TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES

CE014: PRINCIPLES OF STEEL DESIGN

ASSIGNMENT 1.2: STRUCTURAL DESIGN PROCESS, DESIGN PHILOSOPHIES AND SELECTED

CODE PROVISIONS

ACADEMIC INTEGRITY PLEDGE

I swear on my honour that I did not use any inappropriate aid, nor give such to others, in
accomplishing this coursework. I understand that cheating and/or plagiarism is a major offense, as stated in
TIP Memorandum No. P-04, s. 2017-2018, and that I will be sanctioned appropriately once I have
committed such acts.

Monica Darielle F. Capul

1811661
1. Compare the advantages and disadvantages of using reinforced concrete and structural steel in building
construction.

Structural Steel can be manufactured beforehand and can be brought to the site pre made and pre
formed making it more convenient because in the site the only thing left to do is to assemble it in the field. It
is more rigid and flexible compared to steel and mostly used when it comes to tensile load. One of its
disadvantages is that it needs bigger equipment in order to (1) reshape the steel into its desired form and
(2) to transfer it from the manufacturer to the site.

When it comes to reinforced concrete its advantage is that it better to use in compressional loads
and structure. Also, it is more appealing and has a higher architectural aspect. These are some of its
disadvantages, (1) It requires curing period so it takes a little longer to finish, (2) it is not as flexible as the
steel and certain bend can cause rupture.

2. Show an example of the design process of an actual finished structure (The structure does not have to
be a significant one. Even simple structures like houses or low-rise buildings may also be used as an
example.). Discuss how iterative design procedure was applied for the said structure. (You may interview a
practicing civil engineer for this one.).

According from Engineer Harvey Solanoy, from one of his projects he considered a lot of factors in
designing it. In planning the first step is to determine the type of building occupancy, whether it will be for
commercial, residential or assembly purposes. Second is the Location to determine the wind and seismic
zone it belongs to because it will be considered for the load determination and its proximity to rust causing
agents such as the sea or ocean. Third is the actual bearing capacity of the land where the building will be
located. The soil will be tested for its properties. Fourth is the budget allocated for the project and Lastly,
the Availability of the materials near the site. After this planning the architect of the project gave him the
design for the project in which he made the structural design of the project considering the loads of every
equipment there is in one specific room and the furniture as well as the capacity or the number of
employees that will be working in that specific room. His client asked for multiple revisions because he
wanted a specific design that might compromise the safety of the building but Engr. Harvey was still able to
make the design without compromising the safety of the structure.

3. Discuss how to perform the following design load procedures using 2015 NSCP Vol. 1 provisions:
a. Live Load Reduction

It is found in the section 205.5 in the NSCP vol.1 where the table 205-1 is for the floors and table 205-3 for
the roofs where any member supporting more than 15m 2 including flat slabs with the exception of the floors
for public assembly places and for live loads greater than 4.8Kpa following this specific equation: R=r(A-15)
for which the reduction should not exceed 40% for members carrying one level only and another equation
must be used if the reduction reached 60% which is R= 23.1(1+D/L).

b. Determination of wind loads on MWFRS using envelope procedure for low rise structures

Envelope procedure is a procedure used to determine wind load on a structure, in which pseudo external
pressure coefficients are derived from past wind tunnel testing.

c. Determination of equivalent static lateral force for earthquake forces on regular buildings using static
force procedure

4. Differentiate ASD and LRFD design philosophies. Discuss the basis of each design philosophy, including
assumptions on expected material behavior and possibility of overloads. Discuss also why LRFD is the
preferred design philosophy for structural steel.

Allowable Stress Design (ASD) only uses a single factor of safety which is the sum of all the
factors, factor of safety is usually based on experience and past designs and also uses bigger sections. On
the other hand, Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) uses considers both factor of strength and
factor of loads as factor of safety and because of this it is making this philosophy more detailed and rational
compared to ASD. It also has the ability to have smaller sections and the liberty to adjust the sections.
Despite all the differences, both of the philosophies have the same aim which is to implement basic
concept of the structural design which is the capacity should be greater than or equal to the demand.

LFRD is the preferred design philosophy for structural steel because it is more diverse and has
more give to the design because it can be adjusted to have smaller sections and has the liberty to adjust
the sections the way the client wants it. Also it is more economical because of the same reason mentioned
above, it can be adjusted to have a lower cost.