The Book of Changes

A Modern Adaptation
& Interpretation

Paul G. Fendos, Jr.

Vernon Series in Philosophy

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 Table of Contents

Major periods of Chinese history v

Divisions of the Book of Changes (Yijing 易經) vii

Hexagram names ix

List of tables xi

Foreword xiii

1. Introduction 1

2. Origins of the Book of Changes 5

3. A philosophy of change 21

4. Hexagram line texts 33

5. Application and explanation 169

6. Summary 181

Works cited 185

Notes 189

Index 269
Major periods of Chinese history

Xia Dynasty 2100-1600 BCE

Shang Dynasty 1576-1045 BCE
Zhou Dynasty 1045-256 BCE
(Western Zhou 1045-771 BCE)
(Eastern Zhou 771-256 BCE)
(Spring and Autumn Period 771-476 BCE)
(Warring States Period 403-221 BCE)
Qin Dynasty 221-206 BCE
Han Dynasty 206 BCE-220 CE
(Western Han 206 BCE-9)
(Eastern Han 25-220)
Three Kingdoms Period 220-265
Northern & Southern Dynasties 220-589
Sui Dynasty 581-618
Tang Dynasty 618-907
Five Dynasties 907-960
Ten Kingdoms 902-979
Northern & Southern Song Dynasty 960-1279
Yuan (Mongol) Dynasty 1279-1368
Ming Dynasty 1368-1644
Qing (Manchu) Dynasty 1644-1911
Republic of China 1911-present

People’s Republic of China 1949-present

 Divisions of the Book of Changes
(Yijing 易經)
易經)

周易)
周易 Basic Text (Jing 經）
Zhouyi (周易

64 Hexagrams (Liushisi gua 六十四卦)

Hexagram Names (Gua ming 卦名)

Decisions/Judgments/Tuan 彖. (Hexagram Texts Gua ci 卦辭)

Line Texts (Yao ci 爻辭)

Ten Wings (Shi yi 十翼)

十翼 Commentaries (Zhuan 傳)
Commentary on Decisions (Tuan zhuan 彖傳), Parts 1 & 2

Commentary on Images (Xiang zhuan 象傳), Hexagram Images & Line Images
(Da xiang 大象 & Xiao xiang 小象)

Great Treatise (Da zhuan 大傳), Parts 1 & 2 (Also called Commentary to Ap-
pended Judgments/Xici zhuan 繫辭傳)

Commentary on Words of Text (Wenyan zhuan 文言傳)

Commentary on Trigrams (Shuogua zhuan 說卦傳)

Commentary on Hexagram Sequence (Xugua zhuan 序卦傳)

Miscellaneous Commentaries (Notes) on Hexagrams (Zagua zhuan 雜卦傳)

 Hexagram names

1. Expansion 33. Withdrawal

2. Acquiescence 34. Overbearing Power
3. Initial Difficulty 35. Advancing Interests
4. Youthful Ignorance 36. Concealing Oneself
5. Danger 37. Family Order
6. Conflict 38. Estrangement
7. Waging Battle 39. Encountering Obstacles
8. Mutual Trust 40. Relief from Obstacles
9. Limited Sway 41. Cutting Back (Decrease)
10. Correct Conduct 42. Intensifying Effort (Increase)
11. Harmonious Prosperity 43. Resolute Action
12. Stagnation 44. Self Control
13. Community 45. Anxiety
14. Wealth 46. Advancement (Promotion)
15. Humility 47. Affliction
16. Excess 48. The Source (Well)
17. Following the Greater Good 49. Change
18. Honoring Parents 50. Political Power
19. Overseeing 51. Shock
20. Contemplation 52. Restraint
21. Reckoning 53. (Gradual) Exposure
22. Proper Demeanor 54. Binding Relationships
23. Self-Inflicted Harm 55. Abundance
24. Return to Rectitude 56. Wandering
25. The Unexpected (Chance) 57. Compliance
26. Greater Control 58. Expropriation
27. Subsistence 59. Dissolution
28. Over Extension 60. Limitations
29. Dangerous Pitfalls 61. Inner Trust
30. The Passing of Time 62. Lowering Expectations
31. Sway (Influence) 63. Completed Action
32. Social (Moral) Constancy 64. Incompleted Action
 List of tables

Table 2.1: Examples of early numeric gua 12

Table 2.2: Ancient source materials on divination

and Book of Changes 13

Table 2.3: Timeline for development of Book of Changes 17

Table 3.1: ‘Five phases' correlations 30

Table 3.2: ‘Mutually producing’ order of Pre-Han rulers 31

Table 3.3: ‘Mutually conquering’ order of Pre-Han rulers 31

Table 3.4: Categories of line text materials 32

Table 5.1: Changing lines and Changing hexagrams 179

Table 6.1: Quality of line text interpretations in this book 183

 Foreword

I have known Dr. Paul Fendos over thirty years, dating back to the Spring se-
mester of 1981 when he was a graduate student in East Asian Languages &
Literature at the University of Wisconsin – Madison and an enrollee in a
course I was teaching at that time—Chinese Philosophical Texts. He had re-
cently returned from East Asia, having finished a period of study at the Yonsei
University Graduate Department of Chinese in the Republic of Korea. Because
his main interests lay in the classical period of Chinese literature, specifically
philosophical prose, he chose me as his graduate advisor and a long period as
my student, colleague, and friend began.
From the beginning, it was clear that Paul had a special interest in the Book
of Changes. The central philosophical work of the Chinese tradition, I remem-
ber well the many discussions we had on it in my office. These discussions
laid the foundation for his main area of graduate research, research which
culminated in May of 1988 with the completion of his dissertation, Fei Chih’s
Place in the Development of I-ching Studies, for which he received a Doctorate
of Philosophy. It comes as no surprise to me, then, that Paul continued to be
engaged in studying the Book of Changes after graduation, or that it led to him
writing this new work, The Book of Changes: A Modern Adaptation and Inter-
pretation.
The Book of Changes: A Modern Adaptation and Interpretation takes a novel
approach to understanding the Book of Changes. Gone is the emphasis on
divination and the correlative Yin/Yang system that served as its foundations
during the last 2,000 years. In its place are a set of sixty-four newly fashioned
patterns of change that are the core of what Paul refers to as a modern Chi-
nese philosophy of change. The book sets out to give an account of what this
philosophy of change is in three stages: first by setting forth a clear timeline
explaining the origins and early development of the Book of Changes (chap-
ters 2-3); then by fashioning what Paul refers to as metaphorical interpreta-
tions of the line texts in the Zhouyi (or Basic Text) portion of the Book of
Changes (chapter 4); and finally by showing how the patterns of change em-
bodied in those interpretations might be used in better understanding the
dynamics of everyday situations and circumstances and the problems they
often engender (chapter 5).
The timeline on the origins and early development of the Book of Changes,
something I believe will be especially useful and interesting to readers with-
out a basic understanding of the background of the Book of Changes, is unlike
xiv Foreword

many such timelines because it takes some clear positions on important is-
sues that might not be attempted by others. A good example of this centers on
the question of when hexagrams in the Book of Changes transformed from
numeric diagrams to diagrams written using Yin/Yang lines. Extrapolating on
archaeological evidence from the Zhou Dynasty, Paul argues that this change
th
occurred sometime during the Eastern Zhou, perhaps as late as the 4 centu-
ry BCE—a unique if not bold assertion, one which upends a common belief in
the more ancient origins of the Yin/Yang and their place in the Book of
Changes.
However, the metaphorical interpretations of the Zhouyi line texts are the
centerpiece of this work and the part that will probably most interest students
and scholars of the Book of Changes. Drawing on primary source materials
that span the length of Chinese history, along with more recent modernist
ideas and theories on the meanings of the line texts, Paul has fashioned en-
gaging and documented explanations of these materials, explanations that
are easily adapted to different situations and circumstances—four examples
of which he provides.
During a period when knowledge of China and things Chinese is in increas-
ingly greater demand, it is clear The Book of Changes: A Modern Adaptation
and Interpretation is an attempt to instill new life into an ancient Chinese
text. I believe Paul has succeeded admirably in doing so, in a book that is both
stimulating and enjoyable to read.

Tsai-fa Cheng 鄭再發

Emeritus Professor
University of Wisconsin – Madison
 To

Cheng Tsai-fa

鄭再發

Special thanks go out to a number of people for their help with this book. For
taking the time to read and comment on my manuscript – Professor Edward
Shaughnessy (University of Chicago), Emeritus Professor Kidder Smith
(Bowdoin College), Emeritus Professor Yang Lee (Gyeongsang National Uni-
versity [ROK]/Haskins Laboratories, Yale University), and Dr. Ronald Roberts
(retired, University of San Francisco). For facilitating the publication of this
book – Carolina Sanchez, Argiris Legatos, and Javier Rodriguez, all of Vernon
Press. And for their comments and suggestions on preparing my manuscript –
Dr. Catherine Marie Pulling (Normandale Community College) and Dr. Justin
Eric Fendos (Fudan University [PRC]).
 The hexagrams represent situations, the lines the stages of these
situations. Separated into three, then doubled, they suffice to include
the many patterns. Extended and expanded on, drawing analogies and
increasing, all possible things in the world are encompassed in them.

夫卦者，事也。爻者，事之時也。分三而又兩之，足以包括衆理。引而
伸之，觸類而長之，天下之能事畢矣。

Cheng Yi’s (1033-1107) Commentary on the Changes

Hexagram 3, Zhūn, Image commentary to Line 6

易程傳1.22b,
易程傳1.22b, 屯卦上六象
 1.
Introduction

1
Joseph Needham once referred to Richard Wilhelm’s translation of the Book
of Changes as a “sinological maze.” He was, of course, talking about the organ-
izational structure of Wilhelm’s translation and how “unnecessarily compli-
2
cated and repetitive” he thought it was. But he could just as easily have been
talking about the content of the Book of Changes. In any form, but especially
in translations meant for the non-specialist Western reader, the Book of
Changes is an enigma. Full of cryptic textual material and burdened by a sys-
tem of correlative associations connecting hexagrams and their constituent
trigrams and lines with a variety of natural or social phenomena and imagery,
this work is of such complexity and difficulty that many Western readers,
unable to really understand it, simply see and use it as a divinatory text. A
manual for fortune telling, if you would, something that lies open on the liv-
ing room floor as interested readers sit and toss coins or count out yarrow
3
stalks in their search for answers to pressing questions.
As will be shown, the Book of Changes did indeed originate in ancient China
as a divinatory text. And throughout its history, the vast majority of Chinese
scholars of this work, recognized and otherwise, espoused its divinatory func-
tion. Nevertheless, the Book of Changes today is not seen just as a manual for
fortune telling. Its origins can be traced back almost three millennia. For
scholars and students of Chinese civilization, therefore, it serves as a window
to the past, a repository of culture and customs waiting to be discovered.
Generally considered the central classic of Chinese philosophical literature, it
also functions as a door to better understanding traditional Chinese philoso-
phy, especially Confucianism and Daoism, the disparate systems of thought
which are reflected in the three most prominent traditional Chinese commen-
4
taries of this text that have survived to this day.
Yet, in spite of its age, the Book of Changes is far from being a mere relic of
years gone by, and much more than simply a source on China’s past. In fact, to
the present-day readers inhabiting our rapidly shrinking world, a world in
which interactions with others can increasingly impact if not directly deter-
mine the advantages or disadvantages that are to be found in everyday situa-
tions or circumstances, the Book of Changes is as useful as—if not more useful
than—it has ever been, especially if one is looking for the kind of knowledge
2 Chapter 1

or wisdom that will contribute to deciding how best to respond to and adapt
to change. It is from just such a vantage point that this book looks at the Book
of Changes, aiming, along the way, to introduce to the reader a philosophy of
change, albeit one that takes a somewhat different approach to understand-
ing and responding to such change than might normally be associated with
this ancient work.
Much has already been written about the Book of Changes. Countless Chi-
nese commentaries on this work have been authored since it became a focus
th
of the Chinese mind. Like Laozi’s (fl. 6 cent. BCE) Daodejing and the Ana-
lects of Confucius (551-479 BCE), it is a text that many Chinese can either
quote from or know something about. Scholarly theses aiming to clarify or
expound on some aspect of Book of Changes studies, as well as translations or
interpretations of the text itself, can also be found in many different non-
Chinese languages. So, whether one looks at a list of the most popular or the
most influential works ever written, this classical Chinese text is sure to be
somewhere in the mix. One might, of course, quite naturally then ask what
another book can add to all that has already been written. The answer is a
simple one. China is again on the rise and China and things Chinese have
become the object of more and closer examination. Consequently, now seems
the best of times to look at the Book of Changes from the different perspective
that this book offers.
One final matter, this on the use of the word “modern” in the title of this
th
book. In their early dealings with China, especially during the 19 century,
Western countries generally viewed China and its culture as backwards, if not
semi-barbarous or heathen, and in need of major reform (even proselytiza-
tion). Clearly, this was part of a rationalization to subjugate China and incor-
porate it into their expanding empires. These countries and the people who
represented them brought to China an attitude of arrogance and self-
righteousness, an obstinate smugness perhaps exceeded only by China’s over-
confidence in its own moral and cultural preeminence. Ultimately, steam-
powered Western gunships settled the contest, and China was dragged along
unwillingly by the West in an attempt to create a country more in the West’s
own image. During this era of imperialism, the West equated its own culture
and much that was associated with it to all that was desirable and good. This
struggle for cultural hegemony stopped after the Revolution of 1949 when
China closed its doors to the outside world. But it has only really been since
1978—when China began to implement new economic policies and slowly
reopened those doors—that this condescending attitude of superiority among
many Westerners has started to change.
In much of the argument surrounding this clash of cultures, the word “mod-
ern” has often been bandied around as if it was one of the defining character-
Introduction 3

istics of Western superiority, its concomitant “lack” in China being the reason
for China’s own backwardness. In this book the term modern is used in a
much more narrowly defined way, as reflecting a standard of rationality
wherein the ‘mysterious’ (or ‘mystical’) numerological system on which Book
of Changes divination is based is not seen as a reliable index or method of
forecast for future events, and the Book of Changes itself is seen as something
more than that manual of divination mentioned above. Such a standard pre-
cludes the possibility of explaining Book of Changes divination—yarrow stalk
counting or coin tossing—even within the context of “chance hits” and the
5
principle of “synchronicity” that is sometimes used to explain them, i.e.,
“[as] coincidences of events in space and time…[as] something more than
mere chance…[but states of] peculiar interdependence of objective events
among themselves as well as with the subjective (psychic) states of the ob-
6
server or observers [interpreting them].” Nevertheless, this more reasoned
approach does contribute to bringing the Book of Changes back to life as
something relevant to our time and day, not as a reliable barometer of future
events, but as a guide of sorts, a semi-codified system that helps one under-
stand change in one’s life, even if that system is centered around the limited
number of models or patterns for such change that will be introduced in this
book.
 PAGES MISSING

FROM THIS FREE SAMPLE

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shuju ed. Vols. 1-4 of Xin jiaoben Shiji sanjia zhu bing fubian er zhong 新校
本史記三家注幷附編二種, in Zhongguo xueshu leibian 中國學述類編. Yang
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Tianxingguan Divination Bamboo Strips (Tianxingguan bushi zhujian zhong
suo jian Yi gua 天星觀卜筮竹簡中所見易卦). See Pu Maozuo, Vol. 2, 507-510.
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Wangjiatai Qin Bamboo Strip Guicang (Wangjiatai Qin jian Guicang 王家臺秦
簡歸藏). Pu Maozuo, Vol. 2, 773-778.
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Yu pian 玉篇 (Daguang yihui 大廣益會 ). Sibu congkan jingbu 四部叢刊經部，
Vols. 1-3.
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gua” 試釋周初青銅器銘文中的易卦. Kaogu xuebao 考古學報 4 (1980): 404-
415.
Zhouli zhushu 周禮注疏. Zheng Xuan 鄭玄 zhu 注 and Jia Gongyan 賈公彥
shu 疏 (Ruan Yuan ed.). From the Zhouli zhushu ji buzheng 周禮注疏及補正,
Vol. 5 of the Shisanjing zhushu buzheng 十三經注疏補正. In Zhongguo
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 Index

1
100 Schools of Philosophy, 21
C
canonical classic
A oldest reference to Book of
Changes as in Han shu, 11
Annotations on the Zhouyi change
background information on, 16 author's philosophy of, and
practical application, 169
author's philosophy of, basic
B guidelines, 169
Baoshan Chu Bamboo Strips changing hexagram
summary of materials in, 13 in author's philosophy of
Book of Changes change, 169
archaeological evidence on Cheng Yi
origins of, 10 and the yi li school, 24
as a door to the past, 1 author of Yi Cheng zhuan, 16
as a guide, 3 Confucianism
as an enigma, 1 and Book of Changes
background of period when commentaries, 1
compiled, 9 Confucius
collection of patterns that reputed author of
explains real life situations commentaries with
and offers prescriptions for moralizing interpretations,
action in dealing with them, 10
29 reputed author of Ten Wings, 5
compilation of, summarized, Cui (Hexagram #45)
11 application in author's system
divisions of, vii of change, 171
jump from Zhouyi to, 9 cyclical universe, 21
more than a relic of the past, 1
oldest received version of, 11 D
origins of, 6
relevance of today, 3 Daodejing
symbolic representation of the reference to Yin/Yang in, 21
world, 23 Daoism
time line for development of, and Book of Changes
17 commentaries, 1
traditional theories on divination
development of, 5 early forms of, 5
underlying value system, types of used with Book of
situational, dealing with Changes, 3
benefit/advantage and yarrow stalk, comparison with
harm/loss, 29 author's philosophy of
change, 178
Dong ZhongShu
270 Index

and correlative world view, 23 K

King Xiang of Wei
F and the Zhouyi), 8
Fu Xi Kong Yingda
reputed author of eight zhengyi commentary to Book of
trigrams, 5 Changes, 16
Fuyang Han Bamboo Strip Kunst, Richard
Zhouyi, 9 advocate of Modernist school,
summary of materials in, 15 5

G L
Gao Heng Legge, James
leader of Skeptics of Antiquity, influence of Modernists on, 5
5 Li (Hexagram #10)
Gu Jiegang as Correct Conduct, 52
leader of Skeptics of Antiquity, Li Jingchi
5 leader of Skeptics of Antiquity,
gui 5
or oracle bone divination, 5 line texts
Guodian Chu Bamboo Strips, 10 categories of materials in, 25
and the Yin/Yang, 22 containing a system of patterns
summary of Book of Changes of change, 27
materials in, 14 imagery of can be read
metaphorically, 28
patterns of change and their
H application by author, 169
Han Xiping Stone Classic Yijing, primacy of, 25
11 theories on creation of, 5
background information on, 16
Hanshu M
earliest reference to Book of
Changes in, 16 Mawangdui Silk Manuscript
hexagram and line texts and the Zhouyi, 9
constituent materials of, 7 date of, 11
show organizational design or earliest version of Book of
structure, 26 Changes clearly associated
hexagrams with Yin/Yang lines, 9
author's names for, ix early example of a complete
theories on creation of, 5 Book of Changes, 10
summary of Book of Changes
materials in, 15
J mei bu
Jinshu numerical manipulation of
summary of Book of Changes sticks, 5
related texts mentioned in, modern
14 meaning as used by author, 2
Modernist
scholars, 5
Index 271

Modernists on relationships between

contrasted with Traditionalists, oracle bones and
5 hexagrams, 7
main goal of, 27
R
N
received version
Needham, Joseph of Book of Changes, formation
on Wilhelm, 1 of, 24
number mysticism, 23 Rutt, Richard
numeric gua advocate of Modernist school,
and attached divinatory 5
statements, 7 on line text materials, 25
and oracle bones, 7
as forerunners of hexagrams
and trigrams, 6
S
early examples of, 6, 13 Shang Dynasty
numbers associated with, 7 wellspring of early divination,
opposite numbers and 21
similarities to Yin/Yang Shanghai Museum Chu Bamboo
lines, 7 Strip Zhouyi, 10
summary of Zhouyi materials
O in, 13
Shaughnessy, Edward
omens advocate of Modernist school,
decline of significance of 5
meaning in Zhouyi text on line text materials, 25
materials, 26 shi
in line texts, 25 milfoil (yarrow stalk)
oracle bone divination, 5
divination, 5 Shisanjing zhushu, 16
oracle bones Song (Hexagram #6)
three parts of inscriptions in, 6 Eastern and Western attitudes
organismic world view on disputes, 44
of Eastern Zhou, 21 synchronicity, 3
original hexagram
in author's philosophy of
change, 169
T
Tianxingguan Divination Bamboo
P Strips
summary of materials in, 13
proto-Zhouyi text Traditionalists
was there a, 9 contrasted with Modernists, 5
focus of, 27
Q
W
Qu Wanli
Waley, Arthur
influence of Modernists on, 5
272
Wang Bi
and the received version of the
Book of Changes, 11
author of first real yi li
commentary, 24
Wangjiatai Qin Bamboo Strip
Guicang, 9
summary of Zhouyi materials
in, 14
Western Zhou
human centered semi-feudal
political order, 21
Wilhelm, Richard
influence of Modernists on, 5
translation of Book of Changes,
1 hexagram and line text
X textual evidence in the
xiang shu
image and number school, 24
scholars, early examples of, 24
Xincai Geling Chu Bamboo Strips
summary of materials in, 13
Y Zou Yan
yarrow stalk divination, 169
yi li
ethics and reason/meaning
pattern school, 24
scholars, early examples of, 24
Yin/Yang
correlative system, 22
lines and how they developed
from numeric gua, 22
lines in the Zuo Commentary, 8
origins of terms, 21
Index
Qian and Kun, 38
Z
Zhang Zhenglang
on significance of numeric gua,
6
Zhong fu (Hexagram #61)
application in author's system
of change, 173
Zhouyi
and Jungian archetypes, 27
content and date of, 8, 9
example of intractable nature
of line text material in, 54
materials, 25
archaeological record, 9
Zhu Xi
author of Yi benyi, 16
central role in establishing
standard process for
divination, 169
li and synthesis of xiang shu
and yi li schools, 24
and Essential Natures of the
Five Emperors, 22
Naturalist philosopher, 22
Zuo Commentary
examples and dates of Book of
Changes divination in, 8
moralizing nature of Book of
Changes materials in, 8, 10
summary of Book of Changes
materials in, 14