Practical Implementation of FACTs On A Model

Transmission Line For Performance

Improvement
Presented By:
Saifur Rahman 021 111 056
MD.Rakib Mohan 021 111 004
Mohammad Shakhawat Hossain 021 111 117
MD.Jabaidur Rahman 021 101 107

Supervised By:
Prof. Dr. Muhammad Fayyaz Khan
United International University (UIU)
 CONTENTS
 What is FACTs?
 Objectives of FACTs
 Types of FACTS Controllers
 Transmission line Parameters & Design of FACTS
Controllers
 Advantages of FACTS Controllers
 Conclusion
 Reference
 What is FACTs?

 FACTs is an acronym for Flexible AC Transmission

Systems. FACTS uses solid state switching devices to
control power flow through a transmission network , So that
the transmission network is loaded to its full capacity.
 FACTs idea was put forward by Prof. Hingorani of EPRI,
USA in 1988 .
 A line can be loaded up to its full thermal limit by FACTs.
 Power transfer can be increased thru an old line by FACTs.
History Of FACTs
 Flexible AC Transmission Systems Technology (FACTS)
was first proposed by the Dr Narain G. Hingorani in 1988
of Electric Power Research Institute ( EPRI ), USA .
 The first FACTS installation was at the C. J. Slatt Substation
near Arlington, Oregon.
 This is a 500 kV, 3-phase 60 Hz substation, and was
developed by EPRI, the Bonneville Power Administration
and General Electric Company.

C. J. Slatt Substation near Arlington, Oregon., USA

(Google Map view)
OBJECTIVES OF FACTS

 To increase the power transfer capability of

transmission systems
 To keep power flow over designated routes.
 Secure loading of transmission lines nearer to
their thermal limits.
 Prevention of cascading outages by contributing
to emergency control.
 Damping of oscillations that can threaten security
or limit the useable line capacity.
 Advantages Of FACTS
 Increase of transfer of power without adding new transmission line.
 Transmission cost is minimized.
 Smooth steady state and dynamic control.
 Active damping of power oscillations.
 Increase of reliability
 Improvement of system stability and voltage control.
 Provide greater flexibility in sitting new generation .
 Control of power flow in transmission corridors by controlling line
impedance ,angle and voltage.
 Optimum power flow for certain objectives .
 Increase the loading capability of lines to their thermal capabilities,
including short term and seasonal.
 Overview Of Our Work
2 3
Transmission line
Design and
implementation
of FACTS
Intelligence
System

Series Shunt
Compen Compens
Source sation ation 4
1 Source
1 2 Transmission Line
3 FACTS Intelligence System (i) (ii)
(i) Series Compensation L
(ii) Shunt compensation O
A
4 Load D
 Basic Types Of FACTS
Compensation
FACTS compensation are classified as
 Series Compensation
 Shunt Compensation
 Combined series-series compensation
 Combined series-shunt compensation

TALA
Thyristor Controlled Series
Capacitor in New Delhi, India
Beauly Substation , UK
 Basic Types Of FACTS
Compensation
 Series Compensation
 It could be a variable impedance, such as capacitor, reactor, or a
power electronic based variable source of main frequency,
subsynchonous and harmonic frequencies to serve the desired
need.
 Inject a voltage in series with the line .
 If the voltage is in phase quadrature with the current, controller
supplies or consumes reactive power.
 Any other phase, involves control of both active and reactive
power.
 Thyristor Controlled Series
Compensation (TCSC)
TCSC : TCSC is a capacitive reactance compensator ,which consists
of a series capacitor bank shunted by a thyristor – controlled reactor in
order to provide a smoothly variable series capacitive reactance.

Basic module of TCSC

 TCSC

The equivalent
impedance, Zeq, of
this LC combination
is expressed as

If ωC−(1/ ωL) > 0; The

combined reactance is
Capacitive.
If ωC−(1/ ωL) < 0; The
combined reactance is
Inductive.
 Benefits of TCSC

 Current control
 Damping Oscillations
 Transient and Dynamic stability
 Voltage stability
 Fault current limiting
 Basic Types Of FACTS
Compensation
 Shunt compensation
 It could be a variable impedance (capacitor ,reactor , etc.) or a
power electronic based variable source or combination of both .
 Inject a current in the system.
 If the current is in phase quadrature with the voltage ,controller
supplies or consumes reactive power.
 Any other phase ,involves control of both active and reactive
power.
 Types Of Shunt Compensation
Shunt compensation are of 2 types :
1) inductive shunt compensation
2) capacitive shunt compensation
inductive shunt compensation :
If Vr > Vs ; usually happens due to no load or less load or leading load

capacitive shunt compensation:

If Vr < Vs ; usually happens due to high load or lagging load
 FACTs Implemented On a Model
Transmission Line (Theoretical)
Line specification:
Line=370 km (230 mile)
Conductor name = “Rook”
Flat horizontal Spacing =7.25 m (23.8 ft) ACSR Conductor

Load Specification: Short = less than about 80 km (50 mile) long

𝑃𝑅 = 125 MW Medium = 80 km to 240 km (150 mile) long
Long = longer than 240 km long
𝑉𝑅 = 215 KV
P.F(Power Factor) = 100%
3
Now, 𝐷𝑒𝑞 = 3 𝐷12 𝐷23 𝐷31 = 23.8 ∗ 23.8 ∗ 2 ∗ 23.8
= 30.0 ft.
 FACTs Implemented On a Model
Transmission Line (Theoretical)
Contd. 𝐷 2 * 23.8 31

For 50 Hz Calculation C and L,

1 2 3
𝑟𝑎𝑐 50 𝐻𝑧 (50 degree) = 0.1603 Ω/mile ……..(1)
𝑋𝐿 = 𝑥𝑙1 + 𝑥𝑙2 𝐷12 23.8 𝐷23 23.8
= (0.415 + 0.4127) Ω/mile …....(2)
𝑋𝐶 = 𝑥𝑐1 + 𝑥𝑐2
= (0.0950 + 0.1009) MΩ .mile . . . . . . . .(3)
Now from 1
0.1603
𝑟𝑎𝑐 = Ω/km = 0.0996 Ω/km
1.609344
 FACTs Implemented On a Model
Transmission Line (Theoretical)
From 2 Contd.
0.8277
𝑋𝐿 = 0.8277 Ω/mile = Ω / km = 0.5143 Ω/km
1.609344
Now
𝑋𝐿 = 2𝜋𝑓L
𝑋𝐿 0.5143
L= = =1.364 × 10−3 H/Km
2𝜋 2𝜋×50
Now from 3
𝑋𝐶 = 0.1959 × 106 Ω.mile =195900 Ω.mile = 3.1527 × 105 Ω.km
1
𝑋𝐶 =
2𝜋𝑓C
1 1
C= = = 8.4137 × 10−9 F/Km
2𝜋𝑓𝑋𝐶 2𝜋×50×3.1527×105
Performance of Uncompensated
370 km line with Resistive Load
 Results Of Uncompensated Line

Uncompensated Sending- End Side Uncompensated Receiving- End Side

Load Voltage( Current(I Active Reactive Apparent Load Voltage( Current(I Active Reactive Apparent
V) ) Power(P) Power(Q) Power(S) V) ) Power(P) Power(Q) Power(S)
25MW 261.6 KV 71.39 A 28.02 MW 0 28.02 MVA

25MW 238.8 KV 183.3 A 65.65 MW 0 65.65 MVA 45MW 255.1 KV 125.3 A 47.95 MW 0 47.95 MVA

45MW 238.8 KV 202.1 A 72.39 MW 0 72.39 MVA

65MW 247.7 KV 175.7 A 65.31 MW 0 65.31 MVA

65MW 238.8 KV 227 A 81.32 MW 0 81.32 MVA

85MW 239.7 KV 222.4 A 79.98 MW 0 79.98 MVA

85MW 238.8 KV 254.6 A 91.2 MW 0 91.2 MVA

105M 231.4 KV 265.2 A 92.03 MW 0 92.03 MVA
W
105M 238.8 KV 282.6 A 101.2 MW 0 101.2 MVA
W
125M 222.9 KV 304 A 101.6 MW 0 101.6 MVA
125M 238.8 KV 309.7 A 110.9 MW 0 110.9 MVA W
W

145M 214.4 KV 339.2 A 109.1 MW 0 109.1 MVA

145M 238.8 KV 335.2 A 120.1 MW 0 120.1 MVA
W
W
Performance of Compensated 370
km line with Resistive Load
 Results Of Compensated Line

Compensated Sending- End Side Compensated Receiving- End Side

Load Voltage( Current(I Active Reactive Apparent Load Voltage( Current(I Active Reactive Apparent
V) ) Power(P) Power(Q) Power(S) V) ) Power(P) Power(Q) Power(S)
25MW 262.8KV 71.71A 28.27MW 0 28.27MVA
25MW 238.8KV 190A 68.06MW 0 68.06MVA
45MW 258.7KV 127.1A 49.3MW 0 49.3MVA
45MW 238.8KV 221.2A 79.25MW 0 79.25MVA

65MW 254.7KV 180.7A 69.03MW 0 69.03MVA

65MW 238.8KV 261.8A 93.78MW 0 93.78MVA

85MW 250.8KV 232.7A 87.55MW 0 87.55MVA

85MW 238.8KV 307A 110MW 0 110MVA

105M 247.1KV 283.1A 104.9MW 0 104.9MVA

105M 238.8KV 354.3A 126.9MW 0 126.9MVA
W
W

125M 243.4KV 332.1A 121.2MW 0 121.2MVA

125M 238.8KV 402.3A 144.1MW 0 144.1MVA
W
W

145M 238.8KV 450.2A 161.3MW 0 161.3MVA 145M 239.8KV 379.5A 136.5MW 0 136.5MVA
W W
Performance of Uncompensated 370
km line with R-L Load
 Results Of Uncompensated line

Uncompensated Sending End Side (lagging pf) Uncompensated Receiving End Side (lagging pf)
Load Voltage( Current(I) Active Reactive Appare Load Voltage Current Active Reactiv Appare
V) Power(P) Power(Q nt (V) (I) Power( e nt
) Power(S PF Pf
P) Power(
) Q) Power(S
50MW 195 KV 159.33 A 36.09 MW 29.5MVar 46.6 MVA 0.7744 )
50MW 151.66 KV 327.77 A 32.62 67.06MV 74.57 0.4375
MW ar MVA
75MW 195 KV 210.38 A 51.5MW 33.66MVa 61.53 0.837
r MVA 75MW 148.51 KV 357.234 46.92 64.3MVar 79.59 0.5895
A MW MVA
100MW 195 KV 261.8 A 65.61 MW 39.48MVa 76.57 0.8568
r MVA 100MW 144.9KV 392.9 A 59.57 61.22MV 85.42 0.6973
MW ar MVA
125MW 195 KV 311.29 A 78.24 MW 46.58MVa 91.05 0.8593
r MVA 125MW 140.99 KV 431.4 A 70.48 57.95MV 91.25 0.7724
MW ar MVA
150MW 195KV 357.9 A 89.33MW 54.59MVa 104.7 0.8533
150MW 136.85 KV 470.5 A 79.67 54.59MV 96.58 0.8249
r MVA
MW ar MVA

175MW 195 KV 401.3 A 98.9 MW 63.19MVa 117.4 0.8427

175MW 132.57 KV 508.64 A 87.23 51.23MV 101.2 0.8623
r MVA
MW ar MVA

200MW 195 KV 441.2 A 107 MW 72.11MVa 129 MVA 0.8293 200MW 128.3 KV 545.1 A 93.27 47.93MV 104.9 0.8894
r MW ar MVA
Performance of Compensated 370 km
line with R-L Load
 Results of Compensated lines

Compensated Sending End Side (lagging pf) Compensated Receiving End Side (lagging pf)
Load Voltage( Current(I) Active Reactive Appare Load Voltage Current Active Reactiv Appare
V) Power(P) Power(Q nt (V) (I) Power( e nt
) Power(S PF Pf
P) Power(
) Q) Power(S
50MW 195 KV 267.6 A 66.04 MW 42MVar 78.26 0.8434 )
MVA 50MW 205.3 KV 400.20 A 59.7 MW 107.8MV 123.2 0.4848
ar MVA
75MW 195 KV 353.8 A 95.32 MW 40.3 MVar 103.5 0.921
MVA 75MW 201.5 KV 446.9 A 86.37 103.9MV 135.1 0.6393
MW ar MVA
100MW 195 KV 443.15 A 123.6 MW 39.09MVa 129.6 0.9534
r MVA 100MW 197.9 KV 503.8 A 111.1 100.2MV 149.6 0.7426
MW ar MVA
125MW 195 KV 532.05 A 150.8 MW 38.3 MVar 155.6 0.9693
MVA 125MW 194.4 KV 431.4 A 133.9 96.6MVar 165.2 0.8109
MW MVA
150MW 195KV 619.4 A 177.1 MW 37.86MVa 181.1 0.9779
150MW 191.9 KV 632.03 A 155.2 93.3 181.1 0.857
r MVA
MW MVar MVA

175MW 195 KV 704.55 A 202.6 MW 37.7MVar 201.6 0.9831

175MW 187.7 KV 698.7 A 174.9 90.1MVar 196.7 0.8889
MVA
MW MVA

200MW 195 KV 787.3 A 227.1 MW 37.99MVa 230.3 0.9863 200MW 184.5 KV 765.36 A 193.1 87.1MVar 211.9 0.8894
r MW MVA
MVA
 FACTs Implemented On a Model
Transmission Line (practical)
 A single phase 2 Km line was taken for FACTs application and
implementation in the lab.
 Line parameters are calculated
 Line performance was simulated under different load conditions
 FACTs controller was designed to improve the line performance
 Model Transmission Line Parameters
Calculation
Line specification:
Line= 2 km Short = less than about 80 km (50 mile) long
Medium = 80 km to 240 km (150 mile) long
Load Specification: Long = longer than 240 km long
P = 500 W
V = 220 V
Conductor name = “Turky”
P.F(Power Factor) = 100%
𝑟𝑎𝑐 = 0.750 Ω / 1000 ft = 5.4 Ω 𝑋𝐿 = 0.1390 Ω / 1000 ft.
= 0.182Ω
Now
𝑋𝐿 = 2𝜋𝑓L
L =2.42 mH
 Block Diagram of Shunt Compensation

POWER SUPPLY

LINE Voltage Regulator

Circuit
Triac
Source
Driver L
O
220 V Full Voltage
50 Hz A
Bridge Divider ATMEGA 8
D
Capacitor

LCD
Schematic Diagram Of Shunt
Compensation
Hardware Design Of Shunt
Compensation
Source Load

Transmission Line
Hardware Design Of Shunt
Compensation
Hardware Design Of Shunt
Compensation
Capacitor Bank

DC Source
Receiving
END Voltage

Intelligent Circuit
Results Of practical Uncompensated
line
Uncompensated Sending End side Uncompensated Receiving End side

Load Voltage Current Power Voltage Current Power

Ω
80 110 V 1.25 A 134 W 95 V 1.3 A 117 W

100 110 V 0.98 A 108 W 96 V 0.99 A 95 W

133.3 110 V 0.75 A 82 W 99 V 0.75 A 74 W

3
200 110 V 0.52 A 57 W 101 V 0.52 A 52 W

400 110 V 0.28 A 30 W 108 V 0.27 A 29 W

Results Of practical Compensated line

Compensated Sending End side Compensated Receiving End side

Load Voltage Current Power Voltage Current Power

Ω
80 110 V 2.12 A 199 W 111 V 2.16 A 162 W

100 110 V 1.91 A 167 W 114 V 1.93 A 133 W

133.33 110 V 1.82 A 140 W 119 V 1.33 A 107 W

200 110 V 1.71 A 105 W 121 V 1.73 A 74 W

400 110 V 0.55 A 38 W 110 V 0.58 A 32 W

Block Diagram of Series Compensation
for the line
Transmission Line Capacitor

S L
O O
220 V
U A
50 Hz
R D
C
E Back to Back Inductor
Thyristor Driver
 Block Diagram of Series
Compensation in the Matlab
Simulink
Series Compensation Output Curve
From Matlab Simulink
 Future Work

1. Simulation of different heavily loaded transmission line

from FACTS. e.g East West Interconnector.
2. Measurement of stability and reliability study of Power
sector of Bangladesh from FACTS .
 Conclusion
We see that in an uncompensated line, the output
voltage is less than the input voltage for the reason
of transmission line parameters. After adding shunt
compensation with the line we saw that the output
voltage is improved. As well as after adding series
compensation with the line the output voltage is also
improved. If we implement this FACTS Controller
in our transmission line network, economically it
will beneficial for us.
 Reference
•Hingorani, N.G., "Power Electronics in Electric Utilities:
Role of Power Electronics in Future Power Systems,"
Proceedings of the IEEE Special Issue Vol. 76, no. 4, April
1988.
•Thyristor-Based Facts Controllers For Electrical Ttransmission Systems by R.
Mohan Mathur and Rajiv K. Varma
•http://www.energy.siemens.com/co/pool/hq/power-
transmission/FACTS/FACTS_Series_Compensation_neues%20CD.pdf
• www.siemens.com/energy/facts
•http://www.iosrjen.org/Papers/vol3_issue4%20(part-1)/C03411726.pdf
•http://www.onsemi.com/pub_link/Collateral/HBD855-D.PDF
Any Question?
Thank You