290 si 5 43 oat 030020? oz? LL A AL 6 42 048 ost ast 029° 2 75 028, 056 Oaa O20 3 a 049 0350380290 3 50 a2 = 04s 0924? 10 4 055 0419? 4 4 a a 2 a 062 045s 029? 5 2 026° 0404204? 4 a 070 05051020? anTABLE 1. Continued i) c 789 TABLE 1 Continued Circumferential Reinforcorort Areas Crourfereiial Reinforoorent Aroas®™ os Ey nn Dain Eat, creer Recon Aas? Cowes, Ay Aa, Aes, Aas Cover, Ay Aa Aw Ave 7% Tem ass as 08 7 ua 929 oar 90a : 5 ba oak aa? 12 Ry O Ry 12 in 6 42 032 04g 047 0.20° z wos oa? os —aas : basa]? a fm 8m B30 aa 0 © 08s ae ‘ ts fa oat? 2 cae as a0 5 fdas, asa 8? i a ee ee : scan har oar 0° a 8 38 0.42 0.41 0.43, 029° A2R by 12K by 12 in ® soar Garam 3 we oss —~—saao as ane 2 obese a bm oar as ase “ s 0 ose asa ame ‘ sata ak aa? 8 ates 06s a0 $ & owas, Oar ame ; é babar) aa? nb Oy in ; mo be ba tes z oss os Ose one ° tm osr oa 3 fh lm as ose 2 ba tae Oma? ‘ bose ase ‘ oa oro __ ons? 5 {2% 3983028 en earth or ees ho og of abate ap lt Box 8 SAGA 0285s Denn rozuroment eased oto malta and tol Poneto, ‘Cade dats ard ype secon anced Append Xi or aeraive 0 se oases age adr data, red i 12 38 0.46 0.58 06t 020° reo y 2 Sade 5B 881028 an tl wou noua chat pr na ft fox aston a tas legion wich ae ndcated on he Np! cloned Appar hb Why eHe 2 Te tp satondoograton for oxampl, 9b 2Nby «in as (toe = Worantal Span fo by tetror vores) by Wal 2 Sab z osseous ee 3 48 020° cae aan? Tagmase in nohee) 473 Minimum practca stool area specie.i) c 789 ‘TABLE 2 Design Requirements for Precast Concrete Box ‘Sections Under Earth Dead and Interstate Live Load Conaltions* Nore. 1—Design earth covers and reinforcement areas are based on the ‘weight of a column of earth over the width ofthe box section as defined in Appendix X1. See Appendix X2 for modifications to reinforcement areas for other earth load conditions. Nore 2—Concrete design strength S000 psi Design Eath yy Crountorental Reinlrcoment Areas? eee Ea a4 min, in a Thby Phoy ane 2 7 019020 oa) 0a 3 15 0102 oon 002 4108 15 x02 ono? oe a0 10 4 0102 ot orz a0? 2 4 102 ots ts 02 1“ 4 010° ones 02 16 “ 012 06018302 18 4 013 on8 | oaB 02 20 4 O15 ang ora a0? BkbyS Roy Aine 2 a O15 028025 3 20 0102 013, one? 4106 18 010° = oto? ost, a0? 8 15 0102 ont 2 a? 0 15 010° ots 01302 2 6 102 one teat 4 6 0102 ots 1802 16 6 0102 ony, 8002 8 5 010° = ote 02008 20 6 ox 021 oz a0 aby 2hbySin= 2 8 026 ~~(022 020 5 18 018 = 013,013, 4006 8 032? or? 0120 a? 8 7 013 = arz? 032? 10 7 01 one ae ta? 2 Sa 015 ons as ta? “4 7 017 oa? aaa? 16 7 019 = orate? 8 7 oz oz) ott? Roy SRDS Ne 2 2 oa oa? 02 a0 3 9 013, 018018? 4 8 012? 013s? 5 8 x22 012? ora a2 8 7 012° 013013020 8 7 122 ata 015012? 10 7 012° on6 01802 2 7 012° 0801802 4 7 013 020020020 6 7 015 = 022023 ana? 18 7 ore oz 025020 EN by Ahoy Sine 2 3 18080028 ana? 3 2 0122 one aas ae 4 2 0122 ots) 01502? 5 20 0122 ons ae? 6 19 012° ons) 15a? 8 18 012° ots 018 at? 10 18 0122 ot? 18 at? 2 8 012 ots 19a? 4 18 012° 021 atta? 6 8 01 = 0230290? 18 7 1 026 028 ate? Buby SRby Oe 2 @ 026 ~=~Og8 ome CON 3 2 017018018? 4 21 ue ons sna? 414 TABLE 2 Continued ‘Gircunfereniial Rentoroamene Areas®™ Design E22 a ini Cover An Aa An Aw 3 ry O12 ona? 01804 6 2 oe 050154? 8 2 oe a7 on7 482 10 2 018 = 08 Ono a? 2 20 017 ot oz)? 4 2 019 = 023023 aa? 16 19 02 © 028 = 026g? 8 19 er ERby shove Ne 2 28 02 ose oar qa 3 23 015 = 020 oz) 4? ‘ 2 ue ons os? 4? 5 2 oe ote os? a? 6 2 ue ony ara? 8 20 oe 018 08a? 0 20 ou? 020021? 12 20 018 = 02302314? 1“ 20 018 025026 Ota 6 19 018 0280234 18 9 02031 ose ana? Shby Shove Re 2 a O20 03s oad ona 3 2 one 022023142 4 2 owe 08 orga? 5 a oe aa? 142 6 2 Oe ote Ora 4? 8 2 012 oa 02014? 10 2 owe oz1 zea? 2 2 oe 024 = 0954? “ 2 uo 028 oar 4? 6 2 01 = 0200s) 14? 18 20 ox os oma ata? SRoySRT Ae 2 FA ost 029 oar aa a 24 oat 19 one a7? * 24 ote a7? ore gare 5 24 or? 0727? 70 6 Fy or a7? 7? gare 8 3 O19 a9 a72 0 23 021 oz oat are 2 23 0230230287 4 23 02 = 028) 028070 16 23 02 © 029 0a0, a7? 18 23 ose ose 03307? Ghby 4 Roy 7 He 2 e oar oss om «Oar 3 2 018 02202107? 4 24 172 onda 7 5 2 0172 ots ona a7e 6 23 172 01902072 8 2 017 021 oze a7? 10 2 018 = 0230287? 2 2 02 © 02802770 “4 2 oz = 0290907? 16 2 02 = ose ssa? 8 2 o2r 038 0a? Enby ERTS 2 33 025, ~=~«d88~~COsa OAT 5 2 oi? a8 0x3? 4 25 oi = az0 oz) 5 2 aie 20 oz) 6 2 17 oz1 ome a7? 8 a oie oz ozs a7? 10 23 17? 025028 a7? 2 2 018 = 028 © 023072 4 2 oi os os2 072 16 2 oa ose 03607?TABLE 2 Continued hb c 789 ‘Grcurrerenial Reinforcement Areas®™ TABLE 2 Continued ‘Grcarerential Reinforcement Ar Desion E82 man, Deion Ea in Cover, _ Ay Aa As. Aa Cover, n* : An Aa Aa. om @ @24 088 0890.7 a 035033034 Toy oRH TRE a___ooe__oas__ nar 2 023 ose os? ogre CUTE 3 %B 0170280 2 36 038 oad oa? ‘ 29 ore 00m? 3 31 02 © st Ose? 5 2 oie gos tre ‘ 23 02 = 027028 ee 6 25 ore oz? 5 28 02 «= 028s? 8 25 are ozo? 8 Fa 02 = 230? 10 24 ore 028 oar ar? 8 2 027 =o 03a? 2 24 017029030 tre 10 2 0300357 atge ‘4 24 ove om 0837? 2 27 O33 040 as? 6 24 02 © 038) ogre = 18 2 21 039 Oat Ox7? SEbrSR EVEN = 2 38 035s? ase? Thy Roy Or 3 a 27 = 033035? 2 2 om 0mm _o40? ‘ 30 02 = 02st? 3 z 02 = 030239? 5 20 02 © 030 sto? 4 2 02 © oa oat? 6 23 02 = ost oae ange 5 25 02 = ozo 8 z 02 «= 03k ase? 6 26 02 © ot oze 0 0 2 027 = 03803 age 8 26 o2t 02 © 024 9? 2 2 0300420? 10 25 02308 ozr a 7 2 25 02 =z 0908? SRbyTE OSM 2 028 =o og3 9 2 a 033 ~=~«Os0 dN? 25 ox ©3579? 3 35 02 = 038388? 23 035 ada 09 : 2 oz = ost os? + 5 a 02 = 01g pate h beh 8 30 oz = om ss? z me 03 oy oar 0708 8 Ps 02 ©0358? a 28 o2t 02 028 (x9? 10 28 02 =o) ae? 4 2 oe = ozs? 2 EI 02 Ose 060? 5 28 ow? = oz 0239? e é 28 oe 0 Ome? seb on 8 8 28 ore 0250288? 2 a ost oss ose oye? rH 25 208029? 3 a 02 ©0370? 2 25 02 ©0108? ‘ 3 oa = 03 os age te 25 02 03508 5 3 02 © ome? 16 28 02 ©0394) 92 § 32 om = oe oar a9 18 25 310s ods 010 8 31 om = os aa? + ri 20 02 = ost ad? TRbyERby Bin 2 20 028 4s Oat? 2 % 028 —0g9 oad —a0e = 3 a are oar 02800? lorbyex byt 4 2 Gis@ 028 02582 2 3 04 Odsal OP 5 28 ate 028 025.190 3 4 033 oss ss 2? é 2 a1 02802809? 4 3 02 = 02a? 8 2 aise Oz? 028.80 5 at 02 © 030s? 10 2 ais 0g0, Osta? 8 30 030 «asi ose za 2 2 azi Oss se? 8 30 03 03s Oe? “4 2 oz 088038188 0 30 03 oss? 16 25 025 oat az 09? 2 30 039 ome Oe 000 They 7 RbyaIn® They eho ae 2 = 026 (Owe as 2 = 040 ods 04s 020 3 38 are 029 0a0 tee 3 34 030 = 0358? ‘ 3 as = 025 oa? a9? 4 3 027 = os: 0ssoz20 5 a ais 025 oz? a9 5 3 02 = ose? é 20 ais = 02802809? 8 30 02 = 033 oss 020 8 2 ar 028 0g0 09? 8 30 029036 O82? 10 27 aise ost oss a8 0 30 032 = 0a) ae? 2 2 ai = 03k 03809? R 2 035 04s Oar? “4 2 0210s? oad at80 = ‘6 27 023 oa? dak 0108 OR by TRby Om z 2 a 0370s ose Ome? Snby 4 tby Bin 3 36 029 «© 0g8 03820 7 ry cas oa] —0g8 a0 ‘ 33 028° ©0338 ae? 3 3H 031028028 at9e 5 2 026 03s 08 02a? ‘ 23 027 = 0250280198 6 3 026 = 035 osr ae 5 25 027 = 025028098 8 3 028 © 038 oat ae & 28 027 = 028 ar 09? 0 30 030 ode ase a 2 030029030019? @ 30 033 oa? 05002? 415qh c 789 TABLE 2 Coninved TABLE 2 Continued rare CieigeriaRakiocoran naa oe Creare Revioearon ea Comet MN A Ae As A Covent An Aw Aw Ae Thy eRe > as nas ara 7 essa ee: ees ee ee 5 OM Oe eke laee ie 4 $ Rae fe 8k 8S ke tae 7 ee ee ee ee er er C rr er rr ee $ St Sky eae a ee a $ 2 te bt tae 3 oF Ro ae oe Thiy atone je ee Oe ee They ony er ee ee eee Te om on as a 4 8 se om om ae 5B Se Bett Oaee : rr ry ee er 2 8 OB ta kee 3 4 ee ery ee ee $ @ ta bake £ 4 Oe th gee oa 8 6 — boot O42 922° 12 a O57 0.48 0.45, 0.262 8 a 025, a bob 022° 14 a7 0.64 0.49 0.50, 0.26? 2 bed 027 4s Lok o22e 18 7 O71 O54 0.56 0.267 a ee ee Sayer Thoyetey Tn: a9 . es eee es a o 3 t 32 te ue B 8 be Ge fe ome A ea Vee 4 32 a a ee ee et ay sty Dh Sayin yon Tee Ota ao Tee Oo are a Sk oa oar ee e z o 8 38 Ge te oa 7 B 8 be tse te Saee a & be te GeO ° : a He By ec ees 16 2 0438048 asta . Dry Say Teron ee og oe OCC a wae SO z Ue OP ee ee 2 2 oe om om one of be tm Ge Ole a ee er rr rr : Snoy Toyo a a a Td ‘0105 30 0.199 0.199 0.19 0.199 8 3 naa aaa nal ae 6 ea a19 020022198 4 Fe} ee a 2 = S 2 be be be Ose 10 2 a3? = 030,033,192 ia FS ees cee aes 4 a a ed BF Gena Dhan aw aaerbenyane Tee one oa on on Ot04 4 0.199 0.199 0.19 0.199 eI ea nee pal naa ae 8 31 org ore? 020.19 4 ea a acs a eae 6 30 ais 02002398 ra Ey ra se b 8 be tu be bee $ 5 oe oe te be 2 8 moo eae BB Gy Gh Gols DaoyetH ONT ho 2 hoe ee Tare TORE a en a $ aa ams ae ae 8 20 022° = 0260280220 4 aa ee ea bet : 8 8 tae Ge RR aa 3 b o& fe Ge te ode re er er a : a a a ome «OOP uae ee ee ee zl $ oF ee ee © B ae Ge Gh Oe fl ° 2 2 028 038 0.39 0.220 & ea ae be naa Read ne er er 8 8 be te fm Bae 2 8 by bk te te tae ay Re ee ee Tes aaa one Tere RoT TRS a a a en ee re er ee ee 3 nae ae aie oar 4 cae tas 14 a 031 0.45, 0.48 0.222 fe % 28 oe! O26 O26 ee ee TaoaRW IH? rr ee ee 0t05 4 0.222 0.229 022° 0.220 Wy Fe eal ot ose a eae 2 bee bate a ee ee ee 2 ag ganar ee : : : oa $ oF te te OF oe wo te az as zee oN tae te Sgr bee * 2 oma oe ee ee Troy ony TnF 479TABLE 3 Continued qh c 789 TABLE 3 Continued eson Eat mmm ital Rioconen Aas Dea gm w —_—_Stibi ReTCaT ea Cover, : Ay Aa Aas Aw Covert A Aa Ass Au a Td des a a9 020 oz? a0 2 a Bae? aaee Omg? ase 3 sare a0? one O° {bake age age ase ‘ sae as? oe? $ Bae ae mee ase 5 save ae Ose G0 6 38g a6 amas : 3 Gas? aae? a? ane sober aay) : manos sae ° Sasson ae? ° star soaa saa 2 Fe ee 2 a bas Oaks a0 “ Stas, basso. a8? ‘ sada saa 6 & oso Oss Sa aae % a Ger O88) aaa i et ee ee ee Hy obese TbyaRb THe aby ano TaRE Tes a ~—02s ~~? ase one Ges a 020° 020 oz? onae 3 sane ae ze ase 2 gage Gases aa ‘ a Gage aaee O28? se ‘ sae Oz? Oe a8 5 sae? age zee ase 3 sae Gan? 6 soe? ae O28 ase 8 a ase oz? toa $m ag? Ok ee 8 3 aie aera? ° gpa at ase 0 ok bat aaa? rr er oy ey 2 aaa OP baka? “ basse sea? eS tastes 8 ar aoe or? Taby ORD Te Tho Ore ene dea a 06° ms? ane anaP 3 gue aase | az8 ase owe zee as? a2 anee ‘ fo Gee ae 0267 ase 3 ome 038° ae ae 5 sae? ae? Gar ase ‘ ‘bases bana : sae? oar 30s $ “Bane asa a9 ‘ sae? aaa? ase ‘ fo base oases aa 0 sa? aaah as 8 eam? oa8 Oa} 2 coat aa Ose ase ° a ad Oak aka? ‘ O38 asses ® Bata saa? te ta) tone ‘“ sass a0? Soe 6 ses tarot Oto2 a 026° 026° 0.28? 0.26° 12,ftby 12 by 12 in 3 tae ase ase ae Tees 02s? ~—«0208 ome ona ‘ ‘ager as ane ase 3 “base Gam? Gage core 5 O36 oe azn ae a a bape ae oan “oar $ age car O32 ase 5 das az age age ‘ fo Ga oak O30 ase 6 % oa? 030 saa fd age? oat tase ‘ oe ase asa 2 apa Oss 0 02° aus 008 ‘ moat Oss ese 2 basa s8 a8 ie Ee ee ‘ Gar a0 saa er 6 aes ae Fe ane ome ae Th eng an cover nce te Rag bor th tp the bx a SBR Bo Sg «250 ston. Onngnrcuromerte av based on tha matral ar sol repres, ‘ Gee Spe Gage 0250 long dat ad peal soon aa irclued In Appa XI. Fe aura or 5 Sse Ose case Ba8? spc gore sn 72 é 4 Ga 00200020? gn a! aen in sgt inches pe na et of bx ston at hose 8 “ 035 028 0230.29 gears wich af nated on he typical scton included in AppenXt ® SH 880808 Tre oxsacon castration or example, 3 Oy 2RDy 4. eats (rir 2 $1 98103893928 orantal Span ft) by torr Vora Re i fet by (Wal and Sib 16 a 0.68 0.50 051 029° ‘Thickness in inches). i SSS S802 Pani acta! tan aro pec TARDY Ody 2Ne 480I) c 789 APPENDIXES (Nonmandatory Information) XI. DESIGN CRITERIA USED TO X11 Bedding and Backfill Assumptions X1.1.1 The bedding is assumed to provide a slightly yield- ing, uniformly distributed support over the bottom width of the box section. XI.1.2 The design earth covers and reinforcement areas are based on the weight of a column of earth over the width of the bbox section. XI.13 Refer to Appendix X? for other bedding and backfill conditions. X12 Criteria for Loads X1.2.1 Design loads are based on the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) “Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges,” Twelfth edi- tion, 1973. WHEEL SPACING WS-20 Truck and Interstate Alternate Load AXLE LOADS WS-20 Load AXLE LOADS Interstate Alternate Load FIG. X1.1 Axle Loads for Box 481 DEVELOP TABLES 1, 2, AND 3 X1.2.2 Live loads for designs given in Table 1 are H20 truck wheel loads as defined in the AASHTO specifications. Live loads for designs given in Table 2 are either the H20 truck wheel loads, or interstate truck wheel loads as defined in US. Dept. of Commerce, Bureau of Public Roads Circular Memo- randum 22-40, 22 April 1957, depending upon whichever produces the more severe design strength requirements (see Fig. X11), Distribution of truck wheel loads through earth fills is in accordance with Section 1.3.3 in the AASHTO specifica- tions. Earth cover loads for designs given in Tables 1-3 are the weight of a column of earth of a width equal to the outside width dimension of the box section and a height equal to the depth of earth cover over the top of the section. This earth load is recommended in Section 1.2.2 (A) of the AASHTO Bridge Specifications for the normal case of box culverts on “yielding” o oo ne [14 fer mtn-90" aan! eee © © 24,000 Ibf 24,000 IbF 4+] Section Standard Designsi) c 789 TABLE X1.1. Spooif Criterla Used for Tables 1, 2, and 3 ‘atonal Properties Welded wis fate, minimum specifed yield stoss 66 000 ps! Concrate, minimum spoctied compressive strength 5 000 psi Sci Data ‘Unt weight ato of ateral to vertal pressure trom weight of ‘Adtlona lateral pressure rom approaching tuck wheels External water table Etloctve weight coetcent CCapacty Reduction Facors (hom ACI 318-71): ‘Shaae 120 an? 0.25 min t0 0.50 max 700 +H, tut where fart cove, below box section invert 10 08s, Axial compression combined wih bending* «0.7010 0.90, Loading Data Load factor—dead load 15 oad tactor—lve load 22 “Truck ano lod: 20 (Tale 1) 32 000 mt Instat Table 2) 2@ 24 000 bf each None (Table 3) Impact (variable with depth) see AASHTO Briigs 010 20% Speciteaions, 1977 Uniform interal ressure 00 Depth of wat inbox section equal to inside height ermal ground water pressure 00 Structural Concrete cover ver steal 10%, Slab theknoss 1/12 times inside span pls 10in upto Span— 1/12 inside span ‘above 7 span ‘Sido wal hcknoss {ual to slab thicknass Haren di \oriea! and horizontal mansions both equa to ‘sab thokoess Minimum reinforcing inside face slabs and ide walls, 0.002 bt outside lace side walls and comers of slabs ‘The structural arangorent and deta are shown in Fig * S60 ACI 318-71, Seaton 92.1200). subgrade. The AASHTO specifications define an “unyielding” subgrade as “rock or piles” and require the use of the Iowa formulas for this case. See Appendix X2 for a method to ‘modify the designs given in Tables 1-3 when the anticipated earth load, or earth load plus uniformly distributed surface surcharge load, is greater (or less) than the weight of the column of earth directly above the out-to-out width of the box sections. X1.2.3 Section 1.2.2 of the AASHTO specification allows the design of buried structures, such as box section culverts, for 70 % of the weight of earth directly above the out-to-out width of structure, On the other hand, the Marston-Spangler theory of carth loads on buried pipe gives a total earth load greater than the weight of the column of earth directly over the structure for ‘most “positive projecting” culverts, and less than the weight of the column of earth over the structure for “ installations, “negative projecting” culverts, and “induced trench” culverts. In view of the number of different installation conditions which may be encountered and the use of higher reinforcing steel stresses associated with the ultimate strength design method (see X1.2), the 30% reduction in weight of supported earth load permitted in Section 1.2.2 of the AASHTO specification is not utilized for the tabulated designs, and a method of modifying designs for anticipated earth loads which differ from the above described “standard earth load” is given in Appendix X2. 482 X1.2.4 Lateral earth pressure from weight of earth above and adjacent to a box section is taken as a minimum of 0.25 times vertical pressure, and an additional 0.25 times vertical pressure is added when determining steel areas only when areas are increased by such increased lateral pressure. For ‘Table 1 and Table 2, additional lateral pressure in Ibf/ft from approaching truck wheel loads is taken as 700 divided by depth of earth cover in feet and is added when determining steel areas only at sections where area is increased by increased lateral pressure X13 Methods of Analysis X1.3.1 The structural effects of the loads described in X1.2 are evaluated based on the elastic method of structural analysis, Design moments, shears, and thrusts are determined by com- puter analysis using the stiffness matrix method, and design is based on maximum stress resultants at critical sections caused by the most severe combination of design loads. X14 Method of Design X1.4.1 Design heights of earth cover, wall thicknesses, and reinforcing steel areas are determined based on the elastic method of structural analysis and the ultimate strength method of reinforced concrete design given in the 1971 ACI Building Code (ACI 318-71). Steel areas are governed by ultimate flexural strength, The steel areas and the size and spacing of circumferential wires are proportioned to limit the maximum crack width to 0.01 in, under design load conditions. Evalua- tion of crack control with the welded wire fabric reinforcement specified for the tabulated designs is based on the results of research by Lloyd, Rejali, and Kesler® at the University of Illinois, and is significantly mote conservative than the crack control provisions given in ACI 318-71. This is because it is recognized that approximations which were used to simplify the ACT crack control provisions can result in unconservative designs for thin elements such as slabs. Standard designs do not cover installations that must resist significant external water pressure. Furthermore, installations that are subject to high external water pressure may require vertical reinforce- ment for the inside face of the side walls. Lloyd, Rejali, and Kesler suggest that crack control equations developed for deformed bar reinforcement may also be used for both welded smooth wire fabric and deformed wire fabric reinforcement. X1.4.2 Note that some box section designs shown in the tables have steel area requirements designated by “D” as minimum practical steel area. For such designs, the steel areas calculated for support of design loads are less than the ‘minimum steel area which is specified for slabs in AASHTO Specification, 0,002 bt, and thus, the minimum reinforcement areas are shown in the tables. X1.43 For specific criteria used in Table 1, Table 2, and Table 3, refer to Table X1.1. X1.4.4 The maximum height of earth cover shown in the tables is determined by the shear strength of the box section * Lloyd J.P, Real, H. M. and Keser, C.E.,"Crack Conlin One-Way Slabs Reinforeed with Deformed Welded Wire Fabric." Journal ofthe American Concrete Institute Proceedings, PACIA, Vol 65, No, 5, May 1969,hc 789 without the use of special shear reinforcement, as given in Sections 11.2.1, 11.2.2, and 11.4.1 of ACI 318-71, and by the “standard weight” of the column of earth directly above the box section, See Table X1.2 for the maximum loads which can be carried on the standard box sections. These loads can be used to determine maximum earth cover heights when the anticipated weight of earth supported by the section is greater than (or less than) the above “standard weight” of earth cover. XLS Multiple Cell Installations 1.5.1 The designs given herein are for single cell precast reinforced concrete box sections. The units may be used in parallel for multicell installations if means of positive lateral bearing by continuous contact between the sides of adjacent boxes are provided. Compacted earth fill, granular backfill, or ‘grouting between the units are considered means of providing such positive bearing. TABLE X1.2 Design Information for Revising Tabulated Reinforcing Steel Areas change in Reinforcing Steel Area ‘or 1000 fat Change in Toa! Weignt on Box Section ‘change in Reinoring Stet Area er 1000 BIR Change in Teal Weight on Box Section Maximum W, uve Sic = ed ; i) int he inc the Ban ing Ta ERB an one 08 3600 [oa St OR came oa ato anbyanbyain cots Size sico | anbyentyan o.eo Cer =a 00 intyatoyen oat azo wo eno rtoyon ors coe = tama inbystoyem core Suze tio |Shoyenbyom cote dos taeao itbyanoysn oars ous e000 — [onbyonbyam os Oat bao Shbyonyen Sore ooze teow fonbystoy fom ooze tos = ano Ehbyetoyon ots oa lero fonbrenoyioin Coa oes eto sntysnbyem ore o.ces team fomoyrtoy om cor Cor = etn sheyonoyt an rd o.oo irs fonbyanoy tom cot Goes = aco enbyatoy re corr oes irs fonbyenoy tom cots coo | aewo énoys tty Tin ots oie trio fonoyioney 19m cote Cost ean Snoyeney rie oars oes oom frabyaney rin ze co = 25800 Tovey Bin cars ize ios fravenoyrim oaet Goss ato Toys oye cars ooze ioe fraoyenoynin core oes = ot e00 Toye tbyen oars Gee oa fraoytondy oars Coss cto Thoy7aby ain cote oes joo fraoyr aor ors co tao thoyenbyem cat ze tooo fatoysney tain fas coe = reno Snoyonty ein oat coer wren fenvyenoy vm ooze Coat raao tnoyenoyem cove ace treo fanoyansy iam core Saas = zron0 enoyr oye core oa trato—fanoy onty iam cove coer = eco snyanoyen oars se tro00__enoy ietoy tein core eos 0 “Yleximum alowable Wola weigh on box section as governed by shear strength of box section wihow stirups X2, MODIFICATION OF “STANDARD” BOX SECTION DESIGNS FOR EARTH LOADS DIFFERENT FROM THE “STANDARD” EARTH LOAD X21 The heights of cover given in Tables 1-3 and are based con a “standard weight of earth fill” equal to the weight of a column of earth with a unit weight of 120 Ibfift? and a width equal to the out-to-out width of the box section. For some installations, the design engineer may determine that for a given height of cover, the weight of earth to be supported by the box section is more or less than the above “standard weight of earth fill” used to develop the designs given in the tables. X2.1.1 For example, the Marston-Spangler theory for loads con buried structures indicates that the weight of earth that must be supported by most “positive projecting” conduits is greater than the weight of a column of earth directly over the conduit, while the weight of earth that must be supported by “trench- type” conduits," negative-projecting” conduits, and “induced- trench” conduits is less than the weight of earth over the conduits. Also, the designer may wish to use a unit weight of cearth more or less than the 120 Ibfift® used in the “standard weight,” or may wish to include a particular uniformly distrib- uted surface surcharge loading. 483 2.2. Incremental reinforcing steel areas are given in Table X1.2 for each box section type. Where installation conditions warrant the use of a weight of earth more or less than the “standard weight,” the designer may utilize these incremental areas to modify the steel areas given in Tables 1-3 for a particular height of cover. The maximum total weight of earth fill that may be supported over the out-to-out width of each standard box section size, as governed by shear strength without shear reinforcing, is also given in Table X1.2. Thus, for any weight of earth or surface surcharge, or both, a designer can use Tables 1-3 and Table X1.2 to determine the required area of reinforcing steel for various heights of earth cover, or the maximum height of earth cover without special shear reinforcing, for any of the standard box section sizes shown in these tables. X23. The following design example illustrates how the above tables may be used to obtain a suitable design for a box section to support an earth load that is greater than the “standard weight of earth” used to develop Tables 1-3,dhc X23.1 Example Given—A 6 ft by 6 ft by 7 in. Table 1 precast concrete box section under 14 ft of cover with 110 Ibflfe earth and an effective weight of earth supported by the section of 1.36 times the weight ofthe column of earth directly over the section instead of the standard 120 Ibf/ft’ earth. X23.2 Find—The required Ay,, Ax and A,, circumferential reinforcement areas. In all cases A, is governed by the ‘minimum steel areas as described in X1.4.2 and is not changed by increased vertical loads. X23.3 Solution: X23.3.1 Effective unit weight of soil Ib6lfe, X2.3.32 Determine change in total wei culvert in kips forcellinear ft (1000 Toft): WeHXBXw 10 X 1.36 = 150 total weight of earth on culvert, Kft, height of earth cover, ft, outside span, ft, ‘unit weight of earth, kf/ft, 14 X 7.167 X 0.120 = 12.040 kfift, 14 X 7.167 X 0.150 = 15.051 Kfft, and Wyso- Wrap = 3.011 kfift. Determine the change in circumferential reinforce- 789 ‘ment areas, From Table 1, for a 6 ft by 6 ft by 7 in. section under 14 ft of covers Ay, = 0.17, 4g = 0.32, and A, = 033 in2/ft, From Table X1.2, for a 6 ft by 6 ft by 7 in. section, the ‘changes in reinforcing areas are, for A,,, 0.013, and for A and Ag, 0.02B. in2/ft for each 1000 Ibfift of load change. ‘Therefore: Ag = 3.011 X 0.013 = 0.039 O11 X 0.028 = 0.084 3.011 x 0.028 = 0.084 ‘Therefore, the correct reinforcement areas are as follows: Ag = 0.17 + 0.04 = 0.21 in itt Aja = 0.32 + 0.08 = 0.40 in ft Aq = 0.33 + 0.08 = 0.41 in.ift 2.3.3.4 Determine if the total weight of earth on the culvert i less than maximum as governed by the shear strength of culvert without stirrups, X2.3.3.5 From Table X1. weight = 16 900 Ibf/ft. From X2.3.3.2, Wigo = 15 051 Ibfft. ‘The approximate equivalent uniform load from an HS20 live load at 14-f burial depth is about 160 Ibf/ftor a total load of 1150 Ib#ft (160 X 7.167). Therefore, the total weight on the box section is 16 200 Ibfift (15 050+ 1 150) which is less than the maximum allowable; therefore the design is satisfac- tory. the maximum allowable ‘The American Society for Testing and ators takes no postion respecting the vat of any patortrights asserted in connection ‘wt any tam mentioned in his standard. Usore offs standard are axpressly advised that determination ofthe vali of any such palont QM, andthe risk of intingament of such rights, are ental the own responsi. Tis standard fe subjct to revision at anytime bythe responsible technica commit and must be reviewed every five yoars and itnotrevised, eter reaporoved or withdrawn Your comments ar nited the for revision otis standard or for additonal standards land should be addressod to ASTM Headquartars. 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