fsiqologiis mecniereba Cvens cxovrebaSi

ratomaa fsiqologia unika-

luri
• gansazRvrebebi
• fsiqologiis miznebi
fsiqologia Cvens cxovreba-
Si: ratomaa saWiro fsiqolo-
giis Seswavla
Tanamedrove fsiqologiis
ganviTareba
fsiqologiis istoriuli
safuZvlebi • Tanamedrove
fsiqologiis mimdinareobebi
ras akeTeben fsiqologebi
fsiqologia XXI saukuneSi:
vifiqroT momavalze
sakvanZo sakiTxebi
ZiriTadi cnebebi
 S eerTebuli Statebis uzenaesma sasa-
marTlom 1954 wels brauni topekas
ganaTlebis sabWos winaaRmdeg saq-
meSi ganaCeni gamoitana, romlis mixedviTac Sav-
kaniani da TeTrkaniani bavSvebis skolebis seg-
regacia ukanonod gamocxadda. uzenaesi sasa-
marTlos gadawyvetilebaze araviTari zemoq-
medeba ar mouxdenia fsiqologebis da sxva
socialuri mecnierebebis warmomadgenlebis Cve-
nebebs, romlebmac sasamarTlos kvlevis Sede-
gebi warudgines. Sedegebi naTlad metyvelebda
imaze, rom segregirebuli swavleba Savkanian
bavSvebze uaryofiTad moqmedebda. mogvyavs er-
T-erTi fsiqologis, kenet klarkis Cveneba, ro-
melmac Savkanian bavSvTa jgufi ikvlia (White-
man, 1993, gv. 49-51):
testireba Tqveni moTxovnis mixedviT ga-
suli kviris xuTSabaTs da paraskevs Cava-
tare skot branCis dawyebiT skolaSi, Zi-
riTadad, pirvel klasSi. gamoviyene meTo-
Tavi 1 / fsiqologiis mecniereba Cvens cxovrebaSi
di, romelzec adre gesaubreT _ yavisfe-
ri da TeTri Tojinebi, romlebic kanis
feris garda sxva mxriv absoluturad iden-
turia. moswavleebs furclebi vaCvene, rom-
lebzec es Tojinebi exata...
bavSvebs am Tojinebs vaCvenebdi da Sem-
degi TanmimdevrobiT vusvamdi am kiTxvebs:
„maCveneT, romeli Tojina mogwonT yvela-
ze metad? an romliT TamaSi gindaT yve-
kenet klarkis Cveneba miuTiTebs fsiqolo-
giuri kvlevis potenciur gavlenaze rogorc
calkeuli adamianebis, aseve sazogadoebis cxov-
rebaze. es magaliTi am saxelmZRvanelos Ziri-
Tad miznebze miuTiTebs: wagiyvanoT mogzauro-
baSi, sadac adamianuri gamocdilebis sirTu-
leebs daxvewili kvleviT gamovavlenT, es ki
2 saSualebas mogvcems ukeT vakontroloT is
laze metad?“, maCveneT „cudi“ Tojina“...
sul 6-9 wlis 16 bavSvi gamovkiTxe. maT-
gan aTma airCia TeTri Tojina. is yvelaze
metad moewonaT, Tanac maT es Tojina daa-
xasiaTes, rogorc „sasiamovno“. ar daga-
viwydeT, rom es ori Tojina absolutu-
rad identuria, kanis feris garda. 11-ma
bavSvma miiCnia, rom yavisferi Tojina cu-
dad gamoiyureba. es Sedegebi Tanxvdeba ad-
re miRebul rezultatebs, romelic 300-
ze met bavSvze Catarebulma gamokvlevam
gviCvena. Sedegebi ase avxseniT: Savkaniani
bavSvi ukve 6, 7 an 8 wlis asakSi eqceva
sakuTari jgufis Sesaxeb arsebuli nega-
tiuri stereotipebis tyveobaSi...
iZulebuli var davaskvna, rom klaren-
donis sagrafos es bavSvebi iseve, rogorc
nebismieri sxva adamiani, romelic aSka-
rad daqvemdebarebul statuss atarebs sa-
zogadoebaSi, pirovnuli ganviTarebis pro-
cesSi daziandnen. maTSi naTlad SeimCneva
arastabilurobis niSnebi da, vfiqrob, rom
yvela fsiqologi swored amgvarad axsni-
da miRebul Sedegebs.
xedavT, ratom hqonda am Cvenebas _ fsiqo-
logiuri kvlevis monaTxrobs _ didi gavle-
na uzenaesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebaze
da imaze, Tu rogor aRiqva mTeli qveynis mo-
saxleobam segregaciis fsiqologiuri Sedege-
bi?
Zalebi, romlebic Cvens cxovrebas ayalibebs.
`fsiqologia da cxovreba~ tvinis da fsiqikis
Sinagani sivrcidan adamianis qcevis garegan gan-
zomilebamde migviyvans. SeviswavliT iseT pro-
cesebs, romlebic azris mqone struqturas
mianiWeben Tqvens gamocdilebas; magaliTad, iseT
sakiTxebs, rogoricaa: rogor aRviqvamT samya-
ros, rogor vswavlobT, vurTierTobT sxveb-
Tan, vazrovnebT, vimaxsovrebT. SevecdebiT ga-
varkvioT adamianis cxovrebis iseTi gamovli-
nebebi, rogoricaa, Tu rogor da ratom naxulo-
ben sizmrebs adamianebi, rogor uyvardebaT er-
TmaneTi, ratom morcxvoben, ratom arian agresi-
ulebi, ratom avaddebian fsiqikurad. da bolos,
vaCvenebT, rogor SeiZleba gamoviyenoT fsiqo-
logiuri codna, raTa gavigoT da zogierT, ma-
galiTad, segregaciis, SemTxvevaSi SevcvaloT
kidec Cvens cxovrebaSi moqmedi kulturuli
Zalebi.
Cven, `fsiqologiis da cxovrebis~ avtorebs,
fsiqologiis kompetenturobis gvjera. pedago-
giuri da samecniero karieris manZilze fsiqo-
logia sul ufro da ufro momxibvleli gaxda
CvenTvis. bolo wlebSi fsiqikuri da qcevis
procesebis warmmarTveli ZiriTadi meqanizme-
bis Sesaxeb informaciis mozRvaveba moxda. Zve-
li Sexedulebebi axali ideebiT icvleba, mag-
ram adamianis bunebis mravali momajadoebeli
mxare jer kidev amoucnobi rCeba. imedi gvaqvs,
rom am mogzaurobis dasasrul Tqvenc saTu-
Tad moepyrobiT fsiqologiuri codnis saku-
Tar marags.
mogzaurobis ZiriTadi mizani wvdomis mec-
nieruli wyurvili iqneba. davsvamT kiTxvebs ada-
mianis qcevis Sesaxeb _ rogor, ratom, ra, ro-
dis da im qcevis mizezebis da Sedegebis Sesa-
xeb, romelsac Tqven sakuTar TavSi, sxva adami-
anebsa da cxovelebSi aRmoaCenT; avxsniT, ra-
tom fiqrobT, grZnobT da iqceviT ase; riTi
gansxvavdebiT sxvebisagan, ra qmnis Tqvens uni-
kalobas da mainc, ratom iqceviT xSirad sxve-
bis msgavsad? Tqvens CamoyalibebaSi memkvidre-
obam iTamaSa roli, Tu piradma gamocdilebam?
rogor Tanacxovrobs am rTul qmnilebaSi _
adamianur cxovelSi _ agresia da altruizmi,
siyvaruli da siZulvili, sigiJe da Semoqmede-
ba? am TavSi ganvixilavT, rogor da ratom gax-
da yvela es kiTxva mniSvnelovani fsiqologi-
is, rogorc disciplinis miznebisaTvis.
ratomaa fsiqologia
unikaluri?
fsiqologiis unikalobisa da erTianobis
dasafaseblad unda gaarkvioT, rogor esmiT
fsiqologebs kvlevis da praqtikis miznebi
da areali. wignis damTavrebis Semdeg Tqven
unda iazrovnoT, rogorc fsiqologma, xolo
am TavSi pirvelad gaecnobiT seriozulad, Tu
ras unda niSnavdes es.
gansazRvrebebi
mravali fsiqologi eZebs pasuxs funda-
mentur kiTxvaze: rogoria adamianis buneba?
am kiTxvas fsiqologia imiT pasuxobs, rom
swavlobs rogorc individSi mimdinare pro-
cesebs, ise fizikur da socialur garemoSi
aRmocenebul Zalebs. am TvalsazrisiT, fsi-
qologias formalurad ganvmartavT, rogorc
individis qcevis da fsiqikuri procesebis mec-
nierul Seswavlas. ganvixiloT am ganmarte-
bis mniSvnelovani nawilebi. mecnieruli, qce-
va, individi da fsiqikuri.
fsiqologiis mecnieruli aspeqti moiTx-
ovs, rom fsiqologiuri daskvnebi mecnieru-
li meTodis principebis mixedviT mopovebul
monacemebs efuZnebodes. mecnieruli meTodi
moicavs problemis analizisa da gadaWrisaT-
vis saWiro Tanmimdevrul nabijebs. es meTodi
daskvnebis gamosatanad obieqturad Segrove-
bul monacemebs iyenebs. mecnieruli meTodis
maxasiaTeblebs ufro dawvrilebiT me-2 TavSi
ganvixilavT, rodesac gavecnobiT, Tu rogor
atareben fsiqologebi kvlevas.
qceva is iaraRia, romlis saSualebiTac or-
ganizmi garemos ergeba. qceva moqmedebaa. fsi-
qologiis sagani, ZiriTadad, adamianis da cxo-
velis dakvirvebadi qcevaa. sicili, tirili,
sirbili, Sexeba qcevis is magaliTebia, rom- ratomaa fsiqologia unikaluri?
lebsac SeiZleba daakvirde. fsiqologebi ik-
vleven, ras da rogor akeTebs individi moce-
mul garemoSi da ufro farTo socialur da
kulturul konteqstSi.
fsiqologiuri analizis sagani yvelaze
xSirad aris individi _ axalSobili, mozar-
di sportsmeni, kolejis studenti, romelic
studentur saerTo sacxovrebelSi cxovrebas
egueba; Suaxnis mamakaci, romelic karieras
icvlis, an qali, romelmac unda gadalaxos
alchaimeris daavadebiT Sepyrobili meuRlis
TandaTanobiTi ukusvliT gamowveuli stresi.
amave dros, kvlevis sagani SeiZleba iyos Sim-
panze, romelic komunikaciisaTvis saWiro sim- 3
 boloebs swavlobs, labirinTSi mosiarule
TeTri virTxa, an safrTxis signalze moreagi-
re zRvis loqora. individi mis bunebriv gare-
moSi, an kvleviT laboratoriaSi, kontorli-
rebad pirobebSi unda SeviswavloT.
mravali mkvlevari fsiqologi aRiarebs, rom
adamianis moqmedebas fsiqikuri procesebis, anu
adamianis fsiqikis muSaobis axsnis gareSe ver
gavigebT. adamianuri aqtivobis didi nawili
Sinagania _ azrovneba, dagegmva, msjeloba, Se-
moqmedeba, ocneba. mravali fsiqologisaTvis
swored fsiqikuri procesebia fsiqologiuri
Ziebis yvelaze saintereso aspeqtebi. male ga-
igebT, rom fsiqologma mkvlevrebma daxvewi-
li teqnikebi gamoigones fsiqikuri movlene-
bis da procesebis Sesaswavlad, raTa es pira-
di gamocdileba sazogado gaxadon.
am sakiTxebis kombinacia fsiqologias uni-
kalur sferod aqcevs. maSin, rodesac fsiqo-
logebi ZiriTadad individebis qcevaze arian
fokusirebuli, sociologebi swavloben ada-
mianTa qcevas jgufebSi an organizaciebSi, xo-
lo anTropologebi yuradRebas amaxvileben
qcevis ufro farTo konteqstze sxvadasxva kul-
turaSi. miuxedavad amisa, fsiqologebi far-
Tod iyeneben sxva mecnierebebis miRwevebs. ro-
gorc erT-erTi socialuri mecniereba, fsiqo-
logia iyenebs ekonomikas, politologias, so-
ciologias da eTnologias. fsiqologebs bev-
ri saerTo interesi aqvT biologebTan, gansa-
Tavi 1 / fsiqologiis mecniereba Cvens cxovrebaSi
kuTrebiT maTTan, vinc tvinis procesebs da
qcevis bioqimiur safuZvlebs swavlobs. fsi-
qologebs ainteresebT, Tu rogor muSaobs ada-
mianis fsiqika, rac axlad warmoSobili kog-
nituri mecnierebebis _ kompiuteruli mecnie-
rebis, xelovnuri inteleqtis da gamoyenebiTi
maTematikis kvlevasa da TeoriasTanaa dakav-
Sirebuli. rogorc janmrTelobis mecniereba
_ medicinasTan, ganaTlebasTan, iurispruden-
fsiqologia (psychology) _ individebis qcevis da
fsiqikuri procesebis mecnieruli Seswavla.
mecnieruli meTodi (scientific method) _ im proce-
durebis wyeba, romlebic obieqturi informaci-
is Segrovebisa da interpretaciisaTvis gamoi-
yeneba, Tanac imgvarad, rom Secdoma minimumam-
dea dayvanili da ganzogadeba sandoa.
qceva (behavior) _ is moqmedebebi, romlis saSua-
lebiTac organizmi garemos ergeba.
4 qceva mimdinareobs, an icvleba.
ciasTan da ekologiasTan dakavSirebuli fsi-
qologia _ cdilobs gaaumjobesos TiTeuli
individisa da koleqtivis cxovrebis done. fsi-
qologia inarCunebs kavSirebs filosofiasa
da sxva humanitarul mecnierebebTan, xelovne-
basTan, rogorebicaa literatura da drama-
turgia.
miuxedavad imisa, rom Tanamedrove fsiqo-
logiis RirsSesaniSnavi (aRsaniSnavi) siRrme
da farTo Tvalsawieri siamovnebis wyaroa uk-
ve Camoyalibebuli specialistebisaTvis, stu-
dentebisaTvis, vinc pirvelad ecnoba fsiqo-
logias, is erTgvar sirTules warmoadgens.
fsiqologiis saganze kidev bevria saTqme-
li, magram, bevri Rirebuli informaciis waRe-
ba SegiZliaT am Sesavali Tavidan. fsiqolo-
giis sferos Seswavlis saukeTeso gzad fsi-
qologTa miznebis garkveva migvaCnia. modiT,
ganvixiloT es miznebi.
fsiqologiis miznebi
im fsiqologebis mizani, romlebic funda-
mentur kvlevas axorcieleben, aris qcevis aR-
wera, axsna, winaswarmetyveleba da gakontro-
leba. gamoyenebiTi fsiqologiis warmomadgen-
lebs kidev erTi, mexuTe mizani aqvT _ adami-
anis cxovrebis gaumjobeseba. es miznebi fsi-
qologiuri saqmianobis safuZvels Seadgens.
ra igulisxmeba TiToeul am mizanSi?
movlenis aRwera
fsiqologiis pirveli amocanaa zusti dak-
virveba qcevaze. Cveulebriv, fsiqologebi ase-
Ti dakvirvebis Sedegad miRebul masalas mo-
nacemebs uwodeben. qceviTi monacemebi aris or-
ganizmis qcevis da im pirobebis aRwera, ro-
melSic es qceva xorcieldeba. monacemebis Seg-
rovebisas mkvlevrebma unda airCion analizis
saTanado done da SeimuSavon qcevis is sazo-
mebi, romlebic misi obeqturad Seswavlis ga-
rantias gvaZleven.
individis qcevis kvlevis mizniT analizis
sxvadasxva donis gamoyeneba SeiZleba _ yve-
qcevis monacemebi (Behavioral data) _ organizmis
qcevis da im pirobebis aRwera, romlebSic es
laze farTo, globaluri donidan yvelaze de-
talur, specifikur donemde.
fsiqologiuri aRweris gansxvavebuli do-
neebic sxvadasxva kiTxvas pasuxobs. fsiqolo-
giuri analizis yvelaze farTo doneze mkvlev-
rebi swavloben mTliani pirovnebis qcevas
rTul socialur da kulturul konteqstSi.
am doneze mkvlevrebma SeiZleba Seiswavlon
Zaladobis kros-kulturuli sxvaobebi, crur-
wmenebis mizezebi, fsiqikuri daavadebis Sede-
gebi. Semdeg doneze fsiqologebi qcevis uf-
ro natif erTeulebs swavloben, rogoricaa
SuqniSnis sinaTleze reaqciis siCqare, Tvale-
bis moZraoba kiTxvis dros, bavSvebis mier daS-
vebuli gramatikuli Secdomebi enis Seswav-
lisas. mkvlevrebs qcevis kidev ufro mcire
erTeulebis Seswavla SeuZliaT. isini cdilo-
ben Seiswavlon qcevis biologiuri safuZvle-
bi, anu daadginon tvinis is ubnebi, romlebic
pasuxismgebelni arian sxvadasxva tipis mogo-
nebis Senaxvaze; daswavlis dros warmoSobi-
li bioqimiuri cvlilebebi, smenaze an mxedve-
lobaze pasuxismgebeli sensoruli gzebi. ana-
lizis TiTueuli done gvaZlevs im arsebiT
informacias, romlis saSualebiTac dgeba ada-
mianis bunebis saboloo saerTo portreti, ri-
si miRwevis imedic aqvT fsiqologebs.
rac ar unda farTo an viwro iyos dakvir-
vebis fokusi, fsiqologebi cdiloben, rom
qceva obieqturad aRweron. im faqtebis Seg-
roveba, romlebic realurad arsebobs da ara
iseTebisa, rogorsac mkvlevari moelis, an
surs, rom iyos, upirvelesi mniSvnelobisaa. ratomaa fsiqologia unikaluri?
vinaidan yovel damkvirvebels dakvirvebis pro-
cesSi sakuTari, subieqturi Tvalsazrisi Se-
aqvs _ esenia mikerZoeba, crurwmena, molo-
dini _ aucilebelia, rom am Tvalsazrisma
ar daamaxinjos monacemebi. rogorc Semdeg
TavSi naxavT, fsiqologma mkvlevrebma mra-
valgvari meqanizmi Seqmnes obieqturobis Se-
sanarCuneblad.
movlenis axsna
maSin, rodesac aRwera TvalsaCino infor-
macias unda eyrdnobodes, axsna aRqmulis
5
 suraTi
1.1
miRma unda ixedebodes. qceviT da fsiqikur
procesebSi kanonzomierebebis aRmoCena fsi-
qologiis mravali dargis mTavari mizania.
fsiqologebs surT aRmoaCinon, rogor muSa-
obs qceva. ratom iciniT moulodnel situaci-
ebSi? ra garemoebebi ubiZgebs adamians Caidi-
nos suicidi, an danaSauli?
fsiqologiuri axsna, ZiriTadad, aRiarebs,
rom qcevaTa umetesobaze gavlenas faqtorTa
kombinacia axdens. zogierTi faqtori indivi-
dis SigniT moqmedebs, rogoricaa genetikuri
mocemuloba, motivacia, inteleqtis done, an
TviTSefaseba. qcevebis am Sinagan determinan-
tebs organizmuli cvladebi ewodeba, radgan
isini organizmis Sesaxeb gvawvdis informaci-
Tavi 1 / fsiqologiis mecniereba Cvens cxovrebaSi
as. adamianis SemTxvevaSi am determinantebs dis-
poziciuri cvladebi ewodeba. arsebobs, agreT-
ve, garegani faqtorebi. warmoidgineT, rom bav-
Svi cdilobs asiamovnos maswavlebeli, raTa
prizi moigos, an transportis sacobSi moxved-
rili mZRoli agresiuli da mtruli xdeba. am
qcevebze did gavlenas pirovnebis gareT arse-
buli movlenebi axdens. qcevaze garegan zegav-
lenas garemos anu situaciuri cvladebi ewo-
organizmuli cvladebi (organizamic variables) _
organizmis qcevis Sinagani determinanti.
dispoziciuri cvladebi (dispozitional variables) _
organizmis cvladi, anu qcevis Sinagani de-
terminanti, romelic adamianebSi Cndeba.
garemos cvladebi (environmental variables) – gare-
gani zemoqmedeba qcevaze.
situaciuri cvladebi (situational variables) – gare-
6 gani zemoqmedeba qcevaze.
deba. rodesac fsiqologebs qcevis axsna surT,
isini TiTqmis yovelTvis iTvaliswineben ax-
snis orive tips. warmoidgineT, rom fsiqologs
surs axsnas, ratom iwyebs adamiani sigaretis
mowevas. SesaZlebelia individi gansakuTrebiT
midrekilia riskisaken (dispoziciuri axsna), an
zogierTi individi ganicdis TanatolTa zewo-
las (situaciuri axsna) _ an, rom orive auci-
lebelia (kombinirebuli axsna).
xSirad fsiqologis mizania qcevis farTo
diapazoni safuZvlad mdebare erTi mizeziT ax-
snas. warmoidgineT situacia, romelSic Tqveni
maswavlebeli ambobs, rom kargi niSnis misaRe-
bad aucilebelia gakveTilze diskusiaSi aqti-
uri monawileobis miReba. Tqveni megobari yo-
velTvis kargad swavlobs, magram gakveTilze
ar aqtiurobs, xels ar iwevs da ar gamoTqvams
Tavis azrebs da Sexedulebebs. maswavlebeli
sayvedurobs, rom saTanadod motivirebuli araa
da miiCnevs, rom igi gonieri ar aris. igive
adamiani dadis wveulebaze, magram arasodes
iwvevs vinmes sacekvaod, Riad ar icavs sakuTar
azrs, Tuki vinme sakiTxSi masze nakleb Caxedu-
li ekamaTeba, iSviaTad erTveba saubarSi suf-
rasTan. ra diagnozs dasvamdiT? safuZvlad mde-
bare romeli mizezia am tipis qcevebze pasu-
xismgebeli? mravali sxva morcxvi adamianiviT,
Tqveni megobaric ver axerxebs ise moiqces, ro-
gorc saWiroa (Cheek, 1989, Zimbardo, 1990). aq Seg-
viZlia morcxvobis cneba gamoviyenoT da Tqve-
ni megobris qcevaTa mTeli diapazoni amiTi av-
xsnaT.
amgvari mizez-Sedegobrivi axsnebis mosapo-
veblad mkvlevrebi xSirad sxvadasxva tipis mo-
nacemebis Segrovebis SemoqmedebiT process
axorcieleben. daxelovnebuli deteqtivi Ser-
lok holmsi nawyvet-nawyveti monacemebis sa-
fuZvelze akeTebda gamWriax daskvnebs. amis
msgavsad, yovelma mkvlevarma unda gamoiyenos
warmosaxva da SemoqmedebiTad Serwyas is, rac
icis, da is, rac jer ar icis. kargad ganswav-
lul fsiqologs SeuZlia monacemebi adamia-
nis gamocdilebis sakuTari wvdomisa da sxva
mecnierebis mier aRmoCenili faqtebis safuZ-
velze axsnas. fsiqologiuri kvlevis umete-
soba cdilobs gansazRvros, mravali SesaZlo
variantidan romeli xsnis yvelaze zustad mo-
cemul qcevas.
winaswarmetyveleba
fsiqologiaSi winaswarmetyveleba niSnavs,
rom garkveuli qceva an mocemuli kavSiri ra-
Rac albaTobiT gamovlindeba. xSirad qcevis
romelime formis safuZvlad mdebare mizeze-
bis zusti axsna saSualebas aZlevs mkvlevars
zustad iwinaswarmetyvelos momavali qceva. ma-
galiTad, Tu migvaCnia, rom Tqveni megobari
morcxvia, SegviZlia darwmunebiT viwinaswar-
metyveloT, rom is uxerxulad igrZnobs Tavs,
Tu ucnob adamianTan gasaubrebas vTxovT. ro-
desac romelime qcevis an kavSiris asaxsne-
lad sxvadasxva axsna arsebobs, maT imis mi-
xedviT Seafaseben, ramdenad kargad SeuZliaT
zusti da amomwuravi winaswarmetyveleba. Tqven
megobars warmatebiT rom daemyarebina ucnob-
Tan kontaqti, diagnozi unda Segvecvala.
zustad iseve, rogorc dakvirveba, mecnie-
ruli winaswarmetyvelebac obieqturi da naT-
lad Camoyalibebuli unda iyos ise, rom Se-
saZlebeli iyos misi Semowmeba da uaryofa,
Tu faqtebi mas ar adasturebs. mecnieruli
winaswarmetyveleba imis gagebas emyareba, Tu
rogor aris dakavSirebuli erTmaneTTan mov-
lenebi da varaudobs, romeli meqanizmebi akav-
Sirebs am movlenebs garkveul winapirobebTan.
mizez-Sedegobrivi winaswarmetyveleba azustebs
im pirobebs, romelSic qceva Seicvleba. maga-
liTad, garkveuli asakis Semdeg bavSvebsa da
maimunebSi ucnobi piris Tandaswreba SfoTvis
niSnebs iwvevs. dakvirvebul qcevaSi gamowveu-
li cvlilebebi ki SeiZleba damokidebuli iyos
situaciis SigniT variaciebze, magaliTad, uc-
nobobis xarisxi. ucnobi imave asakis rom yofi-
liyo, ramdenic bavSvi da maimunia, nakleb SfoT-
vas miviRebdiT? kauzaluri winaswarmetyvele-
bis gaumjobesebis mizniT mkvlevari sistema-
turad cvlis garemo pirobebs da maT bavSvis
reaqciaze gavlenas akvirdeba.
kontroli
mravali fsiqologisaTvis kontroli cen-
traluri, yvelaze mniSvnelovani mizania. kon-
troli niSnavs, rom qceva an moxdeba, an ar
moxdeba _ daviwyoT, SevinarCunoT, SevaCeroT
da zemoqmedeba movaxdinoT mis formaze, Zli-
erebaze an gamovlenis sixSireze. qcevis mi-
zez-Sedegobrivi axsna damajerebelia, Tu is
qcevis gakontrolebis saSualebas qmnis.
qcevis gakontrolebis unari mniSvnelova-
nia, radgan is fsiqologebs saSualebas aZ-
levs adamianebs cxovrebis donis gaumjobese-
baSi daexmaros. am wignSi periodulad Sexvde-
biT fsiqologebis mier gamogonil sxvadasxva
tipis Carevas im mizniT, rom daexmaron adami-
anebs TavianTi cxovrebis problemuri aspeqte-
bis gakontorlebaSi. me-16 Tavi, magaliTad, fsi- ratomaa fsiqologia unikaluri?
7
 qikuri daavadebebis mkurnalobas exeba. wig-
nSi agreTve aRwerilia, rogor SeuZliaT ada-
mianebs aRmofxvran arajansaRi qcevebi, ro-
goricaa magaliTad, sigaretis moweva; wamo-
iwyon jansaRi qcevebi, rogoricaa regularu-
li varjiSi (Tavi 13). Tqven SeityobT aRzrdis
ra stili exmareba mSoblebs SvilebTan myari
kavSiris SenarCunebaSi (Tavi 11). ris gamo ar
surs ucxo adamians daexmaros sxvas ubeduri
SemTxvevis dros da rogor SeiZleba am xe-
lisSemSleli faqtorebis gadalaxva (Tavi 18).
aq moyvanilia mxolod ramdenime magaliTi im
uricxvi situaciidan, romelSic fsiqologe-
bi TavianT codnas iyeneben, raTa gaaumjobe-
son da gaakontrolon adamianebis cxovreba.
am TvalsazrisiT, fsiqologebi sakmaod op-
timistebi arian. mraval maTgans sjera, rom
praqtikulad nebismieri arasasurveli qceva
SeiZleba Seicvalos saTanado CareviT. `fsi-
qologia da cxovreba~ iziarebs am optimizms.
interess moklebuli ar iqneba aRvniSnoT,
rom gageba da ara kontroli warmoadgens mra-
vali aziuri da afrikuli qveynis fsiqolo-
gebis saboloo mizans (Nobles 1980, Triandis
1990). kritikosebs miaCniaT, rom kontrolze
yuradRebis gamaxvileba dasavlur fsiqolo-
giaSi im kulturuli mikerZoebis amsaxvelia,
romelic industrializaciis, evropelTa ko-
lonializmis da aSS-Si arsebuli dampyrob-
luri mentalitetis Sedegia. dasavluri fsi-
qologiis kontrolze fokusireba, agreTve,
mamakacur midgomad iTvleba. is aseTi domi-
nanturi ar iqneboda, qalebs rom eTamaSaT
wamyvani roli fsiqologiis ganviTarebaSi (Bor-
nstein, Quina, 1989; Riger, 1992).
Sejameba
am Sesaval TavSi warmovadgenT `fsiqolo-
giis da cxovrebis~ zogierT qveTavs, romle-
bic specialurad SevadgineT, raTa ufro efeq-

fsiqologia Cvens cxovrebaSi

ratomaa saWiro fsiqologiis Seswavla

Tavi 1 / fsiqologiis mecniereba Cvens cxovrebaSi

am Sesavali Tavis kiTxvi-
sas SeiZleba dainteresdeT, ra
saWiroa fsiqologia? Cveni pa-
suxi am kiTxvaze sakmaod pir-
dapiria: gvjera, rom fsiqolo-
giur kvlevas dauyovneblivi da
mniSvnelovani gamoyeneba aqvs
yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi. `fsi-
qologiis da cxovrebis~ erT-
erTi umTavresi mizania fsiqo-
logiuri gamocdilebis pirov-
nuli da sazogadoebrivi mniS-
vneloba gaaSuqos.
yovel semestrSi vxvdebiT
studentebs, romlebic fsiqo-
logiis disciplinis Sesaval
kurss eswrebian da garkveuli
kiTxvebi uCndebaT. xandaxan es
kiTxvebi maTi sakuTari gamoc-
8 dilebiTaa gamowveuli („ro-
gor unda moviqce, Tu vfiq-
rob, rom deda fsiqikurad da-
avadebuli myavs?“ „es sagani
maswavlis, rogor unda mivi-
Ro ukeTesi niSnebi?“); xanda-
xan es kiTxvebi presis saSua-
lebiT gavrcelebuli fsiqo-
logiuri informaciiTaa ga-
mowveuli („marTalia, rom rac
ufro didia bavSvi, miT ufro
konservatulia igi?“ „qalebi
yovelTvis ukeTesi mSoblebi
arian, vidre kacebi?“). CvenTvis
am kursis swavlebis sirTu-
le swored isaa, rom mecnie-
ruli kvlevis is Sedegebi war-
moavaCinoT, romlebic mniSvne-
lovania studentebisaTvis.
`fsiqologiisa da cxovre-
bis~ TiTqmis yvela Tavi da
qveTavi cdilobs swored am-
gvar kiTxvebs upasuxos. am ga-
mocemaSi specialuri CanarTe-
bi movaTavseT _ fsiqologia
Cvens cxovrebaSi. TiToeuli
aseTi CanarTi pasuxobs kiTx-
vas, romelic araerTxel
gvsmenia studentebisagan.
Cvens mizans warmoadgenda im
sakiTxebis mecnierulad ax-
sna, romlebic yvelaze metad
aRelvebT studentebs. imedi
gvaqvs dagveTanxmebiT, rom
fsiqologiis Seswavla gaam-
didrebs Tqvens cxovrebise-
ul gamocdilebas.
turad aiTvisoT teqsti. Sejamebis qveTavi Tan
sdevs yoveli Tavis garkveul, msxvil infor-
macias. amgvari Sejameba ganvlili masalis sak-
vanZo sakiTxebis ukeT gagebaSi dagexmarebaT.
yovel Tavs boloSi darTuli aqvs seqcia, ro-
melsac sakvanZo sakiTxebi ewodeba. es qveTavi
teqstis wvdomis Sesamowmeblad unda gamoiye-
noT. Tu aRmoaCenT, rom ar gesmiT Sejameba,
teqsts daubrundiT da Sesabamisi masala Ta-
vidan waikiTxeT, sanam ar darwmundebiT, rom
namdvilad gesmiT teqsti. amgvari qveTavebi tes-
tirebisaTvis mzadebaSi dagexmarebaT.
Sejameba
fsiqologebi mecnierul meTods imisaTvis
iyeneben, rom individebis qcevisa da fsiqiku-
ri procesebis Sesaxeb daskvna gaakeTon. fsi-
qologebs ramdenime mizani aqvT: obieqturad
da saTanado doneze aRweron qceva, axsnan mi-
si aRmZvreli Zalebi, iwinaswarmetyvelon ro-
dis ganxorcieldeba qceva da gaakontrolon
is, raTa cxovrebis done gaaumjobeson.
Tanamedrove fsiqologiis
ganviTareba
XXI saukuneSi CvenTvis SedarebiT advilia
ganvmartoT, ras niSnavs fsiqologia da ra
aris fsiqologiuri kvlevis miznebi. Tumca,
fsiqologiis Seswavlis dawyebisas mniSvnelo-
vania gesmodeT is mravali Zala, romelmac
Tanamedrove fsiqologiis gaCena ganapiroba.
es istoriuli mimoxilva erT martiv princips
emyareba: mniSvneloba aqvs ideebs. fsiqologi-
is mecnierebis ganviTarebis mTel manZilze
gacxarebuli kamaTi mimdinareobda fsiqolo-
giis sagnisa da kvlevis meTodebis Sesaxeb.
Cveni istoriuli mimoxilva analizis or
doneze ganxorcieldeba. pirvel ganyofileba-
Si mimovixilavT istoriis im periods, roca
fsiqologias safuZveli Caeyara, xolo meore
ganyofilebaSi farTod aRvwerT amJamad arse-
bul Svid mimdinareobas. fokusirebis orive
donisaTvis SeecadeT warmoidginoT is inte-
leqtualuri vneba, romliTac Cndeboda es Te-
oriebi.
fsiqologiis istoriuli
safuZvlebi
„fsiqologias xangrZlivi warsuli, magram
mokle istoria aqvs“, werda eqsperimentuli
fsiqologiis erT-erTi warmomadgeneli her-
man ebinhausi (Hermann Ebbinghaus, 1908). mecnie-
rebs saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi ainteresebdaT
adamianis bunebis mravali saidumlo: rogor
aRiqvams adamiani realobas, rogoria cnobie-
rebis buneba, saidan modis sigiJe, magram am-
gvar kiTxvebze pasuxis gacemis SesaZleblo-
ba kvlevis saTanado iaraRis ararsebobis ga-
mo ar gaaCndaT. gavixsenoT Cvens welTaRricx-
vamde IV da V saukuneebSi berZeni filoso-
fosebis: sokrates, platonis da aristote-
les mier dasmuli fundamenturi SekiTxvebi.
miuxedavad imisa, rom fsiqologiis garkveu-
li formebi induri iogas uZveles tradicia-
Sic arsebobda, dasavluri fsiqologiis sa-
fuZvlebi swored did berZen moazrovneTa di-
alogebSi unda veZeboT, sadac midioda msje-
loba imaze, Tu rogor muSaobs goneba, ra
aris Tavisufali neba, ra mimarTebaa calke-
ul moqalaqeebsa da maT saxelmwifos Soris.
XIX saukunis bolosTvis mkvlevrebma sxva mec-
nierebebidan, rogorebicaa fiziologia da fi-
zika, kvlevis laboratoriuli meTodebis fsi-
qologiaSi gadmotana daiwyes, raTa pasuxi
gaecaT filosofosebis mier dasmul am fun-
damentur kiTxvebze.
Tanamedrove fsiqologiis ganviTarebaSi ga- ratomaa fsiqologia unikaluri?
damwyveti roli vilhelm vundtma (Wilhelm
Wundt) Seasrula, romelmac 1879 wels laip-
cigSi eqsperimentuli fsiqologiis pirveli
laboratoria daaarsa. marTalia, vundti ga-
naTlebiT fiziologi iyo, magram samecniero
karieris manZilze misma interesebma sxeulis
Seswvlidan fsiqikis Seswavlaze gadainacvla.
mas surda Seeswavla SegrZnebis da aRqmis
ZiriTadi procesebi da martivi fsiqikuri pro-
cesebis siCqare. im droisaTvis, rodesac vun-
dtma fsiqologiuri laboratoria daaarsa,
mas ukve ganxorcielebuli hqonda kvlevaTa
seria da gamoqveynebuli Tavisi `fiziologi-
9

uri fsiqologiis safuZvlebis~ pirveli ga-
mocema (sul 7 aseTi gamocema iyo) (Kendler,
1987). laboratoriis gaxsnis Semdeg vundtma
fsiqologiis studentebis aRzrda daiwyo, mis-
ma mowafeTa didma raodenobam Semdeg TavianT
samSobloSi daaarsa msgavsi laboratoriebi.
raki fsiqologia damoukidebel discipli-
nad Camoyalibda, CrdiloeT amerikis mraval
universitetSi fsiqologiuri laboratoriebi
gaCnda: pirveli maTgani _ jons hopkinsis uni-
versitetSi, 1883 wels. am adreul laborato-
riebs vundtis gavlena etyoboda. magaliTad,
eduard titCeneri (Edward Titchener), vundtis mo-
Tavi 1 / fsiqologiis mecniereba Cvens cxovrebaSi
wafe, erT-erTi pirveli fsiqologi iyo aSS-Si,
romelmac 1892 wels kornelis universitetis
laboratoria daaarsa. Tumca, daaxloebiT amave
dros, harvardis universitetis filosofiis
axalgazrda profesorma, romelic medicinas
swavlobda da literatura da religia ainte-
resebda, wminda amerikuli xedva SeimuSava. ui-
liam jemsma (William James), didi romanistis,
henri jemsis Zmam, or tomad gamosca „fsiqo-
logiis safuZvlebi“ (1890-1950), romelic, mra-
vali eqspertis azriT, yvelaze mniSvnelovani
fsiqologiuri naSromia. maleve, 1892 wels, h.
stenli holma amerikis fsiqologTa asocia-
cia daaarsa. 1900 wlisTvis CrdiloeT amerika-
Si 40-ze meti fsiqologiuri laboratoria fun-
qcionirebda (Hilgard, 1986).
fsiqologiis gaCenisTanave daiwyo debatebi
misi kvlevis sagnisa da meTodebis Sesaxeb. am
10 debatebSi gamokveTili zogierTi sakiTxi je-
rac ar kargavs mniSvnelobas. ganvixiloT dava
struqturalizmsa da funqcionalizms Soris.
struqturalizmi: fsiqikis Sinaarsi
rodesac fsiqologia laboratoriuli mec-
niereba gaxda da eqsperimentuli kvlevebis Ca-
tareba daiwyo, naTlad gamoCnda misi potenci-
ali _ unikaluri wvlili Seetana codnis SeZe-
naSi. vundtis laboratoriaSi cdis pirebi mar-
tiv reaqciebs („ki“-s, an „ara“-s Tqma, Rilakze
TiTis daWera) iZleodnen sxvadasxva pirobaSi
aRqmul stimulebze. radganac monacemebi sis-
tematuri da obieqturi procedurebis saSua-
lebiT iyo Segrovili, sxvebsac SeeZloT am
eqsperimentebis gameoreba. vundtis fsiqolo-
giuri tradiciis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebia aq-
centi mecnierul meTodze, zust gazomvebsa da
monacemTa statistikur analizze.
rodesac titCenerma vundtis fsiqologia aSS-
Si Caitana, igi amtkicebda, rom cnobierebis
sakvlevad swored amgvari mecnieruli meTode-
bi unda gamoeyenebinaT. cnobieri fsiqikuri cxov-
rebis elementebis Seswavlis miseuli meTodi
introspeqcia _ individis mier konkretuli sen-
soruli gancdiT gamowveuli azrebis da grZno-
bebis ganxilva iyo. titCeneri aqcents fsiqikis
Sinaarsis raobaze akeTebda da naklebad ainte-
resebda kiTxvebi „ratom“ da „rogor“. mis mid-
gomas struqturalizmi, anu swavleba fsiqikis
da qcevis struqturis Sesaxeb ewodeba.
struqturalizmi efuZneba varauds, rom ada-
mianis fsiqikuri gancda SeiZleba gavigoT, ro-
gorc ZiriTadi komponentebis kombinacia. am mid-
gomis mizani iyo fsiqikis struqtura SegrZne-
bis da fsiqikuri cxovrebis sxva gancdebis Se-
madgeneli elementebis analizis gziT ekvlia.
mravali fsiqologi struqturalizms sam fron-
tze daesxa Tavs: (1) is reduqcionistuli iyo,
radganac adamianis gancdis mTeli sirTule
martiv SegrZnebebamde daiyvana; (2) is elemen-
taruli iyo, radgan nawilebs anu elementebs
erT mTelSi aerTebda da uSualod am mTel
qcevas ar swavlobda; (3) is mentalisturi iyo,
radgan adamianis cnobieri gancdis mxolod
verbalur aRweras swavlobda da ar iTvalis-
winebda maT gamocdilebas, visac ar SeeZlo
Tavisi introspeqciis aRwera, maT Soris, cxo-
velebs, bavSvebs da fsiqikurad daavadebul
adamianebs.
 struqturalizmis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani
alternativa gelStalt fsiqologia iyo, rom-
lis fuZemdebeli germaneli fsiqologi maqs
verthaimeri (Max Wertheimer) gaxldaT. misi az-
riT, mraval movlenas fsiqika aRiqvams, ro-
gorc geStalts _ organizebul mTels da ara
martivi nawilebis erTianobas. rodesac, maga-
liTad, naxats aRviqvamT, is ufro metia, vidre
saRebavis calkeuli monasmebis erToblioba.
rogorc me-5 TavSi vnaxavT, geStalt fsiqolo-
gias kvlavac aqvs gavlena aRqmis Seswavlaze.
struqturalizmis kidev erTi sapirispi-
ro mimdinareobaa funqcionalizmi.
funqcionalizmi:
mizanmimarTuli fsiqika
uiliam jemsi titCeners eTanxmeboda, rom
fsiqologiis Seswavlis sagani cnobiereba un-
da iyos, magram misTvis cnobiereba ar daiyva-
neboda elementebze, Sinaarssa da struqtu-
rebze. cnobiereba aris nakadi, fsiqikis Tvi-
seba, romelic mudmiv urTierTqmedebaSi imyo-
feba garemosTan. adamianis cnobiereba mis ga-
remosTan morgebas aadvilebs, amdenad, mniS-
vnelovania fsiqikuri procesebis moqmedebebi
da funqciebi da ara Sinaarsi.
funqcionalizmisaTvis umniSvnelovanesia
daswavlili Cvevebi, romlebic organizms ga-
remosTan morgebis da efeqturad funqcioni-
rebis saSualebas aZlevs. kvlevam pasuxi un-
da gasces kiTxvas: „ra aris nebismieri qcevi-
Ti aqtis funqcia an mizani?“ funqcionaliz-
mis skolis damaarsebeli iyo amerikeli fi-
losofosi jon diui. mis mier fsiqikuri pro-
cesebis praqtikuli gamoyenebis mcdelobam ga-
naTlebis sferoSi mniSvnelovan warmatebas
miaRwia. misma msjelobam impulsi misca prog-
resul ganaTlebas sakuTar laboratoriul
skolaSi da Semdgom mTel aSS-Si: „meqanikuri
struqturalizmi (Srtucturalism) _ swavleba fsi-
qikisa da qcevis Sesaxeb, sadac fsiqikuri ga-
mocdileba gaigeba, rogorc martivi elemente-
bis an movlenebis kombinacia.
funqcionalizmi (Functionalism) _ swavleba, ro-
melic fokusirdeba organizmis garemosTan ur-
TierTqmedebis dros fsiqikisa da qcevis fun-
qciebze.
daswavla uaryves da praqtikiT swavlaze gada-
vidnen im imediT, rom es inteleqtualur cno-
bismoyvareobas aRZravda da Sedegad masalis uke-
Tesi wvdoma miiReboda“ (Kendler, 1987, gv. 124).
miuxedavad imisa, jemss dakvirvebis sjero-
da, vundtis mier SemuSavebul daxvewil labo-
ratorul meTodebs is mcire mniSvnelobas ani-
Webda. jemsis fsiqologiaSi arsebobda adgili
emociebis, „me“-s, nebisyofis, Rirebulebebis, re-
ligiuri da mistikuri gancdebisTvisac ki. mi-
si „Tbilsisxliani“ fsiqologia aRiarebda, rom
TiToeuli individi unikaluria da ver daiyva-
neba formulebze an testis qulebze. jemsis-
Tvis fsiqologiis mizans axsna warmoadgenda
da ara _ eqsperimentuli kontroli (Arkin, 1990).
am mimdinareobebis memkvidreoba
miuxedavad maT Soris gansxvavebisa, struq-
turalizmis da funqcionalizmis praqtikosTa
aRmoCenebma is inteleqtualuri konteqsti Seq-
mnes, romelSic Tanamedrove fsiqologia ganvi-
Tarda. amJamad fsiqologebi swavloben qcevis
rogorc struqturas, ise funqcias, magaliTad,
ganvixiloT metyvelebis procesi. warmoidgineT,
rom megobris kinoSi dapatiJeba gsurT. amisaT-
vis Tqvens mier warmoTqmulma sityvebma sworad
unda Seasrulos Tavisi funqcia. amave dros
winadadebas unda hqondes swori struqtura: swo-
ri ar iqneba Tu ityviT: „ginda `varskvlavuri
omebi~ erTad CemTan am saRamos wamosvla?“ mety-
velebis procesis gagebis mizniT mecnierebi swav-
loben, Tu rogor axerxebs mosaubre erTmaneTs
moargos sityvis mniSvneloba (funqcia) da enis
Tanamedrove fsiqologiis ganviTareba
gramatikuli struqtura (Bock 1990). (enis da mety-
velebis zogierT process me-9 TavSi aRvwerT).
am wignSi aqcents gavakeTebT rogorc struqtu-
raze, ise _ funqciaze, ganvixilavT rogorc kla-
sikur, ise Tanamedrove kvlevebs. fsiqologebi
mraval sxvadasxva meTods iyneben yvela indivi-
disaTvis damaxasiaTebeli zogadi movlenebisa
da TiToeuli individis unikaluri aspeqtebis
Sesaswavlad.
Tanamedrove fsiqologiis mimdi-
nareobebi
ganvixiloT Tanamedrove fsiqologiis Ziri-
Tad mimdinareobebi. TiToeuli maTgani: _ bio-
logiuri, fsiqodinamikuri, bihevioristuli, 11
 humanisturi, kognituri, ganviTarebis da fsi-
qo-kulturuli _ iZleva xedvis kuTxesa da
daSvebebs, romelic gavlenas axdens imaze, Tu
ras Seiswavlian fsiqologebi da rogor: ada-
mianebs Tavisufali neba gaaCniaT, Tu memkvid-
reobiT miRebul (biologiuri determinizmi),
an garemoTi ganpirobebul (garemos determi-
nizmi) scenars asruleben? organizmi aqtiuri
da SemoqmedebiTia, Tu meqanikuri da reaqtiu-
li? SesaZlebelia fsiqologiuri da socialu-
ri fenomenebi fiziologiuri procesebiT aix-
snas? rTuli qceva mravali ufro mcire kompo-
nentis jamia, Tu mas axali da gansxvavebuli
Tvisebebi aqvs? fsiqologiis mimdinareoba gana-
pirobebs, ra eZebos, sad da ra meTodebiT. yove-
li momdevno Tavis wakiTxvisas miadevneT Tva-
li, Tu rogor gansazRvravs qcevis mizezebs da
Sedegebs TiToeuli aseTi mimdinareoba.
marTalia, fsiqologiis centralur sakiTx-
ebs TiToeuli es mimdinareoba gansxvavebulad
udgeba, mravali fsiqologi sesxulobs da er-
TmaneTs uTavsebs sxvadasxva mimarTulebis cne-
bebs. TiToeuli mimdinareoba saSualebas gvaZ-
levs ukeT gavigoT adamianis gamocdileba. ami-
tom, aq TiToeuli mimarTulebis wvlils gan-
vixilavT, xolo mTlianobaSi isini Tanamed-
rove fsiqologias asaxaven.
biologiuri mimdinareoba
Tavi 1 / fsiqologiis mecniereba Cvens cxovrebaSi
biologiuri mimidnareobis warmomadgenlebi
qcevis mizezs genebis, tvinis, nervuli da en-
dokrinuli sistemebis funqcionirebaSi eZe-
ben. organizmis funqcionireba axsnilia mis
safuZvlad mdebare fizikuri struqturebis
da bioqimiuri procesebis terminebiT. gancda
da qceva gaigeba, rogorc nervul ujredebs
Soris da SigniT qimiuri da eleqtruli aqti-
vobis Sedegi.
biologiuri perspeqtiva
aa
fsiqologiuri perspeqtiva
a
12
am mimarTulebis warmomadgenlebi Tvlian,
rom fsiqologiuri da socialuri fenomenebi
SeiZleba bioqimiuri procesebis terminebiT
aixsnas. yvelaze rTuli fenomenic ki SeiZle-
ba gagebul iqnes ufro mcire, ufro specifi-
kur erTeulebze dayvaniT. magaliTad, isini
Seecdebian axsnan, rogor kiTxulobT am wina-
dadebis Semadgenel sityvebs tvinis ujredeb-
Si mimdinare zusti fizikuri procesebis aR-
weris gziT. aq qceva misi fizikuri struqtu-
riT da memkvidreobiTi procesebiT ganisazR-
vreba. safuZvlad mdebare biologiuri struq-
turebis da procesebis SecvliT gamocdile-
bam SeiZleba qcevac Secvalos. mkvlevrebma
SeiZleba gkiTxon: „ra cvlilebebi xdeba Tqvens
tvinSi, roca kiTxvas swavlobT?“ fsiqobio-
logiuri mimarTulebis amocana qcevis anali-
zis yvelaze zust doneze gagebaa.
mravali aseTi mkvlevari universitetebsa
da samedicino laboratoriebSi muSaobs, sxvebi
ki _ klinikebSi. pirvelebi swavloben, SeiZ-
leba Tu ara gavaumjobesoT asakovani virTxe-
bis mexsiereba Canasaxovani virTxebis qsovi-
lebis gadanergviT, xolo meoreni _ avtosag-
zao SemTxvevis an daavadebis Sedegad gamow-
veuli mexsierebis dakargvas. am mkvlevrebis
gamaerTianebelia biologiuri Zalebisagan war-
moSobili qcevis aspeqtebis Seswavla.
fsiqodinamikuri mimdinareoba
fsiqodinamikuri mimarTulebis mixedviT qce-
vas marTavs, an mis motivs warmoadgens Zlie-
ri Sinagani Zalebi. adamianis qcevebi Tanda-
yolili instinqtebidan, biologiuri ltol-
vebidan, pirovnul moTxovnilebebsa da sazo-
gadoebis moTxovnebs Soris konfliqtis ga-
daWris mcdelobidan momdinareobs. depriva-
ciis mdgomareoba, fiziologiuri aRgzneba da
konfliqtebi qcevis ganxorcielebis energias
zustad iseve iZleva, rogorc naxSiri _ saw-
vavs orTqlis lokomotivisaTvis. am modelis
mixedviT, organizmi wyvets reagirebas, Tu mi-
si moTxovnilebebi dakmayofilebulia, misi
ltolvebi ki _ Semcirebuli. qcevis mTavari
mizani daZabulobis Semcirebaa.
motivaciis fsiqodinamikuri principebi yve-
laze srulad venelma eqimma zigmund froid-
ma (zigmund Freud) ganaviTara XIX saukunis bo-

los da XX saukunis dasawyisSi. froidis ide-
ebi fsiqikurad daavadebul pacientebTan mu-
Saobis Sedegad warmoiSva, magram, misi azriT,
is principebi, romlebic man avadmyofebTan aR-
moaCina, vrceldeba rogorc normalur, jan-
saR, ise _ paTologiur qcevaze. froidis fsi-
qodinamikuri Teoriis mixedviT, pirovnebas aqeT-
iqeT eqaCeba Sinagani da garegani Zalebi. fro-
idis modelSi pirvelad iyo naCvenebi, rom ada-
mianis buneba yovelTvis ar aris racionalu-
ri; rom qcevebi SeiZleba iseTi motivebiT iyos
gamowveuli, romlebic ar aris gacnobierebu-
li. froidis Semdeg es Teoria misma mimdev-
rebma sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT ganaviTares.
froidis mixedviT, pirovnebis Camoyalibebis
periodi adreuli bavSvobaa, neofroidianeleb-
ma gaafarToves misi Teoria da masSi socia-
luri zemoqmedeba da urTierTqmedeba CarTes,
romelic indvidis sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi
iCens Tavs.
froidis ideebs didi gavlena hqonda fsi-
qologiis mraval sferoze. misi wvlilis sxva-
dasxva aspeqts waawydebiT, rodesac gaecno-
biT bavSvis ganviTarebis, sizmris, daviwyebis,
aracnobieri motivaciis, pirovnebis da fsiqo-
analituri Terapiis sakiTxebs. amasTanave, gak-
virvebiT aRmoaCenT, rom misi ideebi arasodes
yofila sistematuri mecnieruli kvlevis Se-
degi. nacvlad amisa, es iyo gamorCeuli Semoq-
medebiTi gonebis nayofi, romelic Sepyrobi-
li iyo adamianis azrebis, grZnobebisa da moq-
medebebis Rrmad dafaruli saidumlos amoc-
nobis surviliT.
bihevioristuli mimdinareoba
am mimdinareobis warmomadgenlebi swavlo-
ben, Tu rogor akontrolebs konkretuli ti-
pis qcevas garemos konkretuli stimuli. upir-
veles yovlisa, bihevioristebi aanalizeben ga-
remos winapirobebs, im pirobebs, romlebic win
uswrebs qcevas da organizms imisaTvis amza-
debs, moaxdinos Tu ara reagireba. Semdeg isi-
ni ganixilaven qceviT reaqcias, romelic maTi
kvlevis mTavar obieqts warmoadgens. qceva un-
da gavigoT, viwinaswarmetyveloT da gavakon-
troloT. bolos, ikvleven reaqciis dakvirve-
bad Sedegebs. bihevioristis interesis sagania,
magaliTad, rogor cvlis sagzao jarimebi (Se-
degi) motocikletistis marTvis stils, aiZu-
lebs mas ufro frTxilad iaros, an saerTod
Tavi daanebos tarebas (qceviTi reaqcia).
monacemebs bihevioristebi kontrolirebadi
laboratoriuli eqsperimentebidan iReben. maT
SeiZleba eleqtronuli aparatura da kompiu-
terebi gamoiyenon stimulis warsadgenad da
reaqciis dasafiqsireblad. isini miiCneven, rom
Sesaswavli fenomeni zustad unda iyos ganmar-
Tanamedrove fsiqologiis ganviTareba
tebuli da raodenobrivad gamoxatuli. xSirad
isini cxovelebs swavloben (umetes SemTxveva-
bihevioristuli mimdinareoba (Behaviorists perspec-
tive) _ am mimdinareobas ainteresebs dakvirveba-
di qceva, romelic obieqturad fiqsirdeba da
dakvirvebadi qcevis mimarTeba garemos stimu-
lebTan.
biheviorizmi (Behaviorism) _ mecnieruli midgoma,
romelic fsiqologiis Seswavlas mxolod ga-
zomvadi an dakvirvebadi qceviT farglavs.
humanisturi mimdinareoba (Humanistic perspective) _
fsiqologiuri modeli, romelic aqcents indi-
vidis fenomenur samyaroze, racionaluri arCe-
vanis gakeTebisa da maqsimaluri potencialis
ganviTarebis Tandayolil unarze akeTebs.
13
 Si mtredebs da virTxebs), radgan eqsperimen-
tis pirobebs aq ufro srulad gaakontrole-
ben, vidre adamianebis SemTxvevaSi. bihevioris-
tebi Tvlian, rom cxovelebze Seswavlili Zi-
riTadi procesebi igivenairad mimdinareobs sxva
saxeobebSic.
biheviorizmi farTod gamoiyeneba fsiqolo-
giis praqtikaSi. mis mier moTxovnili zusti
eqsperimentireba da cvladebis zedmiwevniTi
dadgena fsiqologiis sferoTa umetesobaSi ga-
iziares. bihevioristebis mier cxovelebze aR-
moCenili kanozomierebebi adamianis proble-
mebzec gamoiyenes. bihevioristulma principeb-
ma ganaTlebisadmi ufro humanur midgomamde
migviyvana (dasjis nacvlad dadebiTi ganmtki-
cebis gamoyeneba), Seiqmna qceviTi darReevebis
axali tipis Terapia da utopiuri sazogadoe-
bis modelis Seqmnis instruqciebi.
humanisturi mimdinareoba
humanisturi fsiqologia 1950-ian wlebSi gaC-
nda, rogorc fsiqodinamikuri da bihevioris-
tuli modelebis alternativa. humanisturi fsi-
qologiis mixedviT, adamianebis qcevas ar ga-
napirobebs arc Sinagani, instinqturi Zalebi,
rogorc amas froidianelebi miiCneven da arc
garegani Zalebi, rogorc bihevioristebs miaC-
ndaT. adamianebi aqtiuri qmnilebebi arian, Si-
naganad kargebi da arCevanis gakeTebis unari
Tavi 1 / fsiqologiis mecniereba Cvens cxovrebaSi
aqvT. humanisturi mimdinareobis mixedviT, ada-
mianis ZiriTadi amocanaa swrafva sakuTari po-
tenciis, SesaZleblobebis ganviTarebisken.
humanisti fsiqologebi swavloben qcevas,
magram ara laboratoriul pirobebSi da ara
mis Semadgenel elementebze an komponentebze
dayvaniT. isini adamianTa cxovrebis ganmavlo-
baSi gamovlenil cxovrebiseuli istoriebis
paternebs akvirdebian. biheviorisitebisgan
mkveTrad gansxvavebiT, humanisturi fsiqolo-
giis warmomadgenlebi individis mier gancdil
subieqtur samyaros swavloben da ara garega-
ni damkvirveblis da mkvlevris TvaliT dana-
xul obieqtur samyaros. amitom, isini fenome-
nologiuri fsiqologiis warmomadgenlebadac
iTvlebian, radgan movlenebze calkeuli moq-
medi subieqtis (actor) pirad Sexedulebas swav-
loben. garda amisa, humanisti fsiqologebi cdi-
14 loben mTliani pirovneba Seiswavlon da ho-
listur midgomas aRiareben. maTi azriT, nam-
dvili wvdoma niSnavs individis fsiqikis, sxe-
ulis da qcevis codnas socialuri da kultu-
ruli faqtorebis gaTvaliswinebiT.
humanisturi midgoma afarToebs fsiqolo-
giis sferos da masSi literaturis, istoriis,
xelovnebis Seswavlidan miRebul gakveTilebs
rTavs. amgvarad, fsiqologia ufro savse dis-
ciplina xdeba. humanisturi fsiqologiis war-
momadgenlebi amboben, rom maTi midgoma aris
is safuari, romelic exmareba fsiqologias ada-
mianis bunebis cxovelur aspeqtebze da uaryo-
fiT Zalebze zemoT dadges. rogorc me-16 Tav-
Si vnaxavT, humanisturma mimdinareobam didi
gavlena iqonia fsiqoTerapiaSi axali midgome-
bis gaCenaze.
kognituri mimdinareoba
kognituri revolucia fsiqologiaSi gaCnda,
rogorc biheviorizmis SezRudulobis kidev erTi
gamowveva. kognituri mimdinareobis centrSi dgas
adamianis Semecneba da codnis SeZenis yvela
procesi: yuradReba, azrovneba, damaxsovreba da
gageba. kognituri mimarTulebis mixedviT ada-
mianebi moqmedeben, radgan isini azrovneben, xo-
lo azrovneben, radgan adamianebi arian.
kognitur modelSi qceva mxolod nawilob-
rivadaa ganpirobebuli garemos winmswrebi mov-
lenebiT da warsuli qcevebis SedegebiT, ro-
gorc es bihevioristebs miaCniaT. zogierTi yve-
laze mniSvnelovani qceva azrovnebis sruli-
ad axali da ara warsulSi gamoyenebuli gze-
bidan Cndeba. im alternativebis warmodgenis
unari, romlebic sruliad gansxvavdeba imis-
gan, rac aris, an iyo, saSualebas aZlevs adami-
ans momavlisken iswrafos da awmyo situacia
gadalaxos. individi realobaze reagirebs ara
ise, TiTqos is obieqturi samyaro iyos, aramed
ise, rogorc is misi fiqrebis da warmosaxvis
Sinagani samyaros subieqtur realobaSi aisa-
xeba. kognituri fsiqologebisaTvis azrebi qce-
vebis rogorc Sedegi, aseve mizezia. Tu viRa-
cas awyenineT da nanobT, es azria, romelic
qcevis Sedegad gagiCndaT, xolo sinanulis gan-
cdis Semdeg bodiSis moxda azris, rogorc
qcevis mizezis magaliTia.
kognituri fsiqologiis warmomadgenlebi
iseT umaRles fsiqikur procesebs swavloben,
rogoricaa aRqma, mexsiereba, enis gamoyeneba,
problemis gadaWra da gadawyvetilebis miReba
sxvadasxva doneze. maT SeiZleba ikvlion tvin-
Si sisxlis moZraobis sqema sxvadasxva tipis
kognituri amocanis gadawyvetisas, studentis
mogonebebi adreuli bavSvobis SemTxvevaze, an
sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi mexsierebis unaris
cvlilebebi. fsiqikur procesebze fokusirebis
gamo mravali mkvlevrisaTvis kognituri mimdi-
nareoba dRes fsiqologiaSi dominanturia.

evoluciuri mimdinareoba
evoluciuri mimdinareoba cdilobs Tanamed-
rove fsiqologia biologiuri mecnierebebis Zi-
riTad ideebs, Carlz darvinis bunebrivi SerCe-
vis gziT evoluciis Teorias daukavSiros. bu-
nebrivi SerCevis idea sakmaod martivia: gare-
mosTan ukeT Seguebuli organizmebi ukeTes STa-
momavlobas iZlevian (da gadascemen Tavis ge-
nebs), vidre cudad Seguebulebi. mravali Tao-
bis manZilze adaptaciis unari sul ufro da
ufro Zlierdeba da ixveweba. fsiqologiaSi evo-
wlis win damTavrda). evoluciuri fsiqolo-
luciuri mimdinareoba gulisxmobs, rom, ro-
gia evoluciuri biologiis mdidar Teoriul
gorc fsiqikuri, ise fizikuri unarebi milio-
gamocdilebas iyenebs, raTa is centraluri
nobiT wlis ganmavlobaSi viTardeboda, raTa
adaptaciuri problemebi daadginos, romlebic
konkretul adaptaciur miznebs momsaxureboda.
cocxali arsebebis winaSe dgas: mtaceblebisa
mkvlevrebi im garemo pirobebs swavloben,
da parazitebis Tavidan acileba, sakvebis Seg-
romlebSic adamianis tvini ganviTarda. adami-
roveba da gacvla, mewyvilis mopoveba da Se-
anis ganviTarebis istoriis 99% pleistoce-
narCuneba, janmrTeli bavSvebis gazrda. adap-
nis eraSi mcire jgufebad cxovrebas, nadiro-
taciuri problemebis dadgenis Semdeg evolu-
basa da SemgroveblobaSi mimdinareobda (uxe-
ciuri fsiqologia daskvnebs akeTebs im fsiqi-
Sad, ormilionwliani periodi, romelic 10 000
kuri meqanizmebis an fsiqologiuri adaptaci-
kognituri mimdinareoba (Cognitive perspective) _ fsi-

Tanamedrove fsiqologiis ganviTareba

qologiis mimdinareoba, romelic aqcents ake-
Tebs adamianis azrovnebis da codnis SeZenis
procesebze, rogoricaa yuradReba, azrovneba, da-
maxsovreba, molodini, problemis gadaWra, fan-
tazia da cnobiereba.
evoluciuri mimdinareoba (Evolutionary perspective)
_ fsiqologiis midgoma, romelic xazs usvams
qceviT da adapturobis mniSvnelovnebas im vara-
udis safuZvelze, rom fsiqikuri unarebi mili-
onobiT wlis ganmavlobaSi viTardeboda, raTa
konkretul adaptur miznebs momsaxureboda.
kulturuli mimdinareoba (Cultural perspective) _ aq-
cents qcevis mizezebis da Sedegebis kros-kul-
turul sxvaobaze akeTebs.
is Sesaxeb, romelic SeiZleba am problemebis
gadasWrelad gaCeniliyo.
evoluciuri fsiqologia sxva mimarTule-
bebisagan, upirvels yovlisa, imiT gansxvavde-
ba, rom misi ZiriTadi amxsneli principi evo-
luciis ukiduresad xangrZlivi procesia. am
mimarTulebis warmomadgenlebi cdiloben ga-
igon qalisa da mamakacis mier aRebuli gan-
sxvavebuli sqesobrivi rolebi, rogorc evo-
luciis da ara Tanamedrove sazogadoebis gav-
lenis produqti. imis gamo, rom evoluciuri
fsiqologiis warmomadgenlebs ar SeuZliaT
eqsperimentebis Catareba, radgan evoluciis
process ver Secvlian, maT araordinaruli gze-
bis Zieba uwevT, raTa Teoriis damamtkicebeli
sabuTebi moipovon. 15
 kulturuli mimdinareoba
am mimdinareobis warmomadgenlebi qcevis mi-
zezebisa da Sedegebis kros-kulturul sxvao-
bebs swavloben. kulturuli mimdinareoba mniS-
vnelovani pasuxia im kritikaze, rom fsiqolo-
giuri kvleva xSirad zedmetad emyareba adamia-
nis bunebis gagebis dasavlur koncefcias da
ikvlevs mxolod TeTrkanian, saSualo klasis
amerikelebs (Gergen et al; 1996). kulturuli Zale-
bis saTanado gaTvaliswineba erTi da imave eris
SigniT jgufebis Sedarebasac gulisxmobs. ma-
galiTad, mkvlevrebma SeiZleba Seiswavlon kve-
biTi aSlilobebi aSS-is TeTrkanian da Savkani-
an amerikel mozardebSi (ixileT me-12 Tavi). kul-
turuli Zalebi SeiZleba aseve Sefasdes sxva-
dasxva erSi, magaliTad, moraluri msjelobe-
bis Sedareba aSS-sa da indoeTSi (Tavi me-11).
kros-kulturuli fsiqologiis warmomadgenlebs
ainteresebT, yvela adamians exeba arsebuli Te-
oriebi, Tu ufro viwro, specifikur populaci-
ebs.
kros-kulturuli mimdinareoba fsiqologi-
uri kvlevis TiTqmis yvela sferoze vrcelde-
ba: zemoqmedebs Tu ara kultura adamianis mier
samyaros aRqmaze? ganapirobebs Tu ara ena sam-
yaros aRqmas? rogor zemoqmedebs kultura bav-
Svis ganviTarebaze? rogor zemoqmedebs kultu-
ruli ganwyobebi moxucebulobis asakis gamoc-
dilebaze? ganapirobebs kultura sakuTari Ta-
Tavi 1 / fsiqologiis mecniereba Cvens cxovrebaSi
vis aRqmas? zemoqmedebs kultura imaze, Tu ro-
gor gamoxatavs adamiani emociebs? ganapirobebs
Tu ara kultura imas, Tu ra qcevebs ganaxorci-
elebs individi? zemoqmedebs Tu ara kultura
imaze, Tu ra zomiT ganicdian adamianebi fsiqi-
kur aSlilobebs?
amgvari kiTxvebis dasmiT kulturuli mimdi-
nareoba xSirad iseT daskvnebs gvaZlevs, rom-
lebic sxva mimarTulebis mier wamoyenebul Te-
zisebs ewinaaRmdegeba. magaliTad, mkvlevarTa
azriT, froidis Teoriis mravali aspeqti ar
miesadageba venis kulturisagan Sors mdgom sa-
zogadoebebs. amgvari idea jer kidev anTropo-
logma bronislav malinovskim (Bronislav Malinow-
ski) gamoTqva 1927 wels da froidis mamaze cen-
trirebuli Teoria axali gvineis magaliTis sa-
fuZvelze gaakritika, sadac ojaxebi dedazea
centrirebuli. amrigad, kulturuli mimdinare-
oba miiCnevs, rom fsiqodinamikuri mimdinareo-
16
bis zogierTi debuleba arasworia. kulturis
sxvadasxvaoba da simdidre gaTvaliswinebuli
unda iyos, rodesac adamianis gamocdilebis Se-
saxeb daskvnebis ganzogadebas vaxdenT.
mimdinareobebis Sedareba:
agresiis magaliTi
Svidive mimdinareoba s\xvadasxva daSvebazea
agebuli da gansxvavebulad esmis qceva. cxril-
Si 1.1 Sejamebulia es mimdinareobebi.
magaliTisaTvis mokled ganvixiloT, rogor
axsnida TiToeuli es Teoria agresiis faqts;
imas, Tu ratom iqcevian adamianebi agresiulad.
yvela es midgoma iyo gamoyenebuli agresiisa
da Zaladobis bunebis gagebis mcdelobisas. Ti-
Toeuli mimarTulebisaTvis mogvyavs mkvlevre-
bis mier SesaZlod gamoTqmuli mosazrebebi da
SesaZlod ganxorcielebuli eqsperimentebi.
biologiuri. ikvleven tvinis konkretuli
sistemebis rols agresiaSi. isini sxvadasxva re-
gions astimulireben da Semdeg amiT gamowve-
ul destruqciul moqmedebebs afiqsireben. ag-
reTve, swavloben, raime normidan gadaxra xom
ar aris seriuli mkvlelebis tvinSi, xom ar
aris dakavSirebuli qalis agresia menstrua-
lur ciklTan.
fsiqodinamikuri. aanalizeben agresias, ro-
gorc reaqcias frustraciaze, romelsac sia-
movnebis miRwevis procesSi Seqmnili dabrko-
lebebi iwvevs, rogoricaa, magaliTad, usamar-
Tlo xelmZRvaneli. es mimdinareoba agresias
uyurebs, rogorc bavSvobaSi mSoblebis mimarT
gancdili mtrulobis gadatanas zrdasrul asak-
Si.
bihevioristuli. adgens warsulSi Cadeni-
li agresiuli qcevebis ganmtkicebis faqtebs,
vTqvaT, moswavlem klaselebs, an Tanatolebs
daartya da es zedmeti yuradRebis sagani gax-
da. es midgoma amtkicebs, rom bavSvebi mSoble-
bisagan agresiul mopyrobas swavloben da Sem-
deg Tavis Svilebsac aseve epyrobian.
humanisturi. ikvlevs im pirovnul Rirebu-
lebebs da socialur pirobebs, romlebic xels
uwyobs agresiul da TviTSemzRudav gamocdi-
lebas da ara harmoniul ganviTarebas.
kognituri. swavlobs mtrul azrebs da
fantaziebs, romelsac adamiani Zaladobis aq-
cxrili
1.1
Tanamedrove fsiqologiis Svidi mimdinareobis Sedareba
mimdinareoba rogor esmis qcevis kvlevis fokusi kvlevis ZiriTadi
adamianis buneba determinantebi Temebi

biologiuri pasiuri memkvidreoba, tvini da nervuli qcevis da fsiqikuri

meqanisturi bioqimiuri sistemis procesebis
procesebi procesebi bioqimiuri
safuZveli
fsiqodinamikuri instinqtiT memkvidreoba, aracnobieri qceva, rogorc
marTuli adreuli ltolvebi, aracnobieri
gamocdileba konfliqtebi motivebis garegani
gamoxatva
bihevioristuli reagirebs stimulze, garemo, konkretuli qceva da misi
SeiZleba misi Secvla stimulis Semcveli garegani reqciebi stimulebi, mizezebi
pirobebi da Sedegebi
humanisturi aqtiuri, potenciurad adamianis cxovrebis paternebi
usazRvro sakuTari gamocdileba da faseulobebi,
potencialis Tavisadmi potenciali miznebi
mqone mimarTuli
kognituri SemoqmedebiTad stimulis fsiqikuri qceviTi
aqtiuri, Semcveli procesebi, indikatorebis
reagirebs pirobebi, ena saSualebiT
stimulze fsiqikuri Seswavlili
procesebi fsiqikuri procesebi
evoluciuri plesitocenis eris adaptacia ganviTarebuli ganviTarebis
problemebis gadarCenis fisqologiuri adapturi funqciebis
gadaWraze mizniT adaptacia TvalsazrisiT
adaptirebuli ganxiluli
fsiqikuri meqanizmebi
kulturuli icvleba kulturis kulturuli damokidebulebebisa adamianis
zegavleniT normebi (attitudes) da gamocdilebis
qcevebis kros- universaluri da
kulturuli kulturulad
sqemebi specifikuri aspeqtebi

Tanamedrove fsiqologiis ganviTareba

tis yurebisas ganicdis. ikvlevs filmebSi ar-
sebuli agresiis, maT Soris pornografiuli
Zaladobis gavlenas iaraRis xmarebisadmi, gau-
patiurebisadmi da omisadmi damokidebulebaze.
evoluciuri. ganixilavs, ra pirobebis ga-
mo gaxda agresia adapturi qceva adreuli ada-
mianebisaTvis. adgens fsiqologiur meqanizmebs,
romlebic pasuxismgebelia agresiuli qcevis se-
leqciur warmoSobaze.
kulturuli. ganixilavs, rogor avlenen
da xsnian agresias sxvadasxva kulturis war-
momadgenlebi. rogor zemoqmedeben kulturu-
li Zalebi agresiuli qcevis sxvadasxva tipis
gamovlenis albaTobaze.
ras akeTeben fsiqologebi
ukve sakmarisi iciT fsiqologiis Sesaxeb,
raTa is kiTxvebi CamoayaliboT, romlebic fsi-
qologiuri kv levis mTel diapazons moicavs.
kiTxvebis amgvari sia rom mogemzadebinaT, sxva-
dasxva dargis fsiqologis saeqsperto sferos
SeexebodiT. 1.2 cxrilSi amgvari kiTxvebis Cve-
neuli versiaa moyvanili Sesabamisi dargis fsi-
qologebis miTiTebiT. Tu dro gaqvT, Tqveni sa-
kuTari kiTxvebis sia CamowereT. gadaxazeT Ti-
Toeuli kiTxva, rogorc ki mis pasuxs amoi-
kiTxavT am wignSi. 17
 cxrili
1.2
fsiqologiuri kvlevis mravalferovneba
kiTxva
rogor unda gadaWran adamianebma ukeT
TavianTi yoveldRiuri problemebi?
rogor inaxeba mogonebebi tvinSi?
rogor SegviZlia vaswavloT ZaRls
brZanebebis Sesruleba?
ratom ver vixseneb yovelTvis informacias,
romelic namdvilad vici?
ratom gansxvavdebian adamianebi
erTmaneTisagan?
rogor muSaobs `TanatolTa zewola~
ra ician Cvilebma samyaros Sesaxeb?
ratom iwvevs CemSi depresias Cemi samuSao?
rogor unda moepyras maswavlebeli
`amrev~moswavles?
ratom vxdebi cudad yoveli gamocdis win?
Seuracxadi iyo braldebuli
danaSaulis Cadenis dros?
ratom miWirs sunTqva kalaTburTis
Tavi 1 / fsiqologiis mecniereba Cvens cxovrebaSi
mniSvnelovani matCebis dros?
albaT ukve mixvdiT, rom msoflioSi Zalian
bevri fsiqologia. gamokvlevebi aCvenebs, rom
maTi raodenoba 500 000-s aWarbebs, maTgan 62-dan
82 aTasamde fsiqologiuri kvlevis sferoSi moR-
vaweobs (ix. sur. 1.1). miuxedavad imisa, rom fsi-
qologebis raodenoba dasavleTis industriul
qveynebSi metia, mraval sxva qveyanaSic izrdeba
interesi fsiqologiis mimarT. fsiqologiuri mec-
nierebis saerTaSoriso kavSirSi 64 qveynis fsi-
qologia gaerTianebuli (Rozenzweig, 1999). ameri-
kis fsiqologTa asociacias (APA) 1998 wlis bo-
los 155 000 wevri hyavda msoflios yvela kuTx-
idan (Fowler, 1999). kidev erTi saerTaSoriso or-
ganizacia, amerikis fsiqologTa sazogadoeba
18 (APS), 16 000-ze met wevrs aerTianebs da fsiqo-
vin pasuxobs am kiTxvas
klinikuri fsiqologiis warmomadgeneli
fsiqiatri fsiqologi konsultanti
(counceling psychologist) Temis fsiqologi
(community psychologist)
bio-fsiqologi fsiqofarmakologi
eqsperimentuli fsiqologiis
warmomadgeneli qcevis analitikosi
kognituri fsiqologiis warmomadgeneli
kognituri mecnierebis warmomadgeneli
pirovnebis fsiqologiis warmomadgeneli
qcevis genetikosi
socialuri fsiqologiis warmomadgeneli
ganviTarebis fsiqologiis warmomadgeneli
Sromis fsiqologiis warmomadgeneli
adamianis faqtoris fsiqologi
ganaTlebis fsiqologiis warmomadgeneli
skolis fsiqologi
janmrTelobis fsiqologiis warmomadgeneli
sasamarTlo fsiqologiis warmomadgeneli
sportis fsiqologiis warmomadgeneli
logiis ufro samecniero aspeqtebzea fokusi-
rebuli, vidre klinikur, mkurnalobis mxareze.
ar gagikvirdebaT imis gageba, rom fsiqo-
logiis kvlevac da praqtikac mamakacebis do-
minirebiT mimdinareobda, Tumca mcire raode-
nobiT qalma fsiqologebma arsebiTi wvlili
Seitanes am sferoSi (Russo and Denmark, 1987; Scar-
borough and Furomoto, 1987). 1894 wels margaret
uoSbornma (Margaret Washburn) kornelis uni-
versiteti daamTavra da qalebSi pirvelma mi-
iRo doqtoris xarisxi. man dawera cnobili
saxelmZRvanelo „cxovelis goneba“. 1895 wels
meri kalkinsma (Mary Calkins) warCinebiT daam-
Tavra harvardis universitetis doqtorantu-
ra, magram administracia mas ar aZlevda doq-
suraTi
1.2
fsiqologTa samuSao garemo
naCvenebia sxvadasxva adgilas momuSave fsiqologTa
procenti amerikis fsiqologTa asociaciis fsilogiis
doqtoris akademiuri xarisxis mqone wevrTa Soris
Catrebuli gamokiTxvis mixedviT
toris xarisxs. miuxedavad amisa, kalkinsi
warmatebuli mkvlevari da amerikis fsiqologTa
asociaciis pirveli qali prezidenti gaxda. ana
froidma (Anna Freud) mniSvnelovani wvlili Se-
itana fsiqoanalizis praqtikaSi. wamyvani qali
mkvlevrebis Sromebs saxelmZRvaneloSi araer-
Txel SexvdebiT.
Tanamedrove fsiqologiaSi qalebi da mama-
kacebi erToblivad iziareben Teoriis da praqti-
suraTi
1.3
qalebisaTvis miniWebuli fsiqologiis
doqtoris xarisxi
gasuli 30 wlis ganmavlobaSi am mxriv qalebi
upiratesobas floben
kis warmatebebs. rogorc 1.2 suraTzea naCvenebi,
doqtoris xarisxis umetesoba amJamad qalebs
aqvT (Pion et al; 1996) da es tendencia XXI saukune-
Si myarad narCundeba (Murray and Williams, 1999).
rac ufro meti wvlili Seaqvs fsiqologias
adamianis Seswavlis saqmeSi, miT meti da meti
adamiani _ qali da kaci, sazogadoebis yvela
segmentis warmomadgeneli misdevs am karieras.
Tqven gzas adgaxarT. imedi gvaqvs, rom `fsi-
qologia da cxovreba~ Rirs mogzaurobad, ro-
melic savsea moulodneli siamovnebebiT da
samaxsovro momentebiT. daviwyoT, an, rogorc
Tanamedrove fsiqologiis ganviTareba
italielebi ityvian: „wavediT!“ (andiamo!)
Sejameba
adre fsiqologebs miaCndaT, rom fsiqolo-
giuri procesebi detreminizmis doqtriniTaa
marTuli _ fsiqikuri da fizikuri movlenebi
ganpirobebulia konkretuli mizezebiT. erT-er-
Ti adreuli midgoma, struqturalizmi, aqcents
fsiqikur Sinaarsebsa da qcevis struqturaze
akeTebda meore midgoma, funqcionalizi ki _
qcevis funqciaze.
Tanamedrove fsiqologia Svid ZiriTad mim-
dinareobas moicavs. biologiuri mimdinareoba
swavlobs mimarTebas qcevasa da tvinis meqa- 19
 nizmebs Soris; fsiqodinamikuri mimarTulebi-
saTvis qceva cnobieri da aracnobieri motiva-
ciebiTaa gamowveuli; bihevioristuli mimarTu-
lebisaTvis qceva garegani stimuluri pirobebi-
Taa ganpirobebuli, humanisturi mimarTulebisaT-
vis aqcenti keTdeba individis piradi zrdis Si-
nagan unarze; kognituri mimarTulebisaTvis mTa-
varia is fsiqikuri procesebi, romlebic qceviT
reaqciebze zemoqmedebs; evoluciuri mimarTu-
lebisaTvis qceva gadarCenisaTvis brZolisas
garemosTan Seguebis Sedegia, xolo, kultu-
ruli mimarTulebisaTvis qceva da misi inter-
pretacia kulturis konteqstSi ganixileba.
fsiqologebi kiTxvaTa did diapazons pa-
suxoben. fsiqologis profesia gasuli ram-
denime aTwleulis manZilze Seicvala, misi
Tvalsawieri ufro internacionaluri gaxda
da met qals moiTvlis.

fsiqologia XXI saukuneSi

vifiqroT momavalze

`fsiqologiis da cxovre-
bis~ am gamocemas mokle ese-
ebi davamateT, romlebic fsi-
qologiaSi, rogorc mecnie-
rebaSi, momxdar clilebebs
aRwers XXI saukuneSi gadas-
vlasTan erTad. am TavSi mok-
led aRvwereT, Tu rogor Se-
icvala es disciplina gasu-
li 100 wlis ganmavlobaSi,
gansakuTrebiT, Teoriuli mim-
dinareobebis kuTxiT. ras mog-
Tavi 1 / fsiqologiis mecniereba Cvens cxovrebaSi
bani. Cven ver viwinaswarmety-
velebT, romeli sazogadoeb-
rivi moZraoba Seipyrobs
msoflios XXI saukuneSi, mag-
ram danamdvilebiT SegviZlia
vTqvaT, rom fsiqologebi da-
uyovnebliv reagirebas moax-
denen am sakiTxebze da maT
Seswavlas daiwyeben. fsiqo-
logiur kvlevaze, agreTve,
did gavlenas moaxdens is teq-
nologiuri siaxleeebi, rom-
bis Sedegad mkvlevrebs sa-
Sualeba miecemaT zedmiwev-
niT zustad gaarkvion, ra mi-
marTebaa fsiqikur proceseb-
sa da tvinis aqtivobas So-
ris. aseve, genetikuri kvle-
vis teqnologiuri iaraRebis
ganviTarebam SesaZloa swra-
fad Secvalos is gzebi, rom-
lebiTac mkvlevrebi acal-
keveben bunebisa da aRzrdis
zegavlenas TiToeuli indi-

vitans Semdegi 100 weli? aS-
karaa, rom fsiqologiis Si-
naarsi da praqtika momaval-
Si Seicvleba.
marTalia, zogierTi sa-
kiTxi, romelsac fsiqologe-
bi swavloben, droze ar aris
damokidebuli, magaliTad,
rogoria enis aTvisebis Zi-
riTadi procesebi, magram ar-
sebobs iseTi sakiTxebic, rom-
lebic konkretul dros mo-
aqvs. magaliTad, me-17 da me-18
TavebSi ganxiluli socialu-
ri fsiqologiis kvlevebis
umetesoba im mecnierebma wa-
moiwyes, vinc cdilobda gae-
go, ra Zalebma ganapiroba me-
ore msoflio omis saSinele-
20
lebic adamianebsa da kultu-
rebs Soris manZils amcirebs.
internetis gamo XXI sauku-
neSi didi mniSvneloba mieni-
Weba sxvadasxva kulturis
msgavsebisa da sxvaobis sa-
kiTxs.
teqnologiuri siaxleni
fsiqologiis kvlevis meTo-
debzec iqoniebs gavlenas,
radgan fsiqikuri procesebis
kvlevisas ukve XX saukunis
bolos farTod gamoiyenebo-
da kompiuterebi da tvinis Se-
saswavli sxva mowyobilobe-
bi, romlebzec vundts da mis
kolegebs warmodgenac ki ar
hqondaT. kidev ufro daxve-
wili teqnologiuri miRweve-
vidis cxovrebaSi.
am tipis sakiTxebs _ ino-
vaciebi fsiqologiis Sina-
arssa da praqtikaSi _ miv-
marTavT swored specialur
qveTavebSi _ fsiqologia
XXI saukuneSi.
veb-gverdebi:
www.apa.org _ amerikis fsi-
qologTa asociaciis gver-
di
www.psychologicalscience.org
_ amerikis fsiqologTa sa-
zogadoebis gverdi
sakvanZo
sakiTxebi
ratomaa fsiqologia
unikaluri
fsiqologia aris individe-
bis qcevis da fsiqikuri pro-
cesebis mecnieruli Seswav-
la.
fsiqologiis mizania qcevis
aRwera, axsna, winaswarmety-
veleba da gakontrolebis
xelSewyoba.
Tanamedrove fsiqologi-
is ganviTareba
vundtis da titCeneris Sro-
mebidan ganviTarda struq-
turalizmi, romelic aq-
cents elementaruli Seg-
rZnebebisagan agebuli fsi-
qikisa da qcevis struqtu-
raze akeTebs.
jemsisa da diuis mier ganvi-
Tarebuli funqcionalizmi
aqcents qcevis miRma arse-
bul mizanze akeTebs.
am Teoriebma Seqmnes Tana-
medrove fsiqologiis safuZ-
vlebi.
fsiqologiis Seswavlis Svi-
dive Tanamedrove midgoma
gansxvavebulad xedavs ada-
mianis bunebas, qcevis deter-
minantebs, kvlevis sferosa
da meTodebs.
biologiuri mimdinareoba
qcevasa da tvinis meqaniz-
mebs Soris mimarTebas swav-
lobs.
fsiqodinamikuri mimarTule-
bisaTvis qceva instinqturi
ZalebiTa da Sinagani kon-
fliqtebiT, cnobieri da
aracnobieri motivebiTaa gan-
pirobebuli.
biheviorizisaTvis qceva gan-
pirobebulia garegani sti-
mulebiT.
humanisturi mimarTulebisaT-
vis mniSvnelovania raciona-
luri arCevanis gakeTebis
Tandayolili unari individ-
Si.
kognituri mimdinareoba xazs
usvams im fsiqikur proce-
sebs, romlebic qceviT re-
aqciebze
zemoqmedebs.
evoluciuri mimdinareoba
Tvlis, rom qceva gadarCe-
nis procesSi Seguebis Se-
degad ganviTarda.
kulturuli mimdinareoba
qcevas da mis interpretaci-
as kulturul konteqstSi
ganixilavs.
ras akeTeben fsiqo-
logebi
fsiqologebi sxvadasxva sfe-
roSi muSaoben da sxvadas-
xva specialobis gamocdile-
bas eyrdnobian. fsiqologi-
is profesiis warmomadge-
neli pasuxs scems TiTqmis
yvela kiTxvas, romelic re-
alur cxovrebiseul gamoc-
dilebas exeba.
XXI saukunis dasawyisisaT-
vis fsiqologis profesia
moculobiT ufro interna-
cionaluri da praqtikose-
bisa da mkvlevrebis Semad-
genlobiT ufro mravalfe-
rovani gaxda.
ZiriTadi cnebebi
ZiriTadi cnebebi yvela Tav-
Si muqi SriftiTaa gamoyo-
fili, rom advilad SeamCni-
oT, xolo yoveli Tavis bo-
los igive terminebi ganmeo-
rebiTaa mocemuli. garda ami-
sa, yvela ZiriTadi cneba wig-
nis bolos, leqsikonSi mo-
cemuli, anbanis mixedviT da
ganmartebulia.
biheviorizmi
bihevioristuli
mimdinareoba
biologiuri mimdinareoba
garemos cvladebi
dispoziciuri cvladebi
evoluciuri mimdinareoba
kognituri mimdinareoba
kulturuli mimdinareoba
mecnieruli meTodi
Tanamedrove fsiqologiis ganviTareba
organizmuli cvladebi
situaciis cvladebi
struqturalizmi
funqcionalizmi
fsiqodinamikuri
mimdinareoba
fsiqologia
qceva
qcevis monacemebi
humanisturi mimdinareoba
21
 fsiqologiis kvlevis meTodebi

2
aRmoCenis etapi
dasabuTebis etapi:
obieqturobis dacvis
saSualebebi
• damkvirveblis
tendenciuroba da
operaciuli
gansazRvrebebi
• eqsperimentuli
meTodi:
alternatiuli axsna
da kontrolis
saWiroeba
• korelaciis meTodi
• qvezRurblovani
zemoqmedeba
fsiqologiuri gazomva
• sandooba da
validoba
• TviTangariSi
• qcevis dakvirveba da
gazomva
kvlevis eTikuri
sakiTxebi
• informirebuli
Tanxmoba
• riskis/sargeblis
Sefaseba
• ganzrax motyueba
• kvlevis Semdgomi
interviu
• cxovelTa kvleva:
mecniereba, eTika,
politika
rogor gamoviyenoT
sworad mecnieruli kvlevis
Sedegebi
fsiqologia XXI
saukuneSi: fsiqologiuri
kvleva da informaciis
afeTqeba
sakvanZo sakiTxebi
22 • ZiriTadi cnebebi
T
avis avtobiografiaSi (namdvilad xumrobT, mis-
ter feinman) (1985) nobelis premiis laureatma
fizikosma riCard feinmanma (Richard Feynman)
WianWvelebis navigaciis unaris araformaluri
kvlevis programa aRwera (gv. 93-95):
prinstonis universitetis oTaxSi nalis
formis rafiani fanjara mqonda. erT mSvenier
dRes WianWvelebi gamoCndnen. davinteresdi,
rogor moZraoben WianWvelebi; rogor
xvdebian, saiT unda wavidnen? SeuZliaT
erTmaneTs uTxran, sad aris saWmeli, rogorc
amas futkrebi akeTeben? aqvT geometriis raime
SegrZneba?
axalbedasaviT viqceodi, dRes yvelam icis
pasuxi am kiTxvebze, magram maSin ar vicodi...
erT eqsperimentSi fanjris rafaze SuSis
bevri mikroskopuli slaidi davalage, rom-
lebzec WianWvelebi win da ukan dadiodnen
winaswar dayrili Saqris mosapoveblad. Sem-
deg, Zveli slaidi axliT Sevcvale da am-
SesaZloa, Tqven arasodes gagCeniaT kiTxvebi
WianWvelebis qcevis Sesaxeb, magram sxva tipis
kiTxvebi namdvilad gagiCndebodaT adamianis an
cxovelis qcevasTan dakavSirebiT. am TavSi
visaubrebT imaze, Tu rogor pasuxoben fsiqo-
logebi kiTxvebs, romlebic TqvenTvisac sain-
teresoa. vnaxavT, rogor iynebs fsiqologia mec-
nierul meTodebs kvlevisaTvis. gvinda, rom
gaigoT, rogor gegmaven fsiqologebi TavianT
kvlevas: rogor SeiZleba rTuli da xSirad
ablurduli monacemebidan azrovnebis, grZno-
bebis da qcevebis Sesaxeb myari, seriozuli das-
kvnebis gakeTeba.
gvarad SevZeli meCvenebina, rom WianWvelebs
geometriis araviTari SegrZneba ar aqvT _
isini ver xvdebodnen, sad iyo raime moTavs-
ebuli. Tu raRac erTi gziT midiodnen Saqri-
saken, ukanac aucileblad imave gziT brun-
debodnen, sxva, ufro mokle gzas ar irCevdnen.
amave dros, WianWvelebma garkveuli kvali
datoves SuSis slaidebze, rasac eqsperi-
mentebis mTeli seriebi mohyva imis Sesamow-
meblad, Tu ramden xans narCundeba es kvali,
SeiZleba Tu ara misi advilad waSla da a.S.
aRmovaCine, rom kvals mimarTuleba ar gaaCnda.
rom ameyvana WianWvela, Semetrialebina da
missave kvalze damebrunebina, is araswor gzas
daadgeboda, Tanac amas ver xvdeboda, sanam
sxva WianWvelas ar Sexvdeboda.
feinmanis martivi, magram gonivruli eqsperi-
mentebi saSualebas aZlevdnen mas WianWvelebis
qcevis Sesaxeb cnobismoyvareoba daekmayo-
filebina.
am TavSi mowodebuli informaciis daufleba
Zalian sasargeblo iqneba TqvenTvis im
SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu arasodes ganaxorcielebT
mecnierul kvlevas. Cveni mizania dagexmaroT
kritikuli azrovnebis gaumjobesebaSi imiT, rom
gaswavloT, rogor unda dasvaT swori kiTxvebi
da SeafasoT fsiqologiuri movlenebis mize-
aRmoCenis etapi
zebis, Sedegebis da korelatebis Sesaxeb miRe-
buli pasuxebi. masmediaSi gamudmebiT SexvdebiT
amgvar frazas: „kvleva aCvenebs, rom~... Tqveni
inteleqtualuri skepticizmis daxvewis gziT
dagexmarebiT kvlevis Sedegebi ufro brZnulad
moixmaroT. gaCvenebT, rogor gadaWraT kamaTi
„faqtebTan da ara polemikasTan~ (Miller, 1992).
23
 aRmoCenis etapi
fsiqologiuri kvlevis procesi SeiZleba or
Semadgenel nawilad davyoT, Tanac am Tanmimdev-
robiT: ideis Camoyalibeba (aRmoCena) da misi
Semowmeba (dasabuTeba). aRmoCenis etapi kvlevis
sawyisi fazaa, romlis ganmavlobaSic dakvirve-
bas, Sexedulebas, informacias da zogad codnas
movlenis axleburi xedvisken mivyavarT. saidan
uCndeba kiTxvebi mkvlevars? zogierTi maTgani
movlenaTa, adamianTa da cxovelTa uSualo
dakvirvebidan modis, zogierTi ukve tradiciad
qceul sakiTxebs swavlobs, romlebic fsiqo-
logiaSi did, gadauWrel problemebad iTvleba.
xSirad mkvlevrebi Zvel ideebs da maT kombi-
naciebs axleburad warmoadgenen. WeSmaritad
Semoqmedi moazrovnis sinji axali WeSmaritebis
aRmoCenaa, romelic mecnierebas da sazogadoebas
ukeTesi mimarTulebiT amoZravebs.
fsiqologiuri Teoriebi cdiloben gaarkvion,
rogor funqcionirebs tvini, fsiqika, qceva da
garemo da ra kavSiria maT Soris. Teoria aris
cnebebis organizebuli wyeba, romelic movlenas
an movlenaTa erTobliobas xsnis. fsiqologiuri
TeoriebisTvis saerTo isaa, rom isini determi-
nizmis poziciaze dganan. determinizmi gulis-
xmobs, rom yvela movlena _ fizikuri, fsiqikuri
da qceviTi _ ganpirobebulia konkretuli
mizeziT, anu mis Sedegs warmoadgens. es mizezebi
SeiZleba Tavad adamianSi, an garemoSi iyos. amave
dros, mkvlevrebi uSveben, rom qcevac da
fsiqikuri procesebic mimarTebaTa kanonzo-
Tavi 2 / fsiqologiis kvlevis meTodebi
aRmoCenis etapi (context of discovery) _ kvlevis
sawyisi fazaa, romlis ganmavlobaSic dakvir-
vebas, Sexedulebas, informacias da zogad cod-
nas movlenis axleburi xedvisaken mivyavarT.
Teoria (Theory) _ cnebaTa organizebuli wyeba,
romelic movlenas an movlenaTa erTobliobas
xsnis.
determinizmi (Determinism) _ es doqtrina gu-
lisxmobs, rom yvela movlena _ fizikuri,
fsiqikuri da qceviTi _ ganpirobebulia konkre-
tuli mizezebiT, romelTa dadgena SesaZlebelia.
hipoTeza (Hypothesis) _ Semowmebadi debuleba
mizezebsa da Sedegebs Soris mimarTebis Taobaze,
xSirad is gamoxatulia winaswarmetyvelebis
formiT, konkretul pirobas gansazRvruli Se-
24
degi mohyveba.
mierebebs avlens da maTi aRmoCena kvlevis
saSualebiTaa SesaZlebeli. amitom fsiqolo-
giuri Teoria, Cveulebriv, amgvar kanonzomiere-
baTa mizezebs eZebs.
Teoriam ukve cnobili faqtebi unda axsnas
da, amave dros, axali ideebi da hipoTezebi
wamoayenos. hipoTeza aris mizezebsa da Sedegebs
Soris mimarTebis Sesaxeb arsebuli Semowmebadi
debuleba. hipoTezebs xSirad „Tu-maSin~ winas-
warmetyvelebis formiT ayalibeben, konkretuli
pirobebidan gansazRvruli Sedegebis miRebis
mizniT. SegviZlia, magaliTad, viwinaswarmetyve-
loT, rom, Tu bavSvebi bevr Zaladobas uyureben
televiziiT, maSin isini ufro agresiulad moiq-
cevian TavianT TanatolebTan. kvlevam „Tu-maSin~
mimarTeba unda Seamowmos. Teoriebi ukiduresad
mniSvnelovania axali hipoTezebis Camoyali-
bebisaTvis. rodesac mecnieruli monacemebi ar
adasturebs hipoTezas, mkvlevarma unda gada-
sinjos Tavisi Teoria. amrigad, Teoriasa da
kvlevas Soris mudmivi urTierTqmedebaa.
aRmoCenis etapis kidev erTi mniSvnelovani
nawilia kvlevisaTvis saWiro saTanado Rirebu-
lebebi da damokidebuleba. mecniereba moiTxovs
Ria _ kritikul da skeptikur _ damokidebulebas
nebismieri daskvnisadmi manam, sanam is ar aris
miRebuli damoukidebeli mkvlevrebis mier.
Riaoba or mizans emsaxureba. pirveli: WeSmari-
teba absoluturi ar aris, is damokidebulia
garkveul pirobebze da axali monacemebis gaCenis
SemTxvevaSi misi gadasinjva SesaZlebeli unda
iyos. meore: Ria orientaciis gamo mkvlevrebi
imisaTvis, rom Teoria damtkicebulad CaiTvalos,
man unda gaiaros mkacri Semowmeba, romlis Sedegi
unda daemTxves damoukidebel eqspertTa Sedegebs.
seriozulad udgebian iseT fenomenebsac ki,
romlebisac Tavad ar sjeraT, rogoricaa,
magaliTad, eqstrasensoruli aRqma (Bem, Honorton,
1994).
mecnieruli praqtika im monacemebs emyareba,
romlebic gakontrolebuli dakvirvebiTa da
frTxili gazomviTaa miRebuli. mecnierebis
samyaroSi, roca kargi monacemebi eqspertebis
azrs upirispirdeba, sakiTxi monacemebis sasar-
geblod wydeba. saidumloeba gaZevebulia kvle-
vis proceduridan, is Riaa SemowmebisaTvis, anu
sxva mkvlevrebs unda hqondeT SesaZlebloba
Seamowmon, gaakritikon, gaimeoron, an uaryon
monacemebi da meTodebi. monacemebis, Sedegebisa
da monacemebis Segrovebis meTodis aRwera maTgan
gakeTebuli daksvnebisagan calke dgas. samecni-
ero publikaciebSi kvlevis TiToeuli nawili
calke qveTavSia moyvanili da amiT mkiTxvels
saSualebas aZlevs erTmaneTisagan ganasxvavos
obieqturi monacemebi da maTi subieqturi
interpretacia. dabolos, kvleva unda gamo-
qveyndes, radgan kvlevis Sedegebi da monacemebi
ar unda daikargos, Tanac sxva mecnierebs unda
mieceT saSualeba, rom gaimeoron is.
Sejameba
aRmoCenis etapi kvlevis is fazaa, romelSic
mkvlevrebi dakvirvebas, informacias da codnas
iyeneben, raTa axali ideebi da Teoriebi Camoa-
yalibon. fsiqologiuri Teoriebi cdiloben
gaarkvion tvins, fsiqikas, qcevasa da garemos
Soris arsebuli deterministuli mimarTeba.
dasabuTebis etapi:
obieqturobis dacvis
saSualebebi
umetes SemTxvevaSi mkvlevrebi aRmoCenidan
Teoriebis Semowmebaze gadadian. dasabuTebis
etapi kvlevis is fazaa, romelSic hipoTezis
Sesamowmeblad faqtebis mopovebaa saWiro. es
ki sakmaod rTulia. fsiqologebma iseTi mona-
cemebi unda Seagrovon, romlebic validuri
daskvnebis gakeTebis saSualebas miscemT. amisaT-
vis fsiqologebi iyeneben mokavSires: mecnierul
meTods. mecnieruli meTodi aris monacemTa Seg-
rovebisa da interpretaciis procedurebis er-
Toblioba, romlis saSualebiTac minimumamdea
dayvanili Secdomis wyaro da sando daskvnebia
miRebuli. fsiqologia mecnierebad imdenad
iTvleba, ramdenadac is mecnieruli meTodis
mier damkvidrebul wesebs misdevs.
radganac mecnieruli kvlevis monacmebis
Segrovebisa da maTi analizis fazebze subieq-
turoba minimumamde unda iqnes dayvanili, amitom
obieqturobis gasazrdelad gamoiyeneba specia-
luri damcavi saSualebebi. erT-erT maTgans
axsnac ki ar sWirdeba: mkvlevrebma srulad
unda daafiqsiron monacemTa Segrovebisa da
analizis stadiebi iseTi formiT, rom sxva
mkvlevars maTi gageba da Sefaseba SeeZlos.
amitom jer aRvwerT, ra safrTxe aqvs obieq-
turobas da Semdeg ganvixilavT masTan brZolis
gzebs.
damkvirveblis tendenciuroba da
operaciuli gansazRvrebebi
erTi da igive movlenebze dakvirvebisas
adamianebi yovelTvis erTsa da imaves ar „xe-
daven~. am qveTavSi damkvirveblis tendeciuro-
bis problemas da misi gadaWris gzebs ganvixi-
dasabuTebis etapi: obieqturobis dacvis saSualebebi
lavT.
obieqturobis sirTule
damkvirveblis tendenciuroba pirovnuli
motivebisa da molodinebisagan gamomdinare
Secdomaa. xSirad adamianebs is esmiT da imas
xedaven, rasac moelian da ara imas, rac sinam-
dvileSi xdeba (ix. sur. 2.1). ganvixiloT damkvir-
veblis tendenciurobis saintereso magaliTi:
XX saukunis dasawyisSi erT-erTma wamyvanma
fsiqologma, hiugo miunsterbergma (Hugo Munster-
berg) mSvidobis Temaze warmoTqva sityva didi
auditoriis winaSe, romelSic Jurnalistebic
Sediodnen. man Semdegnairad aRwera Tavisi si-
tyvis gaSuqeba mediaSi:
reportiorebi dauyovnebliv moTavsdnen
platformis garSemo. erT-erTma Jurnalistma
dawera, rom auditoria imdenad iyo gaoce-
buli misi sityviT, rom srul siCumeSi
moismina is. meorem aRniSna, rom Cems gamos- 25
 belma SesaZloa gansxvavebuli daskvnebi gamoi-
tanos erTi da igive monacemebis safuZvelze.
damkvirveblis tendenciuroba filtria, romel-
Sic informaciis nawili mniSvnelovnad iTvle-
ba, xolo danarCenis ugulvebelyofa xdeba,
radgan irelevanturad da uazrodaa miCneuli.
mkvlevrebi xSirad akvirdebian movlenebs.
yovel damkvirvebels Tavisi gamocdileba
Semoaqvs dakvirvebaSi, iseve rogorc simpatiebi
romelime Teoriisadmi. axla xedavT, ratom aCens
problemas damkvirveblis tendenciuroba. ra
SeuZliaT gaakeTon mkvlevrebma am tendenciu-
robis minimumamde dasayvanad?

problemis gadaWris saSualeba

vlas gamudmebiT wyvetda mquxare aplodis- damkvirveblis tendenciurobis minimumamde
mentebi, xolo sityvis dasrulebisas taSi dayvanis mizniT mkvlevrebi standartizacias da
wuTebis ganmavlobaSi ar wydebodao; kidev operaciul gansazRvrebebs iyeneben. standar-
erTma dawera, rom Cemi oponentis gamosvlisas tizacia niSnavs monacemTa Segrovebis yvela
gamudmebiT viRimebodio; sxvam ki aRniSna, rom fazaze Tanmimdevrulad dalagebuli da yvela-
saxe sruliad uZravi (utyvi) mqonda da er-
Tic ki ar gamiRimiao; erTma miuTiTa, rom
aRelvebisagan Zlierad gavwiTldi, xolo
meorem, rom qaRaldiviT gavTeTrdio (1908, gv.
35-36).

saintereso iqneboda marTlac gvenaxa imdro-

indeli gazeTebi da Segvemowmebina, ra kavSirSi
iyo reportaJebi avtorebis politikur Sexedu-
lebebTan. SesaZloa, maSin mivmxvdariyaviT, ratom
„dainaxes~ Jurnalistebma ase da ara sxvagvarad.
fsiqologiur eqsperimentSi damkvirveblebs
Soris sxvaoba iseTi radikaluri ar unda iyos,
Tavi 2 / fsiqologiis kvlevis meTodebi

rogorc minusterbergis SemTxvevaSi iyo, magram

es magaliTi gvaCvenebs, rom sxvadasxva damkvirve-

dasabuTebis etapi (context of justification) _ kvlevis

is fazaa, romelSic hipoTezis SemowmebisaTvis
faqtebia mosapovebeli.
mecnieruli meTodi (Scientific method) _ monacemTa
Segrovebisa da interpretaciis procedurebis
erToblioba, romlis saSualebiTac minimumamdea
dayvanili Secdomis wyaro da sando daskvnebia
miRebuli.
damkvirveblis tendenciuroba (observer bias) _
realobis damaxinjeba, romelic damkvirveblis
suraTi
2.1
pirovnuli motivebisa da molodinebisagan
damkvirveblis tendenciuroba
momdinareobs.
26 Wiqa naxevrad carielia Tu naxevrad savse?
saTvis saerTo procedurebis gamoyenebas. tes-
tis an eqsperimentis yvela faza standartuli
unda iyos, anu kvlevis yvela monawile erTsa
da imave pirobaSi unda imyofebodes. standarti-
zacia niSnavs, rom kiTxvebs erTnairad svamT
da pasuxebs winaswar dadgenili wesebiT aniWebT
qulebs. Sedegebis Cawera (dafiqsireba) saSuale-
bas gvaZlevs SevadaroT isini sxva dros da
adgilas, sxva cdis pirebze da sxva mkvlevrebis
mier miRebul monacemebs. Tavad dakvirvebis
procedurac unda iyos standartuli. mecniereb-
ma unda SeZlon TavianTi Teoriebi iseT cnebebad
Targmnon, rom maT SeTanxmebuli mniSvneloba
hqondeT. cnebebis mniSvnelobis standartizaciis
strategias operacionalizacia ewodeba. opera-
ciuli gansazRvreba cnebas konkretuli
operaciebis an procedurebis terminebiT gan-
martavs. eqsperimentis yvela cvlads unda
hqondes operaciuli gansazRvreba. cvladi aris
nebismieri faqtori, romelic raodenobrivad
an Tvisebrivad icvleba. stimulis piroba,
romlic sxva nebismieri cvladisagan damouki-
deblad icvleba eqsperimentul garemoSi, aris
damoukidebeli cvladi. nebismieri cvladi, rom-
lis mniSvneloba erTi an meti damoukidebeli
cvladis cvlilebis Sedegia, aris damokidebuli
cvladi _ is damokidebulia stimulis pirobebis
cvlaze.
warmovidginoT, rom gvsurs adre moyvanili
hopoTezis Semowmeba: is bavSvebi, romlebic bevr
standartizacia (standardization) _ testSi, inter-
viuSi an eqsperimentSi monawilisadmi mopyro-
bis an monacemebis dafiqsirebis unificirebu-
li procedura.
operaciuli gansazRvreba (operational definition)
_ axdens cvladis an pirobis definicias kon-
kretuli operaciebis an procedurebis termi-
nebiT.
cvladi (variable) _ nebismieri faqtori, romelic
raodenobrivad an Tvisebrivad icvleba
damoukidebeli cvladi (independent variable) _
eqsperimentul garemoSi stimulis piroba, ro-
melic sxva nebismieri cvladisagan damouki-
deblad icvleba.
damokidebuli cvladi (dependent variable) _
eqsperimentul garemoSi nebismieri cvladi, rom-
lis mniSvneloba erTi an meti damoukidebeli
cvladis cvlilebis Sedegia.
Zaladobas uyureben telviziiT, ufro agresi-
ulni iqnebian TavianT TanatolebTan. SegiZliaT
dagegmoT eqsperimenti, sadac agresiis siZlieris
manipulirebas moaxdendiT (damoukidebeli
cvladi) da Semdeg naxavT, ra zomiT avlens
bavSvi agresias (damokidebuli cvladi). Tqveni
eqsperimentisaTvis mniSvnelovania, rom orive
cvladis _ sxvadasxva teleprogramaSi arsebuli
Zaladobis raodenoba da Tqveni eqsperimentis
monawileebis mier gamovlenili agresiis zoma
_ operacionalizacia moaxdinoT. ra procedu-
rebi unda gamoiyenoT, rom zustad gazomoT es
ori cvladi?
fsiqologebisaTvis xSirad problemaa zogi-
erTi rTuli cvladis operacionalizacia.
rogor moaxdendiT, vTqvaT, bavSvis mSobelTan
urTierTobis xarisxis operacionalizacias?
(pasuxs me-11 TavSi ixilavT). fsiqologebs, ag-
reTve, iseTi cvladebis operacionalizacia
uxdebaT, romelTa uSualod dakvirveba SeuZ-
lebelia. rogor moaxdenT TviTpativiscemis
operacionalizacias? (ix. Tavi 14). Tu Tqven fsi-
qologi mkvlevari xarT da cvladis operacio-
nalizacia moaxdineT, Tqveni kolegebi SeiZleba
ar dageTanxmon da CaTvalon, rom TviT-
pativiscemis Tqveneuli operacionalizacia ara-
sworia, magram Tu Tqveni operaciuli gansazRv-
reba zustia, maT ecodinebaT, rogor gaimeoron
dasabuTebis etapi: obieqturobis dacvis saSualebebi
da Seafason Tqveni Sroma.
eqsperimentuli meTodi:
alternatiuli axsna da
kontrolis saWiroeba
yoveldRiuri gamocdilebiT iciT, rom ada-
mianebi erTi da igive Sedegis mraval mizezs
dagisaxeleben. fsiqologebi imave problemis
winaSe dganan, roca mizez-Sedegobriobis dad-
genaze aqvT pretenzia. mizez-Sedegobrivi oraz-
rovnebis gadasalaxad mkvlevrebi eqsperimentul
meTods iyeneben. isini damoukidebeli cvladis
manipulirebas axdenen, raTa naxon, ra zemoqm-
edeba eqneba amas damokidebul cvladze. am
meTodis mizania, dadgindes erTi cvladis mizez-
Sedegobrivi kavSiri meoresTan. am qveTavSi gan-
vixilavT alternatiuli axsnis problemas da
misi gadaWris gzebs. 27

obieqturobis sirTule
rodesac fsiqologebi hipoTezas amowmeben,
ukve winaswar aqvT garkveuli warmodgena imaze,
Tu ratom SeiZleba Secvalos damoukidebeli
cvladis cvlilebam damokidebuli cvladi ase
da ara sxvagvarad. magaliTad, SeiZleba iwinas-
warmetyveloT da eqsperimentulad aCvenoT, rom
televiziiT Zaladobis yureba agresiis maRal
dones iwvevs. magram saidan iciT, rom namdvilad
Zaladobis yurebaa agresiis mizezi? hipoTezis
yvelaze Zlieri SesaZlo mizezis dasadgenad
fsiqologebi yovelTvis unda eZebdnen alterna-
tiul axsnebs. SesaZlo Sedegis rac meti alter-
natiuli axsna arsebobs, miT naklebad viqnebiT
darwmunebuli Tavdapirvel varaudSi. Tu kvlevis
procesSi eqsperimentatoris mier specialurad
Semotanili damoukidebeli cvladis garda
raRac sxva ereva da monacemebis interpretacias
arTulebs, mas damatebiTi cvladi ewodeba.
Tavi 2 / fsiqologiis kvlevis meTodebi
xdeba. warmovidginoT, magaliTad, rom televi-
ziiT naCvenebi Zaladobis scenebi ufro xmamaRla
da meti moZraobiT mimdinareobs, vidre sxva
tipis scenebi. aseT SemTxvevaSi, „Zaladobas~
ereva am scenebis sxva, zedapiruli aspeqtebi.
mkvlevars aRar SeuZlia gaarkvios, romeli
faqtori ganapirobebs agresiul qcevas.
miuxedavad imisa, rom TiToeuli eqpserimen-
tuli meTodi potenciurad alternatiul ax-
snaTa unikalur wyebas iwvevs, SegviZlia gan-
vsazRvroT ori tipis damatebiTi cvladi, ro-
melic TiTqmis yvela eqsperimentSi gvxvdeba.
esenia molodinis efeqti da placebo efeqti.
molodinis efeqti Cndeba maSin, roca mkvlevari
Zalauneburad mianiSnebs monawileebs, ra tipis

rodesac romelime qcevis efeqtis realur

mizezs damatebiTi cvladi Seereva, eqsperimenta-
toris mier monacemTa interpretacia sarisko

eqsperimentuli meTodi (experimental method) _

kvlevis meTodi, romelic damoukidebeli cvla-
diT manipulacias gulisxmobs, raTa dadgindes
misi efeqti damokidebul cvladze.
damatebiTi cvladi (confounding variable) _ cvladi,
romelic monawilis qcevaze zemoqmedebs
eqsperimentatoris mier Semotanili damouki-
debeli cvladis garda.
molodinis efeqti (Expentancy effects) _ Sedegi,
romelic maSin Cndeba, roca mkvlevari Zalaune-
burad mianiSnebs monawileebs, ra tipis qcevas
moelis maTgan, riTic mosalodnel reaqcias
28 iRebs.
qcevas moelis maTgan, riTic sasurvel reaqcias
iRebs. am dros, gamomwvevi mizezi ara damoukide-
beli cvladi, aramed eqsperimentatoris molo-
dinia.
robert rozentalma (Robert Rothental) molodi-
nis tendenciurobis fenomeni Seiswavla da naxa,
rogor amaxinjebs is kvlevis Sedegebs (Rosental,
1966).
saidan
viciT
virTxebi Tqvens molodins gaamarTleben
am saxelmZRvaneloSi fsiqologiuri
kvlevis Sedegebs gagiziarebT. Cveni das-
kvnebi xSirad swored mTels msoflioSi
Catarebuli amgvari kvlevebis Sedegebs
daeyrdnoba. am seqciis mizania gaecnoT
eqsperimentebs, romlebic pirdapir pa-
suxoben konkretul kiTxvebs. TiToeuli
saidan viciT saSualebas gvaZlevs davi-
naxoT kavSiri eqsperimentsa da mignebas
Soris. aq mokled ganvixlavT eqsperiments,
sadac Cans, rogor SeiZleba eqsperimen-
tatorma zemoqmedeba moaxdinos kvlevis
Sedegze. klasikur eqsperimentSi 12 stu-
dents misces virTxebis jgufebi, rom-
lebisTvisac labirinTSi gasvla unda es-
wavlebinaT. studentebis naxevars uTxres,
rom maTi virTxebi labirinTSi kargad
gamsvlel jiSs miekuTvneba, xolo meore
naxevars, rom maTi virTxebi labirinTSi
cudad gamsvlel jiSs miekuTvneba. sinam-
dvileSi, orive jgufisaTvis gadacemuli
virTxebi sruliad erTnairi iyo. Sedegebi
Seesabameboda studentebis molodins. karg
gamsvlelebad dasaxelebuli virTxebi
cud gamsvlelebad dasaxelebul virTxeb-
ze ukeT swavlobdnen (Rosenthal & Fode, 1963).
rogor fiqrobT, rogor Seatyobines studen-
tebma TavianTi molodinebi virTxebs? albaT
xvdebiT, rom saqme kidev ufro rTuladaa, roca
adamianebze vatarebT kvlevas da ara cxovelebze.
molodinis efeqti aRmoCenis Sinaarss amaxin-
jebs.
placebo efeqti maSin Cndeba, roca eqsperi-
mentis monawileebi eqsperimentuli manipula-
ciis Carevis gareSe icvlian qcevas. es termini
medicinidan modis, im SemTxvevebis aRsaniSnavad,
rodesac pacientis janmrTelobis mdgomareoba
qimiurad inertuli wamlis miRebis Semdeg mainc
umjobesdeboda. janmrTelobis mdgomareobis
gaumjobeseba xdeba rwmenis gamo, rom mkurnalo-
ba efeqturi iqneba. kvlevebiT aRmoCnda, rom
zogierTma arasamedicino efeqtis mqone mkurna-
lobam pacientTa 70%-Si gamoiwvia placebo efeq-
ti (Roberts et al., 1993).
fsiqologiuri kvlevis situaciaSi placebo
efeqti Cndeba yovelTvis, roca qceviT reaqciaze
zemoqmedebas axdens pirovnebis molodini, Tu
ra gaakeTos, an ra igrZnos da ara realuri
gamomwvevi mizezi. gavixsenoT televiziiT
Zaladobis yurebisa da momatebuli agresiis
eqsperimenti. vTqvaT, aRmoCnda, rom im cdis
pirebmac maRali agresia aCvenes, visac ar
uyurebia amgvari gadacemebisaTvis. SeiZleba
vivarudoT, rom es adamianebi xvdebian, rom,
radgan agresiis gamosavlen situaciaSi moa-
Tavses, maTgan agresiis gamovlenas moelian
da amitom iqcevian ase. eqsperimentatorma
yovelTvis unda icodes, rom cdis pirebi
icvlian qcevas, roca ician, rom viRac ucxo
uyurebs, akvirdeba, amowmebs maT. magaliTad,
monawileebi gansakuTrebulad grZnoben Tavs,
roca kvlevaSi monawileobisaTvis SearCeven
dasabuTebis etapi: obieqturobis dacvis saSualebebi
da amitom gansxvavebulad iqcevian da ara
Cveulebrivad. amgvari efeqtic moqmedebs
kvlevis Sedegebze.
problemis gadaWris saSualeba
radgan adamianis da cxovelis qceva rTulia
da xSirad mravali gamomwvevi mizezi aqvs, kargi
kvlevis gegma yvela damatebiT cvlads iTva-
liswinebs da maT gauvnebelyofas cdilobs.
aseT strategias kontrolis procedurebi
ewodeba _ meTodebi, romlebiTac mkvlevari
placebo efeqti (Placebo effect) _ maSin Cndeba,
roca eqsperimentis monawileebi eqsperimentu-
li manipulaciis Carevis gareSe icvlian qcevas.
kontrolis procedurebi (Control procedures) _
meTodebi, romelTa saSualebiTac eqsperimenta-
tori cdilobs mudmivi hqondes yvela cvladi
da piroba, garda ganzrax Semotanili damouki-
29
debeli cvladisa.
 cdilobs mudmivi hqondes yvela cvladi da
piroba, garda ganzrax Semotanili damoukide-
beli cvladisa. instruqciebi, oTaxis tempera-
tura, davalebebi, eqsperimentatoris Cacmuloba,
gamoyofili dro, monacemTa Caweris xerxi da
situaciis sxva mravali detali eqsperimentis
yvela monawilisaTvis erTnairi unda iyos.
erTaderTi sxvaoba monawilis gamocdilebaSi
unda iyos damoukidebeli cvladis mier Semo-
tanili. vnaxoT, rogor cdiloben fsiqologebi
gadaWran molodinis da placebo efeqtiT
gamowveuli problemebi.
warmoidgineT, rom agresiis eqsperimenti
gaamdidreT da masSi kidev erTi jgufi CarTeT,
romelic komediur gadacemebs uyurebda.
frTxilad unda iyoT, rom, Tqveni molodine-
bidan gamomdinare, gansxvavebulad ar moepyraT
komediis da Zaladobis mayurebel monawileebs.
amdenad, sasurvelia, rom kvlevis asistentma,
romelmac unda Seafasos cdis pirTa agresia,
ar icodes, romel jgufs miekuTvneba cdis piri.
saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi, tendenciurobis aR-
mofxvra SesaZlebelia maSin, roca arc asis-
tents da arc monawileebs ar ecodinebaT,
romel pirobaSi moxvdnen isini. am teqnikas
ormagad brma kontroli ewodeba. mraval
eqsperimentSi monawileobis ufleba ar eZlevaT
maT, visTvisac cnobilia kvlevis hipoTeza.
placebo efeqtis aRmosafxvrelad mkvlev-
rebs kidev erTi sakontrolo piroba SeaqvT
eqsperimentSi, am dros Careva ar xdeba. amas
placebo kontrols vuwodebT. placebo kon-
troli kontrolis zogad kategoriaSi Sedis,
Tavi 2 / fsiqologiis kvlevis meTodebi
romelic Sedarebis saSualebas aZlevs eqsperi-
mentators. gaixseneT gogonas istoria, ro-
melsac hkiTxes, uyvarda ufrosi da, Tu ara.
man ki upasuxa: „rasTan SedarebiT?~ es kiTxva
unda daisvas da pasuxic unda gqondeT, radgan
sxvagvarad ver gaigebT, ras niSnavs kvlevis
Sedegebi. davuSvaT, gaecaniT kvlevis Sedegebs,
romlis mixedviTac, „mowevis danebebis
msurvelTa 3/4-ze metma nikotinis salbuniT
miaRwia warmatebas~ (Andrews, 1990). ki magram,
rasTan SedarebiT? sad aris sakontrolo
jgufi? am kvlevaSi sakontrolo jgufis
wevrebi nikotinis gareSe salbuns atarebdnen
da maTma 39%-ac Tavi daaneba mowevas! metic,
rac ufro didxans atarebdnen isini samedicino
30 TvalsazrisiT absoluturad usargeblo
salbuns, miT ufro meti albaTobiT anebebden
Tavs mowevas (Abelin et al., 1989). amrigad, nikotinis
salbuni efeqturi saSualeba aRmoCnda, magram
misi zemoqmedebis naxevari placebo efeqtis
damsaxurebaa, radgan mwevlebs molodini
hqondaT, rom es salbuni maT uSvelidaT. sakon-
trolo pirobaSi miRebuli monacemebi mniSvne-
lovan safuZvels gvaZlevs, romelsac eq-
sperimentis efeqts vadarebT.
kvlevis zogierT sqemaSi, romelsac cdis
pirTa Soris sqemas uwodeben, cdis pirebs Sem-
TxveviTad anawileben eqsperimentul (erTi an
meti eqsperimentuli CareviT) da sakontrolo
(eqsperimentuli Carevis gareSe) pirobebSi. cdis
pirebis SemTxveviTi ganawileba erT-erTi yvela-
ze efeqturi saSualebaa im damatebiTi cvla-
debis aRmosafxvrelad, romlebic cdis pirebs
Soris arsebuli individualuri gansxvavebebis
gamo iCens Tavs. swored amgvar sqemas vgulis-
xmobdiT agresiis eqsperimentSi. eqsperimentul
da sakontrolo pirobaSi cdis pirebis Sem-
TxveviTi ganawileba imis did Sanss gvaZlevs,
rom orive jgufSi msgavsi cdis pirebi mox-
vdebian, radgan SemTxveviTi ganawilebisas
TiToeul cdis pirs rogorc sakontrolo, aseve
eqsperimentul jgufSi moxvedris erTi da igive
albaToba aqvs. aseT SemTxvevaSi ar gamova ise,
rom eqsperimentul jgufSi mxolod Zaladobis
scenebis moyvaruli cdis pirebi moxvdebian
da sakontroloSi _ Zaladobis scenebis moZule
cdis pirebi. SemTxveviTma ganawilebam orive
tipis adamiani unda moaxvedros TiToeul
jgufSi. Tu Sedegad jgufebis Sedegebs Soris
sxvaobas miviRebT, ufro darwmunebuli viqnebiT,
rom am sxvaobas Cveni Careva iwvevs da ara
cdis pirebs Soris gansxvaveba.
ormagad brma kontroli (Double-blind control) _
eqsperimentuli teqnika, romelic saSualebas
gvaZlevs Tavidan aviciloT eqsperimentatoris
molodinis efeqti imiT, rom arc asistentma da
arc monawileebma ar ician, romel pirobaSi
moxvdnen isini.
placebo kontroli (Placebo control) _ eqsperimen-
tuli pirobaa, rodesac Careva ar xdeba da im
SemTxvevaSi gamoiyeneba, roca placebo efeqtis
saSiSroeba Cndeba.
cdis pirTa Soris sqema (between subjects design) _
cdis pirebs SemTxveviTad anawileben eqsperimen-
tul da sakontrolo pirobebSi.
suraTi
2.3
anonimurobiT gamowveuli agresia
anonimurobis efeqti mniSvnelovania: erTi da igive
bavSvebi bevrad maRal agresias avlenen anonimur
pirobebSi, vidre manam da Semdeg araanonimur
pirobebSi.
mkvlevrebi cdiloben SemTxveviT SerCevas
miuaxlovdnen, roca cdis pirebs kvlevaSi
monawileobis misaRebad iwveven. Cveulebriv,
fsiqologiur eqsperimentSi 20-dan 100-mde cdis
piri monawileobs. SerCevaze miRebul Sedegebs
ki mkvlevari im populaciaze azogadebs, saidanc
miiRo es SerCeva. davuSvaT, gsurT SeamowmoT
hipoTeza, rom 6 wlis bavSvebi ufro mets
ityuebian, vidre 4 wlisebi. kvlevaSi msoflios
am asakis bavSvTa mxolod mcire nawils Tu
CarTavT, margam ganzogadebis gasakeTeblad
darwmunebuli unda iyoT, rom Tqvens mier
SerCeuli bavSvTa jgufebi nebismieri SemTxveviT
SerCeuli jgufis Sesabamisi iqneba. SerCeva
populaciis reprezentatulia, Tu is imeorebs
populaciis zogad maxasiaTeblebs, rogorebicaa,
magaliTad, sqesi, asaki da sxva. SerCevaSi
mxolod biWebi rom gyavdeT, ufleba ar geqnebaT,
rom gogonebze gaakeToT daskvna da a. S.
eqsperimentuli sqemis kidev erTi tipia cdis
pirebs SigniT sqema _ aq TiToeuli cdis piri
sakuTari Tavis kontrolia. magaliTad, SeiZleba
erTmaneTs SevadaroT cdis pirTa qceva Carevamde
da Carevis Semdeg. A-B-A sqemaSi cdis pirebi
jer xvdebian safuZvlis pirobaSi (A), Semdeg
eqsperimentul CarevaSi (B), xolo Semdeg isev
ubrundebian safuZvlis pirobas (A). ukan,
safuZvlis pirobaSi dabruneba mkvlevars
saSualebas aZlevs sabolood darwmundes, rom
cvlileba mxolod misi Carevis da ara romelime
damatebiTi cvladis, magaliTad, drois gasvlis,
dasabuTebis etapi: obieqturobis dacvis saSualebebi
Sedegia.
SerCeva (Sample) _ populaciis nawili, romelic
eqsperimentSi monawileobisaTvis gadaarCies.
populacia (Population) _ individTa sruli er-
Toblioba, romelzec, eqsperimentul SerCevaze
dayrdnobiT, generalizacia keTdeba.
reprezentatuli SerCeva (representative sample) _
SerCeva populaciis reprezentatulia, Tu is
imeorebs populaciis zogad maxasiaTeblebs, ro-
gorebicaa, magaliTad, sqesi, asaki da sxva.
cdis pirTa SigniT sqema (within subjects design) _
kvlevis sqema, sadac TiToeuli cdis piri sa-
kuTari Tavis kontrolia. cdis piris eqsperi-
mentul pirobaSi qceva SeiZleba SevadaroT
missave qcevas am pirobamde, an mis Semdeg.
A-B-A sqemaSi cdis pirebi jer xvdebian safuZ-
vlis pirobaSi (A), Semdeg eqsperimentul Care-
vaSi (B), xolo Semdeg ubrundebian safuZvlis
pirobas.
31
 saidan
viciT
bavSvebis agresiuli TamaSi A-B-A
sqemaSi
amgvari sqema iyo gamoyenebuli kvlevaSi,
sadac fsiqologs Semdegi hipoTezis Se-
mowmeba surda: Tu bavSvebs ecodinebaT,
rom anonimurebi arian, isini ufro advi-
lad gamoavlenen agresiul qcevas. skolis
moswavleebi dapatiJes maskaradze, iseT
wveulebaze, sadac yvela specialur kos-
tiumSi gadacmuli modioda. bavSvebs mra-
valgvar TamaSs sTavazobdenen. rig maTgans
agresiuli qcevis gamowveva SeeZlo, rigs
_ araagresiulis. safuZvlis pirobaSi (A)
bavSvebi kostiumebis gareSe TamaSobdnen,
Carevis pirobaSi (B) kostiumebi Caicves
da Tavisi surviliT irCevdnen TamaSebs.
bolos, safuZvlis pirobaSi (A) dabru-
nebisas, maT kostiumebi kvlav gaxades,
oRond TamaSis gagrZeleba SeeZloT.
rogorc 2.2 suraTze xedavT, Sedegebma
daadastura kvlevis hipoTeza. bavSvebi
bevrad ufro agresiulad iqceodnen, roca
anonimurebi iyvnen (B) (Fraser, 1974).
aqamde aRweril kvleviT meTodologiebSi
damoukidebeli cvladiT manipulireba da damo-
kidebul cvladze misi efeqtis gazomva xdeboda.
marTalia, eqsperimentuli meTodi saSualebas
aZlevs mkvlevrebs cvladebs Soris kauzaluri
kavSiris Sesaxeb daskvna gamoitanon, zogierT
Tavi 2 / fsiqologiis kvlevis meTodebi
situaciaSi am meTodis gamoyeneba arc ise sa-
survelia. upirveles yovlisa, qcevas xSirad
xelovnurad Seqmnil garemoSi swavloben, raTa
advilad gaakontrolon yovelgvari situaciuri
faqtori, samagierod, xSirad aseTi situacia
realurisagan sakmaod Sors dgas. kritikosebis
azriT, gakontrolebul eqsperimentul piro-
bebSi kvlevisas qcevis mTeli simdidre da
mravalferovneba ikargeba, radgan is mxolod
erTi, an mcire raodenobiT cvladis da reaqciis
gamartivebul kvlevas ewireba. meore, cdis
pirebma ician, rom eqsperimentSi monawileoben
da maT cdian da zomaven. isini cdiloben imgvari
reagireba moaxdnon, rogoric eqsperimentators
esiamovneba da, saerTod, maTi qceva gansxvave-
buli iqneba Cveulisagan, radgan ician, rom sxva
32
akvirdebaT. mesame, arsebobs mniSvnelovani
eTikuri sakiTxebi, romelTa gamoc eqsperimentis
Catareba SeuZlebeli xdeba. magaliTad, ver
vikvlevT, memkvidreobiT gadaecema Tu ara bavSvis
Cagvris tendencia, radgan daCagruli bavSvebis
eqsperimentuli jgufi da aradaCagrulebis
sakontrolo jgufi unda gvqondes. Semdeg
qveTavSi kvlevis iseT meTods ganvixilavT,
romelic xSirad awydeba amgvar problemebs.
korelaciis meTodi
kavSirSia inteleqti kreatulobasTan?
optimistebi ufro janmrTelebi arian Tu
pesimistebi? aris kavSiri bavSvobaSi Cagvris
gancdasa da Semdeg fsiqikuri daavadebis gaCenas
Soris? es kiTxvebi iseT cvladebs moicavs,
romlebiT manipulirebas fsiqologi ase mar-
tivad ver moaxerxebs, Tanac aq eTikuri mosaz-
rebebic erTveba. amitom, amgvar kiTxvebze pasuxis
gasacemad iyeneben korelaciis meTods. fsiqo-
logebi korelaciis meTodebs iyeneben, roca
surT gansazRvron, ra zomiTaa erTmaneTTan
dakavSirebuli ori cvladi.
or cvlads Soris korelaciis ufro zustad
gansazRvrisaTvis fsiqologebi iyeneben statis-
tikur sazoms, romelsac korelaciis
koeficienti ewodeba (r). korelaciis koeficienti
icvleba +1-dan _1-mde, sadac +1 aris sruli
dadebiTi korelacia, _1 _ sruli uaryofiTi
korelacia, xolo 0 niSnavs, rom korelacia ar
arsebobs. dadebiTi korelaciis koeficienti
niSnavs, rom, Tu izrdeba erTi cvladis
maCveneblebi, izrdeba meore cvladis maCveneb-
lebic. uaryofiTi korelacia niSnavs, rom erTi
cvladis maCveneblebis zrdas meore cvladis
maCveneblebis Semcireba mohyveba (ix. sur. 2.3).
nulTan axlos myofi korelacia niSnavs, rom
ori sazomis qulebs Soris susti kavSiria, an
is saerTod ar aris. rac ufro uaxlovdeba
korelaciis koeficienti 1-s, miT ufro Zlieria
korelaciis meTodi (correlational method) _ gan-
sazRvravs, Tu ra zomiTaa erTmaneTTan dakavSi-
rebuli ori cvladi.
korelaciis koeficienti (r) (correlation coefficient)
_ statistika, romelic or cvlads Soris kav-
Siris xarisxs aCvenebs.

suraTi
2.4
dadebiTi da uaryofiTi korelaciebi
es warmosaxviTi monacemebi dadebiT da uaryofiT
korelaciebs Soris sxvaobas aCvenebs. TiToeuli wer-
tili erT fexburTels asaxavs. (a) zogadad, rac ufro
met burTs gaitans fexburTeli, miT met fuls gamoi-
muSavebs. ese igi, am or cvlads Soris dadebiTi
korelaciaa. (b) uaryofiTi korelaciis magaliTi. rac
ufro nakleb jarimas daimsaxurebs fexburTeli, miT
met fuls gamoimuSavebs.
kavSiri or cvlads Soris. magaliTad, Tu
mkvlevari ikvlevs muSakis produqtulobasa da
stress Soris kavSirs, man unda gazomos, ra
zomis stress ganicdian adamianebi cxovrebis
ganmavlobaSi da rogor aisaxeba es maT mu-
Saobaze. operaciulad stresi SeiZleba ganvsa-
zRvroT, rogorc stresis kiTxvarze miRebuli
qula, xolo produqtuloba, rogorc produq-
ciis, saqonlis is raodenoba, romelsac adamiani
dReSi amzadebs. Semdeg mkvlevari am cvladebs
mraval adamianze gazomavs da maT Soris
korelaciis koeficients gamoTvlis. Zlieri
uaryofiTi korelacia imis maCvenebli iqneba,
rom stresis zrdas produqtulobis Semcireba
moyveba. Sesabamisad, Tu mkvlevarma icis
romelime adamianis stresis qula, mas SeuZlia
iwinaswarmetyvelos misi produqtuloba.
mkvlevarma SeiZleba kidev erTi nabiji
gadadgas da Tqvas, rom stresis Semcireba
produqtulobis gazrdas gamoiwvevs. amgvari
daskvna arasworia. Zlieri korelacia mxolod
imas miuTiTebs, rom monacemTa ori jgufi sis-
tematuradaa dakavSirebuli erTmaneTTan, magram
ar gveubneba, rom erTi cvladi iwvevs meores.
korelacia mizez-Sedegobrioba ar aris. kore-
laciam SeiZleba asaxos SesaZlo mizez-Sedegob-
rivi efeqtidan nebismieri, an arc erTi. magali-
Tad, stressa da produqtulobas Soris arse-
buli uaryofiTi korelacia SeiZleba niSnavdes,
rom (1) saxlSi gancdili stresis gamo adamianebi
dasabuTebis etapi: obieqturobis dacvis saSualebebi
uaresad muSaoben, (2) dabali produqutuloba
iwvevs stress adamianebSi, (3) garkveuli tipis
adamianebi ufro metad ganicdian stress da
uaresad muSaoben. yuradReba miaqcieT, rom
ukanasknel SemTxvevaSi mesame cvladi iwvevs
danarCen ors. dabolos, davuSvaT, rom axali
teqnologiis gamo samsaxurSi bevrad meti xma-
uria, rac, Tavis mxriv, ufro met stress
(radganac adamianebi ver axdenen koncentracias)
da ufro dabal produqtulobas iwvevs (radgan
TanamSromlebi erTmaneTTan ver urTierToben).
korelacia isev darCeba, magram mizez-Sedegob-
rioba ki _ aRar.
korelacia, SesaZloa mcdari iyos, radgan
mkvlevarma saTanado sakontrolo Sedarebebi
ar ganaxorciela. ganvixiloT savaraudo kavSiri
1965 wels niu iorkSi momxdar sinaTlis Caqro-
basa da cxra Tvis Semdeg Sobadobis maCveneblis
zrdas Soris. `niu iorkelebi Zalian romanti-
ulebi arian, es sanTlis arqonis gamo moxda~,
_ Tqva erT-erTma mamam. saxelmwifo moxelem ki
33
 es faqti amgvarad axsna: „im saRamos seqsis
Canacvlebis yvela saSualeba _ Teatri, saloni,
Sexvedra, kartis TamaSi _ moispo da sxva raRa
darCenodaT?~ („niu iork Taimsi~, 8/11/1966). msgavsi
korelaciaa aRmoCenili, agreTve, qariSxlis da
sxva bunebrivi katastrofebis Semdeg. „miwis-
Zvram SeiZleba Sobadobis afeTqeba gamoiwvios~,
_ werda san francisko qronikli (Chen, 1990),
magram Tu ar davizarebT da am Sedegebs Soba-
dobis sezonur maCveneblebs SevadarebT,
aRmoCndeba, rom korelacia mizez-Sedegobriobad
SeniRbuli damTxveva aRmoCndeba. anu, sezonsa
da Sobadobis maCvenebels Soris namdvilad aris
korelacia da swored esaa katastrofasa da
Sobadobis maCvenebels Soris korelaciis sakon-
trolo piroba. naTelia, rom korelaciis
Sedegebs imave sifrTxliT unda movekidoT,
rogorc eqsperimentis meTodis gamoyenebisas
miRebul Sedegebs.
ar gvinda iseTi STabeWdileba dagrCeT, TiT-
qos korelaciis meTodi usargebloa. wignSi
xSirad SevxvdebiT korelaciur kvlevebs, rom-
lebmac mniSvnelovani aRmoCenebi Semates fsi-
qologias. madaze mosayvanad kidev erT magaliTs
gTavazobT:
saidan
viciT
biWebis cudi yofaqcevis saTaveebi
garemos romeli faqtorebi xsnis, Tu
ratom avlenen zogierTi 5 wlis asakis
Tavi 2 / fsiqologiis kvlevis meTodebi
xedavT, ratomaa saWiro korelaciuri kvlevis
gamoyeneba am SemTxvevaSi? jgufebSi SemTxve-
viTad ver gaanawilebT bavSvebs, romlebsac cota
an bevri konfliqti aqvT da-ZmasTan, unda
daicadoT da mxolod Semdeg dainaxavT, gamov-
lindeba Tu ara raime sxvaoba situaciebs Soris.
qvezRurblovani zemoqmedeba
am qveTavis dasasruls gTavazobT imis
konkretul magaliTs, Tu rogor gamoiyenes
fsiqologiuri kvleva reklamis gamomSvebTa
saqmianobis Sesafaseblad, romlebsac didi
survili aqvT dagarwmunoT, rom maTi produqcia
saukeTesoa. albaT, SegxvedriaT qvezRurblovani
reklamebi, romlebic gpirdebian, rom amieridan
Tqveni cxovreba sruliad Seicvleba. erTi
reklama ukeTes seqsualur cxovrebas gpirdebaT,
meore _ dabali TviTSefasebis swraf gazrdas
gTavazobT, mesame _ wonis swraf da efeqtur
daklebas, rogor? Zalian martivad, gamudmebiT
unda usminoT kasetas, romelzec „qviSian napirze
okeanis talRebis nazi Sxapunis xmaa~ Cawerili.
qvezRurblovan zemoqmedebas xangrZlivi
istoria aqvs. miuxedavad imisa, rom es praqti-
kulad xriki iyo, 1957 wels Catarebulma gamokv-
levam didi aJiotaJi gamoiwvia presis furcleb-
ze. qvezRurblovani reklamis „gamomgonebeli~
amtkicebda, rom kinofilmis msvlelobisas ekran-
ze gaelvebulma warweram „iyideT batibuti!~
58%-iT meti batibutis gayidva gamoiwvia (Rogers,
1993). uol stritis JurnalSi ewera, rom niu
orleanis supermarketma mniSvnelovnad Seamcira

biWebi problemur qcevas, xolo sxvebi ara?

qurdoba sistemaSi Semdegi qvezRurblovani
mkvlevarTa gundis azriT, amgvari sxvaobis
teqstis ganTavsebiT: „Tu moviparav, cixeSi Cav-
safuZvlebi, nawilobriv, da-Zmebs Soris
jdebi~. ohaios StatSi, toledoSi Catarebulma
destruqciul konfliqtSi unda veZeboT
satelefono gamokiTxvam aCvena, rom gamoki-
(Garcia et al., 2000). maTi azriT, da-ZmebTan
Txuli 400 mozardis 75%-s sjera, rom qvezRur-
gancdili konfliqtis done ganamtkicebs
blovani reklama warmatebiT gamoiyeneba mar-
sxva situaciebSi gamovlenil agresiul
ketingis specialistebis mier. rac ufro metad
qcevas. am mizniT, mkvlevrebma videokameriT
ganaTlebulni iyvnen respondentebi, miT ufro
gadaiRes 180 biWis da-ZmasTan TamaSi. es
metad sjerodaT maT qvezRurblovani reklamis.
TamaSebi da-Zmebs Soris konfliqtis
axla ukve gaqvT sakmarisi codna, rom
raodenobisa da intensiurobis mxriv
upasuxoT kiTxvas: namdvilad zemoqmedebs qve-
Seafases. korelaciurma analizma daadas-
zRurblovani kasetebi fsiqikur mdgomareobasa
tura varaudi, rom da-ZmasTan konfliqtis
da qcevaze? pasuxs Cven mier aRwerili eqsperi-
maRali donis mqone biWebi ufro metad
mentuli meTodis saSualebiT gavcemT (ix. sur.
avlendnen agresiul da destruqciul
2.5).
34 qcevas.
suraTi
2.5
qvezRurblovani kasetebis efeqturobis Sesamowmebeli
kvlevis eqsperimentuli gegma

eqsperimentis am gamartivebul versiaSi SerCeva populaciidanaa gakeTebuli.

cdis pirebs jer winaswar uzomaven damoukidebel cvlads, Semdeg
SemTxveviTad anawileben jgufebSi, sadac isini usmenen mexsierebis, an
TviTSefasebis teqstis Semcvel qvezRurblovan kasetas. Semdeg maT kvlav
uzomaven saTanado Tvisebebs, raTa ipovon raime Sresazlo cvlileba
damokidebul cvladSi; mexierebasa da TviTSefasebaSi. kvlevam qve-
zRurblovani darwmunebis sando zemoqmedeba ver aRmoaCina.

efeqti: placebo efeqti _ cdis pirebi

moelodnen, rom maT daexmarebodnen.
saidan
mkvlevrebma gaiTvaliswines es efeqti da
viciT
kidev erTi damoukidebeli cvladi daama-
qvezRurblovani efeqtis Sefaseba tes. orive jgufis cdis pirTa naxevars
mexsierebis kasetaze arasworad ewera
mkvlevarTa gundma gadawyvita mexsiere-

dasabuTebis etapi: obieqturobis dacvis saSualebebi

bis da TviTSefasebis gaumjobesebaze
qvezRurblovani teqstis mosmenis efeqti
Seefasebina. kvlevaSi 18-dan 60 wlamde 237
qali da mamakaci monawileobda. jer maT
mexsiereba da TviTSefaseba Seumowmes
saTanado testebis da kiTxvarebis meSve-
obiT da Semdeg SemTxveviTad gaanawiles
or jgufSi. erT jgufs moasmenines
mexsierebis kaseta, meores _ TviTSefasebis.
isini regularulad usmendnen kasetebs 5
kviris ganmavlobaSi da Semdeg laborato-
rias daubrundnen, rom xelmeored gae-
zomaT maTi mexsiereba (oTxi testiT) da
TviTSefaseba (sami skaliT). mkvlevrebma
ar icodnen (brma sqema), romeli cdis piri
romel pirobaSi moxvda (Greenwald et al., 1991).
am gakontrolebuli eqsperimentis Se-
degebi miuTiTebs, rom arc TviTSefaseba
da arc mexsiereba sandod ar gaumjobe-
sebula, Tumca gaCnda erTi, Zalian Zlieri
„TviTSefaseba~, xolo TviTSefasebis kase-
taze „mexsiereba~. cdis pirebs sjerodaT,
rom TviTSefaseba gaumjobesdeboda, Tu
Sesabamisi warweris mqone kasetas mous-
mendnen da mexsiereba gaumjobesdeboda,
Tu kasetebs eqnebodaT warwera „mexsiere-
ba~, Tumca sinamdvileSi, isini sxva kasetas
usmendnen!
es daxvewili eqsperimenti sakmod konkretuli
rCevis micemis saSualebas gvaZlevs: nu daxar-
javT fuls tyuilad, qvezRurblovani kasetebi
placebo efeqtis garda arafers gvTavazobs.
`fsiqologia da cxovrebis~ mniSvnelovani miza-
nia myar eqsperimentul meTodebze damyarebuli
amgvari konkretuli daskvnebi mogawodoT.
es eqsperimenti, agreTve, specifikur magaliTs
gaZlevT cvladebis im tipebis Sesaxeb, romleb-
sac fsiqologebi zomaven. am SemTxvevaSi saqme
gvqonda cdis pirebis rwmenasTan, rom maTi
mexsiereba da TviTSefaseba gaizrdeboda. Sem- 35
 deg qveTavSi ufro zogadad ganvixilavT, Tu
rogor zomaven fsiqologebi gamocdilebis
sxvadasxva ganzomilebas da mniSvnelovan pro-
cesebs.
Sejameba
kvlevis procesis meore fazaa dasabuTeba.
amisaTvis fsiqologebi mecnierul meTods
iyeneben. damkvirveblis tendenciuroba daZ-
leulia, roca monacemTa Segrovebis procedu-
rebis standartizacia da cnebebis operaciuli
gansazRvra xdeba. eqsperimentuli meTodi
mkvlevrebs mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSiris kvlevis
saSualebas aZlevs.
agreTve, mkvlevrebma unda gaacnobieron
alternatiuli axsnis arsebobis faqtic, ro-
goricaa molodinis da placebo efeqtebi. myari
daskvnebis misaRebad isini iseT procedurebs
iyeneben, rogoricaa: ormagad brma kontroli
da placebos kontroli. cdis pirTa Soris sqemis
dros jgufebSi cdis pirTa SemTxveviT
ganawileba kontrolis mniSvnelovani iaraRia
da sakontrolo da eqsperimentul jgufebs
Soris msgavsebis garantias gvaZlevs. cdis pir-
Ta SigniT sqema moicavs A-B-A sqemas, sadac
monawileebi sakuTari Tavis kontrolad gamod-
gebian. mkvlevrebi korelaciis meTodebs iye-
neben, raTa gansazRvron, ra zomiT arian erT-
maneTTan dakavSirebuli cvladebi. korelaciis
mniSvnelovani SezRudva isaa, rom is ar gu-
lisxmobs mizez-Sedegobriobas. eqsperimentuli
meTodebi SeiZleba gamoviyenoT realuri sam-
Tavi 2 / fsiqologiis kvlevis meTodebi
yaros zemoqmedebis SeswavlisaTvis, rogori-
caa, magaliTad, qvezRurblovani kasetebis
efeqti.
fsiqologiuri gazomva
radgan fsiqologiuri procesebi mravalfe-
rovani da rTulia, maTi gazomva siZneleebTanaa
dakavSirebuli. zogierTi qceva advilad dak-
virvebadia, xolo sxvebi, magaliTad, SfoTva
da sizmari _ ara. amdenad, mkvlevris erT-
erTi amocanaa uxilavi xiluli gaxados, Sina-
36
gani movlenebi da procesebi _ garegani, xolo
piradi gamocdileba _ sazogado. Tqven ukve
naxeT, ramdenad mniSvnelovania sakvlevi feno-
menis operaciuli gansazRvreba. es gansazR-
vrebebi im proceduras gvaZlevs, romliTac
xdeba sxvadasxva donis, zomis, intensiurobis
an raodenobis cvladisaTvis raodenobrivi
mniSvnelobis mikuTvneba. arsebobs gazomvis
mravali meTodi, yovel maTgans Tavisi upi-
ratesobani da nakli gaaCnia.
fsiqologiuri gazomvis ganxilvas gazomvis
sizustis or indikators Soris gansxvavebis
ganxilviT viwyebT, esenia sandooba da vali-
doba. Semdeg ganvixilavT monacemTa Segrovebis
sxvadasxva teqnikas. rogorc ar unda agro-
vebdes fsiqologi monacemebs, hipoTezis Se-
samowmeblad igi saTanado statistikur mona-
cemebs unda iyenebdes. statistikur damatebaSi
aRwerilia, Tu rogor aanalizeben fsiqologebi
monacemebs. statistikuri damateba am TavTan
erTad unda ganixiloT.
sandooba da validoba
fsiqologiuri gazomvis mizania sando da
validuri daskvnebis miReba. sandooba niSnavs
fsiqologiuri testirebis an eqsperimentuli
kvlevis Sedegad miRebuli qcevis monacemebis
Sesabamisobas da sarwmunoebas. sando Sedegi
sxva dros, msgavs pirobebSi Semowmebisas unda
gameordes. Tu sazomi instrumenti sandoa, misi
ganmeorebiT gamoyenebisas msgavsi qulebi unda
miviRoT. ganvixiloT eqsperimenti, romelmac
aCvena, rom qvezRurblovani kasetebi mxolod
placebo efeqts iZleva. am eqsperimentSi 237
cdis piri iyo. eqsperimentatoris pretenzia,
rom Sedegi sandoa, niSnavs, rom daaxloebiT
igive zomis jgufze eqsperimentis gameorebis
Semdeg msgavsi Sedegebi unda miviRoT.
validoba niSnavs, rom kvleva an testireba
im fsiqologiur cvlads an Tvisebas zomavs,
romlis gazomvasac apirebda. magaliTad, bed-
nierebis validuri sazomi saSualebas unda
gvaZlevdes viwinaswarmetyveloT, ramdenad bed-
nieri iqnebiT Tqven ama Tu im situaciaSi. va-
liduri eqsperimenti niSnavs, rom mkvlevars
ganzogadebis gakeTeba SeuZlia, anu Sedegebis
gavrcoba laboratoriidan realur samyaroze.
rodesac kasetebis eqsperimentze dayrdnobiT
rCeva mogeciT, vicodiT, rom kvlevis Sedegebi
validuria. SesaZloa eqsperimenti da testi
sando iyos, magram ara _ validuri. magaliTad,
Tqveni bednierebis maCveneblad SegviZlia
Tqveni fexsacmlis zoma gamoviyenoT. es sazomi
sando iqneba (yovelTvis igive pasuxs miviRebT),
magram ara validuri. SeecadeT sandoobis da
validobis TvalsazrisiT SeafasoT is sazo-
mebi, romlebsac am wignSi SexvdebiT.
TviTangariSi
mkvlevrebs xSirad ainteresebT imgvari
gamocdilebis kvleva, romelsac uSualod ver
daakvirdebi. esenia Sinagani fsiqologiuri
mdgomareobebi _ grZnobebi, damokidebulebebi
(attitudes), Sexedulebebi. SesaZloa, es gamocdi-
leba garegani qcevac iyos, magram fsiqologi
mainc ver daakvirdes mas, magaliTad, seqsua-
luri aqtivoba an kriminaluri qceva. aseT
SemTxvevebSi kvlevebi TviTangariSs (self-report
measures) eyrdnoba. es aris mkvlevris mier
dasmul kiTxvebze miRebuli werilobiTi an
zepiri verbaluri pasuxebi. arsebobs amgvari
Sefasebebis raodenobrivi saxiT gadmocemis
sando xerxebi. ase rom, fsiqologebs SeuZliaT
sxvadasxva adamianis pasuxebi Seadaron
erTmaneTs.
TviTangariSi intervius dros an kiTxvarze
miRebul pasuxebs gulisxmobs. kiTxvari an
anketa kiTxvebis werilobiTi krebulia. ki-
Txvebis Sinaarsi SeiZleba iyos: faqtobrivi
(„Tqven amomrCeveli xarT?~); warsuli an awmyo
qcevis Sesaxeb (ramdens eweviT?); damokidebu-
lebebisa da grZnobebis Sesaxeb („ramdenad
gakmayofilebT Tqveni samuSao?~). Ria kiTxvebi
saSualebas aZlevs respondents Tavisuflad,
sakuTari sityvebiT gasces pasuxi SekiTxvas.
sandooba (reliability) _ xarisxi, romliTac testi
msgavs Sedegebs iZleva yoveli gamoyenebisas,
instrumentis gamoyenebiT miRebuli qulebis
stabiluroba da Sesabamisoba
validoba (validity) _ testi zustad imas zomavs,
ris gazomvasac apirebda.
TviTangariSi (self-report measures) _ adamianis mier
sakuTar Tavze dakvirvebis Sedegad miRebuli
monacemebi.
arsebobs, agreTve, daxuruli kiTxvebi, sadac
pasuxis variantebi mocemulia, magaliTad, diax,
ara, ar vici.
interviu aris mkvlevarsa da individs Soris
dialogi detaluri informaciis miRebis mizniT.
mTlianad standartizebuli kiTxvarisagan
gansxvavebiT, interviu interaqtiulia. intervi-
uerma SeiZleba Secvalos kiTxvebi imisda
mixedviT, Tu ras pasuxobs respondenti. kargi
interviuerebi socialuri interaqciis pro-
cessac iTvaliswineben da amyareben raports
_ dadebiT socialur urTierTobas responden-
tTan, romelic ndobas da piradi informaciis
gaziarebis survils iwvevs.
mkvlevrebi sakuTari TviTangariSis mraval-
gvar sazoms iyeneben. maT umetesobas ver
gamoviyenebT patara bavSvebTan, wera-kiTxvis
ucodinar zrdasrulebTan, sxva enaze mola-
parakeebTan, gonebrivad CamorCenil adamianebTan
da cxovelebTan, xolo iq, sadac maTi gamoyeneba
SeiZleba, SesaZloa gaCndes sandoobis da
fsiqologiuri gazomva
validobis problema. monawileebma SeiZleba
ver gaigon kiTxvebi an zustad ver gaixsenon
TavianTi warsuli gamocdileba. ufro metic,
sakuTari Tavis Sefasebaze, SesaZloa, imoqmedos
socialuri sasurvelobis efeqtma. rodesac
adamiani araswor pasuxs iZleva, raTa sakuTar
Tavze sasurveli (xandaxan arasasurveli) STa-
beWdileba Seqmnas, mas SeiZleba moeridos nam-
dvili grZnobebis gamoxatva. Tu respondentebma
37
ician intervius an kiTxvaris mizani, maT
 SeiZleba tyuili Tqvan, raTa miiRon samuSao,
gamovidnen saavadmyofodan an raime sxva mizans
miaRwion. intervius situacia, aseve, imis saSua-
lebas iZleva, rom tendenciurobam da mikerZoe-
bulobam gavlena moaxdinos interviueris mier
dasmul kiTxvebze da respondentis mier
gacemul pasuxebze.

qcevis dakvirveba da gazomva

fsiqologebs qcevaTa farTo speqtri ain-
teresebT. isini swavloben virTxis labirin-
TSi gavlas; bavSvs, romelic suraTs xatavs;
students, romelic leqss izepirebs, an muSas,
romelic raRac davalebas asrulebs. qcevis
sazomi garegan, dakvirvebad da dafiqsirebad
qcevebs da reaqciebs swavlobs.
qcevis Seswavlis erT-erTi ZiriTadi gzaa
dakvirveba. dakvirveba unda iyos dagegmili,
zusti da sistematuri. dakvirveba fokusirdeba
qcevis procesze an produqtze. magaliTad,
daswavlis eqsperimentSi mkvlevari akvirdeba
ramdenjer imeorebs cdis piri sityvebis Camo-
naTvals (procesi) da Semdeg ramden sityvas
aRadgens igi (produqti). uSualo dakvirve-
bisaTvis sakvlevi qceva advilad dasanaxi da
Casaweri unda iyos. magaliTad, emociebis
laboratoriul eqsperimentSi vakvirdebiT cdis
piris saxis gamometyvelebas, rodesac is
emociis gamomwvev stimuls xedavs.
uSualo dakvirvebas xSirad teqnikas axmaren.
magaliTad, Tanamedrove fsiqologebi xSirad
iyeneben kompiuterebs, raTa zustad gazomon
Tavi 2 / fsiqologiis kvlevis meTodebi
bunebrivi dakvirvebis dros mkvlevari bu-
nebrivad gaCenil qcevas akvirdeba, magram ar
ereva masSi. magaliTad, mkvlevari SeiZleba
calmxrivi sarkidan akvirdebodes bavSvebis
TamaSs, romlebmac ar ician, rom maT uyureben.
adamianis qcevis zogierTi saxis Seswavla mxo-
lod bunebrivi dakvirvebiTaa SesaZlebeli,
radgan araeTikuri an arapraqtikuli iqneba
sxvagvarad moqceva. magaliTad, araeTikuri
iqneba bavSvi mkacri deprivaciis pirobebSi
movaTavsoT, raTa bavSvis Semdgom ganviTarebaze
misi zemoqmedeba SeviswavloT.
laboratoriaSi qcevis Seswavlisas mkvle-
vari ver dainaxavs, Tu ra xangrZlivi efeqti
aqvs adamianis bunebriv garemos misi qcevis

is dro, romelic kvlevis monawileebs sWir-
debaT, raTa sxvadasxva davaleba Seasrulon,
rogoricaa, magaliTad, winadadebis wakiTxva,
an problemis gadaWra. marTalia, zusti ga-
zomvis zogi forma kompiuteris gaCenamdec ar-
sebobda, kompiuterebi araCveulebrivi moqni-
lobis saSualebas iZleva zusti informaciis
Segrovebisa da analizisaTvis. mesame TavSi
uaxloes teqnologiebs aRvwerT, romlebic
saSualebas aZlevs mkvlevrebs qcevis Rirs-
SesaniSnavi gazomva ganaxorcielon da naxon,
rogor muSaobs tvini.
qcevis gazomva (Behavioral measures) _ garegani qce-
vebi da reaqciebi, romlebsac akvirdebian da
iweren, eqskluziuri an TviTangariSiT aRwerili
38 qceva.
rTuli paternis formirebaze. bunebrivi dakvir-
vebis erT-erTi yvelaze Rirebuli magaliTia
jein gudalis (Jane Goodall) Sroma (1986-1990; Pater-
son and Goodall, 1993). gudali 30 wlis manZilze
swavlobda Simpanzeebis qcevas afrikaSi, tan-
ganikis tbaze. igi aRniSnavs, rom 10 weliwadSi
rom daemTavrebina Sroma, rogorc amas Tav-
dapirvelad apirebda, swor daskvnebs ver gaa-
keTebda:
Simpanzeebis da adamianebis qcevaSi mra-
val saerTos davinaxavdiT, magram dagv-
rCeboda STabeWdileba, rom Simpanzeebi
bevrad ufro mSvidobiani arsebebi arian,
vidre adamianebi. vinaidan kvleva pirveli
dekadis Semdegac gavagrZeleT, SevZeliT
 dagvefiqsirebina socialuri jgufis dayo-
fa da am or axal jgufs Soris warmoSobi-
li sastiki agresia. aRmoCnda, rom zogierT
SemTxvevaSi Simpanzeebma SeiZleba moklan
da SeWamon kidec Tavisi saxeobis warmomad-
genlebi. meore mxriv, Simpanzeebma ojaxis
wevrebisadmi ukiduresad xangrZlivi emoci-
uri kavSirebi gamoavlines _ kargad ganviTa-
rebuli kognituri unarebi da kulturuli
tradiciebis ganviTareba (Goodall, 1986, gv. 3-4).
kvlevis sawyis etapze bunebrivi dakvirveba
gansakuTrebiT sasargebloa. is mkvlevrebs
movlenis sazRvrebis dadgenaSi exmareba, an
warmodgenas uqmnis, romeli iqneba mniSvne-
lovani cvladi, an kavSiri. bunebrivi dakvir-
vebis monacemebi mkvlevars xSirad miniSnebebs
aZlevs konkretuli hipoTezis, an kvlevis gegmis
CamoyalibebisaTvis.
sanam fsiqologiuri gazomvis Temas davamTav-
rebT, xazi unda gavusvaT imas, rom mravali
kvleviTi proeqti TviTangariSisa da qcevis
dakvirvebis meTodebis kombinacias iyenebs. maga-
liTad, mkvlevarma SeiZleba Seiswavlos, ras
ambobs adamiani momavali qcevis Sesaxeb da
realurad rogor iqceva (ixileT me-17 Tavi).
kidev erTi: zogierTi kvleva SemTxvevis Seswav-
las warmoadgens, anu erT individze tardeba.
calke aRebuli individis intensiurma analizma
xandaxan SeiZleba bevrad meti sayuradRebo
informacia mogvces, vidre didi raodenobiT
adamianebis kvlevam. magaliTad, me-3 TavSi
SeityobT, rom tvinis dazianebis mqone cal-
keuli pacientebis yuradRebiT Seswavlam tvinSi
enis funqciis lokalizaciis Sesaxeb Teoriebis
warmoSobas daudo safuZveli.
Cven aRvwereT mkvlevrebis mier gamoyenebuli
sxvadasxva tipis procedura da sazomi instru-
menti. Semdeg qveTavSi im eTikur standartebs
ganvixilavT, romlebic am meTodebis da pro-
cedurebis gamoyenebas marTavs.
kvlevis eTikuri sakiTxebi
qvezRurblovani Setyobinebis efeqturobis
Sesamowmebel kvlevaSi mkvlevrebma monawi-
leebi moatyues, radgan kasetebze araswori
warwerebi gaakeTes. maT es ganzrax Caidines,
rom enaxaT, xom ar iwvevs monawilis molodini,
rom daexmarebian, daijeros, rom Setyobineba
sasargebloa maSinac ki, roca mexsierebisa da
TviTSefasebis obieqturi sazomebi aCvenebda, rom
es ase ar iyo. motyueba arsodes aris kargi,
magram rogor Seafasebdnen mkvlevrebi am
SemTxvevaSi araswori rwmenis placebo efeqts?
rogor unda SevadaroT kvlevis SesaZlo
sargebeli im xarjTan, romelsac swevs kvlevis
monawile, Tu procedura riskiani, tkivilis, an
stresis momyenebeli da motyuebiTia? fsiqo-
logebi amgvar kiTxvebs gamudmebiT usvamen
sakuTar Tavs (Rosentall, 1994).
adamianebis da cxovelebis ZiriTadi ufle-
bebis pativiscema yvela mkvlevris aucilebeli
movaleobaa. am uflebebis dacvisaTvis arsebobs
specialuri komitetebi, romlebic kvlevis yvela
proeqts ixilavs da SesabamisobaSi mohyavs is
aSS-is janmrTelobis departamentis mier gamo-
qveynebul mkacr instruqciebTan. universitetebs,
kolejebs, saavadmyofoebs da kvleviT dawe-
sebulebebs reviziis sabWoebi hyavT, romlebic
amgvar proeqtebs ixilaven. amerikis fsiqologTa
asociaciam (1992) detaluri eTikuri standartebi
SeimuSava. ganvixiloT zogierTi maTgani.
informirebuli Tanxmoba
adamianebze Catarebuli laboratoriuli
kvlevis dasawyisSi monawileebs aRuweren
proceduras, masTan dakavSirebul potenciur
risks da im Sedegebs, romlis miRebasac moe-
lian kvlevis dasasrul. monawileebs arwmu-
neben, rom maTgan miRebuli informacia daculi
da xelSeuxebeli iqneba gareSe pirTaTvis. maTi
monacemebi dafiqsirdeba da specialur ad-
gilze Seinaxeba; xelmisawvdomi iqneba mxolod
kvlevis eTikuri sakiTxebi
mkvlevrebisaTvis, xolo, Tu mkvlevars kvlevis
Sedegebis moxsenebis survili gauCndeba, mona-
wileTa Tanxmobis gareSe amas ver gaakeTebs.
monawileebs xels awerineben gancxadebaze,
sadac weria, rom kvlevis Sesaxeb sruli in-
formacia miawodes da isini Tanaxma arian mona-
wileobaze. garda amisa, monawileebs afrTxi-
leben, rom maT nebismier momentSi SeuZliaT
datovon kvleva da oficialuri pirebis sakon-
taqto monacemebs aZleven, Tu maT Civilis
survili gauCndebaT. 39
 reqciebidan da pasuxebidan mkvlevari raRac
riskis/sargeblis Sefaseba axals igebs im movlenis Sesaxeb, romelsac
swavlobs, xolo monawiles unda SevatyobinoT
fsiqologiuri kvlevis umetesoba ar aris
kvlevis miznebi, hipoTeza, SesaZlo Sedegebi da
dakavSirebuli raime riskTan, miT umetes, roca
kvlevis mosalodneli sargeblianoba. eq-
mis monawileebs rutinuli davalebebi eZlevaT,
sperimentis dasasrul yovel monawiles unda
magram aris iseTi eqsperimentebi, romlebic
CavutaroT kvlevis Semdgomi interviu, sadac
adamianis bunebis ufro pirad aspeqtebs swav-
mkvlevari maqsimalur informacias miawodebs
lobs, rogoricaa emociuri reaqcia, me-s xati,
kvlevis Sesaxeb da ar gauSvebs monawiles, sanam
konformuloba, stresi an agresia, romlebmac
ar darwmundeba, rom is aRelvebuli, dabneuli,
SeiZleba aaRelvos, an fsiqologiurad Seawuxos
an damorcxvebuli ar aris. Tu kvlevis romelime
adamiani. amitom amgvari kvlevisas riski mini-
etapze monawilis motyueba aucilebelia,
mumamde unda iyos dayvanili. monawileebs unda
eqsperimentatori dawvrilebiT uxsnis mas, ratom
SevatyobinoT riskis Sesaxeb da winaswari zomebi
gaakeTa es. dabolos, monawileebs ufleba aqvT
unda miviRoT, rom Zlier reaqciebs gavumklav-
gaauqmon TavianTi monacemebi, Tu miaCniaT, rom
deT. aseT riskian SemTxvevebSi sabWoebi yurad-
maTi uflebebi dairRva.
RebiT ixilaven, aucilebelia kvleva Tu ara,
SesaZlebelia Tu ara riskis gareSe misi Cata-
reba, ramdenad bevris momtania amgvari kvleva
cxovelTa kvleva: mecniereba,
mecnierebisa da sazogadoebisaTvis.
eTika, politika
SeiZleba Tu ara cxovelebis gamoyeneba
ganzrax motyueba fsiqologiur da samedicino kvlevebSi? es
kiTxva xSirad Zalian polarizebul pasuxebs
zogierT kvlevaSi monawileebisaTvis sruli
iwvevda. erT mxares arian mkvlevrebi, romlebic
informaciis miwodeba SeuZlebelia, radgan es
miuTiTeben, rom cxovelebze Catarebulma
kvlevis Sedegebze imoqmedebs. magaliTad, roca
kvlevebma umniSvnelovanesi aRmoCenebi misces
agresiaze televiziiT Zaladobis yurebis zemoq-
mecnierebas (Domjan and Purdy, 1995; Petrinovich, 1998).
medebas swavlobT, ar unda uTxraT Tqveni mizani
cxovelebze Catarebuli kvlevebis miRwevebia
kvlevis monawiles. zogierT mkvlevars miaCnia,
iseTi wamlebis gamogoneba da gamocda, romlebic
rom monawilis motyueba arc erT SemTxvevaSi
SfoTvas da fsiqikur daavadebebs mkurnaloben,
ar aris gamarTlebuli (Korn, 1987). amerikis fsi-
narkomaniis Sesaxeb mniSvenlovani codnis miReba
qologTa asociaciis (1992) instruqciebi amis
(Miller, 1985) da sxv. cxovelebze Catarebuli
Taobaze sakmaod naTelia: (1) kvlevas sakmarisi
kvlevebi Tavad cxovelebisaTvisac gamosadegia.
Tavi 2 / fsiqologiis kvlevis meTodebi

mecnieruli da saganmanaTleblo mniSvneloba

magaliTad, fsiqologiurma kvlevebma aCvena,
unda hqondes, rom motyueba gavamarTloT, (2)
rogor unda SevamciroT zooparkSi, galiebSi
mkvlevarma unda aCvenos, rom motyuebis gaereSe
myofi cxovelebis stresi. cxovelTa daswavlisa
mizans ver miaRwevs, (3) monawileebi arasodes
da socialuri organizaciis sferoSi gake-
unda movatyuoT im sakiTxebSi, ris gamoc maT
Tebulma mignebebma maTi volierebis ukeTesi
SeiZleba saerTod uari Tqvan monawileobaze,
dagegmareba da janmrTelobisaTvis ufro
(4) kvlevis dasasrul monawileebs unda avuxsnaT,
sasikeTo garemo pirobebis Seqmna gamoiwvia (Nicoll
ratom movatyueT. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, amgvari
et al., 1988).
eqpserimentebi SesaZloa sabWom SezRudos, an
miRwevaTa amgvari CamonaTvali ar aris
saerTod ar miiRos ( Steininger et al; 1984).
sakmarisi sabuTi cxovelTa uflebebis damcve-

kvlevis Semdgomi interviu (Debriefing) _

kvlevis Semdgomi interviu
fsiqologiur kvlevaSi monawileoba yovel-
Tvis mkvlevarsa da monawiles Soris informa-
40 ciis ormxriv gacvlas gulisxmobs. monawilis
mkvlevari maqsimalur informacias miawodebs
kvlevis Sesaxeb da ar gauSvebs monawiles, sa-
nam ar darwmundeba, rom is aRelvebuli,
dabneuli, an damorcxvebuli ar aris.
lebisaTvis. maTi azriT, adamianebs jer kidev
mcdarad miaCniaT, rom „homo sapiensis sxva qmni-
lebebisagan gamoyofa moralurad gamarTle-
bulia~ (Bowd and Shapiro, 1993, gv. 136; Shapiro, 1998).
am Secdomis gamosasworeblad gvTavazoben „la-
boratoriuli kvlevebidan minimalurad ma-
nipulaciur kvlevebze gadavideT, romlebic
bunebriv da naxevrad bunebriv garemoSi tardeba~
(Bowd and Shapiro, 1993, gv. 140). yoveli specialisti
gansakuTrebuli sifrTxiliT unda miudges cxo-
velebis kvlevas.
cxovelebis kvlevaSi gansakuTrebul sif-
rTxileze miuTiTebs, agreTve, gamokiTxvis Sede-
gebi, romelSic fsiqologiis fakultetis 1188
studenti da amerikis fisoqologTa asociaciis
3982 wevri monawileobda (Plous, 1996a, 1996b):
gamokiTxulTa daaxloebiT 80%-s miaCnia,
rom bunebriv garemoSi Catarebuli dak-
virveba dasaSvebia. ufro naklebi (30-dan
70%-mde) mxars uWers iseT kvlevebs, rom-
lebic galiaSi Casmul cxovelebze tardeba,
rac nawilobriv cxovelis tipzea damo-
kidebuli (magaliTad, virTxebi, mtredebi,
ZaRlebi, an primatebi). rogorc studentebma,
ise, leqtorebma uaryves tkivilis mimye-
nebli an sikvdilis gamowvevi kvlevebi
cxovelebze.
orive jgufis umravlesobam (daaxloebiT
60%-ma) mxari dauWira fsiqologiis saswav-
lo kursebSi cxovelebis gamoyenebas, magram
orive jgufSi mxolod erTma mesamedma
CaTvala, rom cxovelebTan laboratoriuli
muSaoba bakalavris xarisxis mosapovebel
aucilebel moTxovnad unda iyos miCneuli.
Tqven ras fiqrobT? rogor SeafasebdiT
cxovelebze Catarebuli kvlevis sargebels da
xarjs?
Sejameba
fsiqologiurma gazomvam imgvari Sedegebi
unda mogvces, romlebic erTdroulad sandocaa
da validuric. sakuTari Tavis Sefasebis gazomva
kiTxvarebis da interviuebis saSualebiT xdeba.
fsiqologi iyenebs, agreTve, qcevis sazomebs,
rogoricaa uSualo dakvirveba da bunebrivi
dakvirveba. adamianis kvlevis mniSvnelovani
rogor gamoviyenoT sworad mecnieruli kvlevis Sedegebi
eTikuri sakiTxebia informirebuli Tanxmoba,
kvlevis riskis da mogebis Sefaseba, ganzrax
motyuebis gamoyeneba da kvlevis Semdgomi
intervius aucilebloba. mkvlevrebma frTxilad
unda ganixilon cxovelebze Catarebuli kvle-
vebis eTikuri Sedegebi.
rogor gamoviyenoT sworad
mecnieruli kvlevis
Sedegebi
am Tavis bolo qveTavSi ganvixilavT kri-
tikuli azrovnebis im unarebs, romlebic imi-
saTvis gWirdebaT, rom fsiqologiuri codna
brZnulad moixmaroT. es nebismieri pirovne-
bisaTvisaa aucilebeli Cvens dinamikur sazo-
gadoebaSi, im situaciaSi, romelic aRsavsea
WeSmaritebaze pretenziebiT, „saRi gonebis~
mcdari miTebiTa da konkretuli interesebis 41
 fsiqologia XXI saukuneSi

fsiqologiuri kvleva da informaciis afeTqeba

internetSi fsiqologii- Tavsebuli, romelTa ume- vreba~, magram, zogadad, es

sadmi miZRvnil uamrav gverds
waawydebiT. magaliTad, Si-
zofrenia erT-erT misamarTze
83.760 gverdze iyo naxsenebi
(ix. Tavi 15). sxva misamarTze
imave Temaze 63.812 gverdi
vipoveT. ueWvelia, am wignis
gamosvlamde es raodenoba
kidev ufro gaizrdeba. es
monacemebi naTlad aCvenebs,
ratom uwodeben Tanamedrove-
obas informaciis afeTqebis
periods. yvela Cvenganisa-
Tvis namdvili gamowvevaa am
informaciis brZnuli mox-
mareba. rogor ganvsazRvroT,
internetSi ganTavsebul
romel informacias vendoT
da romels ara?
biblioTekaSi bevrad uf-
ro advilia informaciis
wyaros gansazRvra, radgan aq
Z i r i Ta d a d s e r i o z u l i
samecniero Jurnalebia mo-
Tavi 2 / fsiqologiis kvlevis meTodebi
tesoba amerikis fsiqologTa
asociaciis, an amerikis fsi-
qologiuri sazogadoebis
gamocemulia. rodesac kvleva
JurnalSi igzavneba, is Semow-
mebis rTul process gadis.
redaqcia mas 2-dan 5-mde
aRiarebul specialists ug-
zavnis, romlebic naSroms
detalurad ixilaven misi
Te o r i u l i s a f u Z v l e b i s ,
meTodologiis da Sedegebis
TvalsazrisiT. Tu eqspertebi
moiwoneben kvlevas, is qveyn-
deba. magaliTad, 1998 wels
amerikis fsiqologTa asocia-
ciis mier (1999) gamoqveynebul-
ma Jurnalebma mowodebuli
naSromebis 69% uaryves. ra
Tqma unda, es procesi srul-
yofili ar aris, zogierTi
Rirebuli Sroma usamarTlod
ukuigdeba, xolo zogi Seda-
rebiT susti rogorRac „gaZ-
procesi garantias gvaZlevs,
rom JurnalTa umetesoba
maRal standartebs akmayofi-
lebs.
amitom, rodesac infor-
macias internetSi naxavT,
yovelTvis dainteresdiT,
saidan modis is, ra aris misi
wyaro. SegiZliaT internet-
Si seriozuli samecniero
Jurnalebis eleqtronuli
versiebi ixiloT. aseve, nebis-
mieri informacia unda Sei-
cavdes gamoyenebuli lite-
raturis CamonaTvals da
aqedanac mixvdebiT, ramdenad
seriozul wyarosTan gaqvT
saqme. `fsiqologia da cxov-
rebaSi~. moyvanili informa-
ciis sandoobaSi eWvi ar unda
SegeparoT, radgan yvelgnaa
m i Ti Te b u l i s a Ta n a d o
samecniero wyaro, amitom,
internetSi muSaobisas imave
principiT imoqmedeT!

samsaxurSi Camdgari mikerZoebuli daskvnebiT. konsultantis jeims vikaris motyuebiTi pro-

kritikuli azrovneba niSnavs informaciis miRma
xedvas, imis siRrmeSi Wvretas, rac zedapirze
ar Cans, arsSi Cawvdomas, rom garegnulma mxarem
ar mogatyuoT.
fsiqologiuri codna fsiqologiurad dax-
vewili sazogadoebis moazrovne, mgrZnobiare
subieqtis yoveldRiuri cxovrebis mudmivad
Tanmdevi aspeqtia. samwuxarod, fsiqologiuri
informaciis didi raodenoba ara mecnieruli
wignebidan, statiebidan da kvlevebidan, aramed
gazeTebis furclebidan, tele da radio gada-
cemebidan, popularuli fsiqologiis „bul-
varuli~ wignebidan modis. davubrundeT fsi-
qikis qvezRurblovani kontrolis ideas. mar-
pagandiT daiwyo (Rogers, 1993) da, rogorc vnaxeT,
laboratoriulma kvlevam uaryo, magram es idea
jer kidev muSaobs da adamianebi isev xarjaven
fuls amgvar kasetebSi!
fsiqologiis codna monacemebze dayrdnobiT
brZnuli daskvnebis gakeTebaSi dagexmarebaT.
yovelTvis unda ecadoT fsiqologiis Seswav-
lidan miRebuli formaluri codna im ara-
formalur fsiqologiur informacias miuyenoT,
romelic gars gartyiaT. dasviT kiTxvebi Tqveni
sakuTari, an sxva adamianebis qcevis Sesaxeb,
pasuxebi racionaluri fsiqologiuri Teorebis
safuZvleze eZebeT da TqvenTvis xelmisawvdom

42 Talia, is mogebaze orientirebuli marketingis faqtebze dayrdnobiT SeamowmeT es pasuxebi.

 yovelTvis unda gaxsovdeT ramdenime zogadi
wesi, romelic informaciis zRvaSi garkvevaSi
dagexmarebaT:
korelacia mizez-Sdegobrioba ar aris.
mniSvnelovani terminebi da cnebebi ope-
raciulad unda iyos gansazRvruli ise,
rom yvelas erTnairad esmodes maTi
mniSvneloba.
sanam Teoriis, hipoTezis an Sexedulebis
damamtkicebel sabuTebs dauwyebT Zebnas,
ifiqreT, rogor SeiZleba misi uaryofa.
eWvi SeitaneT kompleqsuri kiTxvebis mar-
tiv pasuxebSi, an rTuli problemebis da
movlenebis martiv mizezebsa da gadaWris
gzebSi.
eWvi SeitaneT raime mkurnalobis, Carevis,
an produqtis efeqturobaSi, aucileblad
SeadreT is ukve arsebul saSualebas.
Ria da, amave dros, skeptikuri iyaviT:
aRiareT, rom daskvnaTa umetesoba ar aris
naTeli da xelSesaxebi, axali damamtki-
cebeli sabuTebi eZebeT, mzad iyaviT
sakuTari azris SecvlisaTvis.

rogor gamoviyenoT sworad mecnieruli kvlevis Sedegebi

yovelTvis eZebeT SemoTavazebuli axsnis
alternatiuli variantebi, gansakuTrebiT
maSin, roca axsna avtors aZlevs xels.
gaxsovdeT, rom pirovnul tendenciurobas
SeuZlia daamaxinjos realobis aRqma.
gvinda, amave Ria skeptikuri midgomiT ga-
nixiloT es wigni, ar gvinda, fsiqologiis
Seswavla TqvenTvis mxolod faqtebis aTviseba
iyos. imedi gvaqvs, rom monawileobas miiRebT
ideebis aRmoCenaSi, maT SemowmebaSi da es
siamovnebas moganiWebT.

sakvanZo
sakiTxebi
aRmoCenis etapi
kvlevis aRmoCenis sta-
diaze dakvirvebas, Se-
xedulebas, informacias
da zogad codnas mov- dasabuTebis etapi:
lenis axleburi xedvi-
saken mivyavarT. mkvlevari
Teorias da hipoTezas
ayalibebs.
obieqturobis dacvis
saSualebebi
es is fazaa, romelzec ide-
ebi mowmdeba da dastur-
deba, an uariyofa.
43
 ideebis SemowmebisaTvis
mkvlevrebi mecnierul me- fsiqologiuri gazomva ZiriTadi cnebebi
Tods iyeneben. es aris fsiqologebi cdiloben ise A-B-A sqema
monacemebis imgvarad Seg- gazomon monacemebi, rom aRmoCenis etapi
roveba da interpretireba, isini sando da validuri TviTangariSi
rom Secdomebi minimumamde iyos. dasabuTebis etapi
iqnes dayvanili. fsiqologiuri kvleva damatebiTi cvladi
mkvlevrebi ebrZvian dam- moicavs sakuTari Tavis damokidebuli cvladi
kvirveblis tendenciuro- Sefasebis da qcevis damoukidebeli cvladi
bas procedurebis stan- gazomvas. damkvirveblis
dartizaciis da operaci- tendenciuroba
uli gansazRvrebebis ga- determinizmi
kvlevis eTikuri
moyenebis gziT. eqsperimentuli meTodi
sakiTxebi
kvlevis eqsperimentuli validoba
yvela mkvlevari valde- Teoria
meTodebi gansazRvravs,
bulia pativi sces kvlevis kvlevis Semdegi interviu
arsebobs Tu ara cvladebs
m o n a w i l e Ta , a r a a q v s kontrolis procedura
Soris mizez-Sedegobrivi
mniSvneloba, adamianis, Tu korelaciis koeficienti
mimarTeba.
cxovelis, ZiriTad uf- korelaciuri meTodi
mkvlevrebi alternatiul
lebebs. eTikuri da huma- mecnieruli meTodi
axsnebs kontrolis sa-
nuri mopyrobis garanti- molodinis efeqti
Tanado procedurebis
rebisaTvis SemuSavebulia operaciuli gansazRvreba
gamoyenebiT gamoricxaven.
mTeli igi damcveli saSu- ormagad brma kontroli
kvlevis korelaciuri me-
alebebi. placebo efeqti
Todi gansazRvravs, ram-
denad aris ori cvladi placebo kontroli
dakavSirebuli erTmaneT- rogor gamoviyenoT populacia
Tan. korelacia ar gulis- sworad mecnieruli reprezentatuli SerCeva
xmobs mizez-Sedegob- kvlevis Sedegebi sandooba-standartizacia
riobas. qcevis gazomva
imisaTvis, rom kvlevis Se-
SemTxvevis Seswavla
degebi sworad gamoviyenoT,
SerCeva
unda vicodeT, rogor
cvladi
viazrovnoT kritikulad
cdis pirTa Soris sqema
da rogor SevafasoT
cdis pirTa SigniT sqema
kvlevis Sedegebi.
hipoTeza

44
statistikuri damateba
statistikis gageba: monacemebis analizi da
daskvnebis Camoyalibeba

monacemebis analizi
• aRweriTi statistika
• daskvniTi statistika
rogor gamoviyenoT
sworad mecnieruli
kvlevis Sedegebi
• Ziritadi terminebi

45
 r ogorc rogorc meore TavSi
aRvniSneT, fsiqologebi statis-
tikas imisaTvis iyeneben, rom Seg-
rovebul monacemebs azri mianiWon. statistika,
statistikuri damateba / statistikis gageba: monacemebis analizi da daskvnebis Camoyalibeba
agreTve, saWiroa miRebuli daskvnebisaTvis
raodenobrivi safuZvlis Sesaqmnelad. amdenad,
statistikis codna dagexmarebaT daafasoT is
procesi, romlis saSualebiTac iqmneba fsiqo-
logiuri codna. pirovnul doneze, statistikis
principebis gageba ukeTesi gadawyvetilebebis
miRebaSi dagexmarebaT, rodesac sxvebi monacemTa
gamoyenebiT Seecdebian Segacvlevinon azrebi
da moqmedebebi.
studentTa umetesobisaTvis statistika
mSrali, uintereso sagania. miuxedavad amisa,
statitikas Cvens cxovrebaSi mravalgvari
gamoyeneba aqvs. amis saCveneblad moviyvanT
mxolod erT proeqts, dawyebuls realuri
problemiT da damTavrebuls statistikuri
argumentebiT, romlebic zogadi daskvnebisaTvis
moiSvelies. misi ganxorcieleba presis pirvel
gverdebze moTavsebulma informaciebma gamoiw-
mkvlevarTa gunds hqonda varaudi, rom mor-
cxvobas, sxva pirovnul maxasiaTeblebsa da
Zaladobis qcevas Soris kavSiri unda arse-
bobdes (Lee et al., 1977). amitom maT daiwyes
monacemebis Segroveba, romlebic amgvar kavSirs
gamoavlenda. mkvlevrebma igulisxmes, rom erTi
SexedviT aramoZalade adamianebi, romlebic
uecrad Cadian mkvlelobas, Cveulebriv, mor-
cxvebi da araagresiulebi arian, TavianT vnebebs
da agresiebs mkacrad akontroleben. marTalia,
cxovrebis manZilze isini mraval travmas
iReben, magram iSviaTad, an saerTod ar gamo-
xataven brazss, Tumca ganicdian mas. gareg-
nulad isini TiTqosda mSvidi adamianebi arian,
46 magram SigniT brZola mimdinareobs gamalebuli
vies im morcxvi adamianebis Sesaxeb, romlebic
uecrad mkvlelebi gaxdnen. magaliTi:
naTesavebi, TanamSromlebi da nacnobebi
fred kovans „wynar, sasiamovno, bavSvebis moy-
varul, keTil~ kacad axasiaTebdnen. fredis
skolis yofilma direqtorma ganacxada, rom
kovans saukeTeso niSnebi hqonda yofaqcevaSi,
TanamSromlobasa da religiaSi. TanamSrom-
lis mixedviT, „kovani aravis elaparakeboda,
magram xalisiT asrulebda sxvebis dava-
lebebsa da Txovnebs~. erTxel, valentinis
dRes, kovani naxevrad avtomaturi iaraRiT
Sevida samsaxurSi, mokla oTxi TanamSromeli,
policieli da Semdeg Tavi moikla.
es istoria sakmaod xSir movlenas asaxavs:
morcxvi, wynari adamiani uecrad Zaladobas
Cadis da SokSi agdebs yvelas, vinc mas icnobda.
ra saerTo aqvs fred kovans maTTan, vinc
moulodnelad wynari da mzrunveli adamianidan
moZaladed da umowyalod gardaiqmna? ra
pirovnuli TvisebebiT gamoirCevian amgvari ada-
mianebi Cvengan?
emociebis gasakontroleblad. isini wynari,
pasiuri, pasuxismgebliani adamianebis STabeW-
dilebas toveben rogorc bavSvobisas, aseve
mozardobaSi. simorcxvis gamo maT Zalian axlo-
beli adamianebi ar hyavT da aravin icis, sinam-
dvileSi ras ganicdian. Semdeg, uecrad raRac
feTqdeba. kidev erTi mcire wyena, kidev erTi
mcire socialuri wnexi sakmarisia, rom naper-
wklis roli iTamaSos da gamoaTavisuflos
wlebis ganmavlobaSi Cakluli Zaladoba.
radgan am adamianebs ar uswavliaT, rogor
SeiZleba pirovnebaTaSorisi konfliqtis ga-
daWra problemis ganxilvisa da molaparakebis
gziT, fizikurad amJRavneben TavianT agresias.
 mkvlevrebma Camoayalibes hipoTeza, rom
simorcxve ufro metad axasiaTebT uecar
mkvlelebs _ maT, visac manamde ar CaudeniaT
raime danaSauli, an antisocialuri qceva, vidre
kriminal mkvlelebs, visac mkvlelobamde hqo-
niaT Zaladobis kriminaluri qcevebis Sem-
Txvevebi. garda amisa, uecari mkvlelebi Tavi-
anTi impulsebis ufro maRali donis kontro-
liT gamoirCevian, vidre Zaladobis Cadenas
Cveuli adamianebi. dabolos, maTi pasiuroba
da sxvebze damokidebuleba sqesobrivi rolebis
kiTxvarSi gamovlindeba ufro feminur da
androginul (qalis da mamakacis erTdroulad)
TvisebebSi, vidre kriminali mkvlelebisa.
am ideebis Sesamowmeblad mkvlevrebma kali-
forniis cixeebSi testebis da kiTxvarebis
Catarebis nebarTva miiRes. 19 patimari (yvela
mamakaci) daTanxmda kvlevaSi monawileobis
miRebaze. mkvlelobamde rig maTgans danaSa-
ulebis mTeli seria hqonda Cadenili, xolo
sxvebs ar gaaCndaT kriminaluri warsuli. am
ori tipis cdis pirebisagan mkvlevrebma sami
tipis monacemi moagroves: simorcxvis qula,
sqesobrivi rolis identifikaciis qula da
impulsis kontrolis qula.
simorcxvis qula stenfordis simorcxvis
kiTxvaris saSualebiT Sefasda. am kiTxvaris
yvelaze mniSvnelovani punqti iyo kiTxva:
„morcxvi xarT Tu ara?~, razec mocemuli iyo
pasuxis ori varianti: „ki~, an „ara~. sxva kiTxvebi
exeboda simorcxvis saxeebs da xarisxebs,
simorcxvis mizezebsa da sababs.
meore kiTxvari iyo sandra bemis (Sandra Bem)
sqesobrivi rolebis kiTxvari, romelic war-
moadgens zedsarTavi saxelebis sias, magaliTad,
agresiuli, mosiyvarule. cdis pirma unda
upasuxos, ramdenad Seesabameba es Tvisebebi
mas (Bem, 1974, 1981). zogierTi zedsarTavi
feminur, anu qalis Tvisebebs asaxavda da maTi
jami iZleoda qalis sqesobriv rols. zogierTi
zedsarTavi mamakacis Tvisebebs asaxavda da maTi
jami iZleoda mamakacis sqesobriv rols.
individis sqesobrivi rolis saboloo qulis,
romelic feminurobasa da maskulinobas Soris
sxvaobas asaxavda, gamoTvla Semdegnairad
xdeboda: feminurs akldeboda maskulinuri
qulebi, xolo maskulinuri da feminuri qu-
lebis kombinacia individis androginulobas
aCvenebda.
mesame kiTxvari minesotis mravalfaziani
pirovnebis sakvlevi kiTxvari iyo, romelic
pirovnebis mraval ganzomilebas swavlobs (ix.
Tavi 14), magram amJamad misi mxolod erTi, „egos
zekontrolis~, anu ipoqondriulobis skala
gamoiyenes, romelic aCvenebs, ramdenad akon-
trolebs adamiani impulsebs. rac ufro maRa-
lia qula, miT metia egos kontroli.
mkvlevrebma iwinaswarmetyveles, rom kriminal
mkvlelebTan SedarebiT, uecari mkvlelebi (1)
ufro xSirad daaxasiaTebdnen sakuTar Tavs,
rogorc morcxvs, (2) ufro metad airCevdnen
qalis Tvisebebs, vidre mamakacisas da (3) egos
zekontrolis ufro maRal qulas miiRebdnen.
sanam Sedegebze gadavalT, unda ganvixiloT
ramdenime procedura, romlebic am monacemebis
gasaanalizeblad gamoiyenes. mkvlevrebis mier
Segrovil realur monacemebs masalad gamo-
viyenebT, raTa Tqven statistikuri analizis
sxvadasxva tipi SegaswavloT.
monacemebis analizi
mravali fsiqologi mklevrisaTvis monacemTa
analizi amaRelvebeli proceduraa, radgan swo-
red aq mJRavndeba swori iyo Tu ara misi varaudi.
am qveTavSi nabij-nabij gavivliT uecari mkvle-
lebis kvlevis zogierT monacems. Tu ukve gada-
aTvaliereT wigni, ricxvebi da gantolebebi na-
naxi geqnebaT. gaxsovdeT, rom maTematika iaraRia,
maTematikuri simboloebi ki _ ideebisa da
konceptualuri operaciebis warmodgenis mokle
gza.
S.1 cxrilSi mocemulia 19 cdis pirTa mo-
nacemebi, anu nedli qulebi _ realuri, namdvili
qulebi, an sxva sazomebi. rogorc xedavT, 10
cdis piri uecar mkvlelebs miekuTvneboda,
xolo 9 _ kriminal mkvlelebs.
monacemTa analizi
am monacemebidan raimes gageba Zalian rTulia,
aq ubralod raRac ricxvebis grovaa mocemuli.
nebismieri mkvlevari imasve igrZnobda, rasac
Tqven _ dabneulobas. ras niSnavs es qulebi?
gansxvavdeba Tu ara erTmaneTisagan mkvlelTa
es ori jgufi? am araorganizebuli monacemebiT
kiTxvaze pasuxis gacema Zalian rTulia.
swored am monacemebisaTvis azris miniWebis
47
mizniT gamoiyeneba statistika. aRweriTi sta-
 am monacemebis tipur maxasiaTeblebs warmogvid-
cxrili
s.1 gens. garda amisa, aRweriTi statistika aCvenebs,
uecari mkvlelebis kvlevis nedli ramdenad icvleba qulebi tipuri qulis mimarT,
monacemebi anu monacemebis variabilobas _ gafantulia
qulebi, Tu erTmaneTTan axlosaa dajgufebuli.
BSRI MMPI modiT, vnaxoT, rogor iReben mkvlevrebi am
feminuroba- egos sazomebs.
patimrebi simorcxve
maskulinoba zekontroli
jgufi 1: uecari mkvlelebi
sixSireTa ganawileba
1 ki +5 17
2 ara -1 17 qulaTa ganawilebis naTlad warmosaCenad
3 ki +4 13
4 ki +61
unda avagoT sixSireTa ganawilebis mrudi, anu
17
statistikuri damateba / statistikis gageba: monacemebis analizi da daskvnebis Camoyalibeba

5 ki +19 13 imis Sejameba, Tu ramdenad xSirad Cndeba

6 ki +41 19 sxvadasxva qula. simorcxvis monacemebis
7 ara -29 14 Sejameba advilia: 9-jer gvxvdeba pasuxi diax
8 ki +23 9
9 ki -13 11
da 10-jer _ pasuxi ara. TiTqmis yvela dadebiTi
10 ki +5 14 pasuxi pirvel jgufs ekuTvnis, xolo TiTqmis
jgufi 2: kriminali mkvlelebi yvela uaryofiTi pasuxi _ meores, magram
11 ara -12 sqesobrivi rolis da egos zekontrolis
15
12 ara -14 11 monacemebi ar xvdeba „ki~-s da „ara~-s martiv
13 ki +33 14 kategoriebSi. jer ganvixiloT sqesobrivi
14 ara -8 10 rolis monacemebi. yvelaze maRali qulaa +61
15 ara -7 16
16 ara +3 11 (maqsimalurad feminuri) da yvelaze dabali
17 ara -17 6 _33 (maqsimalurad maskulinuri). 19 qulidan 9
18 ara +6 9 dadebiTia d 10 uaryofiTi, rac niSnavs, rom 9
19 ara -10 2
mkvleli SedarebiT feminuria, xolo 10 _
maskulinuri; magram rogor nawildeba es
tistika ricxobrivi monacemebis sxvadasxva
qulebi jgufebSi? sixSireTa ganawilebis
aspeqtis obieqturad aRweras niSnavs maTema-
mrudis agebisken gadadgmuli pirveli nabiji
tikuri procedurebis gamoyenebiT. Tu odesme
iqneba qulebis TanmimdevrobiT dalageba
gamogiTvliaT Tqveni niSnebis saSualo maCve-
yvelaze maRlidan yvelaze dablisaken. qulebis
nebeli, maSin aRweriTi statistika gamogi-
aseT dalagebas rangebis mixedviT mowesrigeba
yenebiaT. axsniTi statistika albaTobis Teorias
ewodeba, rac S.2 cxrilSia naCvenebi.
iyenebs, raTa sandod aCvenos, romeli Sedegebia
SemTxveviT miRebuli.
cxrili
s.2
sqesobrivi rolis qulebis rangis
aRweriTi statistika mixedviT dalageba
aRweriTi statistika monacemebSi arsebuli yvelaze maRali +61 -1
kanonzomierebis Sejamebul suraTs gvaZlevs. +41 -7
is cdis piris an cdis pirTa monacemebs, an +23 -8
+19 -10
cvladebs Soris kavSirs aRwers. amitom mkvle- -12
+6
vari ara calkeuli cdis piris monacems, aramed +5 -13
+5 -14
+4 -17
aRweriTi statistika (Descriptive statistics) _ +3 -29
statistikuri procedurebi, romlebic qulebs -33 yvelaze dabali
maTi centraluri tendenciis, variabilobis da
SeniSvna: + qulebi ufro feminuria; - qulebi ki, ufro
korelaciebis TvalsazrisiT ajamebs.
48 maskulinuri.
 Semdegi nabijia amgvarad dalagebuli qu- grafikebi
lebis ufro mcire jgufebSi gaerTianeba. am ganawilebaTa aRqma xSirad bevrad advilia,
jgufebs anu kategoriebs intervalebi ewodeba. roca isini grafikebis saxiTaa warmodgenili.
mocemul kvlevaSi 10 kategoria gamoyves, TiTo- grafikis yvelaze martivi formaa svetebiani
eulSi 10 qula moxvda. mesame nabijia sixSireTa grafiki. svetebiani grafiki saSualebas
ganawilebis cxrilis ageba, sadac intervalebi gvaZlevs monacemebSi arsebuli kanonzomiereba
yvelaze maRlidan yvelaze dablisaken iqneba davinaxoT. misi gamoyenebiT SegviZlia vaCvenoT,
CamoTvlili da miTiTebuli iqneba, ramdeni ramdenad metma uecarma mkvlelma daaxasiaTa
qula moxvda TiToeul intervalSi, anu miTiTe- sakuTari Tavi, rogorc ufro morcxvi,
buli iqneba sixSire. Cveni sixSireTa ganawileba kriminal mkvlelTan SedarebiT (ix. sur. S.1).
gvaCvenebs, rom sqesobrivi rolebis qulebi
meryeobs _20-sa da +9-s Soris (ix. cxrili S.3),
xolo patimarTa qulebis umetesoba nulisagan
didad ar aris daSorebuli, rac niSnavs imas,
rom isini arc Zlierad uaryofiTia da arc
Zlierad dadebiTi.
monacemebi ukve gamoyenebadi saxiTaa war-
modegnili, axla SeiZleba maTi grafikulad
warmodgena.

suraTi
cxrili
s.3 s.1
sqesobrivi rolebis qulebis sixSireTa mkvlelTa ori jgufis simorcxve
ganawileba (svetebiani grafiki)
kategoria sixSire

+60-dan -69-mde 1
+50-dan +59-mde 0
ufro rTuli monacemebisaTvis, rogoricaa
+40-dan +49-mde 1 sqesobrivi rolis qulebi, SegviZlia gamoviye-
+30-dan +39-mde 0 noT histograma, romelic Zalian hgavs sve-
+20-dan +29-mde 1
tebian grafiks, mxolod erTi gansxvavebiT, aq
+10-dan +19-mde 1
0-dan +9-mde 5 warmodgenili kategoriebi intervalebia, anu
-10-dan -1-mde 4 TiToeuli sveti raodenobriv kategorias
-20-dan -11-mde 4 asaxavs da ara saxelwodebis kategorias. his-
-30-dan -21-mde 1
-40-dan -31-mde 1 tograma gvaZlevs ganawilebaSi qulebis vi-
zualur suraTs, romlebic intervalebSia
moTavsebuli. S.2 suraTidan naTlad Cans, rom
mkvlelTa ori jgufis sqesobrivi rolebis
monacemTa analizi

daskvniTi statistika (Inferential statistics) _
statistikuri procedurebi, romlebic mkvle-
vars saSualebas aZlevs gansazRvros, adastu-
rebs mis hipoTzas Sedegi, Tu is mxolod Sem-
TxveviTaa miRebuli.
sixSireTa ganawileba (Frequency distribution) _ imis
Sejameba, Tu ramdenad xSirad Cndeba TiToeuli
qula monacemTa mwkrivSi.
qulebi gansxvavebulia.
S.1 da S.2 suraTebidan Cans, rom simorcxvisa
da sqesobrivi rolebis TvalsazrisiT mkvle-
varTa hipoTeza dadasturda: uecarma mkvle-
lebma meti albaTobiT daaxasiaTes sakuTari
Tavi, rogorc morcxvi da ufro meti al-
baTobiT gamoiyenes feminuri niSnebi sakuTari
Tavis aRwerisas, vidre kriminalma mkvlelebma.

49

statistikuri damateba / statistikis gageba: monacemebis analizi da daskvnebis Camoyalibeba
suraTi
s.2
sqesobrivi rolebis qulebi
centraluri tendenciis sazomebi
aqamde qulebis ganawilebis mxolod zogadi
suraTi SevqmeniT. cxrilebi da grafikebi
Sedegebis ukeT gagebaSi gvexmareba, magram Cven
meti gvinda vicodeT, magaliTad, erTi qula,
romelic mTeli jgufis tipuri warmomad-
genelia. es qula gansakuTrebiT sasargeblo
xdeba, roca ori an meti jgufis Sedareba
gvsurs, radgan bevrad ufro advilia ori
jgufis tipuri qulis Sedareba, vidre mTeli
ganawilebebis. erT amgvar tipur qulas, ro-
melic mTeli ganawilebis reprezentaciulia,
centraluri tendenciis sazomi ewodeba (is
50 ganawilebis centrSia moTavsebuli da sxva
qulebi mis garSemo jgufdeba). Cveulebriv,
fsiqologebi centraluri tendenciis sam
gansxvavebul sazoms iyeneben: modas, medianas
da saSualos.
moda iseTi qulaa, romelic bevrad ufro
xSirad Cndeba, vidre sxvebi. simorcxvis sazomis
mixedviT, uecari mkvlelebis yvelaze xSiri
pasuxi iyo „diax~ - aTi cdis piridan cxram
Tqva, rom morcxvi iyo. kriminal mkvlelebs
Soris modaluri pasuxi iyo „ara~. sqesobrivi
rolebis modaluri qula uecari mkvlele-
bisaTvis +5 iyo. SegiZliaT gviTxraT, ramdenia
egos zekontrolis qulebis moda uecari mkvle-
lebisaTvis? moda aris centraluri tendenciis
yvelaze advilad gansasazRvri maCvenebeli,
magram xSirad is naklebad gamosadegia. am
gamousadegobis erT-erT mizezs maSin dainaxavT,
roca yuradRebas miaqcevT imas, rom egos
zekontrolis modis _17-is zemoT mxolod erTi
qulaa moTavsebuli, xolo 6 monacemi mis
qvemoTaa. miuxedavad imisa, rom 17 yvelaze xSiri
qulaa am ganawilebaSi, is SeiZleba ver asaxav-
des tipur anu centralur maCvenebels.
mediana namdvilad centraluri qulaa,
radgan ganawilebis zeda naxevars qveda naxev-
risagan gamoyofs, anu medianis zemoT da qvemoT
qulaTa erTi da igive raodenoba Tavsdeba.
medianaze maRali qulebis raodenoba igivea,
rac medianaze dabali qulebisa. rodesac
qulebis raodenoba kentia, mediana zustad Sua
qulaa, xolo luwi raodenobis SemTxvevaSi,
ori SuaSi mdebare ori qulis gaSualeba xdeba.
Tu, magaliTad, kriminali mkvlelebis sqesob-
rivi rolebis qulebs daalagebT, naxavT, rom
mediana _10-ia, mis zemoT da qvemoT Tanabari
raodenobis, oTx-oTxi monacemi xvdeba. uecari
mkvlelebisaTvis mediana +5-ia _ rigiT mexuTe
da meeqvse qulis saSualo, maTgan TiToeuli
+5-ia. medianaze ar zemoqmedebs ukiduresi
qulebi, magaliTad, uecari mkvlelebis sqesob-
rivi rolis qula +129 rom yofiliyo +61-is
nacvlad, mediana mainc +5 darCeboda da isev
zeda da qveda naxevris gamyofi iqneboda.
martivad, mediana ganawilebis SuaSi myofi
qulaa.
mediana (Median) _ qula, romlis zemoT da qvemoT
Tanabari raodenobiT qulebia moTavsebuli,
centraluri tendenciis sazomi.
 monacemTa wyebis aRsawerad yvelaze xSirad
saSualo gamoiyeneba. mis gamosaTvlelad gana-
wilebis yvela qula ikribeba da iyofa maT
raodenobaze. saSualos gamosaTvleli formula
Semdegia:
M=(ΣX)/N
am formulaSi M saSualoa, X TiToeuli in-
dividis qula, Σ (berZnuli aso sigma) mis Semdeg
moTavsebuli wevrebis jamia, xolo N qulaTa
mTliani raodenobaa. radgan sqesobrivi rolebis
yvela qulis jami (X)/115-ia, xolo maTi rao-
denoba (N) 10, uecari mkvlelebis sqesobrivi
rolis qulebis saSualo (M) iqneba:
M=115/10=11.5
SeecadeT, Tavad gamoTvaloT egos zekontro-
lis qula, saSualo 11.4-is toli unda iyos.
medianasagan gansxvavebiT, saSualos mniSvne-
lobaze ganawilebis yvela qulis mniSvneloba
zemoqmedebs. ukiduresi qulis mniSvnelobis
cvlileba saSualos mniSvnelobas cvlis.
magaliTad, meoTxe cdis piris sqesobrivi rolis
qula +61-is nacvlad +101 rom yofiliyo, mTeli
jgufis saSualo 11.5-dan 15.6-mde gaizrdeboda.
variabiloba
ganawilebis, rogorc mTelis reprezenta-
ciuli qulis, codnis garda, saWiroa agreTve
vicodeT, ramdenad reprezentaciulia centra-
luri tendenciis es sazomi. danarCeni qulebi
masTan axlosaa, Tu gafantulia? variabilobis
sazomebi is statistikebia, romlebic centra-
luri tendenciis romelime sazomis irgvliv
qulebis ganawilebas aCvenebs.
saSualo (Mean) _ qulaTa ariTmetikuli sa-
Sualo, centraluri tendenciis yvelaze xSi-
rad gamoyenebuli maCvenebeli.
variabilobis sazomebi (Measures of variability) _
statistikebi, rogorebicaa diapazoni, an stan-
dartuli gadaxra, romelic aCvenebs, ramdenad
mWidrodaa ganlagebuli qulebi ganawilebaSi.
diapazoni (Range) _ ganawilebaSi yvelaze ma-
Ral da yvelaze dabal qulebs Soris sxvaoba,
variabilobis martivi sazomi.
standartuli gadaxra (Standard deviation – SD) _
qulaTa wyebis saSualo sxvaoba maTi saSua-
lodan, variabilobis sazomi
magaliTi migaxvedrebT, ratomaa saWiro va-
riabilobis sazomebi. warmoidgineT, rom skolis
maswavlebeli xarT. wlis dasawyisia da 30
meoreklasels kiTxva unda aswavloT. iciT, rom
klasSi saSualo moswavles pirveli klasis
donis wignis wakiTxva unda SeeZlos da amis
mixedviT dagegmavT gakveTilebs. magram imisTvis,
rom ukeT aagoT swavlebis procesi, umjobesia
icodeT, ramdenad msgavsia an gansxvavebuli 30
moswavlis kiTxvis unari. Tu isini daaxloebiT
erT doneze arian (dabali variabiloba), SegiZ-
liaT meore klasis standartuli gakveTili
dagegmoT. magram, iqneb ramdenime moswavles
bevrad rTuli masalis kiTxva SeuZlia, sxvebi
ki Zlivs kiTxuloben (maRali variabiloba) aseT
SemTxvevaSi, saSualo done ar iqneba klasis
reprezentaciuli da sxvadasxva tipis gakveTili
unda dagegmoT moswavleTa mravalferovani
moTxovnebis dasakmayofileblad.
variabilobis yvelaze martivi sazomi dia-
pazonia, anu sixSireTa ganawilebaSi yvelaze
maRal da yvelaze dabal maCvenebls Soris
sxvaoba. uecari mkvlelebis sqesobrivi rolis
qulebisaTvis diapazoni 90-ia: (+61) _ (-29). egos
kontrolis qulebis diapazoni ki 10-ia: (+19) _
(+9). diapazonis gamosaTvlelad mxolod ori
qulis codna gWirdebaT _ yvelaze maRlis da
yvelaze dablis.
diapazonis gamoTvla Zalian advilia, magram
mkvlevrebi variabilobis sxva, ufro daxvewil
sazomebs amjobineben, romlebic yvela qulas
iTvaliswinebs da ara mxolod ukidures maCveneb-
lebs. erT-erTi yvelaze farTod gamoyenebuli
sazomia standartuli gadaxra, romelic qu-
lebsa da maT saSualos Soris sxvaobis saSua-
los aCvenebs. ganawilebis standartuli gadax-
ris gamosaTvlelad ganawilebis saSualo da
TiToeuli qula unda icodeT. procedura Sem-
degia: TiToeul qulas aklebT saSualos, Semdeg
am gadaxrebis saSualos iTvliT. qvemoT moce-
monacemTa analizi
mulia formula:
σ= ∑ (X − M ) 2
N
simboloebis umetesobas ukve unda cnobdeT
saSualos gamosaTvleli formulidan. (X-M)
niSnavs „individualur qulas gamovakloT sa-
Sualo~ da mas, Cveulebriv, gadaxris qulas 51
 uwodeben. saSualos yovel qulas akleben da
Sedegad miRebuli qula kvadratSi ahyavT (uar-
yofiTi mniSvnelobebis gasabaTileblad). Semdeg
am gadaxrebis saSualos iTvlian maTi SejamebiT
(Σ) da monacemTa raodenobaze (N) gayofiT.
simbolo miuTiTebs, rom kvadratuli fesvia
amosaRebi masSi moTavsebuli sidididan. es
manamde ganxorcielebuli kvadratSi ayvanis
gasabaTilebladaa gakeTebuli. S.4 cxrilSi
gamoTvlilia uecari mkvlelebis egos kon-
trolis qulebis standartuli gadaxra. gaix-
seneT, rom am qulebis saSualo 14.4-ia, e.i. swo-
red es sidide unda gamovakloT TiToeul qulas,
statistikuri damateba / statistikis gageba: monacemebis analizi da daskvnebis Camoyalibeba
standartuli gadaxra mcirea, saSualo kargad
asaxavs mTel ganawilebas. rodesac standartu-
li gadaxra didia, saSualo naklebad tipuria.
saSualo naklebad tipuria mTeli jgufisaTvis.
korelacia
fsiqologiuri monacemebis interpretaciis
kidev erTi sasargeblo iaraRia korelaciis
koeficienti, romelic or cvlads Soris
kavSiris bunebas da siZlieres zomavs (magali-
Tad, simaRle da wona, an sqesobrivi rolis da
egos zekontrolis qulebi). is gveubneba, Tu

raTa Sesabamisi gadaxris qulebi miviRoT. ra zomiTaa dakavSirebuli erTi cvladis

qulebi meore cvladis qulebTan. Tu adamianebs
erT cvladze maRali qulebi aqvT da meore
cxrili
s.4 cvladzec imave tendencias avlenen, korelaciis
uecari mkvlelebis egos-zekontrolis koeficienti dadebiTi iqneba (nulze meti). Tu
qulebis standartuli gadaxris gamoTvla adamianebs erT cvladze maRali qulebi aqvT,
xolo meoreze _ dabali, korelaciis koefi-
cienti uaryofiTi iqneba (nulze naklebi). Tu
gadaxra (qulas kvadratSi ayvanili
qula minus saSualo) gadaxrebi (qulas minus
qulebs Soris kavSiri ar arsebobs, korelacia
(X) (X-M) saSualo)2 (X-M)2 nuls uaxlovdeba (ix. Tavi 2).
17 2.6 6.76 korelaciis koeficienti +1-dan (sruli da-
17 2.6 6.76 debiTi korelacia) _1-mde (sruli uaryofiTi
13 -1.4 1.96 korelacia) icvleba. rac ufro Sorsaa koe-
17 2.6 6.76
-1.4
ficienti nulidan nebismieri mimarTulebiT, miT
13 1.96
19 4.6 21.16 ufro mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli ori cvladi
14 -0.4 0.16 dadebiTad, an uaryofiTad. rac ufro maRalia
9 -5.6 29.16 koeficienti, miT ukeTesad viwinaswarmetyvelebT
11 -3.4 11.56
14 -0.4 0.16 cvlads, Tu meore viciT.
standartuli uecari mkvlelebis kvlevaSi korelaciis
86.4 = ∑( X −M)2 koeficienti (aRiniSneba r-iT) sqesobrivi ro-
gadaxra = SD=
∑(X −M)2 lebis qulebsa da egos kontrolis qulebs
N
Soris aris +0. 35, e.i. es qulebi dadebiTad kore-
86.40
= 86.40 = 2.94 lirebs, anu is adamianebi, romlebic ufro
10 feminurad aRiqvamen Tavs, egos ufro maRal
SD=2.94 kontrols avlenen. Tumca korelacia rom
zomieria, es imas niSnavs, rom am kavSirSi mra-
vali gamonaklisia. patimrebis TviTSefaseba rom
standartuli gadaxra gveubneba, ramdenad gagvezoma da misi egos kontrolis qulebTan
cvalebadia qulaTa erToblioba. rac ufro korelacia _0.68 rom yofiliyo, maT Soris
metia standartuli gadaxra, miT metadaa qulebi iqneboda uaryofiTi korelacia. maSin vityodiT,
gafantuli. sqesobrivi rolebis qulebis rom egos maRali kontrolis mqone adamianebs
standartuli gadaxra uecari mkvlelebisaTvis dabali TviTSefaseba aqvT, xolo kavSiri ufro
24.6, xolo kriminali mkvlelebisaTvis mxolod
10.7-ia. es aCvenebs, rom kriminalTa jgufSi korelaciis koeficienti (r) (correlation coefficient)
variabiloba naklebia. aq qulebi saSualos aris statistika, romelic or cvlads Soris
kavSiris xarisxs aCvenebs.
52 garSemo mWidrodaa dajgufebuli. rodesac
Zlieri iqneboda, vidre wina SemTxvevaSi, radgan
_0.68 ufro Sorsaa nulidan, kavSiris ararse-
bobis maCvenebeli wertilidan, vidre +0.35.
daskvniTi statistika
uecari mkvlelebis kvlevis monacemebis
dasaxasiaTeblad aRweriTi statistika gamovi-
yeneT da axla ukve gvaqvs warmodgena Sedegebis
Sesaxeb. miuxedavad amisa, yvela ZiriTad kiTxvaze
pasuxi jer mainc ar gagvicia. hipoTeza gulis-
xmobda, rom uecari mkvlelebi ufro morcxvi,
feminuri da maRali zekontrolis mqoneebi
iqnebodnen, vidre kriminali mkvlelebi. am ori
jgufis saSualo pasuxebis da variabilobis
Sesadareblad aRweriTi statistika gamoviyeneT
da aRmoCnda, rom am jgufebs Soris marTlac
aris gansxvaveba, magram sakmarisad didia es
gansxvavebebi? es kvleva rom gagvemeorebina sxva
cdis pirebze, igive Sedegebs miviRebdiT, Tu
miRebuli Sedegi mxolod SemTxvevis gamoa?
rogorRac rom mogvexerxebina da uecari da
kriminali mkvlelebis mTeli populacia Segves-
wavla, saSualoebisa da standartuli gadax-
rebis mniSvnelobebi igive iqneboda?
suraTi
s. 3
swored am tipis kiTxvebze pasuxis gasacemad
gamoiyeneba daskvniTi statistika. is gveubneba,
Cveni monacemebidan da Cvens SerCevaze ra
daskvnebis gakeTeba SegviZlia. daskvniTi
statistika iyenebs albaTobis Teorias, raTa
gansazRvros albaToba imisa, rom monacemebis
esa Tu is erToblioba SemTxveviTi variaciis
Sedegia.
normaluri mrudi
imisTvis, rom gavigoT, rogor muSaobs das-
kvniTi statistika, unda ganvixiloT im gana-
wilebis Tvisebebi, romelsac normaluri mrudi
ewodeba. rodesac cvladis monacemebi (maga-
liTad, simaRle, egos kontroli an inteleqtis
koeficienti) didi raodenobiT individebisagan
miiReba, Sedegebi xSirad ise nawildeba, rogorc
S.3 suraTze naCveneb mrudzea gamosaxuli.
yuradReba miaqcieT, rom mrudi simetriulia
(marcxena naxevari marjvenas sarkisebuli
asaxvaa) da zaris forma aqvs _ maRalia SuaSi,
sadac qulebis umetesobaa moTavsebuli da
dabldeba, rac ufro vSordebiT saSualos. am
tipis mruds normaluri mrudi, an normaluri
ganawileba ewodeba (gadaxril ganawilebaSi
monacemTa analizi
53
 qulebi romelime erT bolos lagdeba, SuaSi
ganTavsebis nacvlad).
normalur mrudze medianis, modis da saSua-
los mniSvnelobebi erTi da igivea. mrudis
sxvadasxva nawilSi monacemTa garkveuli procen-
ti xvdeba. suraTi S.3 stenford-bines inteleqtis
testis IQ qulebs aCvenebs. am qulebis saSualo
100-ia, standartuli gadaxra ki _ 16. Tu stan-
dartul gadaxrebs X RerZze moaTavsebT saSua-
lodan manZilebis aRsaniSnad, aRmoaCenT, rom
moncemebis 68%-ze odnav meti Tavsdeba
saSualosa (100) da erT standartul gadaxras
Soris orive mimarTulebiT (IQ 84-sa da 116-s
statistikuri damateba / statistikis gageba: monacemebis analizi da daskvnebis Camoyalibeba
Soris). qulaTa kidev daaxloebiT 27% xvdeba
meore da pirveli standartuli gadaxris
farglebSi (IQ 68-sa da 84-s Soris) saSualos
qvemoT da saSualos zemoT (IQ 116-sa da 132-s
Soris).Q 5%-ze naklebi xvdeba saSualodan sami
standartuli gadaxris farglebSi da Zalian
mcire raodenobiT qulebi rCeba am sazRvrebs
miRma _ 1%-is 1/4-mde.
daskvniTi statistika aCvenebs imis albaTo-
bas, rom qulebi namd-vilad asaxavs imas, risi
gazomvac gsurT da ar aris SemTxveviTad miRebu-
li. magaliTad, meti albaTobaa, rom viRacas
eqneba 105 IQ da ara 140, magram 140 IQ-s qona
ufro mosalodnelia, vidre 35-is.
normaluri mrudi maSinac miiReba, roca
monacemebi SemTxveviTi variaciis gamoa Segrove-
buli. Tu monetas 10-jer aagdebT da CaiwerT,
ramdenjer gamovida aversi da ramdenjer rever-
si, aRmoCndeba, rom erTic da meorec 5-jer
gamodis. Tu ganagrZobT monetis agdebas da 10-
10 agdebis 100 serias daafiqsirebT, aRmoCndeba,
rom zogierT seriaSi sul aversi geqnebaT,
zogierTSi _ sul reversi, magram, umravles
SemTxvevaSi, geqnebaT Tanabari gayofa. yvela
1000 agdebis grafiki rom agegoT, normaluri
ganawilebis mruds miiRebdiT.
statistikuri sandooba
mkvlevarma, romelmac aRmoaCina, rom monacem-
Ta ori mwkrivis saSualos Soris gansxvavebaa,
normaluri mrudi (Normal curve) _ simetriuli
mrudia, romelic mravali fsiqologiuri Tvise-
bis amsaxveli qulebis ganawilebas aCvenebs, sa-
Sualebas aZlevs mkvlevrebs imsjelon, ramdenad
54
araCveulebrivia movlena, an Sedegi.
unda Seamowmos, namdvilia es gansxvaveba, Tu
mxolod SemTxvevis gamoa. radgan SemTxvevis
gamo miRebul gansxvavebebs normaluri ganawile-
ba aqvT, mkvlevars SeuZlia normaluri mrudi
gamoiyenos.
sailustraciod movitanoT martivi magaliTi.
davuSvaT, Tqvens fsiqologiis leqtors ainte-
resebs, ganapirobebs Tu ara gamomcdelis sqesi
imas, gansxvavebuli iqneba Tu ara miRebuli niS-
nebi student qalebTan da mamakacebTan. amisaTvis,
leqtori studentebs Tanabrad yofs or jgufad,
erT jgufs qal gamomcdels amagrebs, xolo
meores _ mamakacs. Semdeg jgufebis saSualo
qulas adarebs. es saSualo qulebi, albaT,
msgavsi, xolo maT Soris raime mcire gansxvaveba
SemTxvevis Sedegi iqneba. ratom? imitom rom,
Tu es mxolod SemTxvevis gamoa da orive jgufi
erTi da igive populaciidanaa (gansxvaveba ar
aris), maTi saSualo erTmaneTTan axlos unda
iyos. viciT, rom normaluri ganawilebis mrudis
qveS moTavsebuli sivrcis sxvadasxva nawilSi
monacemebis garkveuli procenti xvdeba, amitom
mamakaci gamomcdelis jgufis niSnebis mesamedze
naklebi unda aRematebodes qali Camtareblis
jgufis saSualodan erTi standartuli ga-
daxriT qvemoT da zemoT moTavsebul qulebs.
albaToba imisa, rom mamakaci gamomcdelis jgu-
fis saSualo qula qali gamomcdelis jgufis
saSualo qulebis umetesobaze sami stan-
dartuli gadaxris (orive mimarTulebiT) miRma
moTavsdeba, Zalian mcirea. aseTi sididis gan-
sxvaveba rom migveRo, namdvilad darwmunebuli
viqnebodiT imaSi, rom sxvaoba namdvilia da,
rogorc Cans, kavSirSia gamomcdelis sqesTan.
Semdegi kiTxva iqneboda, rogor zemoqmedebs es
cvladi gamocdis qulaze.
qali da mamakaci studentebi SemTxveviTad
rom gagvenawilebina TiToeul jgufSi, SesaZle-
beli gaxdeboda analizi imisa, zemoqmedebs Tu
ara gamomcdelebs Soris arsebuli gansxvaveba
mxolod erT sqesze Tu oriveze. davuSvaT, iseTi
monacemebi miviReT, romlebic aCvenebs, rom
mamakaci gamomcdelebi qal studentebs ufro
maRal niSnebs uweren, vidre qali gamomcdelebi,
magram mamakac studentebs orive erTnairad
afasebs. Tqvens leqtors SeuZlia statistikuri
daskvnis procedura gamoiyenos, raTa Seafasos
is albaToba, romliTac miRebuli sxvaobebi
mxolod SemTxvevis Sedegi SeiZleba yofiliyo.
gamoTvla sxvaobis zomas da qulebis gafantvas
emyareba.
SeTanxmebis safuZvelze sxvaobas fsiqolo-
gebi „namdvilad~ miiCneven, Tu albaToba imisa,
rom is SemTxveviT moxda, 100-dan 5-ze naklebia
(Semdegnairad aRiniSneba: p<0.05). Tu sxvaoba am
kriteriums daakmayofilebs, is sandoa. Tumca,
zogierT SemTxvevaSi, ufro mkacri albaTobis
doneebi gamoiyeneba, rogoricaa p<0.01 (100-dan 1-
ze naklebi) da p<0.001 (1000-dan 1-ze naklebi).
statistikurad sando gansxvavebiT mkvlevars
SeuZlia daskvnis gakeTeba sakvlevi qcevis
Sesaxeb. monacemTa statistikuri sandoobis Se-
samowmeblad mravali gansxvavebuli kriteri-
umi arsebobs. konkretuli kriteriumis SerCeva
damokidebulia kvlevis gegmaze, monacemTa
formasa da jgufebis zomaze. aq mxolod erT-
erT yvelaze gavrcelebul kriteriums, t-kri-
teriums ganvixilavT, romelic SeiZleba gamovi-
yenoT maSin, roca mkvlevars ainteresebs, statis-
tikurad sandoa Tu ara ori jgufis saSualoebs
Soris sxvaoba.
Cvens magaliTSi SegviZlia t-kriteriumi
gamoviyenoT imis Sesamowmeblad, sandod gan-
sxvavdeba Tu ara kriminali mkvlelebisa da
uecari mkvlelebis sqesobrivi rolebis qulebi
erTmaneTisagan. S.2 suraTi aCvenebs, rom sqesob-
rivi rolebis qulebis ganawileba sakmarisad
gansxvavdeba imisaTvis, rom „namdvili~ iyos. Tu
saTanado gamoTvlebs CavatarebT, romlebic
Seafasebs sxvaobas or saSualos Soris, rogorc
am or saSualos garSemo variabilobis funqcias,
vnaxavT, rom Zalian mcire Sansia _ 100-dan 5-ze
naklebi (p<0.05), rom aseTi maRali t-s mniSvneloba
miviRoT, Tu ar arsebobs araviTari namdvili
sxvaoba. amdenad, sxvaoba statistikurad sandoa;
anu uecarma mkvlelebma sakuTari Tavi Seafases
rogorc ufro feminuri, vidre kriminalma
mkvlelebma, xolo mkvlelebs Soris sxvaoba
egos zekontrolis qulebSi sando ar aRmoCnda
(p<0.10), amitom ufro frTxilad unda visaubroT
am sxvaobaze. nawinaswarmetyveleb mimarTulebaSi
sando gansxvaveba (Signifficant difference) _ eqs-
perimentul jgufebs an pirobebs Soris sxvao-
ba, romlis SemTxveviT moxdenis albaToba nak-
lebia, vidre miRebuli sandoobis done; fsi-
qologiaSi aseT doned iyeneben 100-dan 5-ze
nakleb albaTobas, anu p<0.05.
aris tendencia: sxvaoba isaa, rac SemTxveviT
mxolod 100-dan 10-jer moxdeba, magram es sxvaoba
ver eteva standartSi, romlis mixedviTac is
SemTxveviT 100-dan mxolod 5-jer unda moxdes
(sxvaoba simorcxveSi, romelic sxva, sixSiris
qulebisaTvis saTanado statisikuri kriteriu-
miT iqna gaanalizebuli, maRali sandoobiT
gamoirCeva). amrigad, daskvniTi statistikis
gamoyenebiT SegviZlia pasuxi gavceT im arsebiT
kiTxvebs, romlebiTac daviwyeT. axla TiTqmis
gavarkvieT im adamianebis buneba, vinc uecrad
morcxvi, zomieri adamianidan uecar mkvlelad
iqceva. Tumca, nebismieri daskvna mxolod de-
bulebaa imis Sesaxeb, rom gamokvleul movlenebs
Soris SesaZlo kavSiri arsebobs. zustad amisi
mtkiceba arasodes SegviZlia. mecnierebaSi
miRebuli Sedegebi yovelTvis Riaa Semdeg
Catarebuli da ukeTesi kvlevebis SedegebisaTvis.
rogor gamoviyenoT sworad
mecnieruli kvlevis Sedegebi
axla ukve viciT, ra aris statistika, rogor
da sad unda gamoviyenoT is, magram isic unda
vicodeT, rom xandaxan mas arasworad iyeneben.
xSirad adamianebi arasando monacemebs mxolod
imitom endobian, rom isini statistikurad
damuSavebulad iTvleba. sxvebi ki ujereben, an
ar ujereben statistikosebis mier mowodebul
informacias raime produqciis, romelime poli-
tikosis, an winadadebis Sesaxeb, magram ar esmiT,
ras asaxaven moyvanili ricxvebi. meore Tavis
bolos ramdenime rCeva mogeciT imis Taobaze,
Tu rogor gaxdeT kvlevis brZeni momxmarebeli.
statistikis am mokle mimoxilvaze dayrdnobiT
SegviZlia es rCeva im situaciebzec ganvavrcoT,
romlebSic adamianebi konkretul statistikur
mosazrebebs gamoTqvamen.
monacemTa analizi
statistikis arasworad gamoyenebis mravali
gza arsebobs. kvlevis nebismier safexurze
miRebul gadawyvetilebas _ dawyebuli iqidan,
vin arian cdis pirebi, rogoraa dagegmili
kvleva, romeli statistikebi gamoiyeneba da
rogor _ Rrma efeqti SeiZleba hqondes im
daskvnebze, romlebsac monacemebze dayrdno-
biT vakeTebT.
55
 cdis pirebis SerCevas didi mniSvneloba aqvs
da ar unda gamogveparos, roca kvlevis Sedegebs
vecnobiT. magaliTad, abortis uflebisadmi
damokidebulebis kvleva gansxvavebul Sedegebs
mogvcems imisda mixedviT, sad CavatarebT mas _
samxreTis patara fundamentalistur qalaqSi,
Tu niu iorkis universitetSi. aseve, erTi da
igive gamokiTxvis Sedegebis mixedviT SeiZleba
ori gansxvavebuli Sexedulebis mqone jgufma
_ abortis uflebis momxreebisa da mowi-
naaRmdegeebis _ sxvadasxva daskvna gamoitanos.
maSinac ki, roca cdis pirebi SemTxveviTadaa
SerCeuli da meTodi sworadaa gamoyenebuli,
statistikuri damateba / statistikis gageba: monacemebis analizi da daskvnebis Camoyalibeba
raTa mikerZoebas ar hqondes adgili, statistikam
SeiZleba mainc araswori Sedegi mogvces, Tu
statisitikis ZiriTad daSvebebs davarRvevT.
magaliTad, warmovidginoT, rom 20 adamians
vutarebT inteleqtis tests, maTgan 19 iRebs 90-
dan 110-mde qulas, xolo erTi _ 220-s. mTeli
jgufis saSualo maCveneblze Zlier zemoq-
medebas moaxdens es erTi calke mdgomi Zalian
maRali monacemi. amgvari monacemebisaTvis
umjobesia medianis an modis gamoyeneba, romelic
ufro reprezentaciuli iqneba jgufis saSualo
inteleqtisa, vidre saSualosi. am SemTxvevaSi
saSualo Seqmnis suraTs, rom jgufis tipur
wevrs maRali IQ aqvs. amgvari mikerZoeba
gansakuTrebiT kargad Cans, roca SerCevis zoma
mcirea, magram 20-is nacvlad 2000 cdis piri
rom gvyoloda, erTi calke mdgomi monacemi
variabilobis sazomebi
ZiriTadi cnebebi korelaciis koeficienti
aRweriTi statistika mediana
axsniTi statistika moda
diapazoni normaluri mrudi
56
ver moaxdenda aseT did gavlenas da saSualo
jgufis monacemebis reprezentaciuli iqneboda.
amgvari motyuebis Tavidan acilebis kargi
gzaa SerCevis zomis gaTvaliswineba. didi zomis
SerCevisas Secdomis albaToba naklebia. kidev
erTi dazRvevaa centraluri tendenciis yvela
sazomis _ medianis, modis da saSualos naxva.
Tu isini msgavsia, Sedegebis axsna ufro sando
iqneba. kvlevis meTodologia da Sedegebi
yovelTvis yuradRebiT unda gaaanalizoT.
SeamowmeT, moyvanilia Tu ara eqsperimentis
angariSSi ra zomisaa SerCeva, rogoraa gazomili
variabiloba da sandoobis done. naxeT, ramdenad
Seesabameba gamoyenebuli meTodi kvlevis miznebs.
statistika fsiqologiuri kvlevis xerxema-
lia. is gamoiyeneba imisaTvis, rom gavigoT mona-
cemebi da ganvsazRvroT, sworia Tu ara Sedegebi.
fsiqologebi monacemTa sixSiris ganawilebas
amzadeben, iTvlian centraluri tendenciisa da
variabilobis sazomebs. iyeneben korelaciis
koefiecients qulaTa nakrebs Soris kavSiris
siZlieris da mimarTulebis gansasazRvravad;
naxuloben, ramdenad reprezentaciulia mi-
Rebuli Sedegebi da sandod gansxvavdebian Tu
ara populaciisagan. statistika SeiZleba ara-
sworad, an SecdomiTac iyos gamoyenebuli da
SecdomaSi Seiyvanos isini, visac is ar esmis.
magram, roca statistika sworad da eTikurad
aris gamoyenebuli, mkvlevars fsiqologiuri
codnis gafarToebis saSualebas aZlevs.
sando gansxvaveba
saSualo
sixSireTa ganawileba
standartuli gadaxra
centraluri tendenciis sazomebi
qcevis biologiuri safuZvlebi

3
memkvidreobiToba da
qceva
• evolucia da
bunebrivi gadarCeva
• adamianis genotipis
cvalebadoba

biologia da qceva
• movusminoT tvins
• nervuli sistema
• Tavis tvinis
struqturebi da maTi
funqciebi
• hemisferoTa
lateralizacia
• endokrinuli sistema
fsiqologia XXI
saukuneSi: miRwevebi
tvinis funqciebis
lokalizaciis sferoSi

nervuli sistema
moqmedebaSi
• neironi
• moqmedebis
potenciali
• sinafsuri gadacema
• neirotransmiterebi
da maTi funqciebi

fsiqologia Cvens
cxovrebaSi: ra gavlenas
axdens cxovrebiseuli
gamocdileba tvinze

sakvanZo sakiTxebi
• ZiriTadi cnebebi
57
 r kinigzis muSas, fineas geijs, 1948
wlis 13 seqtembers ubeduri Sem-
Txveva mouvida _ moulodneli
afeTqebis Sedegad daaxloebiT erTi metri
sigrZis palo TavSi SeerWo. srul gonebaze myofi
geiji etliT miiyvanes sastumromde, sadac man
kibeebze Tavad SeZlo asvla. momdevno ori-sami
kviris ganmavlobaSi igi sikvdils ebrZoda,
oqtombris Sua ricxvebidan ki misi mdgomareoba
mudmivad umjobesdeboda. jon harlou, eqimi,
romelmac es SemTxveva masaCusetis samedicino
sazogadoebas 1968 wels moaxsena, aRniSnavda,
rom geijis gadarCena samedicino TvalsazrisiT
saswauli iyo:
es SemTxveva daaxloebiT oci wlis win
moxda naklebad cnobil qalaqSi (kavendiSi,
vermonti). SemTxveva naklebad cnobilma
soflis eqimma aRwera da metropolitenis
eqimebmac Zalian didi sifrTxiliT miiRes.
mravali maTgani uars ambobda daejerebina
am adamianis gadarCena, vidre maT TiTebi mis
TavSi arsebul xvrelSi ar Cayves… (harlou,
Tavi 3 / qcevis biologiuri safuZvlebi
1968, gv. 329).
sinamdvileSi geijs saocrad msubuqi fiziku-
ri dazianebebi hqonda Tumca man dakarga mxed-
veloba marcxena TvalSi da misi saxis marcxena
mxare nawilobriv paralizebuli iyo, magram
misi sxeulis poza, moZraoba da metyveleba uc-
vleli darCa. Tumca, fsiqologiuri Tvalsaz-
ratom aris TiToeuli Cvengani unikaluri
individi? fineas geijis istoriidan gamom-
dinare, pasuxs am kiTxvaze nawilobriv Tavis
tvini da, ufro zogadad, Tqveni biologiuri
Taviseburebebi gansazRvravs. imis gagebaSi rom
58 dagexmaroT, Tu ra gangasxvavebT Tqven gar-
risiT, es iyo sxva adamiani, rogorc amas misi
eqimis angariSi adasturebs:
balansi mis inteleqtualur SesaZleb-
lobebsa da cxovelur midrekilebebs Soris
dairRva. is gaxda meryevi, mouridebeli,
RvTisgmobis gamovlenebis momTmeni adamiani
(rac mas adre ar sCveoda). Tavisi megobrebisa
da kolegebis mimarT araviTar pativiscemas
ar amJRavnebs; ver itans veranair SezRudvebs,
an rCevebs, Tu es mis survilebs ar eTanxmeba.
zogjer Zalian jiuti da meryevi uamrav gegmas
awyobs da vidre maT ganxorcielebas daiwyebs,
ukve sxva gegmebze gadadis. Tavis travmamde
is cnobili iyo, rogorc moxerxebuli da
Wkviani biznesmeni, Zalian energiuli da
Tanmimdevruli sakuTari gegmebis aRsrule-
baSi. am TvalsazrisiT, misi goneba radikalu-
rad Seicvala, imdenad cxadad, rom misi
megobrebi erTxmad aRniSnavdnen: „es aRar iyo
geiji~ (gv. 339-340).
geijis Semoxveva moxda maSin, rodesac
mecnierebi mxolod iwyebdnen hipoTezebis Seqmnas
tvinis funqciebsa da kompleqsur qcevas Soris
kavSirebis arsebobis Sesaxeb. Tumca aravin
isurvebda geijis saxelganTqmulobis gazia-
rebas, misi SemTxveva dRemde SemorCa istorias,
radganac is warmoadgens yvelaze ufro adreul
dokumentirebul cnobas imis Sesaxeb, rom
fsiqologiur procesebs tvinis cxovelqmedeba
gansazRvravs.
SemomyofTagan, Cven aRvwerT, ra rols TamaSobs
memkvidreobiToba Tqveni cxovrebis Camoyali-
bebisa da Tqveni tvinis formirebis saqmeSi.
dafiqrdiT, qcevis ra SesaZleblobebi gaaCniaT
adamianebs da rogor vlindeba es SesaZleb-
lobebi TiToeul CvenganSi?
 wignis es Tavi, garkveulwilad, Tqveni bio-
logiuri potencialis mniSvnelovani aspeqtis
memkvidreobiToba da qceva
dadasturebas warmoadgens. Tqveni tvini sak-
marisad kompleqsuria imisaTvis, rom sakuTari
pirvel TavSi Cven ganvsazRvreT, rom fsiqo-
funqciebis sistematuri kontroli da koor-
logiis erT-erTi umTavresi amocanaa, Seiswav-
dinireba ganaxorcielos. ratom aris is aseTi
los adamianis qcevis mravalferovnebis gamom-
mniSvnelovani? adamianis tvins xSirad komp-
wvevi mizezebi. am mizezebis dadgenaSi dagvex-
iuters adareben. iwonis ra mxolod 1500 grams,
mareba kavSir-gansxvaveba iseT punqtebs Soris,
Tqveni tvini met ujreds Seicavs, vidre var-
rogoricaa: buneba – aRzrda; memkvidreobiToba
skvlavia Cvens galaqtikaSi – 100 miliardi
– garemo. Tqven SegiZliaT warmoidginoT, rom
ujredi, romelic erTmaneTTanaa dakavSi-
individebi agresiulni arian maTi biologiuri
rebuli da informaciis gacvlasa da Senaxvas
Taviseburebebis gamo. SesaZloa maT romelime
saocari efeqturobiT axerxebs. magram msof-
mSoblisagan memkvidreobiT ergoT agresiulo-
lioSi yvelaze ufro Zlieri kompiuteric ki
bisaken midrekileba. alternatiuli variantia
ver SeZlebs im wesebis asaxvas, romlebic mis
imis daSveba, rom yvela adamianSi agresiuloba
sakuTar operaciebs gansazRvraven. ase rom,
Tanabradaa warmodgenili da misi gamomJRavnebis
Tqven nebismier kompiuterze bevrad ufro
xarisxi damokidebulia im garemoze, sadac es
rTuli agebulebisa xarT; Tqveni cnobiereba
adamianebi aRizardnen. swori pasuxi am kiTxvaze
saSualebas gaZlevT gansazRvroT is wesebi,
Zireulad gansazRvravs imas, Tu rogor unda
romlebic Tqvens cxovelqmedebas uzrunvel-
moepyros sazogadoeba agresiul individs –
yofen. kvleva, romelsac Cven wignis am TavSi
garemos garkveuli pirobebis Zalisxmeva moax-
aRvwerT, warmoiqmna adamianis survilidan _
maros mas Tu Tavad adamianebis Tvisebebis
Seicnos sakuTari Tavi.
Secvlas. Tqven unda SegeZloT ganasxvavoT
bevri studentisaTvis es Tavi ufro did
garemos gavlena memkvidreobiTobisagan.
sirTules warmoadgens, vidre mTeli am wignis
radganac garemoze dakvirveba pirdapir
darCenili nawili. is moiTxovs Tqvengan ana-
SeiZleba, ufro advilia imis dadgena, Tu
tomiisa da mravali axali terminis swavlas,
romelic TiTqos Zalian Sorsaa im informa-
ciisagan, romelsac Tqven fsiqologiis Sesav-
lis kursSi moelodiT. miuxedavad yvelafrisa,
Tqveni biologiuri bunebis gageba dagexmarebaT
ufro kompleqsurad SeigrZnoT urTierTkavSiri
tvins, gonebas, qcevasa da garemos Soris,
romelic im gansakuTrebul SegrZnebas gansaz-
Rvravs, romelsac adamianad yofna hqvia.
am Tavis mizania, agixsnaT, Tu rogor monawi-
leobs biologia unikaluri individebis Seq-
memkvidreobiToba da qceva

mnaSi. am miznis misaRwevad Cven jer aRvwerT,

rogor gansazRvravs evolucia da memkvidreo-
biToba Tqvens biologiasa da qcevas; Semdeg
vnaxavT, rogor gvexmareba laboratoriuli da
klinikuri kvleva tvinis, nervuli da endokri-
nuli sistemebis muSaobis SeswavlaSi; amis
Semdgom ganvixilavT saintereso kavSirebs
biologiur funqciebsa da cxovrebiseul
gamocdilebas Soris. dabolos, Cven Sevis-
wavliT individebs Soris gansxvavebas tvinsa
da qcevas Soris kavSiris fonze.
59
 rogor axdens is gavlenas adamianis qcevaze.
magaliTad, Tqven SegiZliaT daakvirdeT mSob-
lis agresiul qcevas bavSvis mimarT da war-
moidginoT, ra gavlenas moaxdens es momavalSi
bavSvis agresiulobaze; Tqven SegiZliaT daak-
virdeT Warbad dasaxlebul da Rarib gare-
mocvas, romelSic bavSvebi izrdebian da
dainteresdeT, SeuZlia Tu ara am garemo piro-
bebs agresiuli qcevis gamowveva. biologiur
Zalebs, romlebic qcevas gansazRvraven,
SeuiaraRebeli TvaliT verasdros davakvi-
rdebiT. qcevis biologia rom ukeT gaiTavisoT,
Cven daviwyebT zogierTi iseTi principis
aRweriT, romelic saxeobebis qcevis potenciur
Tavi 3 / qcevis biologiuri safuZvlebi
repertuars gansazRvravs (evoluciis Teoriis
elementebi) da Semdeg aRvwerT, Tu rogor
gadaecema qceviTi variaciebi Taobidan Taobas.
evolucia da bunebrivi
gadarCeva
1831 wels Carlz darvini, romelmac koleji
Teologiis ganxriT daamTavra, inglisidan gem
„bigliT~ gaemgzavra xuTwlian eqspediciaSi
samxreT amerikis sanapiros Sesaswavlad. mog-
zaurobis dros darvini agrovebda yvelafers,
rac ki mas gzad xvdeboda: zRvis cxovelebs,
frinvelebs, mcenareebs, namarxebs, niJarebsa
60 da qvebs. misi dakvirvebebis Sedegebi safuZ-
vlad daedo wigns, romelic moicavda saki-
Txebs, dawyebuli geologiidan zoologiisa
da emociebis CaTvliT. wigni, romelmac mas
sayovelTaod gauTqva saxeli, aris 1859 wels
gamocemuli `saxeobaTa warmoSoba~. am naSrom-
Si darvinma Camoayaliba mecnierebis erT-erTi
umniSvnelovanesi Teoria _ moZRvreba dedami-
waze sicocxlis evoluciis Sesaxeb.
bunebrivi gadarCeva
darvinma Camoayaliba moZRvreba evoluciis
Sesaxeb, romelSic mogzaurobis dros Segro-
vili dakvirvebebis Sedegebi aisaxa. erT-erTi
im mravalricxovan adgilTa Soris, romelic
„biglma~ moinaxula, iyo galapagosis kunZulebi
_ vulkanuri arqipelagi samxreT amerikis dasav-
leT sanapirosTan. am kunZulebze uamravi cxo-
veli binadrobs, maT Soris amJamad `darvinis
skvinCad~ cnobili frinvelis 13 saxeoba. darvini
dainteresda, Tu ratom arsebobda skvinCas
amdeni sxvadasxva saxeoba arqipelagze. cxadi
iyo, rom isini kontinentidan ver gadmovidodnen,
radganac iq es saxeobebi ar binadrobdnen. man
bunebrivi gadarCeva (Natural selection) – darvinis
Teoriis mixedviT, saxeobis zogierTi warmomad-
genlis ukeTesi Segueba garemosadmi, saSualebas
aZlevs mas sxvasTan SedarebiT ufro warmate-
bulad gamravldes.
ivarauda, rom saxeobaTa es sxvadasxvaoba gar-
kveuli procesis Sedegi iyo, romelsac mog-
vianebiT bunebrivi gadarCeva uwoda.
darvinis Teoriis Tanaxmad, skvinCas yoveli
saxeoba saerTo winaprisagan warmoiSva. Tavidan
frinvelebis patara gundma daido bina kunZu-
lebze. isini gamravldnen erTmaneTTan Sejva-
rebis gziT. droTa ganmavlobaSi, zogierTi
frinveli arqipelagis sxva kunZulze gadavida.
procesi, romelic Semdgom etapze ganviTarda,
bunebrivi gadarCeva iyo. sakvebi resursebi da
sacxovrebeli pirobebi – bunebrivi pirobebi
– mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba sxvadasxva kun-
Zulze. zogan uxvadaa kenkra da Teslovani mce-
nareebi, zogi kunZuli kaqtusebiTaa dafaruli,
xolo zogan uamravi mweria. erTi SexedviT,
populaciebi sxvadasxva kunZulze msgavsi iyo,
magram yovel kunZulze frinvelebs Soris gar-
kveuli araerTgvarovneba SeiniSneboda. imis
gamo, rom kunZulebze sakvebi resursebis raode-
noba SezRuduli iyo, skvinCebis gadarCenis
Sansi izrdeboda, Tu maTi niskartis forma
ukeT iyo misadagebuli am kunZulze arsebuli
sakvebis mopovebasTan. magaliTad, skvinCebi,
romlebic kenkriTa da Teslovani mcenareebiT
mdidar kunZulebze binadrobdnen, gadarCebod-
nen, Tu msxvili niskarti eqnebodaT. frinvelebi
wvrili, wawvetebuli niskartiT, romelic
mouxerxebelia Teslis gatexvisa Tu gaxsnisa-
Tvis, aseT kunZulebze iRupebodnen. yoveli kun-
Zulis garemo pirobebi gansazRvravda, frin-
velebis sawyisi populaciidan romeli gadar-
Ceboda da gamravldeboda da romeli daiRu-
peboda STamomavlobis gareSe. droTa ganmav-
lobaSi aman gamoiwvia kunZulebze Zalian
gansxvavebuli populaciebis Camoyalibeba da
xeli Seuwyo saerTo winaprisagan `darvinis
skvinCebis~ sxvadasxva saxeobebis ganviTarebas.
zogadad, bunebrivi gadarCevis Teoria gu-
lisxmobs, rom organizmi, romelic kargad aris
Seguebuli bunebriv garemos, rogoric ar unda
iyos is, ufro met STamomavlobas tovebs, vidre
naklebad Seguebuli. droTa ganmavlobaSi, or-
ganizmebi, romelTac gadarCenisaTvis saWiro
niSan-Tvisebebi gaaCniaT, ricxobrivad imateben
imaTTan SedarebiT, romelTac es niSan-Tvisebebi
ar aqvT. evoluciisaTvis individis warmateba
izomeba mis mier datovebuli STamomavlobis
raodenobiT.
Tanamedrove gamokvlevebma aCvena, rom bu-
nebriv gadarCevas mokle drois ganmavlobaSic
ki dramatuli efeqtebis gamowveva SeuZlia.
peter da rozmari grantebis mier (Grant & Grant,
1989; Grant, 1986; Weiner, 1994) galapagosis arqi-
pelagis erT-erT kunZulze `darvinis skvinCebze~
Catarebul iqna gamokvlevaTa seria, romlis
drosac registrirebul iqna naleqebis raode-
noba, sakvebis miwodeba da frinvelebis popu-
laciis zoma. 1976 wels populacia moicavda
aTasze met skvinCas. momdevno wels gamanad-
gurebelma gvalvam mospo sakvebis maragi. patara
zomis Teslebi gamoifita, darCa mxolod didi
da uxeSi. im wels frinvelTa populacia Sem-
cirda 80%-ze metiT, Tumca, unda aRiniSnos,
rom patara niskartebis mqone mcire zomis skvin-
Cebi ufro meti daiRupa, vidre mozrdili zomis
frinveli msxvili niskartiT. Sesabamisad, ro-
gorc amas darvini winaswarmetyvelebda, momdev-
no wels didi zomis frinvelTa raodenobam
imata. ratom? imitom, rom mxolod eseni, didi
sxeulebiTa da msxvili niskartebiT iyvnen
sakmarisad Zlierni imisaTvis, rom epasuxaT
gvalviT gamowveuli garemos cvlilebebisaTvis.
sainteresoa, rom 1983 wels naleqebis raodenoba
Warbi iyo da Teslebi, gansakuTrebiT mcire
zomis, uxvad ganviTarda. Sedegad, mcire zomis
frinvelebma raodenobiT ajobes didi zomis
frinvelebs imitom, rom maTi niskartebi ukeT
iyo morgebuli mcire zomis Teslebis mo-
povebasTan. peter da rozmari grantebis kvlevam
aCvena, rom bunebrivi gadarCeva mniSvnelovan
efeqtebs drois mokle periodSic iZleva.
mkvlevrebi dResac agrZeleben sxvadasxva
saxeobebis bunebriv gadarCevaze garemo piro-
bebis gavlenis Seswavlas, maT Soris evropul
xilis buzze (Huey et al., 200) da Tevzebis sxva-
memkvidreobiToba da qceva
dasxva saxeobaze (Rundle et. al., 2000).
genotipi da fenotipi
skvinCebis populaciis zrda-Semcirebis maga-
liTi cxadyofs, Tu ratom uwodebda darvini
evoluciis process ukeT Seguebulis gadar-
Cenas. warmoidgineT, rom yoveli saxeobisaTvis
nebismier garemoSi uamravi saarsebo sirTule
moiZebneba. saxeobis is warmomadgenlebi, ro-
melTac garemosTan ukeT Sexamebuli fiziku-
ri da fsiqologiuri atributebi gaaCniaT, 61
 ufro advilad gadarCebian. imis gaTvalis-
winebiT, rom am atributebis gadacema SesaZloa
Taobidan TaobaSi (da garemoSi es sirTuleebi
droTa ganmavlobaSi narCundeba), saxeobis
evoluciis Sansi izrdeba.
bunebrivi gadarCevis procesis detaluri Ses-
wavlis mizniT, Cven unda SemovitanoT evolu-
ciuri Teoriis ramdenime mniSvnelovani cneba.
modiT, SevCerdeT calkeul skvinCaze, kerZodDki
im faqtze, rom am skvinCam misi mSoblebisgan
memkvidreobiT genotipi, anu genetikuri struq-
tura miiRo. konkretuli garemos konteqstSi
am genotipma gansazRvra skvinCis ganviTareba
da qceva. skvinCis garegnoba da misi qcevis
repertuari ganixileba, rogorc fenotipi. Cveni
skvinCas SemTxvevaSi genotipi gansazRvravs mo-
cemul garemo pirobebTan erTad mokle niskar-
tis fenotips. am niskartiT SesaZlebelia patara
Teslebis akrefa. yvela tipis Tesli mravlad
rom yofiliyo, maSin am fenotips gadar-
CenisaTvis araviTari mniSvneloba eqneboda,
magram, Tu davuSvebdiT, rom mxolod mcire
zomis Teslebis mopoveba yofiliyo SesaZlebeli,
maSin Cvens skvinCas msxvili niskartis mqone
skvinCebTan SedarebiT seleqciuri upiratesoba
eqneboda. mxolod didi zomis Teslebis
arsebobis pirobebSi iqneboda Cveni skvinCa
suraTi
3.1
araxelsayrel mdgomareobaSi. rogor muSaobs bunebrivi gadarCeva
mxolod gadarCenil skvinCebs SeuZliaT
garemo pirobebis cvlileba ganapirobebs saxeobis
gamravleba. memkvidreobiT TavianTi genotipis wevrebs Soris konkurencias resursebisaTvis
gadacema SeuZliaT mxolod im cxovelebs, brZolaSi. mxolod im individebs, romelTac am
romlebic mravldeba. Sesabamisad, Tuki garemoSi cvlilebebTan ukeT Seguebuli Tvisebebi gaaCniaT,
eqnebaT gadarCenisa da gamravlebis Sansi. momdevno
Tavi 3 / qcevis biologiuri safuZvlebi

mxolod mcire zomis Teslebi moipoveba, mravali
Taobis Semdeg mxolod mcireniskartian skvinCebs
miviRebT, Sesabamisad, mxolod mcire zomis
Teslebis mopovebis unariT. ase cvlis garemo
saxeobis qcevis SesaZlo repertuars. suraTi
3.1 warmogvidgens bunebrivi gadarCevis gamartive-
bul models. Cven SegviZlia es idea adamianis
evoluciasac mivusadagoT.
genotipi (Genotype) – organizmis genetikuri
struqtura, romelsac is mSoblebisagan mem-
kvidreobiT iRebs.
fenotipi (Phenotype) – organizmis xiluli niSan-
Tvisebebi, romlebic misi genotipisa da garemos
urTierTqmedebis Sedegad yalibdeba.
62
TaobaSi Seguebul genetikuri struqturis mqone
individTa raodenoba meti iqneba.
adamianis evolucia
Tuki gadavxedavT im garemoebebs, romlebSic
adamianis saxeobis evolucia moxda, mivxvdebiT,
Tu ratom warmoadgenen garkveuli fizikuri
da qceviTi Tvisebebi adamianis saxeobis bio-
logiuri kapitalis nawils. adamianis evolu-
ciaSi bunebrivi gadarCevisTvis ori umTavresi
Tviseba – bipedalizmi da encefalizacia – iyo
gadamwyveti. orivem erTad ganapiroba kacob-
riobis civilizaciis warmoqmna. bipedalizmi
niSnavs or fexze amarTulad siarulis unars,
xolo encefalizacia – Tavis tvinis zomis moma-
tebas. es ori adaptacia pasuxismgebelia ada-
mianis evoluciis umravles Tu ara, yvela miR-
wevaze, kulturuli ganviTarebis CaTvliT.
rodesac Cvenma winaprebma SeZles or fexze
amarTuli siaruli, maT SeiZines garemos Ses-
wavlisa da axali resursebis eqspluataciis
unari. Tavis tvinis zomis momatebasTan erTad
ki maTi inteleqti gaumjobesda, maT SeiZines
kompleqsuri azrovnebis, msjelobis, damaxsovre-
bisa da dagegmvis unari (Tumca unda aRiniSnos,
rom ufro didi tvinis evolucia ar warmoadgens
ufro didi inteleqtis garantias – mniSvnelo-
vani iyo is, Tu ra tipis tvinis qsovili viTar-
deboda da ra adgils ikavebda is tvinis far-
glebSi). genotipma, romelic gansazRvravda
Wkvian da mobilur fenotips, nel-nela gandevna
naklebad warmatebulad adaptirebuli genoti-
pebi adamianTa genuri fondidan, ramac gamrav-
lebis unari ufro Wkvian orfexa arsebebs misca.
bipedalizmisa da encefalizaciis Semdeg,
Cveni saxeobis evoluciis gzaze yvelaze ufro
mniSvnelovani etapi iyo metyvelebis warmoqmna
(Bicketron, 1990; Holden, 1998). ifiqreT, ra SeguebiTi
upiratesoba SeeZlo moetana metyvelebis ganvi-
Tarebas adreuli periodis adamianebisaTvis.
iaraRebis gakeTebisaTvis saWiro martivi miTi-
Tebebi, kargi sanadiro Tu saTevzao adgilebis
povna da saSiSroebis Tavidan acileba zogavda
dros, Zalas da sicocxles. imis magivrad, rom
yovel jerze Tavidan eswavlaT sakuTari
gamocdilebidan cdisa da Secdomis meTodiT,
adamianebma SeZles sxvaTa gamocdilebis
gamoyeneba. saubari, iumoric ki, aZlierebda
socialur kavSirebs bunebrivad isedac sazo-
gadoebrivi saxeobis wevrebs Soris. yvelaze
mniSvnelovania is, rom metyvelebis warmoqmna-
magaliTad, bolo 20 wlis ganmavlobaSi gan-
viTarda. miuxedavad amisa, kulturuli evolucia
ver iarsebebs genotipis gareSe, romelic ko-
direbs daswavlisa da abstraqtuli azrovnebis
unars. kulturis arseboba – xelovnebis, li-
teraturis, musikis, samecniero codnisa da fi-
lantropiuli aqtivobebis CaTvliT – SesaZ-
lebelia mxolod adamianis genotipis poten-
cialis gamo.
adamianis genotipis cvalebadoba
Tqven naxeT, rom adamianis evoluciis dros
upiratesoba saziaro biologiur potencials
eniWeboda _ bipedalizmi da azrovnebisa da
metyvelebis unari. magram am saziaro potencia-
lSic rCeba adgili sagrZnobi variaciebisaTvis.
Tqvenma ded-mamam gadmogcaT mxolod nawili
imisa, rac maT mSoblebisgan, bebia-babuisagan
da Tqveni ojaxis yvela sxva wina Taobisagan
hqondaT miRebuli, ramac Sedegad mogvca Tqveni
ganviTarebis unikaluri biologiuri gegma.
memkvidreobiTobis (winaprebis fizikuri da fsi-
qologiuri niSan-Tvisebebis miReba) meqanizmis
Semswavlel mecnierebas genetika ewodeba.
genetikis safuZvlebi
Tqveni yoveli ujredis birTvSi moTavsebu-
lia genetikuri masala, romelsac dnm (dezoq-
siribonukleinis mJava) ewodeba. dnm organize-
bulia umcires nawilakebad, genebad. genebis
zusti raodenoba adamianis genomSi (genTa
erToblioba) dRemde araa cnobili; asaxeleben
ricxvs 30 000-dan 150 000-mde (Pennisi, 2000). genebi
Seicaven cilebis sinTezisaTvis saWiro in-
memkvidreobiToba da qceva

ganviTarebam SesaZlo gaxada dagrovili codnis

gadacema Taobidan Taobaze.
metyveleba warmoadgens kulturuli evo-
luciis bazas _ kulturebis tendencias, daswav-
lis gziT adapturad upasuxos garemos cvli-
lebebs. kulturulma evoluciam ganapiroba
iaraRebis warmoebis warmateba, soflis
meurneobis gaumjobeseba da industriisa da teq-
nologiebis ganviTareba da daxvewa. kulturuli
evolucia saSualebas gvaZlevs Zalian swrafad
SeveguoT garemo pirobebis cvlilebebs.
personaluri kompiuteris gamoyenebis Segueba, 63
 struqciebs. es cilebi aregulireben sxeulSi genebi da qceva
mimdinare fiziologiur procesebs da gana-
Cven vnaxeT, rom evoluciurma procesma SesaZ-
pirobeben fenotipis eqspresias: sxeulis for-
lo gaxada adamianis genotipSi uamravi cvale-
mas, fizikur Zalas da bevr sxva qceviT Tvisebas.
badobis arseboba. am genotipTa urTierTqmedeba
genebi moTavsebulia struqturebze, romel-
garemosTan qmnis cvalebadobas adamianTa
Tac qromosomebi ewodebaT. Casaxvis momentSi
fenotipSi. adamianTa qcevis genetikis sferoSi
Tqven iRebT mSoblebisagan 46 qromosomas – 23-
mkvlevrebi Tanabrad iyeneben genetikisa da fsi-
s dedisgan da 23-s mamisgan. yoveli qromosoma
qologiis meTodebs, raTa Seiswavlon mizezob-
aTasobiT gens Seicavs. spermisa da kvercxuj-
rivi urTierTkavSiri niSan-TvisebaTa memkvid-
redis Serwyma Sedegad gvaZlevs genTa mravali
reobiTobasa da qcevas Soris (Maccoby, 2000;
milioni SesaZlo kombinaciidan mxolod erTs.
Plomin & Rende, 1991; Plomin et al., 1994).
sasqeso qromosomebi Seicaven informacias mam-
qceviTi genetikis logikis Sesaswavlad Cven
risa Tu mdedris fizikuri ganviTarebis Sesaxeb.
unda aRvweroT saocari aRmoCena: Tqveni su-
Tqven iRebT X qromosomas dedisgan da X an Y
bieqturi kargad yofnis – bednierebis, romel-
qromosomas mamisgan. XX kombinacia ganapirobebs
sac Tqven Tqveni cxovrebis ganmavlobaSi ganic-
mdedrobiTi Tvisebebis ganviTarebas, xolo XY
diT – safuZvels, SesaZloa, genetikuri kompo-
kombinacia – mamrobiTi Tvisebebisas.
nenti gansazRvravdes.
miuxedavad imisa, rom Tqvens dedmamiSvi-
lebTan Tqven daaxloebiT genTa 50% saerTo
gaqvT, genTa Tqveni kombinacia absoluturad saidan
unikaluria, Tuki Tqven ar gyavT erTkvercxiani viciT
tyupi. genebs Soris sxvaoba aris erT-erTi
mizezi, Tu ratom gansxvavdebiT Tqven fizi- bednierebis memkvidreobiToba
kurad da qceviTac Tqveni Zmebisa da debisagan. bednierebis genetikuri komponentis
sxva mizezi ki isaa, rom Tqven ar cxovrobT Sesaswavlad mkvlevrebma qceviTi genetikis
absoluturad identur garemoSi. fsiqologiis klasikuri meTodi gamoiyenes. maT Seis-
mniSvnelovani mizania, zemoqmedebis am or wavles monozigoturi (genetikurad iden-
wyaros Soris wonasworobis (balansis) gageba. turi, MZ) da dizigoturi (e.w. fraternuli
anu sibsebis msgavsi, DZ) tyupebis mier
sakuTari bednierebis Sefaseba. tyupebis
memkvidreobiToba (Heredity) – niSan-Tvisebebis bio- bednierebis done fasdeboda specialuri
logiuri gadacema mSoblebidan STamomavlobaze. kiTxvariT, romelSic iyo aseTi tipis
genetika (Genetics) – mecniereba winaprebisgan mi- kiTxvebic, magaliTad, „sxvebTan SedarebiT,
Tavi 3 / qcevis biologiuri safuZvlebi

Rebuli fizikuri da fsiqologiuri Tvisebebis ramdenad bednieri xarT?~mkvlevrebma

memkvidreobiTobis Sesaxeb.
dnm (dezoqsiribonukleinis mJava) (DNA – deox-
yribonucleic acid) _ genetikuri informaciis gada-
cemis fizikuri baza.
geni (Genes) – memkvidreobiTobis fizikuri erTe-
uli; qromosomebis patara ubani, romelic
pasuxismgebelia Tvisebebis gadacemaze.
sasqeso qromosoma (Sex chrolosomes) – qromosomebi,
sadac Tavmoyrilia mamrobiTi Tu mdedrobiTi
Tvisebebis matarebeli genebi.
adamianis qcevis genetika (Human behavior genetics)
– mecniereba, romelic qcevisa da Tvisebebis
individualuri gansxvavebebis genetikur kompo-
nentebs Seiswavlis.
64
Seiswavles MZ da DZ pasuxebis ori seria,
rodesac respondentebi Sesabamisad 20 da
30 wlisa iyvnen. maT Caatares e.w. jvaredini
analizi (sur. 3.2): 30 wlis respondentis
gamonaTqvami Seadares misi tyupiscalis
gamonaTqvams 20 wlis asakSi. gamoirkva,
rom TiTqmis ar arsebobda korelacia DZ
tyupebis pasuxebs Soris maSin, rodesac
MZ tyupebSi pasuxebis 80%-is korelacia
jvaredini analizis Sedegad dadasturda.
mecnierebis warmodgeniT, es maRali kore-
lacia SeiZleba aixsnas mxolod im daSve-
biT, rom bednierebas genetikuri komponenti
aqvs (Lykken & Tellegen, 1996).

suraTi
3.2
bednierebis genetikis safuZvlis
Semswvleli cdis sqema
mecnierebma Seiswavles korelacia erTi tyupis
bednierebisdoneebs Soris 20 da 30 wlis asakSi
xom ar gagikvirdaT, rom bednierebasac ki
SesaZloa Zlieri genetikuri komponenti
hqondes? Tqven, albaT, fiqrobT, rom bednierebas
garemo ufro metad gansazRvravs. Tqven
romantiuli urTierToba gaqvT? ramdenad
rTulia Tqveni swavlis procesi? romelia
Tqveni cxovrebis mTavari winaaRmdegobebi?
mkvlevrebs miaCniaT, rom garemos aseTi
movlenebi dabadebis dros miRebuli „bed-
nierebis saSualo donis~ garkveul variaciebs
iwvevs. analogiisaTvis gaixseneT rogor mu-
Saobs Termostati. davuSvaT, Tqven temperatura
daayeneT 20°C-ze garemo garkveulad Secvlis
am temperaturas, magram saSualo maCvenebeli
igive darCeba. bednierebis sakiTxis kvlevam
aCvena, rom yovel Cvengans aqvs bednierebis
donis raRac sawyisi maCvenebeli (analogiiT,
magaliTad, 20°C, an 30°C), romelic narCundeba
mTeli cxovrebis ganmavlobaSi mimdinare
movlenebis miuxedavad, magram aucilebelia,
rom amas geni (an genebi) gansazRvravdes? gaix-
seneT wignis meore Tavidan: „korelacia ar aris
mizezobrioba~. SesaZloa, rom individis qcevis
sociobiologia (Sociobiology) – mecniereba,
romelic Seiswavlis adamianTa da cxovelTa
socialur sistemebs da sociualuri qcevis
evoluciur safuZvlebs.
sxva aspeqtebma, an gamocdilebam gansazRvros
genetikurad ganpirobebuli bednierebis gamov-
lena. identuri da dizigoturi tyupebis
magaliTi gviCvenebs, rom genomis elementebs
aqvT gavlena bednierebaze. davuSvaT, rom Tqveni
genetikuri memkvidreoba gansazRvravs, Tu
rogor afasebT momxdar movlenebs – rom Tqveni
da an Zma genetikurad ganwyobilia ufro metad
daiTrgunos umniSvnelo problemebisagan. Tqven,
SesaZloa, ufro bednieri iyoT, magram genetika
gansazRvravs, Tu rogor axdenT Tqven samyaros
interpretacias, romelic, Tavis mxriv, ganapiro-
bebs gansxvavebebs bednierebaSi, an, SesaZloa,
saSualo keTildReoba warmoadgens balanss
pozitiuri da negatiuri emociebis gamomwvev
genebs Soris (Hamer, 1996). rogori axsnac ar
unda moiZebnos, erTi ram cxadia: mSoblebisagan
miRebuli genebi ufro farTo gavlenas axdenen
Tqvenze, vidre mxolod Tvalis ferisa Tu
Tqveni simaRlis gansazRvra.
daimaxsovreT, rom genebSi Tqveni bedis kodi
araa Cadebuli. is rom Tqven maRali xarT, ar
niSnavs, rom kalaTburTi unda iTamaSoT; is,
rom Tqven qali xarT, ar niSnavs, rom auci-
leblad bavSvebi unda gaaCinoT. yovelTvis
gaxsovdeT, rom genotipis eqspresia mxolod
garkveul konteqstSia SesaZlebeli. fizikuri
zoma, magaliTad, ganpirobebulia genetikuri
masaliTa da kvebis racioniT erToblivad.
fizikuri Zala rogorc mamakacebSi, ise qalebSi,
SesaZloa, ganviTarebul iqnes specialuri savar-
jiSoebis meSveobiT. inteleqtualuri ganviTa-
reba ganpirobebulia rogorc genetikuri poten-
cialiT, ise aRzrdis pirobebiT. verc marto
genebi da verc marto garemo ver gansazRvravs,
vin xarT Tqven da ra pirovnebad CamoyalibdebiT.
adamianis qcevis genetikaSi gansakuTrebuli
memkvidreobiToba da qceva
yuradReba individualuri gansxvavebebis war-
moSobis Seswavlas eTmoba: individualuri
genetikuri masalis ra faqtorebi gansazRvraven
Tqveni azrovnebisa da qcevis maneras? sociobio-
logebi cdiloben am kiTxvaze pasuxis gacemas
qcevis farTo speqtris fonze. es sfero Seis-
wavlis socialur qcevas da adamianebisa da
sxva cxovelebis socialuri sistemebis evo-
luciur safuZvlebs. modiT bednierebaSi ufro
meti vigulisxmoT. Cven mxolod qceviTi ge-
netikis kvleva aRvwereT, romelic bednierebis
65
sferoSi individualur gansxvavebebs Seis-

wavlis, magram rogor SeiZleba aixsnas evo-
luciuri perspeqtividan adamianis saxeobis
zogadi unari bednierebis gancdisa? basi (2000)
uSvebs, rom adamianTa bednierebaSi garkveuli
SezRudvebia „Tanamedrove da Zvel garemoebebs
Soris arsebuli Seusabamobebis~ gamo. maga-
liTad, miuxedavad imisa, rom adamianebi mcire
zomis jgufebis konteqstSi ganviTardnen, bevri
dRes did urbanul garemoSi cxovrobs, sadac
didi raodenobiT ucxoebiT aris garemoculi.
Tavi 3 / qcevis biologiuri safuZvlebi
Cven aRar SegvrCa mWidro kavSirebi individTa
im jgufebTan, romelTanac saarsebo sivrces
viyofT; kavSirebi, romlebic gvexmareba bed-
nieri cxovrebis gancdaSi. ra SeiZleba gakeT-
des? miuxedavad imisa, rom Tqven ar SegiZliaT
ukan daabrunoT am cvlilebebis gamomwvevi kul-
turuli evolucia, Tqven SegiZliaT arsebuli
viTarebis kompensireba Tqvens ojaxTan da megob-
rebTan mWidro kavSirebis damyarebiT (Buss, 2000).
Sejameba
saxeobebi warmoiqmneba da icvleba drois
ganmavlobaSi bunebrivi gadarCevis Sedegad,
romelic warmoadgens organizmis unars,
66 sxvadasxva intensivobiT gamravldes fenoti-
puri Tvisebebisa da garemos Soris urTierT-
qmedebis gamo. adamianis evoluciaSi ori um-
Tavresi Segueba iyo _ bipedalizmi da encefa-
lizacia. metyvelebis ganviTarebam SesaZlo
gaxada swrafi kulturuli evolucia.
adamianis qceviTi genetikis mkvlevrebi Seis-
wavlian kavSirs memkvidreobiT miRebul geneb-
sa da qcevas Soris. sociobiologebi iyeneben
evoluciur midgomas saxeobebis socialuri
qcevis gagebisaTvis.
biologia da qceva
modiT, axla Cveni yuradReba adamianis geno-
tipis mniSvnelovan produqts mivapyroT _ im
biologiur sistemebs, romelTa meSveobiTac
azrovnebisa da qcevis mTel speqtrs vaxorcie-
lebT. bevrad ufro adre darvinis mogzau-
robamde, mecnierebi, filosofosebi da sxvebi
msjelobdnen, Tu ra rols asruleben biolo-
giuri sistemebi yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi.
tvinis Seswavlis istoriaSi erT-erTi umniSvne-
lovanesi figura iyo rene dekarti (1596-1650),
romelmac SemogvTavaza im droisaTvis Zalzed
radikaluri idea: adamianis sxeuli aris „cxo-
veluri manqana~, romelic SeiZleba mecnieru-
lad SeviswavloT – empiriuli dakvirvebis
gziT bunebrivi kanonebis aRmoCenis meSveobiT.
dekarti Tvlida, rom adamianis qmedeba aris
meqanikuri refleqsi garemos mxridan stimu-
laciis sapasuxod. man ivarauda, rom fizikuri
energia aagznebs grZnobis organos. stimu-
lirebis Semdeg grZnobis organo gadascems
tvins agznebas „cxoveluri sulis~ meSveobiT;
tvini, Tavis mxriv, gadascems cxovelur suls
kunTebis Sesabamis jgufs, romelic moZraobiT
refleqsur pasuxs axorcielebs.
refleqsis dekartiseul cnebas mecnieruli
dasabuTeba ar hqonda 1906 wlamde, rodesac
ser Carlz Seringtonma aRmoaCina, rom refleq-
sebis safuZvels warmoadgenen pirdapiri kav-
Sirebi sensorul da motorul nervul boW-
koebs Soris zurgis tvinis doneze. Serington-
ma wamoayena idea, rom nervuli sistema rogorc
amagznebel (nervuli aqtivobis gaZliereba),
ise Semakavebel (nervuli aqtivobis Semcireba)
procesebs moicavs. XX saukunis dasawyisamde
mecnierebma araferi icodnen nervuli sistemis
struqturuli erTeulis, neironis Sesaxeb. san-
tiago ramon kaxali iyo pirveli, vinc aRmoaCina
fizikuri zRvari mezobel neironebs Soris da
ganaviTara Teoria neironebs Soris informaciis
gadacemis Sesaxeb. 50 wlis Semdeg eleqtronuli
mikroskopis gamoyenebam daadastura misi ideebi.
1948 wels donald hebma ivarauda, rom tvini
ara mxolod nervuli qsovilis masaa, aramed
integrirebuli struqturebis, e.w. „ujreduli
ansamblebis~ erToblioba, romelic specifikur
funqciebs asrulebs.
dekartis Semdeg moxseniebuli mkvlevrebi
Tavs neiromecnierebs uwodeben. dRes, neiro-
mecniereba kvlevis erT-erTi yvelaze ufro
swrafad ganviTarebadi sferoa. mniSvnelovani
aRmoCenebi gamaognebeli regularobiT xdeba.
neiromecnierebis Sesaxeb Cveni saubari daiwye-
ba im teqnikuri meTodebis aRweriT, romlebsac
mkvlevrebi axali aRmoCenebisaTvis iyeneben.
Semdeg gavecnobiT nervuli sistemis zogad
struqturas, romelsac tvinis ufro detaluri meTodebi istoriul sawyiss fineas geijis Sem-
Seswavla mosdevs. dabolos, Cven gavecnobiT Txvevidan iReben, romliTac wignis es Tavi
endokrinuli sistemis moqmedebas – meore daviwyeT. geijis Tavis tvinis dazianebis Semdeg
makontrolebel biologiur sistemas, romelic qcevis dramatulma cvlilebebma eqimebs afiq-
nervul sistemasTan erTad muSaobs. rebina, rom tvini warmoadgens racionaluri
qcevisa da pirovnuli Tvisebebis safuZvels.
TiTqmis imave periodSi, rodesac geiji travmis
movusminoT tvins Semdeg mdgomareobidan gamodioda, pol broka
swavlobda tvinis rols metyvelebaSi. misi
neiromecnierebi cdiloben sxvadasxva meTo-
pirveli kvleva am sferoSi warmoadgenda ada-
debis meSveobiT Seiswavlon tvinis muSaoba –
dawyebuli operaciebiT did, TvalisaTvis mianis autofsias, romelsac Searqves „tan~
im erTaderTi sityvis mixedviT, romlis war-
dasanax struqturebze, damTavrebuli ujre-
moTqmac mas SeeZlo. brokam naxa, rom „tanis~
debiT, romelTa danaxva mxolod Zlieri
mikroskopis qveSaa SesaZlebeli. mkvlevrebis tvinis Sublis marcxena ubani Zlier dazia-
nebuli iyo. am aRmoCenam ubiZga brokas Sees-
mier gamoyenebul teqnikas analizis garkveuli
wavla im pacientebis tvini, romelTac metyve-
done Seesabameba. aq Cven ganvixilavT yvelaze
ufro xSirad gamoyenebad meTodebs, romlebic lebis darRveva hqondaT. yvela SemTxvevaSi
broka poulobda msgavs dazianebas tvinis igive
Tavis tvinis ubnebis funqciebisa Tu qcevis
ubanSi, romelsac axla `brokas are~ ewodeba.
gansazRvrisaTvisaa saWiro.
biologia da qceva

Tanamedrove mkvlevrebi kvlavac cdiloben

intervencia tvinSi
mravali kvleviTi meTodi neiromecnierebaSi
tvinSi pirdapir intervencias gulisxmobs. es
neiromecniereba (Neuroscience) – moZRvreba nervu-
li sistemisa da qcevaze misi gavlenis Sesaxeb.
ipovon Sesabamisoba qcevis cvlilebebsa da
tvinis dazianebas Soris.
brokas are (Broca’s area) – Tavis tvinis ubani,
romelic azrebs metyvelebasa da/an JestebSi
gardaqmnis.
dazianeba (Lesions) – tvinis qsovilis daSaveba.
67
 moZravi katis tvinSi. Rilakze TiTis daWeriT
mas SeeZlo Canergil eleqtrodSi eleqtruli
muxtis gamowveva. hesma daaxloebiT 500 kataze
detalurad Seiswavla tvinis 4500 ubnis eleq-
truli stimulaciis Sedegebi da aRmoaCina, rom
eleqtrodis lokalizaciis mixedviT SesaZle-
beli iyo Rilakze TiTis daWeriT Zilis, sqe-
sobrivi aqtivobis, SiSisa Tu SfoTvis gamowveva
an, Sesabamisad, gamorTva. magaliTad, tvinis
gansazRvruli regionebis eleqtruli stimu-
lacia iwvevda mSvidi katebis agresiulobas.

tvinis aqtivobis registracia da

SemTxveviT dazianebuli tvinis SeswavlaSi
garkveul problemas warmoadgens is, rom mec-
nierebs ar SeuZliaT Tavad gansazRvron dazia-
nebis ubani da zoma. tvinis safuZvliani Ses-
wavlisa da qceviT Tu kognitur funqciebs
Soris kavSirebis dadgenis mizniT mecnierebs
sWirdebaT meTodebi, romlebic maT tvinis
dazianebuli qsovilis zusti specifikaciis
saSualebas miscems. mkvlevrebma ganaviTares
meTodebi, romelTa saSualebiTac SesaZloa
zustad gansazRvruli dazianebebis gamowveva.
maT SeuZliaT, magaliTad, tvinis gansazRvruli
ubnebis mocileba, am ubnebis neironuli
kavSirebis gadaWra, an am ubnebis dazianeba
sicxis, sicivisa Tu eleqtrobis gamoyenebiT.
rogorc, albaT, mixvdiT, tvinis eqsperimentuli
Tavi 3 / qcevis biologiuri safuZvlebi
warmosaxva
zogi neiromecnieri tvinis funqciebis kar-
tirebas axdens gareSe stimulaciaze tvinis
eleqtruli aqtivobis eleqtrodebiT registra-
ciis meSveobiT. tvinis eleqtruli aqtivoba
SesaZloa sxvadasxva sizustiT iqnes Seswav-
lili. yvelaze ufro specifikur doneze mkvlev-
rebi tvinSi ultramgrZnobiare mikroeleq-
trodebs aTavseben misi calkeuli ujredebis
eleqtruli aqtivobis Caweris mizniT. aseTi
registracia naTels hfens individualuri
neironis aqtivobis cvlilebebs garemo stimu-
laciaze sapasuxod.

dazianeba mxolod sacdel cxovelebze, da ara

adamianebze, xorcieldeba (gaixseneT Cveni
diskusia wignis meore TavSi, rom cxovelebze
aseTi tipis eqsperimentebis eTika amJamad
umkacres kontrols eqvemdebareba). tvinis
Cveneuli gageba radikalurad Seicvala,
rodesac mecnierebma Seadares da Seiswavles
cxovelebze dazianebiTi cdebis Sedegebi
adamianebis klinikuri monacemebis Sedegebs.
garkveul pirobebSi mecnierebs SeuZliaT
tvinis funqciebis Seswavla misi ubnebis pir-
dapiri stimulaciis meSveobiT. magaliTad, XX
saukunis 50-ian wlebSi, valter hesi iyo tvinis
Rrma struqturebis eleqtruli stimulaciis
pioneri. man Canerga eleqtrodebi Tavisuflad
68

adamianebisaTvis mecnierebi xSirad iyeneben
sxva tipis eleqtrodebs, romlebsac Tavis zeda-
pirze aTavseben didi, integrirebuli eleqtru-
li aqtivobis registraciis mizniT. am eleqtro-
debiT iwereba eleqtroencefalograma (eeg), anu
tvinis aqtivobis gaZlierebuli Canaweri. eeg-s
iyeneben fsiqologiur aqtivobasa da tvinis
pasuxebs Soris kavSiris dasadgenad. magaliTad,
erT eqsperimentSi pacients warmoudgenen saxe-
ebis serias da sTxoven maT damaxsovrebas. eeg-
ze aRiniSneba am dros tvinis specifikuri aqti-
voba (Sommer et al., 1995).
yvelaze ufro SesaniSnavia is teqnikuri
meTodebi, romlebic Tavdapirvelad neiroqi-
rurgebisaTvis iyo SemuSavebuli insultisa Tu
sxva daavadebebis mkurnalobaSi daxmarebis miz-
niT. es mowyobilobebi cocxal, aqtiur tvins
aCveneben invaziuri procesebis gareSe, rac
eleqtroencefalograma (eeg) (Electroencephalogram
- EEG) – tvinis eleqtruli aqtivobis registra-
cia.
PET-skani (PET-scans) – tvinis suraTebi, romlebic
sxvadasxva kognitiuri Tu qceviTi aqtivobis
dros cocxali tvinis aqtivobas uCveneben uj-
redebis mier STanTqmuli radioaqtivobis dafiq-
sirebis meSveobiT.
magnitur-rezonansuli tomografia (MRI _ Mag-
netic resonance imaging) – tvinis suraTebis Seqmnis
meTodi, romelic magnitur velebsa da radio-
talRebs iyenebs.
suraTi
3.3
qsovilis dazianebis risks mniSvnelovnad amci-
rebs. tvinis warmosaxva Zalian imedismomcemi
meTodia misi normaluri Tu paTologiuri fun-
qciebis SeswavlisaTvis (Barinaga, 1997; Posner, 1993).
pozitronul-emisiuri tomografiis (anu PET-
skani) gamoyenebis dros cdis pirs Seuyvanen
radiaqtiur (magram ara mavne) substanciebs,
romlebic tvins aRweven da garkveuli ujre-
debis mier STainTqmebian. Tavis gareT moTav-
sebuli Camweri xelsawyoebi am dros afiqsireben
radiaqtiurad moniSnul ujredebs, romlebic
sxvadasxva kognitiuri Tu qceviTi aqtivobis
drosaa aqtiuri. es infromacia gadaecema
kompiuters, romelSic tvinis dinamiuri ruka
dgeba da romelic uCvenebs, Tu sad mimdinareobs
fiziologiuri aqtivobis sxvadasxva tipi.
magnitur-rezonansuli tomografia (MRI) iye-
nebs magnitur velebs da radiotalRebs tvinis
SigniT energiis pulsebis warmoqmnisaTvis.
radganac pulsebi sxvadasxva sixSiriTaa daye-
nebuli, zogi atomi magnituri velis parale-
lurad ganTavsdeba. rodesac magnituri pulsi
biologia da qceva
iTiSeba, atomebi vibrirebas (rezonirebas) iwye-
ben sawyis mdgomareobaSi dabrunebis gamo. spe-
cialuri radio iWers am signalebs da gadaaqvs
funqciuri magnitur-rezonansuli tomografia
(fMRI – Functional MRI) – meTodi, romelic aer-
Tianebs PET-skanisa da mrt-is upiratesobebs
da aRricxavs tvinis sisxlis mimoqcevis magni-
tur cvlilebebs.
69
 informacia kompiuterSi, romelic gviCvenebs
sxvadasxva atomebis lokalizacias tvinSi. su-
raTis meSveobiT mkvlevrebs SeuZliaT tvinis
struqturebis dakavSireba fiziologiur pro-
cesebTan.
MRI anatomiuri detalebis warmosaxvisTvi-
saa gamosadegi; PET-skani ufro detalur infor-
macias gvawvdis funqciis Sesaxeb. arsebobs
axali meTodi, e.w. funqciuri mrt, anu fMRI,
romelic iTavsebs orive meTodis upiratesobas
tvinSi sisxlis mimoqcevis magnituri cvlile-
bebis registraciis meSveobiT. fMRI saSualebas
iZleva ufro zustad SeviswavloT struqtura
da funqcia. mkvlevrebi iyeneben fMRI-s iseTi
kognitiuri funqciebis Seswavlisas, rogoricaa:
yuradReba, aRqma, metyveleba da mexsiereba
(Cabeza & Nyberg, 2000).
300 welze metma ganvlo mas Semdeg, rac
dekartma daiwyo tvinis Seswavla; 100 weli
gavida mas Semdeg, rac brokam daadgina, rom
tvinis garkveuli ubnebi specifikur funqciebs
asruleben. am aRmoCenebis Semdeg kulturulma
evoluciam saSualeba misca mkvlevrebs gamoi-
yenon teqnologia tvinis saidumloebebis
Sesaswavlad. wignis am Tavis darCenili nawili
tvinis saidumloebebs eZRvneba.
sxeulTan. suraTi 3.5 warmoadgens kavSirs cns-
sa da pns-s Soris.
cns-is amocanaa sxeulis yvela funqciis
integrireba da koordinireba, Semosuli nerv-
uli informaciis gadamuSaveba da sxeulis
sxvadasxva nawilebSi pasuxebis gagzavna. cns
iRebs da agzavnis nervul informacias zurgis
tvinis (nervuli mili, romelic Tavis tvins
pns-Tan akavSirebs) saSualebiT. Tavad es ner-
vuli mili moTavsebulia xerxemlis arxSi.
spinaluri nervebi gamodis zurgis tvinidan
xerxemlis malTa wyvilebs Soris da ukavSir-
deba mTel sxeulSi gabneul sensorul recep-
torebs, kunTebsa da jirkvlebs. zurgis tvini
aregulirebs sxeulis marcxena da marjvena
nawilebis aqtivobas da pasuxismgebelia im
martivi, swrafi refleqsebis ganxorcielebaze,
romelTa kontrolSi Tavis tvini araa CarTuli.
magaliTad, organizms, romlis zurgisa da Ta-
vis tvinebi gancalkevebulia, SeuZlia mtkivneul
suraTi
3.4

nervuli sistema
nervuli sistema Sedgeba miliardobiT spe-
cializebuli nervuli ujredisagan, neiro-
nisgan da nervuli boWkoebisagan, romlebic
mTels sxeulSia gabneuli. nervuli sistema
Tavi 3 / qcevis biologiuri safuZvlebi

iyofa or mTavar nawilad: centraluri nervu-

li sistema (cns) da periferiuli nervuli
sistema (pns). cns Sedgeba Tavisa da zurgis
tvinisagan, xolo pns – im neironebisagan,
romlebic qmnian nervebs da akavSireben cns-s

centraluri nervuli sistema (cns) (Central nervius

system - CNS) – nervuli sistemis nawili, rome-
lic Tavisa da zurgis tvinisagan Sedgeba.
periferiuli nervuli sistema (pns) (Peripherical
nervius system - PNS) – nervuli sistemis nawili,
romelic spinaluri da kranialuri nervebisagan
Sedgeba, romelTa meSveobiTac xorcieldeba
kavSiri cns-sa da sensorul receptorebs, kun-
Tebsa da jirkvlebs Soris.
70
 nervuli sistema
centraluri nervuli periferiuli nervuli sistema
sistema (nervuli qsovili Tavisa da zurgis
(Tavisa da zurgis tvini) tvinis farglebs gareT)
somaturi nervuli
sistema
(sensoruli da motoruli
nervuli, nebiTi)
simpaTikuri nawili
gamaRizianebelze sapasuxod kiduris ganrideba.
miuxedavad imisa, rom intaqturi Tavis tvini
Cveulebriv pirobebSi informirebuli iqneboda
am qmedebis Sesaxeb, organizms am reaqciis
ganxorcieleba misi Carevis gareSec SeuZlia.
zurgis tvinis nervebis dazianeba iwvevs
sxeulisa da qveda kidurebis damblas, rogorc
es naCvenebia paraplegiur pacientebSi. damblis
gavrceleba damokidebulia imaze, Tu ra doneze
moxda zurgis tvinis dazianeba. zeda segmentebis
dazianeba ufro farTo damblas iwvevs.
miuxedavad Tavisi mmarTvelobiTi funqciisa,
cns-s ar aqvs uSualo kontaqti gare samyaros-
Tan; es pns-is funqciaa, miawodos mas infor-
macia sensoruli receptorebis saSualebiT, maga-
liTad, Tvalebidan da yurebidan da aseve gaa-
taros cns-is brZanebebi kunTebisa da sxeulis
sxva organoebisaken. pns ZiriTadad boWkoTa ori
tipisagan Sedgeba. somaturi nervuli sistema
aregulirebs sxeulis ConCxis kunTebis moq-
somaturi nervuli sistema (Somatic nervous system)
– periferiuli nervuli sistemis nawili, ro-
melic akavSirebs centralur nervul sistemas
kanisa da ConCxis kunTebTan.
avtonomiuri nervuli sistema (ans) (Autonomic
nervous system - ANS) – periferiuli nervuli
sistemis nawili, romelic akavSirebs cen-
tralur nervul sistemas gluv da gulis
kunTebTan da jirkvlebTan da aregulirebs
sxeulis uneblie motorul pasuxebs.
suraTi
3.5
adamianis nervuli
sistemis ierarqiuli
agebuleba
centraluri nervuli sistema
Sedgeba Tavisa da zurgis tvi-
nisagan. periferiuli nervuli
sistema funqciis mixedviT or
nawilad iyofa: _ somaturi
nervuli sistema akontro-
avtonomiuri nervuli lebs nebiT moZraobebs, xolo
sistema avtonomiuri nervuli sistema
(Sinagani sistemebi, uneblie) – Sida procesebs. avtono-
miuri nervuli sistema aseve
or nawilad iyofa: _ simpa-
Tikuri nervuli sistema are-
gulirebs qcevas kritikul,
daZabul situaciebSi, xolo
parasimpaTikuri nawili parasimpaTikuri sistema akon-
trolebs qcevas Cveulebriv
pirobebSi.
medebas. magaliTad, warmoidgineT rom beWdavT
werils. Tqveni TiTebis moZraoba kompiuteris
klaviaturaze regulirdeba somaturi nervuli
sistemis meSveobiT. roca Tqven iRebT gada-
wyvetilebas, Tu ra daweroT, Tqveni Tavis tvini
agzavnis brZanebas TiTebisaken, daaWiron Sesa-
bamis Rilaks. amavdroulad TiTebidan Tavis
tvinSi ukukavSiris saSualebiT igzavneba infor-
macia maTi moZraobisa da poziciis Sesaxeb. Tuki
Tqven araswor Rilaks daaWireT TiTi, somaturi
nervuli sistema atyobinebs amis Sesaxeb Tavis
tvins, romelic Sesabamis koreqcias ganaxor-
cielebs da Tqven myisierad waSliT Secdomas
da daaWerT TiTs swor Rilaks.
pns-is meore nawilia avtonomiuri nervuli
sistema (ans), romelic ZiriTad sasicocxlo
procesebs awesrigebs. es sistema 24 saaTis
ganmavlobaSi muSaobs, aregulirebs ra sxeulis
iseT funqciebs, romlebic Cveulebriv nebiT
kontrols ar eqvemdebareba, magaliTad, sunTqva,
saWmlis moneleba da agzneba. ans maSinac
biologia da qceva
muSaobs, rodesac Tqven gZinavT. is uzrunvel-
yofs sasicocxlo funqciebis ganxorcielebas
anesTeziisa da xangrZlivi komis drosac.
avtonomiuri nervuli sistema aregulirebs
ori tipis reaqciebs: organizmis reaqciebs
safrTxeze da organizmis cxovelqmedebas
Cveulebriv pirobebSi. am funqciebis ganxorci-
elebisaTvis avtonomiuri nervuli sistema
kidev or nawilad iyofa, esenia: simpaTikuri 71
 da parasimpaTikuri nawilebi. es ganyofilebebi
urTierTsawinaaRmdego funqciebs asruleben.
simpaTikuri nawili aregulirebs organizmis
reaqciebs daZabul situaciebSi, parasimpaTikuri
ki sxeulis Sida funqciebs akontrolebs mSvid
mdgomareobaSi. simpaTikuri sistema SeiZleba
ganxilul iqnes, rogorc daZabuli mdgomare-
obebis momgvarebeli – safrTxis, an stresis
simpaTikuri sistema (Sympathetic division) – avto-
nomiuri nervuli sistemis nawili, romelic sa-
gangaSo situaciaSi energiis mobilizacias
axorcielebs.
parasimpaTikuri sistema (Parasympathetic division) –
avtonomiuri nervuli sistemis nawili, rome-
lic yoveldRiur funqciebs asrulebs da inaxavs
sxeulis energias.
Tavi 3 / qcevis biologiuri safuZvlebi
dros is amzadebs tvins „brZolisaTvis~: saWmlis
moneleba wydeba, sisxli Sida organoebidan kun-
Tebisaken nawildeba, Jangbadis mowodeba Zlier-
deba da guliscemis sixSire matulobs. safrTxis
gavlis Semdeg erTveba parasimpaTikuri sistema,
raTa ganmuxtos procesebi da organizmi wynar-
deba. saWmlis moneleba aRdgeba, guliscema
wynardeba da sunTqva ufro mSviddeba. parasim-
paTikuri nawili pasuxismgebelia organizmis
Cveulebrivi mdgomareobis koordinirebaze, ro-
goricaa ZalTa danaxarjis gabaTileba, vizua-
luri sistemis dacva (cremlisa da gugis Seviw-
roebis meSveobiT) da sxeulis energiis xangrZ-
livi Senaxva. simpaTikuri da parasimpaTikuri
sistemebis gansxvavebuli funqciebi 3.6 suraTzea
asaxuli.

suraTi
3.6
avtonomiuri nervuli sistema
parasimpaTikuri nervuli sistema, romelic organizmis yoveldRiur Sida reaqciebsa da
qcevas aregulirebs, marcxena mxaresaa gamosaxuli; simpaTikuri nervuli sistema, romelic
imave funqciebs stresis dros axorcielebs, naCvenebia marjvena mxares. miaqcieT yuradReba
imas, rom simpaTikuri nervuli sistema zurgis tvinis siaxloves nervuli kvanZebis
72 erTobliobas, e. w. simpatikur vels qmnis.
! tvinis Rero, Talamusi da naTxemi
Tavis tvinis struqturebi da
maTi funqciebi
Tavis tvini centraluri nervuli sistemis
yvelaze ufro mniSvnelovani nawilia. adamianis
Tavis tvini sami urTierTdakavSirebuli Sri-
sagan Sedgeba. yvelaze ufro Rrma regionSi,
romelsac tvinis Rero ewodeba, moTavsebulia
iseT avtonomiur procesTa maregulirebeli
centrebi, rogoricaa guliscema, sunTqva, ylapva
da saWmlis moneleba. centralur Sres qmnis
limburi sistema, romelic CarTulia motivaciis,
emociisa da mexsierebis procesebis ganxorcie-
lebasa da kontrolSi. am or regions gars
ekvris cerebrumi – didi tvini. tvinis swored
es nawili ganagebs adamianis gonebas. didi tvi-
ni da misi gare Sre, qerqi (korteqsi) axdens
sensoruli informaciis integrirebas, koordina-
cias uwevs moZraobas da axorcielebs abstraq-
tul azrovnebasa da msjelobas (sur. 3.7). axla
ufro guldasmiT gavecnoT Tavis tvinis am sami
ganyofilebis funqciebs. daviwyoT tvinis
ReroTi, TalamusiTa da naTxemiT.
suraTi
3.7
Tavis tvinis struqturebi
Tavis tvinis ZiriTadi urTierTdakavSirebuli nawilebia: tvinis Rero, naTxemi, limburi
sistema da didi tvinis qerqi.
tvinis Rero yvela xerxemlian cxovels
gaaCnia. misi struqturebi aregulirebs
sxeulis Sinagan mdgomareobas (sur. 3.8). zurgis
tvinis zeda sazRvarze moTavsebuli mogrZo
tvini warmoadgens sunTqvis, sisxlis wnevisa
da guliscemis centrs. radganac es procesebi
sicocxlisaTvis aucilebelia, mogrZo tvinis
dazianeba SeiZleba fataluri iyos. sxeulidan
tvinis Rero (Brain stem) – Tavis tvinis struq-
tura, romelic aregulirebs sxeulis ZiriTad
sasicocxlo funqciebs.
mogrZo tvini (Medulla) – tvinis Reros ubani,
romelic akontrolebs sunTqvas, sifxizles
da guliscemas.
xidi (Pons) – tvinis Reros ubani, romelic
akavSirebs zurgisa da Tavis tvins, aseve Tavis
tvinis sxvadasxva nawilebs.
retikuluri formacia (Reticular formation) –
tvinis Reros ubani, romelic gansazRvravs
Tavis tvinis mzaobas, miiRos sensoruli
informacia da pasuxismgebelia cnobierebis
SenarCunebasa da gamofxizlebaze.
biologia da qceva
73
 suraTi
3.8
tvinis Rero, Talamusi da
naTxemi
es struqturebi ZiriTadad sasi-
cocxlo procesebis regulaciaSia
CarTuli: sunTqva, pulsi, agzneba,
moZraoba, wonasworoba da sensoru-
li informaciis pirveladi gada-
muSaveba

Thalamus Talamusi
Pons xidi
Medulla mogrZo tvini
Cerebllum naTxemi
Reticular formation retikularuli formacia

aRmavali da tvinidan daRmavali nervuli drosac inarCunebs sifxizlis garkveul dones

boWkoebi mogrZo tvinSi jvaredindeba, rac imas
niSnavs, rom sxeulis marcxena nawilis kon-
trols tvinis marjvena mxare axorcielebs da
piriqiT, sxeulis marjvena nawili tvinis mar-
cxena nawilTanaa dakavSirebuli. uSualod
mogrZo tvinis Tavze moTavsebulia xidi,
romelic agzavnis informacias tvinis Reros
sxva struqturebSi da naTxemSi (misi saxeli
swored am funqcias ukavSirdeba). retikuluri
(badebrivi) formacia warmoadgens nervebis xSir
qsels, romelic tvinis Reros darajis funqcias
asrulebs. is ganapirobebs didi tvinis qerqis
mzaobas, miiRos axali stimulacia da Zilis
Talamusi (Thalamus) – Tavis tvinis nawili, ro-
Tavi 3 / qcevis biologiuri safuZvlebi
(Kinomura et al., 1996). am ubnis seriozuli dazianeba
komas iwvevs.
retikuluri formaciis grZeli boWkoebi Ta-
lamuss ukavSirdeba, romelsac Semosuli sen-
soruli informacia didi tvinis qerqis Sesabamis
ubanSi gadaaqvs, sadac es informacia muSavdeba.
magaliTad, Talamusi gadascems informacias
Tvalebidan mxedvelobis kortikalur ubans.
neiromecnierTaTvis didi xania cnobilia, rom
naTxemi, romelic tvinis RerosTanaa dakavSire-
buli da tvinis fuZesTan mdebareobs, koor-
dinirebas uwevs sxeulis moZraobas, akon-
trolebs pozas da xels uwyobs wonasworobis
SenarCunebas. naTxemis dazianeba iwvevs moZ-
raobis Cveuli ritmis darRvevas, is arakoor-

melic sensorul informacias gadascems didi

tvinis qerqs.
naTxemi (Cerebellum) – Tavis tvinis nawili,
romelic ukavSirdeba tvinis Reros da akon-
trolebs motorul koordinacias, pozas da
wonasworobas; aseve sxeulis moZraobis kon-
trolis daswavlis unars.
limburi sistema (Limbic system) – Tavis tvinis
regioni, romelic aregulirebs emociur qcevas,
ZiriTad motivaciur survilebs da mexsierebas,
aseve mTavar fiziologiur funqciebs.
hipokampi (Hippocampus) – limburi sistemis na-
wili, romelic konkretuli mexsierebis Camo-
yalibebaSi monawileobs.
nuSisebri kompleqsi (Amygdala) – limburi sis-
temis nawili, romelic akontrolebs emocias,
agresiasa da emociuri mexsierebis formirebas.
74
dinirebuli da wyvetili xdeba. bolo drois
gamokvlevebma aCvena, rom naTxemi aseve mniS-
vnelovania daswavlisaTvis, anu is xels uwyobs
sxeulis moZraobis kontrolis swavlas (Baringa,
1996; Raymond et al., 1996).
limburi sistema
limburi sistema akontrolebs motivirebul
qcevas, emociur mdgomareobasa da mexsierebas.
is aseve aregulirebs sxeulis temperaturas,
sisxlis wnevas da sisxlSi Saqris dones;
axorcielebs sxva Sinagan funqciaTa kontrols.
limburi sistema Sedgeba sami struqturisagan:
hipokampi, amigdala (nuSisebri kompleqsi) da
hipoTalamusi (sur. 3.9).

hipokampi, romelic limburi sistemis yvelaze
ufro didi struqturaa, mniSvnelovan rols
TamaSobs eqsplicituri mexsierebis procesebSi
(Eichenbaum, 1999; Squire, 1992) – mexsierebis,
romelic Tqvens cnobierebaSi aisaxeba (ix. Tavi
8). arsebobs uamravi klinikuri monacemi,
romelic am Sexedulebas adasturebs, kerZod,
fsiqologiis istoriaSi, albaT, yvelaze ufro
cnobili pacientis, h.m-is istoria.
saidan
viciT
hipokampis dazianebis zogierTi Sedegi
27 wlis asakSi h.m-s Cautarda operacia
epilefsiuri Setevebis sixSiris Semcire-
bis mizniT. operaciis dros mas hipokampi
amokveTes. Sedegad, h.m-s SeeZlo mxolod
Soreuli warsulis gaxseneba. man dakarga
axali informaciis Senaxvisa da misi
grZelvadian mexsierebaSi gadatanis unari.
operaciidan didi xnis Semdegac ki pa-
cients egona, rom jer kidev 1953 weli
iyo, weliwadi, rodesac mas operacia
Cautarda.
hipokampis dazianebam, meore mxriv, ar gamo-
iwvia implicituri mexsierebis darRveva, anu
h.m-s SenarCunebuli hqonda axali unar-Cvevebis
suraTi
3.9
limburi sistema
limburi sistemis struqtu-
rebi mxolod ZuZumwovrebSia
warmodgenili: isini monawi-
leoben motivaciuri qcevis,
emociuri mdgradobisa da
mexsierebis procesebis
regulaciaSi.
gamomuSavebis unari, romelic cnobierebasTan
ar iyo dakavSirebuli. e.i., hipokampis dazianebis
Semdeg Tqven SeinarCunebT axali amocanebis
gadawyvetis unars, magram ar geqnebaT misi
damaxsovrebis SesaZlebloba (ix. Tavi me-8).
nuSisebri kompleqsi monawileobs emociebis
kontrolSi da emociuri mexsierebis formi-
rebaSi. makontrolebeli funqciis gamo, am ubnis
dazianebam SeiZleba agresiuli pirebis dawyna-
reba gamoiwvios (Cven fsiqoqirurgias me-16 TavSi
ganvixilavT). garda amisa, nuSisebri kompleqsis
dazianebis Sedegad ikargeba saxis emociuri
gamometyvelebis amocnobis unari (Adolphs et al.,
1994). im pirebSi, romlebsac nuSisebri kompleqsi
aqvT dazianebuli, yvelaze ufro metad daqveiTe-
bulia uaryofiTi emociebis, gansakuTrebiT ki,
SiSis gamoxatuleba. mkvlevrebi varaudoben, rom
nuSisebri kompleqsi SesaZloa gansakuTrebul
rols TamaSobdes adamianebis mier SiSisa da
safrTxis amocnobis unarSi (Adolphs et al., 1999).
hipoTalamusi tvinis erT-erTi yvelaze ufro
patara zomis struqturaa, Tumca umniSvne-
biologia da qceva
lovanes rols TamaSobs Tqvens yoveldRiur
aqtivobebSi. is Sedgeba mravali birTvisagan _
neironTa patara grovebisgan, romlebic mo-
tivaciur qcevaSi CarTul fiziologiur pro-
cesebs aregulirebs (kveba, temperaturis regu-
lireba da sqesobrivi qceva). hipoTalamusi
inarCunebs sxeulis Sida aris mudmivobas, anu
homeostazs. rodesac sxeulis energiis rezer-
75
 suraTi
3.10
qerqi
edidi tvinis qerqis TiToeul hemisferoze oTxi wilia. TiToeuli wili
asrulebs sxvadasxva sensorul da motorul funqciebs

vebi dabalia, hipoTalamusi erTveba organizmis
stimulaciaSi, raTa man sakvebi moipovos da
hipoTalamusi (Hypothalamus) – tvinis struqtura,
romelic aregulirebs motivaciur qcevas
(rogoricaa kveba da daleva) da homeostazs.
homeostazi (Homeostasis) – sxeulis Sida aris
Tavi 3 / qcevis biologiuri safuZvlebi
miiRos. rodesac sxeulis temperatura iklebs,
hipoTalamusi sisxlZarRvTa SekumSvas, an mokle
uneblie moZraobebs – kankals iwvevs. hipoTala-
musi aseve aregulirebs endokrinuli sistemis
moqmedebas.
didi tvini

mudmivoba.
didi tvini (Cerebrum) – tvinis nawili, romelic
umaRles kognitur da emociur funqciebs
aregulirebs.
qerqi (Cerebral cortex) – didi tvinis gare zeda-
piri.
hemisferoebi (Cerebral hemispheres) – didi tvinis
ori naxevari, romlebic korZiani sxeuliTaa
dakavSirebuli.
korZiani sxeuli (Corpus callosum) – nervul
boWkoTa erToblioba, romelic tvinis or
hemisferos akavSirebs.
Sublis wili (Frontal lobe) – tvinis ubani,
romelic gverdiTi napralis zemoT da centra-
luri Raris winaa moTavsebuli; monawileobs
76
motorul kontrolSi da kogntiur qmedebebSi.
adamianebSi didi tvini faravs tvinis dar-
Cenil nawils da misi masis or mesameds qmnis.
misi funqciaa tvinis umaRlesi kognituri da
emociuri funqciebis regulireba. didi tvinis
gare fena, romelic miliardobiT neironisgan
Sedgeba da daaxloebiT 2,5 mm sisqis Sres qmnis,
iwodeba didi tvinis qerqad. didi tvini aseve
iyofa or, TiTqmis simetriul naxevrad, cereb-
ralur hemisferoebad (Cven hemisferoebs am Tavis
momdevno nawilSi ganvixilavT). ori hemisfero
dakavSirebulia erTmaneTTan nervuli boWkoebis
msxvili masiT, romelsac korZiani sxeuli ewo-
deba. es kavSiri hemisferoebs Soris informaciis
gacvlas emsaxureba.
suraTi
3.11
motoruli da somatosensoruli qerqi
sxeulis sxvadsxva nawilebi gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan mgrZnobelobiT garemo stimulaciisadmi da
tvinis kontrolisadmi. mgrZnobeloba sxeulis garkveul nawilSi damokidebulia qerqis im umnis zomaze,
romelic sxeulis am konkretul nawils akontrolebs. am suraTze adamianis sxeulis nawilebi qerqis
Sesabamisi makontrolebeli ubnebis zomebis mixedviTaa warmodgenili. rac ufro didi zomisaa suraTze
gamosaxuli sxeulis nawili, miT ufro maRalia misi mgrZnobeloba garemo stimulizaciisadmi da miT
ufroZlieria tvinis kontroli mis moZraobaze.

neiromecnierebma moniSnes orive hemisfero, wili pasuxismgebelia iseTi SegrZnebebis kon-

gamoiyenes ra ori mniSvnelovani orientiri. erTi
Rrmuli, romelsac centraluri Rari ewodeba,
yofs yovel hemisferos vertikalurad da meore,
msgavsi Rrmuli, romelsac lateraluri naprali
ewodeba, yofs TiToeul hemisferos horizon-
talurad (sur. 3.10). es vertikaluri da horizon-
taluri dayofa gvexmareba gamovyoT tvinis oTxi
ubani, anu wili, TiToeul naxevarsferoSi.
trolze, rogoricaa Sexeba, tkivili da tem-
peratura moTavsebulia uSualod centraluri
Raris ukan. ocipitaluri (kefis) wili, vizua-
luri informaciis bolo samizne, Tavis ukana
nawilSia moTavsebuli. temporaluri (safeT-
Txemis wili (Parietal lobe) – tvinis ubani Sublis
wilis ukan da lateraluri napralis zemoT;
Seicavs somatosensorul qerqs.
biologia da qceva

frontaluri (Sublis) wili, romelic CarTulia

motorul kontrolsa da kognitur qmedebaSi,
rogoricaa dagegmva, gadawyvetilebis miReba da
miznebis dasaxva, moTavsebulia lateraluri
napralis zemoT da centraluri Raris win. am
ubnis dazianeba adamianis individualobis
Secvlas iwvevs. es swored is ubani iyo, romlis
dazianebamac fines geijis dramatuli cvlileba
gamoiwvia (Damasio et al., 1994). parietaluri (Txemis)
kefis wili (Occipital lobe) – tvinis yvelaze ufro
ukana nawili; moicavs pirvelad mxedvelobiT
qerqs.
safeTqlis wili (Temporal lobe) – tvinis ubani,
romelic lateraluri napralis qvemoTaa
moTavsebuli; Seicavs smenis qerqs.
motoruli qerqi (Motor cortex) – didi tvinis qerqis
ubani, romelic akontrolebs sxeulis nebiT
moZraobebs.
77
 qlis) wili, romelic pasuxismgebelia smenis
ganxorcielebaze, moTavsebulia lateraluri
napralis qvemoT, TiToeuli hemisferos gverdiT
zedapirze.
Secdoma iqneboda imis mtkiceba, rom rome-
lime wili ama Tu im specifikur funqcias mar-
to akontrolebs. tvinis struqturebi TavianT
movaleobas erToblivad axorcieleben, muSaoben
erTad, rogorc integrirebuli erTeuli; ise,
rogorc simfoniuri orkestri. rodesac Tqven
recxavT WurWels, angariSobT, an saubrobT
megobarTan, Tqveni tvini muSaobs, rogorc er-
Tiani sxeuli, TiToeuli wili sxvebTan Tanam-
Sromlobs. miuxedavad amisa, neiromecnierebs
SeuZliaT tvinis oTx wilSi im ubnebis gansaz-
Rvra, romlebic iseTi specifikuri funqciebis
ganxorcielebisTvisaa aucilebeli, rogoricaa:
mxedveloba, smena, metyveleba da mexsiereba. maTi
dazianebis SemTxvevaSi es funqciebic ziandeba,
an sruliad ikargeba.
sxeulis 600-ze meti nebiTi kunTis qmedeba
kontroldeba motoruli qerqiT, romelic
Sublis wilSi uSualod centraluri Raris
winaa moTavsebuli. gaixseneT, rom tvinis erTi
mxridan wamosuli brZanebebi sxeulis meore
mxarisTvisaa gamiznuli. garda amisa, sxeulis
qveda ubnebSi moTavsebuli kunTebi, magaliTad,
fexis TiTebi, motoruli qerqis yvelaze ufro
zemo nawilis neironebiT kontroldeba. sxeu-
lis zeda nawilis kunTebi, rogoricaa yeli,
kontroldeba motoruli qerqis qveda nawilis
neironebiT. rogorc 3.9 suraTze xedavT, sxeulis
zeda nawili bevrad ufro detalur motorul
Tavi 3 / qcevis biologiuri safuZvlebi
instruqciebs iRebs, vidre qveda. realurad,
motoruli qerqis ori udidesi ubani xelis
TiTebTanaa dakavSirebuli – gansakuTrebiT
cerasTan – da im kunTebTan, romlebic metyve-
lebis procesSia CarTuli. qerqis ubnebis sidide
im mniSvnelobis maCvenebelia, romelic adamia-
nis xeliT manipulirebisa da metyvelebis unars
gaaCnia.
somatosensoruli qerqi uSualod centralu-
ri Raris ukanaa moTavsebuli marcxena da mar-
jvena Txemis wilebSi. tvinis am ubanSi gadamu-
Savdeba informacia temperaturis, Sexebis,
sxeulis pozisa da tkivilis Sesaxeb. motoruli
qerqis msgavsad, sensoruli qerqis zeda nawili
sxeulis qveda nawils ukavSirdeba, xolo qveda
78 nawili dakavSirebulia zedasTan. sensoruli
qerqis didi nawili dakavSirebulia tuCebTan,
enasTan, cera da saCvenebel TiTebTan, anu
sxeulis im nawilebTan, romlebic yvelaze ufro
mniSvnelovan sensorul informacias atareben
centrisken. aseve, motoruli qerqis msgavsad,
somatosensoruli qerqis marjvena nawili
dakavSirebulia sxeulis marcxena mxaresTan,
xolo marcxena mxare _ marjvena nawilTan.
smeniTi informacia muSavdeba smeniT qerqSi,
romelic ori safeTqlis wiliTaa warmodgenili.
auditoruli qerqi TiToeul hemisferoSi
informacias orive yuridan iRebs. auditoru-
li qerqis erTi ubani metyvelebis ganxorcie-
lebaSi monawileobs, xolo meore ubani –
metyvelebis gagebaSi. vizualuri informacia
muSavdeba tvinis ukana nawilSi, vizualur qerq-
Si, romelic kefis wilSia moTavsebuli. aq udi-
desi nawili eTmoba informacias, romelic
baduras centraluri ubnebidan modis, im
adgilidan, romelic Tvalis ukana zedapirzea
ganlagebuli da sadac yvelaze ufro detaluri
mxedvelobiTi informacia aRiqmeba.
qerqis yvela ubani araa CarTuli sensoruli
informaciis gadamuSavebasa da kunTebisaTvis
brZanebebis gacemaSi. sinamdvileSi, qerqis
udidesi nawili CarTulia informaciis inter-
pretaciisa da integraciis procesebSi. iseTi
procesebi, rogoricaa dagegmva da gadawyveti-
lebis miReba, asociaciur qerqSi xorcieldeba.
asociaciuri ubnebi qerqis sxvadasxva nawilebSia
gabneuli (erTi regioni 3.9 suraTzea moniSnuli).
asociaciuri qerqi gaZlevT sxvadasxva moda-
lobis sensoruli informaciis kombinirebis
saSualebas, raTa garemos stimulebis Sesabamisi
sapasuxo reaqciebi daigegmos.
somatosensoruli qerqi (Somatosensory sortex) –
Txemis wilis nawili, sadac sxeulis sxvadasxva
ubnebidan miRebuli sensoruli informacia
muSavdeba.
smeniTi qerqi (Auditory cortex) – safeTqlis wilis
nawili, sadac miiReba da muSavdeba smeniTi
informacia.
mxedvelobis qerqi (Visual cortex) – kefis wilis
nawili, sadac mxedvelobiTi informaciis gada-
muSaveba mimdinareobs.
asociaciuri qerqi (Association cortex) – qerqis na-
wili, sadac umaRlesi nervuli procesebi
xorcieldeba.
 rogor muSaoben tvinis es sxvadasxva ubnebi
erTad? warmoidgineT magaliTisaTvis, ra xdeba
Tqvens tvinSi, rodesac daweril sityvas
kiTxulobT (sur. 3.12). davuSvaT, Tqveni fsi-
qologiis maswavlebeli gaZlevT qaRaldis
furcels, romelzedac sityva Sokoladi weria
da gTxovT xmamaRla warmoTqvaT es sityva.
biologiuri procesebi, romlebic am qmedebaSia
CarTuli, saocrad natifi da kompleqsuria.
neiromecnieri Tqvens verbalur qcevas ramdenime
etapad dayofda. pirvel rigSi, vizualuri
stimuli (dawerili sityva Sokoladi) aRiqmeba
nervuli ujredebis mier Tvalis baduraSi,
romlebic nervul impulsebs Talamusis gavliT
vizualur korteqsSi agzavnian. vizualuri
qerqidan nervuli impulsebi gadaigzavneba
safeTqlis wilis ukana ubanSi (angularuli
xveuli), sadac sityvis vizualuri kodireba mis
akustikur kodirebas unda Seedaros. dadgindeba
Tu ara Sesabamisi akustikuri kodireba, is
gadaecema ubans auditorul qerqSi, romelsac
`vernikes are~ ewodeba, sadac xdeba misi
dekodireba da interpretacia: „ah! Sokoladi!
ar vityodi uars.~ nervuli impulsebi mere
egzavneba brokas centrs, romelic Tavis mxriv
agzavnis informacias motorul qerqSi, rac
tuCebis, enisa da xorxis stimulacias iwvevs
sityva Sokoladis warmosaTqmelad.
es sakmaod didi mentaluri Zalisxmevaa
mxolod erTi sityvis warmoTqmisaTvis. axla
ki warmoidgineT, ra xdeba tvinSi, rodesac Tqven
xmamaRla kiTxulobT wigns, an, Tundac, reklamas.
yvelaze ufro gasaocari ki isaa, rom Tqveni
tvini TiTqmis Zaldautaneblad da Zalian
efeqturad umklavdeba am amocanas _ Targmnis
ra qaRaldze arsebul aTasobiT niSans nervul
kodad; gadascems informacias tvinis sxvadasxva
ubnebs mimdinare amocanebis Sesaxeb; dabolos,
am sityvebis gamoTqmis saSualebas gaZlevT.
Cven ukve ganvixileT nervuli sistemis
yvelaze mniSvnelovani struqturebi. rodesac
did tvinze daviwyeT saubari, aRvniSneT, rom
cerebraluri struqtura ori hemisferoTia
warmodgenili. qcevebis farTo speqtrSi
naxevarsferoebi gansxvavebul funqciebSi
monawileoben. davubrundeT am gansxvavebebs
Tqveni tvinis hemisferoebs Soris.
dawerili sityvis wakiTxva
suraTi
3.12
rogor vambobT wakiTxul sityvas
informacias dawerili sityvis Sesaxeb nervuli
impulsebi Talamusis gavliT atareben Tvalis ba-
duradan qerqis mxedvelobiTi asociaciuri ubne-
bisaken. vizualuri qerqi agzavnis nervul
impulsebs safeTqlis wilis ukana nawilSi,
angularul xveulSi, sadac xdeba sityvis
vizualuri kodis (asoebis forma da ganlageba)
Sedareba mis akustikur kodTan (JReradoba)
Sesabamisis akustikuri kodis povnis Semdeg is
gadaecema smeniT qerqSi e. w. vernikes ares, sadac
xdeba am informaciis dekodireba da
interpretireba. nervuli impulsebi egzavneba
brokas ares, romelic Tavis mxriv agzavnis
informacias motorul qerqSi. motoruli qerqi
uzrunvelyofs sityvis warmoTqmas tuCebis, enisa
da xorxis sinqronuli gaaqtivebis meSveobiT.
hemisferoTa lateralizacia
ra informaciam aiZula mecnierebi efiqraT,
rom arsebobs garkveuli gansxvaveba Tavis tvinis
hemisferoTa funqciebs Soris? gaixseneT,
rodesac pol brokam tenis autofsia Cautara,
man tvinis dazianeba marcxena naxevarsferoSi
biologia da qceva
aRmoaCina. momdevno gamokvlevebSi brokam naxa,
rom sxva pacientebSic, romelTac metyvelebis
msgavsi darRveva hqondaT (daavadeba, romelsac
dRes `brokas afazias~ uwodeben), dazianeba
marcxena naxevarsferoSi iyo lokalizebuli.
igive ubnebis dazianeba tvinis marjvena
hemisferoSi msgavs efeqts ar iwvevda. ra daskvna
SeiZleba gamovitanoT?
79

suraTi
3.13
korZiani sxeuli
korziani sxeuli warmoadgens nervuli boW-
koebis erTobliobas, romelic erTmaneTTan
akavsirebs didi tvinis or hemisferos. korZiani
sxeulis gadaWra azianebs hemosferoTa Soris
komunikacias.
Tavi 3 / qcevis biologiuri safuZvlebi
80
hemisferoTa Soris gansxvavebebis Seswavlis
Sansi pirvelad epilefsiis qirurgiuli wesiT
mkurnalobis dros gaCnda. mkurnalobis es
meTodi gulisxmobs korZiani sxeulis (daaxlo-
ebiT 200 milioni nervuli boWkos erToblioba,
romelic hemisferoTa Soris informaciis gac-
vlas emsaxureba) gadaWras (sur. 3.13). qirurgiuli
Carevis mizania, xeli SeuSalos epilefsiis
Tanamdevi agresiuli eleqtruli aqtivobis
orive hemisferoze gavrcelebas. operacia,
rogorc wesi, warmatebulia da pacientebis
qcevac, ZiriTadad, ucvleli rCeba. pacientebs,
romlebmac es operacia gadaitanes, xSirad
uwodeben pacientebs „gayofili tviniT~.
gancalkevebuli hemisferoebis SesaZleblo-
baTa Semowmebis mizniT rojer sperim (1968) da
maikl gazanigam (1970) SeimuSaves iseTi meTodika,
romlis saSualebiTac SesaZlo iyo vizualuri
informaciis wardgineba TiToeuli hemisfero-
saTvis cal-calke. speris da gazanigas meTodika
vizualuri sistemis anatomiis Taviseburebebs
emyareboda (sur. 3.14). yovel TvalSi, marjvena
mxedvelobiTi velidan miRebuli informacia
marcxena hemisferoSi xvdeba da, piriqiT, in-
suraTi
3.14
mxedvelobiTi informaciis
nervuli gza
mxedvelobiTi informaciis nervuli gza,
romelic TiToeuli Tvalis Sua zedapiridan
iwyeba, jvaredinad gadadis tvinis erTi mxridan
meoreze korZiani sxeulis meSveobiT. mxedvelo-
biTi informacia Tvalis gare ubnidan ar jvare-
dindeba. korZiani sxeulis gadaWra xels uSlis
mxedvelobis marjvena velSi warmodgenili
informaciis gadacemas marjvena hemisferoSi,
xolo mxedvelobis marcxena velSi warmodge-
nili informacia ver aRwevs marcxena hemisferos.

formacia marcxena mxedvelobiTi velidan gadae-
cema marjvena hemisferos. rogorc wesi, orive
hemisferos Soris informaciis gacvla Zalian
swrafad warmoebs korZiani sxeulis meSveobiT;
magram, radganac am pacientebSi korZiani sxeuli
gadaWrili iyo, marcxena da marjvena mxedvelo-
biT velebSi arsebuli informacia Sesabamisad
mxolod marjvena da marcxena hemisferoebs
gadaecemoda (sur. 3.15).
radganac adamianTa umravlesobaSi metyvele-
bas marcxena hemisfero akontrolebs, mas SeuZ-
lia mkvlevrebs „elaparakos~ maSin, roca mar-
jvena hemisfero am saSualebas moklebulia.
komunikacia marjvena hemisferosTan miRweul
iqna manualuri amocanebis Sesrulebis gziT:
es amocanebi nivTebis identifikacias, SeTavsebas,
an maTgan jgufebis Sedgenas gulisxmobda da
maTi gadawyveta sityvebis gamoyenebas ar
saWiroebda. ganixileT „gayofili tvinis~ mqone
pacientis SemTxveva, romelic marcxena hemi-
sferos iyenebs misi marcxena xelis mier Catare-
buli qmedebebis aRsawerad maSin, rodesac mar-
cxena xels marjvena hemisfero akontrolebs.
saidan
viciT
hemisferoebi moqmedebaSi
marjvena hemisferos warudgines Tov-
liani peizaJi, xolo marcxenas – qaTmis
fexis gamosaxuleba. cdis pirs mis win
suraTi
3.15
Tvalisa da xelis koordinacia
Tvalisa da xelis koordinacia normalu-
ria, Tu pacienti `gayofili tviniT~ iye-
nebs marcxena xels im obieqtis sapov-
nelad, romelic mis marcxena mxedvelobiT
velSia moqceuli, radganac orive pro-
cesis ganxorcielebas marjvena hemisfero
akontrolebs. magram, rodesac Tqven
sTxovT pacients, gamoiyenos marjvena xeli
im obieqtis asaRebad, romelic mis mar-
cxena mxedvelobiT velSia moqceuli, mas
amis gakeTeba ar SeuZlia, radganac
sensoruli informacia marjvena xelidan
marcxena hemisferos veRar aRwevs gadaW-
rili kavSiris gamo. am SemTxvevaSi cdis
piri msxlis magier Wiqas iRebs.
arsebuli obieqtebidan am ori suraTis
Sesabamisi nivTebi unda SeerCia. marjvena
xeliT man miuTiTa qaTmis Tavze, xolo
marcxena xeliT – Tovlis niCabze. pacienti
ambobda, rom niCabi saWiroa qaTmis nar-
Cenebis (da ara Tovlis) gasawmendad. rad-
ganac tvinis marcxena nawilma korZiani
sxeulis gadaWris gamo ar icoda, Tu ras
xedavda marjvena naxevarsfero, mas unda
aexsna, Tu ratom uTiTebda marcxena xeli
niCabze, rodesac marcxena hemisfero qaTmis
fexs xedavda. marcxena hemisferos kogni-
turma sistemam SeimuSava Teoria, romel-
sac unda gaemarTlebina sxeulis sxva
nawilebis moqmedeba (Gazzaniga, 1985).
zemoaRwerilis garda, arsebobs mravali sxva
meTodi, romelTa meSveobiTac Cven viciT, rom
adamianTa umravlesobaSi metyvelebasTan da-
kavSirebuli funqciebi lateralizebulia mar-
cxena hemisferoSi. funqcia lateralizebulad
iTvleba, Tu mis ganxorcielebaSi Tavis tvinis
mxolod erTi hemisfero TamaSobs wamyvan rols.
biologia da qceva
metyveleba (enis gamoyenebis unari), albaT,
yvelaze ufro metad lateralizebulia fun-
qciaTa Soris. neiromecnierebma aRmoaCines, rom
memarjveneebis mxolod daaxloebiT 5%-sa da
caciebis 15%-Si metyvelebas marjvena hemi-
sfero akontrolebs, xolo caciebis 15%-Si
metyveleba orive hemisferoTi regulirdeba
(Rasmussen & Milner, 1977). adamianTa umravle-
sobaSi, Sesabamisad, metyveleba marcxena hemi- 81
 sferos funqcias warmoadgens. Sedegad, marcxena
naxevarsferos dazianeba iwvevs metyvelebis
moSlas. sainteresoa, rom yru-munjTa enis
gamoyenebisas (romelic xelis TiTebis poziciisa
da moZraobis mixedviT gadmoscems azrs),
marcxena hemisferos dazianeba aseve iwvevs
darRvevebs (Corina, 1999; Hickok et al., 1996; Poizner et
al., 1991). ase rom, lateralizebulia ara metyve-
leba, rogorc aseTi, aramed rogorc vokaluri,
ise manualuri Jestebis warmoqmnis unari,
romlebic komunikacias axorcieleben.
ar unda gegonoT, rom marcxena hemisfero
„ukeTesia~, vidre marjvena. mkvlevrebma uCvenes,
rom orive hemisferos erTi da igive amocanis
amoxsnis gansxvavebuli „stili~ aqvs. marcxena
hemisfero ufro analitikuria da is informacias
nabij-nabij amuSavebs; marjvena hemisfero ki
ufro holisturia da is informacias mTlianad
aRiqvams. orive hemisferos (misTvis damaxasiaTe-
beli muSaobis stiliT) kombinirebuli qmedeba
Tavi 3 / qcevis biologiuri safuZvlebi
ganapirobebs Cveni aRqmis srulyofilebas.
magaliTad, Tqven ar gagikvirdebaT imis gageba,
rom marcxena hemisfero, romelic mcire deta-
lebs yuradRebas aqcevs, wamyvan rols TamaSobs
problemaTa didi nawilis gadaWraSi. amavdro-
ulad, marjvena hemisferos roli win iwevs,
rodesac problemis gadaWras SemoqmedebiTi mid-
goma sWirdeba – marjvena hemisfero gexmarebaT
mexsierebis mobilizebaSi (Bowen & Beeman, 1998).
miuxedavad imisa, rom mecnierebs SeuZliaT
darwmunebiT ganasxvavon, Tu romeli funqciebia
lateralizebuli „saSualo~ tvinSi, gaTvalis-
winebul unda iqnes individualuri gansxvave-
bebi. rodesac metyvelebis lateralizaciaze
vsaubrobdiT, Cven, aseve, vaxseneT tvinis fun-
82 qciaTa pirveli individualuri gansxvaveba:
caciebSi SesaZloa metyvelebas marjvena hemi-
sfero, an orive hemisfero erTdroulad akon-
trolebdes. sxva gansxvavebebi, romlebic Tavis
tvinis funqciaTa lateralizaciis dros unda
ganvixiloT, sqesiTaa ganpirobebuli. arsebobs
zogadi gansxvavebebi mamakacebisa da qalebis
tvinis funqciebis principebSi (Breedlove, 1994;
Kimura, 1999). Tanamedrove meTodebis saSualebiT
SesaZlebeli gaxda dagvenaxa sxvaoba mamakacebis
da qalebis tvinSi sxvadasxva amocanebis gadaW-
risas. magaliTad, funqciuri mrtis saSualebiT
Seiswavlidnen mamakacTa da qalTa tvinis
aqtivobebs Soris gansxvavebebs, rodesac cdis
pirebs enis mosmenisas unda gamoetanaT daskvnebi
(eriTmeba erTmaneTs tani da kani?). mamakacebSi
ZiriTadi aqtivoba marcxena hemisferoSi iyo
lokalizebuli maSin, rodesac qalebSi am
amocanis amoxsnaSi orive hemisfero TiTqmis
Tanabrad monawileobda (Shaywitz et al., 1995). aseTi
Sedegebi kidev erTxel gvabrunebs sakiTxebTan,
romlebic bunebisa da aRzrdis Tanafardobas
exeba. ibadebian mamakacebi da qalebi ukve
gansxvavebuli tviniT, Tu es modifikacia cxov-
rebiseuli gamocdilebis Sedegia? Semdgom
wlebSi am kiTxvas neiromecnierTa xelT ar-
sebuli teqnikis gamoyenebiT pasuxi unda gaeces.
Cven ganvixileT nervuli sistemis bevri
mniSvnelovani struqtura. axla ki ganvixiloT
endokrinuli sistema, romelic nervul sis-
temasTan erTad sxeulis funqciebs aregulirebs.
endokrinuli sistema
adamianis genotipi gansazRvravs meore, Zal-
zed specifikur maregulirebel sistemas – en-
dokrinul sistemas, raTa nervuli sistemis
muSaoba Seavsos. endokrinuli sistema jirkvle-
 suraTi
3.15
Tvalisa da xelis koordinacia
hipofizi marjvniv aris warmodgenili; es mTavari jirkvalia, romelic
marcxena mxares naCvenebi jirkvlebis moqmedebas aregulirebs.
hipofizi, Tavis mxriv, kontroldeba hipoTalamusidan, romelic
limburi sistemis mniSvnelovani nawilia.
bis erTobliobas warmoadgens, romlebic gamoi-
muSaveben da sisxlSi gamoyofen qimiur mesin-
jerebs – hormonebs (sur. 3.16). hormonebi Zlier
gavlenas axdenen organizmis yoveldRiur cxo-
velqmedebaze, Tumca isini gansakuTrebiT mniS-
vnelovania sicocxlis garkveul periodebSi da
zogierTi gansakuTrebuli situaciis dros.
hormonebi gavlenas axdenen sxeulis zrdaze;
isini gansazRvraven da xels uwyoben pirveladi
da meoradi sasqeso niSnebis ganviTarebas; gav-
lenas axdenen sifxizlesa da yuradRebaze; war-
moadgenen guneba-ganwyobilebisa da xasiaTis
Secvlis safuZvels; aregulireben metabolizms
endokrinuli sistema (Endocrine system) – jirkvle-
bis qseli, romlebic gamoimuSaveben da sisxlSi
gamoyofen hormonebs.
hormonebi (Hormones)– qimiuri mesenjerebi, rom-
lebic gamomuSavdeba endokrinuli jirkvlebis
mier, aregulireben metabolizms da gavlenas
axdenen sxulis zrdaze, xasiaTsa da sasqeso
niSan-Tvisebebze.
da sxeulis energetikul danaxarjebs. endokri-
nuli sistema uzrunvelyofs organizmis gadar-
Cenas, exmareba ra mis brZolas infeqciisa da
daavadebaTa winaaRmdeg. is xels uwyobs saxeo-
bebis gadarCenas maTi seqsualuri agznebis
regulirebis, reproduqciuli ujredebis war-
moqmnis, meZuZur dedebSi rZis gamomuSavebis
hipofizi (Pituity gland) – moTavsebulia tvinSi,
gamoimuSavebs zrdis hormonebs da gavlenas
axdens sxva endokrinuli jirkvlebis mier hor-
monebis sekreciaze.
testosteroni (Testosterone) – mamakacTa sasqeso
biologia da qceva
hormoni, romelic saTesleebSi gamomuSavdeba
da astimulirebs spermis produqcias; aseve
pasuxismgebelia mamakacTa meoradi sasqeso niSan-
Tvisebebis Camoyalibebaze.
estrogeni (Estrogen) – qalTa sasqeso hormoni,
romelic sakvercxeebSi gamomuSavdeba da
pasuxismgebelia ovulaciis procesze, aseve qa-
lebis reproduqciuli struqturebis ganviTa-
rebasa da meoradi sasqeso niSnebis Camoyali-
83
bebaze.
 cxrili
3.1
miur process aregulireben, amis gamo maT „si-
cocxlis mesinjerebi~ ewodebaT (Carpo, 1985).
mTavari endokrinuli jirkvlebi da maT es mravalmxrivi sakomunikacio sistema akontro-
mier gamomuSavebuli hormonebis funqciebi lebs organizmSi nela, mudmivad mimdinare
procesebs, rogoricaa sisxlSi Saqris donis
gansazRvra, kalciumis Semcveloba, naxSirwyle-
jirkvali regulirebadi funqciebi bis metabolozmi da sxeulis zrda, magram ra
xdeba krizis dros? endokrinuli sistema gamo-
hipoTalamusi hipofizis hormonebis yofs sisxlSi hormon adrenalins; adrenalini
gamoyofa
energias matebs sxeuls ise, rom mas unari
wina hipofizi saTesleebi da
sakvercxeebirZis Seswevs swrafad moaxdinos reagireba safrTxeze.
gamomuSaveba rogorc adre ukve aRvniSneT, tvinis struq-
metabolizmi tura, hipoTalamusi, warmoadgens gadamrTvel
reaqcia stresze
ubans endokrinulsa da centralur nervul sis-
ukana hipofizi wylis konservacia
rZis gamoyofa temebs Soris. hipoTalamusis specializebuli
saSvilosnos SekumSva ujredebi informacias tvinis sxva ubnebidan
farisebri jirkvali metabolozmi iReben, romlebic mas ubrZaneben gamoyon sxva-
zrda da ganviTareba dasxva hormonebi hipofizSi, riTac isini asti-
paraTireoiduli kalciumis done mulireben, an akaveben sxva hormonebis sekrecias.
jirkvali
hormonebi sxeulis sxvadasxva ubnebSi gamomu-
nawlavi saWmlis moneleba
Savdeba. es „qarxnebi~ sxvadasxva hormonebs awar-
pankreasi glukozis metabolizmi
moebs, romlebic sxeulis sxvadasxva funqciebs
Tirkmelzeda „brZolisa da gaqcevis~
pasuxebi aregulireben, rogorc es 3.1 cxrilSia warmod-
jirkvali
metabolizmi genili. axla ki yvelaze ufro mniSvnelovani
sqesobrivi ltolva procesebi ganvixiloT.
qalebSi
hipofizs xSirad „mTavar jirkvals~ uwodeben,
sakvercxe qalebis sasqeso niSnebis
ganviTareba radganac is 10 sxvadasxva saxis hormons gamoimu-
kvercxujredis warmoqmna Savebs, romlebic yvela sxva endokrinuli jir-
mamakacis sasqeso kvlis sekretorul muSaobaze axdenen gavlenas.
saTesle niSnebis ganviTareba aseve, aq sinTezirdeba zrdis hormonebi. zrdis
spermis gamomuSaveba
hormonis ararseboba iwvevs sxeulis zrdis
sqesobrivi ltolva
mamakacebSi Seferxebas – qondriskacobas; misi siWarbe iwvevs
gigantizms. mamakacebSi hipofizis sekreciis pro-
Tavi 3 / qcevis biologiuri safuZvlebi

duqtebi aaqtiveben saTesleebSi testosteronis

meSveobiT. ase rom, efeqturi endokrinuli
sistemis gareSe Tqven ver gadarCebiT.
endokrinuli jirkvlebi sisxlSi qimiuri
nivTierebebis doneze reagireben an maTi stimu-
lireba sxva hormonebisa Tu Tavis tvinidan moma-
vali nervuli impulsebis mier xdeba. amis
Sedegad hormonebi gamoiyofa sisxlSi da gadaad-
gildeba moSorebuli samizne ujredebisken,
romelTac specifikuri receptorebi gaaCniaT.
hormonebi qimiuri regulaciis programiT gaTva-
liswinebul zemoqmedebas mxolod sxeulis gene-
tikurad gansazRvrul adgilebSi gamoavlenen.
sxvadasxva, magram specifikur organoebsa Tu
84 qsovilebze gavleniT hormonebi uamrav bioqi-
sinTezs, romelic, Tavis mxriv, spermis gamo-
muSavebas astimulirebs. hipofizi aseve monawi-
leobs mamakacebis meoradi sasqeso niSnebis
CamoyalibebaSi, rogoricaa sxeulis Tmis sa-
farvelis ganviTareba, xmis Secvla da fizikuri
simwife. testosteronma SesaZloa gamoiwvios
agresiisa da seqsualuri ltolvis gaZliereba.
qalebSi hipofizis hormonebi astimulireben
estrogenis warmoebas. estrogeni im hormona-
luri jaWvuri reaqciebis aucilebeli komponen-
tia, romlebic ovulaciasa da qalis nayofie-
rebas gansazRvraven. Casaxvis sawinaaRmdego zo-
gierTi preparatis moqmedeba emyareba hipofizis
specialuri aqtivobis daTrgunvas, romelic hor-
monebis gamomuSavebas da ganawilebas akon-
trolebs, amiT ki, saboloo jamSi, ovulaciis
procesi irRveva. nervuli sistema moqmedebaSi

adreuli periodis fiziologTa erT-erTi

Sejameba
umTavresi amocana iyo nervuli sistemis mu-
neiromecniereba cdilobs pasuxi gasces sau- Saobis principebis gageba. Tanamedrove neiro-
kunovan kiTxvas, Tu rogoria kavSiri tvinsa da mecnierebma mniSvnelovan progress miaRwies,
qcevas Soris. neiromecnierebi uamrav meTods magram isini agrZeleben muSaobas, rom am mraval-
mimarTaven tvinis funqciebis ukeT Seswavlis waxnagovani problemis yvela nawili amoxsnan.
mizniT. isini swavloben pacientebs tvinis da- wignis am qveTavSi Cveni mizania gavaanalizoT
zianebebiT, iwveven tvinis gansazRvruli ubnebis da gaverkveT, Tu rogor gadaecema Cveni grZno-
dazianebas, astimulireben tvinis regionebs, baTa organoebis mier aRqmuli informacia sxeu-
iweren tvinis aqtivobas da kompiuteruli lis sxva nawilebsa da tvins nervuli impulsebis
teqnikis daxmarebiT qmnian tvinis gamosaxu- meSveobiT. Cven viwyebT nervuli sistemis Ziri-
lebebs misi muSaobis procesSi. Tadi erTeulis, neironis, niSan-Tvisebebis gan-
nervuli sistema centralur da periferiul xilviT.
nawilebad iyofa. centraluri nervuli sistema
Sedgeba Tavisa da zurgis tvinisagan; periferi-
uli nervuli sistema Sedgeba somaturi da
neironi
avtonomiuri nervuli sistemebisagan.
Tavis tvini SeiZleba daiyos tvinis Rerod, neironi aris specializebuli ujredi, rom-
limbur sistemad da did tvinad. tvinis Rero lis funqciaa miiRos, gadaamuSavos da/an gadas-
aregulirebs ZiriTad sasicocxlo funqciebs, ces informacia sxva ujredebs sxeulis SigniT.
rogoricaa sunTqva, guliscema da saWmlis mo- arsebobs sxvadasxva formis, zomis, qimiuri
neleba. naTxemi koordinirebas uwevs sxeulis Semadgenlobisa da funqciis neironebi (ZuZum-
moZraobas da gavlenas axdens daswavlis zogi-
erT procesze. limburi sistema mniSvnelovan
rols TamaSobs motivaciis, emociebisa da
mexsierebis procesebSi. didi tvini pasuxismge-
belia metyvelebisa da azrovnebis umaRles fun-
qciebze.
kvlevam uCvena, rom didi tvinis ori hemi-
sfero sxvadasxva rols TamaSobs yoveldRiuri
funqciebis SesrulebaSi. magaliTad, adamianTa
umravlesobaSi marcxena hemisfero metyvelebas
akontrolebs. zogadad, marjvena hemisfero in-
nervuli sistema moqmedebaSi

formacias ufro holisturad aRiqvams, marcxena

ki ufro analitikuria. ori hemisferos funqcia-
Ta Sesaxeb zogadi daskvnebis gakeTebisas unda
gvaxsovdes individualuri da, maT Soris, sqe-
sobrivi gansxvavebebi.
endokrinuli sistema aris jirkvalTa qseli,
romelic gamoimuSavebs hormonebs sasicocxlo
procesebis regulirebisaTvis. suraTi
3.16
neironTa tipebi
neironi (Neuron) – nervuli sistemis ujredi, yuradReba miaqcieT dendritebis gansxvavebul formas
romelic specializebulia miiRos, gadaamuSavos da datotvis xasiaTs. isrebiT naCvenebia informaciis
da/an gadasces informacia sxva ujredebs.
85
moZraobis mimarTuleba. warmodgenilia interneironis
ori tipi.
 fsiqologia
miRwevebi tvinis funqciebis lokalizaciis saqmeSi
daafiqsireT TvalebiT
nivTebi Tqvens garSemo, iqneb
xe, romelic fanjaraSi Cans,
an kompiuteri Tqvens magidaze.
axla ki daxuWeT Tvalebi da
SeecadeT warmoidginoT igive
obieqtebi. ra xdeba Tqvens
tvinSi am ori qmedebis dros?
ramdenad SesaZlebelia, rom
tvinis igive ubnebi iyos Car-
Tuli orive procesSi, rom-
lebic aRqmasa da vizualur
warmosaxvas gulisxmobs? teq-
nologiurma progresma SesaZ-
lo gaxada neiromecnierTa-
Tvis am saintereso kiTxvas
zusti pasuxi gascen.
rogorc Tqven naxavT wig-
nis me-4 TavSi, mecnierebma did
warmatebebs miaRwies mxedve-
lobis nervuli safuZvlebis
SeswavlaSi. maT SeuZliaT
Tvali miadevnon vizualuri
informaciis transformacias
Tvalebis baduradan kefis
wilis vizualur qerqamde.
rogor unda gansazRvron
Tavi 3 / qcevis biologiuri safuZvlebi
mecnierebma, CarTulia Tu ara
vizualuri qerqis erTi da
igive ubnebi, rodesac adamiani
axorcielebs vizualuri war-
mosaxvis da ara vizualuri
aRqmis process? mkvlevarTa
jgufma stiven koslinis
xelmZRvanelobiT (Kosslyn et al.,
1999) gamoiyena ori meTodi:
pet-(pozitronul-emisiuri
tomografia) skani, romelic
Cven ukve warmogidgineT, da
ganmeorebiTi transkrania-
86
XXI saukuneSi
luri magnituri stimulacia
(rTMS), romelic sruliad
axali teqnologiaa da sul
ramodenime wlis winaT iqna
gamoyenebuli adamianTa kog-
nitur neiromecnierebaSi.
kvlevaTa am seriaSi, cdis
pirebs sTxovdnen, daemaxsov-
raT oTxi kvadratuli gamo-
saxuleba da mere warmoed-
ginaT isini daxuWuli Tva-
lebiT. cdis pirTa amocana
iyo, pasuxi gaecaT kiTxvebze
sxvadasxva gamosaxulebaSi
obieqtis zolebis fardobiTi
siganis Sesaxeb. es amocana ise
iyo SemuSavebuli, rom cdis
pirebs aucileblad unda
warmoedginaT vizualuri
gamosaxuleba. pet-gamokvle-
vaSi monawileTa tvini Ses-
wavlili iyo amocanis gada-
wyvetis momentSi. skanma uCvena,
rom aqtiurobdnen vizualuri
qerqis is ubnebi, romlebic
mxedvelobiTi stimulaciis
drosac iaqtiurebdnen. magram
gaixseneT wignis meore Ta-
vidan, rom korelacia ar aris
mizezobrioba: is, rom orive
amocanis dros aqtiuria
tvinis erTi da igive ubnebi,
ar niSnavs, rom erTi da igive
funqcia sruldeba.
am etapze ki erTveba rTMS,
romlis saSualebiTac SesaZ-
lebelia ufro zusti das-
kvnebis gakeTeba. es axali
teqnika magnituri stimula-
ciis pulsebs iyenebs droe-
biTi, Seqcevadi „dazianebe-
bis~ warmoqmnisaTvis. qso-
vilis faqtobrivi dazianebis
gareSe SesaZloa tvinis re-
gionebis inaqtivacia. ra xde-
ba zolebis Sedarebisas, ro-
desac rTMS gamoyenebis Se-
degad cdis pirebs „uzi-
anebdnen~ pirvelad vizua-
lur qerqs? iseve, rogorc
Ria TvalebiT mxedvelobiTi
aRqmisas, vizualuri war-
mosaxva seriozulad fer-
xdeba. es ki saSualebas gvaZ-
levs davaskvnaT, rom pirve-
ladi vizualuri qerqi Car-
Tulia vizualuri warmosax-
vis procesSi.
gagakvirvaT am monace-
mebma? Tqven ra kiTxvebi gaqvT
tvinSi funqciebis gana-
wilebis Sesaxeb? radganac
mecnierebi agrZeleben mu-
Saobas axali teqnologiebis
gamoyenebiT, didia imis al-
baToba, rom Tqvens kiTxveb-
sac male gaecema zusti
pasuxebi.
wovarTa Tavis tvinSi 200-ze meti sxvadasxva
saxis neironia napovni), magram yvelas aqvs
saerTo ZiriTadi struqtura (sur. 3.17). ada-
mianis Tavis tvinSi neironTa raodenoba 100
miliardsa da 1 trilions Soris meryeobs.
rogorc wesi, neironebi iReben informacias
erTi da gadascemen mas meore boloTi. ujredis
datotvil morCebs, romlebic Semomaval sig-
nalebs iReben, dendritebi ewodebaT. dendri-
tebis ZiriTadi funqciaa sensoruli recep-
torebidan an sxva ujredebidan stimulaciis
miReba. ujredis sxeuli, anu soma, Seicavs
birTvs da citoplazmas, romlebic mis sico-
cxlisunarianobas gansazRvraven. somaSi xdeba
suraTi
3.17
neironis mTavari struqturebi
neironi nervuli impulss dendritebis saSualebiT iRebs; Semdeg nervuli impulsi igzavneba
aqsonis gaswvriv terminaluri balTisaken, sadac sxva neironebis stimulaciisaTvis neiro-
transmiterebis gamoyofa xdeba.
dendritebis stimulaciis Sedegad (an zogierT
SemTxvevaSi, uSualod sxva neironidan) miRe-
buli informaciis integrireba da misi gada-
dendritebi (Dendrites) – neironis datotvili mor-
Cebi, romlebic Semosul informacias mim-
Rebloben.
soma (Soma) – neironis ujredis sxeuli, rome-
lic birTvsa da citoplazmas Seicavs.
aqsoni (Axon) – neironis wagrZelebuli boWko,
romlis gaswvrivac nervuli impulsebi vrcel-
deba somidan terminaluri balTisaken.
terminaluri balTa (Terminal buttons) – bolqvis-
magvari struqtura aqsonis bolos, romelic
Rebuloben savse buStukebs Seicavs.
nervuli sistema moqmedebaSi
87
 suraTi
3.18
tkivilis ganridebis
refleqsi
am reflesis ganxorcielebaSi mxo-
lod sami neironi monawileobs: sen-
soruli, motoruli da
interneironi.
cema erTi, wagrZelebuli boWkosaTvis, romel-
sac aqsoni ewodeba. Tavis mxriv, aqsoni gadas-
cems informacias mTel Tavis sigrZeze, rome-
lic, magaliTad, zurgis tvinSi SeiZleba erT
metrs aRematebodes, xolo Tavis tvinSi –
milimetrze naklebi iyos. aqsonis meore bo-
loSi ganlagebulia Semsxvilebuli, bolqvis-
Tavi 3 / qcevis biologiuri safuZvlebi
magvari struqtura, e.w. terminaluri balTa,
romlis saSualebiTac neirons SeuZlia mim-
debare jirkvlebis, kunTebisa da sxva neiro-
nebis stimulireba. rogorc wesi, neironebi
sensoruli neironi (Sensory neurons) – neironi,
romelic sensoruli receptorebidan infor-
macias centraluri nervuli sistemisken ata-
rebs.
motoruli neironi (Motor neurons) _ neironi, ro-
melic informacias centraluri nervuli
sistemidan kunTebisken da jirkvlebisken
atarebs.
interneironi (Interneurons) _ tvinis neironi,
romelic informacias sensorulidan sxva in-
ter- an motorul neironebs gadascems.
88
informacias mxolod erTi mimarTulebiT
gadascemen _ dendritebidan somis gavliT aqso-
nis gaswvriv terminaluri balTisaken (sur. 3.18).
arsebobs neironTa sami mTavari jgufi. sen-
soruli (mgrZnobiare) neironebi iReben infor-
macias sensoruli receptorebidan da atareben
mas centraluri nervuli sistemisaken, recep-
toruli ujredebi Zalzed specializebulni
da mgrZnobiareni arian, magaliTad, sinaTli-
sadmi, bgerisadmi, an sxeulis poziciisadmi;
motoruli (mamoZravebeli) neironebi atareben
informacias centraluri nervuli sistemidan
kunTebisa da jirkvlebisaken. tvinis neironTa
ZiriTad masas interneironebi qmnian, romlebic
gadascemen informacias sensorulidan moto-
rul an sxva interneironebs. TiToeul moto-
rul neironze tvinSi daaxloebiT 5 aTasi
interneironi modis, romlebic tvinis ZiriTad
muSa masas qmnian (Nauta & Feirtag, 1979).
imis saCveneblad, Tu rogor muSaobs es sami
tipis neironi erTad, ganvixiloT tkivilisgan
ganridebis refleqsi (sur. 3.19). rodesac kanis
zedapiris siaxloves ganlagebuli tkivilis
receptorebi stimulirdeba wvetiani obieqtiT,
isini agzavnian informacias sensoruli nei-
ronebis saSualebiT zurgis tvinis internei-
ronebisaken. interneironi sapasuxod aagznebs
motorul neirons, romelic, Tavis mxriv,
aagznebs sxeulis Sesabamisi ubnis kunTs da
ganaridebs mas mtkivneul gamaRizianebels.
mxolod mas Semdeg, rac es neironuli aqtivoba
ganxorcieldeba da sxeuli mocildeba mtkiv-
neul obieqts, Tavis tvini iRebs informacias
situaciis Sesaxeb. msgavs SemTxvevebSi, rodesac
gadarCena swraf reaqciebzea damokidebuli,
tkivilis SegrZneba mxolod mas Semdeg Cndeba,
rac Tqven ukve fizikurad upasuxeT safrTxes.
cxadia, incidentis Sesaxeb informacia Seinaxeba
tvinis mexsierebis sistemaSi ise, rom Semdeg
jerze Tqven gaaridebT Tavs potenciurad
mtkivneul obieqts manam, vidre is Tqven gatkenT.
tvinis neironTa qselSi gabneulia maTze
xuTjer Tu aTjer ufro meti raodenobis gli-
uri ujredebi (glia). Tavad es sityva mom-
dinareobs berZnulidan da webos niSnavs; saxel-
wodeba ukve miganiSnebT am ujredebis mTavar
funqciebze _ isini neironebis sayrdens war-
moadgenen. xerxemlianebSi glias bevri mniS-
vnelovani funqcia aqvs. pirveli funqcia gan-
viTarebis safexurze Cndeba. gliuri ujredebi
exmarebian axalSobil neironebs ipovon maTi
Sesabamisi lokalizacia tvinSi, meore funqciaa
cxovelqmedeba. rodesac neironebi ziandeba da
iRupeba, dazianebis ubanSi gliuri ujredebi
mravldeba da asufTavebs ujredul narCenebs;
maT, aseve, SeuZliaT neironTaSoris napralebSi
neirotransmiterebisa da sxva substanciebis
STanTqma; mesame funqciaa izolacia. gliuri
ujredebi zogierTi aqsonis irgvliv qmnian
saizolacio safarvels, romelsac mielinis
garsi ewodeba. es cximovani izolacia mniSvne-
lovnad zrdis nervuli signalis gadacemis
siCqares; gliis meoTxe funqciaa tvinis mgrZno-
biare neironebis dacva sisxlTan erTad Semosu-
li toqsinuri nivTierebebisgan. specialize-
glia (Glia) – ujredi, romelic akavSirebs nei-
ronebs da aCqarebs nervul gadacemas, aSorebs
dazianebul da daRupul neironebs da xels uS-
lis sisxlSi arsebul toqsiur substanciebs
SeaRwion tvinSi.
amgznebi „Sesavali~ (Excitatory inputs) – informacia,
romelic neironSi aRwevs da iwvevs mis agznebas.
buli gliuri ujredebi, romelTac astroci-
tebi ewodebaT, qmnian e.w. hemato-encefalur
bariers, romelic warmoadgens tvinis sisxl-
ZarRvTa irgvliv uwyvet cximovan Sres. cximSi
uxsnadi substanciebi am bariers ver gadala-
xaven, radganac mravali Sxami da sxva mavne
nivTiereba cximSi ar ixsneba da, Sesabamisad,
tvinSi SeRwevac ar SeuZliaT. dabolos, nei-
romecnierebi sul ufro xSirad fiqroben, rom
glia gavlenas axdens neironTa Soris komuni-
kaciaze im ionTa koncentraciaze zemoqmedebis
gziT, romlebic nervuli impulsis gatarebas
uzrunvelyofen.
moqmedebis potenciali
aqamde Cven vsaubrobdiT neironebze, rom-
lebic „agzavnian informacias~ da „astimuli-
reben~ erTmaneTs. movida dro, ufro detalurad
aRvweroT eleqtoqimiuri signalebi, romelTac
nervuli sistema iyenebs informaciis gadamuSa-
vebisa da gadacemisaTvis. swored es signalebi
warmoadgenen Tqveni codnis, grZnobebis, sur-
vilebisa da Semoqmedebis safuZvels.
yoveli neironis mier dasmuli ZiriTadi ki-
Txvaa: ganimuxtos Tu ara (anu upasuxos Tu
ara gamRizianebels)? martivad rom vTqvad,
neironebi am gadawyvetilebas iReben maTi den-
dtrirebisa da somis mier miRebuli infor-
maciis kombinirebis Sedegad da imis gansazR-
vrisas, es signalebi maT „ganmuxtvas~ Tu „argan-
muxtvas~ ubrZaneben. ufro detalurad ki,
yoveli neironi iRebs amgznebi – ganimuxte! da
Semakavebeli – ar ganimuxto! – signalebis
balanss. neironebSi amgznebi impulsebi iwvevn
nervuli sistema moqmedebaSi
moqmedebis potencials da neironi ganimuxteba.
moqmedebis potencialis bioqimiuri
safuZveli
imis asaxsnelad, Tu rogor muSaobs moqmede-
bis potenciali, Cven unda is bioqimiuri garemo
aRvweroT, romelSic neironi arsebobs da
iRebs Semosul informacias. mTeli neironuli
komunikacia eleqtrulad damuxtuli nawila-
kebis, ionebis, nakadiT xorcieldeba, romelic
gamWolavs neironis membranas – Txel „kans~,
89
romelic ujredis SigTavss garemomcveli ga-
 suraTi
3.19
moqmedebis potencialis bioqimiuri safuZveli
aqsonuri membrana gamoyofs siTxeebs, romlebic gansxvavdeba natriumisa da
kaliumis ionebis SemcvelobiT. gareSe are daaxloebiT aTjer ufro met
natriumis ions Seicavs, vidre Sida. kaliumis ionebTan mimarTebaSi Tanafardoba
sawinaaRmdegoa. membranas cilovani arxebi gamWolavs, romlebic rogorc
seleqtiuri arxebi ise moqmedeben, atareben ra an mxolod natriumis, an mxolod
kaliumis ionebs. mosvenebul mdgomareobaSi rodesac nervuli impulsi ar
gadis, orive tipis arxi Caketilia da ionuri tumbo inarCunebs ionur
gadanawilebas (Signidan gareT `gamotumbavs~ natriumis ionebs da `Catumbavs~
kaliumis ionebs). aqsonis Sida are uaryofiTadaa damuxtuli 70 milivoltis
odenobiT. Tuki es Zabva Semcirdeba nervuli impulsis moaxloebis gamo,
natriumis arxebi ixsneba da natriumis ionebi Semodis aqsonSi. odnav mogvianebiT,
natriumis arxebi ixureba, ixsneba kaliumis arxebi da kaliumis ionebi gamodis

garemos, romelSic nervul ujreds SeuZlia

remosagan gamoyofs. warmoidgineT, rom nervuli
moqmedebis potencialis warmoqmna.
boWkoebi makaronia, romelic mariliani wyliTaa
nervuli ujredi iwyebs gadasvlas mosvenebis
savse da marilian supSi dacuravs. rogorc supi,
potencialidan moqmedebis potencialze amag-
ise makaronis SigniT arsebuli siTxe Seicavs
znebeli Tu Semakavebeli informaciis sapasuxod.
ionebs – natriumis (Na+), qloris (Cl-), kalci-
nebismieri tipis Semosul informacias SeuZlia
umisa (Ca+) da kaliumis (K+) atomebs, romelTac
Secvalos ionuri balansi membranis Sida da
rogorc dadebiTi (+), ise uaryofiTi (-) muxtebi
gare areebs Soris. es, aseve, iwvevs cvlilebebs
gaaCniaT (sur. 3.19). membrana, anu makaronis
ionuri arxebis funqciebSic – ujreduli mem-
zedapiri, gadamwyvet rols TamaSobs orive
branis agznebadi nawilebi, romlebic SerCeviTad
siTxeSi ingredientebis Sesabamisi balansis
uzrunvelyofen zogierTi ionis moZraobas mem-
Tavi 3 / qcevis biologiuri safuZvlebi

SenarCunebaSi. rodesac ujredi ar aris aqtiuri,

anu imyofeba mosvenebul mdgomareobaSi, mis Sida
areSi daaxloebiT aTjer ufro meti kaliumis
ionia, vidre gareT, xolo natriumis ionTa kon-
centracia piriqiT, gareT ufro metia. membrana
srulyofili barieri araa, is saSualebas aZlevs
natriumis ionebs SeaRwion ujredis SigniT. amis
aRmosafxvrelad, bunebam Seqmna satransporto
meqanizmebi membranis SigniT, romelic „gamotum-
bavs~ natriums da „Catumbavs~ kaliums. am
tumboTa warmatebuli muSaobis Sedegad siTxe
ujredis SigniT uaryofiTadaa damuxtuli (70/
1 000 volti) ujredgare sivrcesTan SedarebiT.
es ki niSnavs, rom ujredis Sida garemo pola-
rizebulia. am polarizacias mosvenebis poten-
90 ciali ewodeba. is qmnis im eleqtroqimiur
branis gavliT. Semakavebeli informacia aiZu-
lebs ionur arxebs ufro mZafrad imuSaon da
SeinarCunon Sida aris uaryofiTi muxti, rac
neirons ganmuxtvisagan daicavs. amagznebeli im-
Semakavebeli „Sesavali~ (Inhibitory inputs) – Semo-
suli informacia, romelic neirons ubrZanebs,
ar ganimuxtos.
moqmedebis potenciali (Action potential) – nervuli
impulsi, romelic neironSi warmoiqmneba, aqsonis
gaswvriv vrceldeba da iwvevs sinafsSi neiro-
transmiterebis gamoTavisuflebas.
mosvenebis potenciali (Restins potential) – neiro-
nis Sida areSi arsebuli ujreduli siTxis
polarizacia, romelic uzrunvelyofs moqmede-
bis potencialis warmoqmnis unars.
pulsacia ionuri arxebis gaxsnas iwvevs da
natriumis ionebi ujredis Sida areSi Semodian,
rac mas ganmuxtvis saSualebas aZlevs. radganac
natriumis ionebi dadebiTi muxtis matarebelia,
maTi Semosvla iwvevs dadebiTi da uaryofiTi
muxtebis gadanawilebis Secvlas ujreduli
membranis gaswvriv. moqmedebis potenciali aRmo-
cendeba maSin, rodesac amagznebeli impulsacia
sakmarisad Zlieria SemakavebelTan SedarebiT
da iwvevs membranis depolarizacias –70 mili-
voltidan –55 milivoltamde. am dros sakmarisi
raodenobis natriumi Sedis ujredSi, raTa es
cvlileba gamoiwvios.
iwyeba Tu ara moqmedebis potencialis aR-
moceneba, natriumi iCqaris ujredis Sida areSi.
Sedegad, ujredis Sida are dadebiTad imuxteba,
rac neironis srul depolarizacias niSnavs.
Semdgom dominos efeqti iwvevs moqmedebis po-
tencialis gavrcelebas aqsonis gaswvriv; de-
polarizaciis mowinave ubani ki aqsonis mim-
debare regionebSi natriumis arxebis gaxsnas
ganapirobebs da ionebi Semodis ujredSi. am
gziT – Tanamimdevruli depolarizaciiT – sig-
nali vrceldeba aqsonSi (sur. 3.19).
rogor ubrundeba neironi mis sawyis mosve-
nebul mdgomareobas ganmuxtvis Semdeg? rodesac
neironis Sida are dadebiTad imuxteba, natriumis
arxebi ixureba da ixsneba kaliumis arxebi, ka-
liumis ionebi gamodian gareT. kaliumis gamos-
vla aRadgens neironis uaryofiT muxts. maSin,
rodesac signali miaRwevs aqsonis bolos, ujre-
dis is nawilebi, sadac moqmedebis potenciali
warmoiqmna, ukve ubrundeba mosvenebul mdgo-
mareobas da mzadaa momdevno stimulaciisaTvis.
moqmedebis potencialis maxasiaTeblebi
moqmedebis potencialis gavrcelebis bioqi-
miuri buneba mraval maxasiaTebels gansazRvravs.
moqmedebis potenciali emorCileba sul an
arafris kanons _ moqmedebis potencialis zoma
ar aris damokidebuli stimulaciis intensivo-
baze, Tuki is gansazRvrul zRurbls aRwevs.
miaRwevs Tu ara amagznebeli impulsi zRurbls,
iwyeba potencialis generireba. Tuki gaRizianeba
qvezRurblovania, potenciali ver aRmocendeba.
sul an arafris kanonis damatebiTi Sedegia is,
rom moqmedebis potencialis zoma ar icvleba
aqsonis mTel sigrZeze _ moqmedebis potenciali
TviTgavrcelebadia, erTxel dawyebuls, mas ar
sWirdeba gareSe stimulacia.
sxvadasxva neironebSi aqsonis gaswvriv moq-
medebis potencialis gavrcelebis siCqare gan-
sxvavebulia. yvelaze ufro swrafebSi signali
200 m/wm-Si siCqariT moZraobs, yvelaze ufro
nelSi ki – 10 sm/wm-Si. swrafi neironebis aqsonebi
dafarulia mWidrod Semoxveuli mielinis gar-
siT, romelic, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, gliuri
ujredebisgan Sedgeba da aqsoni emsgavseba simze
acmul mokle milTa erTobliobas. milakebs
Soris arsebul sivrces ranvies Seviwroveba
ewodeba (sur. 3.17). mielinis garsian neironebSi
moqmedebis potenciali „xtunavs~ erTi Seviw-
rovebidan meoreze, riTac zogavs aqsonis yvela
ubanze ionuri arxebis gaxsna-daxurvisaTvis
saWiro drosa da energias. mielinis garsis
dazianeba iwvevs moqmedebis potencialis gavrce-
lebis Senelebas da bevri problemis safuZveli
xdeba. gafantuli sklerozi (MS) erT-erTi im
saSinel daavadebaTagania, romelic aqsonebis
demielinizaciiTaa gamowveuli. misTvis damaxa-
siaTebelia ormagi gamosaxulebis aRqma, kankali,
da, sabolood, dambla. gafantuli sklerozis
dros sxeulis specializebuli imunuri uj-
redebi Slian mielinizebuli neironebis garss
da azianeben normalur sinafsur gadacemas
(Joyce, 1990).
mas Semdeg, rac moqmedebis potenciali aq-
sonis garkveul ubans gaivlis, am segmentze
yalibdeba e.w. refraqteruli periodi (sur. 3.20).
absoluturi refraqteruli periodis dros
momdevno stimulacia, rac ar unda intensiuri
iyos is, ver iwvevs moqmedebis potencialis
generirebas; SefardebiTi refraqteruli peri-
odis dros neironi ganimuxteba mxolod norma-
lurze ufro Zlieri impulsis sapasuxod. gic-
nervuli sistema moqmedebaSi
diaT unitazis Carecxva, rodesac is wyliT
ivseba? unitazSi unda arsebobdes wylis kri-
tikuli done, rom mas Carecxvis saSualeba
hqondes. amis msgavsad, imisaTvis, rom neironma
aRidginos axali moqmedebis potencialis
generirebis unari, is unda „gadaimuxtos~ da
Tavidan aicilos qvezRurblovani stimulacia.
refraqteruli periodi uzrunvelyofs moqme-
debis potencialis mxolod erTi mimarTu-
lebiT gavrcelebas _ mas ar SeuZlia ukan
dabruneba, radganac aqsonis winamdebare seg-
mentebi refraqterul mdgomareobaSia. 91

suraTi
3.20
eleqtruli cvlilebebis droSi
ganawileba moqmedebis potencialis
dros
natriumis ionebi, romlebic neironSi Semodis,
depolarizaciis gziT iwveven mosvenebis mdgo-
mareobaSi arsebuli mosvenebis msubuqad uaryofiTi
potencialis Secvlas msubuqad pozitiuriT.
rodesac neironi depolarizebulia, masSi mokle
refraqteruli periodi myardeba romlis drosac
momdevno stimulacias axali moqmedebis poten-
cialis gamowveva ar SeuZlia. axali moqmedebis
potenciali SeiZleba aRmocendes mxolod maSin,
rodesac aRdgeba ionuri balansi gare da Sida
areebs Soris.
sinafsuri gadacema
rodesac aqsonuri potenciali daasrulebs
mis mogzaurobas aqsonis gaswvriv da miaRwevs
Tavi 3 / qcevis biologiuri safuZvlebi
terminalur balTas, man unda gadasces in-
formacia mezobel neirons, magram rogor?
neironebi xom erTmaneTs ar exeba. isini sinaf-
sebs qmnian patara sinafsuri napraliT presi-
nafsur membranasa (informaciis gadamcemi
neironis terminaluri balTa) da postsinaf-
sur membranas (mimRebi neironis dendtritis
an somis zedapiri) Soris. rodesac moqmedebis
potenciali terminalur balTas aRwevs, is
moqmedebaTa mTeli jaWvis gaaqtivebas iwvevs,
romelsac sinafsuri gadacema ewodeba da
romelic warmoadgens informaciis gadacemas
erTi neironidan meoreze sinafsuri napralis
gavliT (sur. 3.21). sinafsuri gadacema iwyeba,
rodesac moqmedebis potenciali aqsonur da-
92
boloebaSi iwvevs patara sferosebri buStu-
kebis, sinafsuri vezikulebis, moZraobas aqso-
nuri daboloebis Sida membranisaken da masTan
mimagrebas. yoveli vezikulis SigniT neiro-
transmiteria moTavsebuli – bioqimiuri niv-
Tiereba, romelic sxva neironebis stimuli-
rebas iwvevs. moqmedebis potenciali aseve
iwvevs ionuri arxebis gaxsnas da kalciumis
Semosvlas aqsonur daboloebaSi, rac sinafsu-
ri vezikulebis gaskdomas da maTSi arsebuli
neirotransmiteris gamoTavisuflebas ganapi-
robebs. amis Semdeg neirotransmiteri Zalian
swrafad gadadis sinafsur napralSi da aRwevs
postsinafsur membranas. sinafsuri gadacemis
dasrulebisaTvis, neirotransmiterebi ukavSir-
deba postsinafsur membranaze arsebul recep-
torul molekulebs.
neirotransmiteri ukavSirdeba receptorul
molekulas ori winapirobis Sesrulebis Sem-
deg. pirveli, sxva arc erTi neirotransmiteri,
an qimiuri nivTiereba ar SeiZleba daukav-
Sirdes receptorul molekulas; meore, neiro-
transmiteris forma unda Seesabamebodes re-
ceptoruli molekulis formas ise, rogorc
gasaRebi ergeba klites. Tu romelime piroba
darRveulia, neirotransmiteri ver daukavSir-
deba receptors, rac imas niSnavs, rom post-
sinafsuri membranis stimulireba SeuZlebeli
iqneba. Tuki neirotransmiteri daukavSirda
receptorul molekulas, mas SeeZleba mezo-
ionuri arxebi (Ion channels)– nervuli ujredis
membranis nawilebi, romlebic ionTa SerCeviT
ganvladobas uzrunvelyofen.
sul an arafris kanoni (All-or-none law) – moqme-
debis potencialis zoma ar aris stimulaciis
intensivobaze damokidebuli garkveuli zRur-
blis Semdeg.
refraqteruli periodi (Refractory period) – mosve-
nebis periodi, romlis ganmavlobaSic axali
nervuli impulsi ver warmoiqmneba aqsonis
segmentSi.
sinafsi (Synapse) – or neirons Soris arsebuli.
sinafsuri gadacema (Synaptic transmission) – erTi
neironidan meoreze informaciis gadacemis
procesi sinafsuri napralis gaswvriv.
neirotransmiterebi (Neurotransmitters) – qimiuri
mesenjerebi, romlebic neironebidan gamoiyofa,
gaivlis sinafss, aRwevs meore neirons da mis
stimulacias iwvevs.

bel neirons gadasces informacia „ganmuxtvis~
an „arganmuxtvis~ Sesaxeb. Seasrulebs ra Tavis
funqcias, neirotransmiteri Sordeba recepto-
rul molekulas da ukan, sinafsur napralSi
gadadis. aq is an iSleba enzimebis zemoqmedebis
Sedegad, an ukuSeiwoveba aqsonuri daboloebis
mier ganmeorebiTi gamoyenebis mizniT.
receptorul molekulaze damokidebulebiT,
neirotansmiters SeiZleba hqondes amgznebi, an
Semakavebeli efeqti, e.i., erTi da igive neiro-
transmiteri SeiZleba iyos amgznebi erTi sinaf-
sisaTvis da Semakavebeli meorisaTvis. TiToeuli
neironi amuSavebs miRebul informacias aTasidan
aTi aTas neironTan erTad imisaTvis, rom
gadawyvitos, warmoqmnas Tu ara axali moqmedebis
potenciali. swored am aTasobiT amgznebi da
Semakavebeli informaciis integracia aZlevs
saSualebas moqmedebis potencials Seqmnas
adamianis gamocdilebis safuZveli.
suraTi
3.21
sinafsuri gadacema
moqmedebis potenciali presinaf-
sur neironSi iwvevs neiro-
transmiterebis gamoTavisuflebas
sinafsur napralSi, risi
gadalaxvis Semdegac isini
astimulireben postsinafsur
membranaSi arsebul receptorul
molekulebs. erTi da igive
neironis SigniT SeiZleba mravali
neirotransmiteri arsebobdes.
Tqven, albaT, gsurT gaigoT, ratom ganvixi-
lavT ase detalurad nervul sistemas. es xom
fsiqologiis kursia, romelic Seiswavlis
qcevas, azrovnebasa da emociebs. sinamdvileSi,
sinafsebi swored is biologiuri mediumebia,
romelTa meSveobiTac yvela es qmedeba xor-
nervuli sistema moqmedebaSi
cieldeba. Tuki Tqven SecvliT sinafsis
normalur aqtivobas, Tqven cvliT adamianTa
qcevas, maT azrovnebas da grZnobebs. sinafsis
muSaobis principebis gagebam SesaZlebeli
gaxada ukeT gagvego daswavlisa da mexsierebis
meqanizmebi, emociebi, fsiqologiuri aSlilo-
bebi, wamaldamokidebuleba da, zogadad,
sulieri janmrTelobis qimiuri formula. am
TavSi miRebuli codna Tqven dagexmarebaT
gaigoT mTeli wigni _ `fsiqologia da cxov-
reba~.
93

neirotransmiterebi da maTi
funqciebi
tvinSi neirotransmiteris funqcias 60-ze
meti sxvadasxva qimiuri substancia asrulebs.
intensiurad Seswavlili neirotransmiterebi
garkveul teqnikur kriteriumebs akmayofileben.
TiToeuli maTgani gamomuSavdeba presinafsur
aqsonur daboloebaSi da gamoTavisufldeba,
rodesac moqmedebis potenciali aRwevs am
daboloebas. neirotransmiteris arseboba sinaf-
sur napralSi iwvevs postsinafsuri membranis
biologiur pasuxs da Tu misi gamoTavisufleba
ar Sedga, Sesabamisi pasuxi ver gamoiwveva.
imisaTvis, rom Tqven warmodgena SegeqmnaT, Tu
ra gavlenas axdenen sxvadasxva neirotransmi-
terebi qcevis regulaciaze, Cven gansaxilvelad
gTavazobT im neirotransmiterebs, romlebic
miCneulia yvelaze ufro mniSvnelovnad nervu-
li sistemis warmatebuli yoveldRiuri fun-
qcionirebisaTvis. mokle diskusia aseve SesaZ-
lebels gaxdis imis gagebas, Tu ra xdeba, rode-
sac neirotransmiterebis moqmedeba irRveva.
acetilqolini
acetilqolini gvxvdeba rogorc centralur,
ise periferiul nervul sistemaSi. alchaimeris
daavadebis (degeneraciuli daavadeba, romelic
ZiriTadad asakovan pacientebSi gvxvdeba) dros
pacientebSi mexsierebis darRvevas iwvevs ace-
tilqolinis sekretoruli neironebis dazia-
neba. acetilqolini aseve amgznebad moqmedebs
nerv-kunTovan SeerTebaSi, sadac is kunTebis
Tavi 3 / qcevis biologiuri safuZvlebi
SekumSvas iwvevs. mraval toqsins SeuZlia ace-
tilqolinis sinafsuri moqmedebis Secvla. maga-
liTad, botulinumis toqsini, romelic ara-
sworad konservirebul sakvebSi xSirad gvxvde-
ba, wamlavs adamians, aferxebs ra acetil-
qolinis gamoTavisuflebas sasunTq sistemaSi;
kurare, amazoniis indielebis mier gamoyenebuli
Sxami, romliTac isini isrebis boloebs wam-
laven, iwvevs sasunTqi kunTebis damblas
acetilqolinis receptorebis blokirebis gziT,
xels uSlis ra neirotransmiteris normalur
sinafsur aqtivobas.
gaemi
gaemi (gama-amino-erbos-mJava) Tavis tvinSi yve-
94 laze ufro farTod gavrcelebuli Sema-
kavebeli neirotransmiteria. gaemi tvinis sinaf-
sebis daaxloebiT erT mesamedSi gamoiyeneba
rogorc mesenjeri. gaem-mgrZnobiare neironebi
tvinis iseT regionebSia lokalizebuli, rogo-
rebicaa: Talamusi, hipoTalamusi da kefis wili.
gaemi mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs fsiqopaTo-
logiis zogierT formaSi, akavebs ra neironul
aqtivobas. rodesac am neirotransmiteris done
iklebs, adamianebSi es damatebiT nervul aqti-
vobas iwvevs, romelic SfoTvaSi gamoixateba
(Paul et al., 1986). SfoTvas xSirad benzodia-
zepinebis Semcveli wamlebiT mkurnaloben,
rogoricaa valiumi da qsanaqsi, romlebic gaem
dones zrdian (Ballenger, 1999). benzodiazepinebi
pirdapir ar ukavSirdeba gaem receptorebs,
samagierod isini xels uwyoben gaems Tavad
ufro efeqturad daukavSirdes postsinafsur
receptorul molekulebs.
dofamini, norepinefrini da serotonini
kateqolaminebi warmoadgenen qimiuri sub-
stanciebis klass, romelic or mniSvnelovan
neirotransmiters, dofaminsa da norepinefrins
Seicavs. orive maTgani umniSvnelovanes rols
asrulebs iseT fsiqologiur daavadebebSi,
rogoricaa guneba-ganwyobilebis aSlilobebi
da Sizofrenia. norepinefrini CarTulia dep-
resiis zogierT formaSi. wamlebi, romlebic
tvinSi am neirotransmiteris donis momatebas
uwyoben xels, guneba-ganwyobilebis gaumjobe-
sebasa da depresiis Semsubuqebas iwveven. sawi-
naaRmdegod, normaze maRali dofaminis Semcve-
loba nanaxia SizofreniiT daavadebulebSi.
rogorc Tqven, albaT, ggoniaT, am daavadebis
mkurnalobis erT-erTi SesaZlebloba iqneboda
iseTi wamlebis gamoyeneba, romlebic tvinSi
dofaminis donis Semcirebas gamoiwvevda. medi-
kamentozuri mkurnalobis adreul periodSi
warmoiqmna saintereso, magram naklebad saxar-
bielo problema. wamlis maRali dozebis gamo-
yenebam Sizofreniis winaaRmdeg gamoiwvia par-
kinsonis daavadebis niSnebi – progresuli da
fataluri daavadebis, romelic moZraobis
darRvevebs iwvevs (parkinsonis daavadebis
mizezia dofaminis masinTezirebeli neironebis
gamofitva). am monacemebma aiZula mecnierebi
daewyoT kvleva Sizofreniisa da parkinsonis
 fsiqologia Cvens cxovrebaSi

ra gavlenas axdens cxovrebiseuli gamocdileba tvinze

wignis am Tavis wakiTxvi-
sas Tqven axal informacias
iZenT – niSnavs Tu ara es,
rom Tqveni tvini icvleba?
savaraudoa! studentebi, rom-
lebic pirvelad Sedian Se-
xebaSi Tanamedrove neiro-
mecnierebasTan, xSirad inte-
resdebian, Tu rogor
gavlenas axdens
cxovrebiseuli gamocdileba
maT tvinze.
klasikuri cdebis seria,
romelic mark rozencvaigisa
da misi kolegebis mier iqna
Catarebuli, aCvenebs gansxva-
vebebs virTagvebs Soris,
romlebic gamdidrebul da
gaRaribebul garemoSi aRi-
zardnen (Rosenzweig, 1996, 1999b).
gaRaribebul garemoSi vir-
Tagvebi marto iyvnen moTavse-
buli galiaSi; gamdidrebul
garemoSi isini mozrdil ga-
liaSi sxvebTan erTad iyvnen
da yoveldRiurad ecvlebo-
daT saTamaSoebi. garkveuli
periodis (ramdenime kvira da
Tve) Semdeg mecnierebma Seis-
wavles virTagvebis tvini.
Sedegebi dramatuli iyo. gam-
didrebul garemoSi gaz-
rdili virTagvebis saSualo
tvini ufro mZime da msxvili
Si mxolod ramdenime dRiT
Tavsdebodnen. sxvaoba zrda-
srul virTagvebSic aRiniS-
neboda, anu, ara marto mzar-
di, aramed zrdasruli vir-
Tagvebic gamdidrebul areSi
moTavsebis Semdeg uCvenebdnen
upiratesobas. miuxedavad imi-
sa, rom es gamokvleva virTag-
vebze Catarda, cdis Sedegebis
gadatana adamianebzec SeiZ-
leba: mdidar garemos dade-
biTi gavlena aqvs tvinis gan-
viTarebasa da muSaobaze.
tvinis damasuraTebeli
teqnikiT SesaZlebelia Zal-
zed specifikuri gansxvave-
bebis aRmoCena, romlebic
cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebis
Sedegad Camoyalibda. mu-
sikosebma, romlebic vio-
linoze ukraven, Zalian nati-
fad unda akontrolon mar-
cxena xelis TiTebi. Tuki
Tqven daubrundebiT 3.11 su-
raTs, naxavT rom sensoruli
qerqis didi nawili TiTebs
eZRvneba. tvinis skanirebam
uCvena, rom qerqis ubnebi,
pasuxismgebeli marcxena xe-
lis TiTebze, meviolineebSi
ufro didia, vidre sakon-
trolo jgufSi (Elbert et al.,
1995). es efeqti araa nanaxi
didi iyo im musikosebSi, ro-
melTac violinoze dakvra
bavSvobaSi, 12 wlis asakamde
daiwyes.
Tqven, albaT, ukve ifiq-
reT imaze, rom cxovrebi-
seul gamocdilebas SeuZlia
aseve uaryofiTi gavlena
moaxdinos tvinis muSaobaze.
gaixseneT tvinis struqtura,
hipokampi, romelic Cven
manamde aRvwereT, rogorc
gadamwyveti struqtura kon-
kretuli mexsierebis Camo-
yalibebisaTvis. mecnierebma
uCvenes, rom qronikuli
stresi – mdgomareoba, rode-
sac organizmis fizikuri da
fsiqologiuri resursebi
maqsimaluradaa daZabuli
(ix. Tavi 13) –hipokampis nei-
ronTa dendritebis atro-
fias iwvevs (McEwen, 1999;
Sapolsky, 1996). rogorc Tqven,
albaT, ukve mixvdiT, amis Se-
degia mexsierebis zogierTi
formis darRveva. magaliTad,
virTagvebi qronikuli stre-
sis pirobebSi kargaven la-
birinTSi orientaciis unars
(Conrad et al., 1996). neiro-
mecnierebis Tanamedrove
mimarTulebebis mniSvne-
lovani amocanaa im meTo-
nervuli sistema moqmedebaSi

– pozitiuri atributebi _ marjvena xelis TiTebisaTvis, debis aRmoCena, romlebic

iyo, vidre gaRaribebul gare-
moSi gazrdili cxovelebisa.
SesamCnevi sxvaoba miiRweoda
maSinac ki, rodesac vir-
Tagvebi gamdidrebul garemo-
romelTac ar aqvT aseTi
mniSvnelovani datvirTva vi-
olinoze dakvrisas. marcxena
TiTebis reprezentacia sen-
sorul qerqSi yvelaze ufro
tvins uaryofiTi cxovrebi-
seuli gamocdilebisagan
daicaven. aseTi kvlevis
Sedegebi yvelasaTvis sasar-
geblo iqneba.

daavadebis medikamentozuri mkurnalobis ga- nivTiereba LSD (lizerginis mJavas dieTi-

saumjobeseblad.
yvela neironi, romelic serotonins gamoimu-
Savebs, moTavsebulia tvinis ReroSi, romelic
agznebisa da mravali sxva avtonomiuri pro-
cesis regulaciaSia CarTuli. halucinogenuri
lamidi) moqmedebs serotoninerguli neiro-
nebis efeqtebis daTrgunvis gziT. es seroto-
ninerguli neironebi Cveulebriv sxva neironTa
Sekavebas iwveven, magram LCD-Ti gamowveuli
Sekavebis nakleboba iwvevs cocxal da uCveulo
95

emociebs, romelTagan zogi ramodenime saaTi
grZeldeba. bevri antidepresanti, mag. prozaki,
aZlierebs serotoninis aqtivobas, xels uSlis
ra mis mocilebas sinafsuri napralidan (Ba-
rondes, 1994).
endorfinebi
endorfinebi qimiur nivTierebaTa jgufia,
romelTac Cveulebriv neiromodulatorebs uwo-
deben. neiromodulatori aris substancia,
romelic cvlis an amodulirebs postsinafsuri
neironis aqtivobas. endorfinebi (Semoklebulia
endogenuri morfinebi) mniSvnelovan rols
TamaSoben emociuri qcevisa (SfoTva, SiSi,
daZabva, siamovneba) da tkivilis kontrolSi –
opiumisa da morfis msgavsi nivTierebebi tvinSi
erTi da igive receptorebs ukavSirdeba. en-
Tavi 3 / qcevis biologiuri safuZvlebi
dorfinebs uwodeben „samoTxis gasaRebs~ maTi
siamovnebis gamomwvevi Tvisebis gamo. gamok-
vleul iqna SesaZlebloba, rom endorfinebi
nawilobriv mainc pasuxismgebelia tkivilis
Semamsubuqebel efeqtebze akupunqturisa da pla-
cebos dros (Fields & Levine, 1984; Murray, 1995;
Watkins & Mayer, 1982). es testebi emyareba niv-
Tiereba naloqsonis gamoyenebas, romelic mor-
finisa da endorfinebis receptorebis blo-
kirebas iwvevs. nebismieri tkivilgamayuCebeli
procedura, romelic endorfinebis gamoTa-
aRmoCenis etapi (context of discovery) _ kvlevis
sawyisi fazaa, romlis ganmavlobaSic dakvir-
vebas, Sexedulebas, informacias da zogad cod-
96 nas movlenis axleburi xedvisaken mivyavarT.
visuflebas iwvevs, araefeqturia naloqsonis
miRebisas. naloqsonis ineqciis dros akupun-
qtura da placebo kargavs Tavis Zalas, Tu
gaviTvaliswinebT, rom swored endorfinebi gana-
pirobebdnen maT zemoqmedebas.
mecnierebma uCvenes, rom iseTi airebi, rogo-
ricaa naxSirbadis monooqsidi da azotis oq-
sidi, moqmedeben rogorc neirotransmiterebi
(Barinaga, 1993). am axali klasis warmomadgenlebi
ar emorCilebian neirotransmiterebis moqmedebis
tradiciulad Camoyalibebul principebs. maga-
liTad, Cvens mier aRweril neirotransmiter-
Tagan gansxvavebiT, imis magier, rom daukav-
Sirdnen receptorul molekulebs, es airadi
transmiterebi pirdapir gamWolaven mimRebi
ujredis gare membranas. am gasaocarma aRmoCenam
unda dagarwmunoT, rom Tavis tvinSi jer kidev
bevri saidumlo unda gaixsnas.
wignis am TavSi Cven mokled ganvixileT is
SesaniSnavi da araCveulebrivi samyaro, Tqveni
tvini, romelic mxolod kilonaxevars iwonis.
erTia, imis Secnoba, rom tvini akontrolebs
qcevas da Tqvens sulier procesebs, magram
meorea imis gageba, Tu rogor axorcielebs tvini
yvela am funqcias. neiromecnierebi CarTulni
arian am gasaocari problemis amoxsnaSi, rom
gaigon tvinis SigniT da garemosa da tvins Soris
mimdinare procesebi. Tqven axla ukve gaqvT
sabaziso codna, romelic dagexmarebaT dama-
tebiTi codnis SeZenaSi.
Sejameba
neironTa ZiriTadi tipebia sensoruli, moto-
ruli da interneironebi. Tavis tvinis neironTa
umravlesoba interneironia, romlebic garSemor-
tymulia gliuri ujredebiT. neironebi ganimux-
teba amgznebi da Semakavebeli impulsebis Sesa-
bamisi balansis miRebis sapasuxod. neironebi
sul an arafris kanonis Sesabamisad agzavnian
informacias moqmedebis potencialis saxiT aqso-
nis gaswvriv. neirotransmiterebi Tavisufldeba
sinafsur napralSi da gadascemen informacias
mezobeli neironis receptorul molekulasTan
dakavSirebis gziT. mravali sasicocxlo pro-
cesia damokidebuli iseTi mniSvnelovani neiro-
transmiterebis moqmedebaze, rogorebicaa _
acetilqolamini, dofamini da serotonini.
sakvanZo
sakiTxebi
memkvidreobiToba da
qceva
saxeobebi warmoiqmneba da
icvleba drois ganmavlo-
baSi bunebrivi gadarCevis
Sedegad.
adamianTa evoluciaSi or
fexze siarulma da encefa-
lizaciam mniSvnelovani Se-
degebi, maT Soris metyve-
lebisa da kulturis ganvi-
Tareba, gamoiwvia.
memkvidreobiTobis mTavari
erTeuli genia. genebi gan-
sazRvraven im gavlenis Car-
Coebs, romelsac garemo faq-
torebi iwvevs da romelic
fenotipis cvlilebiT ga-
moixateba.
biologia da qceva
neiromecnierebi uamrav sxva-
dasxva meTods iyeneben, rom
tvinsa da qcevas Soris da-
mokidebuleba gaarkvion: tvi-
nis dazianebis mqone pacien-
tTa Seswavla, tvinis gar-
kveuli ubnebis dazianeba,
tvinis eleqtruli stimu-
lacia, tvinis aqtivobis
registracia da kompiuteru-
li teqnikis meSveobiT tvi-
nis gamosaxulebis miReba.
Tavisa da zurgis tvini cen-
tralur nervul sistemas
(cns) qmnian.
periferiuli nervuli sis-
tema (pns) Sedgeba neiro-
nebisagan, romlebic cns-sa
da sxeuls akavSireben. pns
Sedgeba somaturi nervuli
sistemisagan, romelic Con-
Cxis kunTebis moqmedebas
aregulirebs da avtono-
miuri nervuli sistemisagan
(ans), romelic aregulirebs
sasicocxlo procesebs.
Tavis tvini Sedgeba sami ur-
TierTdakavSirebuli Srisa-
gan: tvinis Rero, limburi
sistema da didi tvini.
tvinis Rero pasuxismgebelia
sunTqvaze, saWmlis mone-
lebasa da guliscemaze.
limburi sistema monawile-
obs grZelvadiani mexsiere-
bis, agresiis, kvebiT da sqe-
sobriv qcevebSi.
didi tvini akontrolebs
umaRles mentalur pro-
cesebs.
zogi funqcia lateralize-
bulia Tavis tvinis erT ro-
melime hemisferoSi. maga-
liTad, adamianTa umravle-
sobaSi metyvelebas marcxe-
na hemisfero akontrolebs.
miuxedavad imisa, rom orive
hemisfero erTad muSaobs,
maT funqcionirebis sxvada-
sxva tipi axasiaTebT _ mar-
cxena hemisfero ufro ana-
litikuria, marjvena ki –
holisturi.
individualuri gansxvavebe-
bis fonze zogadi daskvnebi
SeiZleba Seicvalos. maga-
liTad, mamakacebsa da qa-
lebs lateralizaciis gan-
sxvavebuli saxeebi axasia-
TebT.
endokrinuli sistema gamo-
imuSavebs da sisxlis nakad-
Si gamoyofs hormonebs.
hormonebi xels uwyoben
zrdas, pirveladi da meo-
radi sasqeso niSnebis ganvi-
Tarebas, metabolizms, saW-
mlis monelebasa da agzne-
bas.
hipoTalamusi akontrolebs
endokrinul sistemas hi-
pofizis stimulirebis
gziT.
nervuli sistema
moqmedebaSi
neironi, nervuli siste-
mis ZiriTadi erTeuli,
iRebs, amuSavebs da gadas-
cems informacias sxva
neironebs, jirkvlebsa da
kunTebs.
neironebi gadascemen in-
formacias dendritebidan
ujredis sxeulis (soma)
gavliT aqsonis gaswvriv
terminaluri balTisaken.
sensoruli neironebi iRe-
ben informacias speciali-
zebuli receptoruli
ujredebidan da agzavnian
mas cns-ken. motoruli nei-
ronebi agzavnian infor-
macias cns-dan kunTebisa
da jirkvlebisaken. inter-
neironebi gadascemen in-
formacias sensoruli
neironebidan sxva moto-
rul an interneironebs.
rodesac impulsaciis su-
macia miaRwevs gansazR-
vrul zRurbls, moqmede-
bis potenciali igzavneba
aqsonis gaswvriv aqsonuri
daboloebisaken.
sakvanZo sakiTxebi
sul an arafris kanons
damorCilebuli moqme-
debis potenciali aRmo-
cendeba, rodesac gaxsni-
li ionuri arxebi ujre-
dis membranis Sida da gare
areebs Soris ionTa ga-
nvladobas uzrunvelyofs.
97
 neirotransmiterebi gamo- eleqtroencefalograma retikuluri formacia
Tavisufldeba sinafsur (eeg) refraqteruli periodi
napralSi. napralis gada- endokrinuli sistema safeTqlis wili
laxvis Semdeg isini uer- estrogeni sasqeso qromosomebi
Tdeba postsinafsuri mem- Talamusi sensoruli neironi
branis receptorul mo- Txemis wili simpaTikuri sistema
lekulebs. interneironi sinafsi
aagzneben Tu Seakaveben es ionuri arxebi sinafsuri gadacema
neirotransmiterebi mem- kefis wili smeniTi qerqi
branas, damokidebulia re- korZiani sxeuli soma
ceptoruli molekulis limburi sistema somatosensoruli qerqi
bunebaze. magnetur-rezonansuli somaturi nervuli sistema
tomografia (MRI) sociobiologia
memkvidreobiToba sul an arafris kanoni
ZiriTadi cnebebi mogrZo tvini tvinis Rero
adamianis qcevis genetika mosvenebis potenciali tvinis hemisferoebi
amagznebeli „Sesavali~ motoruli neironi terminaluri balTa
asociaciuri qerqi motoruli qerqi testosteroni
avtonomiuri nervuli moqmedebis potenciali fenotipi
sistema (ans) mxedvelobis qerqi funqciuri magnetur-
aqsoni naTxemi rezonansuli tomografia
brokas are neiromecniereba (fMRI)
bunebrivi gadarCeva neiromodulatori Semakavebeli „Sesavali~
genebi neironi Sublis wili
genetika neirotransmiterebi centraluri nervuli
genotipi nuSisebri kompleqsi sistema (cns)
glia parasimpaTikuri sistema xidi
dazianeba periferiuli nervuli hipoTalamusi
dendritebi sistema (pns) hipokampi
didi tvini PET (pozitronul- hipofizi
didi tvinis qerqi emisiuri tomografia) _ homeostazi
dnm (dezoqsiribonukleinis skani hormonebi
Tavi 3 / qcevis biologiuri safuZvlebi

mJava)

98
SegrZnebebi

4
samyaros sensoruli
Semecneba
• fsiqofizika
• fizikuri movlenebidan
fsiqikuri
movlenebisaken

mxedvelobis sistema
• adamianis Tvali
• guga da broli
• badura
• Tavis tvinisken mimavali
nervuli gzebi
• ferTa SegrZneba
•vizualuri obieqtebis
kompleqsuri analizi

fsiqologia XXI saukuneSi:

SeuZlia Tu ara
teqnologias dazianebuli
mxedvelobis aRdgena

smena
• bgeris fizika
• bgeris fsiqologiuri
ganzomilebebi
• smenis fiziologia

sxva SegrZnebebi
• ynosva
• gemos SegrZneba
• Sexebisa da kanis
SegrZnebebi
• wonasworobisa da
kinesTetikuri
SegrZnebebi
• tkivili
fsiqologia Cvens
cxovrebaSi: ratom iwvevs
cxare saWmeli tkivils

sakvanZo sakiTxebi
• ZiriTadi cnebebi
99
 j onaTan i. mxatvari iyo. man
Tavisi warmatebuli Semoq-
medebiTi karieris ganmavlob-
aSi mravali abstraqtuli tilo Seqmna, romelic
kaSkaSa, cocxali ferebis didebul sinTezs war-
moadgenda. samocdaxuTi wlis asakSi man sru-
liad dakarga ferTa SegrZnebis unari Tavis
tvinis dazianebis gamo. roca is Tavis namuSev-
rebs uyurebda, yovelives mxolod rux, Sav da
TeTr ferebSi xedavda; Tuki is adre aRiqvamda
ferebs, romlebic misTvis Rrma pirovnuli aso-
ciaciebis matarebeli iyo, axla igi mxolod
„uswormasworo~ da „WuWyian~ laqebs xedavda.
es ar exeboda mxolod mis Semoqmedebas. cvli-
lebebi mis yoveldRiur cxovrebaSic moxda.
magaliTad, man SezRuda Tavisi sakvebi meniu
mxolod Savi da TeTri saWmelebiT _ Savi zeTis-
xili da TeTri brinji misTvis gacilebiT ufro
jansaR, normalur sakvebad gamoiyureboda, vidre
feradi sakvebi, romelsac is axla usiamovno
rux ferebSi aRiqvamda da ugemuri eCveneboda.
miuxedavad yovelive amisa, jonaTan i-is
istoria arc ise tragikuli aRmoCnda. droTa
ganmavlobaSi igi Seegua am mdgomareobas; scada
gaegrZelebina Tavisi Semoqmedeba da Savi da
TeTri saRebavebiT daiwyo xatva. jonaTan i-is
Tayvanismcemlebma es aRiqves, rogorc misi Semoq-
medebiTi karieris axali da saintereso etapi.
maT ar icodnen, rom mxatvruli mimarTulebis
Secvla ganpirobebuli iyo Tavis tvinis dazia-
nebiT. jonaTan i. mixvda, rom misma ucabedma
ferTa sibrmavem vizualuri samyaros axali
aspeqtebi gadauSala win: „Tumca, jonaTan i. ar
uaryofda imas, rom bevri ram dakarga da gar-
kveulwilad swuxda amis gamo, magram man igrZno,
rom misi mxedveloba „uaRresad daxvewili~ da
privilegirebuli gaxda, rom is uyurebs wminda
formebis samyaros, romelsac ar uSlis xels
feri~ (Sacks, 1995, p.38). amrigad, miuxedavad imisa,
rom jonaTan i-ma ferTa SegrZnebis unari dakar-
ga, misma sensorulma sistemam igi uzrunvelyo
samyaros axali versiiT, romelic mas SeeZlo
aReqva da xelovnebad gadaeqcia.

dagafiqraT jonaTan i-is istoriam Tqvens

sakuTar sensorul SesaZleblobebze? daintere-
sebulxarT odesme, Tu rogor axerxebs Tqveni
Tavis tvini, romelic gamomwyvdeulia Tavis
qalis bnel, mdumare sakanSi, gangacdevinoT van
gogis naxatebis ferTa sisavse, rok-n-rolis
Tavi 4 / SegrZnebebi

swrafi melodiebi da riTmi, sazamTros maco-

cxlebeli gemo cxel zafxulSi, bavSvis kocnis
rbili Sexeba, an mindvris yvavilebis surneli
gazafxulze? am TavSi Cven vecdebiT avxsnaT,
Tu rogor axerxebs Cveni sxeuli da tvini gaer-
kves stimulaciis im nakadSi, romelic mudmivad
aris Cven garSemo _ danaxuli obieqtebSi, mosme-
nili bgerebsa da sxva mravalSi. Tqven dainaxavT,
100 Tu rogor aRgWurvaT evoluciam unariT, gamoav-
linoT gancdis sxvadasxva ganzomilebebi; Tqven
aRmoaCenT, rom SegrZnebebs, romliTac dagajil-
dovaT bunebam, Zalian rTuli meqanizmi aqvs.
es Tavi Cveni gancdis ZiriTad biologiur
elementebs exeba: SegrZneba aris procesi,
rodesac sensoruli receptoris gaRizianeba
dasabams aZlevs nervul impulsebs, rac sxeulis
SigniT Tu gareT arsebuli pirobebis gancdas,
maT gacnobierebas iwvevs. mexuTe Tavi ki exeba
perceptul procesebs, romelic dakavSirebulia
centraluri nervuli sistemis ufro maRali
donis aqtivobasTan. is SeiZleba ganisazRvros,
rogorc sensoruli gancdis identifikacia,
interpretacia, integracia da klasifikacia.
Semdegi Tavis bolos Tqven gaigebT, Tu rogor
axerxebs Tqveni Tavis tvini sxvadasxva infor-
maciis gaerTianebas, raTa mogawodoT samyaros
erTi mTliani suraTis gancda.
SegrZnebebis samyaroSi mogzaurobis dawyebam-
de, neba mogveciT, yuradReba gavamaxviloT
SegrZnebaTa ormag funqciaze: esaa TviTgadarCena
da grZnobadoba (Sensuality). Tqveni SegrZnebebi,
rogorc gamafrTxilebeli signali, ise gexma-
rebaT, gibiZgebT swrafad imoqmedoT safrTxis
winaaRmdeg da warmarTavs Tqvens moqmedebas, raTa
ganicadoT TqvenTvis ufro misaRebi SegrZnebebi.
garda amisa, Tqveni SegrZnebebi gansazRvravs
Tqvens grZnobadobas. gZrnobadia adamiani,
romelic gatacebulia SegrZnebebisagan miRebu-
li siamovnebis gancdiT. grZnobadoba iwvevs
swrafvas, miiRoT da isiamovnoT mravalferovani
SegrZnebebiT _ mxedvelobis, smeniTi, Sexebis,
gemosa Tu ynosvis. roca am Tavs waikiTxavT,
Tqven SeZlebT imsjeloT imaze, Tu rogor
gexmarebaT SegrZnebis meqanizmebis codna, raTa
aRmoaCinoT grZnobadobis janmrTeli survili
da iswavloT, Tu rogor SeiZleba bgerebis, fe-
rebis, sunebis, gemosa da Sexebis samyaroSi
siamovnebis miReba.
samyaros sensoruli
Semecneba
gare samyaros gancda zusti da Secdomebi-
sagan Tavisufali unda iyos. sxvagvarad Tqven
ver SeZlebdiT gadarCenas; Tqven gWirdebaT:
ikveboT, raTa SeinarCunoT arseboba; TavSesafari,
romelic dagicavT; sxva adamianebTan urTier-
Toba, raTa daikmayofiloT socialuri moTxovni-
lebani da safrTxis gacnobiereba, raTa daic-
vaT Tavi. am moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebi-
saTvis Tqven sando informacia unda miiRoT
samyaros Sesaxeb. cxovelTa yvela saxeobam
ganaviTara informaciis Segrovebis garkveuli
saxis specialuri meqanizmebi. adamiani ar aris
specializebuli mxolod erT gansakuTrebul
sensorul sferoze: Tqven ar gaqvT iseTive
srulyofili mxedveloba, rogorc, magaliTad,
Sevardens, iseTive maxvili smena, rogorc Ra-
muras da iseTive ynosva, rogorc mRrRnelebs,
magram aRWurvilia sensoruli meqanizmiT, ro-
melic mas Semomavali rTuli sensoruli sig-
nalebis farTo speqtris gadamuSavebis SesaZ-
leblobas aZlevs.
sakiTxis mniSvnelovnebis gamo, sensoruli
procesebis Seswavla yovelTvis inarCunebda
gansakuTrebul adgils fsiqologiuri mecnie-
rebis mTeli istoriis ganmavlobaSi. rodesac
vundti (Wundt, 1907) eqsperimentuli fsiqologiis
safuZvlebs qmnida, man mecnierebas SesTavaza
idea, romlis mixedviT, SegrZnebebi da grZnobebi
elementaruli procesebia, romelTagan igeba
ufro rTuli gancdebi. titCenerma (Titchener, 1898)
es idea amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi Seitana
da SegrZnebam centraluri adgili daikava mis
introspeqciul kvlevebSi cnobierebis Sinaar-
sebis Sesaxeb. rogorc mogvianebiT vnaxavT,
SegrZnebis adreul fsiqologiur kvlevebSi,
ZiriTadad Seiswavleboda garemoSi mimdinare
movlenebsa da adamianTa mier am movlenebis
gancdas Soris kavSirebi.
fsiqofizika
samyaros sensoruli Semecneba
ramdenad Zlieri unda iyos saxanZro gangaSis
xma qarxanaSi, raTa muSebma gaigonon is momuSave
manqanebis xmaurSi? ramdenad kaSkaSa unda iyos
sinaTlis gamafrTxilebeli signali pilotis
sakontrolo panelze, raTa misi sikaSkaSe or-
jer aRematebodes sxva ganaTebuli obieqtebis
sikaSkaSes? ramdeni Saqari gWirdebaT Wiqa
yavaSi, raTa is TqvenTvis tkbili gaxdes? am
SegrZneba (sensation) _ procesi, roca sensoruli
receptoris gaRizianeba dasabams aZlevs nervul
impulsebs, rac iwvevs sxeulis SigniT Tu gareT
arsebuli pirobebis gancdas, maT gacnobierebas.
101
 kiTxvebze pasuxis gasacemad Cven sensoruli
gancdis intensivobis gazomva unda SegveZlos.
es aris fsiqofizikis ZiriTadi amocana _
Seiswavlos kavSiri fizikur gamRizianeblebsa
da qcevas an im fsiqikur gancdebs Soris,
romelsac es stimuli aRZravs. fsiqofizika fsi-
qologiuri mecnierebis uZvelesi sferoa (Levine
& Shefner, 1981).
yvelaze mniSvnelovani figura fsiqofizikis
istoriaSi germaneli fizikosi gustav fexneri
(Gustav Fechner, 1801-1887) iyo. man Semoitana ter-
mini fsiqofizika da Seqmna meTodika, romelic
akavSirebda fizikuri gamRizianeblis intensi-
vobas _ gazomils fizikur erTeulebSi sensoru-
li gancdis sididesTan _ gazomils fsiqologi-
ur erTeulebSi (Fechner, 1860/1966). fexneris teq-
nika erTnairia nebismieri modalobis stimuli-
saTvis _ sinaTlis, bgeriTi, ynosviTi, gemos Tu
SexebiTi gamRizianeblisaTvis. mkvlevrebi gan-
sazRvraven SegrZnebis zRurblebs da qmnian fsi-
qofizikur skalebs, romelic SegrZnebis inten-
sivobas gamRizianeblis intensivobasTan akavSi-
rebs. gazomvisas yuradRebiT myof damkvirveblebs
sTxoven, Seasrulon SemCnevis amocana, magali-
Tad, SeamCnion mkrTali Suqi bnel oTaxSi an
absoluturi zRurblebi da
Seecadon gaigonon Zalian susti bgera srul
sensoruli adaptacia
siCumeSi. cdaTa mravali seriis ganmavlobaSi
rogoria gamRizianeblis is umciresi, ususte- xdeba sxvadasxva intensivobis stimulebis gamo-
si energia, romlis SemCnevac SeuZlia orga- yeneba da TiToeul cdaSi damkvirveblebi aR-
nizms? magaliTad, ramdenad susti SeiZleba iyos niSnaven, SeamCnies Tu ara is (Tuki Tqven rodesme
toni, raTa SesaZlebeli iyos misi gagoneba? es SegifasebiaT Tqveni smenis simaxvile, maSasadame,
kiTxvebi exeba stimulaciis absolutur zRurbls Tqven monawileoba migiRiaT absoluturi zRur-
_ fizikuri energiis im minimalur raodenobas, blis gansazRvris testSi).
romelic saWiroa sensoruli gancdis warmo- absoluturi zRurblis Seswavlis Sedegebi
saqmnelad. mkvlevrebi absoluturi zRurblis SeiZleba fsiqometruli funqciis saxiT Seva-
jamoT. horizontalur RerZze gadazomilia
fsiqofizika (psychophysics) – mecniereba fizikuri gamRizianeblis intensivobebi, xolo vertika-
stimulaciisa da fsiqologiuri SegrZnebis lur RerZze _ aRebuli intensivobis mqone
Sesatyvisobis Sesaxeb.
gamRizianeblebis SemCnevaTa procenti. tipuri
absoluturi zRurbli (absolute threshold) – fizikuri fsiqometruli funqcia naCvenebia suraTze 4.1.
energiis is minimaluri raodenoba, romelic
Tavi 4 / SegrZnebebi

sinaTlis Zalian susti gamRizianeblis piro-

saWiroa sensoruli gancdis warmosaqmnelad;
operacionalurad is ganisazRvreba, rogorc
gamRizianeblis done, romelzec xdeba sensoruli
signalis SemCneva SemTxvevaTa naxevarSi.
fsiqometruli funqcia (psychometric function) –
grafiki, romelic asaxavs gamRizianeblis Sem-
CnevaTa procents (vertikalur RerZze) gamRizia-
neblis TiToeuli intensivobisaTvis (horizon-
talur RerZze).
102
bebSi SemCneva 0%-ia, xolo kaSkaSa gamRizia-
neblis pirobebSi _ 100%. erTaderTi, WeSmariti
absoluturi zRurblis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi,
mosalodneli iqneboda SemCnevaTa procentis
0-dan 100-mde Zalian mkveTrad gadaxra da gra-
fikic gaswordeboda wertilSi, sadac miaRwevda
zRurbls. magram es ar xdeba, sul mcire, ori
mizezis gamo: damkvirveblebi, nawilobriv, yo-
 4.1
velTvis icvlebian mcirediT, roca cdiloben cxrili
gamRizianeblis SemCnevas (yuradRebis cvli-
lebis, daRlilobis da sxva mizezebis gamo) da miaxloebiTi zRurblis nacnobi
zogjer isini dadebiTad pasuxoben gamRi- movlenebisaTvis
zianeblis ararsebobis pirobebSic (mcdari gan-
gaSis saxe, romelsac signalis SemCnevis Teoriis sensoruli
SemCnevis zRurbli
aRwerisas mokled SevexebiT). amrigad, fsiqo- modaloba

sinaTle sanTlis ali 48km manZilze srul

sibneleSi
bgera saaTis wikwiki srul siCumeSi 6m
manZilze
gemo erTi Cais kovzi Saqari 9l
wyalze

ynosva sunamos erTi wveTi gafantuli

samoTaxiani binis mTel sivrceSi
1 santimetris simaRlidan loyaze
Sexeba
daSvebuli futkris frTa
suraTi
4.1
absoluturi zRurblis gamoTvla
radganac gamRizianebli ar xdeba myseulad SesamCnevi garemo signalebisadmi SeCvevas adaptaciis
garkveul wertilSi, absoluturi zRurbli ganisaz-
procesis saSualebiT. sensoruli adaptacia aris
Rvreba, rogorc intensovoba, rodesac gamRizianebeli
sensoruli sistemebis mgrZnobiarobis daqvei-
SesamCnevi xdeba SemTxvevaTa naxevarSi.
Teba xangrZliv gaRizianebaze.1 magaliTad,
albaT, SeginiSnavT, rom mzis kaSkaSa sinaTle
metruli mrudi yovelTvis gluvi, S-formis
naklebad damabrmaveblad Cans, roca garkveuli
mrudia, romelSic aris monakveTi, sadac xdeba
periodis ganmavlobaSi gareT imyofebiT. adap-
gadasvla sruli SeumCnevadobisagan gamRizia-
taciis yvelaze sasurveli gamocdileba adamia-
neblis drodadro SemCnevadobisaken da Semdgom
nebs ynosvis sferoSi aqvT: Tu SedixarT oTaxSi,
sruli SemCnevadobisaken.
sadac mZafri suni dgas, garkveuli drois Semdeg
radganac garkveuli intensivobis gamRi-
Tqveni ynosviTi sistema adaptirdeba da sunis
zianebeli ar xdeba aSkarad SesamCnevi nebismier
SegrZnebac Semcirdeba. garemo, romelSic Tqven
dros, absoluturi zRurblis operacionaluri
cxovrobT, yovelTvis savsea mravalferovani
gansazRvreba aseTi iqneba: es aris gamRizia-
sensoruli gamRizianeblebiT. adaptaciis meqa-
neblis done, romelzec xdeba sensoruli sig-
samyaros sensoruli Semecneba
nizmi gaZlevT saSualebas, SeamCnioT da imoqme-
nalis SemCneva SemTxvevaTa naxevarSi.
doT ufro swrafad, informaciis axali wyaros
cxrilSi 4.1 naCvenebia absoluturi zRurblis
moTxovnebis Sesatyvisad.
done ramdenime nacnobi bunebrivi gamRizianeb-
lisaTvis. sxvadasxva sensoruli modalobis
zRurblebi SeiZleba analogiuri proceduriT
pasuxis sistematuri Secdoma da
gaizomos, ubralod unda Seicvalos gamRizia-
signalis SemCnevis Teoria
neblis ganzomileba.
Tumca, SesaZlebelia SemCnevis absoluturi Cven mier zemoT ganxilul TavebSi vgulis-
zRurblis gansazRvra. mniSvnelovania aRiniS- xmobdiT, rom yvela damkvirvebeli erTnairia,
nos, rom Tqveni sensoruli sistema ufro mgrZno- 1
adaptacia aris ara mxolod mgrZnobiarobis daqve-
biarea sensoruli garemos cvlilebebisadmi,
iTeba, aramed misi momatebac susti intensivobis gamRi-
vidre myari mdgomareobebisadmi. sistemebi zianeblis zemoqmedebis pirobebSi (redaqtoris Se-
iseTnairad viTardebian, rom xels uwyoben axali niSvna). 103
 magram absoluturi zRurblis gazomvaze SeiZ-
leba gavlena moaxdinos, agreTve, pasuxis sis-
tematurma Secdomam _ sistematurma tendenciam,
romlis drosac damkvirvebeli gansakuTrebuli
gziT reagirebs iseTi faqtorebis zemoqmedebis
Sedegad, romlebic ar arian dakavSirebulni
stimulis sensorul TvisebebTan. vTqvaT,
monawileobT eqsperimentSi, romelSic susti
sinaTlis SemCneva gevalebaT. eqsperimentis
pirvel seriaSi mkvlevari gaZlevT 5 dolars,
Tuki Tqven sworad upasuxebT: „diax, aris
sinaTle~. meore seriaSi, mkvlevari gaZlevT 5
dolars, Tuki sworad upasuxebT: „ara, ar aris
sinaTle~. TiToeul seriaSi Tqven jarimdebiT
2 dolariT nebismieri araswori pasuxisaTvis.
SegiZliaT warmoidginoT dajildovebis es
struqtura rogor Seqmnis gadaxras pasuxis
sistematur SecdomaSi erTi seriidan meoreSi
gadasvlisas? gana ar ityviT „diax~-s ufro xSi-
rad pirvel seriaSi, vidre meoreSi maSinac ki,
Tu warmodgenili stimulebi erTnairi donis
SemCnevadobiT xasiaTdebian?
sensoruli adaptacia (sensory adaptation) – movlena,
roca receptoruli ujredebi kargaven TavianT
Zalas, moaxdinon reagireba garkveuli periodis
ganmavlobaSi ucvlel gamRiazinebelze; is iZleva
ufro swrafi reagirebis saSualebas informaciis
axal wyaroze.
pasuxis sistematuri Secdoma (response bias) –
sistematuri tendencia, romelic Sedegia ara-
sensoruli xasiaTis faqtorebis zemoqmedebisa
damkvirvebelze da garkveuli gziT reagirebas
ganapirobebs.
Tavi 4 / SegrZnebebi
suraTi
4.2
signalis SemCnvis Teoria
matrica A gviCvenebs SesaZlo Sedegebs, roca subieqts ekiTxebian, aris Tu ara miznobrivi
stimuli mocemul cdaSi; matricebi B da C _ tipur pasuxebs, roca subieqti midrekilia `diax~
104 da `ara~ pasuxebisaken.
signalis SemCnevis Teoria aris sistemuri
midgoma pasuxis sistematuri Secdomis prob-
lemisadmi (Green & Swets, 1966). signalis SemCnevis
Teoria sensorul procesebze mkacrad fokusi-
rebis nacvlad, yuradRebas amaxvilebs Tavad
msjelobis procesze gamRizianeblis arsebobisa
Tu ararsebobis Sesaxeb. maSin, roca klasikuri
fsiqofizika axdens erTaderTi absoluturi
zRurblis gansazRvras, signalis SemCnevis Teo-
ria gansazRvravs or gansxvavebul process sen-
sorul deteqciaSi: (1) sawyisi sensoruli pro-
cesi, romelic asaxavs damkvirveblis mgrZno-
biarobas gamRizianeblis siZlieris mimarT da
(2) Semdgomi gadawyvetilebis miRebis damouki-
debeli procesi, romelic asaxavs damkvirveblis
pasuxis sistematur Secdomas.
signalis SemCnevis Teoria gvTavazobs orive
_ sensoruli da gadawyvetilebis _ procesis
erTdrouli Sefasebis proceduras. ZiriTadi
modeli mocemulia suraTze 4.2 susti stimuli
warmodgenilia cdaTa naxevarSi; meore naxevarSi
stimuli saerTod ar aris warmodgenili. Ti-
Toeul SemTxvevaSi damkvirveblebi pasuxoben
„diax~, roca isini fiqroben, rom stimuli war-
modgenilia da „ara~, roca isini fiqroben, rom
signalis SemCnevis Teoria (signal detection theory -
SDT) _ statistikuri midgoma pasuxis sistematuri
Secdomisadmi, romelmac saSualeba misca
eqsperimentators, ganesazRvra da ganecalkevebina
sensoruli procesebisa da individis faqtoris
roli erTmaneTisagan.
stimuli ar aris. rogorc naCvenebia suraTis,
A matricaze, TiToeuli pasuxi daTvlilia
rogorc warmatebuli damTxveva, pasuxis gamo-
toveba, mcdari gangaSi, an swori reaqcia, imisda
Sesabamisad, warmodgenili iyo Tu ara stimuli
da pasuxobda Tu ara damkvirvebeli sworad.
damkvirvebeli, romelic qronikulad ambobda
„diax~-s, iZleoda warmatebuli damTxvevebis did
raodenobas da, agreTve, mcdari gangaSis did
ricxvs, rogorc es naCvenebia B matricaze. is,
vinc qronikulad ambobda „ara~-s, iZleoda
rogorc warmatebuli damTxvevebis, ise, mcdari
gangaSis mcire raodenobas, rogorc es naCvenebia
C matricaze.
warmatebuli damTxvevebisa da mcdari ganga-
Sis procentebze muSaobis procesSi mkvlevrebma
gamoiyenes maTematikuri procedura, raTa gamoe-
TvalaT cal-calke damkvirveblis mgrZnobia-
robisa da pasuxis sistematuri Secdomis maC-
veneblebi. es procedura SesaZleblobas iZleva
davadginoT, aqvs Tu ara or damkvirvebels er-
Tnairi mgrZnobiaroba, miuxedavad didi gansxva-
vebisa pasuxebSi. sensoruli procesebis gamo-
yofiT pasuxis sistemuri Secdomisagan, signalis
SemCnevis Teoriam saSualeba misca eqsperimen-
tators, ganesazRvra da ganecalkevebina senso-
ruli gamRizianeblisa da individis faqtoris
roli erTmaneTisagan saboloo pasuxis Camo-
yalibebisas.
signalis SemCnevis Teoriis midgoma gvTa-
vazobs gadawyvetilebis miRebis models, ro-
melic SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes gansxvavebul
konteqstSic. Zalian xSirad gadawyvetilebebi
Cvens yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi moicavs gansxva-
vebul jildoebs yoveli warmatebuli damTxve-
visa da swori pasuxebisaTvis da dasjas yoveli
gamotovebuli signalisa da mcdari gangaSi-
saTvis. magaliTad, Tuki Tqven uaryaviT kinoSi
mipatiJeba, amiT Tavidan mosawyeni saRamo (swori
uaryofa) aicileT, Tu siyvarulis gaxangr-
Zlivebis Sansi gauSviT xelidan (signalis gamo-
toveba), Tqveni gadawyvetileba, albaT, ganpiro-
bebuli iqneba prognozirebuli mogebisa da
wagebis SefardebiT. magaliTad, Tuki „aras~ Tqma
stimulis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi (signalis
gamotoveba) ufro Zvirad gvijdeba, vidre „diax~
pasuxi stimulis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi (mcda-
ri gangaSi), „diax~ pasuxebi CvenTvis normad
iqceva. qirurgebi xSirad arian msgavs situa-
ciaSi. isini, Cveulebriv, amjobineben gaakeTon
operacia im SemTxvevebSic ki, roca ar arian
darwmunebulni, rom simsivne avTvisebiania da,
amgvarad, riskaven imiT, rom maTi pasuxi mcdari
gangaSi iqneba; gamotovebuli signali ki _
avTvisebianoba, SeiZleba sikvdilis mizezi
gaxdes. sazogadod, gadawyvetilebis miRebisas
gaTvaliswinebuli unda iyos arsebuli faqtebi,
TiToeuli tipis Secdomis SefardebiTi Rire-
buleba da TiToeuli swori gadawyvetilebis
SefardebiTi mogeba. signalis SemCnevis Teoria
warmoadgens mniSvnelovan instruments gada-
wyvetilebis miRebis procesebis kvlevisas.
sxvaobis zRurbli
warmoidgineT, rom dagiqiravaT sasmelebis
kompaniam, romelsac arsebulze SesamCnevad
ufro tkbili kolas produqtis warmoeba surs,
Tumca, rac SeiZleba naklebi Saqris damatebiT
(fulis ekonomiis mizniT). Tqven gTxoven
gazomoT sxvaobis zRurbli, anu umciresi
fizikuri sxvaoba or gamRizianebels Soris,
romlebic SeiZleba gansazRvrul iqnes, rogorc
gansxvavebulebi. sxvaobis zRurblis gasazomad
Tqven unda gamoiyenoT gamRizianebelTa wyvili
da SeekiTxoT damkvirveblebs, aris ori
gamRizianebeli erTnairi Tu ara.
sasmelis problemis SemTxvevaSi Tqven mia-
wodebT damkvirveblebs or kolas TiToeul
cdaSi, romelTagan erTi iqneba standartuli
receptis, meore ki _ odnav ufro tkbili. TiTo-
euli wyvilisaTvis individma unda Tqvas: „igivea~
an „gansxvavebulia~. mravali aseTi cdis Semdeg
Tqven daxazavT fsiqometruli funqciis grafiks,
sadac abscisaTa RerZze gadazomavT realur
gansxvavebebs da ordinataTa RerZze _ mis
samyaros sensoruli Semecneba
funqcias _ „gansxvavebulia“ pasuxebis procentebs.
sxvaobis zRurbli operacionalurad ganisaz-
Rvreba, rogorc wertili, romelzec gamRizi-
aneblebi cnobierdebian, rogorc gansxvavebulni
SemTxvevaTa naxevarSi. sxvaobis zRurblis
sidide cnobilia, rogorc odnav SesamCnevi
sxvaoba. odnav SesamCnevi sxvaoba aris nebismi-
eri ori SegrZnebis fsiqologiuri gansxvavebis
sididis sazomi raodenobrivi erTeuli.
1834 wels ernest veberma (Weber), sxvaobis
zRurblis pirvelma mkvlevarma, aRmoaCina mniS-
vnelovani damokidebuleba, romelic mocemu-
lia suraTze 4.3. davuSvaT, Tqven atarebT sxva- 105

obis zRurblis gansazRvris eqsperiments,
romelSic gamoyenebulia 10mm sigrZis swori
xazi _ standartuli nimuSi. am eqsperimentis
Casatareblad cdis monawileebs warudgenT
or xazs, romelTagan erTi aris 10mm standar-
tuli sigrZisa, meoris sigrZe ki mcired gan-
sxvavdeba standartulisagan. monawileTa amo-
canaa, upasuxon, aris Tu ara am ori xazis
sigrZe toli. Tqven naxavT, rom sxvaobis
zRurbli daaxloebiT 1 milimetria. 10 mili-
metris sigrZis xazs ganasxvaveben 11 milimetris
sigrZis xazisagan SemTxvevaTa 50%-Si, magram
20 milimetris sigrZis standartuli xazisaT-
vis 1 milimetris namati ukve arasakmarisia.
Tqven dagWirdebaT 2 milimetris damateba, raTa
sxvaobis zRurbli (difference threshold) _ umciresi
fizikuri gansxvaveba or gamRizianebels Soris,
romelic jer kidev SeiZleba gacnobierdes,
rogorc gansxvavebulebi; sxvaobis zRurbli
operacionalurad ganisazRvreba rogorc
wertili, romelzec gamRizianeblebi arian
Tavi 4 / SegrZnebebi
gacnobierebuli, rogorc gansxvavebulni Sem-
TxvevaTa naxevarSi.
odnav SesamCnevi sxvaoba (just noticeable difference _
JND) _ umciresi gansxvaveba or SegrZnebas Soris,
romlebic SeiZleba miCneul iqnan gansxvavebu-
lebad.
veberis kanoni (Weber’s law) _ sxvaobis zRurblis
sidide standartuli gamRizianeblis intensi-
vobis proporciulia.
106
suraTi
4.3
odnav SesamCnevi sxvaoba da veberis
kanoni
rac ufro grZelia standartuli xazi, miT
ufro didia is odenoba, romelic unda
daamatoT (DL), raTa dainaxoT odnav sesamCnevi
sxvaoba. sxvaobis zRurbli aris sigrZis namati,
romlic SesamCnevia cdaTa 50% SemTxvevaSi. Tuki
Cven am namats SevafardebT zrdadi stimulis
sigrZesTan, proporcia darCeba igive _ 1/10
standartuli sigrZisa. es namati gadazomilia
vertikalur RerZze, xolo standartuli xazis
sigrZe _ horizontalurze. miRebuli damoki-
debuleba wrfivia, rac gamoixateba swori xaziT
grafikze. Cven SegviZlia viwinaswarmetyveloT,
rom DL iqneba 0.5, roca standartuli xazis
sigrZe aris 5 milimetri.
miiRoT odnav SesamCnevi sxvaoba. 40 milimetri
sigrZis standartuli xazis gamoyenebisas ki 4
milimetris damateba dagWirdebaT. suraTi 4.3
gviCvenebs, rom odnav SesamCnevi sxvaoba izrdeba
Tanabrad standartuli xazis sigrZis zrdasTan
erTad.
rac rCeba mudmivi orive grZeli da mokle
xazebisaTvis, es aris namatis odenobis Sefar-
deba xazis sigrZesTan, romelic qmnis odnav
SesamCnev sxvaobas. magaliTad, 1 mm/10 mm=0.1; 2
mm/20 mm=0.1. es damokidebuleba Sejamebulia
veberis kanonSi: or stimuls Soris odnav Sesam-
Cnevi sxvaobis Sefardeba standartuli sti-
mulis intensivobasTan mudmivi sididea. amrigad,
rac ufro didia an ufro intensiuria stan-
dartuli stimuli, miT ufro didi namatia
saWiro odnav SesamCnevi sxvaobis misaRebad.
es kanoni marTebulia nebismieri sensoruli
sistemisaTvis. formula veberis kanonisaTvis
Semdegi saxis iqneba: ΔI/I=k, sadac I standartuli
intensivobaa, ΔI ki namatia _ im sxvaobis
odenobaa, romelic qmnis odnav SesamCnev sxva-
obas. veberma aRmoaCina, rom TiToeuli stimulis
parametrisaTvis arsebobs misTvis damaxa-
siaTebeli proporcia. am formulaSi k aris
proporcia, anu veberis konstanta stimulis
TiToeuli parametrisaTvis (yuradRebiT gani-
xileT suraTi 4.3, raTa darwmundeT, kargad
gaigeT Tu, ara, ra aris odnav SesamCnevi sxvaoba,
 cxrili
4.2
veberis konstantis mniSvnelobebi
stimulTa arCeuli ganzomilebisaTvis
stimulis veberis konstanta
ganzomileba (k)
bgeris sixSire 0.003
sinaTlis intensivoba 0.01
0.07
sunis koncentracia
dawolis intensivoba 0.14
bgeris intensivoba 0.15
gemos koncentracia 0.20
veberis kanoni da is, Tu rogor arian isini
dakavSirebulni erTmaneTTan). veberis kanoni
sakmaod zustia, magram is mainc ar aris
universaluri, magaliTad, maSin, roca stimulis
intensivoba Zalian maRali xdeba.
cxrilSi 4.2 xedavT, rom veberis konstantas
aqvs gansxvavebuli mniSvnelobebi stimulis
gansxvavebuli ganzomilebisaTvis. umciresi
mniSvneloba niSnavs imas, rom adamians SeuZlia
SeamCnios umciresi gansxvaveba. ase magaliTad,
es cxrili giCvenebT, rom Tqven SegiZliaT
bgeraTa sixSire ufro meti sizustiT ganasxva-
voT erTmaneTisagan, vidre sinaTlis intensivo-
bebi, rac, Tavis mxriv, ufro advilad SemCnevadia,
vidre sunisa da gemos umciresi gansxvavebani.
sasmelebis kompanias dasWirdeboda SedarebiT
ufro didi raodenobis Saqris damateba ufro
tkbili kolis warmoebisaTvis!
sensoruli fiziologia (sensory physiology) _ Seis-
wavlis fizikuri movlenebis nervul movlenebad
gadaqcevis biologiur meqanizmebs.
transformacia (transduction) _Seiswavlis erTi
formis fizikuri energiis gardaqmnas meore
formad; magaliTad, sinaTlis transformirebas
nervul impulsebad.
sensoruli receptorebi (sensory receptors) _
specializirebuli ujredebi; isini gadaaqceven
fizikur signalebs ujredis signalebad, rom-
lebic Semdeg gadamuSavdeba nervuli sistemis
mier.
fizikuri movlenebidan
fsiqikuri movlenebisaken
fsiqofizikis ganxilvam gagvacnobierebina
SegrZnebis umniSvnelovanesi saidumlo: rogor
xdeba, rom fizikuri energia dasabams aZlevs
specifikur fsiqologiur gancdas? magaliTad,
rogor aRmocendeba sinaTlis talRis sxvadasxva
sigrZisagan cisartyelas gancda? sanam speci-
fikur sensorul sferoebs ganvixilavT, zeda-
pirulad mimovixiloT informaciis gadasvla
fizikuri movlenebidan _ sinaTlisa da bgeris
talRebidan, rTuli qimiuri nivTierebebidan
fsiqikuri movlenebisaken _ sinaTlis, bgeris,
gemosa da ynosvis SegrZnebebisaken.
sensoruli fiziologia Seiswavlis fizikuri
movlenebis nervul movlenebad gardaqmnis
biologiur meqanizmebs. am sferos mizania,
aRmoaCinos, Tu ra xdeba nervul doneze im
movlenaTa jaWvSi, romelic ganlagebulia
fizikuri energiidan sensorul gancdamde. erTi
formis fizikuri energiis, magaliTad, sinaTlis
gadaqcevas meore formad _ nervul impulsad,
transformacia ewodeba.
vinaidan yvela tipis sensoruli informacia
transformirdeba nervuli impulsebis identur
tipSi, Tqveni Tavis tvini imis saSualebiT
ganasxvavebs sensorul informacias, rom Tavis
tvinis qerqis calkeul zonebs miusadagebs Ti-
Toeul sensorul sferos. mkvlevrebi cdiloben
TiToeuli am sensoruli sferosaTvis daadginon,
Tu rogor xdeba fizikuri energiis transfor-
macia nervuli sistemis eleqtroqimiur aqti-
vobaSi, romelic warmoSobs Tvisobrivad (ma-
galiTad, wiTeli _ mwvane) da raodenobrivad
(xmamaRali _ Cumi) ganxvavebul SegrZnebebs.
samyaros sensoruli Semecneba
nebismieri sensoruli sistemis moqmedebas
biZgs aZlevs garemo movlenis an gamRizianeblis
SemCneva. garemo gamRizianeblebis SemCneva xdeba
specializirebuli sensoruli receptorebis
saSualebiT (magaliTisaTvis, ix. cxrili 4.3).
sensoruli receptorebi sensoruli gamRi-
zianeblis fizikur energias ujredis signa-
lebad gardaqmnian, romelic SeiZleba gadamu-
Savebul iqnes nervuli sistemis mier. ujredis
signalebi informacias ufro maRali donis
neironebs awvdian, romlebic informaciis in-
tegrirebas axdenen sxvadasxva deteqtoruli
107
 cxrili
4.3
adamianis sensoruli sistema: fundamenturi Tvisebebi
SegrZneba stimulebi sensoruli receptori SegrZneba
organo
mxedveloba sinaTlis talRebi Tvali Cxirebi da kolbebi ferebi, obieqtebi,
teqstura, moZraoba,
siRrme

smena bgeriTitalRebi yuri ZiriTadi membranis xmauri, toni

bewviani ujredebi

Sexebis eqsternaluri kani nervuli daboloebani Sexeba, tkivili,

SegrZnebebi kontaqti kanSi (merkelis siTbo, sicive
diskebi, rufinis
sxeulebi)

ynosva aqroladi cxviri ynosvis organoebis suni (muskusi,

nivTierebebi bewviani epiTeliumi yvavilovani, damwvris,
pitnis)

gemo xsnadi nivTierebebi ena gemos bolqvebi gemo (tbili, mJave,

mlaSe, mware)

wonasworobis meqanikuri da gra- Sinagani naxevarrkalovani moZraoba sivrceSi,

SegrZneba vitaciuli Zalebi yuri arxebis bususebi da gravitaciuli
derefani miziduloba

kinesTeTikuri sxeulis moZraoba kunTebi, nervuli boWkoebi sxeulis nawilebis

SegrZnebebi myesebi, kunTebSi, myesebSi moZraoba da pozicia
saxsrebi

blokebidan. am etapze neironebi agroveben Zalaze da gansazRvrul pirobebze, rogoricaa

informacias stimulis ZiriTadi Tvisebebis
Sesaxeb, rogoricaa misi zoma, intensivoba, forma
da manZili. sensoruli sistemebis siRrmeSi in-
formacia kombinirebulia ufro rTul kodebSi
da is gadaecema Tavis tvinis qerqis specifikur
ubnebs, romlebic pasuxismgebelni arian Segr-
Znebisa da asociaciis procesebze.
cxrilSi 4.3 mocemulia stimulebi da recep-
torebi TiToeuli SegrZnebisaTvis.
Tavi 4 / SegrZnebebi
damkvirveblis sensoruli adaptaciis done _
absoluturi zRurblis definicia asaxavs misi
moqmedebis cvalebadobas. signalis SemCnevis
Teoria SemuSavda sensoruli procesebis
gasamijnad pasuxebis sistematuri Secdomisagan
damkvirveblis moqmedebaSi. fsiqofizikis mkvlev-
rebi, agreTve, dainteresebulni arian imiT, Tu
ramdenad unda gaizardos an Semcirdes gamRizi-
aneblis sidide, rom damkvirvebelma SeZlos
gansxvavebis aRqma. veberis kanoni asaxavs fizi-

kuri stimulaciisa da damkvirveblis aRqmis

Sejameba cvlilebebs Soris damokidebulebebs.
sensoruli fiziologiis mizania, Seiswavlos,
fsiqofizikis mkvlevrebi swavloben damoki-
Tu ra gziT xdeba fizikuri movlenebis gadaqceva
debulebas fizikur movlenebsa da damkvir-
tvinSi mimdinare procesebad. mkvlevrebi,
veblebis mier am movlenebis fsiqologiur
agreTve, aRweren informaciis gadasvlas
gancdas Soris. damkvirveblis SegrZnebis
sensoruli receptorebidan Tavis tvinis
absoluturi zRurbli damokidebulia stimulis
qerqisaken.
108

mxedvelobis sistema
mxedveloba yvelaze rTuli, maRalganviTa-
rebuli da mniSvnelovani SegrZnebaa adamianisa
da sxva moZrav arsebaTa umravlesobisTvis. im
cxovelebs, romlebic bunebam kargi mxedvelobiT
daajildova, uzarmazari evoluciuri upirate-
sobebi aqvT. kargi mxedveloba maT exmarebaT,
SeamCnion msxverpli an mteri Sori manZilidan.
mxedveloba SesaZleblobas aZlevs adamianebs,
gaacnobieron fizikuri garemos cvalebadi
Tvisebebi da Seusabamon mas TavianTi qceva.
mxedveloba aris yvelaze kargad Seswavlili
sfero SegrZnebis modalobaTa Soris.
adamianis Tvali
Tvali aris fotoaparati Tavis tvinisaTvis,
romelic asaxavs samyaros suraTs (ix. suraTi
4.4). fotoaparati samyaros linzebis saSua-
lebiT uyurebs, romelic axdens sinaTlis Sek-
rebas da fokusirebas. Tvali, aseve, krebs sinaT-
les da axdens mis fokusirebas _ sinaTle
Semodis rqovanaSi, Tvalis win mdebare gamWvir-
vale amoburcul nawilSi; Semdeg is gaivlis
wina sakans, romelic savsea siTxiT _ namiT.
fotoaparatis fokusirebisas Tqven amoZravebT
mis linzas obieqtis mimarTulebiT, an aSorebT
mas. imisaTvis, rom Tvalma sinaTlis fokusireba
moaxdinos, lobios marcvlis formis kristali
_ Tvalis broli _ icvlis Tavis formas, wvril-
deba, roca fokusireba moSorebul obieqtebze
xdeba da msxvildeba axlomdebare obieqtebze
fokusirebisas. fotoaparatSi Semomavali sinaT-
lis raodenobis gasakontroleblad Tqven
cvliT linzis gaxsnis xarisxs. TvalSi ki iri-
sis kunTuri diski cvlis gugis anu im xvre-
lis sidides, romlis saSualebiTac sinaTle
Semodis TvalSi. fotoaparatis ukana nawilSi
fotomgrZnobiare firia, romelic afiqsirebs
linzaSi Semosuli sinaTlis variaciebs. ana-
logiurad, TvalSi sinaTle mogzaurobs mini-
sebr sxeulSi, bolos ecema baduras _ Txel
firfitas, romelic warmoadgens Tvalis kaklis
ukana kedels.
rogorc naxeT, fotoaparatisa da Tvalis
Tvisebebi Zalian emsgavseba erTmaneTs. axla
ufro detalurad ganvixiloT mxedvelobiTi
procesis komponentebi.
guga da broli
Tvalis guga ixsneba irisSi, romelSic gadis
sinaTle. irisi aiZulebs gugas, gafarTovdes
an SeikumSos, raTa gaakontrolos Tvalis kak-
lisaken mimavali sinaTlis raodenoba. sinaT-
le, romelic gaivlis gugas, brolis mier badu-
mxedvelobis sistema
raze fokusirdeba; broli atrialebs aRqmul
obieqtebs. is gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania,
radganac icvlis fokuss axlo da Sorsmdebare
sagnebisTvis. wamwamovan kunTebs SeuZliaT
Secvalon brolis sisqe da, aqedan gamomdinare,
misi optikuri Tvisebebic. am process akomo-
dacia ewodeba.
normaluri akomodaciis unaris mqone adamia-
nebs Tvalis fokusireba sakamod did diapazon-
Si SeuZliaT _ dawyebuli 7,5 sm manZilidan 109
 suraTi
4.4
adamianis Tvalis
struqtura
rqovana, guga da broli axor-
cieleben sinaTlis fokusirebas
baduraze. baduradan nervuli
signalebi gadaecema tvins
optikuri nervis meSveobiT.
ise Sors, sanamdec SeuZliaT obieqtebis danaxva.
Tumca, uamrav adamians awuxebs akomodaciasTan
dakavSirebuli problemebi. magaliTad, axlo-
mxedvelebs akomodaciis diapazoni gadaxrili
aqvT ufro axlos maTken da amis Sedegad maT
ar SeuZliaT kargad fokusireba Sorsmdebare
sagnebze; Sorsmxedvelebs akomodaciis diapazoni
gadaxrili aqvT maTgan Sors da amitom maT ar
SeuZliaT normalurad fokusireba axlomdebare
obieqtebze. asakTan erTad, agreTve, izrdeba
akomodaciis problemebic. broli aRar aris
iseTive sufTa, gamWvirvale da amozneqili,
rogorc adre. asakis zrdasTan erTad broli
xdeba ufro mkvrivi, gaumWvirvale, muqi da
brtyeli, is kargavs elastiurobas. am cvlile-
bebis Sedegad brols aRar SeuZlia sakmarisad
SekumSva, raTa dainaxos axlomdebare sagnebi.
ormocdaxuT wels gadacilebul adamiane-
bisaTvis is uaxloesi wertili, romelzedac
SeuZliaT kargad fokusireba, progresulad
Sordeba maT.
akomodacia (accommodation) _ procesi, romlis
Tavi 4 / SegrZnebebi
saSualebiTac wamwamovani kunTebi cvli-
anEBTvalis brolis sisqes, rac saSualebas aZ-
levs, Secvalos fokusi axlo da Sori obieq-
tebisaTvis.
badura (retina) _ Tvalis ukan mdebare Sre, ro-
melic Seicavs fotoreceptorebs da gardaqmnis
sinaTlis energias nervul reaqciaSi.
fotoreceptorebi (photoreceptors) _ baduraze
mdebare sinaTlisadmi mgrZnobiare receptoruli
110
ujredebi.
badura
Tqven uyurebT TvalebiT, magram xedavT Tavis
tvinis saSualebiT. Tvali krebs sinaTles, ax-
dens mis fokusirebas da dasabams aZlevs Tavis
tvinisaken mimaval nervul signals. amrigad,
Tvalis yvelaze mniSvnelovani funqciaa gare
samyaros Sesaxeb informaciis sinaTlis tal-
Ridan nervul impulsad gardaqmna. es xdeba
baduraze, Tvalis ukana mxareze. mikroskopis
qveS SegiZliaT dainaxoT, rom baduras sxvada-
sxva tipis neironebisagan Semdgari ramdenime
maRalorganizebuli Sre aqvs.
sinaTlis energiis ZiriTadi gardaqmna ner-
vul impulsad baduraze Cxirebisa da kolbebis
_ sinaTlis mimarT mgrZnobiare receptorebis
saSualebiT xdeba. es fotoreceptorebi unika-
lurad arian ganlagebulni vizualur sistemaSi,
kargad naTdebian gare samyarodan da emijnebian
nervuli procesebis Sida samyaros. vinaidan
zogjer giwevT TiTqmis sibneleSi muSaoba da
zogjer ki kaSkaSa ganaTebis pirobebSi, bunebam
uzrunvelgyoT sinaTlis gardaqmnis ori gziT,
CxirebiTa da kolbebiT (ix. sur. 4.5). 120 milioni
wvrili Cxiri moqmedebs saukeTesod susti
ganaTebis pirobebSi, 7 milioni msxvili kolba
ki naTel, ferad garemoSi samuSaodaa speciali-
zebuli.
Tqven SegiZliaT SeigrZnoT gansxvaveba Cxi-
rebisa da kolbebis muSaobaSi yovelTvis, roca
daZinebis win CaaqrobT xolme Suqs. albaT
 suraTi
4.5

retinaluri gzebi
es diagrama warmodgenilia tradiciuli
da Zalian gamartivebuli saxiT. is gviC-
venebs gzebs, romelic akavSirebs ner-
vuli ujredebis sam Sres retinaSi.
Semomavali sinaTle gaivlis samive
Sres, sanam miaRwevs receptorebs, rom-
lebic ganlagebulni arian Tvalis kak-
lis ukana mxareze da mimarTulni arian
sinaTlis wyaros sapirispiro mxares.
aRsaniSnavia, rom bipolaruli ujredebi
kreben impulsebs erTze meti recep-
toruli ujredidan da agzavnian Sede-
gebs gangliozuri ujredebisaken. am
ujredebidan ki nervuli impulsebi
toveben Tvals optikui nervis saSua-
lebiT da miemarTebian Semdegi gadam-
rTveli punqtisaken.

bevrjer SeginiSnavT, rom Tavidan bevrs vera- ufro meti bipolaruli ujredidan erT gan-
fers xedavT darCenili mkrTali ganaTebis pi- muxtvaSi. centraluri foveis kolbebi agzav-
robebSi, magram cota xnis Semdeg Tqveni mxedve- nian TavianT impulsebs gangliozuri ujrede-
lobis mgrZnobiaroba kvlav umjobesdeba. Tqven
ganicdiT sibnelisadmi adaptaciis process _ akomod
Tvalis mgrZnobiarobis gradualur gaumjobe-
i.
sebas ganaTebis cvlilebis Sedegad sinaTlidan
TiTqmis sibnelisaken. sibnelisadmi adaptaciis
mizezi Cxirebis amoqmedebaa. isini ufro mgrZno-
biareni xdebian, vidre kolbebi. drois gasvlis
Semdeg Cxirebi reagireben ufro nakleb sinaT-
leze, vidre kolbebi.
badurs centrTan axlos aris patara ubani,
romelsac foveas uwodeben. is mxolod mWidrod
ganlagebul kolbebs Seicavs. iq ar aris Cxirebi.
es adgili gansakuTrebiT mgrZnobiarea ferebis
mimarT, aseve, yvelaze ufro zustad uzrun-
mxedvelobis sistema

velyofs sivrciTi detalebis SemCnevas. baduras

sxva ujredebi arian pasuxismgebelni im infor-
maciis integraciaze, romlesac Cxirebidan da
kolbebidan iReben. bipolaruli ujredebi nervu-
li ujredebia, romlebic axdenen nervuli
impulsebis kombinirebas mravali recepto-
ridan da Sedegebs gangliozur ujredebSi
agzavnian. Semdeg TiToeuli gangliozuri uj-
redi axdens impulsebis integrirebas erTi an
111
 suraTi
4.6
ipoveT Tqveni brma wertili
imisaTvis rom ipovoT Tqveni brma wertili, daikaveT es wigni daaxloebiT gaSlili mklavis
sigrZeze, daxuWeT Tqveni marjvena Tvali, moaxdineT fiqsireba bankis figuraze Tqveni
marcxena TvaliT da nel-nela miitaneT wigni Tqvensken Zalian axlos. rodesac dolaris
niSani iqneba Tqvens brma wertilze, is gaqreba, magram Tqven ver SeamCnevT xarvezs Tqveni
mxedvelobis velSi. analogiurad, Tuki Tqven gamoiyenebT igive proceduras da moaxdenT
Tvalis fiqsacias plus niSanze, xazi gamTliandeba maSin, roca xarvezi iqneba Tqvens brma
wertilze. orive SemTxvevaSi vizualuri sistema avsebs cariel adgils TeTri foniT,

bisaken maSin, roca baduras periferiaze mdebare
Cxirebi da kolbebi erwymian bipolarul da
gangliozur ujredebs. gangliozuri ujredebis
aqsonebi qmnian optikuri nervs, romelic vi-
zualur informacias Tvalidan Tavis tvinisaken
atarebs.
horizontaluri ujredebi da amakrinuli uj-
redebi informaciis integrirebas baduras gas-
wvriv axdenen. am ujredebis funqcia ufro metad
gamoixateba ara signalebis gagzavnaSi Tavis
tvinisaken, aramed ujredebs Soris kavSiris dam-
yarebaSi. horizontaluri ujredebi recepto-
rebs erTmaneTTan akavSireben, amakrinuli uj-
redebi ki aerTeben bipolarul ujredebs sxva
bipolarul ujredebTan da gangliozur ujre-
debs sxva gangliozur ujredebTan.
baduras anatomiur agebulebaSi aris erTi
saintereso ucnauri adgili, sadac optikuri
nervi gamodis. am adgils optikuri diski anu
brma wertili ewodeba. is srulebiT ar Seicavs
Tavi 4 / SegrZnebebi
robebs ar SevqmniT amisaTvis. es xdeba ori
mizezis gamo: pirvel rigSi, orive Tvalis brma
wertilebi iseTnirad arian ganlagebulni, rom
TiToeuli Tvalis receptorebi imis registra-
cias axdenen, rac gamorCa meore Tvals; meore
mizezi isaa, rom Tavis tvini „avsebs~ am adgils
Sesatyvisi sensoruli informaciiT garSemo
myofi areebidan.
imisaTvis, rom aRmoaCinoT brma wertili,
Tqven unda SexedoT suraTs 4.6 Semdegi pirobis
dacviT: es wigni daaxloebiT gaSlili mklavis
sigrZeze daiWireT, daxuWeT marjvena Tvali,
moaxdineT fiqsireba bankis figuraze marcxena
TvaliT da nel-nela miitaneT wigni Tqvensken
Zalian axlos. rodesac dolaris niSani iqneba
Tqvens brma wertilze, is gaqreba, magram Tqven
ver SeamCnevT xarvezs Tqveni mxedvelobis velSi.
Tqveni vizualuri sistema Seavsebs cariel
adgils TeTri foniT, romelic gars akravs am
adgils. ase rom, Tqven mxolod siTeTres

receptorul ujredebs. miuxedavad amisa, Cven „dainaxavT~, romelic realurad ar aris iq da

ver vamCnevT am xarvezs, Tuki specialur pi-
vizualuri qerqi (visual cortex) _ kefis wilis
nawili, romelSic xdeba vizualuri informa-
ciis gadamuSaveba.
optikuri nervi (optic nerve) _ gangliozuri uj-
redebis aqsonebi, romlebic atareben informa-
cias Tvalidan tvinisaken.
112
ver dainaxavT fuls, romelic moaTavseT bankSi,
sanam dakargavdiT mas!
brma wertilis meore demonstraciisaTvis
SegiZliaT gamoiyenoT igive procedura da
moaxdinoT fokusireba jvarze, romelic moce-
mulia 4.6 suraTze. Tuki wigns TvalebTan axlos
miitanT, dainaxavT rom wyvetili xazi gam-
Tlianda.
 (qiazmaSi), romelic formiT berZnul aso χ-is
(gamoiTqmis, rogorc „xi~) mogvagonebs. aqsonebi
TiToeul optikur nervSi mxedvelobis jvare-
dinTan or konad iyofian. boWkoebis naxevari
TiToeuli baduridan sxeulis im mxareze rCeba,
romlidanac isini modian, xolo TiToeuli Tva-
lis Sida mxridan wamosuli aqsonebi gadak-
veTen erTmaneTs da agrZeleben gzas Tavis tvinis
ukana nawilisaken (ix. sur. 4.7).
boWkoebis am or konas, romelic Seicavs
aqsonebs orive Tvalidan, am adgilidan ukve
optikuri traqtebi ewodeba. optikuri traqtebi
tvinSi agzavnis informacias ujredebis ori
blokisaken. mkvlevrebi mxars uWeren Teorias,
romlis Tanaxmadac vizualuri analizi orad
iyofa: pirvelis funqcia xatebis amocnobaa, Tu
rogor gamoiyurebian obieqtebi, xolo meoris
_ adgilmdebareobis gansazRvra, Tu sad arian
obieqtebi (Rao et al., 1997; Wilson et al., 1993). vizua-
luri funqciebis dayofa ufro dramatulad
gamoiyureba, roca individebi kargaven mxed-
velobiTi qerqis nawils travmis an qirurgiuli
Carevis Sedegad. ganvixiloT Semdegi SemTxveva:
suraTi
4.7
saidan
adamianis vizualuri sistemis gzebi
viciT
diagrama gviCvenebs, rom vizualuri velidan Semo-
suli sinaTle airekleba orive baduraze da gviC- mxedvelobiTi funqciebis dayofa
venebs marSruts, romliTac nervuli Setyobineba ba-
duridan gadaigzavneba TiToeuli hemisferos orive dons 14 wlis asakidan awuxebda mwvave,
vizualur centrSi. xangrZlivi Tavis tkivilebi da marcxena
vizualur velSi sensoruli xasiaTis
sirTuleebi hqonda. roca is 34 wlis iyo,
gadawyvita gaekeTebina operacia, romlis
Tavis tvinisken mimavali drosac neiroqirurgebi amoWridnen mar-
nervuli gzebi jvena kefis wilis patara nawils. qirur-
gebi mudmivad mkurnalobdnen donis Tavis
vizualuri informaciis saboloo daniSnule- tkivilebs, magram man mTlianad dakarga
bis adgili Tavis tvinis kefis wilis is ad- mxedveloba vizualuri velis marcxena
gilia, romelic cnobilia, rogorc ZiriTadi
mxedvelobis sistema

nawilSi, radgan amokveTili nawili Sei-

mxedvelobis qerqi. miuxedavad amisa, informa-
ciis umetesi nawili, romelic tovebs baduras,
gaivlis Tavis tvinis sxva regionebs, sanam miaR-
wevs mxedvelobis qerqs. modiT, gavyveT im gzas,
romelsac vizualuri informacia gaivlis (Van
Essen et al., 1992).
gangliozuri ujredebis milionobiT aqsoni,
romelic axdens TiToeuli optikuri nervis
formirebas, miemarTeba mxedvelobis jvaredinSi
cavda pirvelad mxedvelobiT qerqs. maga-
liTad, roca ganaTebul laqas uCveneben
fiqsaciis wertilis marcxniv (fiqsaciis
wertili _ esaa centraluri wertili,
romelzedac sTxoven cdis pirs Tvalebis
fokusirebas), igi, ubralod, ver acnobi-
erebs mis arsebobas.
fsiqologebma sTxoves dons mainc sava-
raudod amoecno, Tu sad mdebareobs gana- 113
 Tebuli wertili marcxena xelis saCvene-
beli TiTis saSualebiT. Sedegebi SesaniS-
navi iyo. donma TiTqmis iseve zustad gan-
sazRvra ganaTebuli laqis mdebareoba mis
„brma~ marcxena mxedvelobis velSi, ro-
gorc axerxebda amas „saR~ marjvena vi-
zualur velSi. Semdgomma eqsperimentebma,
agreTve, aCvenes, rom mas SeeZlo gamoecno
brma velSi naCvenebi xazi vertikaluri
iyo Tu horizontaluri da naCvenebi fi-
gura X iyo Tu O. testis ganmavlobaSi
doni sruliad ver acnobierebda laqebis,
xazebis da figurebis arsebobas. is amtki-
cebda, rom ubralod, varaudiT ambobda.
roca dons testirebis videoCanaweri
uCvenes, is gaocebuli iyo imiT, rom uTi-
Tebda ganaTebul laqaze, romelsac ver
xedavda (Weiskrantz et al., 1974).
donis „mxedvelobas~, Sesabamisad, brma mxed-
veloba uwodes. misi qceva vizualurad miRebuli
informaciis Sedegad xorcieldeboda, Tumca,
is ver acnobierebda obieqtis arsebobas. msgavsi
Sedegebi iyo miRebuli testebSi sxva pacien-
tebTan mxedvelobiTi qerqis analogiuri dar-
RvevebiT. es movlena adasturebs im faqts, rom
is qerqqveSa struqturebi, romlebic xeluxle-
beli rCeba dazianebuli Tavis tvinis qerqis
pirobebSi, uzrunvelyofs vizualuri analizis
iseT dones, romelic Seesabameba am amocanebs,
magram gacnobierebis gareSe. Tumca, es daskvna
sakamaTo rCeba, radgan Tavis tvinis mier vi-
zualuri informaciis kodirebisaTvis gamoyene-
buli uamravi gza arsebobs (Gazzaniga et al., 1994;
Weiskrantz, 1995). rogoric ar unda iyos nervuli
meqanizmebi, es movlena adasturebs, rom mxedve-
lobis zusti funqcionireba SeiZleba cnobi-
erebis gareSec ganxorcieldes.
Tqven ukve naxeT, Tu rogor nawildeba is
informacia, romelic Tvalebidan Tavis tvini-
Tavi 4 / SegrZnebebi
saken miemarTeba. mecnierebma kvlavac bevri ram
unda Seiswavlon. arsebobs vizualuri qerqis
daaxloebiT 30 anatomiuri qveganyofileba da
sxvadasxva Teoriebi am qveganyofilebebs Soris
komunikaciis saxeebis Sesaxeb (Hilgetag et al., 1996).
axla vizualuri samyaros calkeul aspeqtebs
davubrundeT. adamianis vizualuri sistemis erT-
erTi yvelaze saocari Tavisebureba isaa, rom
114 Cven mier formis, feris, mdebareobis da siRrmis
gancda dafuZnebulia erTi da igive sensoruli
informaciis sxvadasxva gziT gadamuSavebaze.
rogor xdeba es transformaciebi, romlebic
SesaZleblobas gaZlevT, dainaxoT vizualuri
samyaros es gansxvavebuli Taviseburebani?
ferTa SegrZneba
fizikur obieqtebs aqvT saocari Tviseba _
isini SeiZleba sxvadasxva feris saRebavebiT
davxatoT. Tqven Zalian xSirad migiRiaT STa-
beWdilebebi kaSkaSad Seferili obieqtebisagan
_ mwvane naZvis xeebisagan, meJolias lurji
kvercxebisagan, magram ferebis naTel gancdas
safuZvlad udevs am obieqtebisagan Tqvens
sensorul receptorebze sinaTlis sxivebis asax-
va. erT-erTi pirveli, vinc es sakiTxi jer kidev
1671 wels ganixila, isaak niutoni iyo:
sxivebi (sinaTlis) sworad rom vTqvaT,
ar aris Seferili. maTSi araferia, garda
energiisa da ama Tu im feris SegrZnebis
aRmocenebis unarisa. aseve, bgera, iqneba es
zaris, musikaluri simis Tu sxva ram mJReri
sxeulis, araferia, garda rxevadi moZraobisa
da haerSi araferia, garda obieqtidan gavr-
celebuli moZraobisa, ...ase rom, obieqtis
ferebi araferia, garda unarisa, aireklos
ama Tu im saxis sxivebi ufro farTod, vidre
danarCeni...
ferebi aRmocendeba maSin, roca Tavis tvini
amuSavebs informacias, romelic kodirebulia
sinaTlis wyaroSi.
talRis sigrZe da feri
sinaTle, romelsac Tqven xedavT, mxolod
patara nawilia fizikuri ganzomilebisa, ro-
melsac eleqtromagnituri speqtri ewodeba (ix.
sur. 4.8). Tqveni vizualur sistema ar aris
aRWurvili saTanadod imisaTvis, rom dainaxos
sxva tipis talRebi speqtrSi, rogoricaa, maga-
liTad, X-sxivebi, mikrotalRebi da radio-
talRebi. fizikuri Tviseba, romelic ganas-
xvavebs eleqromagnituri energiis tipebs, maT
Soris sinaTlisasac, aris talRis sigrZe anu
manZili ori uaxloesi talRis qims Soris.
xiluli sinaTlis talRis sigrZe nanometrebSi
(metris memiliarde nawilSi) izomeba. is, rasac
 fsiqologia Cvens cxovrebaSi
SeuZlia Tu ara teqnologias dazianebuli mxedvelobis aRdgena
1999 wlis dekemberSi ram-
denime sainformacio saagento
iuwyeboda, rom stiv uanderi,
romelic TiTqmis dabadebidan
brma iyo, imedovnebda, rom
Caitarebda eqsperimentul qi-
rurgiul proceduras, rome-
lic mis mxedvelobas aRad-
genda. proceduras ventai lui,
mark humaiuni (Wentai Lui, Mark
Humayun) da maTi jgufis sxva
wevrebi atarebdnen (Lui et al.,
2001). am proceduraSi patara
mikroprocesori pirdapir
ukavSirdeboda baduras da
kolbebisa da Cxirebis fun-
qcias cvlida, romelic ar fun-
qcionirebda daavadebis gamo.
samwuxarod, uanderi Zalian
xangrZlivi drois ganmav-
lobaSi iyo brma da amitom ar
iyo kargi kandidati am pro-
cedurisaTvis. Tumca, es teqnika
imeds aZlevda maT, visac vi-
zualuri sistemis jaWvis didi
nawili jer kidev dauzianebeli
hqondaT.
brma adamianTa umravlesobis
dabrmavebis mizezi maT ba-
duraze mdebare receptoruli
ujredebis _ kolbebisa da
Cxirebis kvdoma _ degenera-
ciuli daavadeba gaxda (uan-
deris sibrmave gamowveuli iyo
imiT, rom inkubatorSi, romel-
Sic is ganaTavses dabadebis Sem-
deg, miwodebuli iqna zedmeti
raodenobis Jangbadi). maSinac ki,
roca sensoruli receptorebi
wyveten TavianT arsebobas,
vizualuri gzebis sxva ujre-
debi, rogoricaa bipolaruli da
gangliozuri, ganagrZoben
arsebobas. baduras struqturis
mocemulobisas (ix. suraTi 4.5),
es ujredebi xelmisawvdomia
pirdapiri eleqtruli sti-
mulaciisaTvis. luis, humaiunisa
da maTi kolegebis mier kon-
struirebuli mikroprocesori
zustad amas akeTebda: is axdenda
eleqtrul stimulacias, ro-
melic Semomaval signals ara-
funqcionirebadi kolbebisa da
Cxirebis nacvlad agzavnida.
mTlian sistemas, romelic
cnobilia, rogorc mraval-
elementiani xelovnuri retina-
luri mikroprocesori (multiple-
unit artificial retinal chipset MARC),
ramdenime komponenti aqvs, rome-
lic funqcionirebs rogorc
Tvalis kaklis gareT, ise _
SigniT. magaliTad, miniaturuli
videokamera gamosaxulebas
garemodan iWers. es gamosaxu-
leba muSavdeba da igzavneba
mikroprocesorisaken, romelic
qirurgiulad aris implanti-
rebuli baduraze Tvalis ukana
mxares. es mikroprocesori
stimulirebas ukeTebs gangli-
ozur ujredebs badeSi da
televizoris Tu kompiuteris
ekranis msgavsad funqci-
onirebs: am simravlis TiTo-
euli elements _ TiToeul
piqsels _ SeuZlia miiRos
nacrisferi feris sxvadasxva
elferi, raTa uzrunvelyos
mxedvelobiTi SegrZnebebis
farTo diapazoni.
rogorc Tqven SegiZliaT
Tavad daaskvnaT, aRniSnuli
mikroprocesori ar aRadgens
mxedvelobas srulyofilad,
iseTnairad, rogorc es nagu-
lisxmebi iyo statiaSi stiv
uanderis Sesaxeb.
informaciis is raodenoba,
romelsac uzrunvelyofs es
xelsawyo, sakmaod SezRudu-
lia imasTan SedarebiT, rasac
Tqven Cveulebriv iRebT Tqveni
uamravi kolbebidan da Cxire-
bidan. miuxedavad amisa, am
eqsperimentis monawileebs
SeeZloT martivi gamosaxule-
bebisa da formebis identi-
ficireba. arsebobs imedi, rom
es mikroprocesori aRadgens
mxedvelobas iseT doneze, rom
adamianebi SeZleben imoZraon
sakuTar garemoSi da gaarCion
didi zomis SriftiT dabeW-
dili teqsti. uamravi adamia-
nisaTvis mTel msoflioSi,
romelsac daavadebis gamo
mxedvelobis sistema
dazianebuli aqvs Cxirebi da
kolbebi, MARS msgavsi teqno-
logiebis ganviTarebam SeiZ-
leba SeunarCunos mxedveloba.
vebgverdi: www.ece.ncsu.edu/er/
erl_eye.html
115

Tqven xedavT, rogorc sinaTles, aris talRis
sigrZis diapazoni 400-dan 700 nanometramde.
garkveuli fizikuri talRebis sinaTlis sxive-
bidan aRmocendeba garkveuli feris gancda,
magaliTad, iisferi-lurji ufro mokle sigr-
Ziani talRebisagan speqtris erT boloSi da
wiTeli-narinjisferi _ ufro grZelis sigrZis
talRebisagan speqtris meore boloSi. amrigad,
sinaTle fizikurad talRis sigrZis terminebiT
aRiwereba da ara _ ferebiT; ferebi mxolod
Tqvens sensorul sistemaSi arsebobs, rogorc
talRis sigrZeTa interpretacia.
feris gancda sami ZiriTadi TvisebiT xasiaT-
deba: feris toni, simaZRre da sikaSkaSe. feris
toni aris Tviseba, romelic gulisxmobs sinaT-
lis feris Tvisobriv gancdas. martiv sinaT-
Tavi 4 / SegrZnebebi
116
leSi, romelic mxolod erTi talRis sigrZes
(magaliTad, lazeris gamosxiveba) Seicavs, feris
tonis fsiqologiuri gancda Seesabameba pir-
dapir sinaTlis talRis sigrZis fizikur gan-
zomilebas. suraTi 4.9 gviCvenebs, Tu rogor aris
ferTa tonebi ganlagebuli ferTa wreSi. is
ferebi, romlebic aRiqmebian, rogorc erTmaneTis
msgavsni, mosazRvre ferebia. es Tanamimdevroba
asaxavs speqtrSi ferebis Tanamimdevrobas. si-
maZRre feris SegrZnebis Tvisebaa, romelic
gamoxatavs imas, Tu ramdenad wmindaa feri.
Seurevel ferebs aqvs yvelaze meti simaZRre;
Sereul, arasufTa, pastelur ferebs aqvT
simaZRris saSualo raodenoba; rux fers aqvs
nulovani simaZRre. sikaSkaSe feris Tvisebaa,
romelic gulisxmobs sinaTlis intensivobas.
TeTr fers aqvs yvelaze meti sikaSkaSe; Savs _
yvelaze naklebi. roca vaanalizebT ferTa Seg-
rZnebis am Tvisebebs, aRsaniSnavia erTi garemoeba:
adamianebs SeuZliaT vizualurad ganasxvavon
feris toni (hue) _ feris Tviseba, romelic
gulisxmobs sinaTlis feris Tvisobriv gancdas.
simaZRre (saturation) _ feris Tviseba, romelic
gamoxatavs imas, Tu ramdenad wmindaa feri.
sikaSkaSe (brightness) _ feris Tviseba, romelic
gulisxmobs sinaTlis intensivobas.
suraTi
4.8
eleqtromagnituri
speqtri
vizualur sistemas SeuZlia
SeigrZnos talris sigrZis
mxolod mcire diapazoni
eleqtromagnitur speqtrSi.
Tqven SeigrZnobT talRis
sigrZis im diapazons, ro-
melic naxatze gadidebulad
aris mocemuli, rogorc
ferebs iisferidan wiTli-
saken.
suraTi
4.9

ferTa wre
ferebi ganlagebula maTi msgavsebis
mixedviT. Semavsebeli ferebi ganla-
gebula erTmaneTis mopirdapire mxares.
Semavsebeli ferebis Sereva warmoqmnis
neitralur rux an TeTr sinaTles
centrSi. ricxvebi TiToeuli feris
tonis gaswvriv miuTiTebs speqtraluri
ferebis talRis sigrZis mniSvnelo-
baze, im ferebisa, romlebic moTavse-
bulia mxedvelobiTi mgrZnobelobis
diapazonSi. araspeqtraluri feris
toni miiReba mokle da grZeli sigrZis
speqtraluri talRis sigrZeTa SereviT.

erTmaneTisagan daaxloebiT 7 milioni sxvadasxva talRis sigrZeebs, romlebic ferTa wris

feri! miuxedavad amisa, adamianTa umravlesobas
ar SeuZlia ferTa garkveul kategorias mi-
akuTvnos maTi didi nawili.
modiT, avxsnaT ramdenime movlena ferTa
gancdis Tqveni yoveldRiuri gamocdilebidan.
Tqven, albaT, iciT isaak niutonis aRmoCenis
Sesaxeb, rom mzis sinaTle krebs yvela sigrZis
sinaTlis talRas: Tqven SegiZliaT gaimeoroT
niutonis cda prizmis gamoyenebiT da mzis sxivi
ferTa srul cisartyelad daSaloT. prizmis
saSualebiT gaigebT, rom sxvadasxva sigrZis
talRaTa swori kombinacia TeTr fers war-
moqmnis. sxvadasxva sigrZis talRaTa Serwymas
damatebiT ferTa Sereva ewodeba. kidev erTxel
SexedeT suraTs 4.9.
mopirdapire mxareebzea ganlagebuli, Semav-
sebeli ferebi ewodeba. isini Serevisas TeTri
feris SegrZnebas iwveven. gindaT Tavad dar-
wmundeT Semavsebeli ferebis arsebobaSi? gani-
xileT suraTi 4.10. mwvane-yviTeli-Savi droSa
negatiuri Tanamimdevari kvalis gancdas mog-
cemT (Tanamimdevar kvals ewodeba negatiuri,
radgan is sawyisi feris sapirispiroa). am mov-
lenas feradi mxedvelobis Teoriebis ganxil-
Semavsebeli ferebi (complementary colours) _ ferebi,
romlebic mdebareoben ferTa wreze da er-
TmaneTis mopirdapire mxares auditurad Sere-
visas TeTri sinaTlis SegrZnebas iwvevdnen.

suraTi
4.10
mxedvelobis sistema

negatiuri optikuri kvali

mzera daafiqsireTmwvane-Sav-yvi-
Teli droSis centrSi sul cota
30 wamis ganmavlobaSi; Semdeg
mzera gadaitaneT TeTr qaRaldze
da daafiqsireT is furclis
centrSi an kedelze. CaatareT es
cda megobrebze.

117
 visas avxsniT, roca daJinebiT daacqerdebiT
raime fers sakmaod didxans, Tqveni recepto-
rebis arasrul gadaRlamde da Semdeg mzeras
TeTr zedapirze gadaitanT, Tqven sawyisi feris
Semavsebel fers dainaxavT.
albaT, SeginiSnavT Tanmimdevari kvali Tqvens
yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi ferTa gancdisas. Tumca,
gancdebis didi nawili ar warmoiqmneba Semav-
sebeli ferebidan. Tqven, SesaZloa, droda-dro
erTobiT naxatSi feradi fanqrebisa da sa-
Rebavebis kombinirebiT. feri, romelsac xedavT,
roca uyurebT feradi fanqrebiT daxatul raime
obieqts an sxva ferad zedapirs, sinaTlis tal-
Ris sigrZea, romelic ar aris STanTqmuli zeda-
piris mier. miuxedavad imisa, rom yviTeli saRe-
bavi gamoiyureba umetes SemTxvevaSi yviTlad,
zogierTi sigrZis talRa ar airekleba, rac qmnis
mwvane feris SegrZnebas. analogiurad, lurji
saRebavi saSualebas aZlevs garkveuli sigrZis
talRebs ar aireklon, rac iwvevs lurjisa da
cotaodeni mwvanis SegrZnebas. roca yviTeli da
lurji ferebi kombinirebuli, yviTeli STanTqavs
lurjs da lurji STanTqavs yviTels. da erTad-
erTi feri, romelic darCeba STaunTqmeli _
gamoiyureba mwvaned! am movlenas substraqciuli
(substractive) ferTa Sereva1 ewodeba. darCenili
talRis sigrZe _ STaunTqmeli talRis sigrZe
aris arekvlili da swored is aZlevs ferebis
narevs im fers, romelsac Tqven aRiqvamT.
zogierTi es kanoni ar vrceldeba im ada-
mianebze, romlebic dabadebuli arian feris
SegrZnebis garkveuli anomaliiT. ferTa sib-
rmave aris ferebis garCevisYnawilobrivi an
sruli uunaroba. mwvane, wiTeli da Savi feris
droSaze Tvalebis fiqsirebisas Tqven ar
gagiCndebaT negatiuri optikuri kvali, Tuki
ferTa sibrmave gaqvT. ferTa sibrmave, Cveulebriv,
memkvidreobiT gadaecema. es defeqti dakavSi-
rebulia X qromosomis genTan. radgan mamakacebs
mxolod erTi X qromosoma aqvT, maT am rece-
Tavi 4 / SegrZnebebi
siuli Taviseburebis gamovlenis ufro meti
Sansi aqvT, vidre qalebs. qalebs defeqturi
geni orive X qromosomaze unda hqondeT, rom
gamouvlindeT ferTa sibrmave. kavkasiel
mamakacTa 8%-s da qalTa 0.5%-ze naklebs
axasiaTebT ferTa sibrmave (Coren et al., 1999).
1 2
qarTul fsiqologiur literaturaSi naxsenebia,
118 rogorc ferTa Serevis meore kanoni (red. SeniSvna).
yvelaze xSiria nawilobriv ferTa sibrmavis
is saxe, roca adamians uWirs mwvane da wiTeli
ferebis garCeva, gansakuTrebiT, Tu isini susti
simaZRris arian. ufro iSviaTad gvxvdeba xalxi,
romelic erTmaneTSi yviTel da lurj ferebs
urevs. yvelaze iSviaTi ki sruli ferTa sibrmavis
SemTxvevebia, roca adamiani saerTod ver arCevs
ferebs da mxolod sinaTlis xarisxis sxvada-
sxva variacias xedavs (mister i-is SemTxveva,
romelic naxsenebi iyo am Tavis dasawyisSi,
sakmaod uCveuloa, radgan misi ferTa sruli
sibrmave Tavis tvinis dazianebiT iyo gamowveuli
65 wlis asakSi). imis gasagebad, gaqvT Tu ara
raime defeqti ferTa SegrZnebaSi, SexedeT
suraTs 4.11. Tuki Tqven dainaxavT cifrebs 1-s
da 5-s am wertilebis erTobliobaSi, Tqveni
feradi mxedveloba, albaT, normaluria. Tuki
dainaxavT kidev raimes, albaT, gaxasiaTebT, sul
cota, ferTa nawilobrivi sibrmave (CautareT
es testi sxvebsac, kerZod, imaT, visac FferTa
sibrmave axasiaTebs da gaigebT, ras xedaven isini
am testSi). axla vnaxoT, Tu rogor xsnian mecni-
erebi ferTa aRqmis iseT faqtebs, rogoricaa
Semavsebeli ferebi da ferTa sibrmave.
ferTa SegrZnebis Teoriebi
ferTa SegrZnebis pirveli mecnieruli Teoria
SemoTavazebuli iyo ser tomas iungis (Sir Tho-
mas Young) mier 1800 wels. is amtkicebda, rom
arsebobs feris SemgrZnebi sami tipis receptori
normaluri mxedvelobis mqone adamianis TvalSi,
romelic warmoqmnis fsiqologiurad pirvelad
SegrZnebebs: wiTels, mwvanesa da lurjs. yvela
danarCeni feri, misi azriT, am sami pirveladi
ferisagan miiReboda, rogorc Semavsebeli fe-
rebis an ori mosazRvre feris kombinaciis
Sedegi. iungis Teoria Semdgom gaaumjobesa da
gaafarTova herman von helmholcma (Hermann von
Helmholtz) da cnobili gaxda, rogorc iung-hel-
mholcis triqromatuli Teoria.2
triqromatuli Teoria sakmaod damajereblad
xsnida adamianis ferTa SegrZnebebs da ferTa
sibrmavesac (am Teoriis Tanaxmad, ferTa sibr-
mavis SemTxvevaSi adamianebs mxolod erTi an
ori tipis receptorebi aqvT). Tumca, sxva mov-
qarTul fsiqologiur literaturaSi moxseniebulia,
rogorc `sami komponentis Teoria~ (red. SeniSvna).

lenebi ar aixsneba aseve kargad am Teoriis
mier. ratom warmoqmnis erTi feris mimarT adap-
tacia negatiur Tanamimdevar kvals? ratom aqvT
nawilobrivi ferTa sibrmavis mqone adamianebs
sirTuleebi yovelTvis ferTa wyvilebis garCe-
visas: wiTlisa da mwvanis, lurjisa da yviT-
lis?
am kiTxvebze pasuxis gacema gaxda qvakuT-
xedi ferTa SegrZnebis meore TeoriisaTvis,
romelic SemoTavazebuli iyo evald heringis
(Ewald Hering) mier 1800-iani wlebis bolos. misi
sawinaaRmdego procesis Teoriis Tanaxmad,
nebismieri feris SegrZneba sami ZiriTadi sis-
temisgan miiReba, romelTagan TiToeuli Seicavs
or sawinaaRmdego elements: wiTeli mwvanis
sapirispirod, lurji yviTlis sapirispirod da
Savi (arc erTi feri) TeTris (yvela feri)
sapirispirod. heringi fiqrobda, rom ferebi
warmoqmnian maTi Semavsebeli feris mqone
Tanamimdevar kvals, roca am sistemis erTi
elementi gadaiRleba (xangrZlivi stimulaciis
pirobebSi) da, amrigad, gaizrdeba misi opo-
nenturi elementis SefardebiTi wvlili.
triqromatuli Teoriis (trichromatic theory) Tanax-
mad, arsebobs feris SemgrZnebi receptorebis
sami tipi, romlebic warmoqmnian pirveladi
ferebis _ wiTlis, mwvanis da lurjis Segr-
Znebas.
suraTi
4.11
ferTa sibrmavis testi
pirovneba, romelsac ar SeuZlia
wiTeli da mwvane ferebis gansxvaveba,
ver SeZlebs figuraSi damaluli
cifrebis identificirebas. ras xedavT?
Tu k i T q v e n x e d a v T r i c x v 1 7 - s
wertilebis simravleSi, Tqveni ferTa
SegrZneba albaT normaluria.
heringis TeoriaSi ferTa sibrmavis tipebi qmnian
wyvilebs, radgan ferTa SegrZnebis sistema
realurad aris Seqmnili sapirispiro wyvi-
lebisagan da ara erTi pirveladi ferisagan.
mravali wlis manZilze kamaTobdnen mecnie-
rebi am Teoriebis Rirsebis Sesaxeb. sabolood
maT aRiares, rom es Teoriebi realurad ar
ewinaaRmdegebian erTmaneTs. isini ubralod
procesis or sxvadasxva etaps aRweren, romelic
Seesabameba suqcesiur fiziologiur struq-
turebs mxedvelobiT sistemaSi (Hurvich & Jameson,
1974). axla viciT, rom marTlac arsebobs sami
tipis kolbebi, Tumca, am kolbebidan TiToeuli
garkveuli sigrZis talRebis diapazonze rea-
girebs da mainc arsebobs talRis is sigrZe,
romlis mimarTac TiToeuli maTgani yvelaze
metad aris mgrZnobiare.
mxedvelobis sistema
saidan
viciT
kolbebi upiratesobas aniWeben
garkveuli talRis sigrZes
mxedvelobiTi procesebis mkvlevrebma
ganaviTares teqnika, romlis saSuale-
biTac xdeba calkeuli kolbebis eleq-
truli aqtivobis analizi. maimuni makakas
kolbis ujredebi „gamowovil~ iqna 119
 specialuri minis miliT, romlis dia-
metric iyo adamianis Tmis Reris diamet-
ris 1/25-ze naklebi. sxvadasxva sigrZis
sinaTlis talRas anaTebdnen milSi,
eleqtruli signalis Zalas, romelsac
gamoasxivebda kolbis ujredebi, jer
zrdidnen da Semdeg zomavdnen. am teq-
nikis gamoyenebiT mkvlevrebma aRmoaCines,
rom zogierTi ujredi yvelaze kargad
reagirebs 435 nanometris (nm) sigrZis
talRis diapazonSi („lurji~ ujredebi),
zogi _ 535 nanometris („mwvane~ ujredebi)
da zogi ki 570 nanometris („wiTeli~
ujredebi) sigrZis talRis diapazonSi
(Baylor, 1987).
am tipis kolbebis reaqcia eTanxmeba iungisa
da helmholcis hipoTezas, rom ferTa SegrZneba
sami tipis mxedvelobiT receptorebs efuZneba.
adamianebs, romlebTac axasiaTebT ferTa sibr-
mave, aqvT erTi an meti am tipis receptoruli
kolbebis defeqti.
Cven, agreTve, viciT, rom retinaluri gan-
gliozuri ujredebi axdens am sami tipis kol-
bebidan gamomavali signalis kombinirebas he-
ringis sawinaaRmdego procesebis Teoriis Ta-
naxmad (De Valois & Jacobs, 1968). sawinaaRmdego
procesebis Teoriis Tanamedrove versiiT,
romelsac mxars uWeren leo harviCi da doroti
jamesoni (Leo Hurvich & Dorothea Jameson, 1974), ferTa
TiToeuli wyvilis ori wevri erTmaneTis
sapirispirod (arian oponentebi), moqmedebs ner-
vuli Sekavebis procesis saSualebiT. zogierTi
gangliozuri ujredi aRmgzneb signals sinaT-
lidan iRebs, romelic wiTlad Cans da Sekavebis
signals im sinaTlidan, romelic mwvaned Cans.
sistemis sxva ujredebs aRgznebisa da Sekavebis
procesebis sapirispiro wesrigi aqvT. gangli-
ozuri ujredebis es ori tipi erTad qmnis
Tavi 4 / SegrZnebebi
sawinaaRmdego procesebis Teoria (opponent-pro-
cess theory) _ nebismieri feris SegrZneba miiReba
sami sistemisagan, romelTagan TiToeuli Sei-
cavs or „oponentur~ elements (wiTeli mwvanis
sapirispirod, lurji yviTlis sapirispirod da
Savi TeTris sapirispirod).
receptoruli veli (receptive field) _ adgili
mxedvelobiT velSi, saidanac mocemuli gan-
120
gliozuri ujredi iRebs informacias.
wiTel-mwvane oponenturi sistemis fiziologiur
baziss. sxva gangliozuri ujredebi qmnian
lurj-yviTel oponentur sistemas. sistema
TeTri-Savi Tqven mier ferebis simaZRrisa da
sinaTlis xarisxis aRqmaSi monawileobs.
vizualuri obieqtebis
kompleqsuri analizi
samyaros ferebis aRqma mxolod mcire
nawilia im kompleqsuri amocanisa, romelic
Tqveni vizualuri sistemis winaSe dgas. Tuki
fexburTis burTis daWera an krazanebis
budisTvis Tavis arideba gindaT, Tqven unda
SeamCnioT am obieqtebis iersaxe an forma, maTi
siRrme an daSoreba da maTi moZraoba sivrceSi.
Tqveni vizualuri sistema moicavs ramdenime
gancalkevebul da damoukidebel qvesistemas,
romelic erTi da igive retinaluri xatis
sxvadasxva aspeqts aanalizebs. neironebis
calkeul jgufebs aqvT unikaluri Tvisebebi,
dasabami misces feris, formis, kontrastis,
moZraobisa da teqsturis aRqmas (Livingstone &
Hubel, 1988; Vinjie& Gallant, 2000). Tumca, Tqveni aRqma,
saboloo jamSi, erTian vizualur suraTs
warmoadgens. Tqven mier misi danaxva ganpiro-
bebulia uamravi nervuli gzebiT Tqvens vizua-
lur sistemaSi, romelic normalur pirobebSi
uaRresad faqizadaa koordinirebuli (Merigan
& Maunsell, 1993).
Tqven SeiZleba gaigoT, Tu rogor mimdina-
reobs rTuli vizualuri analizi erTi faqtis
magaliTze: vizualuri nervuli gzebis TiToul
doneze ujredebi reagireben seleqtiurad vi-
zualuri velis mxolod specifiur nawilebze.
magaliTad, adre aRvniSneT, rom TiToeuli re-
tinaluri gangliozuri ujredi mravali recep-
toruli ujredidan miRebul informacias aer-
Tianebs. ujredis receptoruli veli es aris
adgili vizualur velSi, saidanac is iRebs
stimulacias.
retinaluri gangliozuri ujredebis recep-
toruli veli ori tipisaa (ix. sur. 4.12, A da B
nawilebi): (1) is ujredebi, romelTa stimulacia
velis centrSi aRagznebs ujreds, romlis
stimulacia garSemo mdebare nawilebSi masSi
Sekavebis process iwvevs; (2) ujredebi sapiris-
piro organizaciiT _ Sekavebis procesiT cen-
suraTi
4.12
gangliozuri da qerquli ujredebis receptoruli velebi
ujredis receptoruli veli aris vizualuri velis are, romlidanac is iRebs stimulacias.
baduras gangliozuri ujredebis receptoruli velebi aris wriuli formis (A, B); mxedvelobiTi
qerqis umartivesi ujredebi garkveuli mimarTulebiTaa wagrZelebuli (C, D, E, F). orive SemTxvevaSi,
is adgili, sadac sinaTle aRagznebs ujreds, aRniSnulia plus niSniT da sadac iwvevs Sekavebis
process, aRniSnulia minus niSniT. amasTanave, stimuli, romelic yvelaze metad aRagznebs
ujreds, aris is, romelSic areebi, sadac sinaTle aRmgznebia (aRniSnulia `+~ niSniT), aris

trSi da aRgznebis procesiT periferiaze. gan- am qerquli ujredebis receptoruli velebi,

gliozuri ujredebi mis centrsa da peri-
ferias Soris stimulaciis sxvaobaze reagi-
reben. isini yvelaze metad aRigznebian sti-
mulebis kontrastiT; on-centris mqone uj-
redebi yvelaze Zlierad ganimuxtebian naTel
laqaze, romelsac bneli sazRvrebi aqvs, xolo
off-centris mqone ujredebi energiulad gani-
muxtebian bnel laqaze, romelsac naTeli sa-
zRvrebi aqvs. erTnairi ganaTeba ki centrisa da
periferiis aqtivobis gabaTilebas iwvevs da
ujredi ar aris imdenad aRgznebuli, rogorc
es naTeli laqis SemTxvevaSi xdeba.
axla Tqven gaecaniT vizualuri informaciis
gadamuSavebis Taviseburebebs receptoruli da
gangliozuri ujredebis doneze, magram ra xdeba
vizualuri sistemis ufro maRal doneebze?
pirveli naSromi am sferoSi devid hiubelsa
maT aRmoaCines ujredebis organizacia, romelic
ufro zustad reagirebda garkveul vizualur
stimulaciaze (Hubel & Wiesel, 1962, 1979).
erTi tipis qerquli ujredebi, martivi
ujredebi yvelaze Zlierad reagirebdnen gan-
sazRvruli, maTTvis „gamorCeuli~ orientaciis
mqone sinaTlis zolebze (ix. sur. 4.12). kom-
pleqsur ujredebs, agreTve, hqondaT arCeuli
erTi, maTTvis „gamorCeuli~ orientacia, magram
isini moZraobis garkveul mimarTulebasac irCev-
dnen. hiperkompleqsuri ujredebi ki specia-
lizebulni iyvnen gansazRvruli orientaciisa
da sigrZis mqone moZrav zolebze an moZrav
kuTxeebze. ujredebi gansxvavebuli saxis in-
formacias agzavnian Tavis tvinis ufro maRali
donis mxedvelobiT centrebSi, rac maqsi-
mxedvelobis sistema

malurad exmareba tvins obieqtebis cnobaSi.

da torsten vizels (David Hubel & Torsten Wiesel) _
sensoruli procesebis fiziologebs _ ekuT-
vniT. 1981 wels maT nobelis premia moipoves
receptoruli velebis ujredebis Seswavli-
saTvis mxedvelobiT qerqSi. vizelma da hiubelma
moaxerxes katis mxedvelobiTi qerqis calkeuli
ujredebis ganmuxtvis registracia, romlebic
vizualur velSi moZrav laqebsa da zolebze
reagirebdnen. roca hiubelma da vizelma agegmes
am nawilSi yuradReba gavamaxvileTG vizua-
luri sistemis reaqciaze garemodan miRebuli
gaRizianebisas. mexuTe TavSi davinaxavT, rom
adamianTa aRqma Zalian xSirad warmoadgens
garemodan miRebuli informaciis _ sinaTlis
talRebis, romelic aRwevs Tvals _ da infor-
maciis Sida wyaros kombinacias _ codnas,
romelic ukve Senaxulia tvinSi.
axla bgeraTa samyaro ganvixiloT. 121

Sejameba
adamianis Tvali fotoaparatis msgavsad
funqcionirebs: sinaTle fokusirdeba Tvalis
brolis mier baduraze. swored baduraze xdeba
sinaTlis energiis ZiriTadi gardaqmna nervul
aqtivobad. baduraze mdebare receptorebi –
Cxirebi _ susti ganaTebis pirobebSi funqcio-
nireben, kolbebi ki naTel, ferad garemoSi
samuSaod da sivrciTi detalebis garCevaSi
specializdebian. baduradan miRebuli infor-
macia Tavis tvinisaken agrZelebs gzas gada-
muSavebis doneebis mTeli seriis gavliT, ro-
melTa saSualebiT xdeba informaciis seleqcia
obieqtebis identifikaciisa da maTi mdebareobis
gansazRvris mizniT. brma mxedvelobis fenomenma
vizualuri analizis gansxvavebuli tipebis
arseboba daadastura.
feris aRqma ganpirobebulia sinaTlis tal-
Ris sxvadasxva sigrZiT da mas sami ZiriTadi
Tviseba axasiaTebs: feris toni, simaZRre da
sikaSkaSe. ferTa Serevis niutonis kanonebis
Tanaxmad, sxvadasxva sigrZis talRis kombinacia
gansxvavebuli feris SegrZnebas qmnis. ferTa
sibrmave sxvadasxva xarisxisaa. iSviaTia ferTa
sruli sibrmave. feradi mxedvelobis mkvlevrebi
mxars uWeren rogorc triqromatul Teorias,
ise, oponent-procesualur Teorias. vizualur
sistemas sami tipis kolbebi aqvs, romlebic
upiratesobas aniWeben gansxvavebuli talRis
sigrZeebs. es sami tipis kolbebi erTiandebian
informaciis gadamuSavebis ufro maRal doneze
da dasabams aZleven oponent-procesualur
fenomens.
vizualuri analizis zogierTi saxe gangli-
ozuri ujredebis receptorul velebs efuZneba,
zogi ki ufro maRali donis ujredebis mier
arCeul specializacias _ obieqtTa mdebareobis,
orientaciis da moZraobis mimarTulebis mixed-
viT.
Tavi 4 / SegrZnebebi
smena
Tqven mier samyaros gancdisas smena da
mxedveloba erTmaneTis Semavsebel funqciebs
asrulebs. Tqven xSirad gesmiT stimulebi, sanam
dainaxavT maT, gansakuTrebiT maSin, Tuki isini
122 Tqven ukan mdebareoben an gaumWvirvale obieq-
tebis, magaliTad, kedlebis miRma arian moTav-
sebulni.
miuxedavad imisa, rom mxedveloba ufro
srulyofili saSualebaa im obieqtis identifi-
cirebisaTvis, romelic erTxel mainc moxvda
mxedvelobis velSi, vidre smena, Cven xSirad
mxolod imitom vxedavT obieqtebs, rom Cvenma
yurebma Tvalebs swori mimarTuleba miuTiTes.
smeniTi procesebis ganxilvas im fizikuri ener-
giis saxeebis ganxilviT daviwyebT, romelic
Cvens yurebamde aRwevs.
bgeris fizika
SemohkariT taSi; daustvineT; daakakuneT
fanqriT magidaze. ratom warmoqmnis es moqme-
debebi bgerebs? amis mizezi isaa, rom isini
obieqtebis rxevas iwveven. rxevis energia gada-
ecema garemos, Cveulebriv, haers, rogorc ki
rxevadi obieqtebi ubiZgeben garemos mole-
kulebs. amiT gamowveuli wnevis mcire cvli-
lebebi vrceldeba rxevadi obieqtidan garemoSi
sinusoiduri talRebis erTobliobis saxiT,
romelic 335 metri wamSi siCqariT moZraobs
(ix. sur. 4.13). bgera ar SeiZleba gaCndes srul
vakuumSi (magaliTad, kosmosur sivrceSi), radgan
iq ar aris haeris molekulebi, romelTac aamoZ-
ravebda rxevadi obieqti.
sinusoidur talRas ori ZiriTadi fizikuri
Tviseba aqvs, romelic gansazRvravs mis JRera-
dobas, esenia: ixSire da amplituda. sixSire
izomeba rxevaTa im raodenobiT, romelsac
asrulebs talRa drois mocemul SualedSi.
rxeva, rogorc miTiTebulia suraTze 4.13, aris
manZili marcxnidan marjvniv erTi talRis
pikidan momdevno talRis pikamde. bgeris sixSire,
Cveulebriv, gamoisaxeba hercebSi (hc), romelic
zomavs rxevaTa raodenobas erT wamSi. amplituda
zomavs bgeriTi talRis siZlieris fizikur
Tvisebas _ simaRles pikidan dadablebamde.
amplituda ganisazRvreba bgeris wnevis an ener-
giis erTeulebiT.
bgeris fsiqologiuri
ganzomilebebi
sixSirisa da amplitudis fizikuri Tvisebebi
dasabams aZlevs bgeris sam ZiriTad ganzo-

suraTi
4.13
sinusoiduri talRis warmodgena
sinusoiduri talRis ori ZiriTadi Tviseba aris
sixSire _ rxevaTa raodenoba drois fiqsirebul
erTeulSi da misi amplituda _ rxevis vertikaluri
diapazoni.
milebas1 _ bgeris tonis simaRles, siZlieresa
da tembrs. axla detalurad ganvixiloT es
movlenebi.
bgeris tonis simaRle
bgeris tonis simaRle ganisazRvreba bgeriTi
talRis rxevis sixSiriT. maRali sixSireebi
warmoqmnian maRal tonebs, dabali sixSireebi
ki _ dabal tonebs. sufTa2 tonebis mimarT
adamianis mgrZnobiaroba 20 hercis sixSiridan
20 000 h e r c i s s i x S i r e m d e d i a p a z o n S i
cvalebadobs. 20 hercze dabali sixSireebi
adamianma SeiZleba vibraciis saxiT SeigrZnos
ufro Sexebis, vidre bgeris saSualebiT. Tqven
advilad warmoidgenT, Tu ramdenad didia es
diapazoni, Tuki gaiTvaliswinebT, rom
fortepianos 88 klaviSi mxolod 30 hercidan
4000 hercamde sixSiris diapazons faravs.
rogorc fsiqofizikidan gaxsovT, kavSiri
sixSiresa (fizikur realobas) da bgeriT tons
(fsiqologiur efeqts) Soris ar aris wrfivi.
1
Tvisebas (mTargmnelis SeniSvna)
2
sufTa tonebs, agreTve, martiv tonebs, an wminda
tonebs uwodeben (mTargmnelis SeniSvna).
sixSiris skalis dabali maCveneblebisas six-
Siris zrda mxolod ramdenime herciT iwvevs
bgeriTi tonis SesamCnev cvlilebas, xolo
sixSiris skalis maRali maCveneblebis Sem-
TxvevaSi, Tqven gacilebiT metad unda gazardoT
sixSire, raTa SeamCnioT gansxvaveba sixSireSi.
magaliTad, fortepianos ori yvelaze dabali
noti erTmaneTisagan mxolod 1.6 herciT gan-
sxvavdeba maSin, roca ori yvelaze maRali noti
gansxvavdeba 235 herciT. es aris odnav SesamCnevi
sxvaobis kidev erTi magaliTi fsiqofizikaSi.
bgeris siZliere
bgeris siZliere anu fizikuri intensivoba
misi amplitudiT ganisazRvreba. didi ampli-
tudis bgeriTi talRebi ganicdeba, rogorc
xmamaRali, mcire amplitudisa ki _ rogorc
xmadabali. adamianis smeniTi sistema mgrZno-
biarea fizikuri intensivobebis uzarmazari
diapazonis mimarT.
majis saaTis wikwikis xma, romelic daaxlo-
ebiT 6 metris manZilidan gvesmis, intensivobis
qveda zRvarze mdebareobs. es aris sistemis
absoluturi zRurbli. Tuki is ufro mgrZno-
biarea, SeiZleba gaigonoT sisxlis moZraobis
xmac Tqvens yurebSi. intensivobis zeda zRvarze
mdebared ki SeiZleba ganvixiloT reaqtiuli
TviTmfrinavis xma, romelic daaxloebiT 90
metris simaRleze mifrinavs. es xma imdenad
Zlieri iqneba, rom tkivilsac ki gamoiwvevs
yurebSi. bgeris wnevis fizikuri erTeulebis
terminebiT, reaqtiuli TviTmfrinavi warmoqmnis
bgeriT talRas, romelic miliardjer ufro
Zlieria, vidre saaTis wikwiki.
radgan smeniTi diapazoni Zalian didia, bge-
ris fizikuri intensivobis diapazoni, Cveu-
lebriv, ufro SefardebiTi, vidre absoluturi
odenobis erTeulebiT gamoixateba. bgeris wneva
bgeris tonis simaRle (pitch) _ Tviseba, romelic,
ZiriTadad, bgeriTi talRis rxevis sixSiriT
ganisazRvreba.
bgeris siZliere (loudness) _ bgeris perceptuli
Tviseba, romelic gamoxatavs bgeriTi talRis
smena
amplitudas; didi amplitudis bgeriTi talRa
saerTod ganicdeba rogorc xmamaRali, xolo
mcire amplitudis bgeriTi talRa _ rogorc
xmadabali.
123
 _ misi amplitudis donis maCvenebeli, rac iwvevs
xmamaRlobis gancdas _ izomeba erTeuliT,
romelsac decibali (db) ewodeba. suraTze 4.14
naCvenebia zogierTi tipuri bunebrivi bgeris
intensivobis sidide decibalebiT da bgeris
wnevis Sesatyvisi erTeulebiT (dini/sm2) Seda-
rebisaTvis.
rogorc xedavT, or bgeras, romelic 20 de-
cibaliT gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan, aqvT
bgeris wnevis Sefardeba 10/1 proporciiT. aRsa-
niSnavia, rom 90 decibalze xmamaRalma bgerebma
SeiZleba smenis dakargva gamoiwvios. es maTi
eqspoziciis xangrZlivobazea damokidebuli.

tembri
bgeris tembri rTuli bgeris talRis kom-
ponentebs asaxavs. tembri aris is, rac gana-
sxvavebs, magaliTad, fortepianos xmas fleitis
xmisagan. fizikuri stimulebis mcire raodenoba,
magaliTad, kamertoni gamoscems sufTa tons,
romelic erTi sinusoiduri talRisgan Sedgeba.
sufTa tons mxolod erTi sixSire da erTi
amplituda aqvs. bgeraTa umetesoba realur
cxovrebaSi ar aris sufTa toni. isini kompleq- 4.15 naCvenebia rTuli talRebis formebi,
suri talRebia, romlebic sixSirisa da ampli- romelic ramdenime nacnob bgeras Seesatyviseba.
tudis garkveul kombinacias Seicaven. suraTze 4.15 suraTze mocemuli grafiki gviCvenebs
bgeraTa speqtrs fortepianos noti „mi~-sTvis

suraTi
4.14

nacnobi bgerebis doneebi decibalebSi

naxazze naCvenebia bgeraTa diapazoni decba-
lebSi, romelzedac reagirebs adamianis
smeniTi aparati absoluturi zRurblidan
raketis gafrenis xmamde. decibalebi
gamoTvlilia bgeris wnevis saSualebiT,
Tavi 4 / SegrZnebebi

romelic aris bgeriTi talRis amplitudis

donis maCvenebeli da zogadad Seesatyviseba
imas, rasac adamiani ganicdis, rogorc bgeris
xmamaRlobas.

124
suraTi
4.15
nacnobi bgerebis talRis formebi
es naxazi gviCvenebs nacnobi bgerebis talRis formebsa da bgeris speqtrs pianinos noti `mi~-saTvis.
ZiriTadi talRis sigrZe aris nawarmoebi ZiriTadi sixSirisagan, am SemTxvevaSi 256 herci, magram pianinos
simebi, agreTve, vibrirebs ufro maRal sixSireebzec (romelic cnobilia, rogorc obertonebi anu harmonikebi).
isini qmnian kbilanebs talRis nimuSze. es damatebiTi sixsireebi identificirebulia bgeriT speqtrSi.

(pirveli oqtava); yvela sixSires, romelic
realurad warmodgenilia am notSi da maT
amplitudebs.
kompleqsur tonSi, rogoricaa magaliTad,
noti „mi~, yvelaze dabali sixSire (daaxloebiT
256 hc) pasuxismgebelia im tonze, romelic Tqven
gesmiT. mas ZiriTad tons uwodeben, ufro maRali
sixSiris tonebs ki _ harmonikebs, an obertonebs;
romelic JRers ise, rogorc noti „mi~ forte-
pianoze.
bgerebs, romelTac Tqven xmaurs uwodebT,
ar aqvT ZiriTadi sixSireebisa da harmonikebis
naTeli, martivi struqtura. xmauri Seicavs
mraval sixSires, romelic ar aris sistematurad
dakavSirebuli erTmaneTTan. magaliTad, stacio-
naruli xmauri, romelic Tqven radiosadgurebs
smenasakvanZo sakiTxebi

maTi sixSire ramdenjerme aRemateba ZiriTadi
rxevis sixSires. sruli bgera, romelic Tqven
gesmiT, ZiriTadi bgerebisa da harmonikebis
erToblivi moqmedebis Sedegad warmoiqmneba,
rogorc naCvenebia speqtrSi. Tuki am sixSiris
sufTa tonebi da intensivobebi erTmaneTs
daemateba, amis Sedegad Tqven gaigonebT bgeras,
tembri (timbre) _ smeniTi SegrZnebis Tviseba,
romelic asaxavs bgeriTi talRis sirTules.
Soris gesmiT, Seicavs yvela smenadi sixSiris
energias; Tqven mas aRiqvamT ise, TiTqos ar
hqondes simaRle, radgan mas ar aqvs ZiriTadi
sixSire.
smenis fiziologia
axla Tqven ukve gaqvT garkveuli informacia
bgeraTa fsiqologiuri gancdebis fizikuri
safuZvlebis Sesaxeb. axla ganvixiloT, Tu
125
 rogor aRmocendeba es gancdebi smeniTi sistemis
fiziologiuri aqtivobisagan. pirvel rigSi,
vnaxoT, Tu rogor muSaobs yuri. Semdeg ganvi-
xilavT zogierT Teorias smeniT sistemaSi bge-
riTi tonis simaRlis kodirebisa da bgerebis
lokalizaciis Sesaxeb.
smenis sistema
Tqven ukve iciT, rom sensoruli procesebi
axdens eqsternaluri energiis formebis gar-
daqmnas nervul impulsebad. imisaTvis, rom
gaigonoT, unda moxdes ZiriTadi energiis oTxi
transformacia (ix. sur. 4.16): (1) haerSi gavrce-
lebuli talRebi unda gardaiqmnas siTxis tal-
Rebad, romelic moTavsebulia yuris lo-
kokinaSi; (2) siTxis talRebi Semdeg iwveven
ZiriTadi membranis meqanikur rxevas; (3) es
rxevebi gardaiqmneba eleqtrul impulsebad da
(4) impulsebi gadaigzavneba smeniT qerqSi. TiTo-
euli es transformacia ufro detalurad ganvi-
xiloT.
pirveli transformaciisas haeris rxevadi
molekulebi Sedian yurebSi (ix. suraTi 4.16).
zogierTi bgera Sedis pirdapir yuris gareTa
sasmen milSi da zogi ki _ gareTa yuridan anu
niJaridan arekvlis Semdeg. bgeriTi talRa
mogzaurobs sasmeni milis gaswvriv gareTa yuris
gavliT, sanam ar miaRwevs milis bolos. aq is
ejaxeba Txel membranas, romelsac dafis apks
uwodeben. bgeriTi talRis wnevis cvlilebebs
dafis apki moZraobaSi mohyavs. dafis apki
gadascems rxevas gare yuridan Sua yurSi, RruSi,
romelic Seicavs sam umciresi zomis Zvals

suraTi
4.16
Tavi 4 / SegrZnebebi

adamianis yuris agebuleba

bgeriTi talRebi miemarTeba gareTa yuris, anu niJaris saSualebiT, gareTa
sasmeni milis gavliT da iwvevs dafis apkis rxevas, am rxevas moqmedebaSi
mohyavs Sua yuris patara Zvlebi _ CaquCi, grdemli da uzangi. meqanikuri
rxevebi gadaecema ovaluri sarkmlis saSualebiT lokokinas. maT
moZraobaSi mohyavT mis RruSi arsebuli siTxe.patara bewviani ujredebi
ganlagebuli arian ZiriTadi membranis gaswvriv lokokinaSi da irxevian
siTxis moZraobaze, riTac axdenen maTTan uSualod dakavSirebuli
nervuli daboloebebis stimulirebas. amis Semdeg meqanikuri energia
126 gardaiqmneba nervul energiaSi da egzavneba tvins smeniTi nervis
saSualebiT.

adamianis sxeulSi: CaquCs, grdemls da uzangs.
es Zvlebi ayalibeben meqanikur jaWvs, romelic
gadascems rxevas da axdens mis koncentrirebas
dafis apkidan smenis ZiriTadi organosaken _
lokokinisaken, romelic moTavsebulia Sida
yurSi.
meore transformaciisas, romelic loko-
kinaSi xdeba, haerSi gavrcelebuli talRebi
gadaiqceva „zRvis talRebad~. lokokina siTxiT
gavsebuli spiralurad daxveuli milia. mas aqvs
membrana, romelic cnobilia ZiriTadi membranis
saxeliT. is ganTavsebulia mis Sua nawilSi
mTeli sigrZis gaswvriv. roca irxeva uzangi,
lokokina (cochlea) _ smenis ZiriTadi organo;
siTxiT gavsebuli spiralurad daxveuli mili,
romelic moTavsebulia Sida yurSi.
ZiriTadi membrana (basilar membrane) _ mdebareobs
lokokinaSi, roca is modis moZraobaSi, iwvevs
bewviani ujredebis stimulirebas (aRizinaebs
maT), romlebic warmoqmnian smeniTi gaRiziane-
bis nervul efeqtebs.
smenis nervi (auditory nerve) _ atarebs impulss
lokokinidan tvinSi mdebare lokokinis bir-
TvebSi.
smeniTi qerqi (auditory cortex) _ safeTqlis wilis
are, romelic iRebs da amuSavebs smeniT infor-
macias.
romelic mdebareobs ovalur sarkmelTan, lo-
kokinas fuZesTan axlos, lokokinaSi mdebare
siTxe iwvevs ZiriTadi membranis talRisebr
moZraobas (rogorc zemoT iyo naxsenebi, „zRvis
talRebs~).
energiis mesame gardaqmnisas ZiriTadi membra-
nis talRisebri moZraoba arxevs masTan dakav-
Sirebul patara bewvian ujredebs. bewviani
ujredebi smeniTi sistemis receptoruli uj-
redebia. bewviani ujredebis rxeva nervuli
daboloebebis stimulirebas iwvevs da axdens
ZiriTadi membranis meqanikuri rxevebis gardaq-
mnas nervul aqtivobaSi.
sabolood, energiis meoTxe gardaqmnisas,
boWkoebis konaSi gamavali nervuli impulsebi
toveben lokokinas. es boWkoebi warmoadgenen
smenis nervs. isini xvdebian Tavis tvinis fuZeSi
mdebare lokokinas birTvebs. vizualur sis-
temaSi nervebis gadakveTis msgavsad, erTi
yuridan momavali gaRizianeba gadaecema Tavis
tvinis orive nawils. smeniTi signalebi gaiv-
lian sxva birTvebis mTel rigs da miaRweven
smeniT qerqs, romelic Tavis tvinis naxevar-
sferoebis safeTqlis wilSi mdebareobs. am
signalebis maRali donis gadamuSaveba smeniT
qerqSi iwyeba (rogorc Semdeg naxavT, yuris sxva
nawilebi, romelic gamosaxulia suraTze 4.16,
sxva SegrZnebebis aRmocenebaSi monawileoben).
es oTxi gardaqmna srulyofilad momuSave
smeniT sistemaSi xdeba. milionobiT adamians
aqvs darRvevebi smeniTi sistemaSi. arsebobs
smeniTi darRvevebis ori zogadi tipi, TiToeuli
gamowveulia smeniTi sistemis erTi an meti
komponentis defeqtiT. naklebad seriozuli
dazianebaa siyrue, romelic dakavSirebulia
lokokinisaken haeris rxevebis gamtarobasTan.
am tipis dazianebis dros xSirad Sua yuris
Zvlebi ar funqcionirebs Sesabamisad. am de-
feqtis gamosworeba SesaZlebelia mikroqirur-
giuli gziT xelovnuri grdemlisa da uzangis
CasmiT. ufro seriozuli tipis dazianebaa ner-
vuli siyrue, anu defeqti im nervul meqaniz-
smena
mebSi, romelic warmoqmnis nervul impulsebs
yurSi an gadaaqvs isini smeniT qerqSi. smeniTi
qerqis dazianeba, agreTve, warmoqmnis nervul
siyrues. 127
 bgeriTi tonis aRqmis Teoriebi
arsebobs ori gansxvavebuli Teoria, romelic
xsnis, Tu rogor xdeba smeniT sistemaSi bgeriTi
talRis gardaqmna bgeriTi tonis SegrZnebad:
adgilis Teoria da sixSiris Teoria.
adgilis Teoria Tavidan SemoTavazebuli iyo
fon herman helmholcis (Hermann von Helmholtz)
mier 1800 wels da Semdeg georg von bekesis
(Georg von Bekesy) mier iqna modificirebuli,
gadamuSavebuli da Semowmebuli. man am
kvlevisaTvis 1961 wels nobelis premia aiRo.
adgilis Teoria efuZneba im faqts, rom ZiriTadi
membrana moZraobs, roca bgeriTi talRa Semodis
Sida yurSi. sxvadasxva sixSire ZiriTadi mem-
branis gaswvriv garkveuli adgilis amoZravebas
iwvevs. maRali sixSiris tonebi yvelaze did
talRur moZraobas iwveven lokokinis fuZesTan,
sadac ovaluri da mrgvali sarkmlebi arian
ganlagebulni. dabali sixSiris tonebi yvelaze
did talRur moZraobas iwveven ZiriTadi
membranis mopirdapire boloSi. amrigad, adgi-
lis Teoria amtikicebs, rom bgeriTi tonis simaR-
lis aRqma damokidebulia ZiriTadi membranis
im garkveul adgilze, romelic yvelaze metad
Riziandeba.
meore, sixSiris Teoria, bgeriTi tonis simaR-
les ZiriTadi membranis rxevis siswrafiT xsnis.
es Teoria varaudobs, rom 100 hercis sixSiris
bgeriTi talRa iwvevs ZiriTadi membranis rxevas
100-jer wamSi. sixSiris Teoria, agreTve, am-
tkicebs, rom ZiriTadi membranis rxevebi iwveven
neironebis ganmuxtvas imave siCqariT, ase rom,
ganmuxtvis siCqare bgeriTi tonis simaRlis
nervuli kodia. erTi problema, romelic am dros
Cndeba, isaa, rom individualur neironebs ar
SeuZliaT im siswrafiT ganmuxtva, rom maRali
bgerebi warmoadginon, radgan arc erT maTgans
adgilis Teoria (place theory) _ sxvadasxva
Tavi 4 / SegrZnebebi
sixSiris toni qmnis aqtivaciis maqsimums Ziri-
Tadi membranis sxvadasxva adgilebSi, ris Se-
degad bgeriTi tonis simaRle SeiZleba kodire-
buli iyos im adgilis mixedviT, romlis aqti-
vaciac moxda.
sixSiris Teoria (frequency theory) _ toni war-
moqmnis im siCqaris rxevas ZiriTad membranaSi,
romelic ekvivalenturia misi sixSirisa, ris
Sedegad, bgeriTi tonis simaRle SeiZleba
128 kodirebuli iyos nervuli reaqciis sixSiriT.
suraTi
4.17
zalpis principi
smeniTi nervuli ujredebis jamur koleqtiur
aqtivobas aqvs igive struqtura, rac Semosul bgeriT
talRas, maSinac ki, roca TiToeul calkeul boWkos
SeiZleba ar hqondes sakmarisad swrafi ganmuxtva,
rom Tan axldes bgeriTi talRis struqturas.
ar SeuZlia ganmuxtva ufro meti siCqariT, vidre
1000-jer wamSi. amis gamo, erT neirons ar SeuZlia
ganasxvavos 1000 hercze meti sixSiris bgerebi,
rasac Cveni smeniTi sistema sakmaod kargad
axerxebs. es SezRudva SeiZleba daiZlios e.w.
zalpis principiT, romelic xsnis imas, Tu ra
xdeba maRal sixSireebze. rogorc naCvenebia
suraTze 4.17, ramdenime neirons kombinirebuli
moqmedebiT, anu zalpSi, SeuZlia ganimuxtos im
sixSireze, romelic Seesabameba 2000 hc, 3000 hc
da a.S. sixSiris tonebs (Wever, 1949).
rogorc ferTa SegrZnebis triqromatuli da
sawinaaRmdego procesebis Teoriebi, ise, adgi-
lisa da sixSiris Teoriebi sargeblobs warma-
tebiT mxolod bgeraTa tonis simaRlis gancdis
sxvadasxva aspeqtebisaTvis. iTvleba, rom
sixSiris Teoria kargad xsnis 5000 hercze ufro
dabali sixSireebis kodirebas. ufro maRali
sixSireebisaTvis neironebs ar SeuZliaT ise
swrafad da zustad ganmuxtva, rom adekvaturad
moaxerxon signalis kodireba, zalpSic ki.
zalpis principi (volley principle) _ esaa sixSiris
Teoriis ganvrcoba, romelic amtkicebs, rom,
roca bgeriTi talRis sixSire aRemateba im six-
Sires, romliTac calkeul neirons SeuZlia
ganmuxtva, ramdenime neironi ganimuxteba erTad,
rogorc jgufi, Semosuli bgeris tonis simaR-
lis Sesatyvisi sixSiriT.
adgilis Teoria ufro warmatebulad xsnis
bgeriTi tonis simaRlis aRqmas 1000 hercze ufro
maRali sixSireebisaTvis. 1000 hercze ufro
dabali sixSireebisaTvis ZiriTadi membrana
imdenad farTod irxeva, rom mas ar SeuZlia
uzrunvelyos signalis gansxvaveba nervuli
receptorebisaTvis, romelTaTvis ZiriTadi
membranis rxeva bgeriTi tonis simaRlis
gansxvavebis saSualebaa. 1000 hercidan 5000
hercamde sixSiris diapazonSi orive meqanizmi
muSaobs. rTuli sensoruli amocana or sistemas
Soris iyofa; isini erTad gvTavazoben ufro
maRal sensorul sizustes, vidre es SeeZlo
uzrunveleyo mxolod erT sistemas. Cven Semdeg
davinaxavT, rom adamiani flobs, agreTve, or
SeTanxmebul nervul sistemas, romelic mas
garemoSi bgeraTa lokalizaciis amocanis
gadawyvetaSi exmareba.
bgeraTa lokalizacia
delfinebi da Ramurebi ar iyeneben mxed-
velobas obieqtTa adgilmdebareobis gan-
sazRvrisas Rrma wylis Tu mRvimis sibneleSi.
amis nacvlad, isini sargebloben eqolokaciiT
_ agzavnian maRali sixSiris bgerebs, romlebic
aireklebian obieqtebis mier, riTac qmnian
ukukavSirs da iZlevian informacias obieq-
tebamde manZilis, maTi adgilmdebareobis,
zomebis, teqsturis da moZraobis Sesaxeb. erT-
suraTi
4.18
droiTi Seusabamoba da bgeris
lokalizacia
bgeraTa sivrceSi lokalizaciis gansazRvris
mizniT Tavis tvini iyenebs gansxvavebas droSi,
erTi saxeobis Ramuras SeuZlia eqolokaciis
saSualebiT ganasxvavos obieqtebi, romlebic
erTmaneTisagan mxolod 0.3 milimetriT arian
daSorebulni (Simmons et al., 1998). miuxedavad imisa,
rom adamians ar gaaCnia es specialuri unari,
is mainc iyenebs bgerebs obieqtebis adgilmde-
bareobis gansazRvrisaTvis sivrceSi, gansakuT-
rebiT maSin, roca maTi danaxva gaZnelebulia.
es ori meqanizmis gamoyenebiT xerxdeba: im drois
SedarebiTi SefasebiT, romelic saWiroa bgeris
misaRwevad TiToeul yurTan da im bgerebis
intensivobis SedarebiTi SefasebiT, romlebic
aRweven TiToeul yurTan (Middlebrooks &Green, 1991;
Phillips, 1993).
pirveli meqanizmi Seicavs neironebs, rom-
lebic adareben im droebs erTmaneTs, rac
sWirdeba Semomaval bgeriT signals TiToeul
yurTan misaRwevad. magaliTad, bgera, romelic
lokalizdeba marjvena mxares, marjvena yurs
ufro adre miaRwevs, vidre _ marcxenas (ix. wer-
tili B suraTze 4.18). smeniTi sistemis neironebi
specializebulni arian am gansxvavebis Sem-
Cnevaze. Tavis tvini iyenebs am gansxvavebas droSi,
raTa gaakeTos sivrceSi bgeris SesaZlo
lokalizaciis zusti Sefaseba.
meore meqanizmi efuZneba im princips, rom
bgeras aqvs odnav ufro didi intensivoba im
yurSi, romelsac is pirvelad miaRwevs, radgan
adamianis Tavi TviTon qmnis bgeriT Crdils,
romelic asustebs signals. intensivobis es
gansxvaveba damokidebulia im bgeriTi tonis
talRis sigrZis SedarebiT zomaze, romelic
aRwevs adamianis Tavamde. grZeli talRebi, anu
dabali sixSiris tonebi, faqtobrivad, inten-
sivobis araviTar gansxvavebas ar gviCveneben
maSin, roca mokle talRebis, maRali sixSiris
tonebis intensivobebis gansxvaveba savsebiT
gazomvadia. adamianis tvinSi aris ujredebi,
romlebic specializdebian im signalebis inten-
sivobebis gansxvavebis SemCnevaze, romelic or
yurSi aRmocendeba.
magram ra xdeba maSin, roca bgeris wyaro
Tanabrad aris daSorebuli orive yuridan, maSin
xom ar SeiZleba arsebobdes arc droSi da arc
intensivobaSi gansxvaveba? swored aseTi situa-
smena
ciaa gamosaxuli suraTze 4.18. bgera, romelic
A wertilidan vrceldeba, Tanabrad aris daSo-
rebuli orive yuridan. daxuWuli TvalebiT
SeuZlebeli iqneba misi lokalizaciis zusti 129

gansazRvra. ase rom, Tqven unda SemoabrunoT
Tavi da yurebis mdebareoba SecvaloT ise, rom
daarRvioT simetria, es SesaZlebels gaxdis
miiRoT bgeris lokalizaciis gansazRvrisaTvis
aucilebeli informacia.
Sejameba
bgeriTi talRis sixSirisa da amplitudis
kombinacia dasabams aZlevs bgeriTi tonis
simaRlis, siZlierisa da tembris aRqmas. smeniTi
informacia ramdenime transformacias ganicdis
yuridan Tavis tvinisaken mimaval gzaze _
bgeriTi talRa gardaiqmneba siTxis talRebad,
romlebic warmoqmnian nervul reaqcias. bgeriTi
tonis simaRlis aRqma axsnilia ori meqanizmis
kombinaciiT. adgilis Teoria amtkicebs, rom
sxvadasxva simaRlis mqone bgera warmoSobs
Tavi 4 / SegrZnebebi
ZiriTadi membranis gansxvavebuli adgilebis
moZraobas; sixSiris Teoria amtkicebs, rom bge-
riTi tonis sxvadasxva simaRle iwvevs ZiriTadi
membranis misTvis Sesatyvisi siCqariT rxevas.
bgeris lokalizaciac moicavs, sul mcire, or
gansxvavebul process: Tavis tvinSi aris uj-
redebi, romlebic amCneven gansxvavebas droSi,
rac sWirdeba bgeras TiToeul yurTan misaRwevad
130
da gansxvavebas intensivobaSi, romelsac aRiqvams
TiToeuli yuri.
sxva SegrZnebebi
Cven yvelaze didi dro davuTmeT mxed-
velobisa da smeniTi procesebis ganxilvas, rad-
gan es sakiTxebi yvelaze ukeT aris Seswavlili
mecnierTa mier, magram sxva SegrZnebebic
mniSvnelovan rols asruleben adamianis TviT-
gadarCenis da, aseve, garemos dauflebis unarSi.
Cven mokled ganvixilavT sxva SegrZnebebs.
ynosva
Tqven, albaT, SegiZliaT warmoidginoT si-
tuacia, roca bednieri iqnebodiT ynosvis Segr-
Znebis dakargviT: gyoliaT rodisme ZaRli,
romelsac waugia skunsTan brZola? magram Tavi-
dan rom aviciloT skunsis sunis gancda, Cven,
agreTve, unda davkargoT vardis surnelis,
cxeli popkornis, zRvidan momavali sunis
SegrZnebis unari. suni _ kargi Tu cudi _
pirvelad Tavis arsebobas receptoris cilebTan
urTierTqmedebisas gvatyobinebs, romelic
ynosvis bususebis membranaze mdebareobs (ix.
sur. 4.19). mas SeuZlia miiRos nivTierebis
mxolod rva molekula, raTa dasabami misces
erT-erTs am nervuli impulsebidan, magram, sul
mcire, 40 nervuli daboloeba unda iyos
stimulirebuli, raTa SeigrZnoT nivTierebis
suni. es nervuli impulsebi sunis Sesaxeb
informacias ynosvis bolqvSi agzavnian, romelic
ganlagebulia receptorebis zemoT da Sublis
wilis qvemoT. ynosviTi procesi iwyeba qimiuri
nivTierebis SesvliT ynosviTi neironebis ionur
arxebSi, es ki, rogorc naxsenebi iyo mesame TavSi,
ynosvis bolqvi (olfactory bulb) _ centri, sadac
ynosvis receptorebi agzavnian TavianT signa-
lebs, romelic ganlagebulia zustad Tavis
tvinis qerqis Sublis wilis qveviT.
feromenebi (pheromones) _ qimiuri signalebi,
romelsac gamoyofen organizmebi mocemuli sa-
xeobis sxva wevrebTan urTierTobis dasamyareb-
lad; xSirad funqcionireben, rogorc distan-
turi seqsualuri mimzidvelebi.
suraTi
4.19
ynosvis receptorebi
iwvevs moqmedi potencialis aRmocenebas (Restrepo
et al., 1990).
ynosvis SegrZneba erT-erTi im mcire funqcia-
Tagania nervul sistemaSi, romelic aris TviT-
ganaxlebadi: roca Tqveni ynosvis receptorebi
daberdebian da mokvdebian, maT axali ujredebi
cvlis, romelic axal kavSirebs ayalibebs
ynosvis bolqvTan (Farman, 1992).
ynosva, rogorc Cans, ganviTarda, rogorc
sistema, romelic emsaxureboda sakvebis aRmo-
Cenasa da adgilmdebareobis gansazRvras (Mon-
crieff, 1951). Zalian bevri saxeobisaTvis ynosva,
agreTve, gamoiyeneboda safrTxis potenciuri
wyaros aRmosaCenad. is am funqcias kargad
asrulebda, radgan organizmebi ar unda Sesu-
liyvnen pirdapir kontaqtSi sxva organizmebTan,
raTa daeynosaT isini. garda amisa, ynosva SeiZ-
leba aqtiuri komunikaciis mZlavri forma iyos.
zogierTi saxeobis cxovelebi erTmaneTTan
qimiuri signalebis gamoyofiTa da aRmoCeniT
Sedian kontaqtSi. am qimiur signalebs fero-
menebs uwodeben. feromenebi qimiuri nivTiere-
bebia, romlebic gamoiyeneba erTi saxeobis far-
glebSi, rogorc seqsualuri mgrZnobelobis,
safrTxis, teritoriuli sazRvrebisa da sakvebi
wyaros signalebi. magaliTad, sxvadasxva saxe-
obis mwerebis mamri gamoyofs feromenebs, riTac
atyobinebs mdedrebs, rom is mzadaa Sewyvile-
bisaTvis (Farine et al., 1996; Minckley et al., 1991).
ynosvis SegrZnebis mniSvneloba icvleba
saxeobaTa Soris. ZaRlebs, virTxebs, mwerebsa
da sxva bevr cocxal arsebas, visTvisac ynosva
umniSvnelovanesia TviTgadarCenisaTvis, gaci-
lebiT maxvili ynosva aqvs, vidre adamians. maTi
Tavis tvinis SedarebiT didi nawili emsaxureba
ynosvis SegrZnebas. adamianebi ynosvas, rogorc
Cans, ZiriTadad, gemosTan kavSirSi iyeneben, raTa
ipovon da airCion sakvebi, magram arsebobs iseTi
faqtebic, rom adamianebic gamoyofen da
SeigrZnoben feromenebis msgavs nivTierebebs
sxva SegrZnebebi
(Jacob & McClintock, 2000). amas gvafiqrebinebs,
magaliTad, is faqti, rom, droTa ganmavlobaSi
axlo megobrebis menstrualuri cikli qalTa
saerTo sacxovrebelSi sinqronizacias iwyebs
(McClintock, 1971; Stern & McClintock, 1998). es
sinqronizacia qimiuri signalebiT aixsneba,
romlis SegrZnebac xdeba ynosvis saSualebiT
(Cutler et al., 1986; Preti et al., 1986). mecnierebi, agreTve, 131
 amtkiceben, rom ynosva SeiZleba garkveul rols
TamaSobdes seqsualuri aqtivobisadmi adamianis
mzaobaSi.

saidan
viciT
asrulebs Tu ara ynosva raime rols
adamianis seqsualur aqtivobaSi
kvlevaSi 289 qali monawileobda. maT
unda SeefasebinaT androstenonis, mama-
kacis oflis ZiriTadi komponentis suni.
qalebis umetesoba suns afasebda, rogorc
„arasasiamovnos~ an „aramimzidvels~. am
zogadi kanonzomierebidan gamonaklisi
iyvnen is qalebi, romelTac ovulacia
hqondaT. sunis maTeuli Sefasebebi ufro
neitralur iyo. ra daskvna SeiZleba
gavakeToT? mkvlevrebi varaudoben, rom cxvirsacobis gakeTeba Wamis dros saWmels ukar-
qalebi, romelTac ovulacia da, Sesa- gavs gemos, ris Sedegadac yvela kerZs erTnairi
bamisad, dafexmZimebis ufro didi Sansi gemo aqvs, rac bevrad ukeTesia, vidre maTi
hqondaT, naklebad savaraudoa, rom winaaR- sakuTari gemo!
mdegobas gauweven mamakacTa seqsualur Tqveni enis zedapiri dafarulia gemos dvri-
iniciativas mxolod maTi arasasiamovno lebiT, romelic mas uswormasworo iers aZlevs.
bunebrivi sunis gamo (Grammer, 1993). am dvrilebis didi nawili gemos receptoruli
ujredebis jgufebs Seicavs, romelsac gemos
bolqvebs uwodeben (ix. sur. 4.20). gemos recep-
albaT, gagaocaT ynosvis SegrZnebis mniSvne-
toris erTi ujredis Canaweri gviCvenebs, rom
lobam adamianis seqsualur cxovrebaSi.
individualuri receptoruli ujredebi yvelaze
kargad reagireben gemos oTxi Tvisebidan erT-
erTze: tkbilze, mJaveze, mwaresa an mlaSeze
gemos SegrZneba (Frank & Nowlis, 1989). gasul wlebSi mkvlevrebma
aRmoaCines gemos mexuTe, ZiriTadi Tvisebis
sakvebisa da Rvinis gurmanebs aqvT kargad
receptorebi _ umami (umami) (Chaudhari et al., 2000).
ganviTarebuli unari, SeamCnion odnavi gan-
umami natriumis glutamatia (MGS), romelsac
sxvaveba gemoSi, Tumca, maTi umetesoba amisaTvis
xSirad umateben aziur saWmelebs da bunebrivad
realurad ynosvas iyenebs da ara _ gemos Segr-
gvxvdeba cilebiT mdidar sakvebSi, rogoricaa
Znebas. roca Tqven WamT, ynosvisa da gemos Segr-
xorci, zRvis produqtebi da Zveli yveli. Tumca,
Znebebi mWidrod TanamSromloben erTmaneTTan.
am xuTi Tvisebis receptoruli ujredebi mci-
roca gaciebuli xarT, sakvebi ugemuri geCvenebaT,
rediT sxva gemozec reagireben, „saukeTeso~ reaq-
radgan Tqveni cxviris Sesasvlelebi bloki-
Tavi 4 / SegrZnebebi

cia yvelaze sworad asaxavs Tvisebas. rogorc

rebulia da dakarguli gaqvT ynosva. Tavad
Cans, gemos am ZiriTadi klasebisTvis gardaqmnis
SegiZliaT darwmundeT amaSi: cxvirze xelwa-
sistemebi erTmaneTisgan damoukideblad arse-
Werilma SeecadeT ipovoT gansxvaveba erTnairi
bobs (Bartoshuk &Beauchamp, 1994).
teqsturis, magram gansxvavebuli sunis mqone
gemos SegrZnebis receptorebi SeiZleba da-
sakvebs Soris, magaliTad, vaSlisa da karto-
ziandnen alkoholis, sigaretis bolis, mJavis
filis um naWrebs Soris. im saerTo sacxovrebel-
Sedegad. sabednierod, gemos SegrZnebis recep-
Si mcxovrebi zogierTi studentis azriT, rome-
torebi ramdenime dReSi erTxel icvleba _ ufro
lic saxelganTqmuli iyo Tavisi cudi sakvebiT,
132 xSirad, vidre ynosvis receptorebi. marTlac,
suraTi
4.20
gemos receptorebi
nawili A gviCvenebs dvrilebis ganawilebas enis zeda mxareze.
nawili B gviCvenebs erT dvrils, romelic naxatze gadidebulia, raTa gamoCndes calkeuli gemos bolqvebi.
nawili C gviCvenebs gadidebulad erT-erT gemos bolqvs.
gemos SegrZnebis sistema dazianebis mimarT
yvelaze didi winaaRmdegobis unarianobiT
gamoirCeva, sxva SegrZnebebTan SedarebiT. Zalian
iSviaTia SemTxveva, rom vinmem srulebiT, samu-
damod dakargos gemos SegrZneba (Bartoshuk, 1990).
Sexebisa da kanis SegrZnebebi
kani SesaniSnavad adaptirebadi organoa.
garda imisa, rom is gicavT zedapiris
dazianebisagan, gamoSrobisagan, gexmarebaT
temperaturis regulaciaSi. is Seicavs nervul
daboloebebs, romlebic warmoSoben wnevis,
siTbosa da sicivis SegZnebebs. am SegrZnebebs
kanis SegrZnebebi ewodebaT.
radganac Tqven didi raodenobiT sensorul
informacias iRebT kanis saSualebiT, sxeulis
zedapirTan axlos gansxvavebuli tipis mravali
receptoruli ujredi funqcionirebs (ix. sur.
4.21). naxatze gamosaxuli TiToeuli tipis recep-
tori kanTan sxvadasxva tipis kontaqtze rea-
girebs (Sekular & Blake, 1994). meisneris sxeulebi
yvelaze kargad reagireben maSin, roca raime
exaxuneba kans, xolo merkelis diskebi yvelaze
metad maSin arian aqtiurebi, roca raime patara
obieqti awveba kans. Tqven, albaT, gagikvirdebaT,
roca gaigebT, rom siTbosa da sicivis SegrZne-
bebisaTvis gansxvavebuli receptorebi arsebobs.
Tqven ar gaqvT erTi receptori, romelic
moqmedebs Termometris msgavsad. Tqveni Tavis
tvini siTbosa da sicivis calkeuli signalebis
integrirebas axdens, raTa akontrolos garemos
temperaturuli cvlilebebi.
kanis mgrZnobiaroba wnevisadmi Zalian farTo
diapazonSi icvleba sxeulis sxvadasxva ubanze.
magaliTad, Tqven 10-jer ufro zustad gan-
sazRvravT stimulis lokalizacias TiTebis
wverebze, vidre _ zurgze. sxeulis sxvadasxva
nawilis mgrZnobiarobis gansxvavebuloba gan-
pirobebulia nervuli daboloebebis simWid-
sxva SegrZnebebi
roviT garkveul ubnebSi da, agreTve, sensoruli
qerqis didi farTobiT, romelic maT See-
satyviseba. mesame TavSi naxeT, rom mgrZno-
biaroba udidesia iq, sadac es yvelaze metad
gWirdebaT _ saxeze, enasa da xelebze. zusti
sensoruli ukukavSiri sxeulis am nawilebidan
uzrunvelyofs Wamis, laparakis da aRqmis
procesebis efeqtur mimdinareobas.
133

kanis mgrZnobelobis erTi aspeqti centralur
rols adamianur urTierTobebSi asrulebs: esaa
Sexeba. Sexebis saSualebiT Tqven gadascemT
sxvebs Tqvens survils, miiRoT an gasceT sim-
Svide, mxardaWera, siyvaruli da vneba. Sexebis
adgils didi mniSvneloba aqvs erotiuli an
seqsualuri SegrZnebis aRmocenebaSi. am Tval-
sazrisiT gansakuTrebiT mgrZnobiare adgilebs
erogenuli zonebi ewodeba. sxva mgrZnobiare
Tavi 4 / SegrZnebebi
erotiuli adgilebis aRgznebis potenciali
interindividualuri gansxvavebulobiT xasiaT-
kanis SegrZnebebi (cutaneous senses) _ wnevis, siT-
bosa da sicivis SegrZnebebi.
erogenuli zonebi (erogeneous zones) _ kanis zeda-
piris adgilebi, romlebic gansakuTrebiT mgrZno-
biareni arian gaRizianebisadmi da warmoSoben
erotiul da seqsualur SegrZnebebs.
134
suraTi
4.21
kanis SegrZnebaTa
receptorebi
ramdenime sxvadasxva tipis
receptori aris pasuxismgebeli
kanis SegrZnebaTa gancdaze,
rogorica Sexebis, siTbosa da
sicivis SegrZnebebi. magaliTad,
meisneris sxeulebi yvelaze
kargad reagireben raime
obieqtis gaxaxunebaze kanis
m i m a r T, m e r k e l i s d i s k e b i
yvelaze aqtiurni arian patara
obieqtebis kanze dawolis
mimarT.
deba. is damokidebulia daswavlil asociaciebsa
da sensoruli receptorebis koncentraciaze
mocemul adgilze.
Sexeba SeiZleba garkveul rols TamaSobdes
TviTgadarCenis procesSi. magaliTad, naadrevad
dabadebuli bavSvebi, romelTac saavadmyofoSi
45 wuTis ganmavlobaSi yoveldRiuri masaJi
utardebodaT, fizikurad da gonebrivad gaci-
lebiT ufro swrafad izrdebodnen da viTarde-
bodnen im TanatolebTan SedarebiT, romelTac
ar utardebodaT masaJi (Field & Schanberg, 1990).
virTxebze Catarebuli kvleva gviCvenebs, rom
energiuli stimulacia aTavisuflebs zrdis
hormonebs da aaqtiurebs zrdis ferments _
dekarboqsilazas (ODC - onithine decarboxylase) Tavis
tvinsa da sxva sasicocxlo organoebSi. is naSi-
erebi, romlebic sicocxlis pirvel wlebSi
xSirad ayavdaT xelSi, ufro janmrTelebi arian
mTeli cxovrebis manZilze. sakontrolo jgufis
cxovelebTan SedarebiT, stimulirebuli naSi-
erebi gamoirCeodnen stresisadmi ufro meti
winaaRmdegobis gawevis unariT, ufro nela ber-
debodnen, maTi Tavis tvinis ujredebi ki ufro
didxans inarCunebdnen sicocxlisunarianobas
da ukeTesi mexsiereba hqondaT (Meany et al., 1998).
aqedan gamomdinare, praqtikuli rekomendacia
aseTia: SeexeT xSirad imaT, viszedac zrunavT
da sxvebic waaxaliseT, rom Tqvenc Segexon
xSirad – es ara marto siamovnebas moggvriT,
aramed gaaumjobesebs rogorc Tqvens, agreTve,
maT janmrTelobasac (Montague, 1986).
wonasworobisa da kinesteTikuri
SegrZnebebi
wonasworobis da kinesTetikuri SegrZnebebi
TqvenTvis SeiZleba ucnobic ki iyos, radganc
maT ara aqvT receptorebi, romelTa danaxva
SeiZleba, rogorc magaliTad, Tvalebis, yurebis
an cxviris. wonasworobis SegrZneba sivrceSi
Cveni sxeulis, gansakuTrebiT, Tavis orientaciis
SegrZnebas gvaZlevs. am informacias gvawvdian
receptorebi, patara bususebi, romelnic Sida
yurSi _ siTxiT savse parkuWebsa da arxebSi
mdebareoben. es bususebi ixreba, roca siTxe
moZraobs da awveba maT, es ki maSin xdeba, roca
Tavs swrafad amoZravebT. parkuWi da tiki
gatyobinebT informacias sworxazovani moZra-
obis aCqarebisa da Senelebis Sesaxeb (ix. sur.
4.16). sami arxi, romelTac naxevarrkalovan
arxebs uwodeben, erTmaneTis mimarT marTi
kuTxiTaa ganlagebulni, rac saSualebas
gvaZlevs miviRoT informacia nebismieri
mimarTulebiT moZraobis Sesaxeb _ Tu rogor
moZraobs Tavi, roca vtrialdebiT, roca vaqnevT
mas, an gverdze gadavxriT.
adamianebi, romlebmac ubeduri SemTxvevebisa
Tu avadmyofobis gamo dakarges wonasworobis
SegrZneba, sakmod dezorientirebulni arian,
wonasworobis SegrZneba (vestibular sense) _ in-
formacias gvawvdis Cveni sxeulis orientaciis
Sesaxeb sivrceSi.
kinesTetikuri SegrZneba (kinesthetic sense) _ in-
formacias gvawvdis Cveni sxeulisa da misi na-
wilebis moZraobisa da mdgomareobis Sesaxeb.
xSirad ecemian, axasiaTebT Tavbruxveva. miuxeda-
vad amisa, aseTi adamianebis umravlesoba, bolos
da bolos, mainc axerxebs am naklis kompensi-
rebas imiT, rom ufro metad eyrdnoba vizualur
informacias. gulisreva moZraobisas maSin aRmo-
cendeba, rodesac vizualuri sistemidan moma-
vali signalebi konfliqtSi Sedis vestibula-
ruli aparatidan wamosul signalebTan. moZrav
transportSi kiTxvisas adamianebs xSirad uCn-
debaT gulisrevis SegrZneba. amis mizezi isaa,
rom vizualuri signalebi uZravi obieqtidan
modis, xolo vestibularuli SegrZnebebi _
moZravi obieqtidan. mZRolebs iSviaTad emar-
TebaT es avadmyofoba, radgan isini xedaven da
grZnoben kidec moZraobas.
rasac ar unda akeTebdeT, idgeT verti-
kalurad, xatavdeT Tu varjiSobdeT, Tqvens tvins
sWirdeba zusti informacia Tqveni sxeulis
poziciisa Tu misi nawilebis sivrciTi mimar-
Tebisa da moZraobis Sesaxeb. kinesTetikuri
SegrZneba uzrunvelyofs mudmiv sensorul uku-
kavSirs sxeulis motoruli aqtivobis Sesaxeb.
amis gareSe Tqven ver SeZlebdiT nebismieri moZ-
sxva SegrZnebebi
raobebis didi nawilis koordinirebas.
Tqven gaqvT kinesTetikuri informaciis ori
wyaro: receptorebi, romlebic mdebareoben
saxsrebSi da receptorebi, romlebic mdeba-
reoben kunTebsa da myesebSi. saxsrebSi mdebare
receptorebi reagireben im daWimulobaze,
romelic Tan axlavs kidurebis sxvadasxva po-
zicias da daWimulobis cvlilebebze, rasac 135

iwvevs saxsrebis moZraobebi. kunTebsa da myesebSi
mdebare receptorebi reagireben im daZabulobis
cvlilebebze, romelic Tan axlavs kunTebis
SekumSvasa da gafarToebas.
Tavis tvini xSirad axdens kinesTetikuri
SegrZnebebidan miRebuli informaciis integ-
rirebas Sexebis SegrZnebidan miRebul infor-
maciasTan. Tavis tvins ar SeuZlia, magaliTad,
im signalebis srulyofili gaazreba, romelic
TiToeuli TiTidan modis, Tuki mas zustad ar
ecodineba TiTebis mdebareoba erTmaneTis mimarT.
warmoidgineT, rom, raRac sagnebs daxuWuli
TvalebiT agrovebT. Sexebis SegrZneba gaZlevT
saSualebas, mixvdeT, aris Tu ara aRebuli
obieqti qva, magram kinesTetikuri SegrZneba
Tavi 4 / SegrZnebebi
giqmniT warmodgenas mis sidideze.
tkivili
zemoT Sexebis SegrZnebis garkveuli aspeqtebi
ganvixileT. Tqven iciT, rom fizikuri kontaqtis
garkveuli formebi tkivils iwveven. tkivili
aris organizmis reaqcia mavne zemoqmedebis mqone
136
gamRizianeblebiT stimulaciaze, romelic
sakmaod intensiuria, raTa qsovilis dazianeba
gamoiwvios an mas safrTxe Seuqmnas. xarT Tu
ara srulebiT kmayofili aseTi kargad gan-
viTarebuli tkivilis SegrZnebiT? Tqveni pasuxi,
albaT, orive iqneba _ „ki~-c da „ara~-c. „ki~-s
SemTxvevaSi tkivilis SegrZneba mniSvnelovania
Tqveni gadarCenisTvis. adamianebi, romelTac
dabadebidan dakarguli aqvT tkivilis Segr-
Znebis unari, xSirad iReben sxeulis sxvadasxva
dazianebebs, romelTa Tavidan acileba SesaZ-
lebeli iqneboda, Tuki Tavis tvini SeZlebda
maT gafrTxilebas mosalodneli safrTxis
Sesaxeb (Larner et al., 1994). maTi magaliTi gasagebs
xdis tkivilis SegrZnebis, rogorc dacvis
signalis mniSvnelobas _ is gafrTxilebT
potenciuri zianis Sesaxeb. „aras~ upasuxebT,
radgan zogjer aris momentebi, roca Tqven
bednieri iqnebodiT, rom SegZlebodaT tkivilis
SegrZnebis gamorTva. 50 milionze meti adamiani
aSS-Si itanjeba mudmivi, qronikuli tkiviliT.
samedicino xarjebi tkivilis gasayuCeblad
da dakarguli samuSao dReebi weliwadSi 70
miliard dolaradaa Sefasebuli (Turk, 1994).
rogorc Cans, uwyveti, qronikuli tkivili
xSirad iwvevs mwvave depresias da mizezia imisa,
rom aseTi tkivilebis mqone adamianebi uar-
yofiTad afaseben TavianT cxovrebas (Banks &
Kerns, 1996). gasagebia, rom mecnierebs ainteresebT
tkivilis SegrZnebis gamomwvevi meqanizmebis
Seswavla, raTa daeuflon misi Semcirebis
teqnikas.
tkivilis meqanizmebi
TiTqmis yvela cxoveli ibadeba ama Tu im
tipis tkivilis dacviTi sistemiT, romelic
iwvevs avtomaturad garkveuli stimulebisagan
gaqcevis refleqss. roca stimulis intensivoba
zeda zRurbls miaRwevs, organizmi gaqceviT
pasuxobs, ra Tqma unda, Tuki SeuZlia es. garda
amisa, is swrafad swavlobs tkivilis gamomwvevi
tkivili (pain) _ organizmis reaqcia mavne zemoq-
medebis mqone gamRizianeblebis stimulaciaze,
romelic aris sakmaod intensiuri, raTa gamoiw-
vios qsovilis dazianeba an Seuqmnas mas safr-
Txe.
stimulebis identificirebas da SeZlebisada-
gvarad Tavidan icilebs maT.
arsebobs ori saxis tkivilis SegrZneba:
nocicepturi da nevropaTiuri. nocicepturi
tkivili aris uaryofiTi SegrZneba, romelsac
mavne zemoqmedebis mqone gamRizianebeli iwvevs.
magaliTad, es aris SegrZneba, romelic gagiC-
ndebaT cxel qurasTan Sexebisas. kanSi mdebare
specialuri nervuli daboloeba agzavnis tki-
vilis Setyobinebas Tqveni xelidan zeviT,
zurgis tvinis gavliT Tavis tvinisaken. xelis
ukan gamoweviT SegiZliaT am tipis tkivilis
Sewyveta. nevropaTiuri tkivili gamowveulia
nervebis aranormaluri gadaWarbebuli funqcio-
nirebiT. is aRmocendeba dazianebuli an daava-
debuli nervebidan, risi mizezicaa, magaliTad,
ubeduri SemTxveva an kibo. medikamentebs da
mkurnalobis sxva saSualebebs, romlebic awyna-
reben nervebs, aseTi tipis tkivilebis Semsubu-
qeba SeuZliaT.
mecnierebma im specifikuri receptorebis
gansazRvra daiwyes, romlebic reagireben safarvelis gareSe. zurgis tvinTan dawyebuli
tkivilis gamomwvev stimulebze. maT aRmoaCines, impulsebi gadaecema Talamuss da Semdeg _ Tavis
rom z o g i e r Ti receptori mxolod tvinis qerqs, sadac xdeba tkivilis lokali-
temperaturaze reagirebs, zogierTi _ qimiur zaciisa da intensivobis gansazRvra, dazianebis
nivTierebebze, sxvebi ki _ meqanikur stimulebze. mniSvnelovnebis Sefaseba da samoqmedo gegmis
arsebobs receptorebi, romlebic tkivilis dasaxva.
gamomwvevi stimulebis kombinaciaze reagireben.
tkivilis boWkoebis qseli qmnis SesaniSnav bades,
tkivilis fsiqologia
romelic mTel sxeuls faravs. periferiuli
nervuli boWkoebi tkivilis signalebs centra- emociuri reaqciebi, konteqstualuri faqto-
lur nervul sistemaSi ori gziT agzavnian: rebi da situaciis interpretacia SeiZleba
swrafi gamtarunarianobis nervuli boWkoebiT, iseTive mniSvnelovan rols asrulebdes tki-
romlebic dafarulni arian mieliniT da neli, vilis gancdaSi, rogorc realuri fizikuri
ufro patara nervuli boWkoebiT, mielinis stimuli (Price, 2000; Turk, 1994). fsiqologiuri
procesebis mniSvnelobas tkivilis gancdaSi
naTlad gviCvenebs Semdegi ori ukiduresi Sem-
nocicefturi tkivili (nociceptive pain) _ gamowve- Txveva: erTi, roca aris tkivili, magram ar ar-
ulia mavne zemoqmedebis mqone eqsternaluri sebobs misi gamomwvevi fizikuri stimuli da
stimuliT; kanSi arsebuli specializebuli meore, roca ar aris tkivili, miuxedavad didi
nervuli daboloebebi agzavnian tkivilis
intensivobis tkivilis gamomwvevi stimulis
Sesaxeb Setyobinebas kanidan zurgis tvinis
sxva SegrZnebebi

gavliT Tavis tvinSi. arsebobisa. magaliTad, im adamianTa 10%-ze meti,

nevropaTiuri tkivili (neuropathic pain) _gamowve-
ulia nervebis aranormaluri an zedmetad
aqtiuri funqcionirebiT; is nervebis dazianebis
an daavadebis mizezia.
fantomuri kiduris fenomeni (phantom limb phenom-
enon) _ mwvave da qronikuli tkivilis SegrZneba
amputirebul kidurSi.
romelTac amputirebuli aqvT kidurebi, uCivian
mwvave da qronikul tkivilebs im kidurSi,
romelic maT aRar aqvT. amas fantomuri kiduris
fenomeni ewodeba (Melzack, 1992). amis sapiris-
pirod, zogierT individs, romelic monawi-
leobs religiur ritualebSi, SeuZlia tkivi-
lis SegrZnebis blokireba tkivilis gamom-
137
 fsiqologia Cvens cxovrebaSi
gqoniaT odesme aseTi gamoc-
dileba? Tqven miirTmevT ro-
melime Zalian cxare kerZs Ci-
nur an tailandur restoranSi
da SemTxveviT CakbiCeT Zalze
cxare wiwaka. am momentSi is
siamovneba, romelsac sakvebi-
sgan iRebT, Zlier tkivilad
gadaiqceva. Tuki aseT ram
odesme SegmTxveviaT, Tqven
iciT, rom gemos sferoSi ar-
sebobs kavSiri maT Soris, rac
ganiWebT siamovnebas da tki-
vils. ganvixiloT es damoki-
debuleba.
fiziologiurad advilia
imis axsna, Tu ratom iwvevs cxa-
re wiwaka tkivils. Tqvens enaze
arsebuli gemos bolqvebi
dakavSirebulia nocicepturi
tkivilis boWkoebTan (Bartoshuk,
1993). amrigad, erTi da igive
qimiurma nivTierebam SeiZleba
gaaRizianos rogorc gemos
bolqvebSi mdebare recep-
torebi, ise, masTan Zalian
axlos mdebare tkivilis boW-
koebi (Caterina et al., 2000). cxare
wiwakis SemTxvevaSi, es nivTie-
rebaa kafsacini. Tuki Tqven
gsurT isiamovnoT cxare sakve-
biT, unda SeecadoT sakvebSi
SeinarCunoT am nivTierebis
saWiro koncentracia ise, rom
man ufro metad gaaRizianos
Tqveni gemos receptorebi,
vidre tkivilis receptorebi.
albaT gainteresebT, ratom
gansxvavdebian adamianebi erTma-
neTisagan cxare sakvebis mimarT
Tavi 4 / SegrZnebebi
damokidebulebis mixedviT? maT
ukvirT xolme, ro ca maT
megobrebs SeuZliaT an ar
SeuZliaT cxare sakvebis Wama.
am gansxvavebis asaxsnelad
kvlav fiziologias mivmarToT.
rac ufro metia gemos bol-
qvebi, miT ufro metia tkivilis
receptorebic. amitom ufro
138 didia imis albaToba, rom is
ratom iwvevs cxare saWmeli tkivils?
adamianebi, romelTac bevri
gemos bolqvebi aqvT, ufro
Zlier tkivils ganicdian kafsa-
cinisagan. im individebs, romel-
Tac bevri gemos bolqvebi aqvT,
superdegustatorebi daarqves
(Bartoshuk, 1993), xolo maT, visac
ufro mcire raodenebiT aqvT es
receptorebi _ nondegustato-
rebi. individTa es ori jgufi
ar gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan
mravali gemos SegrZnebebis
mixedviT _ Tqven SeiZleba arc
icodeT superdegustatori
xarT, nondegustatori Tu raRac
Sualeduri. gansxvaveba mxolod
garkveuli qimiuri nivTiere-
bebis, magaliTad, kafsacinis
mimarT mgrZnobiarobaSi vlin-
deba.
gemos bolqvebis simWidrovis
mixedviT interindividualuri
sxvaoba genetikuri aRmoCnda
(Bartoshuk et al., 1994). qalebi ufro
xSirad arian superdegusta-
torebi, vidre kacebi. super-
degustatorebi, saerTod, ufro
mgrZnobiareni arian mware qimi-
uri nivTierebebis mimarT (sim-
ware damaxasiaTebelia sawam-
lavTa didi umravlesobisaTvis).
radganac qals yovelTvis ufro
meti pasuxismgebloba ekisre-
boda STamomavlobis gazrdasa
da kvebaSi evoluciis manZilze,
im qalebis bavSvebs, romlebsac
meti gemos mgrZnobiaroba axa-
(a)
siaTebdaT, gadarCenis ufro
meti Sansi hqondaT. radganac
degustatoris statusi gene-
tikuria, am aspeqtSi gansxva-
veba ukve patara bavSvebSic
SeimCneva (Anliken et al., 1991).
xuTidan Svid wlamde super-
degustatori bavSvebi upira-
tesobas aniWeben rZes yvelTan
SedarebiT da piriqiT _
nondegustatorebi _ yvels
rZesTan SedarebiT. ratom?
superdegustatorebi rZes
aRiq vamen, rogorc ufro
Tbils da yvels _ rogorc
ufro mwares, vidre nonde-
gustatorebi. amrigad, gene-
tikuri gansxvavebebi gvexma-
reba avxsnaT, Tu ratom aqvs
zogierT bavSvs ase gamo-
xatuli gemos Taviseburebani.
magram, modiT davubrundeT
restornis kerZs, romelmac
tkivilis SegrZneba gamoiwvia.
albaT, SegimCneviaT, rom
tkivilis SegrZneba TandaTan
qreba. am mxriv, pirSi ganla-
gebuli tkivilis receptorebi
moqmedebs sxva sensoruli
receptorebis msgavsad: droTa
ganmavlobaSi Tqven adap-
tirdebiT mudmivi stimu-
laciis mimarT. albaT Zalian
kargia, rom sensorul proce-
sebs tkivilis Semsubuqebis
funqciac aqvT da mas saWiro
momentSi gvTavazoben xolme.
(b)
wvevi intensiuri stimulaciis pirobebSic,
rogoricaa, magaliTad, cxel nakverCxlebze
siaruli an nemsiT sxeulis gaxvreta.
saerTod, tkivilis SegrZnebaze did gavlenas
axdens konteqsti da reagirebis SeZenili Cvevebi.
vinaidan tkivili fsiqologiuri reaqciebis erT-
erTi saxea, is SeiZleba Seicvalos iseTi
mkurnalobis Sedegad, romelic fsiqikur pro-
cesebze iseTi zemoqmedebas iyenebs, rogoricaa
hipnozi, Rrma relaqsacia, yuradRebis gadatana.
magaliTad, anesTeziis gareSe mSobiarobis mo-
samzadebeli lamazes (Lamaze) meTodiT samSobiaro
tkivilebis Semcirebas ramdenime aseTi meTodis
kombinaciiT cdiloben. lamazes sunTqviTi
varjiSebi mSobiares relaqsaciaSi exmareba da
yuradReba gadaaqvs tkivilis adgilidan.
yuradRebis gadatanis, sasiamovno warmodgenebis,
Setyobinebebis gamoyeneba qmnis rbil, sasargeblo
Semxvedr stimulacias da meuRlisa Tu megobris
socialuri mxardaWera _ yvelaferi erTad momaval
dedas am mtkivneul situaciaze kontrolis Zlier
gancdas aZlevs.
ra gavlenas axdens tkivilis SegrZnebaze
fsiqologiuri konteqstSi? erT-erTi Teoria,
romelic tkivilis Semcirebis gzebs exeba, cno-
bilia karibWis kontrolis Teoriis saxeliT
(Ronald Mezlack, 1973, 1980). am Teoriis mixedviT,
zurgis tvinis ujredebi moqmedeben rogorc nev-
rologiuri kari, romelic xels uSlis
tkivilis zogierTi signalis Tavis tvinSi
SeRwevas da mis blokirebas axdens, zogierTs
ki _ atarebs. Tavis tvini da kanis receptorebi
signals zurgis tvinisken agzavnian, raTa man
gaaRos an daketos es kari. Tavis tvinidan
swored es daRmavali signali uzrunvelyofs
fsiqologiur konteqsts, romelic axlavs Tan
tkivils. gasul wlebSi melzakma (Melzack, 1999)
warmoadgina ganaxlebuli Teoria _ tkivilis
neiromatriculi Teoria, romelic xsnis im faq-
karibWis kontrolis Teoria (gate-control theory)
_ exeba tkivilis Semcirebas, romelic xdeba
maSin, roca zurgis tvinis garkveuli ujredebi
moqmedebs rogorc kari, uSlis xels tkivilis
gavrcelebas da misi zogierTi signalis blok-
irebas axdens, zogierTs ki agzavnis Tavis tvin-
Si.
tebs, rom adamianebi xSirad ganicdian tkivils
Zalian mcire intensivobis an ararsebuli fi-
zikuri gamRizianeblis pirobebSi: am SemTxv-
evaSi tkivilis gancda mxolod tvinSia aRmo-
cenebuli.
is, Tu rogor aRiqvamT tkivils, ras eubnebiT
mis Sesaxeb sxvebs da rogor reagirebT tkivil-
gamayuCeblebze, Tqven fsiqologiur mdgo-
mareobas ufro asaxavs, vidre tkivilis
gamomwvevi gamRizianeblis intensivobas. is,
rasac Tqven aRiqvamT, SeiZleba iyos sakmaod
gansxvavebuli da zogjer srulebiTac
damoukidebeli imasagan, Tu ras SeigrZnobT,
rogorc amis Sesaxeb mexuTe TavSi visaubrebT,
romelic aRqmis fsiqologias eZRvneba.
Sejameba
ynosvis SegrZnebis nervuli impulsebi aRmo-
cendeba maSin, roca haerSi arsebuli qimiuri
nivTiereba kontaqtSi Seva ynosvis bususebTan.
ynosva did rols asrulebs seqsualuri qcevis
regulaciasa da sxva mniSvnelovani funqciebis
ganxorcielebaSi. ynosvisa da gemos sistemebi
SeTanxmebulad moqmedebs sakvebi produqtebis
umravlesobis SegrZnebisas. gemo warmoadgens
Sesatyvisi gemos bolqvebis reaqciebis nazavs
sitkboze, simJaveze, simwaresa da simlaSeze.
Tqven SegiZliaT ganicadoT wnevis, siTbosa
da sicivis SegrZnebebi kanSi moTavsebuli
receptoruli ujredebis saSualebiT. Sexeba
mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs komunikaciasa da
gadarCenis procesSi. wonasworobis SegrZneba
uzrunvelyofs Tqveni Tavisa da sxeulis orien-
tacias sivrceSi. kinesTetikuri SegrZneba pa-
suxismgebelia sxeulis sxvadasxva nawilebis
poziciaze da gexmarebaT nebismieri moZraobebis
koordinirebaSi.
Tqven ganicdiT nociceptur tkivils mavne
stimulis zemoqmedebis SemTxvevaSi da nevro-
sxva SegrZnebebi
paTiur tkivils _ nervebis aranormaluri fun-
qcionirebis dros. fsiqologiuri konteqsti,
nawilobriv, gansazRvravs tkivilis gancdis in-
tensivobas.
139
 sakvanZo
sakiTxebi
samyaros sensoruli
Semecneba
imis gamo, rom sensoruli
procesebi mniSvnelovan
rols asruleben Cven mier
samyaros SemecnebaSi, mec-
nierebi fsiqologiis gan-
viTarebis adreul etapebzec
swavlobdnen SegrZnebebs.
fsiqofizika swavlobs fi-
zikur gamRizianebelze fsi-
qologiur reaqcias. mec-
nierebi zomaven absolu-
tursa da sxvaobis zRur-
blebs.
signalis aRmoCena saSuale-
bas aZlevs mkvlevrebs gamo-
yon erTmaneTisagan SegrZne-
bis simaxvile da pasuxis
sistematuri Secdoma.
fsiqofizikis mkvlevrebma
gansazRvres kavSiri gamRi-
zianeblis fizikur inten-
sivobasa da fsiqologiur
efeqts Soris maTematikuri
funqciis saSualebiT.
SegrZneba gamRizianeblis fi-
zikur energias nervul ko-
dad gardaqmnis.
mecnierebi cdiloben Seiswav-
lon informaciis dinebis
procesi sensoruli recepto-
r e b i d a n Ta v i s t v i n i s
qerqisaken.
mxedvelobiTi sistema
baduraze mdebare fotore-
ceptorebi, romelTac kol-
bebsa da Cxirebs uwodeben,
sinaTlis energias nervul
impulsad gardaqmnian.
baduras gangliozuri uj-
redebi axdenen recepto-
Tavi 4 / SegrZnebebi
rebidan da bipolaruli uj-
redebidan momavali signalis
integrirebas. maTi aqsonebi
warmoqmnian optikur nervebs,
romlebic mxedvelobis
j v a r e d i n Ta n xvdebian
erTmaneTs.
vizualuri informacia gana-
wilebulia tvinis sxvadasxva
ubnebSi, sadac muSavdeba
140 vizualuri garemos
sxvadasxva aspeqtebi, rogo-
ricaa sagnebis garegnuli
saxe da maTi mdebareoba.
sinaTlis talRis sigrZe war-
moadgens gamRizianebels
ferTa SegrZnebisaTvis.
feris SegrZnebebi gansxvavdeba
t o n i T, s i m a Z R r i Ta d a
sikaSkaSiT.
ferTa SegrZnebis Teoriebi
aerTianebs sami feris Sem-
grZnebi receptoris triqro-
matul Teorias da sawinaaR-
mdego procesebis Teorias,
romelic sawinaaRmdego ele-
mentebis kompoziciis ideas
eyrdnoba.
gamRizianeblis TvisebaTa aR-
moCena baduris ujredebisa
da ufro maRali donis vi-
zualuri centrebis moqmede-
biT xdeba.
smena
smenis SegrZneba warmoiqmneba
bgeriTi talRiT, romelsac
gaaCna sixSire, amplituda da
sirTule.
lokokinaSi bgeriTi talRebi
transformirdebian siTxis
moZraobad, romelic amoZ-
ravebs ZiriTad membranas. Zi-
riTadi membranis bewvebi ner-
vul impulsebs gadascemen
smeniT qerqs.
adgilis Teoria saukeTesod
xsnis maRali sixSireebis ko-
direbas, sixSiris Teoria ki
_ dabali sixSireebis kodi-
rebas.
bgeris warmoSobis mimarTu-
lebis gansazRvrisaTvis moq-
medebs ori tipis nervuli
meqanizmi _ bgeraTa intensi-
vobisa da im drois Sedareba,
romelic bgeriT signals Ti-
Toeul yurTan misaRwevad
sWirdeba.
sxva SegrZnebebi
ynosvisa da gemos SegrZnebebi
nivTierebaTa qimiur Tvisebeb-
ze reagireben da erTad
moqmedeben, roca adamiani
eZebs da irCevs sakvebs.
ynosva cxviris RruSi ganla-
gebuli, sunisadmi mgrZno-
biare ujredebiT xorciel-
deba.
gemos receptorebi gemos
bolqvebia, romlebic mo-
Tavsebulni arian gemos
dvrilebSi, ZiriTadad, ena-
ze.
Sexebis SegrZneba gulis-
xmobs dawolisa da tem-
peraturul SegrZnebebs.
wonasworobis SegrZneba gaZ-
levT informacias sxeulis
moZraobis mimarTulebisa da
siswrafis Sesaxeb.
kinesTetikuri SegrZneba gaZ-
levT informacias sxeulis
nawilebis mdebareobis Se-
saxeb da gexmarebaT moZ-
raobis koordinirebaSi.
tkivili aris organizmis
dacviTi reaqcia poten-
ciurad mavne zemoqmedebis
mqone gamRizianebelze.
tkivilis fiziologiuri
reaqcia moicavs sensorul
reaqcias tkivilis gamom-
wvevi gamRizianeblis mxares
da nervul impulsebs,
romlebic moZraoben Tavis
tvinsa da zurgis tvins
Soris.
tkivili aris nawilobriv
fsiqologiuri reaqciac. is
SeiZleba Seicvalos mkur-
nalobiT, romelic aqcents
akeTebs fsiqikur procesebze
da gadaaqvs yuradReba.
ZiriTadi cnebebi
absoluturi zRurbli
akomodacia
amakrinuli ujredebi
adgilis Teoria
badura
bgeris siZliere
bgeris tonis simaRle
bipolaruli ujredebi
gangliozuri ujredebi
erogenuli zonebi
absoluturi zRurbli
veberis kanoni
zalpis principi
kanis SegrZnebebi
karibWis kontrolis Teoria
kinesTetikuri SegrZneba sensoruli fiziologia fantomuri kiduris fenomeni
kolbebi sibnelisadmi adaptacia feris simaZRre
lokokina signalis SemCnevis Teoria feromonebi
mxedvelobis qerqi sikaSkaSe fovea
nevropaTiuri tkivili feris toni fotoreceptorebi
nocicefTuri tkivili sixSiris Teoria fsiqometruli funqcia
odnav SesamCnevi sxvaoba smeniTi nervi fsiqofizika
optikuri nervi smeniTi qerqi ynosvis bolqvi
pasuxis sistematuri Secdoma sxvaobis zRurbli SegrZneba
receptoruli veli tembri Semavsebeli ferebi
sawinaaRmdego procesebis tkivili Cxirebi
Teoria transformacia ZiriTadi membrana
sensoruli adaptacia triqromatuli Teoria wonasworobis SegrZneba
sensoruli receptorebi

sakvanZo sakiTxebi

141
 aRqma

5
SegrZneba, organizeba,
identifikacia da cnoba
• proqsimaluri da
distaluri stimulebi
• realoba, orazrov-
neba da iluziebi •
aRqmis Semswavleli
midgomebi
fsiqologia XXI
saukuneSi: virtualuri
realoba

yuradRebis procesebi
• seleqciuri (SerCe-
viTi) yuradReba
• yuradReba da sagnebi
garemoSi
aRqmis organizaciis
procesebi
• figura, foni da
dasrulebuloba
(Sevsebuloba)
• perceptuli dajgu-
febis principebi
• sivrciTi da droiTi
integracia
• moZraobis aRqma
• siRrmis aRqma
• aRqmis konstantoba

fsiqologia Cvens
cxovrebaSi: rogor
iWerT mfrinav burTs

identifikacia da cnoba
• aRmavali da daRmava-
li procesebi
• sagnebis cnoba
• molodinis da kon-
teqstis gavlena
• bolo gakveTili
sakvanZo sakiTxebi
• ZiriTadi cnebebi
142
 g anvixiloT kengis SemTxveva, ro-
melic ekvatoruli afrikis fij-
mis kulturidan iyo. kengs mTeli
cxovreba xSir tropikul tyeebSi
hqonda gatarebuli. erT dRes mas SesaZlebloba
mieca, pirvelad emogzaura manqaniT gaSlil
velze anTropolog kolin tarnbulTan (Colin
Turnbull) erTad. mogvianebiT tarnbulma aRwera
kengis reaqciebi:
kengma gadaxeda velebs da im adgils, sadac
ramdenime milis moSorebiT asiode bizoni Zovda.
man mkiTxa, ra mwerebi iyvnen isini, razedac
vupasuxe, rom isini bizonebi iyvnen, Tanac misTvis
cnobil tyis bizonebze orjer ufro didebi.
kengma xmamaRla gaicina da miTxra, rom es si-
sulele aRar meTqva da kvlav igive kiTxva da-
misva. mere, radgan sakmaod Wkvian kompanionad
ar mimiCnia, TavisTvis laparakobda da cdi-
lobda, bizonebi sxvadasxva WianWvelebisa da
xoWoebisaTvis miemsgavsebina, romlebic mas
manamde enaxa.
me-4 TavSi vnaxeT, rom garemo savsea sinaTlisa
da bgeris talRebiT. Tumca, miuxedavad amisa,
maTi saxiT mainc ar ganicdiT samyaros. Tqven
sinaTlis talRas ki ar `xedavT~, aramed _
plakats kedelze, bgeris talRa ki ar `gesmiT~,
aramed musika iqve myofi radiodan. SegrZnebiT
iwyeba sinamdvilis uSualo asaxva, magram kidev
meti raRac sxvaa saWiro, rom stimuli azriani
da saintereso gaxdes da, rac mTavaria, sa-
Sualeba mogeceT, efeqturad upasuxoT mas. aRqma
aRqma (Perception) _ procesebi, romlebic sensorul
xatSi awesrigeben informacias da am informa-
ciis, rogorc samganzomilebiani garesinam-
dviliT warmoqmnilis, gancdas uzrunvelyofen.
amasobaSi manqanaSi CavsxediT da im adgili-
saken daveSviT, sadac cxovelebi Zovdnen. kengi
akvirdeboda, ufro da ufro rogor diddebodnen
isini da, Tumca, yvela fijmelis msgavsad,
Tavadac guladi iyo, mainc CemTan axlos
gadmojda da Caibutbuta, rom es raRac
jadoqroba iyo... bolos, roca kengi mixvda, rom
cxovelebi marTla bizonebi iynen, ukve aRar
eSinoda, Tumca, kvlav afiqrebda, ratom iyvnen
isini ase patarebi, an marTla patarebi iyvnen
da uceb gaizardnen, Tu es yvelaferi raRac
oini iyo (Turnbull 1961, gv. 305).
kengis ambavi sakmaod naTlad gviCvenebs
gamocdilebis gavlenas aRqmaze. radgan kengma
cxovreba tropikul tyeebSi gaatara, mas ar
hqonda saTanado codna, raTa dauyovnebliv moex-
dina sensoruli informaciis _ Sori manZiliT
daSorebuli obieqtebidan TvalebSi areklili
sinaTlis _ interpretacia. am TavSi SeiswavliT,
SegrZneba, organizeba, identificireba da cnoba
rogor moqmedebs codna adamianis SesaZleb-
lobebsa da aRqmaze.
aris im procesebis erToblioba, romlebic
sensorul xatSi awesrigeben informacias da
am informaciis, rogorc gare sinamdviliT
warmoqmnilis, gancdas uzrunvelyofen. es
procesebi interpretaciis umaRles dones
uzrunvelyofs, rac saSualebas gvaZlevs,
warmatebiT gaverkveT garemoSi.
SegrZnebasa da aRqmas Soris kavSiris ukeT
gagebis mizniT gTavazobT martiv, TvalsaCino
magaliTs. daiWireT xeli saxis win, rac SeiZ-
leba Sors. Semdeg is nela miuaxloveT saxes.
saxesTan miaxloebisas xeli sul ufro da ufro
met vizualur vels faravs. Sedegad, SeiZleba
veRar dainaxoT plakati xelis ukan, kedelze.
rogor faravs xeli plakats? xeli gadidda 143
 Tu plakati dapataravda? Tqveni pasuxi iqneba:
`ra Tqma unda, ara!~ es magaliTi gviCvenebs
SegrZnebebs da aRqmas Soris gansxvavebas. xeli
imitom faravs plakats, rom saxesTan miaxlo-
ebisas is SedarebiT did gamosaxulebas qmnis
baduraze. es aRqmis procesebia, romlebic, ba-
duraze miRebuli gamosaxulebis zomebis cvli-
lebis miuxedavad, saSualebas gaZlevT gaigoT,
rom xelis da plakatis realuri zomebi ar
icvleba.
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom aRqma SegrZnebas aZlevs
azrs. perceptuli procesebi mniSvnelobas iReben
mudmivad cvalebadi, xSirad qaoturi Semavali
sensoruli informaciidan (input) da mas sta-
biluri, mowesrigebuli perceptuli xatebis
saxiT awesrigeben. perceptuli xati aris is, rac
aRqmulia (fenomenologiuri an gancdiTi), aRqmis
procesis Sedegi. is fizikuri sagani an recep-
torSi sagnis xati ki ar aris, aramed perceptuli
aqtivobis fsiqologiuri Sedegia. amrigad, xelis
aRqma, retinaluri gamosaxulebis zomebis
cvlilebis miuxedavad, ucvleli rCeba, radgan
interpretacia ucvleli perceptuli aqtivobiT
mimdinareobs. umetesad, aRqma da SegrZneba imdenad
Zaldautaneblad, uwyvetad da avtomaturad xdeba,
rom mas TavisTavad procesad miviCnevT. Cveni
mizania, am TavSi gagacnoT procesebi, romlebic
saSualebas gvaZleven, saTanadod avxsnaT samyaro
aseTi aSkara ZaldautaneblobiT. Tavdapirvelad
vizualur sferoSi mimdinare perceptul pro-
cesebs ganvixilavT.
SegrZneba, organizeba,
identificireba da cnoba
termini aRqma, misi farTo mniSvnelobiT,
niSnavs garemoSi sagnebis da movlenebis wvdomis
zogad process, raTa SevigrZnoT isini, gavigoT,
movaxdinoT identifikacia, mivakuTvnoT raime
Tavi 5 / aRqma
kategorias da movemzadoT maTze reagirebi-
saTvis. aRqmis procesebis ukeT gagebis mizniT
perceptuli organizacia (Perceptual organization) _
procesebi, romlebic sensorul informacias aer-
Tianeben, raTa aRqmas miscen TvalsaCino saxe vi-
zualur velSi.
144
maT sam safexurad yofen: SegrZneba, perceptuli
organizacia da identifikacia/sagnebis cnoba.
rogorc me-4 TavSi vnaxeT, SegrZneba niSnavs
nervul kodebSi fizikuri energiis gardaqmnas,
romelsac tvini acnobierebs. magaliTad, Segr-
ZnebiT viRebT vizualuri velis Sesaxeb bazisur
monacemebs. baduris ujredebi imgvarad arian
mowyobilni, rom gaarCion sagnis konturebi da
kontrastebi, Tumca, mxolod sustad reagireben
ucvlel, mudmiv stimulirebaze (gaRizianebaze).
tvinis qerqis ujredebi sawyis niSnebs retinis
Semavali informaciidan iReben.
perceptuli organizacia Semdegi safexuria,
rodesac sagnis Sinagani gamosaxuleba formir-
deba da garegani stimulis aRqma yalibdeba.
Sinagani gamosaxuleba gvawvdis samyaros
zedapirul monaxazs. mxedvelobis SemTxvevaSi
perceptuli procesebiT xdeba obieqtis sava-
raudo zomis, formis, moZraobis, daSorebis da
orientaciis Sefaseba. es Sefasebebi efuZneba
goniT gaTvlas, romelic adamianis warsul
codnas mocemul grZnobad realobasa da
stimulTan aerTianebs, misi (stimulis) per-
ceptuli Sinaarsis farglebSi. aRqmisas xdeba
sagnis perceptSi iseTi martivi sensoruli
niSnebis sinTezi (integracia da kombinacia),
rogoricaa sagnis feri, konturebi da xazebi.
sagnis amocnoba Semdgom xdeba. es fsiqikuri
aqtivobebi swrafad da mizanmimarTulad,
gacnobierebis gareSe xorcieldeba.
Aam or safexurs Soris gansxvavebis ufro
naTlad gasagebad ganvixiloT doqtor riCar-
dsis avadmyofobis SemTxveva, romlis tvinis
dazianebam perceptuli procesebi daamaxinja,
Tumca SegrZneba ucvleli darCa.
saidan
viciT
SegrZnebis da perceptuli organizaciis
darRveva
doqtori riCardsi iyo ganaTlebuli
da didi gamocdilebis mqone fsiqologi.
samwuxarod, mas tvinis dazianeba hqonda,
romelmac vizualuri gancdis Secvla
gamoiwvia. rogorc Cans, ar dazianda tvinis
metyvelebis centrebi, ase rom, mas SeeZlo
sakmaod naTlad aRewera Tavisi sakmaod
 uCveulo vizualuri gamocdileba. mokled
rom vTqvaT, tvinis dazianebam imoqmeda
sensoruli monacemebis sworad gaerTi-
anebis unarze. magaliTad, doqtor ri-
Cardsi aRwerda, rom, Tu igi xedavda rTul
(kompleqsur) obieqts, rogoricaa adamiani
da mis vizualur velSi axlomaxlo kidev
ramdenime adamiani iyo, igi zogjer ada-
mianis nawilebs gancalkevebulad xedavda,
romlebic ar erTiandebodnen erT gamo-
saxulebaSi. mas, aseve, uWirda erTi da
imave movlenis xmisa da gamosaxulebis
gaerTianeba. rodesac vinme mReroda, mas
SeeZlo daenaxa piris moZraoba da gaegona
xma, magram ise, TiTqos xma dublirdeboda
araswori CanaweriT, raime ucxo filmSi.
movlenis nawilebi rom erTianobaSi dae-
naxa, doqtor riCardss sWirdeboda raime
Cveulebrivi faqtori, romelic `webos~
msgavsad imoqmedebda. magaliTad, Tu da-
nawevrebuli adamianis yvela nawili erTi
mimarTulebiT imoZravebda, riCardsi nawi-
lebs kvlav gaerTianebulad, dasru-
lebuli adamianis saxiT aRiqvamda. Tumca,
perceptul `webos~ zogjer SeiZleba raime
absurduli konfiguracia Seeqmna. doqtor
riCardsi erTnairi feris obieqtebs, ro-
goricaa, magaliTad, banani, limoni, kanaris
Citi, gaerTianebulad dainaxavda maSinac
ki, Tu isini sivrceSi gancalkevebulni
iqnebodnen. brboSi adamianebi Serwymulad
moeCveneboda, Tu isini erTnairi feris tan-
sacmelSi iqnebodnen gamowyobilni. doq-
tor riCardsi garemos danawevrebulad,
fragmentulad da ucnaurad ganicdida,
rac absoluturad gansxvavdeboda norma-
luri gancdisagan (Marcel, 1983).
problema doqtor riCardsis TvalebSi ar
iyo, arc stimulis niSnebis analizis unarSi –
igi zustad xedavda sagnis nawilebs da Tvi-
sebebs. misi problema sinTezSi iyo, anu mas ar
SeeZlo sensoruli informaciis nawilebis ise
gaerTianeba, rom mxedvelobis velSi calkeuli
movlena erTianad, TvalsaCinod aReqva. doqtor
riCardsis SemTxveva naTels xdis aRqmasa da
SegrZnebis procesebs Soris gansxvavebas. is,
aseve, giCvenebT, rom sensoruli analizi da
perceptuli organizacia uwyvetad mimdinareobs,
miuxedavad imisa, rom ver acnobierebT maT
moqmedebas.
identifikacia da cnoba am klasifikaciaSi
mesame safexuria, rodesac perceptul xats
mniSvneloba eZleva. mrgvali sagnebi burTebad,
monetebad, saaTebad, forToxlebad an mTvareebad
`gadaiqceva~. adamianebi SeiZleba identifi-
cirdnen qalad an kacad, megobrad an mtrad,
naTesavad an rok-varskvlavad. am etapze per-
ceptuli SekiTxva: `ras hgavs es sagani?~ icvleba
identifikaciis SekiTxviT: `ra aris sagani?~
dabolos, cnobis SekiTxviT: _ `ra aris sagnis
funqcia?~ imisTvis, rom raimes identifikacia
movaxdinoT, vicnoT da gavarkvioT, ra ewodeba
mas, anda rogor SeiZleba vireagiroT masze,
maRali donis kognituri procesebia saWiro,
romlis mimdinareobaze gavlenas axdens Cveni
Teoriebi, mexsiereba, Rirebulebebi, rwmenebi,
obieqtTan dakavSirebuli atitudebi.
amrigad, mokled mimovixileT informaciis
gadamuSavebis safexurebi, romlebic perceptuli
samyaros azriani gagebis saSualebas gvaZleven.
radgan me-4 Tavi SegrZnebebs Seexeboda, am TavSi
met yuradRebas davuTmobT aRqmis aspeqtebs
fizikuri energiis sawyisi transformaciis Sem-
deg. yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi aRqma sruliad
Zaldautaneblad mimdinareobs. Semdegi qveTavis
dasawyisSi SevecdebiT, dagarwmunoT, rom rea-
lurad sakmaod daxvewil informaciis gadamu-
SegrZneba, organizeba, identificireba da cnoba
Savebas, did gonebriv samuSaos asrulebT, raTa
sabolood `siadvilis~ am iluziamde mixvideT.
proqsimaluri da distaluri
stimulebi
warmoidgineT, rom Tqven xarT 5.1.A suraTze
gamosaxuli pirovneba, romelic oTaxs moxer-
xebuli skamidan akvirdeba. oTaxSi moTavsebuli
sagnebidan areklili sinaTlis nawili Tva-
lebamde aRwevs da Tvalis baduraze qmnis gamo-
saxulebebs. suraTi 5.1.B gviCvenebs, Tu ras davi-
naxavdiT oTaxSi yofnisas marcxena TvaliT
(marjvniv CanaWdevi aris Tqveni cxviri, qvemo
identifikacia da cnoba (Identification and recognition)
_ perceptuli xatisaTvis azris micemis gzebi.
145
 kideze ki _ xeli da muxli). ramdenad Seesabameba
retinaluri gamosaxuleba garemos, romelmac
is Seqmna?
erT-erTi Zalze mniSvnelovani gansxvaveba maT
Soris isaa, rom baduraze miRebuli gamosaxu-
leba organzomilebiania maSin, roca Tavad
garemo samganzomilebiania. am gansxvavebas bevri
Sedegi mohyveba. magaliTad, SevadaroT sur. 5.1.A-
ze mocemuli obieqtebis formebi baduraze
miRebuli gamosaxulebebis formebs (sur. 5.1.C).
magidas, noxs, fanjaras da suraTs realur
samyaroSi marTkuTxa forma aqvs, magram
retinaluri gamosaxulebebidan mxolod
fanjras aqvs aseTi forma. suraTis xati aris
trapecia, magidis Tavis xati _ arawesieri
oTxkuTxa figura da xaliCis xati, faqtobrivad
_ sami gancalkevebuli regioni ocze meti
gansxvavebuli aspeqtiT! da, kvlav, Cveni
Tavdapirveli perceptuli Tavsatexi _ rogor
baduraze mis optikur gamosaxulebas _ proqsima-
aRviqvamT yvela am obieqts, rogorc erTian,
luri stimuli (damkvirvebelTan axlos).
standartul marTkuTxa formis sagnebs?
Cveni msjelobis ZiriTadi azri ufro mka-
situacia aq cota ufro rTulia. Tqven, albaT,
fiod SeiZleba Semdegnairad CamovayaliboT: risi
SeniSnavT, rom bevri ram, rasac oTaxSi aRiqvamT,
aRqmac gvsurs, aris distaluri stimuli –
ar aris mocemuli retinalur gamosaxulebebSi.
garemoSi mocemuli `realuri~ sagani, xolo
magaliTad, Tqven aRiqvamT vertikalur zRvars
stimuli, romlidanac informacia unda miviRoT,
or kedels Soris, romelic mTel iataks mihyveba,
aris proqsimaluri stimuli – baduraze miRe-
magram zRvris retinaluri gamosaxuleba magidis
buli sagnis gamosaxuleba. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom
TavTan wydeba; aseve, retinalur gamosaxulebaze
aRqmis ZiriTadi amocanaa proqsimalur stimulSi
noxis nawilebi magidiTaa dafaruli, Tumca,
mocemuli informaciidan distaluri stimulis
miuxedavad amisa, Tqven noxs aRiqvamT, rogorc
gansazRvra. es exeba aRqmis sxvadasxva mo-
erTian, daunawevrebel marTkuTxeds. faqtob-
rivad, rodesac ganixilavT yvela gansxvavebas dalobas. _ smenas, Sexebas, gemos da a.S. aRqma
garemos obieqtebsa da baduraze maT Sesabamis moicavs procesebs, romlebic iyeneben proqsi-
gamosaxulebebs Soris, SeiZleba gagikvirdeT, maluri stimulebis informacias, raTa mogvawo-
rom Tqven samyaros amdagvarad aRiqvamT. don informacia distaluri stimulis Tvise-
samyaroSi fizikur sagansa da baduraze mis bebze.
optikur gamosaxulebas Soris gansxvaveba im- rom vnaxoT, distaluri da proqsimaluri
denad didia da mniSvnelovani, rom fsiqologebi stimulebi rogor ergebian aRqmis me-3 safexurs,
maT aRqmis or gansxvavebul stimulad miiCneven. ganvixiloT sur. 5.1-ze gamosaxuli erT-erTi
rogorc es sur. 5.2-zea mocemuli, garemoSi mo- obieqti, kedelze dakidebuli suraTi. sensorul
cemul fizikur sagans ewodeba distaluri sti- safexurze es suraTi Seesabameba baduras
muli (damkvirveblidan daSorebuli), xolo gamosaxulebaze organzomilebian trapecias;
misi zeda da qveda kideebi marjvniv erTmaneTs
distaluri stimuli (Distal stimulus) _ proqsimaluri
Tavi 5 / aRqma

uaxlovdebian da marjvena da marcxena kideebi

stimulisagan, anu baduraze optikuri gamo-
saxulebisagan gansxvavebiT, aRqmis procesSi
samyaroSi mocemuli fizikuri sagani.
proqsimaluri stimuli (Proximal stimulus) _ dis-
taluri stimulisagan, anu samyaroSi fizikuri
sagnisagan gansxvavebiT, baduraze miRebuli op-
146 tikuri gamosaxuleba.
sxvadasxva sigrZisaa. es proqsimaluri stimulia.
perceptuli organizaciis safexurze am tra-
pecias xedavT, rogorc samganzomilebian sivr-
ceSi gadaxril marTkuTxeds. mis zeda da qveda
kideebs aRiqvamT, rogorc paralelurs, rom-
lebic marjvna mxares daxrilebi arian, marjvena
 suraTi
5.1

retinaluri gamosaxulebebis interpretacia

vizualuri aRqmis mTavari amocanaa proqsimaluri stimulidan
(sagnisagan Seqmnili retinaluri gamosaxuleba) moaxdinos
distaluri stimulis (garemoSi arsebuli realuri sagani)
interpretacia da identifikacia.

da marcxena kideebs ki _ tolad. perceptuli marTkuTxa obieqtSi amoicnobT suraTs. 5.3

procesebi qmnis hipoTezebs distaluri stimulis suraTze mocemulia blok-sqema, romelic am
fizikuri Tvisebebis Sesaxeb. Semdeg ukve saWiroa movlenebis Tanmimdevrobas gviCvenebs. procesebi,
stimulis identifikacia. cnobis etapze am romelTac informacia erTi safexuridan
meoreze gadaaqvT, blokebs Soris isrebiTaa

SegrZneba, organizeba, identificireba da cnoba

gamosaxuli. am TavSi ganvixilavT yvela
interaqcias, romelic naxazzea mocemuli.

suraTi
5.2
distaluri da proqsimaluri stimulebi
distaluri stimuli aris garemoSi arsebuli
fizikuri stimuli, proqsimaluri ki _ sensoruli
aqtivobis forma, romelic distaluri stimuliTaa
gansazRvruli, rogorc suraTzea naCvenebi, proqsi-
maluri stimuli SeiZleba hgavdes distalur stimuls,
magram isini gansxvavebuli movlenebi arian.
realoba, orazrovneba da
iluziebi
aRqmis funqcia ganvsazRvreT, rogorc
proqsimaluri stimulidan distaluri stimulis
identifikacia. am funqciis Sesabamisi percep-
tuli meqanizmebis gacnobamde ganvixiloT
garemoSi mocemuli stimulebis is aspeqtebi,
romlebic aRqmas kompleqsurs xdian. esenia:
orazrovani stimulebi da iluziebi.
orazrovneba
aRqmis ZiriTadi amocana samyaroze zusti
warmodgenis Seqmnaa. swori reaqcia garemoSi
sagnebisa da movlebis zust aRqmazea damo-
147
 suraTi
5.3

SegrZnebis, perceptuli
organizaciis da
identifikacia/cnobis
safexurebi

diagrama gviCvenebs procesebs,

romlebic Semosuli informa-
ciis transformacias axdenen
SegrZnebis, perceptuli orga-
nizaciis da identifikacia/cno-
bis safexurebze. aRqmis aRma-
vali procesebi (qvemodan zem-
oT) maSin erTvebian, rodesac
Semosuli sensoruli infor-
maciidan perceptuli gamosa-
xuleba yalibdeba; daRmavali
procesebi (zemodan qvemoT) im
SemTxvevaSi moqmedeben, rodesac
perceptul gamosaxulebaze gav-
lenas axdens warsuli codna,
motivacia da fsiqikuri fun-
qcionirebis sxva aspeqtebi.

kidebuli. magaliTad, xeze moZravi arseba alternatiul figuras. aseve, SevniSnavT, rom
vefxvia? es yovelTvis advili gasarkvevi ar mas Semdeg, rac orive figuras dainaxavT,
aris. daakvirdiT TeTr da Sav laqebs 5.4 orazrovani figuris yurebisas am alternativebs
suraTze. ra figuraa es? SeecadeT stimuli SenacvlebiT (xan erTs, xan meores) aRiqvamT.
figura gamoyoT fonidan da dainaxoT mimavali orazrovani figurebis es perceptuli labiloba
dalmatineli. ZaRli Zneli dasanaxia, radgan
is ereva fons da konturebic gamokveTili ar
aris (SeniSvna: ZaRli naxatis marjvniv aris, Tavi
centrisaken aqvs mimarTuli). es stimuli
orazrovania, radgan kritikuli informacia
aklia, misi nawilebi uCveulodaa ganlagebuli
da Cveuli struqtura ar Cans. orazrovneba
aRqmis gagebisTvis mniSvnelovani cnebaa. is
gviCvenebs, rom sensorul safexurze mocemuli
calkeuli xati SeiZleba mravalnairad inter-
pretirdes aRqmisa da identifikaciis safe-
xurebze.
5.5 suraTze mocemulia orazrovani figurebis
Tavi 5 / aRqma

sami magaliTi. TiToeuli maTganis ornairad

5.4
interpretaciaa SesaZlebeli. daakvirdiT suraTi
TiToeul gamosaxulebas, sanam ar dainaxavT or
orazrovani suraTi
orazrovani gamosaxuleba (Ambiguity) _ perceptu-
ras xedavT suraTze? SeecadeT, dainaxoT mimavali
li obieqti, romelsac SeiZleba erTze meti
dalmatineli.
148 interpretacia hqondes.
suraTi
5.5
perceptuli orazrovneba
TiToeuli nimuSis orgvari interpretaciaa SesaZlebeli, magram orives erTdroulad gancda ar
SegiZliaT. amCnevT, rogor enacvlebian es SesaZleblobebi erTmaneTs?

(arastabiloba) maTi erT-erTi yvelaze mniS-
vnelovani maxasiaTebelia.
larkani/profilebi da nekeris kubi oraz-
rovani figurebis nimuSebia perceptuli orga-
nizaciis safexurze. am erTi da igive figurebs
Tqven orgvarad aRiqvamT. larkani/profilebi
SeiZleba dainaxoT, rogorc Savi fonis centrSi
moTavsebuli TeTri sagani, an ori Savi sagani
maT Soris gamyofi TeTri sivrciT. nekeris
kubi SeiZleba dainaxoT, rogorc samganzomi-
lebiani carieli kubi an Tqvengan qvemoT da
marcxniv kuTxiT an Tqvengan zemoT marjvniv
kuTxiT. cxadia, kubisa da larnaki/profilebis
orazrovani alternativebi erTi da imave sti-
muli xatiT arian gamowveulni, Tumca sti-
misi loyebi, cxviri da nikapia. rogorc ki
dainaxavT volteris biusts dalis am suraTze,
gagiCndebaT survili imis codnisa, Tu sadaa
frangi filosofosis figura damaluli.
normaluri aRqmis erT-erTi yvelaze funda-
menturi Tvisebaa garemos orazrovnebis da
gaurkvevlobis naTeli interpretaciiT Secvla,
raTa Tavdajerebuli moqmedeba SevZloT. cvli-
lebebiTa da aramdgradobiT savse samyaroSi
perceptuli sistema unda akmayofilebdes
mdgradobis da stabilobis miRwevis moTxov-
nilebas.

SegrZneba, organizeba, identificireba da cnoba

mulebis orazrovnebas samganzomilebian sivr-
ceSi figurebis specifikuri wyoba ganapirobebs.
kurdReli/ixvi figura orazrovnebis nimuSia
cnobis etapze. orive SemTxvevaSi is erTi da
igive fizikur figurad aRiqmeba. Tumca, vinaidan
figura Sereuli tipis informacias moicavs,
SesaZlo alternativebis gamoyofa da klasi-
fikacia mis orazrovnebas iwvevs.
bevrma gamoCenilma mxatvarma gamoiyena aRqmis
orazrovneba, rogorc mniSvnelovani Semoq-
medebiTi saSualeba Tavis namuSevrebSi. maga-
liTad, salvador dalis monaTa bazari vol-
teris uCinari biustiT (ix. sur. 5.6). es namuSevari
suraTi
5.6
kompleqsur orazrovnebas gviCvenebs. suraTis
mTeli nawili radikalurad gansxavevebulad orazrovneba mxatvrobaSi
unda interpretirdes, raTa davinaxoT frangi salvador dalis am naxats ewodeba `monaTa bazari
filosofosis volteris `dafaruli~ biusti. volteris uCinari biustiT~. xedavT volters? dali
erT-erTi im Tanamedrove mxatvarTagania, romlebmac
TeTri ca qveda TaRis qveS volteris Subli da
Tavis namuSevrebSi orazrovneba gamoiyenes.
Tmaa. ori qalbatonis kabis TeTri nawili _ 149
 iluziebi sityva `iluzia~-s igive fuZe aqvs, rac `Seu-
sabamo~-s, `uazro~-s, `sasacilo~-s (ludicrous). ori-
orazrovani stimulebi perceptul sistemebs
ve warmodgeba laTinuri sityvidan illudere, rac
rTul amocanas uyeneben _ ramdenime SesaZleb-
naSnavs dacinvas, masxrad agdebas. erTnair
lobidan amoicnon erTi unikaluri figura.
iluziebs ganicdis adamianTa umetesoba erTsa
orazrovani stimulebis interpretaciis siswore
da imave perceptul situaciaSi, sensoruli
an simcdare, Ceveulebriv, konteqstzea damo-
sistemis msgavsi fiziologiis da samyaroSi
kidebuli. rodesac perceptuli sistema sti-
sagnebis msgavsad gancdis gamo (rogorc me-6
mulis struqturas mkveTrad amaxinjebs da
TavSi vnaxavT, iluziebi gansxvavdeba haluci-
cvlis, Tqven iluzias ganicdiT.
naciebisagan halucinacia aris aragavrcelebuli
Tavi 5 / aRqma

suraTi
5.7
xuTi iluzia gonebis savarjiSo
TiToeuli nimuSi gviCvenebs aRqmis iluziebis gamomwvev pirobebs. mkvlevrebi xSirad iyeneben iluziebs
TavianTi Teoriebis Sesamowmeblad. es Teoriebi xsnian, perceptul sistemebSi, romlebic, Cveulebriv, sakmaod
150 zustad muSaoben, gansakuTrebul SemTxvevaSi rogor warmoiqmneba iluziebi.
perceptuli damaxinjeba, rac adamianis uCveulo
fizikuri an fsiqikuri mdgomareobiTaa gamowve-
uli). ganvixiloT 5.7 suraTze warmodgenili
klasikuri iluziebi, Tumca, CvenTvis ufro ad-
vilia, vizualuri iluziebis ganxilva. iluzi-
ebi arsebobs sxva iseT sensorul modalobebSic,
rogoricaa smena (Bregman 1981; Saberi 1966; Shepard
& Jordan,1984) da gemo (Todrank & Bartoslu, 1991).
mas Semdeg, rac 1854-55 wels j. opelma (J.J.Oppel)
iluziebis pirveli mecnieruli analizi gamo-
aqveyna, aTasobiT statia daiwera iluziebze
bunebaSi, SegrZnebebSi, aRqmasa da xelovnebaSi.
opelis mokrZalebuli wvlili iluziebis Ses-
wavlaSi iyo xazebis ubralo rigi, romelic
ufro grZeli Canda, roca segmentebad iyo da-
yofili (varianti a), vidre maSin, roca mxolod
bolo xazebi iyo mocemuli (varianti b).
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | (a)
| | (b)
opelma Tavis naSroms geometriuli optikuri
iluziebis Seswavla uwoda. iluziebi miuTiTebs
perceptul xatsa da realobas Soris gan-
sxvavebaze. maT SeiZleba gviCvenon abstraqtuli
suraTi
5.8
miuler-laieris iluziis variaciebi
miuler-laieris iluziis yvela mocemuli variacia 1900 wlamde Seiqmna. aRiqvamT
sigrZeebs Soris gansxvavebas TiToeul SemTxvevaSi? aRqmis mkvlevrebma iluziebis
axsna Teoriebis SeqmniT scades.
konceptualuri gansxvaveba SegrZnebebs, per
ceptul organizacias da identifikacias Soris
da dagvexmaron aRqmis garkveuli fundamenturi
Tvisebebis gagebaSi.
mkvlevrebi xSirad igoneben axal iluziebs
an iyeneben Zvels, raTa perceptuli gadamuSavebis
mniSvnelovani Taviseburebebi gviCvenon. ganvi-
xiloT miuler-laieris iluziis sxvadasxva
versia, romelic 5.8 suraTzea mocemuli. versia
A pirvelad franc miuler-laierma (Muller-Lyer)
1889 wels ganixila naSromSi optikuri ilu-
ziebis Sesaxeb. Semdegi versiebi miulerma da
misma kolegebma 1900 wlamde Seqmnes. TiToeul
SemTxvevaSi monakveTebis sigrZe (an B versiaSi
kuTxeebis wveroebs Soris manZili) Tanabaria.
adamianebs xSirad ukvirT es faqti, Tqven ki
gadasamowmeblad SegiZliaT gazomoT. imis miu-
xedavad, rom es iluzia sakmaod didi xnis
winaa aRmoCenili da mkvlevrebmac mravaljer
iluzia (Illusion) _ stimulis paternis gancda,
romelic aSkarad mcdaria, Tumca, igives ganic-
dian sxva adamianebic igive perceptul gare-
moSi.
SegrZneba, organizeba, identificireba da cnoba
151
 scades axsna, misi warmoSobis Sesaxeb Teoriebi
icvleba (Green & Nelson, 1997). misi simtkice, rac
ufro didi sigrZis iluziis advilad SeqmnaSi
gamoixateba, vizualuri gadamuSavebis sferoSi
Teoretikosebs axal problemebs uqmnis. es
magaliTi gviCvenebs, rom iluziebi ubralod
ucnauroba ar aris. isini fsiqologiuri Teo-
riebisaTvis mniSvnelovan monacemebs iZlevian.
amrigad, mkvlevrebs mxolod iluziebi ki ar
ainteresebT, aramed im garemoebebis Seswavlac,
romlebSic aRqma samyaroze zust informacias
iZleva.

fsiqologia XXI saukuneSi

virtualuri realoba

ai, saukunis dasawyisis te-
leSouebisa da filmebisTvis
tipuri siuJeti: qali da mama-
kaci personaJebi xvdebian ko-
mpiuteriT Seqmnil virtualur
samyaroSi, rasac dramatuli
Sedegebi mosdevs. magaliTad,
`matricaSi~ (Tu filmi ar
gaqvT nanaxi, azri ara aqvs
Semdegi winadadebis wakiTxvas)
mTavari personaJi aRmoaCens,
rom yvelaferi, rac
`realurad~ miaCnia, sinam-
dvileSi superkompiuterebis
mier Seqmnili detalurad
damuSavebuli virtualuri
realobaa da es superkompiu-
terebi akontroleben pla-
netas. sabednierod, CvenTvis
xelmisawvdomi virtualuri
realobis versiebi jerjero-
biT sakmaod uwyinaria _ Cven
sakmaod iolad SegviZlia vir-
tualuri garemosgan Tavis
daRweva atraqcionebsa da ga-
sarTob centrebSi. virtua-
luri realobis gancdis xa-
risxis gaumjobeseba xSirad
damokidebulia mkvlevrebis
unarze, Seqmnan perceptuli
sistemis SecdomaSi Sesayvani
axali saSualebebi. virtua-
luri realobis Semqmnelebi
Tavi 5 / aRqma
roSi yofnis gancdis Seqmnaa.
yofna ramdenime ganzomilebaze
ganisazRvreba, maT Soris aris
monawilis CarTva socialurad
mdidar an interaqciul ambavSi
(Lombard & Ditton, 1997), Tumca,
aRqmis TvalsazrisiT, vir-
tualur samyaroSi yofnis
SegrZneba, rogorc wesi, damo-
kidebulia virtualur sam-
yaroSi CaZirvaze, rac percep-
tulad realurad aRiqmeba.
bolo wlebSi mkvlevrebma
daiwyes im perceptuli infor-
maciis sistematuri Seswavla,
romelic saWiroa virtualur
samyaroSi TiTqmis srulyo-
filad yofnis uzrunvelsa-
yofad. yofnis Sesafaseblad
mkvlevrebi xSirad zomaven, ram-
denad kargad SeuZlia adamians
amocanis Sesruleba sxvadasxva
perceptuli konfiguraciis mqo-
ne virtualur samyaroSi (Nash
et al., 2000; Nichols et al., 2000).
ganvixiloT proeqti, romel-
Sic ikvlies vizualuri gamosa-
xulebis zemoqmedeba simula-
torSi manqanis marTvis unarze.
am amocanas mkvlevrebma gzis sa-
vali nawilis SenarCuneba (lane
keeping ) uwodes (Kappe et al., 1999).
monawileebi ukeT inarCunebdnen
gzis saval nawils, rodesac
periferiidan. sainteresoa,
rogor xdeba es virtualur
samyaroSi? mkvlevrebma aRmoa-
Cines, rom monawileebi ukeT
inarCunebdnen gzis saval na-
wils, rodesac ekrani perife-
riul informacias iZleoda,
Tumca, ar iyo saWiro, rom es
periferiuli informacia, rea-
luri samyaros gancdis analo-
giurad, Zalze detaluri
yofiliyo. es aRmoCenebi
vizualuri ekranebis
dizainisTvis mniSvnelovan
informacias iZleva. am tipis
eqsperimenti gvarwmunebs, rom
mxolod vizualuri velis
centri saWiroebs Zlier deta-
lizacias. periferiuli in-
formacia mniSvnelovania, mag-
ram misi Sevseba SeiZleba glo-
baluri vizualuri struq-
turiT.
ueWvelia, rom ramdenime we-
liwadSi virtualuri samyaro
kidev ufro mimzidveli gax-
deba _ mkvlevrebsa da gamom-
goneblebs ukeT ecodinebaT,
rogor daarwmunon Tqveni
perceptuli sistemebi
kompiuteriT Seqmnili samya-
ros `realurobaSi~.
Web sites

cdiloben, perceptuli pro-

cesebis mniSvnelovani kvleve-
bidan miRebuli codna sru-
liad axali samyaros cxovel
gancdebSi gadmoitanon.
mravali virtualuri rea-
lobis sistemis mizani monawi-
leTaTvis virtualur samya-
152
ekrani perceptuli gada-
muSavebisaTvis saintereso
realur samyaroseul monacemebs
i Z l e o d a . g a v i x s e n o T, r o m
realuri samyaros gancdisas
informacias iRebT rogorc
yuradRebis centridan, ise _
www.hitl.washington.ed/
projects/knowlege-base/onthenet. html,
(veb-gverdi, romelic vir-
tualur realobaze moicavs
monacemebs)
www.vrs.org.uk (virtualu-
ri sazogadoebis veb-gverdi)
iluziebi yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi
iluziebi Cveni cxovrebis ganuyreli nawilia.
ganvixiloT Cveni planeta `dedamiwis~ yovel-
dRiuri gamocdileba~. Tqven xedavT
mzis `amosvlas~ da `Casvlas~, Tumca iciT, rom
mze dasabamidan mzis sistemis centrSia moTav-
sebuli. albaT, gasagebia, ratom iyo udidesi
simamacis gamovlena qristefore kolumbis da
sxva zRvaosnebis mxridan, rom uareyoT
dedamiwis sibrtyelis aSkara iluzia da misi
erT-erTi kidisaken gaecuraT. aseve, roca savse
mTvarea caze, geCvenebaT, rom sadac ar unda
waxvideT, is Tan mogyvebaT, Tumca, iciT, rom es
ase ara aris. esec iluziaa, romlsac Tqven
Tvalebsa da mTvares Soris arsebuli udidesi
manZili iwvevs. saqme isaa, rom mTvaridan
areklili sinaTlis sxivebi Tqveni moZraobis
mimarTulebis mimarT ZiriTadad paraleluri
da perpendikularuli rCeba, mniSvneloba ara
aqvs, Tu sad midixarT.
adamianebs SeuZliaT iluziebis kontroli
sasurveli efeqtebis misaRwevad. arqiteqtorebi
da interieris dizainrebi aRqmis principebs
iyeneben sivrceSi sagnebis Sesaqmnelad, rom-
lebic maT realur zomebze ufro didad an
mcired gamoiyurebian. mcire zomis bina ufro
farTod gamoCndeba, Tu mas naTeli ferebiT
SeRebaven, avejiT ar gadatvirTaven da patara
dabal taxtebs, skamebs da magidebs kedlis
gaswvriv ki ar ganalageben, aramed _ oTaxis
centrSi. nasaSi (NASA) sivrciT programebSi
momuSave fsiqologebma aRqmaze garemos gavlena
gamoikvlies, raTa kosmosuri xomaldis Sida
sivrce ise moewyoT, rom mas sasiamovno
sensoruli Tvisebebi hqonoda. dekoraciebisa
da ganaTebis reJisorebi kinosa da Teatralur
xelovnebaSi ganzrax qmnian iluziebs filmebsa
da scenaze. am iluziebidan zogi ufro sasur-
velia, vidre sxvebi. Cven, Cveulebriv, mogvwons
kargad mowyobili garemo. mkvlevrebi swored
imitom ikvleven iluziebs, rom ukeT axsnan
aRqmis moqmedebis kanonzomiereba. iluziebi ki,
Tavis mxriv, gvarwmuneben, rom perceptuli
sistemebiT yovelTvis srulyofilad ver miiReba
proqsimaluri stimulidan distaluri stimuli.
aRqmis Semswavleli midgomebi
Tqven ukve gaecaniT aRqmis ramdenime arsebiT
kiTxvas: rogor aRadgens perceptuli sistema
informacias garemos struqturis Sesaxeb?
rogor xdeba perceptuli orazrovnebis
problemis gadaWra? ratom Cndeba iluziebi? am
kiTxvebze pasuxis gacemamde, saWiroa ukeT
gaverkveT im TeoriebSi, romelTac mniSvnelovani
adgili ukaviaT aRqmis kvlevaSi.
am Teoriebs Soris arsebuli gansxvavebebis
danaxva SesaZlebelia me-3 TavSi, sadac saubaria
Tandayolilis (nativizmis) da SeZenilis
(empirizmis) urTierTgamijvnaze. sakiTxi ase dgas:
ra raodenobis sawyisi SesaZleblobebis
matarebelia Tqveni genotipi. rogorc nativistma
SeiZleba amtkicoT, rom samyaroSi garkveuli
tipis Sinagani codniT an tvinis struqturebiT
SedixarT, romelic samyaros interpretaciaSi
gexmarebaT; an, rogorc empiristma, SeiZleba
amtkicoT, rom samyaroSi SedixarT, rogorc
sufTa dafa, mzad imisaTvis rom SeiswavloT
perceptuli samyaro. Tanamedrove Teoritikosebis
umravlesoba Tanxmdeba imaze, rom samyaros
gancdisTvis mniSvnelovania Tandayolilisa da
SeZenilis kombinacia, Tumca, vnaxavT, rom isini
ver Tanxmdebian am kombinaciis balansze.
helmholcis klasikuri Teoria
1866 wels herman fon helmholci (Hermann von
SegrZneba, organizeba, identificireba da cnoba
Helmholtz) aRqmaSi gamocdilebis, anu SeZenilis
mniSvnelovnebis pozicias icavda. misi Teoriis
mixedviT, nervul sistemaze moqmedi, xSirad
orazrovani stimulebis interpretaciisas
gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba fsiqikur procesebs
eniWeba. garemos Sesaxeb warsulSi miRebuli
codnis safuZvelze damkvirvebeli qmnis hipo-
Tezebs, anu varaudebs imis Taobaze, Tu rogoria
esa Tu is sagani sinamdvileSi. magaliTad, tyeSi
moulodnelad danaxul oTxfexa arsebas, albaT,
ZaRlad ufro miiCnevT, vidre _ mglad. amdenad,
aRqma induqciuri procesia – konkretuli, sava-
raudo kerZo xatidan daskvnis gakeTeba sagnebis
an movlenebis zogad klasze xdeba, romelsac
SeiZleba es konkretuli xati miekuTvnebodes.
radgan es procesi cnobierebis monawileobis
gareSe mimdinareobs, helmholcma mas aracno-
bieri daskvna (unconscious inference) uwoda. es
153
 daskvniTi procesi, Cveulebriv, zustad
muSaobs, Tumca, SeiZleba perceptuli iluziebi
warmoiqmnas, rodesac uCveulo garemoeba erTi
da igive stimulis mravalnairi interpretaciis
saSualebas iZleva, an, rodesac axlis nacvlad
Zveli da nacnobi gziT xdeba interpretacia.
helmholcis Teoria aRqmas or etapad yofs.
pirvel, analitikur etapze grZnobis organoebi
fundamenturi SegrZnebebis doneze axdenen
samyaros analizs; meore, sinTezis, safexurze
xdeba am sensoruli elementebis gaerTianeba
da sinTezireba obieqtebis da maTi Tvisebebis
aRqmis saxiT. helmholcis Teoriis mixedviT,
Cven SegrZnebebis interpretacias garemodan
miRebuli gamocdilebis safuZvelze vaxdenT.
Cveni interpretaciebi, faqtobrivad, Cveni
percepciis (aRqmis) Sesaxeb informirebul vara-
udebs warmoadgens.
geStaltmidgoma
geStaltfsiqologia, romelic XX saukunis
II naxevarSi germaniaSi Camoyalibda, did
yuradRebas uTmobda perceptul gamocdilebaSi
Tandayolili struqturebis rols. geStalt-
fsiqologiis gamoCenili warmomadgenlebi:
kurt kofka (Kurt Koffka, 1935), volfgang keleri
(Wolfgang Kohler, 1947) da maqs verThaimeri (Max
Wertheimer, 1923) amtkicebdnen, rom fsiqologiuri
fenomenis gageba mxolod maSin aris SesaZle-
beli, Tu mas organizebul, struqturul
mTlianobad miviCnevT da ar davanawevrebT
primitiul, martiv perceptul elementebad.
germanuli termini geStalti miaxloebiT
`formas~, `mTlians~, `konfiguracias~ an `arss~
niSnavs. geStaltistebma uaryves fsiqologiaSi
arsebuli atomisturi Tvalsazrisi. isini amtki-
cebdnen, rom mTeli gacilebiT metia, vidre
misi nawilebis ubralo meqanikuri jami. magali-
Tad, roca musikas vusmenT, mTlian melodias
aRviqvamT, miuxedavad imisa, rom is calkeuli
bgerebisagan Sedgeba. geStaltfsiqologiis
mixedviT, samyaros holsturi aRqmis Camoya-
Tavi 5 / aRqma
libeba ganpirobebulia Tavis tvinis qerqis
(korteqsis) funqcionirebis TaviseburebiT. Cven
CvenTvis Cveuli gziT imitom vawesrigebT sen-
sorul informacias, rom es Semomavali
sensoruli informaciis organizebis umar-
tivesi da yvelaze ekonomiuri gzaa, tvinis
154
struqturidan da fiziologiidan gamomdinare
(Semdeg qveTavSi ganvixilavT geStaltistebis
mier SemoTavazebul, perceptuli organizaciis
magaliTebs).
gibsonis ekologiuri optika
jeims gibsonma (James Gibson, 1966, 1979) da
elinor gibsonma (Eleanor Gibson) aRqmisadmi
Zalze mniSvnelovani midgoma SemogvTavazes.
gibsoni aRqmas organizmis struqturis Sedegad
ki ar miiCnevda, aramed fiqrobda, rom misi
ukeT gageba uSualo garemos (anu misi ekolo-
giis) analiziT iyo SesaZlebeli. erT-erTi
avtoris TqmiT, gibsonis midgoma aseTi iyo:
`ar ikiTxoT, ra aris Tqvens TavSi, ikiTxeT _
ris SigniTaa Tqveni Tavi~ (Mace, 1977). gibsonis
ekologiuri optikis Teoria garegani stimu-
lebis Tvisebebs ufro met yuradRebas aqcevda,
vidre im meqanizmebs, romliTac am stimulebis
aRqma xdeba. es midgoma radikalurad gan-
sxvavdeboda manamde arsebuli yvela Teo-
riisgan. gibsonis koncefciaSi aRqma gagebulia,
rogorc garemos aqtiuri gamokvleva. rodesac
damkvirvebeli garemoSi moZraobs, baduraze
stimulaciis paterni mudmivad icvleba drosa
da sivrceSi. ekologiuri optikis Teoria
cdilobda, ganesazRvra garemos Sesaxeb is
informacia, romelic xelmisawvdomi iqneboda
moZravi damkvirveblis TvalisaTvis. gibsonis
mimdevari Teoritikosebi Tanxmdebian imaze, rom
perceptuli sistemebi ganuviTardaT organiz-
mebs, romlebic rTul da cvalebad garemoSi
aqtiurebi iyvnen _ moipovebdnen sakvebs, wyals,
aracnobieri daskvna (Unconscious inference) _ helm-
holcis termini, romelic gacnobierebis gareSe
mimdinare aRqmas aRniSnavs.
geStaltfsiqologia (Gestalt psychology) _ fsiqo-
logiuri skola, romelic amtkicebs, rom fsiqo-
logiuri fenomenis gageba mxolod maSin aris
SesaZlebeli, Tu mas organizebul, struqturul
mTlianobad miviCnevT da ar davanawevrebT pro-
mitiul, martiv, perceptul elementebad.
ekologiuri optikis Teoria (Theory of ecological
optics) _ aRqmis Teoria, romelic xazs usvams
sastimulo informaciis mravalferovnebas da
aRqmas garemos aqtiur gamokvlevad miiCnevs.
mewyvilesa da TavSesafars (Gibson, 1979; Greeno,
1994; Nakayama, 1994).
gibsonis mixedviT, kiTxvaze _ `rogor swav-
lob garemos?~ pasuxi sakmaod advilia. Tqven
garemodan pirdapir iRebT informacias senso-
ruli informaciis invariantuli anu stabi-
luri Tvisebebis Sesaxeb. am SemTxvevaSi araa
saWiro perceptuli daskvnis maRali donis
sistemebis hipoTeturi konstruqtebis Seqmna _
aRqma pirdapir, uSualod xdeba. miuxedavad
imisa, rom garemoSi arsebuli TiToeuli sagnis
retinaluri zoma da forma icvleba damkvir-
veblidan sagnis daSorebulobisa da xedvis
kuTxis mixedviT, cvlilebebi SemTxveviTi ar
aris. metic, es cvlilebebi sistematuria da
sagnidan areklili sinaTlis ZiriTadi Tvi-
sebebi ar icvleba (invariantulia) aRqmis
kuTxisa da daSorebis aseTi cvlilebis piro- xmdebian maT Soris balansze. helmholci xazs
bebSic ki. vizualuri sistema isea mowyobili, usvamda gamocdilebis mniSvnelovnebas da
rom amCnevs am invariantulobas. adamianebi iseT varaudobda, rom aRqmis didi nawili ara-
garemoSi viTardebodnen, sadac swored inva- cnobier daskvnas efuZneboda. geStalt-midgoma
riantobis aRqmas hqonda sasicocxlo mniS- aRniSnavda, rom perceptuli gamocdileba
vneloba. ganxilul unda yofiliyo, rogorc mTeli da
amrigad, Tqven ukve gaecaniT im Teoriebs, aRqmaSi Tandayolili procesebis rols uWerda
romlebic mkvlevrebma perceptuli procesebis mxars; jeims gibsoniseuli midgoma ki xazs
asaxsnelad Seqmnes. am procesebis gacnobamde usvamda damkvirveblis, rogorc aqtiuri
ganvixiloT, rogor xdeba samyaroSi xel- subieqtis rols da did mniSvnelobas aniWebda
misawvdomi informaciis mcire nawilis SerCeva garemodan wamosul invariantul informacias.
da misTvis yuradRebis mipyroba.

Sejameba
aRqmis mTliani procesi SeiZleba sam safe-
xurad daiyos: SegrZneba, perceptuli organi-
zacia da identifikacia/cnoba. vizualuri
aRqmis ZiriTadi amocanaa distaluri stimulis
(garemoSi arsebuli realuri obieqtis) identi-
fikacia da interpretacia, proqsimaluri
yuradRebis procesebi
SeecadeT, Tqvens irgvliv aRmoaCinoT aTi
ram, romelic am momentamde ar SegimCneviaT.
SeamCnieT laqa kedelze? saaTis wikwiki? Tu
garemos Zalze yuradRebiT davakvirdebiT,
aRmovaCenT, rom aTasobiT sagania irgvliv,
romlisTvisac yuradRebis miqceva SeiZleboda.
yuradRebis procesebi

stimulidan (obieqtis retinaluri gamosaxule-
bidan) miRebuli informaciis safuZvelze.
orazrovan figurebs mxolod erTi interpre-
tacia aqvs sensorul doneze, mravali SesaZlo
interpretacia ki _ organizaciis da identifi-
kaciis doneze. iluziebi SezRudvebs uqmnian
perceptuli procesebis Sesaxeb Teoriebs.
aRqmis Teoriebi, Cveulebriv, Tanxmdebian
imaze, rom perceptuli unari Tandayolili da
SeZenili procesebis Sedegia, Tumca, ver Tan-
zogadad, rac metad mivaqcevT yuradRebas sagns
Tu movlenas, metis aRqmasa da gagebas SevZlebT
masze. amitom aris yuradReba aRmis Seswav-
lisas mniSvnelovani Tema. yuradRebis fokusi
gansazRvravs, ra tipis informacia iqneba yve-
laze xelmisawvdomi perceptuli procese-
yuradReba (Attention) _ xelmisawvdomi perceptuli
informaciis romelime nawilze cnobierebis
155
fokusireba.
 bisaTvis. rogorc qvemoT vnaxavT, mkvlevrebi
Seecadnen gaerkviaT, Tu garemodan momdinare
ra tipis stimulebs eqceva Cveni yuradReba
da ra wvlili Seaqvs yuradRebas stimulebis
gancdaSi. Tavdapirvelad ganvixilavT, rogor
funqcionirebs yuradReba seleqciurad, raTa
garemoSi garkveul sagnebsa da movlenebs meti
mniSvnelovneba mianiWos.
seleqciuri (SerCeviTi) yuradReba
am qveTavis dasawyisSi gTxoveT, yuradReba
migeqciaT ramdenime sagnisaTvis, romlebic
manamde ar SegimCneviaT. es eqsperimenti gviCve-
nebs yuradRebis mniSvnelovan funqcias, rac
Semavali sensoruli masalis garkveuli nawilis
SerCevaSi gamoixateba. es nawili Semdeg gada-
muSavdeba. vnaxoT, rogor virCevT, samyaros ro-
mel nawils (subset) mivaqcioT yuradReba da ra
Sedegi mosdevs am gadawyvetilebas CvenTvis io-
lad xelmisawvdomi informaciis TvalsazrisiT.
yuradRebis faqtorebi
rogor virCevT sagnebs, romlebic Cveni
yuradRebis centrSi eqcevian? am kiTxvaze pasuxs
ori komponenti aqvs. maT mizniT marTul seleq-
cias (goal-derected) da stimuliT gamowveul
yuradRebis mipyrobas (stimulus-driven capture)
uwodeben1 (Jantis, 1993). mizniT marTuli SerCevi-
sas Tqveni miznebidan gamomdinare irCevT, Tu
romel obieqts miaqcioT yuradReba. cxadia, rom
1
qarTul fsiqologiaSi: aRqmis subieqturi da
obieqturi faqtorebi (redaqtoris SeniSvna).
mizniT marTuli seleqcia (Goal-directed selection)
_ gansazRvravs imas, Tu adamianebi ratom ir-
Ceven Semomavali sensoruli informaciis raRac
nawils Semdegi gadamuSavebisaTvis. SerCeva
adamianis miznebidan gamomdinare xdeba.
Tavi 5 / aRqma
stimuliT gamowveuli yuradRebis mipyroba
(Stimulus-driven capture) _ gansazRvravs imas, Tu
adamianebi ratom irCeven sensoruli Semomavali
informaciis raRac nawils Semdegi gadamuSa-
vebisaTvis; xdeba maSin, rodesac stimulebis
niSnebi (sagnebi garemoSi) avtomaturad ipyroben
yuradRebas, adamianis kerZo miznebisgan damou-
kideblad.
156
SegiZliaT eqspliciturad airCioT calkeuli
obieqtebi Sesaswavlad. stimuliT gamowveuli
SerCeva maSin xdeba, rodesac stimulis _
garemoSi arsebuli obieqtebis _ maxasiaTeblebi
TavisTavad, avtomaturad iqceven yuradRebas,
Tqveni, rogorc damkvirveblis, miznebisagan
damoukideblad. stimuliT gamowveuli SerCeva
iqneba, magaliTad, Tu saWesTan mjdomi SuqniSanze
gaCerdebiT da ocnebebSi waxvalT; SuqniSnis
moulodneli cvlileba _ wiTeli Suqidan
mwvaneze _ gansakuTrebuli koncentraciis
gareSec miiqcevs Tqvens yuradRebas.
sainteresoa, ra kavSiria am or process
Soris. kvlevebi aCvenebs, rom garkveul pi-
robebSi mainc, stimuliT gamowveuli yuradReba
Warbobs mizniT marTul seleqcias.
saidan
viciT
konkurencia procesebs Soris, romlebic
yuradRebis fokusirebasac gansazRvraven
mkvlevrebma Seqmnes vizualuri ekranebi,
romlebic mizniT marTul SerCevasa da
stimuliT gamowveul yuradRebas konku-
renciul pirobebSi ayenebdnen (Theeuwes et
al., 1998). rogorc 5.9 suraTis A nawilzea
mocemuli, eqsperimentis TiToeuli sinjis
dasawyisSi cdis pirebs uCvenebdnen vi-
zualur ekrans, romelzedac mocemuli
iyo 6 nacrisferi wre SigniT Cawerili
cifriT 8. erTi wamis Semdeg ekrani icv-
leboda. seriebis meore naxevarSi, rogorc
B nawilzea mocemuli, erTi wris garda
yvela wre wiTeli feris gaxda. cdis
pirebis amocana iyo, SeexedaT darCenili
nacrisferi wrisTvis da eTqvaT, masSi
Cveulebrivi C ewera, Tu Sebrunebuli. cdis
pirebi am amocanis Sesrulebisas mizniT
marTul SerCevas iyenebdnen. maT ganzrax,
mizanmimarTulad gadahqondaT yuradReba
darCenil nacrisfer wreze. axla ganvixi-
loT 5.9 suraTis C nawili. am SemTxvevaSi,
romelic cdebis meore naxevars war-
moadgens, vizualur mwkrivs axali ele-
menti daemata _ wiTeli wre. axali
obieqtebi im saxis stimulebs miekuTvneba,
romlebic, Cveulebriv, stimuliT gamow-
 veul SerCevas iwveven. Cveulebriv piro-
bebSi mosalodneli iqneboda, rom cdis
pirebi mzeras am axal obieqtze gadai-
tandnen, Tumca, am konkretul eqsperimentSi
maT es ar moeTxovebodaT. maT isev
sTxovdnen, daefiqsirebinaT mxolod erTi
nacrisferi wris Sinaarsi. Dda ra xde-
boda? cdis pirebi ar aqcevdnen yuradRebas
wiTel wres? faqtobrivad, umetes Sem-
TxvevaSi axali obieqti avtomaturad
iqcevda cdis pirTa yuradRebas, miuxedavad
imisa, rom is sruliad ar Seesabameboda
eqsperimentatoris mier maTTvis dasaxul
mizans.

es fenomeni SeiZleba stimuliT gamowveul

SerCevad miviCnioT, radgan is aRmqmelis miznebis
sapirispirod moqmedebs. cxadia, monawileebi
ukeT Seasrulebdnen amocanas, Tu yuradRebas
ar miaqcevdnen wiTel wres, magram maTi ig-
norireba SeuZlebelia (miuxedavad imisa, rom
monawileebs TiTqmis yovelTvis urCevniaT, rac
SeiZleba kargad Seasrulon mkvlevris mier
dasaxuli amocana). mniSvnelovani zogadi daskvna
isaa, rom Cveni perceptuli sistema isea
mowyobili, rom yuradReba avtomaturad eqceva
garemoSi gamoCenil axal sagnebs (Yantis & Jonides,
1996).
yuradRebis miRma darCenili informacia
suraTi
5.9
yuradRebis gamomwvevi procesebi
am eqsperimentis TiToeuli seriis dasawyisSi, cdis
pirebi uyurebdnen ekrans, romelzec gamosaxuli iyo
eqvsi nacrisferi wre (nawili A). rodesac ekrani
icvleboda, cdis pirebis amocana iyo, eTqvaT, darCenil
nacrisfer wreSi rogori C iyo Cawerili. seriis
naxevarSi ekranze ar iyo axali obieqtebi (nawili B),
meore naxevarSi ki _ iyo (nawili C). miuxedavad imisa,
rom cdis pirebis amocana iyo erTi nacrisferi wrisTvis
yuradRebis miqceva, axali obieqti gamoCenisTanave
avtomaturad ipyrobda maT yuradRebas.

Tu Tqven SerCeviTad miaqcieT yuradReba

perceptuli ekranis romelime nawils, sakuTari
miznebidan an stimulis Tvisebebidan gamom-
dinare, ra bedi eweva yuradRebis miRma darCenil
informacias? warmoidgineT, rom usmenT leqcias,
Tqvengan orive mxares ki adamianebi saubroben.
rogor SeZlebT mihyveT leqciis Sinaarss? ra
gesmiT saubridan? SeiZleba rame iseTs mokraT
munikacio arxs, informaciis sruli gadamuSa-
vebis SezRuduli SesaZlebloba aqvs. amis gamo
saWiroa, rom yuradRebam mkacrad daareguliros
Semavali sensoruli informaciis cnobierebaSi
gadasvla. yuradReba aviwroebs kognitur sis-
temaSi Semavali informaciis nakads, filtravs
garkveul nawils da danarCen informacias
yuradRebis procesebi

yuri romelime saubris SinaarsSi, rac leq-
ciidan Tqveni yuradRebis gadanacvlebas
gamoiwvevs?
am kiTxvebiT pirvelad ronald broudbenTi
(Ronald Brodbent, 1958) dainteresda. igi tvins sako-
munikacio arxs _ telefonis xazs an kompiuteris
kavSirebs _ adarebda, romelic aqtiurad
gadaamuSavebs da gadascems informacias. broud-
benTis Teoriis mixedviT, tvins, rogorc sako-
Semdeg safexurze uSvebs. yuradRebis filtris
Teoria (filter theory) amtkicebs, rom Semomavali
informaciis seleqcia misi mniSvnelobis wvdo-
mamde xdeba.
filtris Teoriis Sesamowmeblad mkvlev-
rebma laboratoriaSi Seqmnes realuri cxov-
rebiseuli situacia, sadac Semomavali infor-
maciis mravali wyaro gvaqvs. amisaTvis maT
gamoiyenes dixotomiuri mosmenis meTodi. am
eqsperimentSi monawileebs ukeTiaT yursas- 157
 menebi, romelSic erTdroulad usmenen or
Caweril informacias. TiToeul yurSi
g a n s x v a v e b u l i informacia miewodebaT.
monawileebs eZlevaT instruqcia,
eqsperimentators gadascen mxolod erT-erTi
Setyobineba da ar mousminon meore yurSi
miwodebul informacias. am proceduras
uwodeben yuradRebamiqceuli informaciis
daCrdilvas (ix. sur. 5.10).
filtris Teoriis mosazreba eWvqveS dadga,
rodesac aRmoCnda, rom zogierTi msmeneli
ixsenebda iseT momentebs, romelTa gaxsenebasac
ver SeZlebda, yuradRebas mTlianad rom
gaefiltra ignorirebuli masala (Cherry, 1953).

sanimuSod ganvixiloT sakuTari saxelis maga-
liTi. adamianebi xSirad amboben, rom yuri mok-
res sakuTar saxels xmaurian oTaxSi maSinac
ki, roca isini sxva saubarSi iyvnen CarTulni.
amas koqteilis wveulebis fenomens (cocktail party
phenomenon) uwodeben.
saidan
viciT
5.10
suraTi
diqotomiuri mosmenis amocana
cdis piri erTdroulad ismens sxvadasxva cifrebs
TiToeul yurSi: 2 (marcxena), 7 (marjvena), 6 (marcxena),
9 (marjvena), 1 (marcxena), 5 (marjvena). igi mosmenils
ambobs swor rigad _ 261 da 795. xolo, rodesac sTxoven,
mousminos mxolod marjvena yurSi miwodebul masalas,
cdis piri ambobs mxolod 795-s.

gvWirdeba Tu ara yuradReba sakuTari gones (da mxolod es jgufi), saxelis ga-
saxelis gasagonad? gonebis Semdeg maSinve ferxdebodnen (Wood
& Cowan, 1995a).
cdis pirebi erTdroulad ismendnen ori
adamianis xmas, romlebic erTmarcvliani
es Sedegebi gviCvenebs, rom sakuTari saxeli
sityvebis mwkrivs kiTxulobdnen. maT
aucileblobiT ar iqcevs yuradRebas, vinaidan
sTxovdnen, yuradReba mieqciaT mxolod
msmenelTa 2/3-ma ver gaigona is. miuxedevad amisa,
marjvena yurSi miwodebuli infor-
Sedegebi naTlad gviCvenebs, rom mainc xdeba
maciisaTvis da sityvebi maqsimalurad
ignorirebuli arxis garkveulwilad gaazre-
zustad gaemeorebinaT. eqsperimentis mim-
buli analizi – sxva SemTxvevaSi msmenelTa 1/3
dinareobis garkveul momentSi TiToeul
verasodes miaqcevda yuradRebas sakuTar saxels.
monawiles (sakontrolo jgufis garda)
aseTi tipis eqsperimentis safuZvelze mkvlev-
sxva sityvebTan erTad asmeninebdnen sa-
rebi varaudoben, rom yuradRebis miRma darCeni-
kuTar saxels im yurSi, romelSic mowo-
li informacia garkveulwilad mainc gadamuSav-
debuli informaciisTvis yuradReba ar
deba, magram imdenad ara, rom cnobierebis
unda mieqciaT. sainteresoa, gaigones Tu
sazRvrebs miaRwios (Woods & Cowan, 1995). infor-
ar maT sakuTari saxelebi? cdis pirTa
macia mxolod im SemTxvevaSi miiqcevs yurad-
daaxloebiT 1/3-ma (34%-ma), romelsac
Tavi 5 / aRqma

saxels ukiTxavdnen, gaigona sakuTari

saxeli, Tumca maT ver gaigones verc erTi diqotomiuri mosmena (Dichotic listening) _ eqsperi-
mentuli meTodi, rodesac gansxvavebuli audia-
sxva saxeli iseve, rogorc sakontrolo
luri stimuli miewodeba TiToeul yurs.
jgufis cdis pirebma (romelTac saxelebs
yuradRebamdeli gadamuSaveba (Preattentive process-
ar ukiTxavdnen). garda amisa, damCrdilavi
ing) _ sensoruli informaciis gadamuSaveba,
qmedebis (shadowing performance) gamo, mona-
romelic yuradRebas specifikur obieqtze
158
wileebi, romlebmac sakuTari saxeli gai- mimarTavs.
Rebas, Tu yuradRebis miRma darCenili infor-
maciis maxasiaTeblebi sakmarisad gamodiferen-
cirebuli iqneba, magaliTad, Tu es iqneba msme-
nelis saxeli (yuradRebasa da cnobierebas
Soris kavSirs me-6 TavSi davubrundebiT). zogadi
principi isaa, rom yuradRebis miRma darCenili
informaciis arsebobis Sesaxeb araferi viciT.
amrigad, gasagebia, ratomaa saxifaTo yuradRebis
gadanacvleba mocemul momentSi aqtualuri
amocanidan, an miznidan. Tu yuradRebas ver
miaqcevT garkveul informacias, magaliTad,
profesoris leqcias, masala TavisTvis darCeba
da Tqven ver moismenT mas!
axla vnaxoT, ra roli ekisreba yuradRebas
garemoSi sagnebis moZebnasa da maT sworad
identificirebaSi.
yuradReba da sagnebi garemoSi
yuradRebis erT-erTi ZiriTadi funqciaa xma-
urian vizualur garemoSi konkretuli obieq-
tebis moZebna. am meqanizmis sanaxavad sakmaod
martivi eqsperimentis Catareba SeiZleba. dadeT
wigni erTi wuTiT da SeecadeT:
moZebnoT rame wiTeli. axla scadeT, ipovoT
rame alisferi;
moZebnoT rame oTxkuTxedi. axla scadeT,
ipovoT rame mrgvali;
moZebnoT rame lurji, Semdeg scadeT, ipo-
voT rame, rac mrgvalic iqneba da lurjic.
TiToeul SemTxvevaSi risi povna ufro gagiZ-
neldaT? mkvlevrebi irwmunebian, rom alisfris
povna ufro advilia, vidre wiTlis (Treisman &
Gormican, 1988); oTxkuTxedis ufro advilia,
vidre _ mrgvalis (Kim & Cave, 1995) da rame erTi
niSniT gansazRvruli ufro advilia, vidre ori
_ niSniT gansazRvrulis (Treisman & Sato, 1990). ro-
gor fiqrobT, ratom aris ase? Tqven es-esaa
gaecaniT yuradRebamdeli gadamuSavebis (preatten-
tive processing) zogierT maxasiaTebels, rac gan-
sxvavdeba gadamuSavebis im procesebisagan, rom-
lebic yuradRebas saWiroeben.
miuxedavad imisa, rom cnobieri mexsiereba
da sagnebis cnoba yuradRebas saWiroebs, infor-
maciis sakmaod rTuli gadamuSaveba yuradRebisa
da cnobierebis gareSec xdeba (Kubovy et al., 1999).
gadamuSavebis am adreul etaps yuradRebamdeli
gadamuSaveba ewodeba, radgan is Semomaval
suraTi
5.11
yuradReba da vizualuri
Zebna
(A) ipoveT erTi gamorCeuli niS-
niT gansxvavebuli sagani, SegiZ-
liaT gamoiyenoT paraleluri Zeb-
na (gadasinjva).
(B) ipoveT sagani niSnebis erTob-
liobis mixedviT, unda gamoiyenoT
seriuli Zebna.
yuradRebis procesebi
(C) vinaidan paraleluri Zebna
gamoiyeneba, moZebnas erTnairi dro
sWirdeba yuradRebis gamfantvelis
raodenobis miuxedavad.
(D) seriul Zebnaze yuradRebis
gamfantvelebis raodenoba axdens
gavlenas. D nawilSi Zebna ufro
swrafad xdeba, vidre B-Si.
159
 sensorul masalaze yuradRebis miqcevamde,
sensoruli receptorebidan tvinSi Sesvlis-
Tanave, moqmedebs.
yuradRebamdeli gadamuSavebis saSualebiT
advilad vpoulobT mxolod erTi niSniT
gamorCeul sagnebs (Treisman & Sato, 1990; Wolfe, 1992).
SexedeT 5.11 suraTis A nawils. SegiZliaT,
ipovoT TeTri T? es aris oTaxSi, Tqvens irgvliv,
lurji obieqtebis povnis msgavsi amocana.
yuradRebamdeli gadamuSaveba saSualebas gaZ-
levT, paralelurad gadasinjoT garemo erTi
calkeuli gamorCeuli niSnis mixedviT. es
niSnavs, rom Tqven SegiZliaT erTdroulad gada-
sinjoT ekranis mTeli zedapiri. am paraleluri
gadasinjvis Sedegad yuradReba erT saTanado
obieqtze koncentrirdeba, Tumca, yuradReba
miaqcieT, rom yvela calkeuli niSani Tanabrad
gamorCeuli ar aris. bevri adamianisaTvis kvad-
ratis povna ufro advilia, vidre _ wris, albaT
imitom, rom marTkuTxedis kuTxeebi gamokve-
Tilia (Kim & Cave, 1995). adamianebis umetesoba
ufro advilad poulobs ZiriTadi ferisgan
gansxvavebul fers, rogorc, magaliTad, alis-
feri gansxvavdeba wiTlisagan, albaT imitom,
rom aseTi feri gansxvavebulia garemos nor-
misagan (Treisman & Gormican, 1988 ).
calkeul niSnebs Soris aSkara gansxvavebis
miuxedavad, mainc gagiWirdebaT maTi kombina-
ciebis aRmoCena. ganvixiloT 5.11 suraTis B
nawili. kidev erTxel scadeT TeTri T-s povna.
ar geCvenebaT, rom es ufro Znelia? am
SemTxvevaSi yuradRebis sistema ar aris aRWur-
vili imisaTvis, rom paraleluri gadasinjvisas
suraTi
5.12
orferiani sagnis moZebna
(A) moZebneT yviTeli da lurji sagani.
(B) moZebneT yviTeli saxli lurji
Tavi 5 / aRqma
fanjrebiT.
(A) moZebna Zalian mouxerxebelia,
rodesac sagnis ori nawilis ori feris
erTobliobaa mosaZebni.
(B) moZebna ufro advilia, rodesac
mTeli sagnis feris da misi erT-erTi
nawilis feris erTobliobaa mosaZebni.
160
(Zebnisas) TeTri T TeTri L-gan gamoyos. Tqven
kvlav SegiZliaT gamoiyenoT paraleluri
gadasinjvis SesaZlebloba da ugulvelyoT
yvela Savi T, magram Semdeg mogiwevT yvela TeTri
simbolos saTiTaod an seriulad gadasinjva.
es gamocdileba gansxvavdeba garemoSi erT-
droulad wiTeli da wriuli sagnis povnis
gamocdilebisgan. yuradRebamdeli gadamuSaveba
saSualebas gaZlevT, swrafad ipovoT wiTeli
feris an mrgvali formis sagnebi; igi garemos
marTuli gadasinjvis saSualebas iZleva (Wolfe,
1994; Wolfe & Gancarz, 1996). am TvalsazrisiT, Tqven
mainc gWirdebaT TiToeul saganze indi-
vidualurad yuradRebis miqceva, raTa gansazR-
vroT, Seesabameba Tu ara is ori niSnis kom-
binacias _ wiTelsa da mrgvals.
mkvlevrebi ganasxvaveben paralelur da
seriul Zebnas imis gansazRvriT, Tu ramdenad
Znelia samiznes povna, romelic yuradRebis
gamfantvelebis (distractors) raodenobis funqcias
warmoadgens. davuSvaT, gTxovT, moZebnoT ekranze
TeTr T xuTi Savi T-s garemocvaSi (rogorc 5.11
suraTis C nawilSia) da 34 Savi T-s garemocvaSi
(rogorc A nawilSia). radgan Tqven am ori
amocanis Sesruleba paralelulad SegiZliaT,
TiToeul SemTxvevaSi TeTri T-s povnas daax-
loebiT erTnairi dro dasWirdeba. meore mxriv,
rodesac am suraTze B nawilidan D nawilze
marTuli gadasinjva (Guided search) _
gadaxvalT, igrZnobT, rom D nawilSi ufro
advilad poulobT TeTr T-s. Tqven TiToeuli
TeTri elementisaTvis seriulad yuradRebis
miqceva giwevT, ase rom, TiToeuli TeTri
elementi, romelsac uyurebT (sanam sasurvels
ipoviT) damatebiT dros garTmevT.
mkvlevrebs SeuZliaT am logikis gamoyeneba
perceptuli samyaros sxva iseTi aspeqtebis
aRmosaCenad, romlebic SeiZleba yuradRebamdel
gadamuSavebas saWiroebdnen. ganvixiloT 5.12
suraTis A nawili: SeecadeT, ipovoT yviTeli
da Savi sagnebi. B nawilSi SeecadeT, ipovoT
yviTeli saxli lurji fanjrebiT. meore amocana
ufro advili ar iyo vidre pirveli? davalebis
Sesrulebze nakleb gavlenas axdenen yuradRebis
damatebiTi gamfantvelebi (extre distractors),
rodesac ori feri CarTulia sagnis nawilebsa
da mTlianSi (Wolfe et al., 1994). am saxis magaliTebi
gvarwmunebs, rom yuradRebamdeli gadamuSaveba
garemoSi sagnebis sapovnelad SedarebiT daxve-
wil (kargad damuSavebuli meqanizmis mqone)
daxmarebas gvTavazobs.
axla ukve SegviZlia martivi niSnebis gadamu-
Savebidan mTliani sagnebisa da garemos aRqmis
ganxilvaze gadavideT.
Sejameba
garemoSi stimulebs SerCeviTad (seleqci-
urad) aqcevT yuradRebas mizniT marTuli
seleqciis gamo an imitom, rom stimulebidan
raRac iqcevs Tqvens yuradRebas, esaa stimuliT
gamowveuli SerCeva. yuradRebis filtris Teo-
riis mixedviT, tvins SezRuduli SesaZleblo-
bebi aqvs. yuradRebis miRma darCenili infor-
macia iSviaTad cnobierdeba. yuradRebamdeli
gadamuSaveba saSualebas gaZlevT, garemoSi
ipovoT sagnebi, romlebic SeiZleba erTi gamor-
Ceuli niSniT identificirdnen.
aRqmis organizaciis
procesebi
warmoidgineT ramdenad uwesrigo iqneboda
samyaro, rom ar SegvZleboda milioni retina-
luri receptoridan miRebuli informaciis
Tavmoyra da organizeba. TvalebTan moZravi da
mbrunavi ferebis daukavSirebeli nawilebis
kaleidoskopi geqnebodaT. procesebs, romlebic
sensorul informacias aerTianebs Tanmimdev-
ruli aRqmis misaRebad, perceptuli organiza-
ciis procesebi ewodeba. Cven ukve viciT, rom,
rasac adamiani aseTi perceptuli gadamuSavebis
Sedegad ganicdis, percepti (aRqmis xati)
ewodeba.
magaliTad, 5.13 suraTze mocemuli organzomi-
lebiani geometriuli kompoziciis perceptuli

suraTi
5.13

organzomilebiani geometriuli
figuris percepti

rogoria am geometriuli figuris Tqveni

percepti?

161
 suraTi
5.14
subieqturi konturebi,
romlebic kuTxeebs avseben
xedavT am suraTze gamosaxul
naZvis xes da or, erTmaneTze
dadebul samkuTxeds?
samkuTxedebi rom ararealuria
amaSi darwmunebiT, Tu or kuTxes
cera TiTebiT dafaravT.
subieqturi konturebis SeqmniT,
perceptuli organizebis procesebi
stimulSi figurasa da fons
gamoyofs.
xati, albaT, sam diagonalur rigad ganlagebuli
figurebia, romelTagan I rigi kvadratebisgan
Sedgeba, II – isrebisgan da III– rombebisgan. amaSi
TiTqos araferia ucnauri, Tumca, rogorc wina
TavSi aRvniSneT, aRqmis yvela es, erTi SexedviT,
TavisTavadi procesi daxvewili, natifi
gadamuSavebiT aris gaadvilebuli. mravali
organizaciuli procesi, romelsac am qveTavSi
ganvixilavT, pirvelad geStaltistebma aRweres.
isini amtkicebdnen, rom aRqma damokidebulia
organizaciis kanonebze, anu im martiv princi-
pebze, romelTa saSualebiTac sagnis formebs
an gamosaxulebebs aRviqvamT.
figura, foni da
dasrulebuloba (Sevsebuloba)
ratom aRviqvamT 5.13 suraTs CvenTvis Cveuli
gziT? am gamosaxulebis aRqmisas organizaciuli
procesi mas figurad da fonad yofs. figura
Cans, rogorc sagnismagvari win wamoweuli are,
xolo foni _ rogorc sivrce, romelzec figura
devs. 5.13 suraTze muq adgilebs, albaT, figurad
aRiqvamT, naTel adgils _ fonad. Tumca, es
stimuli SeiZleba sxvagvaradac dainaxoT
figurisa da fonis SenacvlebiT, rogorc amas
orazrovani larnaki/profilebis SemTxvevaSi
akeTebdiT. amisaTvis, SeecadeT, dainaxoT TeTri
sivrce, rogorc didi TeTri furceli, romel-
Tavi 5 / aRqma
zedac ganlagebuli 9 amoWrili figuridan Savi
foni moCans.
figura (Figure) _ fonisagan gansxvavebuli, sag-
nismagvari win wamoweuli are vizualur velSi.
foni (Ground) _ sivrce vizualur velSi, ro-
162 melzec figura devs
figuris fonidan win wamoweulad danaxvis
tendencia Zalze Zlieria. faqtobrivad, es
maSinac xdeba, rodesac figura realurad ar
arsebobs. 5.14 suraTis pirvel gamosaxulebaSi
Tqven, albaT, xedavT naZvis xes fonze, romelic
TeTr zedapirze mocemul ramdenime Sav wres
warmoadgens. Tumca, SevniSnavT, rom aq aranairi
naZvis xe ar arsebobs. figura Sedgeba mxolod
3 gancalkevebuli Savi figurisa da xazebisagan.
Tqven iluzorulad xedavT win wamoweul TeTr
samkuTxeds, radgan Savi gamosaxulebebis kideebi
isea ganlagebuli, rom mTliani TeTri sam-
kuTxedi geCvenebaT. 5.14 suraTis meore gamosa-
xuleba qmnis erTi dasrulebuli samkuTxedis
iluzias, romelic meores adevs, Tumca, realu-
rad arc erTi arsebobs.
am magaliTSi, rogorc Cans, figura-fonis
organizaciis sami donea: TeTri naZvis xe, Savi
wreebi da ufro farTo TeTri zedapiri am
yvelafris ukan. aRvniSnavT, rom stimulSi TeTr
ares Tqven perceptulad yofT or gansxvavebul
regionad: TeTr samkuTxedad da TeTr fonad. am
gayofis adgilze aRiqvamT iluzorul kon-
turebs. isini realurad arseboben ara dis-
talur stimulSi, aramed _ mxolod Tqvens
subieqtur gamocdilebaSi. iluzoruli
konturebi pirvelad 1900 wels aRweres, magram
yvela saidumlo jer mainc ar aris amoxsnili
(Lesher, 1995).
am suraTebze TeTri samkuTxedis aRqma kidev
erT mZlavr organizaciul process – dasru-
lebulobas (Sevsebulobas) _ gviCvenebs. dasru-
iluziuri konturebi ( ) _

lebuloba (Sevsebuloba) daumTavrebel figu-
rebs damTavrebulad, dasrulebulad (Sevse-
bulad) gvanaxebs. miuxedavad imisa, rom sti-
mulSi mxolod kuTxeebia mocemuli, Cveni
perceptuli sistema avsebs kuTxeebs Soris
arsebul sivrces (qmnis konturebs), rac figuras
dasrulebul naZvis xed aqcevs. dasrulebu-
lobis procesis saSualebiT SesaZlebelia
stimulebis dasrulebulad, balansirebulad
da simetriulad aRqma, maSinac ki, rodesac
saxezea gansvla, disbalansi da asimetria.
perceptuli dajgufebis
principebi
5.13 suraTze mocemuli gamosaxuleba Tqven
aRiqviT 9 figurad, romlebic rigebadaa
dajgufebuli. TiToeuli maTgani agebulia
diagonaluri xazebis gaswvriv ganlagebuli 3
identuri gamosaxulebisagan. rogor ajgufebs
vizualuri sistema am obieqtebs da ra faqtorebi
gansazRvraven mas?
dajgufebis sakiTxi pirvelad farTod
geStaltfsiqologma maqs verThaimerma (1923)
figura (Figure) _ fonisagan gansxvavebuli, sag-
nismagvari win wamoweuli are vizualur velSi.
foni (Ground) _ sivrce vizualur velSi, ro-
melzec figura devs
suraTi
5.15
dajgufebis fenomeni
TiToeul mwkrivs, B nawilidan
G-mde, garkveuli saxiT daj-
gufebulad a R v i q v a m T,
geStaltis dajgufebis
sxvadasxva principebidan
gamomdinare.
Seiswavla. verThaimeri damkvirveblebs uCvenebda
martivi geometriuli figurebis wyebas. cvlida
ra calkeul faqtors da akvirdeboda, rogor
moqmedebda is figuraTa struqturis aRqmaze,
verThaimerma SeZlo dajgufebis wesebis
Camoayalibeba. 5.15 suraTze mocemulia ramdenime
wesis ilustracia. A nawilSi mocemulia Tanab-
rad daSorebuli wreebis mwkrivebi, romlebic
SeiZleba sxvadasxvagvarad dajgufdes. Tqven
SeiZleba erTnairi warmatebiT dainaxoT am
wreebis svetebi an rigebi. Tumca, rodesac
intervali mcirediT icvleba ise, rom wreebs
Soris horizontaluri intervali vertikalur
intervalze naklebia (rogorc es B nawilzea
mocemuli), Tqven erTmniSvnelovnad horizon-
talur mwkrivebad organizebul wreebs xedavT.
rodesac intervalebis cvlilebisas vertika-
luri intervali ufro naklebia (rogorc C
nawilzea mocemuli), Tqven wreebs vertikalur
svetebad ganlagebulad aRiqvamT. es 3 saxis
dajgufeba verThaimeris siaxlovis kanonis aRqmis organizaciis procesebi
ilustracias warmoadgens. rodesac sxva
danarCeni pirobebi ucvlelia, erTmaneTTan
yvelaze axlos ganlagebuli elementebi
(yvelaze proqsimalurebi) erTad jgufdeba.
geStaltistebma aseTi Sedegebi imiT axsnes,
rom mTliani stimulis paterni garkveulad
gansazRvravs misi nawilebis ganlagebas. sxva
sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, mTliani percepti
gansxvavdeba misi nawilebis ubralo meqanikuri
jamisgan.
5.15 suraTis D nawilSi, intervalis nacvlad
feri icvleboda. miuxedavad imisa, rom wreebs
Soris intervali Tanabaria, vizualuri sistema
163
 avtomaturad ganalagebs stimuls rigebad, fe-
rebis msgavsebis gamo. E nawilSi wreebs svetebad
ganlagebuls xedavT, msgavsi zomebis gamo, F
nawilSi ki _ rigebad ganlagebuls, formisa
da orientaciis msgavsebis gamo. dajgufebis es
efeqtebi SeiZleba gaerTiandes msgavsebis ka-
noniT, rac imaSi gamoixateba, rom sxva Tanabar
pirobebSi, msgavsi elementebi erTad jgufdeba.
rodesac vizualur velSi elementebi
moZraoben, erTnairi mimarTulebiT moZraoba
elementebis dajgufebas iwvevs. saerTo bedis
kanonis mixedviT, sxva Tanabar pirobebSi,
erTnairi mimarTulebiTa da tempiT moZravi ele-
mentebi erTad jgufdeba. Tu G nawilSi yvela
svetis wertili zeviT imoZravebda, gamosa-
xulebebs Tqven svetebad daajgufebdiT, moZ-
raobis mimarTulebis msgavsebis gamo. igive
efeqtia baletis SemTxvevaSi, rodesac ramdenime
mocekvave sxvebisagan gansxvavebulad moZraobs.
gavixsenoT doqtor riCardsis SemTxveva _ sagani
mis vizualur velSi sworad organizdeboda,
rodesac igi moZraobda, rogorc erTi mTliani.
misi SemTxveva naTels xdis saerTo bedis mZlavr
organizaciul gavlenas.
sivrciTi da droiTi integracia
geStaltis yvela wesi, romelic aqamde gan-
vixileT, dagarwmunebdaT, rom aRqma, umetes-
wilad, warmoadgens samyaros `sworad~
gaerTianebul nawilebs, Tumca, xSirad Tqven
ar SegiZliaT aRiqvaT mTliani movlena Tvalis
erTi SevlebiT an fiqsaciiT (gaixseneT saubari
yuradRebis Sesaxeb). rasac mocemul momentSi
aRiqvamT, xSirad yvela mimarTulebiT ganvr-
cobili, Tvaluwvdeneli vizualuri samyarodan
miRebuli SezRuduli, SemWidroebuli STa-
beWdilebaa. garemoze sruli warmodgenis Sesaq-
mnelad, sivrciTi da droiTi integraciaa sa-
Wiro, anu Tqven unda SekriboT sivrcis sxva-
dasxva adgilidan fiqsirebuli informacia
Tavi 5 / aRqma
drois sxvadasxva momentSi.
SeiZleba gagikvirdeT, magram vizualuri
sistema ar qmnis (`Tavs ar iwuxebs~) TiToeuli
momentis zustad amsaxvel, Tanamimdevrul,
integrirebul suraTs. mkvlevrebi irwmunebian,
rom garemoze TiToeuli fiqsaciiT vizualur
mexsierebaSi ar inaxeba zusti, mciredi deta-
164
lebi (Carlson-Radvansky & Irwin, 1995; Irwin, 1991,
Simons, 2000). faqtobrivad, damkvirveblebi
xandaxan ver afiqsireben, rodis icvleba
mTliani obieqti erTi fiqsaciidan meore
fiqsaciaze.
saidan
viciT
ra dainaxeT axlaxan
eqsperimentis erT-erT seriaSi cdis
pirebi ori wamis ganmavlobaSi uyurebdnen
suraTze 5 nacnobi obieqtis mwkrivs.
daaxloebiT 4 wm-is Semdeg isini uyu-
rebdnen meore mwkrivs. seriebis naxevarSi
meore mwkrivi pirvelis identuri iyo.
seriebis meore naxevarSi, rogorc es 5.16
suraTis A nawilzea mocemuli, meore rigi
pirvelisgan sami variantidan erT-erTi
saxiT gansxvavdeboda: erTi sagani Tvi-
sobrivad icvleboda (magaliTad, pirvel
mwkrivSi stepleri Seicvala gasaRebiT),
orma saganma Seicvala mdebareoba da
sagnebis mTeli wyeba axali konfiguraciiT
ganlagda. cdis pirebs unda eTqvaT, rigebi
iseTive iyo Tu gansxvavebuli. Tqven
SeiZleba ifiqroT, rom es ioli amocanaa.
rogor SeiZleba ver SeniSnoT, rom step-
leri gasaxsneliT Seicvala? miuxedavad
amisa, rogorc naCvenebia 5.16 suraTis B
nawilze, aRmoCnda, rom identurobisa da
gadanacvlebis cvlilebebis SemTxvevaSi
amocnobis maCvenebeli Zalze dabali iyo.
cdis pirebi ver `xedavdnen~ mTel rig
Zalze aSkara cvlilebebs (Simons, 1996).
bevr adamians aocebs aseTi Sedegi. warmoud-
genelia, rom Cven informaciis gadamuSavebis
imdenad mwir resurss vflobT situaciis deta-
lebis Sesanaxad, rom verc ki SevniSneT, rogor
Seicvala stepleri gasaxsneliT. pasuxi, nawi-
lobriv, SeiZleba is iyos, rom samyaro Tavad
aris, zogadad, informaciis mudmivi, stabiluri
wyaro (O’Regan, 1992). ubralod, ar aris saWiro
iseTi informaciis damaxsovreba, romelic mud-
mivad xelmisawvdomia garemoSi; amitom arc
suraTi
5.16
cvlilebis SeumCnevloba
(A) eqsperimentis monawileebs ekiTxebodnen, meore gamosaxuleba pirvelis msgavsi iyo Tu gansxvavebuli. (B)
roca gamosaxulebaze sagani icvleboda an ori sagani akldeboda, cdis pirebi xSirad ver afiqsirebdnen
cvlilebebs. isini TiTqmis yovelTvis sworad mxolod maSin miuTiTebdnen, roca mTliani konfiguracia icvleboda.
mogvepoveba procesebi, romelebic, Cveulebriv,
amis saSualebas mogvcemda.
erT-erTi saintereso Sedegi, romelic sxvada-
sxva fiqsaciidan miRebul informacias SeiZleba
mohyves, iluziebia, romelTac `SeuZlebel~
sagnebs uwodeben (5.17 suraTze mocemuli obieq-
tebi). magaliTad, sagnis kuTxeebisa da gverdebis
TiToeuli fiqsacia samganzomilebiani samkuTxe-
dis interpretacias iwvevs (gamosaxuleba A),
Tumca, rodesac cdilobT mis erT mTlianobaSi
gaerTianebas, nawilebi kargad ver ergeba
erTmaneTs (gamosaxuleba B). C gamosaxulebas
ori ganStoeba aqvs, romelic, sanam kargad ar
daakvirdebiT, rogorRac gadaiqceva samkbilad;
D gamosaxulebaze perceptuli kibe dausru-
leblad adis da Camodis.
moZraobis aRqma
aRqmis erT-erTi saxeoba, romelic samyarodan
miRebuli sxvadasxva, swrafad cvalebadi STabeW-
dilebebis urTierTSedarebas saWiroebs, moZra-
obis aRqmaa. ganvixiloT 5.18 suraTze mocemuli
ori gamosaxuleba. davuSvaT, es individi idga,
sanam Tqven uaxlovdebodiT mas. Tqvens baduraze
miRebuli misi gamosaxulebis zoma miaxlo-
ebasTan erTad izrdeba. retinaluri gamosaxu-
lebis zrdis xarisxi individTan miaxloebis
temps giCvenebT (Gibson, 1979).
axla, davuSvaT, Tqven garda yvela sxva sagani
moZraobs. moZraobis aRqma, formisa da
orientaciis aRqmis msgavsad, xSirad aTvlis
aRqmis organizaciis procesebi
sistemazea damokidebuli. Tu Tqven dajdebiT
Cabnelebul oTaxSi da mzeras daafiqsirebT
sinaTlis umoZrao laqaze, romelic ganaTebul,
win da ukan Zalian nela moZrav oTxkuTxedzea
moTavsebuli, Tqven umoZrao oTxkuTxedze win
da ukan moZrav wertils aRiqvamT. es iluzia,
romelsac moCvenebiTi moZraoba (induced motion)
ewodeba, maSinac xdeba, rodesac mzeras
sakmaod uZravad afiqsirebT wertilze.
moZraobis deteqtori ujredebi saerTod ar
aRigzneba uZravi wertiliT, Tumca sakmaod
mZlavrad Riziandeba oTxkuTxedis moZravi
165
xazebiT. imisaTvis, rom wertili moZravad
 suraTi
5.17

SeuZlebeli figurebi
r o d e s a c a m p o b i e q t e b s u y u r e b T,
Ti To e u l i calkeuli fiqsacia
garwmunebT, rom is samganzomilebiani
figuraa. mxolod, Tu ecdebiT sxvadasxva
f i q s a c i e b i s g a e r Ti a n e b a s , m a S i n
aRmoaCenT, rom isini SeuZlebeli
sagnebia.

dainaxoT, saWiroa perceptuli organizaciis SedarebiT patara figurisaTvis. Tqven, albaT,

umaRlesi done, romelzec wertili da misi
nagulisxmevi moZraoba oTxkuTxedis aTvlis
sistemaSi aRiqmeba.
rogorc Cans, vizualur sistemas axasiaTebs
Zlieri tendencia, didi, SemosazRvruli
figura aiRos aTvlis sistemad masSi mocemuli
codnis gareSec bevrjer geqnebaT gancdili
moCvenebiTi moZraoba. xSirad gveCvenebaT, rom
mTvare (romelic TiTqmis uZravia) moZraobs
RrublebSi maSin, roca, faqtobrivad, Rrub-
lebi moZraoben. mTvaris irgvliv Tavmoyrili
Rrublebi iseve qmnian mTvaris moCvenebiTi

suraTi
5.18
kaci, romelic
giaxlovdebaT
stimulTan miaxloebisas
erTad izrdeba misi
gamosaxulebis zoma
Tavi 5 / aRqma

Tqvens baduraze.

166
moZraobis iluzias, rogorc oTxkuTxedi
wertilis moZraobisas (Rock, 1983; 1986). yofil-
xarT odesme matarebelSi, romelic Zalian nela
iwyebs moZraobas? ar mogCvenebiaT, TiTqos
sadguris baqanze filebi an Tqven gverdiT
gaCerebuli matarebeli sawinaaRmdego mimar-
TulebiT moZraobs?
moZraobis kidev erT iluzias, romelic moZ-
raobis aRqmaSi umaRlesi donis organizaciuli
procesebis CarTulobas adasturebs, aSkara/
TvalsaCino moZraobas (apparent motion) uwodeben.
aSkara/TvalsaCino moZraobis umartivesi formaa
Φ fenomeni (phi phenomenon). es fenomeni maSin
SeiniSneba, rodesac vizualuri velis sxvadasxva
adgilze sinaTlis ori uZravi laqa monac-
vleobiT inTeba da qreba daaxloebiT 4-5-jer
wamSi tempiT. igive efeqtia gare sareklamo
niSnebsa da diskoganaTebis ekranebze. sinaTlis
Senacvlebis am SedarebiT dabali tempis
miuxedavad, gveCveneba, rom erTi sinaTle win
da ukan moZraobs or pozicias Soris. traeq-
toria, romelic erT wertils meoresTan aer-
Tebs, SeiZleba mravalgvarad warmovidginoT.
Tumca, adamiani, Cveulebriv, xedavs umartives
traeqtorias _ or wertils Soris swor xazs
(Gutting& Proffitt, 1982; Shepard, 1984). unda aRiniSnos,
rom pirdapiri xazis es principi Tavsmoxveulia,
rodesac damkvirvebels monacvleobiT uCveneben
moZravi adamianis sxvadasxva gamosaxulebas; siRrmis aRqma
Semdeg vizualuri sistema Tavad aRadgens aqamde mxolod sibrtyeze mocemul organzo-
adamianis normaluri biologiuri moZraobis milebian paternebs ganvixilavdiT, yoveldRiuri
traeqtorias (Shiffar, 1994; Stevens et al., 2000). aRqma ki sagnebs samganzomilebian sivrceSi
moicavs. samive sivrciTi ganzomilebis aRqmas aRqmis organizaciis procesebi
sasicocxlo mniSvneloba aqvs CvenTvis, raTa
moCvenebiTi moZraoba (Induced motion) _ iluzia, ro-
mivuaxlovdeT sasurvel obieqtebs, magaliTad,
desac moZrav aTvliT sistemaSi uZravi wertili
moZravad gveCveneba, Tavad aTvlis sistema ki _ saintereso adamianebs an karg sakvebs da Tavi
uZravad. avaridoT imas, rac saSiSia, magaliTad, manqaniT
aSkara/TvalsaCino moZraoba (Apparent motion) _ swrafad siaruls an waqceul roials. sivrcis
moZraobis iluzia, rodesac erTi an meti aRqma saWiroebs zust informacias rogorc
wertilis uwyveti anTeba-Caqroba erT moZrav siRrmeze (manZili Cvengan obieqtamde), ise _
wertilad aRiqmeba. aSkara/TvalsaCino moZraobis mimarTulebaze. smena gvexmareba mimarTulebis
umartivesi formaa Φ fenomeni. gansazRvraSi, magram _ ara siRrmis gansa-
Φ fenomeni (Phi phenomenon) _ aSkara/TvalsaCino zRvraSi.
moZraobis umartivesi forma, moZraobis ilu- siRrmis aRqmis ganxilvisas unda gaviTva-
zia, rodesac erTi an meti uZravi sinaTle,
liswinoT, rom vizualuri sistema iyenebs
romelic uwyvetad qreba da inTeba, erT moZrav
retinalur gamosaxulebas, romelsac mxolod
167
sinaTled aRiqmeba.

suraTi
5.19
siRrmis orazrovneba
A wrfis nebismieri wertili baduraze erTi da igive
a wertilze proeqcirdeba. B wrfis nebismieri wer-
tili baduraze b wertils qmnis. aseve, A da B wrfeebis
SemaerTebeli nebismieri monakveTi identur gamo-
saxulebas Seqmnis baduraze. am suraTidan SeiZleba
davinaxoT, ratom iqmneba siRrmis orazrovneba: _
sxvadasxva manZiliT daSorebuli sagnebi erTnair
retinalur gamosaxulebebs qmnian.
ori ganzomileba aqvs _ vertikaluri da
horizontaluri. imis saCveneblad, Tu ra
problemas qmnis organzomilebiani badura
samganzomilebiani aRqmisas, ganvixiloT 5.19
suraTi. rodesac sinaTle aRizianebs baduras
a wertilSi, Cven ar viciT, is a1 poziciidan ecema,
Tu a2-dan. faqtobrivad, is SeiZleba dacemuliyo
A wrfeze arsebuli nebismieri wertilidan,
radgan sinaTle am wrfis yvela wertilidan
erTsa da imave retinalur ujredze aisaxeba.
aseve, B wrfis yvela wertili erTsa da imave
retinalur wertilze _ b wertilze _ proeq-
cirdeba. metic, monakveTi, romelic A wrfis
nebismier wertils B wrfis nebismier wertil-
Tan aerTebs (magaliTad, monakveTi a1b2 an a2b1),
baduraze erTi da igive gamosaxulebas Seqmnis.
Sedegad, baduraze miRebuli gamosaxuleba
siRrmis TvalsazrisiT orazrovania: is SeiZleba
warmoqmniliyo sxvadasxva manZiliT daSorebuli
nebismieri obieqtisgan.
5.5 suraTze gamosaxuli nekeris kubis ori
SesaZlo xedi, aseve, siRrmis TvalsazrisiT,
orazrovnebis Sedegia. is faqti, rom garkveulma
Tavi 5 / aRqma
pirobebma SeiZleba aRqmis orazrovneba gamo-
iwvion, gviCvenebs, rom siRrmis aRsaqmelad saWi-
roa Semomavali sensoruli masalis inter-
pretacia da rom es interpretacia zogjer
SeiZleba mcdari iyos (TqvenTvis es gasagebi
iqneba, Tu erTxel mainc mogiqneviaT Cogani
168 burTisTvis da mxolod haerisTvis mogixved-
rebiaT). siRrmis interpretacia manZilis Sesaxeb
informaciis mraval wyaros eyrdnoba (maT
xSirad siRrmis maniSneblebsac uwodeben), ro-
melTa Sorisaa binokularuli maniSneblebi,
moZraobis maniSneblebi da piqtoruli (gamosa-
xulebis) maniSneblebi.
binokularuli da moZraobis
maniSneblebi
odesme dainteresebulxarT, ratom gaqvT ori
Tvali da ara erTi? meore Tvals saTadarigoze
meti funqcia aqvs _ is siRrmis Sesaxeb saukeTeso,
fasdaudebel informacias gvawvdis. binokula-
ruli siRrmis Sesaxeb informacia ori wyarodan
miiReba: retinaluri disparati (disparaty) da
konvergencia.
vinaidan Tvalebi daaxloebiT 5-6 santimetriT
aris erTmaneTisagan horizontalurad daSore-
buli, isini samyaros odnav gansxvavebul suraTs
iReben. amaSi dasarwmuneblad, scadeT Semdegi
eqsperimenti. jer daxuWeT marcxena Tvali da
gaaxileT marjvena, raTa ori saCvenebeli TiTi
patara daSorebul sagans gausworoT. erTi TiTi
daikaveT mklavis sigrZeze, meore _ saxesTan
daaxloebiT 30 sm–is daSorebiT; axla daxuWeT
marjvena Tvali da gaaxileT marcxena, Tan
ganagrZeT daSorebul saganze fiqsacia. ra
mouvida TiTebis pozicias? meore TvaliT ver
xedavT TiTebs daSorebul obieqtze gaswo-
rebulad, radgan is odnav gansxvavebul suraTs
iRebs.
Tvalebis baduraze miRebuli gamosaxu-
lebebis horizontalur poziciebs Soris
Seusabamobas retinaluri disparati ewodeba.
is siRrmis Sesaxeb gvawvdis informacias, radgan
Seusabamobis, anu gansxvavebis odenoba Cvensa
da obieqts Soris manZilzea damokidebuli (ix.
sur. 5.20). magaliTad, rodesac Tvali daxuWeT,
ufro axlos myofi TiTi daSorda mklavis
sigrZeze gaCerebul TiTs.
rodesac orive TvaliT iyurebiT, Tqven mier
danaxul saganTa umravlesoba Tvalebis baduras
sxvadasxva adgils aRizianebs. Tu erTi da igive
obieqtis orive baduraze miRebul gamosaxu-
lebebs Soris Seusabamoba sakmaod mcirea,
vizualuri sistema maT erTi obieqtis siRrmiT
aRqmaSi aerTianebs (Tumca, Tu Tvalebis gadak-
veTisas ori gamosaxuleba Zalian gansxvavdeba
 suraTi
5.20

retinaluri disparati

retinaluri disparati
or sagans Soris siRrmeSi
daSorebasTan erTad iz-
rdeba.

erTmaneTisgan, realurad gaorebul gamosa- mxolod gamosadegi. rodesac ufro did

xulebas dainaxavT). Tu davfiqrdebiT, mivxvdebiT, manZilze daSorebul sagans uWvretT, kuTxuri
rom Cveni vizualuri sistema sruliad gasaocar gansxvaveba TiTqmis SeumCnevelia, radgan am
rames akeTes: iRebs or gansxvavebul retinalur dros Tvalebi TiTqmis paralelur mdgomare-
gamosaxulebas, adarebs maT erTmaneTs Sesabamisi obaSia.
nawilebis horizontaluri wanacvlebis dasad-
genad (binokularuli disparati) da qmnis sagnis
erTian percepcias siRrmeSi. faqtobrivad, vi-
zualuri sistema or gamosaxulebas Soris Seu-
sabamobas samganzomilebiani samyaros siRrmed
(mesame ganzomilebad) aRiqvams.
siRrmeze sxva binokularul informacias
konvergencia iZleva. obieqtze fiqsaciisas
Tvalebi, garkveulwilad, SigniT brundeba (ix.
sur. 5.21). rodesac sagans Zalian axlos _
saxesTan ramdenime santimetrze _ vuyurebT,
Tvalebi erTmaneTisken sakmaod unda Sebrundes,
raTa orive TvalSi dafiqsirdes erTi da igive
gamosaxuleba. Tqven realurad SegiZliaT aRqmis organizaciis procesebi
Tvalebis konvergenciis naxva, Tu daakvirdebiT
megobars, romelic koncentrirdeba jer sakmaod
daSorebul saganze da Semdeg _ ramdenime
santimetriT daSorebulze. Tvalis kunTebidan
miRebul informacias tvini siRrmeze daskvnis
gasakeTeblad iyenebs, Tumca, Tvalebis kunTe-
bidan konvergenciaze miRebuli informacia
suraTi
5.21
siRrmis aRsaqmelad daaxloebiT 3.5 metrzea
siRrmis konvergenciuli maniSnebeli
retinaluri disparati (Retinal disparity) - Tvalebis
rodesac sagani TqvenTan axlosaa, Tvalebi metad
baduraze gamosaxulebebis horizontalur pozi-
unda Sebrundes, vidre Zalian daSorebuli sagnis
ciebs Soris Seusabamoba.
SemTxvevaSi. tvini iyenebs Tvalebis kunTebidan
konvergencia (Convergence) - saganze fiqsaciisas miRebul informacias, raTa konvergencia siRrmis
Tvalebis SigniT, erTmaneTisken Sebruneba. maniSneblad gamoiyenos.
169
 imis sailustraciod, Tu rogor gvawvdis moZ-
raoba (kidev erTi wyaro) siRrmeze informacias,
vcadoT Semdegi: wina SemTxvevis msgavsad, axlac
daxuWeT erTi Tvali da ori saCvenebeli TiTi
gausworeT daSorebul sagans; Semdeg Tavi
gadaswieT gverdze, amasTan, SeinarCuneT obieq-
tze fiqsacia da TiTebis uZravi pozicia. Tavis
moZraobisas TiTebsac moZravad xedavT, magram
axlos myofi TiTi ufro Sors inacvlebs da
swrafad, vidre _ daSorebuli TiTi. fiqsire-
buli obieqti ki saerTod ar moZraobs. siRrmeze
informaciis am wyaros fardobiTi moZraobis
paralaqsi (relative motion parallax) ewodeba. moZra-
obis paralaqsi imitom gvawvdis siRrmeze infor-
macias, rom moZraobisas sagnebis fardobiTi
daSoreba gansazRvravs maTi retinaluri gamo-
saxulebebis moZraobis odenobas da mimar-
Tulebas. Semdeg, manqaniT mgzavrobisas SegiZ-
liaT fanjridan moZraobis paralaqss daakvir-
deT. moZravi manqanidan daSorebuli sagnebi uf-
ro uZravad mogeCvenebaT, vidre _ SedarebiT
axlos myofni.

suraTi
5.22
piqtoruli (gamosaxulebis)
siRrmis maniSnebeli
maniSneblebi
ra vizualuri maniSneblebiT askvniT, rom
davuSvaT, xedavT mxolod erTi TvaliT. es qali gisosebs miRmaa?
SeZlebdiT siRrmis aRqmas? faqtobrivad,
siRrmeze informacia erTi TvaliTac miiReba.
baduras zedapirze proecirdeba. esenia: fardo-
am wyaroebs piqtoruli (gamosaxulebis) maniS-
biTi sidide, wrfivi perspeqtiva, teqsturis
neblebi ewodebaT, radgan isini naxatebSi aRmo- gradientebi. fardobiTi sidide eyrdnoba sinaT-
Cenili siRrmis Sesaxeb informaciis matareblebi
lis proeqciis ZiriTad princips _ erTi da
arian. mxatvrebi, romlebic samganzomilebian
igive zomis, magram sxvadasxva manZiliT daSo-
gamosaxulebebs qmnian (organzomilebian rebuli sagnebi gansxvavebul gamosaxulebebs
qaRaldze an tiloze), daxelovnebulni arian
qmnian baduraze. uaxloesi sagani qmnis yvelaze
piqtoruli maniSneblebis gamoyenebaSi.
did gamosaxulebas, yvelaze daSorebuli ki _
gadafarva (interposition) an okluzia (occlusion) yvelaze mcires. am wess sididisa da manZilis
Tavs iCens maSin, rodesac gaumWvirvale obieqti
urTierTmimarTebis wesi ewodeba. rogorc 5.23
faravs meore obieqtis nawils (sur. 5.22). gada-
suraTidan Cans, Tu erTnairi obieqtebis mwkrivs
farviT viRebT informacias, rom gadafaruli uyurebT, yvelaze patara obieqtebs yvelaze
sagani ufro Sorsaa, vidre _ gadamfaravi.
daSorebulad aRiqvamT.
Tavi 5 / aRqma

gadamfaravi zedapiri, aseve, axdens sinaTlis

blokirebas da warmoqmnis Crdilebs, rac siRr-
meze informaciis damatebiT wyarod SeiZleba
iqnes gamoyenebuli.
piqtoruli informaciis damatebiTi sami
wyaro ukavSirdeba meTodebs, romliTac sinaTle
samganzomilebiani samyarodan organzomilebiani
170
wrfivi perspeqtivac siRrmis maniSnebelia,
romelic, aseve, sididisa da manZilis urTierT-
fardobiTi moZraobis paralaqsi (Relative motion
parallax) _ siRrmeze informaciis wyaro, rodesac
damkvirveblidan sagnebis fardobiTi daSoreba
gansazRvravs Sesabamisi retinaluri gamosaxu-
lebebis moZraobis odenobas da mimarTulebas.
 suraTi
5.23
fardobiTi sidide, rogorc siRrmis maniSnebeli

axlos myofi sagnebi ufro did gamosaxulebas

qmnian baduraze; amitom rodesac erTnairi sagnebis
rigs uyurebT, SedarebiT patara sagnebs ufro Sors
myofad aRiqvamT, vidre SedarebiT dids.

mimarTebazea damokidebuli. rodesac para-

leluri xazebi (gansazRvrebis mixedviT, ragind
grZeli xazebi, romlebic mTel sigrZeze Tana-
brad arian daSorebuli erTmaneTisgan) siRr-
misken midian, retinalur gamosaxulebaSi
horizontis wertilisken ixrebian da erTdebian
(ix. sur. 5.24). am mniSvnelovani faqtis gamoxatvis
meTodi pirvelad, klasikuri epoqis Semdeg,
renesansis epoqis italielma mxatvrebma xel-
axla 1425 wels aRmoaCines, riTac siRrmis
srulad gamoxatva SeZles (Vasari, 1568; 1967). am
aRmoCenamde isini iyenebdnen gadafarvas, Crdi-
lebs da fardobiT sidides, magram ar SeeZloT
realisturi scenebis gamoxatva, sadac obieqtebi
sxvadasxva siRrmeSi iqneboda ganlagebulni.
vizualuri sistemis mier konvergirebuli
xazebis interpretacia ponzos iluzias qmnis
(rac, aseve, naCvenebia 5.24 suraTze). zeda xazi
ufro grZeli Cans, vinaidan konvergirebuli
gverdebi, wrfivi perspeqtivis mixedviT, siRrmeSi
gadaxril paralelur xazebad aRiqmeba (inter-
pretirdeba). amitom siRrmeSi mimavali zeda xazi
Tqven ufro daSorebuli geCvenebaT da
Sesabamisad, grZelic. baduraze erTnair gamosa-
xulebebs warmoqmnis ori obieqti, Tu SedarebiT
daSorebuli obieqti ufro didi zomis iqneba,
vidre _ axlos myofi.
teqsturis gradientebic siRrmis maniSneb-
lebs iZleva, radgan zedapiris siRrmeSi
ganvrcobasTan erTad izrdeba teqsturis sim-
kvrivec. 5.25 suraTze gamosaxuli xorblis yana
teqsturis siRrmis maniSneblis magaliTia. es
suraTi
5.24
ponzos iluzia
SeiZleba sididisa da manZilis urTierTmi-
marTebis kidev erT gamovlinebad miviCnioT. am
magaliTSi, erTeulebi, romlebic teqsturas
qmnian, miT ufro mcirdebian, rac ufro Sors
gadadian siRrmeSi, vizualuri sistema ki am
Semcirebul marcvlebs samganzomilebian sivr-
ceSi ufro daSorebulad gvawvdis. gibsons aRqmis organizaciis procesebi
(Gibson, 1966, 1979) miaCnda, rom teqsturisa da
siRrmis urTierTmimarTeba perceptul garemoSi
arsebuli erT-erTi mudmivaa.
TqvenTvis, albaT, ukve naTelia, rom siRrmis
aRqmisaTvis informaciis mravali wyaro arse-
bobs. normaluri mxedvelobis pirobebSi, am
wyaroebidan miRebuli informacia garemos erT
mTlian, TvalsaCino gamosaxulebaSi erTian-
deba. Tqven aRiqvamT siRrmes da ara siRrmis
proqsimalur stimulSi mocemul, sxvadasxva
maniSnebels. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, vizu-
aluri sistema avtomaturad, cnobierebisgan
damoukideblad iyenebs sivrcis iseT maniS- 171
 suraTi
5.25
teqsturis, rogorc siRrmis maniSneblis, magaliTebi
neblebs, rogoricaa: _ diferencialuri
moZraoba, gadafarva da fardobiTi sidide
rTuli gaTvlis sawarmoeblad, rac samgan-
zomilebian garemoSi siRrmis aRqmas uzrun-
velyofs.
aRqmis konstantoba
vizualuri aRqmis kidev erTi mniSvnelovani
Tvisebis gamosavlenad, gTxovT, gamoiyenoT es
saxelmZRvanelo. dadeT saxelmZRvanelo magi-
daze da Tavi ramdenime santimetris manZilze
miuaxloeT mas. Semdeg aswieT Tavi da daub-
rundiT kiTxvis normalur mdgomareobas. xom
ver SeniSneT wignis zomis cvlileba, miuxedavad
imisa, rom axlo manZilidan is baduras ufro
did nawils aRizianebda, vidre Sori manZilidan?
axla wigni vertikalurad daiWireT da Tavi
saaTis isris mimarTulebiT amoZraveT. am dros
Tavi 5 / aRqma
baduraze wignis gamosaxuleba saaTis sawinaaR-
mdego mimarTulebiT brunavs, Tumca, mas kvlav
vertikalurad aRiqvamT.
perceptuli konstantoba (Perceptual constancy) _
sagnis xatis ucvlelad darCena, retinaluri
172 gamosaxulebis cvlilebis miuxedavad.
zogadad, SegrZnebis receptorebSi stimu-
laciis cvlilebis miuxedavad, Tqven samyaros
xedavT, rogorc ucvlels, mdgrads da sta-
bilurs. fsiqologebi am fenomens aRqmis (per-
ceptul) konstantobas uwodeben. uxeSad rom
vTqvaT, Tqven aRiqvamT distaluri stimulebis,
Cveulebriv, mdgrad Tvisebebs da araproqsi-
maluri stimulebis Tvisebebs, romlebic Tavisa
da Tvalebis moZraobisas mudmivad icvleba.
sasicocxlo mniSvneloba aqvs samyaroSi arse-
buli obieqtebis mudmivi da stabiluri Tvi-
sebebis aRqmas, sinaTlis paternebis Tvisebebis
im uTvalavi variaciis miuxedavad, romelic
Tvalebis stimulirebas axdens. aRqmis umTav-
resi amocanaa, garemos ucvleli (invariantuli)
Tvisebebis aRmoCena, maTi retinaluri gamosa-
xulebebis variaciebis miuxedavad. axla vnaxavT,
rogor xdeba es sididis, formisa da orientaciis
SemTxvevaSi.
sididis da formis konstantoba
ra gansazRvravs sagnis sididis aRqmas? sagnis
realur sidides, nawilobriv, baduraze misi
Sesatyvisi gamosaxulebis sididis safuZvelze
aRviqvamT. Tumca, wigniT Catarebuli eqsperi-
menti gviCvenebs, rom baduraze gamosaxulebis
zoma damokidebulia rogorc wignis realur

sidideze, ise _ Tvalidan mis daSorebaze. ro-
gorc iciT, daSorebaze informacias siRrmis
sxvadasxva maniSnebliT viRebT. sagnis sididis
aRsaqmelad vizualuri sistema am informacias
aerTianebs xatis sididis Sesaxeb retinalur
informaciasTan. sagnis sidide, Cveulebriv,
distaluri stimulis zomas Seesabameba. sididis
konstantoba niSnavs sagnis realuri sididis
aRqmis unars, baduraze misi gamosaxulebis
cvlilebisda miuxedavad.
Tu sagnis sidide manZilis maniSneblebis
gaTvaliswinebiT aRiqmeba, maSin manZilze zusti
informaciis arqonis SemTxvevaSi, mas yovelTvis
damaxinjebulad aRviqvamT. erT-erTi aseTi
iluzia xdeba eimsis oTaxSi, romelic 5.26
suraTzea mocemuli. Tavis 120 sm simaRlis
gogonasTan, tania zimbardosTan SedarebiT, 180
sm simaRlis Tqveni avtori Zalze dabali Cans
oTaxis marcxena kuTxeSi, Tumca, uCveulod
maRalia marjvena kuTxeSi. am iluziis mizezi
isaa, rom Tqven oTaxs oTxkuTxedad aRiqvamT,
sididis konstantoba (Size constancy) _ sagnis
realuri sididis aRqma, misi retinaluri gamo-
saxulebebis cvlilebis miuxedavad.
romelsac Tqvengan Tanabari manZiliT daSore-
buli ori ukana kuTxe aqvs. amdenad, tanias
realur simaRles orive SemTxvevaSi baduraze
gamosaxulebis konsistenturad aRiqvamT. rea-
lurad tania ar aris Tanabari manZiliT da-
Sorebuli, radgan eimsis oTaxi gonebamaxvilur
iluzias qmnis. is gveCveneba marTkuTxa formis
oTaxad, sinamdvileSi ki agebulia aramarTkuTxa
zedapirebiT, romlebic siRrmesa da simaRleSi
araTanabari zomis kuTxeebs qmnian, rogorc es
fotos Tanmxleb naxazzea mocemuli. oTaxis
marjvena kuTxeSi myofi nebismieri adamianis
retinaluri gamosaxuleba ufro didi iqneba,
radgan igi orjer ufro axlos iqneba damkvir-
vebelTan, vidre oTaxis marcxena kuTxeSi myofi aRqmis organizaciis procesebi
adamiani (iluziis misaRebad ekrans erTi TvaliT
unda SexedoT saWvretidan. suraTi 5.26 swored
aqedan aris gadaRebuli. Tu Tqven oTaxis
yurebisas mis irgvliv imoZravebT, vizualuri
sistema zust informacias miiRebs oTaxis
uCveulo struqturaze).
kidev erTi saSualeba, romliTac perceptuli
sistema sagnis realur sidideze gvawvdis
informacias, msgavsi formis obieqtebis
sididis Sesaxeb warsuli codnis gamoyenebaa.
magaliTad, saxlis, xis, an ZaRlis formis
aRqmisTanave, warmodgena geqmnebaT TiToeuli
maTganis zomaze, Tumca, SeiZleba arc ki
173
icodeT, ra manZili gaSorebT maTTan. rodesac
 fsiqologia Cvens cxovrebaSi

rogor iWerT mfrinav buraTs

odesme gqoniaT aseTi gamoc-
dileba: Tqven dgaxarT Sors
marcxena mindorze, gesmiT Cog-
nis dartymis xma da xedavT
beisbolis burTs, romelic
Tqvenken mofrinavs? saidan
iciT, Tu saiT unda gaiqceT
burTis dasaWerad? Tu Tavad
arasodes giTamaSiaT autfil-
dze, jer kidev gaqvT saSualeba,
gaocdeT romelime moTamaSis
S Ta m b e W d a v i Ta m a S i T.
sainteresoa, rogor xvdeba igi
saWiro adgilas saWiro dros?
agdebuli burTis daWeris
situacias aRqmis mkvlevrebi,
sruliad samarTlianad, rTul
percepciaTa rigs miakuTvneben:
`burTis moaxloebis paterni
moicavs yvela ZiriTad sivr-
ciTi mdebareobas da siRrmis
maniSnebels, romlis gaTvalis-
wineba ar xdeba traeqtoriis
bolo monakveTamde~ (McBeath et
al., 1995, gv.569). amis miuxedavad,
adamianebi sakmaod kargad
iWeren burTebs. mkvlevrebis
amocana iyo iseTi Teoriis
Seqmna, romelic erTmaneTTan
daakavSirebda gamoTvlebiT
miRebul sirTulesa da praq-
tikul siadviles (gavixsenoT,
rom Tavis dasawyisSi miznad
davsaxeT, agvexsna, Tu rogor
qmnis perceptuli procesebi
siadvilis iluzias).
ra tipis vizualuri maniS-
neblebis safuZvelze ikvlevT
gzas burTisaken? mkvlevrebma
gamoyves invariantuli maniS-
neblebis 2 tipi, romelsac
Tavi 5 / aRqma
moZravi burTi warmoqmnis (ix.
zemoT: invariantobis ganxilva
gibsonis midgomaSi). mkvlevarTa
erTi jgufi irwmuneba, rom mo-
TamaSeebi sirbilis dros im
gzas irCeven, romelzec verti-
kalur ganzomilebaSi burTis
moZraobis vizualuri aRqma
konsistenturi rCeba (Dannemiller
et al., 1996). mkvlevarTa meore
jgufis mixedviT ki, moTamaSeebi
irCeven gzas, romelic sirbilis
dros im kuTxis SenarCunebis
saSualebas aZlevs, romliTac
b u r Ti f o n Ta n m i m a r Te b S i
konsistenturad moZraobs
(McBeath et al., 1995, 1996). rogor
xdeba am Teoriebis Semowmeba?
rogorc wesi, mkvlevrebi video-
kameriT iweren, rogor iWeren
moTamaSeebi maT mier gaSvebuli
burTebs. kvlevis Semdegi etapia
moTamaSeebis moqmedebisTvis
maTematikuri funqciebis morgeba,
raTa vnaxoT, burTis frenis
vizualuri aRqmis ra aspeq-
tebis konsatantobis Senar-
Cunebas cdilobdnen isini
(Tqven, albaT axla gixariaT,
rom realur cxovrebaSi am
amocanis gadasaWrelad ar
gWirdebaT aRqmis perceptuli
problemis maTematikis gageba).
mkvlevrebma aRmoaCines, rom
moTamaSeebis umetesoba burTis
daWeras or fazad yofs (Jacobs
et al, 1996; McBeath, 1996); I faza
axlaxan ganvixileT _ swrafad
gaqceva saWiro adgilas mosax-
vedrad; II fazaze moTamaSeebi
aneleben moZraobas da
SeiZleba saerTod gaCerdnen
k i d e c . Ta m a S i s II f a z a S i
adgilmdebareobisa da siRrmis
maniSneblebi erTveba, radgan
burTi swrafad uaxlovdeba
xelTaTmans. rodesac mo-
TamaSes burTi ukve xel-
TaTmanSi aqvs, moqmedeba xSi-
rad jer kidev ar aris dam-
Tavrebuli: man rac SeiZleba
swrafad unda Seagdos burTi
ukan infildze, rom mowi-
naaRmdegem qula ar miiRos da
ar dawinaurdes. amrigad,
moTamaSeebi xSirad asruleben
burTis daWeris kompleqsur
moqmedebas da, amave dros,
yuradRebas aqceven garemos
mniSvnelovan aspeqtebs.
SegiZliaT, cota xniT mowy-
deT swavlas da burTiT iTa-
maSoT? es aRqmis am speci-
fikuri problemis Sesaxeb
sakuTari Sexedulebebis Camo-
yalibebaSi dagexmarebaT

warsuli gamocdileba Zalze daSorebul nacnob swored es gamocdileba udevs safuZvlad am

obieqtebze ver gawvdiT informacias, sididis
konstantoba SeiZleba dairRves. am problemas
waawydebiT, rodesac adamianebs caTambjenis
saxuravidan gadaxedavT da isini WianWvelebad
174 mogeCvenebaT.
Tavis dasawyisSi mocemul ambavs kengis Sesaxeb.
SegaxsenebT, rom kengma, romelmac mTeli
cxovreba xSir tyeebSi gaatara, ver aRiqva
moSorebiT mobalaxe bizonebis gamosaxulebebi.
ucnob perceptul garemoSi kengi Tavdapirvelad
suraTi
5.26
eimsis oTaxi
eimsis oTaxi isea agebuli, rom erTi TvaliT saWvretidan xdeba misi dakvirveba;
fotoebic am moxerxebuli adgilidanaa gadaRebuli. eimsis oTaxi agebulia ara-
marTkuTxa zedapirebiT, romlebic araTanabar kuTxeebs qmnian siRrmesa da
simaRleSi. saWvretidan dakvirvebisas vizualuri sistema mas Cveulebriv oTaxad
aRiqvams da tania da filip zimbardoebis simaRleebis uCveulo aRqmas iwvevs.

Seecada, misTvis ucxo aRqma cnobili konteq-
stisTvis moergo da ivarauda, rom pawawina
daSorebuli wertilebi mwerebi iyo. vinaidan
mas ar hqonda Sori manZilidan bizonebis aRqmis
warsuli gamocdileba, ar hqonda sididis
konstantobis safuZvelic da radgan swrafad
moZravi manqana cxovelebs uaxlovdeboda da
retinaluri gamosaxulebebi TandaTan did-
deboda, kengi ganicdida SemaSfoTebel iluzias,
rom cxovelebi zomaSi icvlebodnen. Cven
SegviZlia vivaraudoT, rom droTa ganmavlobaSi
kengi, tarbulis msgavsad, SeZlebda bizonebis
danaxvas. miRebuli codna mas sensoruli gamoc-
formis konstantoba (Shape constancy) _ sagnebis
realuri formis aRqmis unari retinaluri
gamosaxulebis zomebis cvlilebis miuxedavad.
dilebis saTanado perceptuli interpretaciis
SesaZleblobas miscemda.
formis konstantoba mWidrod ukavSirdeba
sididis konstantobas. Tqven sworad aRiqvamT
obieqtis realur formas maSinac ki, rodesac
sagani Sebrunebulia da Tavad obieqtisagan
arsebiTad gansxvavebuli saxis retinalur gamo-
saxulebas qmnis. magaliTad, daxrili oTx-
kuTxedi baduraze trapeciis formis gamosa-
xulebas qmnis, daxrili wre _ elifsis formis
gamosaxulebas (ix. sur. 5.27). miuxedavad amisa,
Tqven zustad aRiqvamT maT formebs _ sivrceSi
daxril wres an oTxkuTxeds. rodesac siRrmeze
swori informaciaa xelmisawvdomi, vizualur
sistemas obieqtis realuri formis gansazRvra
Tqvengan obieqtis sxvadasxva nawilebis daSo-
rebis gaTvaliswinebiTac SeuZlia.
aRqmis organizaciis procesebi

suraTi
5.27
formis konstantoba
monetis brunvisas misi xati icvleba _ gadaiqceva elifsad, Semdeg TandaTan
viwrovdeba da Txel marTkuTxeds emsgavseba, Semdeg kvlav elifsad
gadaiqceva da dasasrul _ wred. am cvlilebebisda miuxedavad, igi
yovelTvis mrgval monetad aRiqmeba. 175
 am suraTebidan romeli gamoxatavs
madonas gancdas mas Semdeg, rac
MTV-m uari Tqva misi ukanaskneli
klipis gaSvebaze?
orientaciis konstantoba
Tu wignis yurebisas Tavs gverdze gadaxriT,
garemo gadaxrilad ar mogeCvenebaT. orientaciis
konstantoba aris sayaroSi sagnebis realuri
orientaciiis aRqma, baduraze maTi orientaciis
cvlilebis miuxedavad. orientaciis konstan-
toba eyrdnoba Sida yuris vestibularuli
sistemidan miRebul informacias (ganxilulia
me-4 TavSi) Tavis daxrilobaze. vestibularuli
sistemidan miRebuli informaciisa da reti-
naluri orientaciis kombinirebiT, Cveni vizu-
aluri sistema, Cveulebriv, garemoSi arsebuli
obieqtis zust aRqmas ayalibebs.
nacnob garemoSi warsuli gamocdileba rea-
lur orientaciaze damatebiT informacias iZ-
leva. Tumca, Tqven SeiZleba gagiWirdeT rTuli
da ucnobi figurebis amocnoba, Tu isini
uCveulo orientaciiTaa mocemuli (ix. sur. 5.
28). rodesac figura rTulia da sxvadasxva
nawilebisagan Sedgeba, orientaciis aRsaqmelad
TiToeuli nawilis mimarTuleba cal-calke
unda moawesrigoT (Rock, 1986). ase rom, sanam
orientaciis/mimarTulebis konstantoba (Orien-
tation constancy) _ samyaroSi sagnebis realuri
Tavi 5 / aRqma
mimarTulebis aRqmis unari, retinaluri gamo-
saxulebis mimarTulebis cvlilebis miuxedavad.
feris konstantoba (Lightness constancy) _ ganaTebis
xarisxis cvalebad pirobebSi obieqtebis si-
TeTris, siruxis an siSavis ucvlelad aRqmis
tendencia.
176
erT nawils saTanado mimarTulebiT abrunebT,
danarCen nawilebs jer kidev moubruneblad
aRiqvamT. SexedeT popvarskvlavis _ madonas or
Semobrunebul fotosuraTs. Tqven, albaT,
amCnevT, rom erTi-erTi maTgani odnav aris
Secvlili pirsa da TvalebTan, magram suraTebi
sakmaod hgavs erTmaneTs. axla wigni SemoabruneT
da kvlav SexedeT fotosuraTebs. igive foto-
suraTebi absoluturad gansxvavebulad gamoi-
yureba. erTze isev madonaa, meoreze ki _
amazrzeni monstria, romelic sakuTar dedasac
ar eyvareboda! Tqven ver SeniSneT es aSkara
gansxvaveba wignis amobrunebamde, SesaZloa
imitom rom ver SeZeliT saxis yvela nawilis
erTdroulad amobruneba. amobrunebuli
samyaros sworad danaxvas da saxeebis uCveuli
orientaciaSi aRqmas wlebis manZilze
perceptuli treiningi sWirdeba.
feris konstantoba
ganvixiloT suraTi 5.29. rodesac suraTze
gamosaxul aguris kedels uyurebT, zog agurs
ufro muq wiTlad da zogs Ria wiTlad ki ar
aRiqvamT, aramed aRiqvamT kedels, romelSic
yvela aguri erTnairi ferisaa da zogierTi
maTgani CrdilSia moqceuli (Goldstein, 1959). esaa
feris konstantobis magaliTi: feris kon-
stantoba aris ganaTebis xarisxis cvalebad
pirobebSi obieqtebis siTeTris, siruxis an
siSavis ucvlelad aRqmis tendencia.
suraTi
5.28
90 gradusiT Semobrunebuli afrika
cnobiT Semobrunebul afrikis kontinents?
xSirad, sakmaod Znelia naklebad nacnobi
figurebi uCveulo orientaciaSi icnoT.
adre ganxiluli yvela sxva konstantobis
msgavsad, feris konstantobasac sakmaod xSirad
ganvicdiT yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi. magaliTad,
davuSvaT, gacviaT TeTri maisuri da bneli
oTaxidan naTel, mzis SuqiT ganaTebul quCaSi
gadixarT. mzis sinaTleze maisuridan gacilebiT
meti sinaTle airekleba Tqvens Tvalebze, vidre
_ bnel oTaxSi, Tumca, orive SemTxvevaSi is
TiTqmis erTnairad naTlad geCvenebaT. aq,
faqtobrivad, feris konstantoba moqmedebs,
radgan sagnidan areklili sinaTlis procen-
tuli raodenoba daaxloebiT igive rCeba, sinaT-
lis absoluturi odenoba ki icvleba. naTeli
TeTri maisuri ireklavs arsebuli sinaTlis
80-90%-s, Savi jinsi – daaxloebiT 5%-s, amitom,
rodesac maT erTi da igive situaciaSi vxedavT,
maisuri yovelTvis ufro naTeli Cans, vidre
jinsi.
amrigad, am qveTavSi ganvixileT mTeli rigi
organizaciuli procesebi, romlebic aRqmis
procesSi monawileoben. am Tavis bolo qveTavSi
ganvixilavT identifikaciisa da cnobis pro-
cesebs, romlebic mniSvnelobas aZleven garemos
sagnebsa da movlenebs.
Sejameba
figuris fonis win aRqmis tendencia imdenad
Zlieria, rom iluzorul konturebis aRqmas
iwvevs. geStaltfisqologebma perceptuli daj-
suraTi
5.29
feris konstantoba
feris konstantoba gexmarebaT imis gagebaSi,
ratom aRiqvamT kedels erTnairi agurebiT
agebuls.
gufebis ramdenime principi Camoayalibes, maT
Soris, siaxlovis, msgavsebis da msgavsi bedis
principebi.
perceptuli procesebi samyarodan axal
informacias yoveli calkeuli fiqsaciiT iRe-
ben. baduras stimulaciis paterni moZraobis
maniSneblebs iZleva. siRrmis aRqma informaciis
mravali konvergenciuli wyarodan yalibdeba.
binokularuli disparati da konvergencia
siRrmis binokularuli maniSneblebia, romel-
Tac Tvalebis horizontaluri mdgomareoba
iwvevs. fardobiTi moZraobis paralaqsi sagnebis
fardobiT daSorebulobaze iZleva informacias.
mxatvrebi iyeneben iseT piqtorul maniSneblebs,
rogoricaa: gadafarva, wrfivi perspeqtiva da
teqsturis gradientebi, raTa organzomilebian
naxatebze samganzomilebiani gamosaxuleba
aRqmis organizaciis procesebi
Seqmnan.
zomis konstantobas aRviqvamT daSorebis
maniSneblebisa da nacnobi sagnebis sididis
Sesaxeb warsuli codnis gamoyenebiT; formis
konstantobas xels uwyobs siRrmis Sesaxeb
informacia. orientaciis konstantoba efuZneba
vestibularul SegrZnebebsa da sagnis realuri
orientaciis Sesaxeb warsul codnas; feris
konstantoba imitom arsebobs, rom nebismieri
ganaTebis pirobebSi sagnebi maTze dacemuli
sinaTlis met-naklebad erTi da igive procen-
tul raodenobas ireklaven. 177
 identifikacia da cnoba
aqamde aRwerili perceptuli procesebi
distaluri stimulis fizikuri Tvisebebis _
samganzomilebian sivrceSi sagnebis poziciis,
zomis, formis, teqsturisa da feris _ Sesaxeb
sakmaod zusti informaciis wyarod SeiZleba
miviCnioT. miuxedavad amisa, mxolod am infor-
maciis safuZvelze mainc ar gecodinebodaT,
ra sagnebTan gaqvT saqme, an ginaxavT Tu ara
isini odesme; garemos imitom aRiqvamT nacnobad,
rom SegiZliaT adre nanaxi sagnebis cnoba da
identifikacia. ase rom ar iyos, Tqveni gamoc-
dileba ucxo planetaze mogzaurobas daem-
sgavseboda, sadac yvelaferi ucxo iqneboda _
ar gecodinebodaT, ra geWamaT, ra dagexuraT
Tavze, ras gasclodiT an rogor ageTvalaT
dro. identifikacia da cnoba perceptul xats
mniSvnelobas, sazriss aZleven.
aRmavali da daRmavali
procesebi
sagnis identifikaciisas amJamad nanaxi war-
sulSi miRebul, Senaxul codnas unda
SeadaroT. sensoruli monacemebis garemodan
miRebas da tvinSi gadagzavnas amorCevisa (ex-
traction) da analizisaTvis aRmavali gadamuSaveba
(`qvemodan zemoT~) ewodeba. aRmavali
gadamuSaveba empiriul realobas efuZneba da
informaciis mcire nawilebs Seexeba. is
stimulis konkretul fizikur niSnebs abstraq-
tul xatebad gardaqmnis. am tipis gadamuSavebas
monacemebiT aRZrul gadamuSavebasac (data driven
processing) uwodeben, radgan identifikaciis
sawyis wertils garemodan miRebuli monacemebi
warmoadgens.
aRmavali gadamuSaveba (Bottom-up processing) _ gare-
moSi xelmisawvdom sensorul informaciaze da-
fuZnebuli perceptuli analizi. analizis Se-
Tavi 5 / aRqma
degebi aRmavali gziT SedarebiT abstraqtul rep-
rezentaciebisken miemarTeba.
daRmavali gadamuSaveba (Top-down processing) _ per-
ceptuli procesebi, rodesac adamianis warsuli
gamocdileba, codna, molodinebi, motivacia da
konteqsti gavlenas axdens aRqmuli obieqtis
178
interpretaciasa da klasifikaciaze.
suraTi
5.30
`drudlebi~
(Droodles)
es ra cxovelia? xedavT
(A) gamosaxulebaSi Cits,
romelmac mozrdili Wia-
yela daiWira (B)-Si ki _
Jirafis kisers? es orive
suraTi SeiZleba Tqven-
Tvis raRac Zalian nacno-
bis gamosaxulebad miviC-
nioT, Tumca, maT, rogorc
wesi, ver cnobT saiden-
tifikacio informaciis
arqonis gamo, Tumca sak-
marisia am informaciis
mowodeba, rom iolad
amoicnoT isini.
bevr SemTxvevaSi, perceptuli identifikaciis
gasaioleblad, SesaZlebelia ukve xelT arse-
buli informaciis gamoyeneba. magaliTad, zoo-
parkSi namdvilad icnobT zogierTi saxeobis
cxovels. iq metad geqnebaT vefxvis naxvis
molodini, vidre Tqveni saxlis ukana ezoSi.
rodesac molodinebi gavlenas axdens aRqmaze,
fenomens daRmavali gadamuSaveba (`zemodan qve-
moT~) ewodeba. daRmaval gadamuSavebas samyaros
aRqmaSi warsuli gamocdileba, codna, motivebi
da kulturuli foni Semoaqvs. daRmavali
gadamuSavebisas umaRlesi fsiqikuri funqcio-
nireba gavlenas axedns sagnebisa da movlenebis
gagebaze. daRmaval procesebs konceptualurad
(anu cnebebis doneze, an hipoTeziT) aRZrul
gadamuSavebasac uwodeben, radgan mexsierebaSi
Senaxuli cnebebi gavlenas axdens sensoruli
monacemebis interpretaciaze. daRmavali proce-
sebis mniSvnelovnebis Cveneba SeiZleba naxatebiT,
romelTac `drudlebi~ (droodles) ewodeba (Price,
1953, 1980). dasaxelebebis gareSe es naxatebi
yovelgvar azrs moklebulia; Tumca, rogorc
ki moxdeba maTi identificireba, advilad
davinaxavT maTSi Cadebul azrsac (ix. sur. 5.30).
aRmavali da daRmavali procesebis ukeT gar-
Cevis mizniT, metyvelebis aRqmas mivubrundeT.
Tqven uTuod geqnebodaT SemTxveva, rodesac
gicdiaT saubris gagrZeleba Zalian xmaurian
wveulebaze. aseT situaciaSi Tqven mier war-
moTqmuli yvela sityva erTmniSvnelovnad ver
aRwevs mosaubris yuramde. Tqveni naTqvamis
nawils uTuod dafaravs Caxveleba, xmauriani
musika da sicili. miuxedavad amisa, adamianebi
iSviaTad acnobiereben, rom isini fizikur sig-
nalebs xarvezebiT iReben. am fenomens fonemuri
rekonstruqcia ewodeba (Warren, 1970). rogorc
me-11 TavSi vnaxavT, fonema aris bgeris mini-
maluri, Sinaarsiani erTeuli enaSi. fonemuri
rekonstruqcia xdeba maSin, rodesac adamianebi
daRmaval gadamuSavebas gamotovili fonemebis
Sesavsebad iyeneben. msmenelebs xSirad uWirT
gansazRvra, maT xmauriT nawilobrivad dafa-
ruli sityvebi esmiT, Tu sityvebi esmiT xmaur-
Tan erTad, romelic zed edeba mTel signals,
Tumca, ar faravs mas.
davuSvaT, xmaurian wveulebaze Tqveni megob-
ris naTqvami ise wydeba, rom Tqven yuramde
mxolod aRwevs _ `saxlSi unda wavide (xmauri)
aRli myavs gasaseirnebeli~. Tu xmauri faravs
bgera `Z~-s, mosalodnelia, ifiqroT, rom mar-
Tlac srulad gaigoneT sityva `ZaRli~. sain-
teresoa, ratom? Cven gvaqvs calkeuli bgerebi,
romlebic sityvebs qmnian da Tavad sityvebi.
roca bgerebi /a/, /R/, /l/ da /i/ Sedian am
sistemaSi, isini aRmavali gziT, sityvis doneze,
gvawvdian informacias. amis safuZvelze gviya-
libdeba versiebi, Tu ra SeiZleboda eTqva mego-
bars. Semdeg ukve daRmavali procesebi erTveba.
konteqsti gexmarebaT, arsebuli versiebidan
`ZaRli~ SearCioT, rogorc am frazisTvis
yvelaze Sesaferisi sityva. vinaidan es yve-
laferi sakmaod swrafad xdeba _ savaraudo
sityvebis aRmavali identifikacia da yvelaze
albaTuri swori variantis daRmavali SerCeva
– Tqven veRar igebT, rom bgera `Z~ gamoto-
vebulia. perceptuli sistema garwmunebT, rom
sityva dasrulebuli iyo (Samuel, 1997). Semdgom,
xmaurian garemoSi moxvedrisas, kmayofili iqne-
biT, rom perceptuli procesebi ase efeqturad
avseben bgerebs!
informaciis gadamuSavebis daRmavali proce-
sebis bolo magaliTad 5.31 suraTze gamosaxuli
adamianebi ganvixiloT. Tu maTi popularoba
xanmokle ar iyo, Tqven SeZlebT maT cnobas,
magram aseTebi arian isini realurad? albaT,
ara, yovel SemTxvevaSi, saukeTeso wlebSi mainc.
am karikaturebis identifikaciis unari mowmobs,
rom samyaros aRqma mxolod sensoruli recep-
torebidan Semosul aRmaval informaciaze ar
aris damokidebuli. Tqveni codnis _ daRmavali
informaciisa da danaxulis _ aRmavali infor-
maciis gaerTianebis unari am karikaturebSi
edi merfisa da hilari klintonis cnobis saSua-
lebas gaZlevT. faqtobrivad, kvleva gviCvenebs,
rom karikaturebis amocnoba ufro advilia,
vidre cnobili adamianebis ufro `zusti~ gamo-
xatulebebisa, radgan karikaturebSi is maxa-
siaTeblebia gamokveTili, romlebic adamians
gamorCeuls xdis (Mauro & Kubovy, 1992; Rhodes
et al., 1997).
suraTi
5.31 aRqmis organizaciis procesebi
rogor cnobT am cnobil
adamianebs?
cnobT TiToeul maTgans? am
adamianebis saxeebis nacnobobis
safuZvelze _ daRmavali
gadamuSaveba _ am karikaturebSi
`realur~ adamianebs amoicnobT.
179

sagnebis cnoba
metyvelebis aRqmis magaliTidan SeiZleba
gadavideT zogad midgomaze, romelic mkvlev-
rebma sagnis cnobis aRmaval procesebSi Semoi-
tanes. maT gamoyves safexurebi, romelTac per-
ceptuli sistemebi mTliani perceptuli xatis
cnobisaTvis iyeneben. enis SemTxvevaSi, metyve-
lebisas aRqmis procesebi, calkeuli sityvebis
amosacnobad, aerTianebs bgeraTa Tanmimdev-
robebis Sesaxeb garemodan miRebul informacias.
ra erTeulebiT agebT samyaroSi arsebuli
obieqtebis reprezentaciebs? magaliTad, rogor
wyvetT, rom nacrisferi ucnauri formis, saSua-
lo zomis bewviani arseba namdvilad kataa?
savaraudod, Tqven gaqvT katis mexsierebiTi xati.
suraTi
5.32
Tavi 5 / aRqma
cnoba komponentebis safuZvelze
suraTze mocemulia samganzomilebiani obieqtebis
Semadgeneli nawilebi da maTi gaerTianebis nimuSebi.
figuris zeda naxevarSi mocemuli obieqtebi
sxvadasxva zomis cilindrebiTaa agebuli; figuris
qveda naxevarSi ki, ramdenime sxvadasxva nawilis
180 gaerTianebiT nacnobi obieqtebia agebuli.
identifikaciis procesi gulisxmobs perceptSi
mocemuli informaciis Sedarebas katis mexsie-
rebiT xatTan, magram rogor xorcieldeba es
Sedareba? erT-erTi variantia, rom sxvadasxva
sagnebis mexsierebiTi xatebi moicaven sagnis
Semadgenel komponentebs da informacias am
komponentebis urTierTkavSirze (Marr & Mishihara,
1978). irvin bidermanis mixedviT (Irvin Biederman,
1987; Hummel & Biederman, 1992), yvela obieqti
SeiZleba Sedgebodes geometriuli ionebis anu
geonebisagan. geonebi ar aris formebis didi an
SemTxveviTi erToblioba. bidermani irwmuneboda,
rom yoveli 36 geonis erTianoba Semdegi wesiT
SeiZleba ganisazRvros: TiToeuli samganzomi-
lebiani geoni qmnis organzomilebiani baduras
stimulaciis unikalur paterns. es unikalurobis
wesi saSualebas unda gvaZlevdes, sensoruli
stimulaciis paternidan mivxvdeT, ra sagania
garemoSi mocemuli. 5.32 suraTze naCvenebia, Tu
rogor aris SesaZlebeli standartuli nawile-
bisgan obieqtebis ageba.
mkvlevrebma aCvenes, rom aseT nawilebs
realuri mniSvneloba aqvT sagnis cnobisaTvis.
amisaTvis isini cdis pirebs uCvenebdnen
danawevrebuli sagnebis suraTebs, sadac srulad
iyo, an ar iyo mocemuli Semadgeneli nawilebi
(Biederman, 1987; Biederman & Cooper, 1991). 5.33 suraTis
pirvel svetSi mocemulia Cveulebrivi sagnebis
konturebi. Sua svetSi igive obieqtebi
xarvezebiTaa mocemuli, rac jer kidev iZleva
nawilebis cnobis da maTi urTierTkavSiris
gagebis saSualebas. marjvena svetSi xarvezebi
xels gviSlis komponentebisa da maT Soris
kavSiris aRmoCenaSi. gveTanxmebiT, rom mesame
svetSi mxolod monaxazis saxiT mocemuli
obieqtebis cnoba yvelaze Znelia? kontrasti
gvarwmunebs, rom obieqtis cnoba SezRuduli
informaciiTac SesaZlebelia (fonemebis aRdgenis
msgavsad), magram mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu
informacia aucilebel komponentebs Seicavs.
miuxedavad amisa, mxolod komponentebis
amocnoba yovelTvis ver iqneba sakmarisi
obieqtis sacnobad (Hayward & Williams, 2000; Tarr,
1994). erT-erTi siZnele, rogorc es 5.34 suraTzea
mocemuli, isaa, rom obieqtebs xSirad sruliad
gansxvavebuli persepeqtivebidan xedavT. sagnis
Semadgeneli nawilebi SeiZleba sruliad
gansxvavebulad Candes sxvadasxva perspeqtividan.
am siZnelis dasaZlevad calkeuli ZiriTadi
suraTi
5.33
nawilebis gavleba obieqtis cnobaze
Sua svetSi vizualuri informaciis xarvezebi
nawilebs ar azianebs, marjvena svetSi ki _ azia-
nebs. gveTanxmebiT, rom Sua svetSi ufro advilia
obieqtebis cnoba?
perspeqtivisaTvis unda SeinaxoT calkeuli
mexsierebiTi xatebi, romelTac standartuli
sagnebis ganxilvisas gamoiyenebT (Tarr & Pinker,
1989). rodesac garemoSi romelime obieqts
xedavT, SeiZleba gonebaSi perceptis transfor-
mireba mogiwioT, raTa gaarkvioT, zustad
Seesabameba Tu ara is romelime am xats. amrigad,
nacrisfer, ucnauri formis, saSualo zomis
bewvian cxovelSi rom kata amoicnoT, is unda
amoicnoT, rogorc garkveuli rakursiT moce-
muli geonebis Sesatyvisi kombinacia.
molodinis da konteqstis
gavlena
nacrisfer, saSualo zomis, ucnauri formis
bewvian arsebas ufro advilad icnobT, Tu mas
Cveul adgilas, Tqven saxlSi naxavT. es aRqmis
daRmavali aspeqtia: molodinebma SeiZleba
gavlena moaxdinon aRqmaze da danaxulis
interpretaciaze. odesme, SemTxveviT, ginaxavT
suraTi
5.34
erTi da igive obieqti sxvadasxva
perspeqtividan
sxvadasxva perspeqtividan Tqven sagnis sxvadasxva
nawils xedavT. am sirTulis dasaZlevad Tqven rTuli
figuris mraval xats inaxavT mexsierebaSi.
nacnobi adamianebi moulodnel adgilas,
magaliTad, sxva qalaqSi, an sxva socialur
jgufSi? gacilebiT meti droa saWiro maT
aRqmis organizaciis procesebi
sacnobad am situaciaSi da xandaxan arc ki
xarT darwmunebuli, rom Nnamdvilad isini arian.
saqme is ki ar aris, rom isini gansxvavebulad
gamoiyurebian, aramed konteqstia sxva _ Tqven
ar eliT maT am situaciaSi. sivrciTi da droiTi
konteqsti, romelSic sagnebi amoicnoba,
mniSvnelovan informaciul wyaros warmoadgens.
konteqstidan gamomdinare, Tqven geqmnebaT
molodini, Tu ra obieqtebis naxvaa mosalod-
neli, an moulodneli irgvliv.
perceptuli organizacia damokidebulia
rogorc molodinze, ise _ sagnis xilvad Tvi-
sebebze. sagnis cnoba aris konstruqciuli 181
 interpretaciis procesi _ identifikacia
SeiZleba Seicvalos imis mixedviT, rac ukve
iciT, Tu sad xarT da ras xedavT irgvliv.
waikiTxeT Semdegi sityvebi:

THE CAT sworia? axla isev SexedeT TiToeuli

sityvis Sua asos. es ori aso zustad erTnairia,
Tumca, pirvels aRiqvamT rogorc H-s da meores,
rogorc A-s, ratom? naTelia, rom aRqmaze
gavlena moaxdina inglisuri sityvebis codnam.
konteqsti, romelsac qmnis T_E, metad SesaZ-
lebels xdis H-s da naklebad SesaZlebels _
A-s maSin, roca C_T konteqstisTvis sawinaaRmde-
goa swori.
mkvlevrebma araerTxel daasabuTes aRqmaze
konteqstisa da molodinis gavlena setis Ses-
wavliT. seti (set) aris stimulis garkveuli saxiT
aRqmis da masze reagirebis droebiTi mzaoba.
arsebobs sami tipis seti: motoruli, fsi-
qologiuri da perceptuli. motoruli seti aris
mza, swrafi pasuxis gasacemad mzaoba. morbenali
varjiSobs motoruli setis daxvewaze, raTa
sastarto gasrolis xmaze rac SeiZleba swrafad
gamovides sastarto blokidan. fsiqologiuri
seti aris mzaoba. ganixiloT iseTi situacia,
rogoricaa amocanis gadaWra, an TamaSi, das-
wavlili wesebis, instruqciebis, molodinebis,
an Cvevebis daxmarebiT. fsiqologiurma setma
SeiZleba Tavidan agvaridos amocanis gadawyveta,
Tavi 5 / aRqma
suraTi
5.36B
xandazmuli qalbatoni
roca Zveli wesebi ver ergeba axal situacias.
amas me-9 TavSi vnaxavT, problemis gadawyvetis
procesis Seswavlisas. perceptuli seti aris
mocemul konteqstSi garkveuli stimulis
SeniSvnisTvis mzaoba. magaliTad, axalbeda
dedisaTvis es SeiZleba bavSvis tirilis
gagoneba iyos.
xSirad seti gvaiZulebs, SevcvaloT orazro-
vani stimulis interpretacia. SexedeT sityvaTa
am or rigs:
bebia, babua, da, Zma, deda, ma?a
ana, sofo, nino, Tea, nata, ma?a
waikiTxeT CamonaTvali? ra sityva mogividaT
TavSi TiToeul SemTxvevaSi `ma?a~-s wakiTxvisas?
Tu Tqven `mama~ da `maia/maka~ gaifiqreT, es imitom
moxda, rom sityvaTa CamonaTvaliT SegimuSavdaT
seti, romelmac sityvebis Zebnisas garkveuli
mimarTulebiT warmarTa Tqveni mexsiereba.
saxeldebam SeiZleba Seqmnas konteqsti, ro-
melic orazrovani figurisTvis perceptul sets
iZleva. Tqven ukve naxeT, azrs moklebuli `dud-
lebi~ (doodles) rogor gadaiqca azrian obieq-
tebad. yuradRebiT SexedeT qalis gamosaxulebas
5.35 A suraTze. Tqvenma megobarma (da ara Tqven)
naxos suraTi 5.35 B. Semdeg erTad SexedeT 5.35C

suraTs. ras xedavs TiToeuli Tqvengani? iqonia

Tu ara raime gavlena mocemuli saxeldebuli
orazrovani gamosaxulebebis naxvam am gamo-
saxulebis aRqmaze? Tqven SegiZliaT, eqsperi-
suraTi
5.36A menti sxvebze gaimeoroT da naxoT, iRebT Tu
axalgazrda lamazi ara igive Sedegebs.

182 qali

suraTi
5.36C
axla ras xedavT?
imisaTvis, rom konteqstma aRqmaze moaxdinos
gavlena, saWiroa: mexsiereba ise iyos organi-
zebuli, rom konkretul situaciebTan dakav-
Sirebuli informacia saWiro dros xdebodes
xelmisawvdomi. sxva sityvebiT, saTanado (an
arasaTanado) molodinebis Camosayalibeblad
Tqven unda SegeZloT mexsierebaSi Senaxuli
codnis gamoyeneba. zogjer `mexsierebiTac~ iseve
xedavT, rogorc TvalebiT. me-8 TavSi ganvixi-
lavT mexsierebis Tvisebebs, romlebic SesaZle-
bels xdis aRqmaze konteqstis gavlenas.
bolo gakveTili
am TavSi naswavlis Sesajameblad, yuradRebiT
SexedeT 5.3 suraTs. Tqven ukve gaqvT mTeli sqemis
gasagebad saWiro codna. 5.3 suraTis ganxilva,
aseve, dagarwmunebT, rom mniSvnelovani daskvna,
romelic aRqmis Seswavlidan unda miiRoT, isaa,
rom mastimulirebeli movlenis sapasuxo
perceptuli gamocdileba pirovnebis, rogorc
mTelis, reaqcias warmoadgens. sensoruli
receptorebis gaRizianebiT miRebuli infor-
maciis garda, saboloo aRqma damokidebulia
imaze, Tu vin xarT, visTan erTad xarT, ra gindaT,
ras eliT da ra Rirebulebebi gaqvT. aRmqmeli
seti (Set) _ stimulis aRqmis da masze garkveuli
saxiT reagirebis droebiTi mzaoba.
xSirad asrulebs or gansxvavebul rols,
romelic SeiZleba SevadaroT azartul TamaSsa
da interieris dizains. rogorc azartuli
moTamaSe, aRmqmeli mowadinebulia, niZlavi
dados, rom mocemul Semaval sensorul masalas
warsuli gamocdilebisa da personaluri
Teoriebis terminebiT gaigebs. rogorc mgznebare,
sakuTar saqmeze Seyvarebuli interieris
dizaineri, aRmqmeli mudmivad cdilobs
stimulebis ise organizebas, rom isini ukeT
moergon situacias da metad urTierTdakavSi-
rebulad gamoiyurebodnen. araTavsebadi da
mouwesrigebeli xatebi ukuigdeba da naTeli,
sufTa da Tanmimdevruli xazebiT Canacvldeba.
aRqmis procesi rom mTlianad aRmavali
yofiliyo, Tqven erT, aq da amJamad mocemul
konkretul realobas iqnebodiT mijaWvu-
li.…SegeZlebodaT Tqveni gancdebis fiqsireba,
magram ver gadaitandiT maT momavalSi, verc
samyaros dainaxavdiT gansxvavebulad sxvadasxva
situaciaSi. perceptuli gadamuSaveba mxolod
daRmavali procesi rom yofiliyo, Tqven
daikargebodiT sakuTari molodinebisa da
imedebis, fantaziis samyaroSi. am or ukidu-
resobas Soris saTanado balansiT miiRweva
aRqmis ZiriTadi mizani: samyaros iseTi gancda,
romelic optimalurad emsaxureba adamianis,
rogorc biologiuri da socialuri arsebis
(romelic moZraobs da egueba socialur da
fizikur garemos), moTxovnilebebs.
Sejameba
identifikacia da cnoba moicavs aRmaval da
daRmaval procesebs, romlebic erToblivi
aRqmis organizaciis procesebi
moqmedebiT samyaros naTel, TvalsaCino gagebas
uzrunvelyofen. sagnis amocnoba iwyeba sagnis
Semadgenel nawilebad, anu geonebad dayofiT.
obieqtis amosacnobad nawilebis codna xSirad
rakursis, anu xedvis kuTxis codnasac saWiroebs.
sivrciTi da droiTi konteqsti, romelSic
sagania mocemuli, ayalibebs molodins; is
gavlenas axdens sagnis cnobis unarze. mkvlev-
rebma aRqmaze konteqstis gavlena setis
efeqtebis SeswavliT daasabuTes.
183
 sakvanZo
sakiTxebi
SegrZneba, organizeba,
identificireba da
cnoba
perceptuli sistemebi ubra-
lod ki ar iReben gare
samyaroze informacias, ara-
med aqtiurad axdenen mis
intepretaciasa da orga-
nizacias.
aRqma samsafexuriani pro-
cesia. is Sedgeba SegrZne-
bis, perceptuli organi-
zaciisa da identifikacia-
cnobis safexurebisgan.
gadamuSavebis sensorul sa-
fexurze fizikuri energia
gardaiqmneba nervul ener-
giad da sensorul gancdad.
organizaciis safexurze per-
ceptuli procesebi Segr-
Znebebs TvalsaCino xatebad
aerTianebs da sagnebis da
paternebis aRqmas ganapiro-
bebs.
identifikaciisa da cnobis
safexurze sagnebis percep-
tebi dardeba mexsierebiT
xatebs, raTa isini amovic-
noT rogorc nacnobi da az-
riani sagnebi.
aRqmis amocanaa distaluri
(eqsternaluri) stimulis
gansazRvra proqsimaluri
(sensoruli) stimuliT mo-
wodebuli informaciidan.
orazrovneba iqmneba maSin,
rodesac SesaZlebelia er-
Ti da igive sensoruli in-
Tavi 5 / aRqma
formaciis sxvadasxva per-
ceptebSi (xatebSi) organi-
zeba.
perceptuli iluziebis Se-
saxeb codnam SeiZleba Se-
zRudos Cveulebrivi percep-
184 tuli procesebi.
yuradRebis procesebi
yuradReba aris Semavali
sensoruli informaciis
nawilis SerCevisa da danar-
Cenis ignorirebis unari.
pirovnuli miznebi da ga-
remoSi arsebuli sagnebis
Tvisebebi gansazRvraven Cve-
ni yuradRebis mimarTule-
bas.
yuradRebis miRma darCenili
informacia Zalze mcired
moqmedebs mimdinare gamoc-
dilebaze.
yuradRebamdeli gadamuSave-
ba vizualuri garemos efeq-
turad gadasinjvis saSua-
lebas iZleva.
organizaciuli
procesebi aRqmaSi
organizaciuli procesebi
sensoruli monacemebis Se-
sabamis aRqmis xatebs qmni-
an.
es procesebi perceptebs fo-
nidan win wamoweul figu-
rebad aerTianebs.
TqvenTvis damaxasiaTebelia
dausrulebeli figurebis
dasrulebulad danaxvisa
da calkeuli obieqtebis
msgavsebis mixedviT dajgu-
febis tendencia.
TqvenTvis damaxasiaTebelia
tendencia _ aq da amJamad
mocemuli sivrciTi da
droiTi konteqstidan ga-
momdinare _ moaxdinoT sag-
nis nawilebis organizeba da
interpretireba.
Tqven, aseve, gaxasiaTebT
realuri sensoruli sti-
mulis miuxedavad, aTvlis
sistemis uZravad da masSi
mocemuli nawilebis moZ-
ravad aRqmis tendencia.
baduras organzomilebiani
informaciis samganzo-
milebiani siRrmis aRqmad
gardasaqmnelad vizu-
aluri sistema iyenebs
iseT informacias, rogo-
ricaa: obieqtis zoma da
obieqtamde manZili.
Tqven gaxasiaTebT obieq-
tebis zomis, formis,
orientaciisa da feris
mixedviT ucvlelad aR-
qmis tendencia.
identifikacia da cnoba
perceptuli gadamuSavebis
bolo safexurze, rodesac
xdeba obieqtis identi-
fikacia da cnoba, per-
cepti mniSvnelobas iZens
aRmavali da daRmavali
gadamuSavebis erToblivi
moqmedebiT.
konteqstma, molodinebma,
perceptulma masalam
SeiZleba gansazRvros
dausrulebeli orazro-
vani monacemebis erTi
mimarTulebiT amocnoba,
meore, Tanabrad SesaZleb-
lis, nacvlad.
amgvarad, aRqma eyrdnoba
rogorc warsul codnas
da molodins, ise _ sen-
sorul stimuls.
ZiriTadi cnebebi
aracnobieri daskvna
aRmavali gadamuSaveba
aRqma
aRqmis konstantoba
aSkara moZraoba ganaTebis konstantoba proqsimaluri stimuli
konvergencia geStalt-fsiqologia retinaluri disparati
daRmavali gadamuSaveba identifikacia da cnoba fardobiTi moZraobis
dasrulebuloba iluzia paralaqsi
(Sevsebuloba) iluzoruli konturebi seti
distaluri stimuli marTuli gadasinjva siaxlovis kanoni
diqotomiuri mosmena mizanmimarTuli SerCeva stimuliT aRZruli
ekologiuri optikis moCvenebiTi moZraoba seleqcia
Teoria msgavsebis kanoni yuradReba
Φ fenomeni msgavsi bedis kanoni yuradRebamdeli
figura orazrovneba gadamuSaveba
foni orientaciis konstantoba sididis konstantoba
formis konstantoba perceptuli organizeba

sakvanZo sakiTxebi

185
 goneba, cnobiereba da Secvlili
mdgomareobebi

6
cnobierebis Sinaarsi
• gacnobiereba da
cnobiereba
• cnobierebis
xelmisawvdomoba
• cnobierebis
Sinaarsebis kvleva
cnobierebis funqciebi
• cnobierebis
gamoyeneba
• cnobierebis fun-
qciebis kvleva
fsiqologia Cvens
cxovrebaSi: rodis
uyalibdebaT bavSvebs
cnobiereba

Zili da sizmari
• cirkaduli ritmebi
• Zilis cikli
• ratom Zili?
• Zilis darRvevebi
• sizmari: gonebis
Teatri
fsiqologia XXI
saukuneSi: 24/7 cxovrebis
stili da Zili

cnobierebis Secvlili
mdgomareobebi
• dakvirvebadi sizmrebi
• hipnozi
• meditacia
• halucinaciebi
• religiuri eqstazi
• cnobierebis Semc-
vleli nivTierebebi

sakvanZo sakiTxebi
• ZiriTadi cnebebi

186
 g anvixiloT N.N-is SemTxveva _
axalgazrda kanadeli mamakaci,
romelsac avtokatastrofis Se-
degad Tavis tvini dauzianda. fsi-
qolog endel tulvingis (Endel
Tulving, 1985) aRweris mixedviT, N. N-ma am travmis
Sedegad mravali iseTi gamocdilebis miRebis
unari dakarga, rasac qvemoT aRvwerT da
cnobierebas vuwodebT. magaliTad, miuxedavad
imisa, rom N. N-ma „mcire ram icis Tavisi war-
sulidan, vTqvaT, romel wels gadavida misi ojaxi
amJamindel sacxovrebel adgilas; im skolebis
saxelebi, romlebSic swavlobda anda sad
atarebda zafxuls skolis periodSi, mas ar
SeuZlia gaixsenos romelime konkretuli movlena
Tavisi warsulidan~ (gv. 4). tulvingi wers:
N.N-s ar hqonda problemebi qronologiur
drosTan dakavSirebiT. is kargad erkveoda
drois erTeulebsa da maT Soris arsebul
mimarTebebSi. zedmiwevniT SeeZlo qrono-
logiuri drois grafikulad gamosaxva, Tumca,
drois Sesaxeb abstraqtuli codnis sruliad
sapirispirod, ukiduresad darRveuli hqonda
subieqturi drois cnobiereba. rodesac wina
SegiZliaT Tqveni Tavi warmoidginoT N.N-is
adgilze, rodesac sakuTari warsulisa an mo-
mavlis Sesaxeb fiqrs cdilobT da mxolod
„sicarieles~ awydebiT? modiT, erTi wuTiT
ifiqreT raime erT-erT mniSvnelovan movlenaze
Tqveni warsulidan; axla dafiqrdiT, Tu ra
SeiZleba moxdes xval an zeg? saidan modis
warsulis es mogonebebi an warmodgenebi mo-
mavlis Sesaxeb? miuxedavad imisa, rom Cvens
tvinSi didi informacia inaxeba, naklebad al-
baTuria, rom es azrebi iseve mogvdiodes
dRis saqmianobis Sesaxeb ekiTxebodnen, is
pasuxobda, rom ar icoda. Tu hkiTxavdnen, ras
apirebda SemdgomSi an ras gaakeTebda xval,
misi pasuxi igive iyo _ man ar icoda...
rodesac sxvadasxva SemTxvevebSi sTxovdnen
NN. N-s, aRewera is „sicariele~, romelic mis
gonebaSi isadgurebda „xvalis~ Sesaxeb fiq-
risas, is ambobda, rom es „Zilismagvari mdgo-
mareobaa~ anda „didi sicarielea~. Tu sTxov-
dnen analogiis terminebiT aRewera es mdgo-
mareoba, igi ambobda, rom „es hgavs situacias,
rodesac cariel oTaxSi moxvedril adamians
oTaxSi ararsebuli skamis povnas sTxoven~.
sxva SemTxvevaSi is ambobda, rom „es tbis
SuagulSi curvas hgavs, sadac araferia
irgvliv xelCasaWidi~. rodesac guSindeli
saqmianobis Sesaxeb fiqrisas gonebaSi Seqmnili
mdgomareobis aRweras sTxovdnen, is ambobda,
rom „raRacnairi sicarielea~. N.N amas mSvidad
da uSfoTvelad akvirdeba yovelgvari emociis
gareSe. mxolod maSin, rodesac ekiTxebodnen
ratom ar ukvirs, rom „iq araferia~, rodesac
is fiqrobs guSindelsa Tu xvalindelze, is
amJRavnebda mcireoden, xanmokle aJitacias da
sustad aRmoxdeboda gaocebis SeZaxili.
„gonebaSi~, TiTqosda visxdeT da teqsts vki-
cnobierebis Sinaarsi
TxulobdeT. metic, Tavs ukeTesad vigrZnobT,
Tu vityviT, rom azrebi Cveni cnobierebidan da
tvinis iseTi ubnebidan momdinareobs, romelic
manamde ar iyo cnobieri, magram mainc ibadeba
kiTxva: mainc rogor mogvdis garkveuli azrebi
TavSi (gonebaSi)? ganvixilavT ki realurad
sxvadasxva mogonebebs an momavlis variantebs?
sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, cnobierad vaxorcielebT
arCevans? Tu azrebi garkveuli aracnobieri
operaciebis meSveobiT rogorRac Cndebian Cvens 187
 cnobierebaSi? ra SesaZleblobebi gagvaCnia Cven,
romelic N.N-ma ase tragikulad dakarga?
Tu yuradRebiT davakvirdebiT, ras warmoad-
gens normaluri individisaTvis azrebis Camo-
yalibebis martivi aqti, intuiturad ukve Segveq-
mneba warmodgena am meeqvse Tavis ZiriTadi
Temebis Sesaxeb. am TavSi SevecdebiT vupasuxoT
Semdeg kiTxvebs: ra aris Cveulebrivi gac-
nobiereba? ra ganapirobebs Cveni cnobierebis
Sinaarsebs? risTvis gvWirdeba cnobiereba?
SeuZliaT Tu ara realuri zegavlenis moxdena
aracnobier fsiqikur movlenebs Cvens azrebze,
emociebsa da qcevaze? rogor icvleba cnobiereba
dRe-Ramis ganmavlobaSi da rogor SegviZlia
mizanmimarTulad vcvaloT Cveni cnobierebis
mdgomareoba? imedismomcemi fsiqologi, aseve,
dainteresdeba, Tu rogor aris SesaZlebeli
gonebis aspeqtebis mecnieruli Seswavla, rogor
xdeba Sinaganis gareT gamotana da, piriqiT,
sazogadoebrivis pirovnulad qceva (interna-
lizacia) da rogor aris SesaZlebeli subieq-
turi gamocdilebis zedmiwevniTi gazomva?
Cven analizs cnobierebis Sinaarsebisa da
funqciebis ganxilviT daviwyebT, amasTan, yurad-
Rebas gavamaxvilebT adamianis gonebaze. Seve-
cdebiT dagexmaroT filosofosTa, fsiqologTa
da neiromecnierebebisTvis uZvelesi problemis
Tavi 6 / goneba, cnobiereba da Secvlili mdgomareobebi
gagebaSi: ra damokidebulebaa Tavis tvinsa da
gonebas Soris. Semdeg gadavinacvlebT im regu-
larul cvlilebebze, romelsac ganvicdiT oc-
nebis, fantaziis, Zilisa da sizmrebis dros.
dabolos, vnaxavT, Tu rogor icvleba cnobiereba
hipnozis, meditaciis, religiuri ritualebisa
da narkotikebis zemoqmedebis Sedegad.
188
cnobierebis Sinaarsi
Tavdapirvelad unda aRiniSnos, rom termini
„cnobiereba~ orazrovania. is SeiZleba gamo-
viyenoT rogorc gonebis zogadi mdgomareobis,
ise misi specifikuri Sinaarsebis aRsaniSnad.
zogjer vambobT, rom „cnobier~ mdgomareobaSi
viyaviT „aracnobieris~ sapirispirod (magali-
Tad, anesTeziis an Zilis dros); sxva SemTxvevaSi
vambobT, rom cnobier mdgomareobaSi varT. anu
vacnobierebT konkretul informacias an moq-
medebas. aq naTlad Cans garkveuli Tanmimdevroba
_ imisaTvis, rom vacnobierebdeT raime konkre-
tul informacias, cnobier mdgomareobaSi unda
vimyofebodeT. am TavSi, rodesac visaubrebT
cnobierebis Sinaarsebze, mxedvelobaSi gveqneba
is informacia, romelsac vacnobierebT, romlis
Sesaxebac viciT.
gacnobiereba da cnobiereba
adreul fsiqologiur kvlevaTa nawili cno-
bierebis Sinaarsebs eZRvneboda. XIX saukunis
dasawyisSi TandaTanobiT daSorda ra fsiqo-
logia filosofias, is Camoyalibda, rogorc
cnobierebis, gonebis Sesaxeb mecniereba. vundti
da titCeneri introspeqciis meTods iyenebdnen
cnobieri fsiqikis Sinaarsebis sakvlevad, ui-
liam jemsi ki sakuTari cnobierebis nakadis
kvleviT iyo dakavebuli (ix. Tavi 1). faqtobrivad,
misi klasikuri naSromis _ „fsiqologia~ (1892w.)
pirvel gverdze jemsi fsiqologias ganmartavs,
rogorc „mecnierebas cnobierebis, rogorc ase-
Tis, mdgomareobebis aRwerisa da axsnis Sesaxeb.~
Cveulebrivi fxizeli cnobiereba moicavs
Cvens aRqmebs, azrebs, grZnobebs, warmodgenebsa
da survilebs mocemul momentSi, anu mTel
mentalur aqtivobas, razec vaxdenT yuradRebis
koncentracias. Cven vacnobierebT Tavad moqme-
debas, romelsac vaxorcielebT da im faqtsac,
rom vaxorcielebT am qmedebas. xandaxan imasac
vacnobierebT, rom sxvebi akvirdebian, afaseben
da reagireben Cven mier ganxorcielebul qce-
vebze. sakuTari Tavis SegrZneba modis gamoc-
dilebidan, romelsac privilegirebuli „Sina-
gani~ poziciidan sakuTar Tavze dakvirvebiT
viRebT. es sxvadasxvagvari gonebrivi aqtivobebi,
erTad aRebuli, qmnian cnobierebis Sinaarss _
yvela am gamocdilebas cnobierad aRviqvamT
drois garkveul momentSi (Natsouias, 1998).
axla ufro zustad SegviZlia ganvsazRvroT
cnobierebis sami sxvadasxva done. isini pirobi-
Tad Seesatyviseba: (1) bazisuri done _ Sinagani
da garegani samyaros cnobiereba; (2) meore done
_ imis asaxva, gaazreba, rasac vacnobierebT da
(3) mesame, umaRlesi done sakuTari Tavis, rogorc
cnobieri, moazrovne individis, gacnobiereba.
bazisur doneze cnobiereba warmoadgens imis
gacnobierebas, rom Cven aRviqvamT da vreagirebT
xelmisawvdom perceptul informaciaze. am do-
neze Cven vacnobierebT saaTis wikwiks da
SimSilis odnav SesamCnev SegrZnebas. meore
doneze cnobiereba simbolur codnas eyrdnoba,
romelic gvanTavisuflebs realur obieqtebsa
da mimdinare movlenebze mijaWvulobisgan. am
doneze SegviZlia vimsjeloT da movaxdinoT
manipulireba obieqtebiT maTi aryofnis piro-
bebSi, warmovisaxoT axali formebi da gamo-
viyenoT ukve nacnobi formebi an paternebi, dav-
gegmoT/SevqmnaT utopiebi. cnobierebis umaRlesi
donea TviTcnobiereba, Semecneba (gacnobiereba)
imisa, rom pirovnulad gancdil movlenebs
avtobiografiuli xasiaTi aqvs. TviTcnobiereba
gvaZlevs pirovnuli istoriisa da identurobis
SegrZnebas. cnobierebis am doneze, Tu Cvens
gamocdilebaSi samyaro arsebobs, rogorc
naTeli, Tanmimdevruli da prognozirebadi ram,
maSin TandaTanobiT gviyalibdeba amis Sesatyvisi
molodinebi da es molodinebi aRgvWuravs
awmyoSi saukeTeso mimdinare qmedebiT da momav-
lis dagegmvas axdens. gavixsenoT N.N-is Sem-
Txveva, riTac daviwyeT saubari, romelic Tavis
dazianebis Sedegad TiTqmis mTlianad TviT-
cnobierebis gareSe darCa (tulvingi, 1985). mas
ar gaaCnda rogorc pirovnuli drois per-
speqtiva, ise _ droSi ganfenili sakuTari av-
tobiografiis cnobiereba.
cnobiereba (Consciousness) _ Sinagani movlenebisa
da garemos pirobebis cnobierad aRqmis mdgo-
mareoba (gacnobiereba).
TviTcnobiereba (Self-awareness) _ cnobierebis
umaRlesi done, pirovnulad gancdili movlene-
bis avtobiografiuli xasiaTis Semecneba.
cnobierebis Sinaarsi
189

cnobierebis xelmisawvdomoba
Cven ganvsazRvreT informaciis zogadi ti-
pebi, romelic SesaZloa gacnobierdes garkveul
adgilze da garkveul droSi, magram ra gana-
pirobebs imas, Tu ra cnobierdeba swored am
momentSi? magaliTad, am wuTSi acnobierebT Tu
ara Tqvens sunTqvas? albaT, ara. sunTqvis kon-
troli aracnobieri procesebis nawilia. fiq-
robT Tu ara Tqvens bolo Svebulebaze an
„hamletis~ avtorze? albaT, isev ara. aseTi az-
rebis kontroli winarecnobieri mexsierebis na-
wilia. acnobierebT Tu ara iseT fonur xma-
urebs, rogoricaa saaTis wikwiki, transportis
moZraobis xma an naTuris zuzuni? sakmaod
rTuli iqneba am yvelafris gacnobiereba (aRqma)
da Tan sruli koncentraciis SenarCuneba am
Tavis Sinaarsze. yvela es stimuli yuradRebis
miRma darCenili informaciis nawilia. dabolos,
arsebobs aracnobieri informacia, romelic
Znelad xelmisawvdomia cnobieri aRqmisaTvis.
aseT informacias miekuTvneba, magaliTad, gra-
matikuli wesebi, romelic SesaZlebels xdis
winadadebis mniSvnelobis gagebas. axla cal-
calke ganvixiloT cnobierebis TiToeuli tipi.
aracnobieri procesebi
es aris mTeli rigi aracnobieri sxeulebrivi
aqtiobebisa, romlebic Zalze iSviaTad Tu iWreba
cnobierebaSi. aracnobieri procesebis muSaobis
magaliTia sisxlis wnevis regulacia. nervuli
sistema adevnebs ra Tvalyurs fiziologiur
informacias, uwyvetad afiqsirebs mimdinare
cvlilebebs da Sesabamisad reagirebs maTze
yovelgvari gacnobierebis gareSe. garkveul
SemTxvevebSi, zogierTi Cveulebrivi aracnobieri
aqtivoba SeiZleba cnobieri gaxdes. magaliTad,
SeiZleba miznad davisaxoT sunTqvis cnobieri
gakontroleba. miuxedavad amisa, nervuli sistema
mraval mniSvnelovan funqcias uzrunvelyofs
cnobierebis yovelgvari procesis gareSe.
aracnobieri (Nonconscioes) _ informacia, rome-
lic, Cveulebriv, xelmiuwvdomelia cnobierebi-
saTvis an mexsierebisaTvis.
winarecnobieri mexsiereba (Preconscious memories)
_ mexsiereba, romelic mocemul momentSi ar aris
cnobieri, magram cnobierdeba aucileblobis
190 SemTxvevaSi.
winarecnobieri mexsiereba
mogonebebi, romlebic mxolod mas Semdeg
xdeba cnobierebisaTvis xelmisawvdomi, rac
raRac warmarTavs Cvens yuradRebas maTze, wina-
recnobieri mogonebebis saxeliT aris cnobili.
mogonebebi uzarmazari moculobis mqone in-
formaciasTan erTad inaxeba, rogoricaa, maga-
liTad, enebis, sportis an geografiis zogadi
codna da mogonebebi pirovnulad gancdili
movlenebis Sesaxeb. winarecnobieri mexsiereba
SeumCnevlad arsebobs Cvens gonebaSi manam, sanam
ar Seiqmneba maTi cnobierad arsebobis
saWiroebis situacia (rogorc maSin, rodesac
mniSvnelovani warsuli movlenis mogoneba
gTxoveT). mexsierebis Sesaxeb dawvrilebiT me-
8 TavSi visaubrebT.
yuradRebis miRma darCenili informacia
nebismier mocemul momentSi uricxvi
raodenobis stimuliT varT garSemortymulni.
rogorc me-5 TavSi iTqva, Cven mxolod maT mcire
nawilze SegviZlia yuradRebis fokusireba. raze
movaxdenT fokusirebas da, amasTanave, romeli
mogonebebi gacocxldeba, mniSvnelovnad aris
damokidebuli imaze, Tu ra gvaqvs cnobierebaSi.
Tumca, xandaxan SeiniSneba iseTi informaciis
aracnobieri reprezentacia, romelic ar xvdeba
yuradRebis fokusSi. gavixsenoT magaliTi me-5
Tavidan: xmaurian wveulebaze cdilobT yurad-
Rebis koncentrirebas TqvenTvis mimzidvel
TariRze da am dros uyuradRebod stovebT iqve
mimdinare saubars manam, sanam Tqvens saxels ar
mohkravT yurs. moulodnelad aRmoaCenT, rom,
rogorRac, gaucnobiereblad usmendiT am
saubars da xmaurSi gaarCieT kidec garkveuli
konkretuli signali (Wood & Cowan, 1995a).
aracnobieri
Cven, Cveulebisamebr, vafiqsirebT aracnobieri
informaciis arsebobas, rodesac ver vxsniT
zogierT qcevas cnobieri Zalebis moqmedebiT
qcevis mimdinareobis momentSi. aracnobieri
Zalebis Sesaxeb pirveli Teoria zigmund fro-
ids ekuTvnis, romlis Tanaxmadac, garkveuli
cxovrebiseuli gamocdileba _ travmuli mogo-
nebebi da tabuirebuli survilebi _ imdenad
SiSis momgvrelia, rom specifikuri mentaluri
procesebi (romelTac me-14 TavSi ganvixilavT),
permanentulad devnian maT cnobierebidan.
froidis mixedviT, rodesac originaluri, miuRe-
beli ideebi da motivebi gandevnilia, anu cnobi-
erebis farglebs miRmaa, azrebTan asocirebuli
Zlieri gancdebi isev inarCuneben TavianT Zalas
da zegavlenas axdenen qcevaze. aracnobieris
froidiseuli „aRmoCena~ ewinaaRmdegeba dasav-
luri azris xangrZliv tradicias. ingliseli
filosofos lokis (1690/1975) gonebis Sesaxeb
dawerili klasikuri naSromis „ese adamianis
Semecnebis Sesaxeb~ _ gamoqveynebis Semdeg, mo-
azrovneTa umravlesoba miiCnevda, rom raci-
onaluri arsebebis damaxasiaTebelia sakuTari
gonebis yvela aqtivobaze xelmisawvdomoba. fro-
idis pirveladi hipoTeza aracnobieri mentaluri
procesebis arsebobis Sesaxeb Seuracxmyofelad
da aRmaSfoTeblad iTvleboda mis Tanamed-
roveTa Soris (Dennett, 1987). (Cven kvlav davub-
rundebiT froidis ideebs me-14 TavSi, rodesac
visaubrebT pirovnebis unikalurobis Sesaxeb).
dResdReobiT mravali fsiqologi iyenebs
termins aracnobieri, im informaciisa da pro-
cesebis aRsaniSnad, romelic ufro sasurveli
da misaRebia, vidre azrebi, romelic, froidis
Tanaxmad, gandevnas eqvemdebareba. magaliTad,
mravali enobrivi procesi aracnobier procesebs
eyrdnoba. ganvixiloT winadadeba (Vu et al., 2000):
She investigated bark.1 rogor movaxdenT am wina-
dadebis interpretirebas? warmovidgenT qals,
romelic ZaRls akvirdeba Tu qals, romelic
xes aTvalierebs? vinaidan sityva bark oraz-
rovania da winadadebis konteqsti didad ver
gvexmareba, Cven mxolod SegviZlia vivaraudoT,
Tu risi Tqma undoda avtors. axla ganvixiloT
igive winadadeba ufro farTo konteqstSi: The
botanist looked for a fungus. She investigated bark.2 amCnevT,
1
bark inglisuri sityva, romelsac ori mniSvneloba
aqvs: (1) yefa da (2) merqani. vinaidan qarTulad am sityvas
ori sxvadasxva mniSvneloba Seesabameba, SeuZlebeli iyo
am etapze winadadebis Targmna. amitom mizanSewonilad
miviCnieT originaluri variantis motana.
2
botanikosi aTvalierebda xavss, is ikvlevda
xis merqans.
rom winadadebis gageba ufro gaadvilda am
konteqstSi? Tu gaiolda, es imitom, rom Cvenma
aracnobierma enobrivma procesebma gamoiyena
damatebiTi konteqsti da Zalze swrafad gaakeTa
arCevani sityva bark-is or mniSvnelobas Soris.
am magaliTiT kargad Cans, rom cnobieri donis
miRma moqmedi procesebi xSirad axdenen gavlenas
Cvens qcevaze; am SemTxvevaSi, amis ilustraciaa
is simsubuqe, romliTac mivediT winadadebis
swor gagebamde. amgvarad, Cven TandaTanobiT
gadavinacvleT cnobierebis Sinaarsis ganxil-
vidan cnobierebis funqciebis ganxilvaze. sanam
detalurad ganvixilavT am sakiTxs, mokled
aRvwerT or gzas, romliTac SesaZlebelia cno-
bierebis Sinaarsis Seswavla.
cnobierebis Sinaarsebis kvleva
cnobierebis Seswavlis mizniT mkvlevrebs
unda SeemuSavebinaT meTodologia, romlis
saSualebiTac SesaZlebeli xdeba Rrma piradu-
li gamocdilebis gazomva. erTi meTodi vundtisa
da titCeneris introspeqciis meTodis axali
versiaa: eqsperimentis monawileebs eZlevaT
mTeli rigi davalebebi da moeTxovebaT xmamaRla
msjeloba da laparaki am davalebaTa Ses-
rulebis procesSi. isini SesaZleblobis fa-
rglebSi maqsimalurad detalurad aRweren
davalebis Sesrulebisas TavSi mosuli azrebis
Tanmimdevrobas. cdis pirTa angariSebi, e.w.
xmamaRla fiqris oqmebi, gamoiyeneba mentaluri
strategiebisa da codnis reprezentaciebis
dokumentirebisaTvis, romelTac monawileebi
davalebis Sesrulebisas iyeneben. es oqmebi, aseve,
davalebis aRqmasa da masTan gamklavebas Soris
cnobierebis Sinaarsi
xmamaRla fiqris oqmebi (Think-aloud protocols) -
angariSi, romelic iqmneba Tavad cdis pirTa
mier da aRweren mentalur procesebsa da
strategiebs, romelTac isini mimarTaven dava-
lebis Sesrulebisas.
gamocdilebidan nimuSebis SerCevis meTodi (Ex-
perience-sampling method) - eqsperimentuli meTodi,
romelic exmareba mkvlevrebs cnobierebis ti-
puri Sinaarsebis aRweraSi; cdis pirebs eva-
lebaT signalis miRebisTanave daafiqsiron Ta-
vianTi azrebi da grZnobebi.
191
 arsebuli ganxsvavebebis dafiqsirebis saSua-
lebas aZlevs mkvlevrebs (Ericsson & Simon, 1993).
gamocdilebidan nimuSebis SerCevis meTodSi
monawileebi aRWurvilni arian mowyobilobiT,
romliTac iReben signals imis Sesaxeb, Tu rodis
unda daiwyon angariSis keTeba TavianTi azrebisa
da grZnobebis Sesaxeb. magaliTad, erT-erT
SemTxvevaSi cdis pirebs eleqtronul peijerebs
aZleven. radiogadamcemi sxvadasxva SemTxveviT
SerCeuli drois SualedebSi axdens peijeris
aqtivizacias dReSi erTxel an ufro xSirad.
rodesac modis peijeris signali, cdis pirebs
evalebaT iseT kiTxvebze pasuxis gacema, rogo-
ricaa, magaliTad, „ramdenad axerxebdiT kon-
centrirebas?~ am gziT mkvlevrebi axerxeben cdis
pirTa azrebis, cnobierebisa da yuradRebis kon-
centrirebis mimarTulebebis yoveldRiuri,
Cveuli paternebis Sesaxeb Canawerebis mopovebas
(Csikszentmihalyi, 1990).
saidan
viciT
ras fiqroben mozardebi
gaixseneT Tqveni mozardobis periodi.
ra Temebi ikavebdnen, ZiriTadad, Tqvens
cnobierebas? am kiTxvaze pasuxis gasacemad
Tavi 6 / goneba, cnobiereba da Secvlili mdgomareobebi
mkvlevarTa jgufma 218 moswavle eleqtro-
nuli peijerebiT aRWurva, romelic Sem-
TxveviT signalebs iZleoda azrebisa da
grZnobebis aRweris dasawyisis maniSneb-
lad (Richard et al., 1998). moswavleTa
gamocdilebidan nimuSi sul orjer SeirCa
oTxi wlis manZilze. pirveli periodi iyo
V-dan VIII klasis CaTvliT, meore _ IX-dan
XII klasis CaTvliT. eqsperimentis aseTi
gegma asakis matebasTan erTad mozardTa
cnobierebis Sinaarsis cvlilebebis dafiq-
sirebis saSualebas iZleoda. mkvlevrebs
gansakuTrebiT ainteresebdaT wyvilSi
urTierTobebi mozardobis periodSi,
amitom detalurad ikvlevdnen, Tu ras
fiqrobdnen mozardebi megobrebis Sesaxeb.
kvlevis Sedegebis Tanaxmad, asakis
matebasTan erTad azrebi, ZiriTadad,
sapirispiro sqeszea mimarTuli. Tu me-5-6
klaselebis mxolod 1% fiqrobs sapiris-
piro sqesze, merve klasSi es ricxvi 5.8%-
mde izrdeba. kvlevaSi, aseve, saintereso
192
gansxvavebebi dafiqsirda gogonebsa da
vaJebs Soris: Tu peijeris signalis miRebis
momentSi ar imyofebodnen megobrebis
wreSi, gogonebTan ufro meti iyo orive
sqesis megobrebze fiqris albaToba, vidre
vaJebTan. mkvlevrebi varaudoben, rom
sqesTa Soris es gansxvavebebi miuTiTebs
da prognozirebs im faqts, rom qalebi
mozrdil asakSi mets iReben inter-
personaluri urTierTobebidan.
am magaliTidan kargad Cans, Tu rogor SeuZ-
liaT mkvlevrebs gamocdilebiT SerCevis
meTodis gamoyeneba cnobierebis calkeuli
tipuri Sinaarsebis gasaerTianeblad.
Sejameba
cnobiereba SeiZleba sam doneze ganisazRvros:
Sinagani da garegani samyaros gacnobiereba, imis
gaazrebis SesaZlebloba, rasac vacnobierebT
(aRviqvamT) da sakuTari Tavis, rogorc cnobieri,
moazrovne arsebis gancda. mravali sxeulebrivi
procesi, rogoricaa, magaliTad, sunTqva, Cve-
ulebriv, aracnobieria. Cven vflobT uzarmazar
informacias, romelic inaxeba mexsierebaSi; es
ukanaskneli ki winarecnobiers warmoadgens,
saidanac moTxovnisTanave SeiZleba gadavides
saWiro informacia cnobierSi. yuradRebis miRma
darCenili informacia aris garemoSi arsebul
stimulTa didi raodenoba, romelsac cnobierad
ar vaqcevT yuradRebas. Tu froidi aracnobiers
gandevnil mogonebebTan akavSirebda, Tanamedrove
mkvlevrebi afarToeben aracnobieris cnebas da
masSi informaciisa da procesebis mraval sa-
xeobas moiazreben. fsiqologebi cnobierebis
Sinaarsis Sesaswavlad iyeneben iseT teqnikebs,
rogoricaa xmamaRali fiqris oqmebi da gamoc-
dilebiT SerCevis meTodi.
cnobierebis funqciebi
rodesac vsvamT kiTxvas cnobierebis fun-
qciebis Sesaxeb, vcdilobT gavigoT, Tu risTvis
gvWirdeba cnobiereba _ ras matebs is Cvens ada-
mianur gamocdilebas? am Tavis dasawyisSi gan-
xiluli N.N-is SemTxveva ramdenime mniSvnelovan
miniSnebas iZleva dasmul kiTxvaze pasuxis
gacemis mimarTulebiT. warsulisa da momavlis
gancdis gareSe N.N-is cxovrebis mniSvnelovani
aspeqtebi ubralod sicarieliT icvleba. am
qveTavSi ufro srulad ganvixilavT cnobierebis
mniSvnelovnebis sakiTxs adamianis gadarCenisa
da socialuri funqcionirebisaTvis.
cnobierebis gamoyeneba
adamianis cnobiereba evoluciur garemoSi
yvelaze mtrulad ganwyobil ZalasTan _ sxva
adamianebTan Widilsa da SejibrSi gamoiwrTo.
adamianis goneba, SesaZloa, ganviTarda, rogorc
adamianTa winaprebis ukiduresi sociobilu-
robis Sedegi, rac, savaraudod, mtaceblebisgan
jgufuri Tavdacvisa da resursebis ufro
efeqturad mopovebis ZiriTad saSualebas
warmoadgenda. Tumca, mWidro jgufuri cxovreba
axal moTxovnebs qmnis rogorc TanamSromlobis,
ise konkurenciisaTvis. bunebrivi gadarCeva
wyalobda maT, vinc azrovnebda, gegmavda da
warmoisaxavda alternatiul realobebs, rac
naTesaobis erTad Sekvrisa da mtrebze gamar-
jvebis winapirobas qmnida. isini, visac ufro
adaptirebuli goneba aRmoaCnda da vinc Seqmna
sametyvelo ena da Sromis iaraRebi, gamar-
jvebulni gamovidnen gadarCenisaTvis brZolaSi
da moipoves udidesi jildo _ gadarCnen,
SeinarCunes sicocxle da, sabednierod, is
Cvenamdec moitanes (Donald, 1995; Mcphail, 1998).
vinaidan cnobierebam evolucia ganicada, ar
unda gagvikvirdes, rom is uzrunvelyofs sa-
xeobis gadarCenisTvis saWiro mTel rig fun-
qciebs (Baars, 1997; Baars & McGovern, 1994; Cheney &
Seyfarth, 1990; Ornstein, 1991). cnobiereba, aseve,
mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs pirovnuli da
saerTo kulturuli realobebis SeqmnaSi.
gadarCenaSi daxmareba
biologiuri TvalsazrisiT, savaraudod, cno-
bierebis ganviTareba miznad isaxavda indivi-
disaTvis garemodan momdinare informaciis
miRebasa da am informaciaze dayrdnobiT moq-
medebis saukeTeso da maqsimalurad efeqturi
gegmis SedgenaSi daxmarebas. Cveulebisamebr, Cven
informaciuli gadatvirTvis safrTxis winaSe
vdgavarT. uiliam jemsi aRwerda informaciis
did raodenobas, romelic SegrZnebis recep-
torebs ejaxeba, rogorc yvela mxridan mom-
dinare „mozuzune, mzardi qaosi~. gvarkvevs ra
stimulTa mravalferovnebaSi, cnobiereba
garemosTan adaptaciaSi gvexmareba. amas is sami
sxvadasxva gziT axorcielebs:
pirveli. cnobiereba amcirebs Semaval sti-
mulTa nakads SemCneuli da yuradRebis centrSi
moxvedrili stimulebis raodenobis SezRudviT.
cnobierebis es SemzRudavi funqcia gamoricxavs
imwuTieri miznebisa da amocanebisaTvis Seusa-
bamo informaciis did nawils. yvelaferi, rac
fasdeba, rogorc „Seusabamo~, gadaiqceva fonur
xmaurad da ignorirdeba, cnobieri aRqma ki
„relevantur~ gamRizianeblebze, anu im signa-
lebze fokusirdeba, romelTac viRebT da
vpasuxobT.
meore. cnobiereba axorcielebs seleqciuri
(SerCeviTi) Senaxvis funqcias. mas Semdeg, rac
mTeli Semavali sensoruli masala gadamu-
Savdeba perceptul doneze da gardaiqmneba ufro
mcire raodenobis cnobad paternebad da
kategoriebad, cnobiereba saSualebas gvaZlevs
SevarCioT da SevinaxoT is stimulebi, romelTa
analizi, interpretacia da maTze reagireba
gvsurs momavalSi. cnobiereba movlenaTa da
pirovnuli saWiroebisTvis Sesatyvisi da
araSesatyvisi gamocdilebis klasificirebis
saSualebas gvaZlevs zogierTi maTganis arCeviTa
da zogierTis ignorirebiT.
mesame. cnobierebis mesame funqciaa SeCereba,
alternativebis gaazreba, ganxilva da sxvadasxva
SesaZlo Sedegebis warmosaxva warsul codnaze
dayrdnobiT. es damgegmarebeli anu aRmasruleb-
eli makontrolebeli funqcia Zlieri survi-
lebis daTrgunvis SesaZleblobas gvaZlevs,
rodesac isini ewinaaRmdegebian moralur, eTikur
an praqtikul miznebs. am saxis cnobierebis
cnobierebis funqciebi
gareSe SimSilis SegrZnebis gaCenisTanave, Se-
saZloa, pirvelive danaxuli sakvebi, magaliTad,
vaSli moviparoT. gvaZlevs ra cnobiereba farTo
droiT perspeqtivas, romelSic unda ganxor-
cieldes potenciuri qceva, Cven SegviZlia
warsulisa da momavlis abstraqtuli reprezen-
taciebis moxmoba mimdinare gadawyvetilebebze
gavlenis mosaxdenad. yovelive zemoT Tqmulidan
gamomdinare, cnobiereba cxovrebis cvalebadi
193
moTxovnebis sapasuxod moqnili, adekvaturi
 piriqiT, vinaidan mocemuli kulturis adamianebi
mraval msgavs gamocdilebas floben, maT xSirad
realobis amsaxveli msgavsi konstruqtebi uya-
libdebaT. realobis kulturuli konstruqtebi
warmoadgens samyaros Sesaxeb mosazrebaTa er-
Tobliobas, romelsac iziarebs mocemuli
jgufis wevrTa umravlesoba. rodesac
sazogadoebis wevri kulturuli konstruqtis
Sesatyvis realobis pirovnul konstruqts
aviTarebs, mas iRebs kultura da, amave dros,
is Tavad xdeba kulturuli konstruqti.
realobis cnobieri konstruqtebis ur-
TierTmiRebas SeTanxmebul mtkicebulebas uwo-
deben.

saidan
reaqciebis ganxorcielebis did SesaZleblobas
iZleva.
realobis pirovnuli da kulturuli
konstruqtebi
ar arsebobs ori adamiani, romelic situaciis
sruliad erTnair interpretacias mogvcemda.
Tavi 6 / goneba, cnobiereba da Secvlili mdgomareobebi
viciT
SeTanxmebuli mtkicebulebis funqcia
germanel moqalaqeebs aCerebdnen quCaSi
uSualod damkrZalavi biuros win, an
misgan daaxloebiT 100 metris manZilze.
mkvlevrebi varaudobdnen, rom damkrZalavi
biuros TvalTaxedvis areSi yofna ada-
mianebSi maTi sasrulobis (mokvdaobis)

realobis personaluri konstruqti warmoadgens gancdas gaamZafrebda da Sedegad ufro

mimdinare situaciebis Cveneul unikalur inter-
pretacias, romelic zogad codnas, warsuli
gamocdilebis mogonebebs, awmyo moTxovnebs,
Rirebulebebs, rwmenebsa da momavlis miznebs
eyrdnoba. TiToeuli pirovneba garemodan mom-
dinare stimulTa garkveul, sxvebisgan gansxva-
vebul maxasiaTeblebs uTmobs yuradRebas, rad-
ganac realobis misi pirovnuli konstruqti
unikaluri, Semosuli masalis SerCevis Sedegad
aris warmoqmnili. rodesac realobis pirovnuli
konstruqti SedarebiT stabiluria, Cveni „me~-s
gancda droSi uwyvetobas iZens.
realobis pirovnul konstruqtTa Soris in-
dividualuri gansxvavebebi ufro didia im Sem-
TxvevaSi, rodesac adamianebi izrdebian gan-
sxvavebul kulturebSi, cxovroben erTi kul-
turis farglebSi gansxvavebul garemoSi an
gansxvavebuli amocanebi dgas maT winaSe da,
konceptualuri mtkicebuleba (Consensual validation)
_ realobaze cnobieri Sexedulebebis urTierT-
194
miRebaa.
metad aiZulebda maT SeTanxmebul mtki-
cebulebaSi eZebnaT komforti. rodesac
adamianebi imyofebian mdgomareobaSi,
romelsac mkvlevrebi „egzistencialur
terors~ uwodeben, Teoriis mixedviT,
adamianebs saerTo, sayovelTao kul-
turuli rwmenebi da ganwyobebi aerTianebT.
am mtkicebis Sedegi isaa, rom damkrZavali
biuros xedvis pirobebi individebs maTi
ganwyobebis kulturuli normebisadmi
ufro miaxloebulad aRqmisken ubiZgebda.
am kvlevaSi cdis pirebs sTxovdnen
SeefasebinaT, Tu sxva germaneli moqa-
laqeebi ramdenad gaiziarebdnen maT
mosazrebebs saemigracio politikis Secv-
lis Sesaxeb. umciresobaSi myofi indivi-
debi konsensusis TavianT Sefasebas 10%-
ze metiT zrdidnen, rodesac isini uSua-
lod damkrZalavi biuros win imyofe-
bodnen, vidre am dawesebulebidan 100
metrze daSorebulni (Pyszczynski et al., 1996).
 fsiqologia Cvens cxovrebaSi
didad albaTuria, rom cxov-
rebis garkveul etapze
axalSobilisaTvis, an Zalian
patara bavSvisaTvis SegexedaT
da dainteresebuliyaviT: „netav,
ra xdeba mis TavSi?~ xSirad es
kiTxva gardaiqmneba cnobie-
rebis Sesaxeb sakiTxad: rodis
iwyebs bavSvi sakuTari Tavis,
rogorc aseTis, gacnobierebas?
mkvlevrebi fiqroben, rom
bavSvebi Tavdapirvelad iZenen
subieqtur „me~-s da mxolod
amis Semdeg _ obieqtur „me~-s
(Lewis, 1991; 1999).
bavSvebi maSin iZenen
subieqtur „me~-s anu subieqtur
TviTcnobierebas, rodesac
maTTvis naTeli xdeba, rom
isini gamocalkevebulni arian
sxvebisgan. bavSvs aqvs SesaZ-
lebloba imisa, rom gare sam-
yaro aqcios cnobieri dakvir-
vebis obieqtad.
bavSvebi maSin iZenen obi-
eqtur „me~-s anu obieqtur
TviTcnobierebas, rodesac maT
eZlevaT saSualeba imisa, rom
TavianTi cnobiereba mimarTon
sakuTar Tavze anu, rodesac
SeuZliaT sakuTari Tavis
cnobieri analizis obieqtad
qceva. bavSvebs SeuZliaT ga-
iazron, rom „ician, rom ician~
an „axsovT, rom axsovT~. bav-
Svebis mier obieqturi TviT-
cnobierebis SeZenis Sesaxeb
klasikuri kvleva eyrdnoba
sarkesTan qcevas. mkvlevrebs
ainteresebdaT: rodis iwyebs
bavSvi mixvedras, rom sarkeSi
kvlevis es Sedegebi adasturebs im daSvebas,
rom individebs SeTanxmebuli mtkicebuleba maT
cnobierebaSi mokvdaobis/sakuTari sasrulobis
rodis uyalibdebaT bavSvebs cnobiereba
asaxuli gamosaxuleba TviTon
aris? am kiTxvaze pasuxis
gasacemad mkvlevrebi sTxovdnen
dedebs, rom TavianTi Svile-
bisaTvis cxvirze waesvaT pomada
ise, rom bavSvebs ar scodnodaT
amis Sesaxeb; es iyo laqiani
cxviris testi (nose dot test).
bavSvebi sakmaod adreul asakSi
amCneven sarkis zogierT
Tvisebas. magaliTad, 6 Tvemde
bavSvebi cdiloben miswvdnen da
Seexon sarkeSi asaxuli gamo-
saxulebis nawilebs; mxolod 18
Tvis Semdeg bavSvebi ikideben
xels cxvirze, rodesac cxvirze
laqa aqvT (Bertenthal & Fischer, 1978).
naTelia, rom am asakamde bavSvebi
ar fiqroben (nebismieri formiT):
„es me var sarkeSi; ra ucnauri
wiTeli niSani maqvs cxvirze?~
maSinac ki, roca bavSvebi war-
matebiT asruleben laqiani
cxviris tests, mainc ar aqvT
bolomde „me~-s Camoyalibebuli
gancda. maT jer kidev ar aqvT
Camoyalibebuli drois
komponentis mqone obieqturi
„me~-s Sesaxeb idea anu sakuTar
Tavze, rogorc warsulSi, aw-
myosa da momavalSi uwyvetad
arsebulze fiqris unari. la-
qiani cxviris procedurasTan
adaptaciis Seswavla mkvlevrebs
„me~-s droSi ganfenilobis
kvlevis saSualebas aZlevs
(Povinelli et al., 1996). am kvlevaSi
videofirze iRebdnen 30-42 Tvis
bavSvebs, rodesac eqsperi-
mentatori Cumad awebebda Tmeb-
grZnobebis SeWris pirobebSi ufro metad esa-
WiroebaT. kulturul rwmenebTan da ganwyobebTan
cnobieri Tanxmobis miReba amsubuqebs am grZno-
bebs.
ze webovan qaRalds. zogierT
b a v S v s p i r d a p i r e Te r S i
aCvenebdnen TavianT Tavebs
webovanaTi: maT SeeZloT dae-
naxaT TavianTi webovanqaRal-
diani Tma im saqmianobis pro-
cesSi, riTic iyvnen dakave-
bulni. danarCenebi ki sam-
wuTiani Sualedis Semdeg
uyurebdnen Canawers: isini
naxulobdnen sakuTar Tavs
Tmaze webovani qaRaldiT uax-
loesi warsulidan. pirvel
jgufSi bavSvebis orma mesa-
medma moikida Tavze xeli
maSin, rodesac meore jgufSi
mxolod erTma mesamedma
gaakeTa es. faqtobrivad, mxo-
lod 4 wlis asakis Semdeg
bavSvebi axerxeben, rom naxon
uaxloesi warsulis Canaweri
da daiWiron kavSiri Tmis we-
bovan qaRaldTan. rogorc Cans,
bavSvebisTvis sakmaod rTulia
awmyoSi mimdinare movlenis
Sesaxeb daskvnebis gakeTeba
warsulis, Tundac uaxloesi
warsulis, reprezentaciebze
dayrdnobiT. gagakvirvaT am
Sedegebma? Tu yofilxarT 2-3
wlis bavSvTan erTad, ge-
codinebaT, rom man mSvenivrad
icis, vin aris da ras akeTebs.
kvlevis Sedegebi aCvenebs, Tu
ramdenad realuria bavSve-
bisTvis daswavla da, Sesa-
bamisad, ramdenad marTlac
rTulia Cveni, mozrdilebis
cnobiereba.
195

cnobierebis funqciebis kvleva
cnobierebis mravali funqcia moicavs im-
plicitur Sedarebebs, romelic aracnobieri
rCeba. amitom mravali cnobieri procesi xSirad
zemoqmedebs an Tavad ganicdis aracnobieri
procesebis zemoqmedebas. cnobierebis funqciebis
Sesaswavlad mkvlevrebs xSirad ainteresebT
cnobierisa da aracnobieris mier qcevaze
ganxorcielebul zegavlenaTa Soris gansxva-
vebebi. maT mravali meTodi Seqmnes imis saCveneb-
lad, Tu rogor zemoqmedeben aracnobieri pro-
cesebi cnobier qcevaze (Nelson, 1996; Westen, 1998).
magaliTad, mkvlevrebi iyeneben laboratori-
ulad gamowveuli predispoziciis Sedegad bge-
raTa gadanacvlebis meTods _ SLIP (Spoonerisms of
Laboratory-Induced Predisposition _ laboratoriulad
gamowveuli winaswari mzaobis spunerizmi) _
imis gansasazRvrad, Tu rogor moqmedebs aracno-
bieri Zalebi metyvelebaSi wamocdenebis alba-
Tobaze (Baars et al., 1992). SLIP procedura eqsperi-
mentators wamocdenebis gamowvevis saSualebas
aZlevs bgeraTa garkveuli paternebis molodi-
Tavi 6 / goneba, cnobiereba da Secvlili mdgomareobebi
196
nebis SemuSavebiT. amgvarad, iseTi sityvaTa
wyvilebis seriis warmoTqmis Semdeg, rogoricaa
ball doze, bell dark da bean deck, cdis pirma SesaZloa
darn boze-is nacvlad SecdomiT barn door war-
moTqvas. eqsperimenti amocanisgan damoukidebeli
situaciuri cvladebis Secvlis Sedegad bgeris
garkveuli saxiT cvlilebis albaTobaze cno-
bieri an aracnobieri zemoqmedebebis Sefasebis
saSualebas iZleva. magaliTad, cdis pirebSi
ufro albaTuri iyo daeSvaT Secdoma bad shock
(shad bock-is nacvlad), rodesac maT sjerodaT,
rom eqsperimentis dros xandaxan mtkivneul
eleqtrul Soks miiRebdnen (Motley & Baars, 1979).
aseve, mamakac cdis pirebSi meti iyo SecdomiT
good lags-is (lood gegs-is nacvlad) warmoTqmis
albaToba, rodesac maTTan mimzidveli gareg-
nobis eqsperimentatori qali muSaobda. es
Sedegebi wamocdenebis formirebaSi aracno-
bieris wvlilze miuTiTebs.
cnobier da aracnobier procesebs Soris
urTierTmimarTebis sakvlevi meore gzaa maTi
dapirispireba (Jecoby et al., 1999). ganvixiloT
kvleva, romelSic iqmneba aseTi dapirispireba.
suraTi
4.2
aracnobieri mogo-
nebebis zegavlena
saxelis cnobilad
aRqmaze
 saidan
viciT
cnobieri da aracnobieri procesebi
erTmaneTis sawinaaRmdegod
ganvixiloT 6.1 suraTze warmodgenili
eqsperimenti: am situaciaSi cdis pirebs
moeTxovebaT miakuTvnon saxeli „adrian
mari~ cnobilTa an ucnobTa kategorias.
arCevanis gakeTebamde isini xmamaRla ki-
Txuloben saxelTa grZel sias (sadac „ad-
rian maric~ aris naxsenebi) situaciaSi,
romelSic ar eZlevaT saxelebze srulad
koncentrirebis saSualeba. rodesac cdis
pirebi waradgenen Tavian daskvnebs, maT
afrTxileben, rom maT mier wakiTxuli
siidan aravin iyo cnobili pirovneba. am-
gvarad, Tu saxeli siidan nacnobi aRmoC-
ndeboda, isini iZulebulni iqnebodnen is
ucnobad CaeTvalaT. axla warmovidginoT,
rom cdis pirebi miadgnen saxels „adrian
mari~. Tu maT SeuZliaT am saxelis Sesaxeb
cnobieri mogonebis povna, maT ecodinebaT,
rom is warmodgenil siaSi imyofeboda da,
amgvarad, ityvian, rom „adrian mari~ ar
aris cnobili. Tu isini ver aRmoaCenen
cnobier mogonebas, maT savaraudod eqnebaT
zogadi grZnoba imisa, rom „sadRac gau-
goniaT es saxeli adre~ da ityvian, rom
„adrian mari~ cnobili saxelia. es fenomeni
cnobier („Tqvi ara!~) da aracnobier (Tqvi
diax!) procesebs Soris dapirispirebaa.
faqtobrivad, cdis pirebi metad midre-
kilni arian Tqvan, rom „adrian mari~
cnobili personaa da amiT naTels xdian,
rom aracnobieri mexsiereba gavlenas ax-
dens maT msjelobaze (Jacoby et al., 1989).
Sejameba
cnobiereba gadarCenaSi gvexmareba imiT, rom
_ amcirebs Semomavali stimulebis nakads;
gansazRvravs, Tu romeli stimuli unda iqnes
Senaxuli da SesaZlo Sedegebis gaTvaliswinebiT
iZleva moqmedebebis dagegmvis saSualebas.
cnobiereba, aseve, adamianis realobis pirovnul
da kulturul konstruqtebs Soris amyarebs
mimarTebas. ikvleven ra cnobierebis funqciebs,
mkvlevrebi xSirad qmnian paradigmebs cnobier
da aracnobier procesebs Soris urTierTobebis
Sesafaseblad da sakvlevad.
Zili da sizmari
TiTqmis yoveldRe Tqven ganicdiT cno-
bierebis Rrma cvlilebebs: rodesac gadawyvetT,
rom Tqveni dRe dasrulda, Tqven ganewyobiT
ZilisaTvis da sanam gZinavT, ueWvelad xedavT
sizmrebs. cxovrebis mesameds ZilSi vatarebT,
rodesac kunTebi „paralizebulia~, tvini ki
sxvadasxva aqtivobebiT aris dakavebuli. am
nawils Zil-RviZilis zogadi biologiuri rit-
mis ganxilviT daviwyebT. Semdeg ufro deta-
lurad visaubrebT Zilis fsiqologiaze. bolos
ganvixilavT ZilTan Sewyvilebul ZiriTad
gonebriv aqtivobas _ sizmars da SevecdebiT
gavarkvioT, Tu ra rols asrulebs sizmari ada-
mianis fsiqologiaSi.
cirkaduli ritmebi
yvela cocxali arseba ganicdis dRe-Ramis
bunebrivi ritmis zemoqmedebas. Cveni sxeuli
sinqronizdeba drois ciklTan, romelic cir-
kaduli ritmis saxeliT aris cnobili: sisxlis
wneva, metaboluri procesebi, guliscemis six-
Sire, sxeulis temperatura da hormonaluri
aqtivoba Sinagani saaTis mixedviT icvleba
(Moore-Ede et al., 1982). es aqtivobebi, umeteswilad,
dRis ganmavlobaSi, Cveulebisamebr, SuadRiT
aRweven cxovelqmedebis piks da maqsimalurad
mcirdebian RamiT Zilis dros. kvlevebi aCvenebs,
rom organizmSi arsebuli saaTi zustad ar
emTxveva saaTs kedelze: garegani saaTis yovel-
gvari miniSnebebis gareSe, adamianis Sinaganma
Zili da sizmari
„tempis momcemma~ daamkvidra 24.18-saaTiani cikli
(Czeisler et al., 1999). mzis amosvla yoveldRiurad
gvexmareba 24-saaTian ciklTan SeguebaSi. mzis
sinaTlis Sesaxeb informacias TvaliT viRebT,
cirkaduli ritmi (Circadian rhythm) _ organizmis
aqtivobis Sinagani saaTiT determinirebuli
mdgradi paterni, romelic, Cveulebisamebr, 24
an 25 saaTs grZeldeba.
197
 magram cirkaduli ritmis maregulirebeli re-
ceptori ar aris igive, romelic samyaros
danaxvis SesaZleblobas gvaZlevs cxovelebi Cxi-
rebisa da kolbebis gareSec (ix. Tavi 4) grZnoben
sinaTles, rac maT cirkaduli ritmis Senar-
Cunebis saSualebas aZlevs (Freedman et al., 1999).
biologiur da garemos saaTebs Soris gan-
svlis gamomwvevi cvlilebebi moqmedebs imaze,
Tu rogor vigrZnobT Tavs da rogor moviqceviT
(Moore-Ede, 1993). aseTi gansvlebis warmoqmnis yve-
laze dramatuli magaliTebi xangrZlivi mogzau-
robebis dros xdeba. rodesac adamianebi ga-
dafrindebian sxvadasxva drois sartyelSi, maT
SeiZleba ganicadon e.w. Jet lag3, anu daerRveT
dReRamuri ritmi; es aris mdgomareoba, romel-
sac axlavs gadaRliloba, dauZleveli Zilia-
noba da Sedegad Zil-RviZilis uCveulo ganrigi.
Tavi 6 / goneba, cnobiereba da Secvlili mdgomareobebi
mdgomareobaSi xangrZlivad yofna ufro advi-
lia, vidre adre daZineba). rodesac janmrTeli
moxaliseebi gadaafrines evropidan aSS-Si da
ukan, Cveuli qcevebis aRdgena dasavleTis
mimarTulebiT mogzaurobis Semdeg oridan oTx
dRemde gaxda SesaZlebeli maSin, roca aRmosav-
leTisken mogzaurobis Semdeg amas 9 dRe das-
Wirda (Klein & Wegmann, 1974).
Zilis cikli
cirkaduli ritmis erTi mesamedi qceviT
uZraobas eTmoba, romelsac Zils vuwodebT.
bevri ram, rac Zilis Sesaxeb aris cnobili,
tvinis eleqtrul aqtivobas ukavSirdeba. Zilis
kvlevaSi meTodologiuri gardatexa 1937 wels

moxda, rodesac gamoiyenes teqnologia, romelic

Jet lag Tavs iCens, radganac Sinagani cirkaduli
mZinare adamianis Tavis tvinis eleqtruli aq-
ritmi vardeba Cveuli droiTi garemos fazidan
tivobis eleqtroencefalogramis (eeg) saxiT Ca-
(Redfern et al., 1994). magaliTad, Cveni sxeuli ambobs,
weris saSualebas iZleoda. eeg uzrunvelyofs
rom Ramis 2 saaTia da, Sesabamisad, mravali
Zilisa da RviZilis periodebSi adamianis Tavis
fsiqologiuri parametris mixedviT funqcioni-
tvinis aqtivobis cvlilebebis obieqtur da
rebis yvelaze pasiuri periodia, rodesac ad-
mimdinare gazomvas. eeg-s saSualebiT mkvlevrebma
gilobrivi dro Cvengan SuadRis Sesabamis aqti-
aRmoaCines, rom Tavis tvinis talRebi icvleba
vobas moiTxovs. Jet lag pilotTa gansakuTrebuli
Zilis ganmavlobaSi da es cvla sistematur,
problemaa _ mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs
Tanmimdevrul da prognozirebad xasiaTs ata-
pilotTa mier daSvebul SecdomebSi, romelic
rebs (Loomis et al., 1937). Zilis sferoSi Semdegi
ubeduri SemTxvevebis mizezi xdeba (Coleman, 1986).
mniSvnelovani aRmoCena iyo Tvalebis swrafi
ra cvladebi zemoqmedeben Jet lag-ze? yvelaze
moZraobis (REM – rapid eye movement) dafiqsireba,
mniSvnelovani cvladia mogzaurobis mimarTu-
romelic garkveuli intervalebiT periodulad
leba da gadakveTil droiT sartyelTa rao-
iCens Tavs Zilis ganmavlobaSi (Aserinsky &
denoba. aRmosavleTisken mogzauroba met Jet lag-
Kleitman, 1953). periods, rodesac mZinare adamians
s qmnis, vidre dasavleTisken, radganac Cveni
ar aReniSneba REM-i, Tvalebis swrafi moZraobis
biologiuri saaTi ufro iolad SeiZleba
gareSe Zils (non-REM anu NREM) uwodeben.
gaxangrZlivdes, vidre Semcirdes, rogorc amas
mogvianebiT vnaxavT, rom REM da NREM Zili
aRmosavleTisken mogzauroba iTxovs (RviZilis
mniSvnelovan funqciebs asruleben Ramis erT-
3
dReRamuri ritmis darRveva ramdenime droiTi erTi umniSvnelovanesi aqtivobisaTvis _ siz-
sartylis swrafad gadakveTis, magaliTad, gadafrenis mrisaTvis.
198 Sedegad.

suraTi
6.2
eeg-is paterni gansxvavebulia Ramis
Zilis sxvadasxva fazaze
Zilis TiToeuli stadia Tavis tvinis aqtivobis
Taviseburi paterniT xasiaTdeba.
axla Tvali gavadevnoT Cveni Tavis tvinis
aqtivobas Ramis ganmavlobaSi. rogorc ki da-
saZineblad mzadebas daviwyebT, eeg daafiqsirebs,
rom Tavis tvinis talRebis sixSirea daaxloebiT
14 cikli wamSi (cw/herci). rodesac komfor-
tulad movewyobiT sawolSi da movdundebiT,
Tavis tvinis talRebi Senelebas daiwyebs 8-12
cw/hercamde. rodesac CagveZineba, iwyeba Zilis
cikli, romlis TiToeuli faza gansxvavebul
eeg-is paterns aCvenebs. pirvel fazaze eeg 3-dan
Tvalebis swrafi moZraoba (Rapid eye movement –
REM) _ im fazis qceviTi gamovlineba, romlis
drosac mZinare adamiani sizmrismagvar gonebriv
aqtivobas axorcielebs.
Zili Tvalebis swrafi moZraobis gareSe (Non-
REM anu NREM sleep) _ periodi, rodesac mZinare
adamianTan ar fiqsirdeba Tvalebis swrafi
moZraoba; xasiaTdeba REM ZilTan SedarebiT
naklebi sizmrisebri aqtivobiT.
7 cw/hercamde Tavis tvinis talRebs aCvenebs.
meore fazis manZilze miRebuli eeg-is Zilis
RerZs uwodeben, rodesac eleqtruli aqtivoba
wuTSi 12-16 cw/hercia. Zilis Semdeg or fazaze
(faza 3 da 4) gadavdivarT relaqsirebuli Zilis
Zalian Rrma mdgomareobaSi anu Zalze Rrmad
gvZinavs. Tavis tvinis talRebi neldeba 1-2 cw/
hercamde, mcirdeba, aseve, sunTqvisa da gulis-
cemis sixSire. bolo fazaze isev matulobs
Tavis tvinis eleqtruli aqtivoba da eeg-is Cana-
weri 1 da 2 fazebis Canawers emsgavseba. swored
am fazaze aqvs adgili REM Zils da vxedavT
sizmars (ix. sur. 6.2). (vinaidan REM Zilis dros
Cawerili eeg mRviZari adamianis Canawers hgavs,
REM Zils paradoqsalur Zilsac uwodeben).
Zilis pirveli oTxi fazis gavlas, romelic
mTlianobaSi NREM Zils qmnis, daaxloebiT 90
wT sWirdeba, REM Zili ki daaxloebiT 10 wT-s
grZeldeba. Ramis Zilis ganmavlobaSi am 100
wT-ian cikls 4-6-jer gavdivarT (ix. sur. 6.3).
TiToeul ciklSi Rrma ZilisTvis (3 da 4 faze-
bisTvis) gankuTvnili dro mcirdeba, xolo REM
Zilze daxarjuli dro izrdeba. bolo ciklSi
ukve TiTqmis 1 sT-s vuTmobT REM Zils. mTlia-
nobaSi Zilis 75-80% NREM Zils eTmoba, 20-25%
ki - REM Zils.
yvelas ar sZinavs erTnairi xangrZlivobiT.
miuxedavad imisa, rom adamianebisaTvis arsebobs
Zilis genetikurad ganpirobebuli saWiroeba,
Zilis realuri `raodenoba~, romelsac iRebs
TiToeuli individi, cnobieri qmedebebis mniS-
vnelovan zegavlenas ganicdis. adamianebi aq-
tiurad akontroleben Zilis xangrZlivobas
sxvadasxva saSualebebiT, rogoricaa gvian
daZineba an maRviZaris gamoyeneba. Zilis xan-
grZlivobas, aseve, akontrolebs cirkaduli
ritmi; amitom aris, rom daZinebis dro (anu
rodis viZinebT) gavlenas axdens Zilis xangrZli-
vobaze. NREM da REM Zilis adekvaturi, sakma-
risi raodenobis miReba mxolod maSin aris
SesaZlebeli, rodesac standartirebuli gvaqvs
Zili da sizmari
daZinebisa da gaRviZebis dro mTeli kviris
manZilze, dasvenebis dReebis CaTvliT. am Sem-
TxvevaSi metia albaToba imisa, rom sawolSi
gatarebuli dro uaxlovdeba Cveni cirkaduli
ritmis Zilis fazas.
Cveni interesis Semdgomi sagania Zilis pa-
ternis is TvalSi sacemi cvlilebebi, romelsac
adgili aqvs individis cxovrebis manZilze (ix. 199
 suraTi
6.3

Zilis fazebi
Zilis fazebis tipuri
paterni e r Ti Ramis
ganmavlobaSi.

sur. 6.4). am qveyanaze cxovrebas dReSi 16 saaTiani ratom Zili?

ZiliT viwyebT, romlis TiTqmis naxevars REM
adamianebsa da cxovelebSi Zilis fazebis
ZilSi vatarebT. 50 wlis asakSi SeiZleba mxo-
Tanmimdevruli ganviTareba gvafiqrebinebs, rom
lod 6 sT eZinos adamians da mTeli am drois
arsebobs Zilis evoluciuri safuZveli da
mxolos 20% eTmobodes REM Zils. axalgazrdebs,
biologiuri saWiroeba. adamianebi sakmaod
Cveulebriv, 7-8 saaTi sZinavT, romelSic 20%
kargad funqcionireben, rodesac 7-8 saaTi
REM Zils ukavia.
Tavi 6 / goneba, cnobiereba da Secvlili mdgomareobebi

suraTi
6.4

adamianis Zilis
paterni cxovrebis
ganmavlobaSi
grafikze naCvenebia, Tu
rogor icvleba asakis ma-
tebasTan erTad yovel-
dRiuri REM Zilisa da
NREM Zilis procentuli
Tanafardoba. yuradReba
miaqcieT, rom REM Zilis
xangrZlivoba mniSvne-
lovnad iklebs wlebis
matebasTan erTad, xolo
NREM Zilis
xangrZlivobis Semcireba
naklebad mkveTria.

200
sZinavT Ramis ganmavlobaSi (Harrison & Horne, 1996).
ratom sZinavT adamianebs amdeni da ra funqciebs
emsaxureba NREM da REM Zilis saxeobebi?
NREM Zilis ori umTavresi funqcia SeiZleba
iyos Senaxva (konservacia) da aRdgena. Zili
cxovelebs gakveuli drois ganmavlobaSi ener-
giis dazogvis, Senaxvis saSualebas aZlevs, ro-
desac ar aris sakvebis mopovebis, wyvilis povnis
an Sromis aucilebloba (Allison & Cicchetti, 1976;
Cartwtright, 1982; Webb, 1974). meore mxriv, Zili
ramdenime gziT aRdgenis SesaZleblobas aZlevs
sxeuls. Zilis dros sinTezirdeba dRis ganmav-
lobaSi daxarjuli neirotransmiterebisa da
neiromodulatorebis saWiro raodenoba, postsi-
nafsur receptorebs ki mgrZnobelobis optima-
lur doneze dabrunebis saSualeba eZleva
(Porkka-Heiskanen et al., 1997; Rainnie et al., 1994). kvlevis
Sedegebi, aseve, mowmobs, rom Tavis tvinis ener-
giis wyaro xelaxla ivseba NREM Zilis dros
(Benington & Heller, 1995).
Tu Ramis ganmavlobaSi ganvicdiT REM Zilis
deprivacias, Semdeg Rames CveulebrivTan Seda-
rebiT xangrZlivi REM Zili gveqneba, vinaidan
REM Zilic emsaxureba garkveul aucilebel
funqciebs. mTel rig saintereso, Tumca, jerje-
robiT arasrulad warmodgenil sargebels REM
Zils miakuTvneben (Moffitt et al., 1993). magaliTad,
rogorc Cans, Cvilobis periodSi REM Zili
pasuxs agebs nervul daboloebebsa da kunTebs
Soris Tvalebis moZraobis uzrunvelsayofad
saWiro kavSiris Camoyalibebaze. REM Zili qmnis
Tavis tvinis iseT funqcionalur struqturebs,
romlebic aucilebelia motoruli Cvevebis
daswavlisaTvis. REM Zilma, aseve, SeiZleba
garkveuli roli Seasrulos ganwyobilebisa da
emociebis SenarCunebaSi. garda amisa, is SeiZleba
saWiro iyos mogonebebis Senaxvisa da mimdinare
gamocdilebis ukve arsebul mogonebebTan da
ganwyobebTan TanxmobaSi moyvanisaTvis (Cartwright,
1978; Dement, 1976). fsiqologiuri TvalsazrisiT,
mkvlevrebi fiqroben, rom REM Zili aucile-
belia NREM Zilis Semdeg Tavis tvinis balansis
aRdgenisaTvis: NREM ZilisTvis damaxasiaTebeli
Tavis tvinis aqtivobis Cveulma tipma SeiZleba
Secvalos Tavis tvinis balansi imgvarad, rom
aucilebeli gaxdes normasTan dabruneba REM
Zilis meSveobiT (Benington & heller, 1994).
Zilis darRvevebi
mSvenieria, rodesac yovelTvis SegviZlia Ra-
miT kargad daZineba. samwuxarod, mravali ada-
miani itanjeba Zilis darRvevebiT, rac seri-
ozulad moqmedebs maT pirad cxovrebasa da
samsaxureobriv saqmianobaze. darRveul Zils
socialuri Sedegebic SeiZleba hqondes. adamia-
nebi, romelTa samuSao ganrigi RamiT gadaad-
gilebas saWiroebs, mTeli kviris ganmavlobaSi
erTxel mainc Tvlemen samuSao adgilze.
msoflioSi zogierTi yvelaze seriozuli indus-
triuli ubeduri SemTxveva. magaliTad, Cerno-
bilis katastrofa, gvian saRamos saaTebSi moxda.
ambobdnen, rom es SemTxvevebi imitom moxda, rom
Zilis ukmarisobis gamo pasuxismgebelma perso-
nalma optimalurad ver Seasrula Tavisi fun-
qcia. vinaidan Zilis darRvevebi mniSvelovania
mravali studentis cxovrebaSic, aq maTzec
visaubrebT. teqstis kiTxvisas gaxsovdeT, rom
Zilis darRveva varirebs siRrmis, simwvavis mi-
Zili da sizmari
xedviT; Sesabamisad, darRvevebis mizezic vari-
rebs biologiur Tu fsiqologiur Zalebs Soris.
insomnia
rodesac adamianebi ukmayofiloni arian
TavianTi Zilis odenobiT an xarisxiT, isini
insomniisgan itanjebian. saTanadod daZinebaSi
qronikuli warumatebloba xasiaTdeba swrafad 201
 verdaZinebiT, Zilis ganmavlobaSi xSiri adgo-
mebiT an diliT adre gaRviZebiT. ukanasknel
gamokiTxvaSi 18 da meti wlis mozrdilebis 58%
aRniSnavs, rom bolo wlis manZilze yoveli
kviris ganmavlobaSi ramdenime RamiT an ufro
xSirad ganucdia insomnia (National Sleep Founda-
tion, 2000). insomnia kompleqsuri darRvevaa,
romelsac fsiqologiuri, garemo pirobebi da
mravali biologiuri faqtori ganapirobebs
(Spielman & Glovinsky, 1997). laboratoriul piro-
bebSi insomniis mqone individebis Seswavlisas
maTi realuri Zilis xarisxi da raodenoba
mniSvnelovnad icvleboda, normaluri Zilidan
darRveulamde. mkvlevrebma aRmoaCines, rom
insomniis mqone mravali individi, romelic
uZilobas uCioda, realurad Zilis sruliad
normalur fiziologiur paterns avlenda,
Tumca, es mdgomareoba subieqturad insomniad
aRiqmeboda da aRiwereboda. aseve, kuriozulia
aRmoCena, rom Zilis darRvevis mqone zogierTi
adamiani ar uCivis insomnias (Trinder, 1988). amgvari
gansvla imisa Sedegia, Tu adamianebi rogor
sxvadasxvagvarad axdenen fxizeli Zilis inter-
pretirebas, magaliTad, SeiZleba mocemul ada-
mians fxizeli Zili adrindelTan SedarebiT
ufro xSiri da stresuli eCvenebodes da ar
axsovdes Rrmad rom eZina.
Tavi 6 / goneba, cnobiereba da Secvlili mdgomareobebi
narkolefsia
narkolefsia Zilis darRvevaa, romelic dRis
ganmavlobaSi perioduli ZiliT xasiaTdeba
(Aldrich, 1992). is xSirad katapleqsiasTan4 kom-
binaciaSi iCens Tavs, ris Sedegadac adamiani
moulodnelad Zirs ecema. narkoleptikebi TiT-
qmis daZinebisTanave gadadian REM ZilSi. REM
ZilSi aseTi swrafi gadasvla maT ganacdevinebs
da cnobierad aRaqmevinebs sizmris naTel, mkafio
xatebs, zogjer ki _ SemaSinebel halucinaciebs.
narkolefsia 2000-dan mxolod erT adamianTan
gvxvdeba. vinaidan narkolefsia gavrcelebulia
ojaxebSi, mecnierebi askvnian, rom daavadebas
genetikuri safuZveli aqvs (Mignot, 1998). surT
ra uecrad Zilad mivardnis gamo uxerxu-
lobisaTvis Tavis arideba, narkolefsia xSirad
uaryofiT socialur da fsiqologiur gavlenas
4
katapleqsia _ kunTebis sisuste an kunTebze
kontrolis dakargva, rac emociur aRgznebas (sicili,
202 risxva, SiSi, gaoceba an SimSili) axlavs Tan.
axdens daavadebul individebze (Broughton &
Broughton, 1994). narkoleptikisTvis gamosavals
warmoadgens Tavisi daavadebis bunebis garkveva
da socialuri mxardaWeris jgufSi Sesvla.
Zilis apnoe
Zilis apnoe aris zeda sasunTq gzebTan
dakavSirebuli Zilis darRveva, rodesac adamiani
Zilis dros wyvets sunTqvas. rodesac es xdeba,
sisxlSi mcirdeba Jangbadis raodenoba da
gamomuSavdeba damxmare (sasignalo) hormonebi,
rac, Tavis mxriv, aiZulebs adamians, rom
gaiRviZos da ganaaxlos sunTqva. miuxedavad
imisa, rom umravlesobasTan iSviaTad gvxvdeba
apnoes aseTi Ramis epizodebi, Zilis apnoeTi
daavadebul zogierT adamianTan asamde aseTi
cikli meordeba yoveli Ramis ganmavlobaSi.
apnoes epizodi zogjer aSinebs mZinare adamians,
Tumca, xSirad es epizodi imdenad xanmoklea,
rom igi ver akavSirebs moWarbebul Zilianobas
am epizodebTan (Orr, 1997). magaliTisaTvis ganvi-
xiloT cnobili fsiqologis SemTxveva, romel-
sac gamouvleneli Zilis apnoes Sedegad ar
SeeZlo RviZilis mdgomareobaSi yofiliyo leq-
ciebisa da mecnieruli Sexvedrebis dros. ro-
desac mas meuRlem acnoba Ramis darRveuli
qcevis Sesaxeb, man mimarTa Zilis darRvevebis
klinikas, sadac warmatebiT imkurnala da gada-
irCina kariera (Zimbardo, personal communication, 1991).
sxva analogiur SemTxvevebSi adamianebi kargaven
samuSaos, megobrebs da zogjer meuRleebsac
ki, radganac maTi qceva dRis ganmavlobaSi Zalze
darRveulia Ramis periodis darRvevis gamo.
Zilis dros apnoe xSiria naadrevad daba-
debul/dRenaklul axalSobilebSic, romlebic
xandaxan sunTqvis ganaxlebisaTvis fizikur
stimulirebas saWiroeben. srulad Camoyali-
bebuli sasunTqi sistemis arqonis gamo aseT
insomnia (Insomnia) - normalurad daZinebis qro-
nikuli uunaroba; simptomebSi Sedis sirTu-
leebi daZinebisas, xSiri gaRviZeba, gaRviZebis
Semdeg CaZinebis unaris arqona, diliT adre
gaRviZeba.
narkolefsia (Narcolepsy) - Zilis darRveva, rome-
lic xasiaTdeba dRis ganmavlobaSi daZinebis
dauZleveli moTxovnilebiT.
Zilis apnoe (Sleep apnea) - zeda sasunTq gzebTan
dakavSirebuli Zilis darRveva, rac aiZulebs
adamians, rom Zilis dros sunTqva Sewyvitos.
Cvilebs intensiuri Terapiis ganyofilebaSi
monitorze aerTeben imdeni xniT, ramden xansac
grZeldeba problemebi.
dRis Zilianoba
aSS-is Zilis darRvevebis centrebSi mosul
pacientTa umravlesoba dRis ganmavlobaSi
moWarbebul Zilianobas uCivis. aSS-Si 1154
mozrdilidan 43% miuTiTebs, rom yovelTviurad
ramdenime dRe, an ufro xangrZlivi periodi,
imdenad eZinebaT, rom irRveva maTi Cveuli dRis
aqtivobebi; 20% miuTiTebs, rom dRis Zilianoba
ramdenime dRis an yovelkvireulad negatiuri
movlenaa maTi dRis saqmianobebisaTvis (National
Sleep Foundation, 2000). moWarbebuli Zilianoba
iwvevs sifrTxilis dakargvas, reaqciis drois
gazrdas da motoruli da kognituri amocanebis
Sesrulebis xarisxis gauaresebas. adreul kvle-
vebSi moWarbebuli Zilianobis mqone pacientTa
TiTqmis naxevari aRniSnavda, rom xvdebodnen
avtosagzao SemTxvevebSi, xolo naxevarze mets
samuSaoze hqonda ubeduri SemTxveva, zog
SemTxvevaSi seriozulic ki (Roth et al., 1989).
Zilis deprivaciis darRvevis Sesaxeb doku-
menturi filmis Sleep Alert-is momzadebisas fsiqo-
logi jeims maasi aRniSnavda, rom „arseboben
adamianebi, romlebic zombebis msgavsad dadian~
(Maas, 1998). man ikvlia pilotebi, romlebic
aRniSnavdnen, rom muSaobis periodSi Tvlemdnen
xanmokle periodebiT. maasis mixedviT, damamTav-
rebeli klasebis moswavleTa 30%-mde erTxel
mainc iZinebs gakveTilze. garkveuli xarisxis
Zilianoba mosalodnelia, rodesac individebis
cxovrebis stili an samuSaos Taviseburebani
xels uSlis sakmaris Ramis Zils. Tumca, moWar-
bebul Zilianobas xSirad fiziologiuri safuZ-
veli aqvs da aseT pacientebs samedicino dax-
mareba esaWiroebaT (White & Mitler, 1997).
sizmari: gonebis Teatri
Cveni cxovrebis yoveli Cveulebrivi Ramis
ganmavlobaSi sizmrebis rTul samyaroSi
vxvdebiT. Tu sizmrebi erT dros mxolod winas-
dRis Zilianoba (Daytime sleepiness) - moWarbebuli
Zilianoba dRis aqtivobebis dros; Zilis dar-
Rvevis centrebSi misul pacientTa ZiriTadi
Civili.
warmetyvelebis, fizikosebisa da fsiqoanali-
tikosebis interesis sferos warmoadgenda, dRes-
dReobiT mecnieruli kvlevebis erT-erTi mniS-
vnelovani mimarTulebaa. sizmris kvlevaTa
umravlesoba Zilis laboratoriebSi daiwyo,
sadac eqsperimentatorebs SeeZloT Tvali
edevnebinaT da CaeweraT mZinare adamianis REM
da NREM Zilis periodebi. miuxedavad imisa,
rom individebi ufro met sizmrebs yvebodnen,
Tu REM periodSi aRviZebdnen maT, gaRviZebulTa
80%-Si NREM Zilis drosac aqvs adgili
sizmrebs. amas mowmobs am periodSi gaRviZebulTa
54% (Foulkes, 1962). NREM mdgomareobasTan
dakavSirebuli sizmrebi naklebad xasiaTdeba
emociuri CarTulobis mqone SinaarsebiT. maTSi
Warbobs sensoruli xatebiT naklebad datvir-
Tuli dRis azrebi. Tumca, NREM Zilis siz-
mrebis raodenoba izrdeba Zilis darRvevebis
SemTxvevaSi da janmrTel mZinare adamianTan
gviani dilis saaTebSi (Kondo et al., 1989).
imis gamo, rom sizmari aseT mniSvnelovan
adgils ikavebs adamianebis fsiqikur cxovrebaSi,
faqtobrivad, yvela kultura mivida erT ki-
Txvamde: aqvs Tu ara am sizmrebs raime mniS-
vneloba? umravles SemTxvevaSi pasuxia „diax,
aqvs~. amitomac kulturaTa umravlesobaSi
arsebobs rwmena, rom ase Tu ise sizmrebs mniS-
vnelovani pirovnuli da kulturuli mniSvne-
loba aqvs. axla ganvixilavT sizmrebisaTvis
mniSvnelobis miniWebis zogierT gzas.
sizmrebis froidiseuli analizi
Tanamedrove dasavlur kulturaSi yvelaze
cnobili Teoria sizmrebis Sesaxeb zigmund
froids ekuTvnis. froidi sizmrebs „warmaval
fsiqozsa~ da „yovelRameul sigiJes~ uwodebda.
aseve is sizmrebs „aracnobierisken mimaval
samefo gzad~ miiCnevda. sizmrebis analizi
fsiqoanalizis qvakuTxedad aris warmodgenili
mis klasikur naSromSi „sizmrebis interpre-
Zili da sizmari
tacia~ (1900). froidis mixedviT, sizmris Sinaarsi
Zlieri, aracnobieri, gandevnili survilebis
simboluri gamoxatulebaa. es survilebi siz-
marSi SeniRbuli, dafaruli saxiT gveZleva,
radganac maT ukan iseTi akrZaluli survilebi
imaleba, rogoricaa, magaliTad, sapirispiro sqe-
sis mSoblisadmi seqsualuri ltolva. sizmarSi
ori dinamikuri Zala moqmedebs. esenia survili
203
 fsiqologia XXI saukuneSi

24/7 cxovrebis stili da Zili

aTi an oci wlis win cota
ram iyo, rac SeiZleboda ge-
keTebina SuaRamis Semdeg. sa-
Siano davalebis Sesrulebis
Semdeg moswavleebsa da studen-
tebs unda amoerCiaT. _ tele-
vizorisTvis eyurebinaT Tu
daeZinaT. amis sapirispirod, XX
saukunis bolo aTwleulma
moitana intenretis arseboba da
masTan erTad 24/7 stimulaciis
uzrunvelyofa. dRisa da Ramis
nebismier momentSi Cven
SegviZlia vimogzauroT an
visaubroT (Chat oTaxebSi) in-
ternetis saSualebiT. Cven Seg-
viZlia vasrulebdeT Ramis
vaxSams berlinSi, koneqtikutSi
(aSS) da vesaubrebodeT vinmes,
vinc miirTmevs adreul sauzmes
berlinSi, germaniaSi. inter-
netis gafarToeba SeiZleba da-
vaxasiaToT, rogorc Zilisadmi
Tavi 6 / goneba, cnobiereba da Secvlili mdgomareobebi
zrdis sasiamovno saqmianobebis
raodenobas. wignis avtorebi
mzad arian aRiaron, rom qselSi
mogzaurobis Sewyvetas mizanmi-
marTulad erCiaT uZilod yof-
na. mravali mkvlevris azriT,
internetis qseli 24/7 arsebobas
mxolod auaresebs. isini wlebis
manZilze SfoTavdnen imis gamo,
rom mozardebsa da kolejis
studentebs ar eZinaT sakmarisi
drois manZilze (Dement & Vaug-
han, 1999; Wolfson & Carskadon, 1998).
miuxedavad imisa, rom eqsper-
tebis Tanaxmad, nebismier ada-
mians esaWiroeba 8-saaTiani Zi-
li, Zilis nacionaluri sazo-
gadoebis mier 2000 wels Catare-
buli gamokiTxvis Sedegad
gamoirkva, rom 18-dan 29 wlamde
asakis adamianebSi saSualo maC-
venebeli arasodes Tanxvdeba am
standarts. kviris dReebis man-
vuyureb televizors, an var
internetSi.~ Tqvenc eTanxmebiT
amas?Cven ar vcdilobT, uari
gaTqmevinoT internetis moxma-
rebaze. Cven mxolod gTava-
zobT dakvirvebis Sedegebs,
romlis Tanaxmadac, axal teq-
nologiebs xSirad uZilobis
axali mizezebi sdevs Tan.
uZilobas mravali seriozuli
Sedegi mohyveba: zogierTi
maTgania dabali niSnebi, prob-
lemebi samsaxurSi da avto-
sagzao SemTxvevebi. metic,
mecnierebs SeuZliaT iseTi
abebis Seqmna, romelic Zi-
lisgan Tavis Sekavebis saSua-
lebas mogvcems, Tumca, vera-
feri gaaqrobs Zilis saWiro-
ebas. Tqven unda gansazRvroT,
Tu ra pirovnuli nabijebi
unda gadadgaT, rom XXI sau-
kune TqvenTvisac ar iqces

adamianebis ambivalenturi (or- Zilze am asakis individTa Zi- uZilobis saukuned.

magi) - siyvaruli-siZulvilis -
damokidebuleba. adamianebs
uyvarT Zili, radganac das-
venebulebi kargad grZnoben Tavs
(xolo roca eZinebaT _ saSin-
lad). rogorc vnaxavT am TavSi,
Cvens sxeuls efeqturad fun-
qcionirebisaTvis Zili sWirdeba.
Tumca, adamianebs sZulT Zili,
radganac uamravi sasiamovno ram
arsebobs, romliTac SeuZliaT
dakavdnen RviZilis mdgomare-
obaSi. interneti mniSvnelovnad
lis saSualo xangrZlivobaa 6,8
saaTi; dasvenebis dReebSi, kvi-
ris bolos es maCvenebeli 7,8
saaTamde izrdeba. ueWvelia, rom
kolejis studentTa umravle-
soba gamocdebTan da sakurso
naSormebis dawerasTan dakavSi-
rebuli stresis gamo kargavs
Zils (Mutphy & Archer, 1996). Tumca,
gamokiTxvaSi monawile 18-29
wlis asakis adamianTa 55%
daeTanxma debulebas: „xSirad
mRviZavs gvianobamde, radganac
veb-gverdebi:
www.sleepfoundation.org
Zilis nacionaluri sazoga-
doebis gverdi.
www.stanford.edu/~dement, es
gverdi Seqmnilia Zilis
kvlevis pioneris, uiliam de-
mentis mier, romelic gvTa-
vazobs didi raodenobiT Zi-
lis Sesaxeb ZiriTad infor-
maciasa da kavSirebs.

da cenzura, anu dacva survilisagan. cenzura
axorcielebs dafaruli mniSvnelobis, anu
latenturi (faruli) Sinaarsis gardasaxvas
sizmris manifestirebul (xilul) Sinaarsad; es
ukanaskneli ki damaxinjebis procesis Sedegad
im saxis sizmrad yalibdeba, romelsac xedavs
mZinare adamiani. Sinaarsis damaxinjebis am pro-
204 cess froidi sizmris muSaobas uwodebs. xiluli
Sinaarsi realuri istoriis misaRebi versiaa,
faruli Sinaarsi ki socialurad an pirovnulad
miuRebeli variantia, Tumca, ufro realisturia
yovelgvari damaxinjebis gareSe.
froidis mixedviT, sizmris interpretacia
ukumimarTulebiT muSaobas moiTxovs xiluli
Sinaarsidan faruli Sinaarsisken. fsiqoana-
litikosisaTvis, romelic sizmrebis analizs
pacientis problemebis garkvevisa da maTi sizmrebis interpretaciisadmi
mkurnalobisaTvis iyenebs, sizmrebi naTels xdis aradasavluri midgoma
pacientis aracnobier survilebs, am survilebTan
dasavlur kulturaSi adamianTa umravlesoba
SeWidul SiSebsa da im dacviTi meqanizmebis
arasodes fiqrobs seriozulad sizmrebis
Taviseburebebs, romelTac iyenebs pacienti
Sesaxeb fsiqologiis fakultetze moxvedramde
survilebsa da SiSebs Soris warmoqmnil fsi-
an Terapiis dawyebamde; mraval aradasavlur
qikur konfliqtTan gasamklaveblad. froids
kulturaSi ki, piriqiT, sizmrebis interpretacia
miaCnda, rom sizmarSi warmodgenili simboloebi
kulturis ganuyofeli nawilia (Lewis, 1995; Ted-
da metaforebi orgvar _ idiosinkrezul _ cal-
lock, 1987). ganvixiloT ekvadoris arCuris tomis
keuli individebisTvis specifikur da univer-
indielTa yoveldRiuri cxovreba (Schlitz, 1997,
salur, mravali maTgani ki seqsualuri xasiaTis
gv. 2):
mqone mniSvnelobas atarebs:
sxva Cveulebrivi dReebis msgavsad,
yuTebi, CanTebi, skivrebi, karadebi da
(soflis) mamakacebi patara wreSi sxdebian...
Rumelebi, aseve, carieli, CaRrmavebuli
isini wina Ramis sizmrebs uyvebian erTma-
sagnebi, gemebi da nebismieri saxis tran-
neTs. sizmrebis gaziarebis es yoveldRi-
sporti ganasaxierebs saSvilosnos. siz-
uri rituali arsebiTia arCuris tomis
marSi oTaxebi, Cveulebriv, qalis simbo-
mcxovrebTaTvis. maT swamT, rom TiToeuli
loa; Tu sizmarSi maTSi Semavali da ga-
sizmari ara mxolod sizmris mnaxveli-
mavali sxvadasxva gzac aris warmodgenili,
saTvis, aramed mTeli tomisTvis aris
maSin interpretacia naklebad iwvevs eWvs...
mniSvnelovani. individualuri gamocdileba
sizmarSi sadac oTaxebis mTel rigs gaviv-
koleqtivis moqmedebas emsaxureba.
liT, bordeli an haremia warmodgenili...
didad albaTuria, rom yovelgvari rTuli aseTi dilis Sekrebebze TiToeuli individi
manqanuri danadgari da aparatura sizmarSi Tavis sizmars hyveba, danarCenebi ki TavianT
genitaliebis simbolizaciaa (da, rogorc interpretacias sTavazoben im imediT, rom
wesi, mamakacis genitaliebis) (Freud, 1900/ miaRweven SeTanxmebas, konsensuss sizmris
1965, gv. 389-391). mniSvnelobis gagebaSi. rwmena imis Sesaxeb, rom
individi sizmars „mTeli tomisTvis~ xedavs,
sizmrebis interpretaciis froidiseuli
ewinaaRmdegeba froidis mier SemoTavazebul
Teoria sizmris simbolikas adamianis fsiqo-
mosazrebas, rom sizmari individis aracnobi-
logiis zogad Teorias ukavSirebs. miuxedavad
erisken mimavali „samefo gzaa~.
imisa, rom mkvlevrebma ver moipoves sizmris
bevr kulturaSi miRebulia, rom adamianTa
faruli da xiluli Sinaarsis Sesaxeb am Teo-
garkveuli jgufi sizmrebis interpretaciis
riis damadasturebeli empiriuli monacemebi,
gansakuTrebul Zalasa da unars flobs. maga-
sizmrebis fsiqologiuri mniSvnelovnebis xaz-
liTisTvis maias indielebi SeiZleba ganvixi-
gasmam mimarTuleba misca sizmris Sinaarsis
loT, romlebic meqsikis, gvatemalas, belazisa
Tanamedrove kvlevebs (Domhoff, 1996; Fisher &
da gondurasis sxvadasxva nawilebSi cxovroben.
Greenberg, 1987).
maias kulturaSi Samanebis funqciaa sizmrebis
faruli Sinaarsi (Latent content) _ froidiseul interpretacia. faqtobrivad, maias zogierT sub-
sizmrebis analizSi sizmris dafaruli azri. jgufSi Samanebs am rolisaTvis maSin irCeven,
Zili da sizmari

xiluli (manifestirebuli) Sinaarsi (Manifest con-
tent) _ froidiseul sizmrebis analizSi sizmris
Sinaarsis zedapiruli mxare, romelic
mowodebulia sizmris realuri mniSvnelobis
SesaniRbad.
sizmris muSaoba (Dream work) _ froidiseul siz-
mrebis analizSi procesi, romliTac Sinagani
cenzura sizmris farul Sinaarss xilul Si-
naarsad gardaqmnis.
rodesac maT esizmrebaT RvTaeba, romelic
SamanTa mowodebas amcnobs maT. am axlad
arCeuli Samanebidan momdinareobs religiuri
ritualebis Sesaxeb instruqciebic, romlebsac
isini, Tavis mxriv, sizmris xilvebidan iReben.
miuxedavad imisa, rom Samanebi da sxva religiuri
figurebi floben sizmrebis interpretaciisTvis
saWiro codnas, Cveulebrivi, rigiTi adamianebic
205
 hyvebian da ganixilaven sizmrebs. sizmris
mnaxvelebs, Cveulebriv, SuaRamisas aRviZeben
meuRleebi; zogierT tomSi dedebi diliT
ekiTxebian Svilebs sizmrebis Sesaxeb. Cvens
droSi maias tomis adamianebi samoqalaqo omis
msxverplad iqcnen sakuTar miwaze; mravali
adamiani daiRupa an devnilad iqca. anTropolog
barbara Tedlokis mixedviT, „sizmrebisa da
xilvebisadmi momatebulma yuradRebam SeaZle-
bina maT, rom SeenarCunebinaT kavSiri winapreb-
Tan da wminda miwa, romelzec cxovrobdnen~
(Tedlock,1992, gv. 471).
mraval iseT aradasavlur kulturul jguf-
Si, sadac pativiscemiT epyrobian sizmrebs,
droiTi perspeqtiva arsebiTad gansxvavebulad
moiazreba. froidis Teoria sizmris interpreta-
ciisas warsulze, bavSvobis gamocdilebasa da
gandevnil survilebzea orientirebuli; mraval
sxva kulturaSi ki sizmari momavlis winaswar-
metyvelebad iTvleba (Basso, 1987). magaliTad,
eTiopiisa da sudanis sazRvarTan arsebuli
regionis _ ingesanas maRlobis (Ingessana Hills)
xalxSi dResaswaulebis TariRebis SerCeva
sizmriseuli xilvebis safuZvelze xdeba. re-
ligiuri adgilebis mflobelebs maTi mamebi
da sxva winaprebi ecxadebaT sizmrebSi da
amcnoben, rom „dResaswaulis gamocxadebis
Tavi 6 / goneba, cnobiereba da Secvlili mdgomareobebi
droa.~ sxva jgufebi sizmris simboloebsa da
maT mniSvnelobaTa Soris kulturulad ganpiro-
bebul sistemebs floben. ganvixiloT centra-
luri braziliis kapolos tomis indielTa
interpretaciebi (Jedrej, 1995, p.104):
Tu gvesizmreba, rom cecxlSi viwviT,
mogvianebiT raime veluri arseba gvikbens,
magaliTad, oboba an mkbenari mweri.
rodesac sizmarSi qalebTan gvaqvs
seqsi, cxadSi Cven Zalze warmatebulad
viTevzavebT.
rodesac biWi ganmartoebulia da mas
esizmreba, rom xeze micocavs, an meores
esizmreba grZeli gza, isini didxans ico-
cxleben. aseve iqneba maSinac, rodesac
gvesizmreba, rom tyeSi farTo mdinareze
gadavdivarT.
daakvirdiT, rom TiToeuli am interpreta-
ciaTagani momavlisken iyureba. sizmris inter-
206 pretaciisas momavalze orientireba mdidari
kulturuli tradiciis mniSvnelovani kompo-
nentia.
sizmris Sinaarsis fiziologiuri
Teoriebi
sizmrebis interpretaciisadmi dasavluri Tu
aradasavluri midgomis amosaval wertils war-
moadgens is faqti, rom sizmari Seicavs infor-
macias, romelsac realuri Rirebuleba aqvs
calkeuli pirovnebisTvis Tu eTnikuri jgufi-
saTvis. es mosazreba eWvqveS dgeba biologiuri
safuZvlis mqone TeoriebSi. gavixsenoT, rom
zogierTi mkvlevari Tvlis, rom arsebobs REM
Zilis fiziologiuri saWiroeba, raTa Tavis
tvini Tavdapirvel mdgomareobas daubrundes
NREM Zilis dros momxdari cvlilebebis Semdeg
(Benington & heller, 1994). aris Tu ara sizmari
mxolod Tavis tvinis sxva aqtivobebis gverdiTi
movlena, romelsac ar gaaCnia TavisTavadi
mniSvneloba? ganvixiloT j. alan hobsonisa da
robert makqarlis (Allan Hobsob & Robert McCarley,
1977; Hobson, 1988) mier SemoTavazebuli aqtivacia-
sinTezis modeli. am modelis mixedviT, nervuli
signali warmoiqmneba tvinis ReroSi da axdens
Tavis tvinis qerqis ubnebis stimulirebas. es
eleqtruli ganmuxtva avtomaturad xorciel-
deba daaxloebiT yovel 90 wuTSi erTxel da
30 wT-is ganmavlobaSi inarCunebs aqtivobas,
riTac aixsneba REM da NREM Zilis ciklebis
monacvleoba. es ganmuxtvebi aaqtiurebs
winatvinsa da qerqis mimdebare ubnebs da, aqedan
gamomdinare, acocxlebs mogonebebsa da indi-
vidis warsul gamocdilebasTan asocirebul
faqtebs. hobsonisa da makqarlis TvalsazrisiT,
ar arsebobs araviTari logikuri kavSirebi,
Sinagani mniSvnelobebi da koherentuli pater-
nebi am eleqtruli „signalebis~ SemTxveviT
amofrqvevebs Soris.
mosazreba imis Sesaxeb, rom sizmrebi SemTxve-
viTi signalebis Sedegia, ewinaaRmdegeba siz-
mrebis Sinaarsis kvlevebs (Domhoff, 1999). am
kvlevebis mixedviT, pirvel rigSi, sizmris
Sinaarsi didi raodenobiT moicavs mZinare
adamianis dRis problemebs. magaliTisTvis
gavixsenoT zemoT ganxiluli kvleva, romelSic
naCvenebi iyo igive da sapirispiro sqesis me-
gobrebis Sesaxeb vaJebisa da gogonebis azrebs
Soris ganxsvavebebi (Richards et al., 1998). msgavsi
sqesobrivi gansxvavebebi gamoavlina 9-15 wlis
mozardTa sizmrebis Seswavlamac (Strauch &
Lederpogen, 1999). sxva tipis Sedegebmac eWvqveS
daayena mosazreba sizmrebis, rogorc mxolod
SemTxveviTi signalebis Sedegebis, Sesaxeb:
mozrdil asakSi individis sizmrebis Sinaarsebi
TiTqmis ucvleli rCeba. sizmrebis eqsperti
uiliam domhofi (William Domhoff, 1999, gv. 207)
fiqrobs, rom „mozrdilebSi wlebisa da
aTwleulebis manZilze sizmrebis Sinaarsebis
ucvleloba ar Seesabameba Teorias, romelic
sizmars Tavis tvinis qerqis saukeTeso reaqciad
miiCnevs, romelic Tan sdevs tvinis Rerodan
momdinare SemTxveviTi stimulebis mier pe-
riodul dabombvas.~ Cven, albaT, Tavad unda
vzidoT Cveni sizmrebis tvirTi _ SevecadoT
gaRviZebisTanave yoveldRiurad CaviweroT
sizmrebi da vnaxoT, Tu ramdenad ukavSirdeba
isini dRis sazrunavs da ramdenad icvleba Tu
ar icvleba maTi Sinaarsebi droTa ganmavlobaSi.
sizmrebis kidev erTi saintereso aspeqti:
drodadro mravali adamianisgan gvsmenia, rom
bevri mniSvnelovani problemis gadawyveta Tu
saintereso axali ideebi sizmarSi mouvidaT
TavSi (Shepard, 1978). gTavazobT mxolod ramdenime
magaliTs frederik kilule gvamcnobs, rom ben-
zinis qimiuri struqtura sizmarSi naxa: gvelis-
magvarma molukulurma jaWvma uecrad piri Caav-
lo sakuTar kuds da gaCnda rgoli. elas houm
naxa sizmari: mas Seuties Subebma, romelTac
wamaxvilebul mxares naxvreti hqondaT. am
sizmarma ubiZga mas, rom daesrulebina sakeravi
manqanis gamogoneba. iseTi kompozitorebi, ro-
gorebic iyvnen mocarti da Sumani, aRniSnav-
dnen, rom mniSvnelovani musikaluri ideebi
sizmrebSi mosdiodaT.
Ramis koSmarebi
Tu sizmari gvaSinebs imiT, rom umweoni
vxdebiT, an situacia Cvens kontrols aRar
eqvemdebareba, maSin Tqven Ramis koSmari dag-
sizmrebiaT. adamianTa umravlesobisaTvis Ramis
koSmarebi SedarebiT iSviaTia. 220 studentisgan
Semdgar SerCevaSi, romlebic iwerdnen sizmrebs,
yoveldRiurad Ramis koSmarebis saSualo
sixSire (orkviriani periodis mixedviT) iyo daax-
loebiT 24 erTi wlis manZilze (Wood & Bootzin,
1990). Tumca, zogierTi adamiani gacilebiT
xSirad xedavs Ramis koSmars, zogjer yovel
RamiTac ki. bavSvebSi, magaliTad, ufro metia
Ramis koSmarebis gamovlenis albaToba, vidre
mozrdilebSi (Mindell, 1997). garda amisa,
adamianebs, romelTac iseTi travmuli gamoc-
dileba aqvT, rogoricaa gaupatiureba an omi,
SesaZloa ganmeorebadi koSmarebi hqondeT, rac
maT gadatanili travmuli movlenis zogierTi
aspeqtis gacocxlebas aiZulebs. kolejis
studentebTan, romelTac san-franciskos didi
miwisZvra hqondaT gadatanili, orjer meti iyo
Ramis koSmarebis arsebobis albaToba, vidre
sakontrolo jgufis studentebTan, romelTac
ar hqondaT aseTi gamocdileba. amasTan, cxadia,
rom koSmarebis umravlesoba miwisZvris daman-
grevel Sedegebs Seexeboda (Wood et al., 1992).
Ramis koSmarebi SeiZleba ganvixiloT Zilis,
rogorc cnobierebis yoveldRiuri cvlilebis,
zeda zRvari. qvemoT visaubrebT im garemoebebze,
romelSic individi mizanmimarTulad cdilobs
yoveldRiuri gamocdilebis farglebis miRma
gasvlas.
Sejameba
cirkaduli ritmi gulisxmobs biologiuri
saaTis muSaobas. Tavis tvinis aqtivobis
paternebi mniSvnelovnad icvleba Ramis Zilis
manZilze, rasac Tan axlavs dilasTan miax-
loebul yovel axal ciklSi REM Zilis
procentuli momateba (NREM Zilis odenobis
klebis sapirispirod). adamianisTvis sakmarisi
Zilisa da REM da NREM Zilis Tanafardoba
asakisa da cxovrebis pirobebis mixedviT ic-
vleba. Zili emsaxureba Senaxvisa da aRdgenis
funqciebs. milionobiT adamiani itanjeba Zilis
iseTi darRvevebisgan, rogorebicaa insomnia,
narkolefsia, Zilis apnoe da dRis Zilianoba.
mraval kulturaSi swamT sizmris Sinaarsis
mniSvnelovnebis. sizmrebis interpretaciis
Zili da sizmari
yvelaze cnobili dasavluri Teoria zigmund
froids ekuTvnis. sizmrebis interpretacia
Zalze gavrcelebulia aradasavlur kultu-
rebSi, sadac miRebulia, rom sizmris simboloebi
misi mnaxvelis momavlis Sesaxeb informaciis
matarebelia. zogierTi fiziologi mkvlevari
fiqrobs, rom sizmris Sinaarsi Tavis tvinis
SemTxveviTi signalebidan momdinareobs, magram 207
 am mosazrebas ewinaaRmdegeba sizmris
Sinaarsebis analizis kvlevebi. Ramis koSmarebs
gansakuTrebiT SemaSinebel sizmrebs uwodeben.
cnobierebis Semcvleli
mdgomareobebi
nebismier kulturaSi adamianebs ar akmayo-
filebT fxizeli cnobierebis Cveulebrivi
cvlilebebi. maT ganaviTares garkveuli teq-
nikebi, romliTac SesaZlebeli xdeba cnobie-
rebis nacnobi mdgomareobebis miRma gasvla da
cnobierebis Secvlil mdgomareobebSi gadasvla.
zogierTi aseTi praqtika individualuria,
rogoricaa, magaliTad, rekreaciuli prepara-
tebis miReba; zogierTi ki, rogoricaa garkveuli
religiuri praqtika, warmoadgens cnobieri
gamocdilebis Cveuli sazRvrebidan gasvlis
jgufur mcdelobas. Cven mimovixilavT iseT
sxvadasxva gamocdilebas, romelSic cnobierebis
Secvlili mdgomareobebi mTeli rigi procedu-
rebiT miiRweva.
dakvirvebadi sizmrebi
Tavi 6 / goneba, cnobiereba da Secvlili mdgomareobebi
aris Tu ara SesaZlebeli, vacnobierebdeT,
rom sizmars vxedavT, rodesac vxedavT sizmars?
dakvirvebadi sizmrebis Teoriis momxreebi
gvaCveneben, rom cnobierebis SenarCuneba sizmris
xedvis procesSi swavlebadi da regularuli
praqtikiT gavarjiSebadi unaria, romelic
mZinare adamians sizmris mimarTulebis kon-
trolis saSualebas aZlevs (Gackenbach & LaBerge,
1988; LaBerge & DeGarcia, 2000).
saidan
viciT
dakvirvebadi sizmrebis eqsperimentuli
realoba
stefan labergma da misma kolegebma
ganaviTares meTodologia, romelic dak-
virvebadi sizmrebis realobis gadamow-
mebis saSualebas iZleva. demonstracia
208
eyrdnoba winmswreb kvlevas, romelmac
aCvena, rom REM Zilis zogierTi Tvalebis
moZraoba Tanxvdeba mZinare adamianis
mzeris mimarTulebas. aqedan gamomdinare,
mkvlevrebi sTxovdnen dakvirvebadi siz-
mrebis gamocdilebis mqone adamianebs, rom
ganexorcielebinaT Tvalebis nebismieri
(gaazrebuli, mizanmimarTuli) moZraobebis
calkeuli paternebi, rodesac isini
gaacnobierebdnen, rom sizmars xedavdnen.
dagegmili Tvalebis moZraobis signalebi
Cndeboda REM Zilis deteqtoris Cana-
werebSi da amiT xdeboda demonstrireba
imisa, rom eqsperimentis monawileni mar-
Tlac dakvirvebad sizmrebs xedavdnen REM
Zilis periodSi (LaBerge et al., 1981).
dakvirvebadi sizmrebis gamowvevis mravali
meTodi arsebobs. magaliTad, dakvirvebadi
sizmrebis zogierT kvlevaSi mZinare adamianebs
ukeTeben specialur saTvales, romelSic REM
Zilis dafiqsirebisas wiTeli sinaTle inTeba.
cdis dawyebamde monawileebma iswavles, rom
wiTeli sinaTlis gamoCenisas unda gaacnobieron,
rom sizmars xedaven (LaBerge & Levitan, 1995).
acnobiereben ra, rom sizmars xedaven da, amasTanave,
isev sZinavT, cdis pirebi dakvirvebadi sizmrebis
mdgomareobaSi gadadian, romelSic SeuZliaT
TavianTi sizmrebis gakontroleba, maTi Si-
naarsebis warmarTva pirovnuli miznebis Se-
sabamisad da TavianTi mimdinare survilebis
Sesabamisad sizmris dasruleba. dakvirvebadi
sizmris naxvis SesaZlebloba matulobs, Tu
mZinare adamians sjera, rom SesaZlebelia aseTi
sizmrebi da regularulad iyenebs maT gamomwvev
teqnikas (LaBerge & Rheingold, 1990). iseTi mkvlevari,
rogoricaa, magaliTad, stefan labergi, amtkicebs,
rom sizmrebis „arakontrolirebad~ movlenebze
kontrolis ganmtkiceba jansaRi qcevaa, radganac
es zrdis TviTdarwmunebulobis xarisxs da axdens
individisaTvis dadebiTi gamocdilebis gene-
rirebas. Tumca, zogierTi Terapevti, romelic
sizmrebis analizs pacientis problemebis ukeT
gagebis mizniT iyenebs, ewinaaRmdegeba aseT pro
dakvirvebadi sizmrebi (Lucid dreaming) - Teoria,
romlis Tanaxmadac, sizmris xedvis procesis
cnobieri aRqma daswavladi unaria, romelic
iZleva sizmris mimarTulebisa da Sinaarsis
kontrolis saSualebas.

cedurebs, radgan es procedurebi arRvevs
sizmris bunebriv mimdinareobas.
hipnozi
sazogadoebaSi garcelebulia azri, rom
hipnotiziori mZlavr Zalas flobs mis nebayof-
lobiT Tu uneblie monawileebze. ramdenad
marTebulia es mosazreba hipnozis Sesaxeb? ra
aris hipnozi, ra mniSvnelovani niSnebiT
xasiaTdeba da rogoria misi sasargeblo/
validuri fsiqologiuri gamoyeneba? termini
hipnozi hipnos-idan, berZnul miTologiaSi
Zilis RmerTis saxelidan, momdinareobs. Tumca,
hipnozi (Hypnosis) - cnobierebis Secvlili mdgo-
mareoba, romelic xasiaTdeba Rrma modunebiT
(relaqsaciiT), STagonebisadmi mimReblobiT da
aRqmis, mexsierebis, motivaciisa da TviTkon-
trolis cvlilebebiT.
Zili aranairad ar monawileobs hipnozSi, Tu
ar CavTvliT imas, rom zogjer Rrmad relaq-
sirebuli adamianebi garegnulad Zilis magvar
mdgomareobaSi imyofebian (Tu adamians marTlac
sZinavs, maSin is ar reagirebs hipnozze). ufro
zustad Tu ganvsazRvravT, hipnozi aris cno-
bierebis Secvlili mdgomareoba, romelic
xasiaTdeba zogierTi adamianis gansakuTrebuli
unariT _ moaxdinos STagonebaze reagireba,
rasac Tan axlavs aRqmis, mexsierebis, moti-
vaciisa da TviTkontrolis gancdis cvlilebebi
(Orne, 1980). imyofebian ra hipnotur mdgomareobaSi,
monawileebi momatebuli STagonebadobiT
xasiaTdebian hipnotizioris STagonebis mimarT
_ isini xSirad grZnoben, rom maTi qceva yovel-
gvari ganzraxvisa da cnobieri Zalisxmevis ga-
reSe xorcieldeba (Hilgard, 1968).
mkvlevrebi xSirad ver aRweven Tanxmobas
hipnozis dros moqmedi fsiqologiuri meqa-
nizmebis Taobaze (Kirsch & Lynn, 1995, 1998).
zogierTi adreuli Teoriis mixedviT, hipnozis
zemoqmedebis qveS myofi individebi transis
mdgomareobaSi gadadian, romelic didad
gansxvavdeba fxizeli cnobierebis mdgomare-
obisgan. sxva Teoriebis Tanaxmad, hipnozi sxva
araferia, Tu ara momatebuli motivacia.
arsebobs Teoriebi, romelTa azriT hipnozi
socialuri roluri TamaSis nairsaxeoba, pla-
cebo reaqciis saxeobaa hipnotizioris mowo-
nebis dasamsaxureblad (ix. Tavi 2). faqtobrivad,
mkvlevrebma gamoricxes mosazreba imis Sesaxeb,
rom hipnozi gansakuTrebul, transismagvar
cnobierebebis Semcvleli mdgomareobebi
cvlilebebs iwvevs cnobierebaSi. Tumca, vina-
idan individebs hipnoturi zegavlenis gareSec
SeuZliaT hipnoturi mdgomareobisaTvis dama-
xasiaTebeli qceviTi paternebis ganxorcieleba,
naTeli xdeba, rom hipnozs motivaciuri an
placebo procesebis garda sxva damatebiTi
efeqtebic gaaCnia. hipnoturi stimulaciisa da
hipnobilurobis ganxilvis Semdeg aRvwerT mis
zogierT efeqts.
hipnoturi stimulacia da
hipnobiluroba
hipnozi hipnoturi stimulaciiT (hypnotic in-
duction) iwyeba. es aris mosamzadebel aqtivobaTa
erToblioba, romelsac minimumamde dahyavs
garegani gamRizianeblebi da monawileebs mxo-
209
 lod SeTavazebul stimulebze amaxvilebinebs
yuradRebas da STaagonebs, rom isini cnobierebis
gansakuTrebul mdgomareobaSi gadasasvlelad
emzadebian. mosamzadebeli aqtivobebi gulis-
xmobs garkveuli gamocdilebis warmodgenas an
movlenebisa da reaqciebis vizualizacias.
ganmeorebadi praqtikis SemTxvevaSi mosam-
zadebeli procedurebi daswavlili signalis
funqcias iZens, Sesabamisad, monawileebi swrafad
gadadian hipnotur mdgomareobaSi. STagonebis
tipuri procedurebi moicavs Rrma relaqsaciis
mdgomareobis SeTavazebas, Tumca zogierTi
adamiani iseTi aqtiuri, qmediTi stimulaciiTac
hipnotizirdeba, rogoricaa velosipediT
siarulis warmodgena (Banyai & Hilgard, 1976).
hipnozis scenuri warmodgenebi gviqmnian
STabeWdilebas, rom hipnozis Zala hipnoti-
ziorisgan momdinareobs, Tumca, hipnozis erTad-
erTi umniSvnelovanesi faqtoria monawilis
unari Tu „niWi~ imisa, rom hipnozs daeqvemde-
baros. hipnobiluroba gviCvenebs, Tu ra xaris-
xiT eqvemdebareba individi hipnoturi reaqciebis
gancdis standartul instruqciebs. arsebobs
individualur gansxvavebaTa farTo speqtri,
STagonebadobis sruli arqonidan totalur
STagonebadobamde.
suraTi 6.5 gviCvenebs kolejis studentTa
Tavi 6 / goneba, cnobiereba da Secvlili mdgomareobebi
procentul ganawilebas hipnobilurobis xaris-
xis mixedviT, rodesac maT pirvelad gaiares
hipnoturi stimulaciis testi. ras niSnavs am
skalaze „maRali~ an „Zalian maRali~ maCvene-
beli? testis dasrulebis Semdeg hipnotiziori
iZleoda posthipnotur instruqciaTa serias,
romelic TiToeuli individis qcevas Seexeboda.
rodesac hipnotiziori eubneboda, rom maTi
gaSlili xelebi rkinis naWrad iqceoda, Zalze
hipnotizirebuli individebi ver axerxebdnen
xelebis moxras. Sesabamisi instruqciis SemTxve-
vaSi maT SeeZloT xeli gaeqniaT ararsebuli
mwerisaTvis. aseve, Zalze hipnotizirebul indi-
videbs ar SeeZloT „ara~-s niSnad Tavis gaqneva,
Tu hipnotiziori eubneboda, rom maT aRar
SeeZloT amis gakeTeba. hipnobilurobis „daba-
li~ maCveneblis mqone studentebi TiTqmis ar
avlendnen msgavs reaqciebs.
hipnobiluroba (Hypnotizability) - aCvenebs, Tu ra
xarisxiT eqvemdebareba mocemuli individi stan-
dartul hipnotur STagonebas.
210
suraTi
6.5
pirvelad gamowveuli hipnozis done
grafiki gviCvenebs hipnoturi zemoqmedebis qveS pir-
velad moxvedrili 533 individis Sedegebs. hipnobi-
luroba stanfordis hipnoturi damyolobis 12-de-
bulebian skalaze gaizoma.
hipnobiluroba SedarebiT stabiluri maxasia-
Tebelia. mozrdilebSi es maCvenebeli, faqtob-
rivad, ucvleli rCeba 10 wlis ganmavlobaSi
sxvadasxva dros Catarebuli gazomvebis dros
(Morgan et al., 1974). kolejSi hipnobilurobis tes-
tirebaSi monawile 50 cdis pirs (qalebi da
kacebi) 25 wlis Semdeg Cautarda ganmeorebiTi
testireba da miRebuli Sedegebi mniSvnelovnad
korelirebda (koeficientiT 0.71) adrindel
monacemebTan (Piccione et al., 1989). bavSvebi ufro
STagonebadni arian, vidre mozrdilebi; hipno-
turi STagonebadoba maqsimums aRwevs mozar-
dobis periodSi da Semdeg mcirdeba. arsebobs
garkveuli monacemebi hipnobilurobis geneti-
kuri determinantebis Sesaxeb. kerZod, identuri
tyupebis maCveneblebi ufro uaxlovdeba erTma-
neTs, vidre araidenturi tyupebis (Morgan et al.,
1970). miuxedavad imisa, rom hipnobiluroba Seda-
rebiT stabiluria, is ar korelirebs arc erT
iseT pirovnul maxasiaTebelTan, rogoricaa mim-
ndobloba an konformuloba (Fromm & Shor, 1979;
Kirch & Lynn, 1995). metic, hipnobiluroba moiazrebs
hipnotur mdgomareobaSi mTlianad CarTvis
unikalur kognitur unars.
hipnozis efeqtebi
hipnobilurobis gazomvis proceduris
aRwerisas saubari gvqonda hipnozis zogierT
standartul efeqtze: hipnoturi zemoqmedebis
qveS individebi reagireben motoruli SesaZleb-
lobebisa (magaliTad, maT xelebs ver xridnen)
da perceptuli gamocdilebis (magaliTad, maT
eCvenebodaT buzebi) Sesaxeb miTiTebebze. Tumca,
rogor unda davrwmundeT, rom es qcevebi
hipnozis gansakuTrebuli SesaZleblobebidan
momdinareobs da ar aris monawilis Zlieri
survili, rom daimsaxuros hipnotizioris mo-
woneba? am mniSvnelovan kiTxvaze pasuxis gasa-
cemad mkvlevrebi xSirad atareben eqsperimentebs,
romelSic erTmaneTs adareben da upirispireben
namdvilad hipnotizirebul individebsa da
simuliantebs.
saidan
viciT
hipnozi metia, vidre simulacia
eqsperimentSi studentTa ori jgufi
monawileobda. erTi jgufi realurad iqna
hipnotizirebuli. meore jgufs hipnozis
simulirebis instruqcia misces: pirveli
eqsperimentatoris instruqciis Tanaxmad,
maT unda moetyuebinaT meore eqsperimen-
tatori da daerwmunebinaT igi, rom mar-
Tlac hipnotozirebulni iyvnen. amis
Semdeg orive jgufs waredgina tonebis
seriebi da moeTxova am tonebis simaRlis
Sefaseba. eqsperimentis mniSvenlovani
nawili iyo moTxovnis instruqcia, romel-
Sic cdis pirebs eubnebodnen, Tu ra unda
ganecadaT (Reed et al., 1996, p.143).
isini, visac erTjerze metad waredgina
toni, midrekilni iyvnen hipnotur mdgo-
mareobaSi darCenisken, rac mniSvnelovnad
amcirebs maT mier gagonili bgeris inten-
sivobas. Tqven, albaT, am bolo cdaze isev
hipnotur mdgomareobaSi dabrundebiT da
amitom Zalze mcire bgeras gaigonebT.
savaraudoa, rom is saerTodac ver gaigo-
noT.
Tu hipnozis yvela efeqts eqsperimen-
tatoris moTxovnebis Sesabamisad indi-
vidis moqmedebis survils mivawerT, unda
movelodeT, rom hipnotizirebuli da simu-
lianti monawileebi msgavsad unda asru-
lebdnen moTxovnebs, realurad ki ase ar
xdeba. namdvilad hipnotizirebuli indi-
videbi gamocdilebaTa farTo speqtrs aRwe-
ren: isini TavianT realur gamocdilebas-
Tan miaxloebul gancdebs ufro hyvebian,
vidre imas, risi gagonebac surs maTi azriT
eqsperimentators ( Reed et al., 1996).
am SemTxvevaSi simuliantebi arasworad
varaudoben, rom rac unda ganecadaT, realuri
hipnozi iyo. aseTi tipis eqsperimentebidan
naTeli xdeba, Tu konkretulad ra damoukidebeli
wvlili Seaqvs hipnozs adamianis gamocdilebaSi.
hipnozis erT-erTi Rirebuleba, romelzec
ar kamaToben, tkivilis Semcirebis unaria
(hipnoturi analgezia). Cveni goneba winaswari
ganWvretiTa da SiSiT aZlierebs tkivilis
stimulebs. am fsiqologiuri efeqtis Semcireba
hipnoziT aris SesaZlebeli (Chaves, 1999). tki-
vilis kontroli sxvadasxva hipnoturi STa-
gonebiT miiRweva: sxeulis mtkivneuli nawilis
araorganulad (xis an plastikatisgan gake-
Tebulad) an mTliani sxeulisgan gancal-
kevebulad warmodgena, gonebis ganTavisufleba
sxeulisgan da drois sxvadasxvagvarad `dama-
xinjeba~. adamianebs maSinac ki SeuZliaT
tkivilis gakontroleba, rodesac yvela azri
da warmodgena gandevnilia cnobierebidan
(Hargadon et al., 1995). hipnozi gansakuTrebiT
Rirebulia qirurgiuli pacientebisaTvis, ro-
melTanac SeuZlebelia sruli anesTeziis miR-
weva, dedisTvis fiziologiuri mSobiarobis
cnobierebebis Semcvleli mdgomareobebi
dros da simsivniani pacientebisTvis, romlebic
daavadebasTan da mis mkurnalobasTan dakavSi-
rebul tkivilTan gamklavebas swavloben. TviT-
hipnozi (autohipnozi) tkivilis kontrolisadmi
saukeTeso midgomaa, radganac pacients tkivilis
gamoCenisTanave SeuZlia kontrolis gaZliereba.
erT-erT kvlevaSi ikvlies metastazuri simsivnis
mqone 86 qali, romlebic tkivils TviThipnoziT
akontrolebdnen. aRmoCnda, rom maTTan tkivili
orjer naklebi iyo, vidre sakontrolo jgufSi
(Spiegel et al., 1989).
mkvlevrebi tkivilis Semcirebis faqtebiT
aCveneben, rom hipnozis efeqtebi scildeba
monawileTa eqsperimentatoris an Tavad maTi
molodinebis Sesabamisad moqcevis survils.
Zalze hipnotizirebad individebTan tkivilis
Semcireba hipnoturi STagonebiT ufro efeqtu-
211
 rad miiRweva, vidre tkivilis Semamcirebeli es mxolod im pirovnebis an pirovnebaTa
sxva teqnikebiT (Miller & Bowers, 1993). hipnobilurobis Sedegia, romelic hipnoturi
zemoqmedebis qveS imyofeba. hipnozSi yofna ar
niSnavs pirovnuli kontrolis dakargvas;
saidan
faqtobrivad, hipnozSi yofnis gamocdileba
viciT individs kontrolis gavarjiSebis axali gzebis
daswavlis saSualebas aZlevs _ hipnotiziori
hipnozi amcirebs tkivils
SeiZleba mwvrTnels SevadaroT, romelic
moxaliseebs Camouyalibes kunTebis au-
wvrTnis subieqts, romelic axorcielebs qcevas.
taneli tkivili. individebis mier tkivi-
es yvelaferi kargad unda gvaxsovdes, rodesac
lis amtanoba eqsperimentTa sam seriaSi vuyurebT scenaze gaTamaSebul sanaxaobas, sadac
izomeboda: (1) Zalze mamotivirebeli
adamianebi ucnaur qmedebebs axorcieleben
instruqciebiT; (2) hipnoturi analgeziis
hipnoturi zemoqmedebis qveS. scenis hipno-
gamowveviT da (3) placebo kafsulis tiziori imiT qmnis cocxal sanaxaobas, rom
gadaylapviT, romelic cdis pirebs eZle-
egzgibicionisturi maxasiaTeblebis mqone ada-
odaT, rogorc tkivilis momxsneli. (1) da
mianebs sxvebis TandaswrebiT iseT qcevebs
(2) seriebs Soris gansxvaveba hipnozis im axorcielebinebs, rasac adamianTa umravlesoba
efeqtis Sefasebis saSualebas iZleoda,
arasodes ar gaakeTebda. mkvlevrebisa da
romelic cdis piris mier instruqciaTa
TerapevtebisaTvis hipnozi warmoadgens teqnikas,
kargad Sesrulebis survilisgan damouki- romliTac SesaZlebelia cnobierebis SesaZ-
deblad miiRweoda. (2) da (3) seriebs Soris
leblobebis gamokvleva da modificireba.
gansxvaveba imis demonstrirebis saSualebas
iZleoda, rom hipnozi placebo efeqtze
metia. eqsperimentatorma, romelic atarebda meditacia
testirebas, ar icoda, Tu romel cdis
aRmosavluri mravali religia da tradi-
pirebs hqondaT miRebuli placebo kafsula
ciuli fsiqologiuri mimdinareoba muSaobs
da arasworad egona, rom yvela hipnoturi
cnobierebis gamocalkevebaze yoveldRiuri,
Tavi 6 / goneba, cnobiereba da Secvlili mdgomareobebi

analgeziis qveS iyo. aRmoCnda, rom 24 cdis

aqtualuri safiqralebisgan. isini cdiloben
piridan naxevari cdis pirebisa Zalzed
mentalur da spiritualur „me~-ze Sinagani
hipnobilurebi iyvnen, danarCen naxevars
fokusirebis miRwevas. meditacia warmoadgens
ki dabali maCvenebeli hqonda hipnobilu-
cnobierebis Secvlis formas, romelic mowo-
robis skalaze.placebo abebi mniSvnelovan-
debulia Rrma simSvidis mdgomareobis miRwevis
wilad amcirebda tkivils yvela monawiles-
saSualebiT sakuTari Tavis Sesaxeb codnisa da
Tan, motivaciuri instruqciebis xarisxi-
subieqturi keTildReobis, kargad yofnis
sagan damoukideblad. amasTan, hipnozis mo-
gaRrmavebisTvis. meditaciis dros pirovneba
lodini tkivilis Sesamcireblad, aseve,
SeiZleba fokusirdebodes da iwesrigebdes
yvela monawilesTan iZleoda mniSvnelovan
sunTqvas, iRebdes garkveul pozebs (iogas po-
efeqts – placebo molodinis efeqti. Tumca,
zebi), minimumamde dahyavdes garegani stimulacia,
Zalze hipnobilur monawileebSi tkivilis
axdendes specifikuri mentaluri xatebis generi-
amtanoba hipnoturi analgeziis gamowvevis
rebas an aTavisuflebdes gonebas yovelgvari
periodSi gacilebiT meti iyo, vidre nak-
azrisagan.
lebad hipnobilurebTan da vidre sxva
garkveulwilad sakamaTod rCeba meditaciis
nebismier danarCen mdgomareobaSi _ hipnozi
gazomvadi efeqtebi. kritikosTa TvalsazrisiT,
ar iyo mxolod placebo (McGlashan et al.,
TiTqmis ar arsebobs fsiqologiuri sxvaoba
1978).

meditacia (Meditation) - cnobierebis Secvlis for-

dabolos erTi SeniSvna hipnozis Sesaxeb: ma, romelic mowodebulia TviTcnobierebis Sem-
hipnozis Zala ar momdinareobs hipnotizioris cirebis saSualebiT sakuTari Tavis Sesaxeb
codnisa da TviTSegrZnebis gaumjobesebisaTvis.
212 gansakuTrebuli SesaZleblobidan Tu unaridan;

normalur „TvaldaxuWul~ modunebul mdgo-
mareobasa da meditaciis konkretul proce-
durebs Soris (Holmes, 1984). Tumca, meditaciis
damcvelebi amtkiceben, rom meditaciis realuri
fiziologia SeiZleba daxasiaTdes, rogorc
mSvidi sifxizle anu minimaluri sxeulebrivi
aRgznebis, magram maqsimaluri cnobierebis
mdgomareoba (Dillbeck & Orme-Johnson, 1987; Morrell,
1986). amrigad, meditacia, sul mcire, Seamcirebs
SfoTvas, gansakuTrebiT maTTan, visac stresul
garemoSi uwevs funqcionireba (Anderson et al.,
1999; Shapiro et al., 1998). Tumca, meditaciuri praq-
tikis mizani gacilebiT metia, vidre Tavis
droebiTi daRweva daZabulobisgan. meditaciis
praqtikosebis Tanaxmad, rodesac aseT praqtikas
regularuli xasiaTi aqvs, meditaciis zogierT
formas xelewifeba cnobierebis gaZliereba,
gaciskrovnebis miRwevaSi daxmarebis gaweva imiT,
rom individs saSualeba misces nacnobi sagnebis
axleburad danaxvisa da aZlevs aRqmisa da
azrovnebis ganTavisuflebis SesaZleblobas
avtomaturi, kargad daswavlili paternebis
halucinacia (Hallucinations) - mcdari aRqma, rome-
lic Cndeba obieqturi gamRizianeblis arar-
sebobis pirobebSi.
akrZalvebisgan. zogierTi mkvlevari fiqrobs,
rom meditaciis regularuli praqtika afarToebs
gonebis farglebs dasavluri fsiqologiis mier
aRiarebuli sazRvrebs miRma da mis Sedegad
SesaZlebelia gazomvadi inteleqtisa (IQ; ix.
Tavi 10) da kognituri unarebis (Cranson et al.,
1991) maCveneblis zrda. meditaciis wamyvani
budisti maswavlebeli naT hani (Nhat Hanh, 1991)
gvirCevs, gavacnobieroT sakuTari sunTqva,
ubralod davakvirdeT Cven irgvliv arsebul
garemos da davgegmoT yoveldRiuri moqmedebebi,
rac fsiqologiuri wonasworobisken maval
gzaze dagvayenebs.
halucinaciebi
uCveulo pirobebSi SesaZloa adgili hqondes
cnobierebis damaxinjebas, rodesac individi
xedavs an esmis is, rac awmyoSi realurad/
obieqturad ar aris mocemuli. halucinacia
aris naTeli aRqma, romelic Cndeba obieqturi
stimulaciis ararsebobis pirobebSi; es aris
individis Secvlili realobis mentaluri kon-
struqcia. halucinaciebi gansxvavdeba ilu-
ziebisgan, romelic realuri stimulis percep-
tuli damaxinjebaa. ganvixiloT suraTi 6.6.
masze adamianTa umravlesoba samkuTxeds xedavs,
Tumca, is „realurad~ ar aris gamosaxuli. am
cnobierebebis Semcvleli mdgomareobebi
6.6
suraTi
es iluziaa da ara halucinacia!
miuxedavad imisa, rom realurad ar arsebobs,
adamianTa umravlesoba am suraTze samkuTxeds
xedavs. halucinaciebis SemTxvevaSic adamianebi
ararsebuls aRiqvamen, Tumca halucinaciebi
individebis cnobierebis Secvlili mdgomare-
obidan warmoiqmneba da ara perceptuli proce-
sebisgan. 213
 faqts halucinacias ver vuwodebT, radganac,
rogorc avxseniT mexuTe TavSi, samkuTxedi Cven
mier samyaros aRqmis normaluri procesebis
Sedegad „Cndeba~. Cven ver gavaqrobT am
iluzorul samkuTxeds imiT, Tu gavixsenebT,
rom is ar aris realuri. iluziisgan gansxva-
vebiT, halucinaciebi individualuri gamocdi-
lebaa, romelsac ar iziareben igive situaciaSi
moxvedrili sxva adamianebi. zogierTi halu-
cinacia xanmoklea; Tu pirovneba sakuTari
TavisTvis halucinaciis ararealurobis swrafad
dafiqsirebas SeZlebs realobasTan misi dapiris-
pirebiT, halucinaciuri gancda savaraudod
dasruldeba. Tumca, zog SemTxvevebSi individebi
ver axerxeben halucinaciebis „realurobis~
daZlevas da es halucinaciebi maT cxovrebaze
zemoqmedeben (Siegel, 1992).
halucinaciebs xels uwyobs momatebuli
agznebadoba, intensiuri saWiroebis mdgomareoba
an SemaSinebeli azrebis gandevnis uunaroba.
isini maSinac Cndeba, rodesac tvini uCveulo,
iSviaTi gamRizianeblis zemoqmedebas ganicdis,
magaliTad, maRali sicxis, epilefsiuri gulyris
an Sakikis dros; aseve, mZime gonebrivi aSlilo-
bis mqone pacientebTan, romelnic ise reagireben
Sinagan mentalur movlenebze, TiTqos isini
garegani sensoruli gamRizianeblebi iyos.
Tavi 6 / goneba, cnobiereba da Secvlili mdgomareobebi
religiuri eqstazi
meditacia, locva, marxva da spiritualuri
komunikacia religiuri gamocdilebis gaZli-
erebas, intensifikacias emsaxureba. uiliam
jemsisaTvis (1902) religiuri gamocdileba war-
moadgens unikalur fsiqologiur gamocdilebas,
romelic xasiaTdeba movlenebis erTaderTobisa
da dakavSirebulobis, gamocdilebis realu-
robisa da mkafioobis gancdiT, agreTve komu-
nikaciis unaris arqoniT, sxva sityvebiT rom
vTqvaT, mTliani gamocdilebis xasiaTiT. mra-
vali adamianisaTvis religiuri gamocdileba
namdvilad ar warmoadgens maTi Cveulebrivi
cnobierebis nawils.
TiTqmis ar moiZebneba apalaCias wminda
aCrdilis (Holy Ghost) tomis xalxis religiur
gamocdilebaze ufro Zlieri religiuri gamoc-
dileba. maTi rwmenebi da qcevebi cnobierebis
unikalur formas qmnis, romelic maT gansakuT-
rebuli qcevebis ganxorcielebis saSualebas
aZlevs. RvTismsaxurebisas maT Sxamiani gvelebi
da cecxli uWiravT xelSi, svamen striqninis
sawamlavs. am qcevebisTvis mosamzadeblad usmenen
grZel qadagebebs da monawileoben xmamaRal,
yuradRebis mimzidvel simRerebsa, velur
trialsa da cekvebSi:

xSirad halucinaciebs iseTi fsiqoaqtiuri

enTuziazmi SeiZleba Zaladobis zRvars
nivTierebebic iwvevs, rogoricaa LSD da peioti
miuaxlovdes... wevrebi Wylopineben da ir-
da, aseve, halucinaciebi axlavs alkoholze
uaris Tqmas mwvave alkoholizmis SemTxvevebSi
(aseT halucinaciebs delirium tremens-s uwodeben,
DTs). am qimiurad gamowveuli halucinaciebis
arsebobas tvinze nivTierebaTa pirdapiri zemoq-
medeba uwyobs xels.
zogierT kulturul da religiur garemoSi
halucinaciebi sasurveli da mniSvnelovani
movlenaa (Siegel, 1992). am pirobebSi halucinaciebi
mistikur xilvad, gamocxadebad aRiqmeba, rac
maT mnaxvels gansakuTrebul statuss aniWebs.
amgvarad, sxvadasxva garemo pirobebSi
spiritualur ZalebTan aSkara kontaqtis erTi
da igive mkafio aRqma SeiZleba ganixilebodes,
rogorc sulieri avadmyofobis an rogorc
gansakuTrebuli niWis maniSnebeli. xSirad aseTi
gonebrivi statusis Sefaseba Tanabrad aris
damokidebuli rogorc damkvirveblis Sefasebaze,
ise Tavad perceptuli gamocdilebis Sinaarsze.
214
 xevian da glosolaliis (lingvistur Si-
naarss moklebuli xelovnurad Seqmnili
ena) gaurkvevel, eqstazur „axal enaze~
metyvelebaze gadadian... maTi xelebi
erTmniSvnelovnad civia, cecxlis xelSi
daWeris Semdegac ki. es situacia SesaZloa
Tanxvdebodes sxva religiur kulturebSi
arsebuli transuli mdgomareobebis kvle-
vebis monacemebs. es mexsierebis arqoniT,
TiTqmis sensoruli amneziiTac SeiZleba
aixsnas, ris sailustraciod mkvlevrebs
gvelebisa da cecxlis xelSi mWerTa ma-
galiTebi mohyavT (Watterlond, 1983, gv. 53, 55)
gvelis xelSi damWerTa religiuri jgufis
wevrebis fsiqologiurma kvlevam aCvena, rom
isini kargad adaptirebuli, gawonasworebuli
adamianebi arian, romlebic jgufSi yofniT
Zlier fsiqologiur da socialur mxardaWeras
iReben. „sulis momaswaveblebis~ ritualSi mo-
nawileoba „maTTvis personaluri jildos tol-
fasia, romelsac maTi cxovrebis verc erTi
aspeqti ver gautoldeba~ (Watterlond, 1983).
cnobierebis Semcvleli
nivTierebebi
adamianebi antikuri xanidan iyenebdnen
sxvadasxva nivTierebebs realobis aRqmis
Sesacvlelad. arsebobs arqeologiuri mona-
cemebi, rom aSS-is samxreT-dasavleTsa da meq-
sikaSi 10 000 wlis manZilze uwyvetad iyenebdnen
„Rrma Zilis marcvlebs~ (sophora seed) anu
meskalis5 marcvals. antikuri actekebi ludSi
azavebdnen meskalis marcvlebs. antikuri xanidan
moyolebuli, CrdiloeT da samxreT amerikis
mcxovreblebis ritualebis nawils Seadgenda
Teonanaqtalis, fsilocibis sokos gadaylapva,
romelic „RmerTebis sxeulis~ saxeliTac aris
cnobili. am sokos mcire dozebi naTel
halucinaciebs iwvevs.
dasavlur kulturebSi narkotikebi garTo-
basTan, dasvenebasTan ufro asocirdeba, vidre
jgufur sakralur ritualebTan. adamianebi mTel
msoflioSi iReben narkotikebs, raTa modundnen,
gaumklavdnen stresebs, Tavi aaridon arsebuli
realobis usiamovnebebs, komfortulad igrZnon
5 zegavlenas axdens mentalur procesebsa da
erTgvari narkotiki.
Tavi socialur situaciebSi an ganicadon cno-
bierebis Secvlili mdgomareobebi. as welze
meti xnis win uiliam jemsi, romlis citirebac
Cven ukve ramodenimejer movaxdineT, rogorc
amerikaSi fsiqologiis damfuZneblis, aRwerda
cnobierebis Semcvlel nivTierebebze mis mier
Catarebul eqsperimentebs. azotis oqsidis
SesunTqvis Semdeg jemsi aRniSnavda, rom „am
mdgomareobis umniSvnelovanesi momentia Zlieri
metafizikuri iluminaciis moWarbebuli aR-
magznebeli SegrZneba. WeSmariteba TiTqmis
uxilavi movlenebis siRrmeSia da amavdroulad
Riaa dakvirvebisaTvis. goneba myisierad da
TvalSisacemi sisxartiT wvdeba arsebulis
yvela logikur mimarTebas da amis analogi ar
moiZebneba normalur cnobierebaSi; ver gavav-
lebT paralels normaluri cnobierebis fun-
qcionirebasTan~ (James, 1882, p.186). amgvarad, cno-
bierebis Seswavlisadmi jemsis interesi cno-
bierebis TviTgamowveuli Secvlili mdgo-
mareobis kvlevamde gafarTovda.
cnobierebis Secvlis mizniT nivTierebebis
gamoyenebis popularizacia aldos haqslis (Aldos
Huxley, 1954) publikaciis _ „aRqmis karibWis~ gamoq-
veynebis Semdeg daiwyo. haqsli sakuTar cnobie-
rebaze meskaliniT eqsperimentirebda. misi wignis
gamosvlidan ramdenime aTwleulis Semdeg, 1998
wels Catarebuli gamokiTxvis Sedegebis mixed-
viT, romelSic 12 wlidan zemoT asakis daaxlo-
ebiT 25 500 moqalaqe monawileobda, aSS-is mo-
qalaqeTa 6,2% aRniSnavda, rom ukanaskneli erTi
wlis manZilze miRebuli hqonda erTi an meti
akrZaluli nivTiereba (Substance Abuse and Mental
cnobierebebis Semcvleli mdgomareobebi
Health Services Administration - SAMHSA, 1999). sixSire
gacilebiT maRali iyo gviani mozardobis asakSi:
16-17 wlis mozardebis 16,4% da 18-20 wlis mo-
zardebis 19,9% aRniSnavda narkotikebis romelime
tipis moxmarebas. garda amisa, SerCevis 51,7%
gamokiTxvamde erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi xandaxan
iRebda alkohols, 27,7% ki - eweoda sigarets. es
monacemebi xsnis imas, Tu ratom dgas auci-
leblobiT mecnierTa dRis wesrigSi narkotike-
bis gamoyenebis mizezebisa da Sedegebis kvleva.
damokidebuleba da miCveva
fsiqoaqtiuri nivTierebebi qimiuri naerTebia,
romelic cnobieri aRqmis droebiTi SecvliT
215
 qcevaze. xvdebian ra tvinSi, ejaWvebian sinafsis
receptorebs da garkveuli reaqciebis blo-
kirebas an stimulirebas axdenen. amiT safuZ-
vlianad cvlian tvinis sakomunikacio sistemas,
zemoqmedeben aRqmaze, mexsierebaze, guneba-
ganwyobilebasa da qcevaze. mocemuli nivTie-
rebebis gaxangrZlivebuli gamoyenebis Sedegad
viTardeba tolerantoba, anu imave efeqtis
misaRwevad ufro da ufro meti doza xdeba
saWiro (tolerantobis zogierT fsiqologiur
safuZvelze me-7 TavSi visaubrebT). toleran-
tobas Tan sdevs fiziologiuri damokidebuleba,
procesi, romlis drosac organizmi eCveva da
damokidebuli xdeba mocemul nivTierebaze,
nawilobriv imitom, rom narkotikis xSiri arse-
bobiT, SemcvelobiT gamoifiteba neirotran-
smiterebi. tolerantobisa da damokidebulobis
tragikuli Sedegia miCveva. adamians, romelic
miCveulia mocemul nivTierebaze, organizmSi
esaWiroeba narkotiki da Tu nivTiereba ar aris
damangreveli, mtkivneuli simptomebiT (kankali,
oflianoba, gulisreva da alkoholis arar-
sebobis zogierT SemTxvevaSi ki sikvdili) itan-
jeba.
Tu individi mocemuli nivTierebis gamoyene-
bas imdenad sasurvelad da sasiamovnod miiCnevs,
rom viTardeba swrafva, Zlieri survili (miCvevis
Tavi 6 / goneba, cnobiereba da Secvlili mdgomareobebi
an miCvevis gareSe), mdgomareobas fsiqologiur
damokidebulebas uwodeben. fsiqologiuri
damokidebuleba SeiZleba nebismieri nivTierebis
fsiqoaqtiuri nivTierebebi (Psychoactive drugs) -
qimiuri naerTebi, romelic cnobieri aRqmis
droebiTi SecvliT zegavlenas axdens mentalur
procesebsa da qcevaze.
tolerantoba (Tolerance) - situacia, romelic
nivTierebis xangrZlivi gamoyenebis Sedegad
iqmneba, rodesac igive efeqtis misaRwevad in-
divids ufro da ufro meti doza sWirdeba.
fiziologiuri damokidebuleba (Psysiological de-
pendence) - procesi, rodesac organizmi eCveva
da damokidebuli xdeba mocemul nivTierebaze.
miCveva (Addiction) - mdgomareoba, rodesac orga-
nizmi iTxovs narkotiks, raTa funqcionireba
SeZlos, mis arqonaze yovelgvari fizikuri da
fsiqologiuri reaqciebis gareSe; xSirad Tan
sdevs tolerantobasa da damokidebulobas.
fsiqologiuri damokidebuleba (Psychological de-
pendence) - narkotikis fsiqologiuri saWiroeba
an survili.
216
mimarT ganviTardes. nivTierebaze damokidebu-
lebis Sedegad adamianis cxovrebis stili
imdenad fokusirdeba narkotikis miRebis ir-
gvliv, rom izRudeba an mcirdeba misi fun-
qcionirebis SesaZlebloba. garda amisa, nar-
kotikis miRebis yoveldRiuri Cvevis Sesanar-
Cuneblad da danaxarjebis dasafarad xSirad
ubiZgebs nivTierebaze damokidebul individs
qurdobisken, yaCaRobisken, prostituciisken an
narkotikebiT vaWrobisken. dResdReobiT
narkotikebze miCvevis Tanmxlebi yvelaze mo-
makvdinebeli safrTxea hipodermuli nemsebis
Tanaziari moxmarebis Sedegad SidsiT daavadebis
saSiSroeba; intravenuri narkotikebis momxma-
reblebma sruliad gauazreblad SeiZleba
`gauziaron~ organizmis siTxe imaTac, visac es
momakvdinebeli daavadeba aqvT.
mozardebi emociuri stresebisgan Tavis daR-
wevisa da yoveldRiur stresorebTan gasam-
klaveblad akrZaluli nivTierebebis gamoyenebis
Semdeg xangrZlivi uaryofiTi SedegebiT itan-
jebian.
saidan
viciT
nivTierebebis borotad gamoyenebis
Sedegebi
mozardebis mier narkotikebis moxma-
rebis rvawliani kvleva 1976 wels daiwyo.
gamokvlevaSi monawileobda damamTavre-
beli klasis 1634 moswavle los anjele-
sidan. sruli yovelwliuri monacemebi
Seikriba 739 monawileze. maT Soris 10%-
ze naklebi regularulad an qronikulad
moixmarda narkotikebs, 10%-ze naklebs ki
saerTod ar hqonda narkotikebTan aranairi
Sexeba. miRebuli Sedegebis dayofa oTx
jgufad gaxda SesaZlebeli (Newcomb &
Bentler, 1988; Stacy et al., 1991):
narkotikis yoveldRiuri moxmareba
uaryofiTad moqmedebda pirovnul da so-
cialur adaptaciaze, arRvevda urTier-
Tobebs, amcirebda swavlis potencials,
zrdida kriminals Zaladobis gareSe da
xels uwyobda dezorganizebul azrov-
nebas.
 Zlieri nivTierebebi, rogoricaa
stimulatorebi da narkotikebi, zrdida
suiciduri da TviTdamangreveli azrebis
sixSires da amcirebda socialur mxar-
daWeras, riTac xels uwyobda martoobas.
nivTierebis efeqtebi icvleboda maTi
tipisa da kombinirebuli gamoyenebis Sesa-
tyvisad. ase, magaliTad, kokaini zrdida
konfrontacias da asustebda axlo urTier-
Tobebs, Tumca, fsiqologiuri da fizikuri
janmrTelobisaTvis yvelaze damangrevel
efeqts Zlieri nivTierebebisa da sigaretis
kombinacia iZleoda.
moulodneli iyo, rom mozardebTan,
romlebic zomierad iRebdnen alkohols
da sxvas arafers (aranair narkotiks), aRi-
niSneboda momatebuli socialuri integ-
racia da TviTpativiscema. es mozardebi
Tavis TanatolebTan SedarebiT ukeTesad
adaptirebulni SeiZleba yofiliyvnen.
fsiqoaqtiur nivTierebaTa saxeebi
gavrcelebuli fsiqoaqtiuri nivTierebebis
nusxa mocemulia 6.1 cxrilSi (me-16 TavSi sxva
tipis fsiqoaqtiur nivTierebebze visaubrebT,
romlebic fsiqikuri aSlilobebis dasaZlevad
gamoiyeneba). Cven mokled mimovixilavT, Tu rogor
aRwevs TiToeul klasSi Semavali nivTierebebi
maTTvis damaxasiaTebel fiziologiur da
fsiqologiur gavlenas; garda amisa, SevexebiT
nivTierebebis borotad gamoyenebis pirovnul
da socialur Sedegebs.
cnobierebis yvelaze fundamentur cvli-
lebebs iwvevs nivTierebebi, romlebic halu-
cinogenebis an fsiqodelikebis saxeliT aris
cnobili. es nivTierebebi cvlis rogorc ga-
regani samyaros, ise Sinagani cnobierebis aRqmas.
rogorc dasaxelebidan Cans, es nivTierebebi
xSirad iwveven halucinaciebs da `me~-sa da
`ara me~-s Soris sazRvrebis gaqrobas. oTxi
yvelaze cnobili halucinogenia meskalini
(miiReba kaqtusisgan), fsilocibini (miiReba
sokosgan) da LSD da PCP (sinTezirdeba
laboratoriebSi). PCP, anu angelozis mtveri,
iwvevs gansakuTrebulad ucnaur disociaciur
reaqciebs, romlis drosac adamians ekargeba
tkivilis SegrZneba, ibneva da garSemo arsebuli
sinamdvilisgan gamocalkevebulad grZnobs Tavs.
halucinogenuri nivTierebebi moqmedeben tvinSi
specifikur receptorul ubnebze, qimiur neiro-
transmiterze _ serotoninze (Aghajanian & Marek,
1993).
kanafi fsiqoaqtiuri efeqtis mqone mcenarea.
misi aqtiuri ingredientia THC, romelic
napovnia rogorc haSiSsa (mcenaris dafxvnili
fisi) da, aseve, marixuanaSi (mcenaris gamxmari
foTlebi da yvavilebi). THC-s SesunTqviT
gamowveuli gancdebis buneba damokidebulia
dozirebaze: mcire dozebi iwvevs msubuq, sa-
siamovno gabruebas, didi dozebi ki _ xangrZliv
halucinogenur reaqciebs. regularuli gamo-
yenebis SemTxvevaSi aRiniSneba eiforia, kargad
yofnis gancda, sivrcisa da drois aRqmis rRveva
da, ra Tqma unda, sxeulidan gasvlis gancdebi.
Tumca, konteqstidan gamomdinare, SesaZloa
negatiur efeqtsac hqondes adgili _ SiSi, SfoTva
da dabneuloba. mkvlevrebma wlebis manZilze
icodnen, rom kanafinoidebi, marixuanas aqtiuri
qimiuri naerTebi, Semakaveblad moqmedebs tvinis
specifikur receptorebze; es kanafinoiduri
receptorebi hipokampSi, anu mexsierebaze pasuxis-
mgebel Tavis tvinis ubnebSia ganlagebuli.
mxolod bolo aTwleulSi iqna nakvlevi axlad
aRmoCenili anandamidi _ neirotransmiteri,
romelic, aseve, Semakavebel efeqts axdens igive
receptorebze (Di Marzo et al., 1994; Staht, 1998). ami-
tomac aRweven kanafinoidebi cnobierebis Semcv-
lel efeqts anandamidisadmi (tvinSi bunebrivad
arsebuli nivTierebisadmi) mgrZnobiare tvinis
cnobierebebis Semcvleli mdgomareobebi
ubnebze. garda amisa, mecnierebma aRmoaCines,
rom Sokoladi Seicavs nivTierebas, romelic
gavlenas axdens tvinis mier anandamidis mox-
marebaze (di Tomaso et al., 1996) Sokoladis
molekulebma SeiZleba Seakavos kanafinoiduri
receptorebi an zemoqmedeba moaxdinos nervuli
reaqciebis zomaze. es molekulebi ar aris aR-
moCenili TeTr SokoladSi, riTac SeiZleba
avxsnaT is faqti, rom adamianebs ufro xSirad
undebaT rZisa da Savi Sokoladi.
opiatebi, rogoricaa heroini da morfini,
Trgunavs fizikur mgrZnobelobasa da gamRizia-
neblebze sapasuxo reaqciebs. heroinis intra-
venuri miRebis Tavdapirveli efeqtia siamov-
nebaSi gadaSveba _ yvela safiqralisa da sxeu-
lebrivi moTxovnebis gacnobierebis adgils ei-
foriis grZnoba ikavebs. heroinis moxmareba 217
 cxrili
6.1
fsiqoaqtiuri nivTierebebi: samedicino gamoyeneba, xangrZlivoba da
damokidebuleba
efeqtis damokidebuleba
samedicino gamoyeneba xangrZlivoba
(saaTebSi) fsiqologiuri fiziologiuri
opiatebi (narkotikebi)
morfini tkivilgamayuCebeli 3-6 maRali maRali
heroini kvlevis procesSi 3-6 maRali maRali
kodeini tkivilgamayuCebeli,
xvelis aRmkveTi 3-6 zomieri zomieri
haluciogeni
LSD ara 8-12 ara ar aris cnobili
PCP (penciklidini) veterinaruli
anesTetiki varirebs ar aris cnobili maRali
meskalini (peioti) ara 8-12 ara ar aris cnobili
fsilocibini ara 4-6 ar aris cnobili ar aris cnobili
kanafi (marixuana) qimioTerapiis
Tanmxlebi gulisrevis
aRmkveTi 2-4 msubuqad zomieri ar aris cnobili
depresantebi
barbituratebi sedatiuri, Zilis
(magaliTad, wamali, anesTetiki,
seqonali) antikonvulsanti 1-16 zomierad maRali zomierad maRali
benzodiazepini SfoTvis Semamcire-
(magaliTad, valiumi) beli, sedatiuri,
Zilis wamali,
antikonvulsanti 4-8 msubuqad zomieri msubuqad zomieri
alkoholi antiseptiki 1-5 zomieri zomieri
Tavi 6 / goneba, cnobiereba da Secvlili mdgomareobebi

stimulatorebi
amfetamini hiperkinezia, narko-
lefsia, wonis kon-
troli 2-4 maRali maRali
kokaini ara 1-2 maRali maRali
nikotini nikotinis saReWi
rezini mowevisTvis
Tavis dasanebeblad varirebs msubuqad maRali zomierad maRali
kofeini wonis kontroli,
stimulanti mwvave
respiratoruli
sirTuleebisas,
analgetiki 4-5 ar aris cnobili zomieri

xSirad iwvevs miCvevas. me-3 TavSi aRvniSneT,
rom tvini Seicavs endorfinebs (endogenur
morfinebs), romelic mZlavr zegavlenas axdens
guneba-ganwyobilebaze, tkivilsa da siamovnebis
gancdaze. opiumisa da morfinis msgavsi nar-
kotikebi tvinis igive receptorul ubnebs
ikavebs (Harrison et al., 1998; Reisine, 1995). amrigad,
opiatebi da marixuana (rogorc zemoT aRiniSna)
imitom aRweven maTTvis damaxasiaTebel efeqtebs,
218 rom isini Seicaven iseT aqtiur komponentebs,
romelic tvinSi bunebrivad arsebuli niv-
Tierebebis msgavsi qimiuri TvisebebiT xasiaT-
deba. rodesac nervuli receptorebi xelovnulad
stimulirdeba cnobierebis Semcvleli nivTie-
rebebiT, tvini kargavs faqiz balanss.
depresantebSi Sedis barbituratebi da,
gansakuTrebiT AaRsaniSnavia, alkoholi. am
nivTierebebs axasiaTebT gonebrivi da fizikuri
aqtivobis daTrgunva (Seneleba) centralur
nervul sistemaSi nervuli impulsebis gadacemis

Sekavebis an Semcirebis saSualebiT. depresan-
tebis moqmedebis efeqti, nawilobriv, miiRweva
sinafsebSi nervuli komunikaciisTvis xelis
SewyobiT, sadac gamoiyeneba GABA neirotras-
miteri (Dehaney & Sah, 1999; Malizia & Nutt, 1995). GABA
xSirad nervuli gadacemebis Semakaveblis fun-
qcias asrulebs, riTac aixsneba depresantebis
Semakavebeli efeqtebi. barbituratebi Zalze
saxifaTo SeiZleba iyos. 15-wlian kvlevaSi
gamovlinda, rom narkotikebis dozis gadametebis
SemTxvevaTa daaxloebiT naxevari barbitu-
ratebze modioda (Howard, 1984). yvelaze xSirad
daniSvnadi depresantebi, rogoricaa valiumi
da qsanaqsi, mniSvnelovanwilad xasiaTdeba
miCvevis ganviTarebis SesaZleblobiT (Miller, 1999).
alkoholi iyo erT-erTi pirveli fsiqo-
aqtiuri nivTiereba, romelic farTod gamoiye-
neboda uxsovari droidan. misi gavlenis qveS
myofi adamianebi sulelebi, xmaurianebi, megob-
rulebi da enawylianebi xdebian; zogierTi
maTgani agresiuli da moZalade xdeba, zogi ki
iTrguneba da depresiul gancdebSi iZireba.
mkvlevrebma dRemde ar ician, Tu konkretulad
rogor moqmedebs alkoholi tvinze, Tumca, sxva
depresantebis msgavsad, rogorc Cans, isic
zemoqmedebs GABA-s aqtivobaze (De Witte, 1996).
mcire dozis SemTxvevaSi alkoholma SeiZleba
gamoiwvios relaqsacia da mozrdilTa reaq-
ciebis siswrafis mcired gaumjobeseba, Tumca,
organizms mxolod mcire odenobis alkoholTan
SeuZlia gamklaveba. didi raodenobiT alkoholi
xanmokle periodSi iwvevs centraluri nervuli
sistemis gadatvirTvas. avtosagzao da ubeduri
SemTxvevebi 6-jer ufro xSiria adamianebTan,
romelTa sisxlSic 0,10% alkoholis Semcve-
lobaa, vidre maTTan, visTanac es maCvenebeli
2-jer naklebia. alkoholuri intoqsikaciis
meore Sedegi, romelsac wvlili Seaqvs ubedur
SemTxvevebSi, Tvalis gugebis gafarToebaa, rasac
Tan sdevs RamiT xedvis problemebi. rodesac
sisxlSi alkoholis Semcveloba 0,15% aRwevs,
adgili aqvs momatebul negatiur zemoqmedebas
azrovnebaze, mexsierebasa da gansjis unarze,
rasac Tan axlavs emociuri arastabiluroba
da motoruli koordinaciis rRveva.
alkoholis moxmareba umTavresi socialuri
problemaa aSS-Si. alkoholTan dakavSirebuli
avtokatastrofebi 15-25 wlis adamianTa sikv-
dilianobis wamyvani mizezia. rodesac smis
raodenoba da sixSire zemoqmedebs samsaxurze,
auaresebs socialur da ojaxur urTierTobebs
da seriozul problemebs uqmnis janmrTelobas.
aseTi viTarebis Sesatyvisi diagnozia alko-
holizmi. fizikuri damokidebuloba, toleran-
toba da miCveva _ es yvelaferi xangrZlivi
intensiuri smis fonze viTardeba. zogierTi
individisTvis alkoholizmi smaze uaris Tqmis
cnobierebebis Secvlili mdgomareobebi
unaris arqonasTan asocirdeba; zogierTisTvis
ki, alkoholizmi gamoixateba ramodenime Wiqis
Semdeg smis SeCerebis unaris arqonaSi. 1998
wels Catarebuli gamokiTxvis monacemebis
Tanaxmad, 18-25 wlis respodentTa 13,8%-s aRe-
niSneboda intensiuri sma, anu isini svamdnen 5
da met Wiqas erT jerze/dalevaze yovel xuT
an met dReSi erTxel erTi Tvis ganmavlobaSi
(SAMHSA, 1999), Tumca, yvela asakis respodentTa
saSualo maCvenebeli mamakacebTan (9,7%) gaci-
lebiT maRali iyo, vidre qalebTan (2,4%).
stimulatorebs, rogoricaa amfetamini da
kokaini, aRgznebisa da eiforiis mdgomareobis
gamowvevis mizniT iReben. stimulatorebi
moqmedeben tvinSi iseTi neirotrasmiterebis
donis momatebiT, rogoricaa norepinefrini,
serotonini da dopamini. magaliTad, stimula- 219
 torebi akaveben tvinSi im molekulebis moqme-
debas, romelTac, Cveulebriv, dopamini gamohyavs
sinafsebidan (Giros et al., 1996). kokainiT xangrZlivi
sargebloba iwvevs cvlilebebs tvinis siamov-
nebis gancdaze pasuxismgebel sistemaSi (Gawin,
1991). stimulatorebis zemoqmedeba sam sxvadasxva
efeqts iwvevs: momatebuli TviTdarwmunebuloba,
moWarbebuli energia da hiperaqtiuroba da
eiforiasTan miaxloebuli guneba-ganwyobileba.
intensiuri momxmareblebi ganicdian SemaSinebel
halucinaciebs da uviTardebaT rwmena imisa, rom
sxvebi maTTvis tkivilis miyenebas cdiloben.
am rwmenebs paranoidalur iluziebs uwodeben.
kokainis moxmarebis Tanmxleb gansakuTrebul
safrTxes eiforiul aRmafrenasa da Zalze
depresiul Cavardnebs Soris arsebuli kontrasti
qmnis. es garemoeba aiZulebs kokainis momxma-
reblebs, rom yovelgvari kontrolis gareSe
gazardon narkotikis moxmarebis sixSire da
dozebi. kokainis yvelaze sufTa formaa crack-i,
gansakuTrebiT damangreveli quCis narkotiki,
romelic swrafad abruebs da swrafadve kargavs
moqmedebis Zalas. vinaidan mcire odenobiT da
iafad iyideba, es nivTiereba yovelTvis xel-
misawvdomia Raribebisa da axalgazrdebisaTvis;
crack-i mraval socialur jgufs angrevs.
ori stimulatori, romelTac xSirad ar
Tavi 6 / goneba, cnobiereba da Secvlili mdgomareobebi
aRviqvamT fsiqoaqtiur nivTierebebad, aris
kofeini da nikotini. SeiZleba sakuTari gamoc-
dilebidan vicodeT, rom ori finjani magari
yava an Cai sakmarisi raodenobis kofeins Seicavs
imisaTvis, rom Rrma zegavlena moaxdinos gulze,
sisxlsa da cirkularul funqciebze da daZine-
basTan dakavSirebuli problemebi Segviqmnas.
TambaqoSi aRmoCenili qimiuri naerTi nikotini
sakmarisad Zlieri stimulatoria, romelsac
adgilobrivi amerikeli Samanebi maRali koncen-
traciiT iyenebdnen mistikuri mdgomareobebisa
da transis gamosawvevad; Tumca, zogierTi
Tanamedrove momxmareblisgan gansxvavebiT, maT
icodnen, rom nikotini miCvevas iwvevs da did
sifrTxiles iCendnen misi moxmarebisas. miCvevis
gamomwvevi sxva nivTierebebis msgavsad, nikotini
tvinSi bunebrivad gamomuSavebul qimiur
naerTebs hgavs. kvlevebiT dadgenilia tvinis
moqmedebis is regionebi, romelic pasuxismge-
belia nikotinsa da kokainze miCvevis ganviTare-
baze (Pich et al., 1997). nikotinSi Semavali qimiuri
220 naerTebi im receptorebis stimulirebas axdens,
romelic Tavs kargad gvagrZnobinebs raime
kargis/sworad gakeTebis Semdeg; rac gvagrZno-
binebs, rom yvelaferi wesrigSia _ fenomeni,
romelic xels uwyobs gadarCenas. samwuxarod,
nikotini tvinis igive receptorebs aRizianebs,
romelic gvatyobinebs, rom yvelaferi kargadaa,
roca veweviT, Tumca, realurad es ase ar aris.
nikotinis mier janmrTelobaze uaryofiTi
zemoqmedeba mTlianobaSi didad aRemateba yvela
sxva fsiqoaqtiuri nivTierebis zemoqmedebas
erTad, heroinis, kokainisa da alkoholis CaT-
vliT. sazogadoebrivi janmrTelobis samsaxuris
monacemebis Tanaxmad, weliwadSi 400 000
sikvdili sigaretis mizeziT xdeba. miuxedavad
imisa, rom moweva Seuqcevadi avadmyofobisa da
sikvdilis mTavari mizezia, is legalizebulia
da yovelwliurad milionebi ixarjeba sigaretis
reklamirebaze. 60 mln amerikeli jer kidev
mwevelia, Tumca, mowevis sawinaaRmdego
kampaniebi garkveul Sedegs aRwevs da mcirdeba
mwevelTa saerTo raodenoba (SAMHSA, 1995).
yovelwliurad 2,1 milioni adamiani iwyebs
mowevas da maTi umravlesoba 18 welze naklebi
asakisaa. es, nawilobriv, warmatebuli sareklamo
kampaniis Sedegi SeiZleba iyos, romelic xSirad
swored axalgazrdobazea mimarTuli: mozardTa
Soris mwevelTa raodenobis mniSvnelovani
momateba mTeli rigi sareklamo kampaniebis
Sedegad moxda (Pierce & Gilpin, 1995).
es Tavi N.N-is SemTxvevis ganxilviT daviwyeT
da SevecadeT mis gamocdilebasTan Segvedarebina
warsulis mogonebisa da momavlis dagegmvis
Cveni unari. es magaliTi imis saCveneblad
warmovadgineT, Tu rogor badebs Cven mier
ganxorcielebuli sruliad Cveulebrivi aqti-
vobebi cnobierebis Sesaxeb zogierT saintereso
SekiTxvas: saidan modis Cveni azrebi? rogor
Cndeba isini? sad inaxeba es azrebi? axla ukve
viciT zogierTi Teoria, romelic pasuxs gascems
am kiTxvebs da viciT, rogor unda SevZloT am
TeoriaTa gadamowmeba. Cven vnaxeT, rom
cnobiereba, saboloo jamSi, saSualebas gvaZ-
levs, rom gvqondes mTeli rigi gamocdilebisa,
rac adamianad gvaqcevs.
aseve, ganvixileT cnobierebis ufro da ufro
naklebad Cveuli gamoyenebis SemTxvevebi. Cven
davsviT kiTxva: ratom arian adamianebi
ukmayofiloni yoveldRiuri Cveuli cnobie-
rebiT da ratom eZeben misi Secvlis mraval-
ferovan gzebs? Cveulebriv, ZiriTadi fokusi
arsebuli amocanebis mimdinare moTxovnebsa da
situaciebze gakeTda, Tumca, Cveni cnobierebis
realobidan gamomdinare, SezRudvebsac vac-
nobierebT; aseve, vacnobierebT, rom SezRudulia
Cveni gamocdilebis diapazoni da siRrme, rac
arsebuli potencialis srulad gamovlenis
SesaZleblobas gvarTmevs. drodadro, albaT,
sevda Segvipyrobs Cveuli realobis farglebs
miRma gaRwevis Zlieri survilis gamo da Cveuli
usafrTxo stabilurobis nacvlad Tavisuflebis
ganusazRvrelobas varCevT.
Sejameba
nebismieri kulturis warmomadgenlebi eZieben
cnobierebis Secvlis saSualebebs. dakvirvebadi
sizmrebis mqone adamianebi acnobiereben, rom
sZinavT da SeuZliaT sizmris dasasrulis kon-
trolireba. adamianebi erTmaneTisgan gansxvav-
debian imiT, Tu ramdenad eqvemdebarebian hip-
nozis zemoqmedebas. mkvlevrebi adareben nam-
dvilad hipnozirebuli adamianebisa da simu-
liantebis reaqciebs, raTa gaimijnos hipnozis
originaluri efeqti hipnotizioris gulis mosa-
gebad ganxorcielebuli qcevebisagan. hipnotizmi
gansakuTrebuli mZlavri teqnikaa tkivilis
Sasamcireblad. adamianebs xSirad aqvT „faruli
damkvirveblis~ gamocdileba, rac gulisxmobs
hipnozis zemoqmedebis qveS yofnisas movlenebis
farul, aracnobier aRqmas.
meditaciiT SesaZlebelia cnobierebis cvli-
lebebisa da sxva tipis kognituri winsvlis
ganxorcieleba. halucinaciebi warmoadgens
mkafio perceptul gamocdilebas garegani gam-
Rizianeblis ararsebobis pirobebSi. zogierTi
adamiani flobs religiur gamocdilebas, ro-
melic ar aris Cveulebrivi cnobierebis nawili.
cnobierebis Secvlis mizniT nivTierebebis,
rogorc eqstraordinaluri saSualebebis,
gamoyeneba xSirad saxifaToa, radganac arsebobs
albaToba miCvevis ganviTarebis da zogjer
sikvdilisac ki. narkotikebi centralur nervul
sistemaze neirotrasmiterebis stimulirebiT,
daTrgunviT an SecvliT zemoqmedeben.

sakvanZo
sakiTxebi
cnobierebis Sinaarsi
 cnobiereba gonebis Si-
naarsebis gacnobierebas,
maT Sesaxeb codnas war-
moadgens;
 arsebobs cnobierebis
sami done: (1) samyaros
bazisuri cnobiereba, (2)
gaazreba imisa, Tu ras
vacnobierebT da (3)
aracnobierisgan da cno-
bieri aRqmisgan;
 sakvlevi teqnikebi, ro-
goricaa xmamaRla fiqris
oqmebi da eqsperimentis
SerCeva cnobierebis Si-
naarsis Sesaswavlad gamo-
iyeneba.
cnobierebis
procesebs Soris arsebul
urTierTmimarTebas.
Zili da sizmari
cirkaduli ritmi asaxavs
biologiuri saaTis moq-
medebas;
Ramis Zilis ganmavlobaSi
icvleba Tavis tvinis aq-
tivobis paternebi. REM
sakvanZo sakiTxebi

funqciebi
TviTcnobiereba;
 cnobiereba gvexmareba ga- Zili xasiaTdeba Tvale-
 RviZili periodis cno- bis swrafi moZraobiT da
darCenaSi da gvaZlevs re-
bierebis Sinaarsi gan- Tanxvdeba mkafio sizmre-
alobis pirovnuli da
sxvavdeba aracnobieri bis periods. mTliani Zi-
kulturuli konstruq-
procesebisgan, winare-
tebis Seqmnis SesaZleb- lis daaxloebiT 1/4 REM
cnobieri mexsierebisgan, Zilia 4-5 calkeuli pe-
lobas;
yuradRebis miRma dar-
 mkvlevrebi swavloben riodis ganmavlobaSi;
Cenili informaciisgan,
cnobier da aracnobier
221
221
 Zilis raodenoba da REM TierebaTa ricxvSi Sedis:
da NREM Zilis Tanafar- cnobierebis Secvli- halucinogenebi, opiatebi,
doba asakTan erTad ic- li mdgomareobebi depresantebi da stimula-
vleba;  dakvirvebadi sizmrebi torebi.
REM da NREM Zili sxva- aris gacnobiereba imisa,
dasxva funqciebs emsa- rom sizmars vxedavT da
xureba, Senaxvisa da aR-
ZiriTadi sakiTxebi
mimarTulia sizmris kon-
dgenis CaTvliT; aracnobieri
trolze.
Zilis darRvevebi, ro- hipnozi cnobierebis Sec-
gamocdilebis SerCevis
goricaa insomnia, narko- meTodi
vlili mdgomareobaa, ro-
lefsia da Zilis apnoe dakvirvebadi sizmrebi
melic xasiaTdeba STago-
uaryofiT gavlenas ax- dRis Zilianoba
nebaze reaqciis saxiT hip-
dens dRis manZilze ada- Tvalebis swrafi
notizirebuli adamianebis
mianis funqcionirebis moZraobiT Zili (REM)
aRqmis, mexsierebis, mo-
unarze. dRis Zilianoba, Tvalebis swrafi
tivaciisa da TviTkontro-
aseve, farTod gavrce- moZraobis gareSe Zili
lis SecvliT.
(NREM)
lebuli seriozuli prob- meditacia cvlis cnobier
lemaa; TviTcnobiereba
funqcionirebas ritualu-
froidi Tvlida, rom ri praqtikis saSualebiT,
insomnia
sizmrebis Sinaarsi ara- meditacia
romelic garegani saz-
cnobieri masalaa, romel- midrekileba
runavebidan Sinagan gamoc-
mac gaiara sizmris cen- narkolefsia
dilebaze gadaanacvlebs
zura; sizmris muSaoba
yuradRebas.
sxva kulturebSi sizmre-  halucinaciebi naTeli aR-
tolerantoba
bis interpretacia regu- faruli Sinaarsi
qmaa, romelic Cndeba obi-
larulad xdeba da amas fsiqoaqtiuri nivTierebebi
eqturi gamRizianeblebis
gansakuTrebuli kultu- fsiqologiuri
ararsebobis pirobebSi.
damokidebuleba
ruli rolis mqone ada- zogierT kulturul jguf-
mianebi axorcieleben. in- SeTanxmebuli validizacia
Si adamianebi intensiur re-
terpretacia momavlis wi- cirkaduli ritmi
ligiur gamocdilebas ga-
cnobiereba
Tavi 6 / goneba, cnobiereba da Secvlili mdgomareobebi

naswarmetyvelebis fun- nicdian.

winarecnobieri mexsiereba
qcias emsaxureba. fsiqoaqtiuri nivTiere-
sizmris zogierTi Teo- bebi, cvlian ra nervuli
Zili apnoe
ria maTi wyaroebis bio- xiluli Sinaarsi
sistemis aqtivobas, zemoq-
logiur warmomavlobaze xmamaRla fiqris oqmi
medeben mentalur proce-
amaxvilebs yuradRebas, halucinaciebi
sebze cnobierebis droe-
Tumca, es Teoriebi sru- hipnobiluroba
biTi SecvliT.
hipnozi
lad ar Tanxvdeba siz- cnobierebis cvlilebebis
mris Sinaarsebs. gamomwvev fsiqoaqtiur niv-

222
222
daswavla da qceviTi analizi

7
daswavlis unaris kvleva
• ra aris daswavla
• biheviorizmi da
bihevioraluri
analizi

klasikuri ganpiro-
bebuloba
• pavlovis saocari
dakvirvebebi
• ganpirobebulobis
procesi
• SeZena
• klasikuri ganpiro-
bebulobis gamoyeneba
operantuli
ganpirobebuloba:
swavleba Sedegebis Sesaxeb
• efeqtis kanoni
• qcevis eqsperi-
mentuli analizi
• pirobiTi ganmtkiceba
• ganmamtkicebelTa
Tvisebebi
• ganmamtkicebelTa
cxrilebi
• qcevis formireba
(Seipingi)
fsiqologia Cvens
cxovrebaSi: afuWebs Tu
ara bavSvs dausjeloba

biologia da daswavla
• instinqturi swrafva
• gemos aversiiT
daswavla

kogniciis gavlena daswav-

laze
• cxovelTa kognicia
• dakvirvebiT daswav-
la
sakvanZo sakiTxebi
• ZiriTadi cnebebi
223
 T avis wignSi _ „jadoqari loren-
co~ _ mwerali robert franklin
lesli daSavebuli cisferi Cxik-
vis, lorencos Tavgadasavals aRwers, romelic
leslis ojaxis stumari gaxldaT. stumrobis
epizodSi lorenco iseT rames swavlobs, rac
bevri TqvenganisaTvis SeiZleba nacnobi iyos:
rodesac lorencom miaRwia im asaks,
romelsac Cven mozrdilobas veZaxiT, didi
dResaswauli movawyveT da misi megobari
adamianebi moviwvieT. erTma Cemma megobarma
am dResaswauls „Cxikvis bari micva~ (Bar
Mitzvah) uwoda. sufra savse iyo lorencos
sayvareli kerZebiT, rasac davumateT Rvino,
funTuSa da Sebolili oraguli. wveulebis
bolos leam (leslis meuRlem) lorenco
samzareuloSi Rvinis Wiqebis narCenebTan
miyuJuli aRmoaCina. mis Zaxilze yvela
stumari saswrafod Secvivda samzareuloSi,
raTa sakuTari TvaliT enaxa danis saxe-
lurze mofarTxale Citi. misi mTvrali
Wyipini kasetis Senelebuli CanaweriviT
Tavi 7 / daswavla da qceviTi analizi
JRerda. ukan gaCoCebuli, is TaviT Cavarda
samzareulos niJaraSi, romelic naxevrad
savse iyo WurWlis sarecxi siTxiT. rodesac
am sabediswero SemTxvevis Semdeg ratom
erideba lorenco Rvinos? pasuxi, romelic
savaraudod gvafiqrdeba, isaa, rom man axali
asociacia daiswavla – leslis sityvebiT, man
„praqtikuli codna SeiZina~, romelic SeiZleba
kidev araerTxel gamoiyenos cxovrebis manZilze.
dameTanxmebiT, STambeWdavia, Tu rogor iswavla
lorencom Wkua da dainteresdebiT kidec, ra
meqanizmiT moxda es. rogor aiTvisa lorencom
224 es axali asociacia ase advilad? igive war-
onkanis qveS meWira, man raRac „amoilu-
RluRa~ da fexebis rtyma daiwyo.
me is linoleumian iatakze gadmovsvi,
vinaidan sveli frTebiT gadmofrenis
uflebas ver mivcemdi. leam mas win sarke
daudo, raTa lorencos kargad daenaxa, Tu
rogor gamoiyureboda. es is gamadidebeli
sarke iyo, romelsac mamakacebi maSin
iyeneben, rodesac ulvaSebs iWrian. Cvenma
damwuxrebulma lorencom iribad gaxeda
sarkes Tavisi damZimebuli quTuToebidan,
waibarbaca da Senelebuli moZraobiT Zirs
daemxo. mas Semdeg, rac saswrafod galiaSi
moaTavses, kidev ufro saSinlad gamoiyu-
reboda.
meore dilas erTic ar daukvnesia. Cvenma
TavgadasavlebiT aRsavse Citma axali praq-
tikuli codna SeiZina. veterinaris gamo-
Zaxebisa Semrcxva, amitom me da lea vuv-
lidiT nabaxusev frinvels.
mas Semdeg, lorencom samudamod Seaqcia
zurgi sasmels, miuxedavad dResaswaulebisa.
man im sakvebzec ki Tqva uari, romelic
RviniT mzaddeboda. misi TavSekaveba ar
iyo absurduli.
matebiT SegiZliaT sakuTar Tavs dausvaT
SekiTxva: rogor euflebiT axal asociaciebs?
fsiqologebi didi xania dainteresebulebi
arian ganpirobebulobiT, anu im meqanizmebiT,
romelTa saSualebiTac qceva da movlena
dakavSirebulia erTmaneTTan. winamdebare TavSi
ganpirobebuloba (conditioning) - gzebi, romliTac
movlenebi, stimulebi da qceva asocirdeba
erTmaneTTan.
ganixileba ganpirobebulobis ori ZiriTadi tipi:
klasikuri ganpirobebuloba da operantuli
ganpirobebuloba. TiToeuli maTgani organizmis
gansxvavebul reaqciasa da informaciis gada-
muSavebis formas warmoadgens. ganpirobebulobis
TiToeuli formisaTvis aRvwerT ara marto
ZiriTad meqanizmebs, romlebic mas marTaven
laboratoriis pirobebSi, aramed yoveldRiur
cxovrebaSi misi gamoyenebis magaliTebsac.
sanam ganpirobebulobis am formebs ganvixi-
lavT, daswavlis fenomens evoluciuri pozi-
ciidan unda SevxedoT. daswavla, umetesad,
genetikuradaa CvenSi Cadebuli, iseve, rogorc
Cveni gamocdilebis sxva mravali aspeqti. ada-
mianebi, iseve, rogorc sxva organizmebi, memkvid-
reobiT iReben daswavlis unars. daswavlis
unarebi gansxvavdeba genetikuri kodis mixedviT.
iseT arsebebs, rogorebicaa qvewarmavlebi da cvlileba qcevaSi an qceviT
amfibiebi, daswavlis unari garemosTan urTi- potencialSi
erTobiT umtkicdebaT da swavloben kidec cotas.
aSkaraa, rom daswavlis procesi maSin SeiZ-
maTi gadarCena damokidebulia iseT garemoSi
leba CaiTvalos ganxorcielebulad, rodesac
cxovrebaze, sadac maTi Tandayolili unarebiT,
Sedegi gvaqvs saxeze, magaliTad, SegiZliaT
upasuxon garemos ama Tu im movlenas, isini an
manqanis marTva an mikrotalRovani Rumelis gamo-
iReben imas, rac sWirdebaT, an ganeridebian arasa-
yeneba. SeuZlebelia, davakvirdeT uSualod
survels.. sxva cxovelebSi, adamianebis CaTvliT,
daswavlis process, radgan, Cveulebriv, am proce-
genebs gacilebiT ufro mcire roli aqvT garemo-
siT gamowveuli cvlilebebi tvinSi ar Cans,
qcevis urTierTqmedebis ganpirobebaSi da gaci-
magram daswavlis procesis arseboba aSkara xdeba
lebiT elastiuri da variabiluria daswavlasTan
qcevis ganmtkicebiT. Tumca, miuxedavad amisa,
mimarTebaSi. cxovelebs SeswevT unari, daiswav-
xSirad qcevaSi ar vlindeba, rac naswavlia.
lon imis mixedviT, Tu rogor icvleba garemo
xSirad, agreTve, adamians aqvs zogadi ganwyobebi,
maTi qcevis, moqmedebis Sedegad. ar unda
magaliTad, damokidebuleba Tanamedrove xelov-
dagvaviwydes, rom genetikurad mxolod daswavlis
nebisadmi an aRmosavluri filosofiis codna,
unars viRebT. rogor moxdeba am unaris reali-
rac ar vlindeba gazomvad moqmedebebSi. aseT
zacia, es genebze ukve aRaraa damokidebuli.
SemTxvevebSi, miRweulia potencia qceviTi cvli-
lebisaTvis, radgan naswavlia damokidebuleba
da Rirebulebebi, romlebic gavlenas axdenen
daswavlis unaris kvleva im literaturis SerCevaze, rasac adamiani kiTxu-
daswavlis unaris kvleva

lobs, agreTve, Tavisufali drois gatarebis

formaze. esaa saxecvlili daswavlis magaliTi
am kvlevis dasawyebad saWiroa, upirvelesad,
– sxvaoba naswavlsa da qcevaSi gamoxatuls Soris.
ganvsazRvroT daswavlis cneba.

SedarebiT mudmivi cvlileba

ra aris daswavla
daswavla aris procesi, romlis Sedegadac
viRebT SedarebiT stabilur, mudmiv cvlilebas
qcevaSi an qcevis potencialSi da romelic damya-
rebulia gamocdilebaze. Tumca, am gansazRvrebaSi
gamoiyofa sami kritikuli nawili.
imisaTvis, rom aRvweroT, rogorc naswavli,
daswavlili qceva an qceviTi potenciali unda
iyos stabiluri da mudmivi sxvadasxva SemTxve-
vaSi. magaliTad, Tu erTxel viswavleT curva,
yvela SemTxvevaSi SevZlebT am codnis gamoye-
nebas, viqnebiT zRvaze Tu sacurao auzze. aRsa- 225
 niSnavia, rom stabiluri cvlileba araa yovel-
Tvis mudmivi cvlileba. magaliTad, SeiZleba
gavxdeT badros sakmaod kargi mtyorcneli mo-
cemuli droisaTvis, magram Tuki Tavs davanebebT
am sports, gansazRvruli drois Semdeg SevniS-
navT, rom ise kargad veRar vflobT mas, Tumca,
xelaxla swavlis SemTxvevaSi igrZnoba is siadvi-
le, romliTac daswavla xdeba, TiTqos codnis
raRac nawili Senaxulia warsuli gamocdilebis
Sedegad. am konteqstSi cvlileba SeiZleba
mudmivi iyos.

gamocdilebaze dafuZnebuli procesi

daswavla mxolod gamocdilebiT SeiZleba.
gamocdileba gulisxmobs informaciis miRebas
(Sefasebas da transformacias) da reagirebas,
rac gavlenas axdens garemoze. daswavla Sedgeba
bilia, rogorc biheviorizmi. daaxloebiT 50
mexsierebis gakveTilebis Sedegad aRmocenebuli
wlis manZilze amerikul fsiqologiaSi domi-
sapasuxo reaqciisagan. naswavli qceva ar gulis-
nirebda bihevioristuli tradiciebi, romlebic
xmobs cvlilebas fizikuri momwifebis an tvinis
gamoxatuli iyo uotsonis mier 1919 wels ga-
ganviTarebis SemTxvevaSi, organizmis asakis mate-
mosul wignSi _ „fsiqologia bihevioristis
basTan erTad, agreTve, avadmyofobis an tvinis
gadmosaxedidan~. igi amtkicebda, rom intros-
dazianebis dros. zogierT xangrZliv cvlilebas
peqcia – adamianebis verbaluri moxsenebebi maTi
qcevaSi sWirdeba gamocdilebisa da momwifebis,
gancdebis, xatebisa da SegrZnebebis Sesaxeb, ar
mzadyofnis kombinacia. magaliTad, warmovid-
iyo misaRebi saSualeba qcevis Sesaswavlad,
ginoT skala, romelzec asaxulia, ra asakSi
rogorc zedmetad subieqturi meTodi. rogor
iwyebs bavSvi tualetis damoukideblad gamoye-
unda ganesazRvraT mecnierebs aseTi TviTdak-
nebas. yovelgvari cda am Cvevis daswavlisa im
virvebebis sizuste? magram Tuki introspeqcia
asakamde, romelSic kanonzomieria am unaris
uaryofilia, raRa iqneboda fsiqologiis sagani?
SemuSaveba, anu sanam bavSvi sakmarisad ar ganvi-
uotsonis pasuxi am kiTxvaze iyo dakvirvebadi
Tardeba, amao iqneba. fsiqologebi gansakuTrebiT
qceva. misi sityvebiT: „cnobierebis mdgomare-
dainteresebulebi arian imiT, Tu qcevis ra
obebi, egreT wodebuli spiritualizmis feno-
aspeqtebi SeiZleba Seicvalos da ra meqaniz-
Tavi 7 / daswavla da qceviTi analizi

meni, araa obieqturad gansazRvradi da am mizeziT

mebiT SeiZleba ganxorcieldes es cvlilebebi.
biheviorizmi da bihevioraluri
analizi
Tanamedrove fsiqologiaSi daswavlis Teo-
riebis didi nawili saTaves jon uotsonis
(John Watson, 1878 -1958) Sromebidan iRebs. uotsonma
daaarsa fsiqologiuri skola, romelic cno-
daswavla (Learning) - gamocdilebaze damyarebuli
procesi, romlis drosac SedarebiT mudmivad
icvleba qceva an qceviTi potenciali.
daswavla-gamovlenis gansxvaveba (Learning-Perfor-
mance distinction) - gansxvaveba imisa, Tu ra iyo
226 daswavlili da ra gamomJRavnda qcevaSi.
verasodes gaxdeba monacemi mecnierebisaTvis~
(Watson, 1919, gv. 1). uotsonma, aseve, gansazRvra
fsiqologiis ZiriTadi mizani, rogorc „qcevis
kontroli da prognozi~ (Watson, 1913, gv. 158).
skinerma (B.F. Skinner, 1904-1990) ufro ganavrco
uotsonis ideebi. misi pozicia cnobilia, ro-
gorc radikaluri biheviorizmi. man aRiara, rom
evoluciis Sedegad yoveli saxeoba aRWurvilia
qcevaTa gansazRvruli paternebiT. Tavis yvelaze
popularul wignSi _ „Tavisuflebisa da
Rirsebis miRma~ (1972) _ igi amtkicebs, rom am
paternebis miRma arsebuli yvela saxis qceva
ganxilul unda iqnes, rogorc daswavlis mar-
tivi formebi.
 skinerma wamoiwyo kvleva, romelic miiyvanda
mas am poziciis formulirebamde. 1924 wels
gamosuli uotsonis wignis _ „biheviorizmis~
_ wakiTxvis Semdeg skineri swavlas agrZelebs
harvardSi. igi eTanxmeba uotsons Sinagani
mdgomareobebisa da fsiqikuri movlenebis ar-
arsebobaSi, Tumca, aqcents ufro metad akeTebs
ara maTi, rogorc monacemebis, gamoyenebis
SeuZleblobaze, aramed maT, rogorc qcevis
gamomwvevi mizezebis ararsebobaze (Skinner, 1990).
sxva sityvebiT, igi Tvlis, rom fsiqikuri
movlenebi, rogorebicaa azrovneba da warmosaxva,
ar iwveven qcevas, metic, isini, Tavis mxriv,
ganixilebian, rogorc qcevis formebi, romlebic
garemo stimuliTaa ganpirobebuli. magaliTad,
vaSimSiloT mtredi 24 saaTis ganmavlobaSi;
movaTavsoT mowyobilobaSi, sadac mas SeuZlia,
niskartis patara diskze dakakunebiT moipovos
sakvebi. aRmovaCenT, rom is swored ase akeTebs.
skineri am SemTxvevaSi daasabuTebda, rom mtredis
qceva ganpirobebulia garemo movlenebiT –
SimSiliT da sakvebis, rogorc ganmamtkiceblis,
gamoyenebiT. SimSilis subieqturi gancda,
romlis pirdapir Seswavla an gazomva ar
SeiZleba, ar aris am qcevis mizezi, es qceva
mxolod deprivaciis Sedegia. amitom arafris
mTqmelia imis daskvna, rom mtredma SimSilis
an sakvebis mopovebis surviliT daiwyo diskze
kakuni. imisaTvis, rom avxsnaT, ras akeTebs si-
namdvileSi mtredi, ar aris saWiro misi Sinagani
fsiqologiuri mdgomareobis garkveva. saWiroa,
ubralod, gavecnoT daswavlis martiv princi-
pebs, romlebic saSualebas aZlevs mtreds, aso-
ciacia daamyaros qcevasa da jildos Soris.
esaa skineris biheviorizmis sakvanZo wertili
(Delprato & Midgley, 1992).
swored es Sexeduleba daedo safuZvlad
bihevioralur analizs, fsiqologiis im sferos,
romelic aqcents daswavlisa da qcevis garemo
determinantebis aRmoCenaze akeTebs (Grant Evans,
1994). sazogadod, bihevioraluri analizi
cdilobs imis damtkicebas, rom adamianuri
buneba SeiZleba sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebis
bihevioraluri analizi (Behavioral Analysis) - fsi-
qologiis ganxra, romelic yuradRebas daswav-
lisa da qcevis garemo determinantebze amax-
vilebs.
meTodebisa da sferos gafarToebiT SeviswavloT.
amocana isaa, rom aRmoaCinon universaluri
kanonzomierebebi, romlebic saerToa cxovelTa
yvela saxeobisaTvis, adamianebis CaTvliT.
mkvlevrebi askvnian, rom daswavlis procesi
yvela saxeobaSi gvxvdeba, ra Tqma unda, sxvadasxva
formiT, magram SenarCunebuli ZiriTadi maxa-
siaTeblebiT. amitom kvlevebi cxovelebze
xSirad xvdeboda kritikis qarcecxlSi. das-
wavlis kompleqsuri formebi martivi procesebis
kombinacias warmoadgenen. bihevioraluri ana-
lizi cdilobs aRmoaCinos is ZiriTadi prin-
cipebi, romelTa mixedviT adamianis qceva icv-
leba gamocdilebis Sesabamisad. ZiriTadi aq-
centi ki qcevasa da garemo movlenebs Soris
kavSirze keTdeba da ara _ qcevasa da fsiqikur
movlenebs Soris kavSirze.
Sejameba
daswavla aris procesi, romelic SedarebiT
mdgradi qcevis an qceviTi potencialis cvli-
lebidan momdinareobs da gamocdilebas emyareba.
qceviTi analizi amodis uotsonisa da skineris
Teoriebidan da yuradRebas amaxvilebs daswavlisa
da qcevis garemo determinantebze.
klasikuri ganpirobebuloba
warmoidgineT, rom kinoSi xarT da saSinele-
baTa films uyurebT. filmis gmiri daxurul
kars uaxlovdeba, musika iZabeba, Tqven ki giC-
ndebaT survili, iyviroT „ar Sexvide!~ amasobaSi
klasikuri ganpirobebuloba
aRmoaCenT, rom guliscema aCqarebuli gaqvT, SeiZ-
leba gaiofloT kidec, magram ratom? raRacna-
irad Tqvenma sxeulma iswavla fiziologiuri
reaqciis warmoSoba (guliscema), rodesac erTi
garemo movlena dakavSirebulia meoresTan (da-
Zabuli musika saSiS vizualur efeqtTan). am
tipis daswavla cnobilia, rogorc klasikuri
ganpirobebuloba, daswavlis ZiriTadi forma,
romelSic erTi stimuli an movlena gvamcnobs,
winaswarmetyvelebs sxva stimulis an movlenis
gamovlenas. organizmi swavlobs axal asociacias
or stimuls Soris – pirvelsa, romelic adre
ar iwvevda reaqcias, da meores Soris, romelmac 227
 gamoiwvia reaqcia. rogorc naxavT, Tqven gaqvT
Tandayolili unari, sxartad daawyviloT mov-
lenebi garemoSi asociaciis principiT, es ki
qceviTi midrekilebaa.
pavlovis saocari dakvirvebebi
klasikuri ganpirobebulobis pirvel radika-
lur kvlevas Tamamad SeiZleba ewodos fsiqolo-
giis yvelaze cnobili saswauli. rus fiziologs,
ivan pavlovs (1849-1936) miznad ar dausaxavs
klasikuri ganpirobebulobis, an sxva fizio-
loguri fenomenis kvleva. klasikur ganpirobe-
bulobas igi SemTxveviT, saWmlis momnelebeli
sistemis kvlevisas waawyda, risTvisac 1904 wels
nobelis premia miiRo.
pavlovs gamiznuli hqonda, gamoekvlia gada-
muSavebis procesi ZaRlebSi, maT jirkvlebsa da
saWmlis momnelebel organoebSi milebis CadgmiT
(ix. sur. 7.1). igi am teqnikiT gamoyofili sekretis
raodenobas gansazRvras da gaanalizebas SeZ-
Tavi 7 / daswavla da qceviTi analizi
daiwyo. aRmoCnda, rom nebismieri stimuli,
romelic sistematurad win uswrebda saWmlis
miRebas, nerwyvis gamoyofas iwvevda. sruliad
SemTxveviT, pavlovma aRmoaCina, rom daswavla
Sedegia erTmaneTTan asocirebuli ori sti-
mulisa.
pavlovSi, rogorc mecnierSi, am fenomenis
mimarT cnobismoyvareobam gaiRviZa. man arafrad
CaTvala im droisaTvis udidesi fiziologis,
ser Carlz Seringtonis rCeva, Tavi daenebebina
am suleluri axirebisaTvis. pavlovma miatova
Tavisi kvleva gadamuSavebis Sesaxeb da amiT
samudamod Secvala fsiqologiuri azrovnebis
mimarTuleba (Pavlov, 1928). mTeli darCenili
sicocxlis manZilze igi agrZelebda im cvla-
debis Zebnas, romlebic gavlenas axdenen kla-

lebda. sekreciis gamosawvevad pavlovis asis-

tenti ZaRls pirSi damuSavebul xorcs udebda.
es procedura meordeboda gansazRruli rao-
denobiT, ris Semdegac pavlovma aRmoaCina, rom
ZaRls nerwyvi gamoeyofoda manam, sanam mis pirSi
xorci moxvdeboda, ubralod saWmlis danaxvaze
da asistentis danaxvazec ki. metic, ZaRlma
nerwyvis gamoyofa ukve misi nabijebis xmazec
suraTi
7.1
klasikuri ganpirobebuloba (Classical Conditioning)
- daswavlis tipi, romelSic qceva (ganpirobebu-
pavlovis eqsperimenti
li reaqcia) gamowveulia stimuliT (ganpirobe-
buli stimuli), romelic, Tavis mxriv, gan- Tavis eqsperimentSi pavlovma gamoiyena sxvadasxva
mtkicebulia biologiurad mniSvnelovan sti- neitraluri stimuli: xmebi, zari, Suqi da metronomi.
mulTan asociaciis gamo (ganupirobebeli sti- eqsperimentatori iyenebda erT-erTs am stimulTagan
da sakvebs, nerwyvs agrovebdnen specialuri milis
228
muli).
saSualebiT.
sikurad ganpirobebul qcevaze. klasikuri gan-
pirobebuloba, agreTve, pavloviseul ganpiro-
bebulobad iwodeba, radgan ganpirobebulobis
fenomeni swored mis aRmoCenad iTvleba.
pavlovis mniSvnelovanma kvleviTma gamoc-
dilebam mas saSualeba misca, martivi strate-
giuli gegma aerCia, raTa ZaRlebSi nerwyvis
gamoyofa ganepirobebina. eqsperimentebSi ZaRli
sagangebo mowyobilobaSi iyo moTavsebuli, sadac
regularuli intervalebiT iRebda stimuls
zaris saxiT, ris Semdegac mas garkveuli
raodenobis sakvebi eZleoda. aRsaniSnavia, rom
ZaRlisaTvis aranairi kavSiri ar arsebobda zarsa
da sakvebs Soris. erTaderTi reaqcia zaris
pirvel gagebaze saorientacio refleqsi iyo –
ZaRlma yurebi dacqvita da Tavi miatriala xmis
wyaros dasadgenad. Tumca, zarisa da sakvebis
miwodebis ganmeorebiTma dawyvilebam gamoiwvia
saorientacio refleqsis Sewyveta da nerwyvis
gamoyofa.
fenomeni, rasac pavlovi Tavis adrindel
kvlevebSi akvirdeboda, SemTxveviTi ar iyo. is
SeiZleba kontrolirebuli pirobebiT yofiliyo
gamowveuli. imis dasamtkiceblad, rom es zogadi
efeqti iyo, pavlovma zaris garda gamoiyena
mravalnairi stimuli, rogoricaa: naTura, eJvani,
metronomi.
klasikuri ganpirobebulobis birTvad ref-
leqsebi unda CaiTvalos. refleqsi aris
dauswavleli pasuxi, reaqcia, magaliTad, nerwyvis
gamoyofa, Tvalebis xamxami da misTanani. yvela
refleqsi bunebrivadaa gamowveuli specifikuri
stimuliT, romelic biologiurad aqtualuria
organizmisaTvis. nebismier stimuls, romelic
bunebrivad iwvevs refleqsur qcevas, ganupiro-
bebeli stimuli ewodeba, radgan swavla araa
stimulis kontrolisaTvis aucilebeli piroba.
qceva, romelic gamowveulia ganupirobebeli
stimuliT, ganupirobebeli qcevaa.
tipuri, klasikuri ganpirobebulobis eqsperi-
mentSi (sur. 7.2) neitraluri stimuli, magaliTad,
sinaTle, zari da a.S., romelsac, Cveulebriv,
aranairi mniSvneloba ara aqvs refleqsuri
qcevisaTvis, meordeba wyvilSi ganupirobebel
stimulTan ise, rom ganupirobebeli stimuli
mohyveba neitralur stimuls. neitralur sti-
muls, magaliTad, zars, dawyvilebuls ganu-
pirobebel stimulTan, ewodeba ganpirobebuli
stimuli (CS), radgan misi Zala, gamoiwvios qceva,
damokidebulia ganupirobebel stimulTan
asociaciaze. ramdenime cdis Semdeg ganpirobebul
stimuls mohyveba reaqcia, romelsac ewodeba
ganpirobebuli reaqcia (CR). Zalian xSirad,
ganpirobebuli reaqcia hgavs ganupirobebel
reaqcias. magaliTad, pavlovis ZaRlebisaTvis
orive reaqcia nerwyvis gamoyofa iyo. Tumca,
zogierT SemTxvevaSi, ganpirobebuli reaqcia
bevrad gansxvavdeba ganupirobebeli reaqciisagan:
ganpirobebuli reaqcia warmoadgens nebismier
pasuxs, rac, Tavis mxriv, daswavlis Sedegia.
amgvarad, buneba uzrunvelgvyofs ganupi-
robebeli stimuli-reaqciiT, magram daswavla
klasikuri ganpirobebulobis meSveobiT ganpi-
robebuli stimuli-reaqciis kavSirs qmnis.
ganpirobebulobis procesi
rogor viRebT ganupirobebeli da ganpiro-
bebuli stimulebis damTxveviT klasikuri
ganpirobebulobis efeqts? ramdenad myifea
daswavla? ramdenad myaria asociaciebi? am TavSi
vupasuxebT im kiTxvebs, romlebic ibadeba cxo-
velTa saxeobebze Catarebuli sxvadasxva kvlevis
Sedegad.
refleqsi (Reflex) _ specifikuri stimuliT ga-
mowveuli dauswavleli pasuxi, romelsac bio-
logiuri mniSvneloba aqvs organizmisaTvis.
ganupirobebeli stimuli (Unconditioned stimulus)
_ klasikur ganpirobebulobaSi stimuli, ro-
melic iwvevs ganupirobebel reaqcias, pasuxs.
ganupirobebeli reaqcia (Unconditioned response)
_ klasikur ganpirobebulobaSi ganupirobebeli
stimulis mier gamowveuli reaqcia winaswari
varjiSis an daswavlis gareSe.
ganpirobebuli stimuli (Conditioned stimulus) _
klasikuri ganpirobebuloba
klasikur ganpirobebulobaSi aqamde neitraluri
stimuli, romelic iwvevs ganpirobebul reaq-
cias.
ganpirobebuli reaqcia (Conditioned response) _
klasikur ganpirobebulobaSi reaqcia, romelic
aRmocendeba aqamde neitraluri stimulis sa-
fuZvelze. es xdeba imis Sedegad, rom neit-
raluri stimuli Sewyvilebulia ganupirobebel
stimulTan.
SeZena (Acquisition) _ klasikuri ganpirobebu-
lobis eqsperimentis stadia, romlis drosac
ganpirobebuli reaqcia pirvelad aris gamow-
veuli ganpirobebuli stimuliT.
229
 suraTi
7.2

klasikuri ganpirobebulobis ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebi

ganpirobebulobis procesamde, ganupirobebeli stimuli (UCS) bunebrivad iwvevs ganupirobebel
reaqcias (UCS). neitralur stimuls ara aqvs gamomwvevi efeqti. ganpirobebulobis procesis dros
neitraluri stimuli wyvildeba ganupirobebel stimulTan. amgvari dawyvilebis Sedegad neitraluri
stimuli gadaiqceva ganpirobebul stimulad da ganpirobebul reaqcias iwvevs, romelic ganupirobebeli
reaqciis msgavsia.
Tavi 7 / daswavla da qceviTi analizi

SeZena da Caqroba unda gamovlindnen imisaTvis, rom organizmma

isini dakavSirebulad aRiqvas (am wesis gamonak-
ganupirobebeli da ganpirobebuli stimulebi,
liss mogvianebiT aRvwerT sxva TavSi gemos
saerTod, ramdenjermeE unda dawyvildes, vidre
aversiis daswavlasTan dakavSirebiT). mkvle-
ganpirobebuli stimuli ganpirobebul reaqcias
vrebma SeimuSaves oTxi droiTi paterni or
ar gamoiwvevs (sur. 7.3, nawili 1). ganupirobebeli
stimuls Soris, rogorc es naCvenebia suraTze
da ganpirobebuli stimulebis sistematuri
7.4 (Hearst, 1988). yvelaze farTod gavrcelebuli
dawyvilebiT, ganpirobebuli reaqcia aRmocen-
tipia Seferxebuli ganpirobebuloba, romelSic
deba mzardi sixSiriT da amitom SegviZlia
ganpirobebuli stimuli Cndeba da narCundeba
vTqvaT, rom organizmma SeiZina ganpirobebuli
manam, sanam ar gamovlindeba ganupirobebeli
reaqcia.
stimuli. kvalis ganpirobebulobaSi ganpirobe-
klasikur ganpirobebulobaSi, iseve, rogorc
buli stimuli Sewyvetilia, sanam gamovlindeba
kargi anekdotis moyolis dros, dro Zalian
ganupirobebeli stimuli. kvalSi igulisxmeba
mniSvnelovania. ganpirobebuli da ganupiro-
is gavlena Tu nakvalevi, rac SeiZleba organiz-
bebeli stimulebi droSi ukiduresad axlos
230 mze daetovebina ganpirobebul stimuls. Tan-

xvedril ganpirobebulobaSi orive stimuli
gamovlenilia erTdroulad, xolo, droSi gada-
weul ganpirobebulobaSi, ganpirobebuli sti-
muli gamovlenilia ganupirobeblis Semdeg.
ganpirobebuloba, Cveulebriv, yvelaze efeq-
turia Seferxebuli ganpirobebulobis para-
suraTi
7.4
ganpirobebuli da ganupirobebeli
stimulebis oTxi variacia droSi
mkvlevrebi daakvirdnen oTx SesaZlo droiT
ganawilebas ganpirobebul da ganupirobebel
stimulebs Soris. ganpirobebuloba yvelaze
efeqturia Seferxebul ganpirobebulobaSi
ganpirobebul da ganupirobebel stimulebs
Soris mcire intervaliT.
suraTi
7.3
SeZena, Caqroba da spontanuri
aRdgena klasikur
ganpirobebulobaSi
SeZenis dros (CS+UCS) ganpirobebuli
stimulis siZliere swrafad matulobs.
Caqrobis dros, roca ganupirobebeli
stimuli aRar moyveba ganpirobebul
stimuls, ganpirobebuli reaqciis siZ-
liere nulamde Camodis. ganpirobebulma
reaqciam SeiZleba Tavi iCinos mcire
Sesvenebis Semdeg, maSinac ki, roca ga-
nupirobebeli stimuli ar arsebobs.
ganpirobebuli reaqciis xelaxal gamo-
Cenas spontanuri aRdgena ewodeba.
digmaSi, anu mokle intervaliT or stimuls
Soris. Tumca, zusti dro, romelic saWiroa
ganpirobebulobis aRmocenebisaTvis, damoki-
debulia ramdenime faqtorze, magaliTad, ganpi-
robebuli stimulis intensivobasa da ganpi-
robebul reaqciaze. SevCerdeT ganpirobebul
reaqciaze. magaliTad, iseTi kunTuri reaqcii-
saTvis, rogoricaa Tvalebis xamxami, erTwamiani
an naklebi intervalia saukeTeso; visceraluri
reaqciebisaTvis, rogoricaa guliscema da
nerwyvis gamoyofa, intervali SeiZleba 10-15
wamamde gaizardos. ganpirobebuli SiSis aRmo-
cenebisaTvis ki saWiroa kidev ufro didi
intervali, wamebi da, zogjer, wuTebic ki.
ganpirobebuloba iSviaTad aRmocendeba
Tanxvedri an droSi gadaweuli procesebis dros.
droSi gadaweuli ganpirobebulobis aRmoceneba
SeiZleba ramdenime wyviluri gamovlinebis
Semdeg SevityoT, magram igi maleve qreba, radgan
cxoveli swavlobs, rom ganpirobebul stimuls
mohyveba ganupirobebeli stimuli. orive
SemTxvevaSi ganpirobebuloba sustia, radgan
klasikuri ganpirobebuloba
ganpirobebuli stimuli ar niSnavs ganupiro-
beblis aRmocenebas (winaswarmetyvelebisa da
SemTxveviTobis mniSvnelobas momdevno TavSi
davubrundebiT).
magram ra emarTeba ganpirobebul stimuls
(magaliTad, xmas), romelic aRar winaswar-
metyvelebs ganupirobebel stimuls (saWmlis
fxvnils). aseT garemoebaSi ganpirobebuli
reaqcia (nerwyvis gamoyofa) droTa ganmavlobaSi
sustdeba da TandaTan saerTod aRar vlindeba.
rodesac ganpirobebuli reaqcia saerTod aRar
231
 suraTi
7.5
stimulis ganzogadebis gradientebi
saSualo mwvaneze ganpirobebulobis aRmocenebis Semdeg subieqti reagirebs msgavsi Tvisebis
mqone stimulzec, rogorc es naCvenebia sqemis A nawilSi, sust generalizaciaSi. magram,
rodesac subieqts miewodeba ferebis ufro farTo speqtri, reaqciebi miT ufro sustdeba, rac
ufro Sorsaa miwodebuli feri sawyisi stimulisagan. ganzogadebis gradienti xdeba Zalian
Zlieri, rogorc es sqemis B nawilSia mocemuli. eqsperimentators SeuZlia ganzogadebis
gradientis Secvla subieqtisTvis diskriminaciuli wvrTnis Catarebis Semdeg. aseT SemTxvevaSi
saSualo mwvane stimuli dawyvildeboda ganupirobebel stimulTan.

vlindeba ganpirobebuli stimulis an ganupi- rodesac sawyisi dawyvileba aRdgenilia,

robebeli stimulis Semdeg, adgili aqvs Caqrobis
process (ix. sur. 7.3, nawili 2). ganpirobebuli
reaqciebis mudmivoba araa organizmis qceviTi
repertuaris ZiriTadi aspeqti; Tumca, ganpi-
robebulma reaqciam SeiZleba susti formiT
Segvaxsenos Tavi, Tuki ganpirobebuli stimuli
marto aRmocendeba (ix. sur. 7.3, nawili 3).
Tavi 7 / daswavla da qceviTi analizi
Caqrobis Semdeg, ganpirobebuli stimuli
sagrZnoblad Zlierdeba. es uecari daswavla
dakavSirebulia im maragTan, romelic pirvelad
daswavlam gamoiwvia da amitom amjerad naklebi
droa saWiro axali asociaciis asaTviseblad.
ase rom, zogierTma eqsperimentulma asociaciam

pavlovi am movlenas gansazRvruli drois Sem-

deg, ganupirobebeli stimulis eqspoziciis ga-
reSe swavlobda da mas spontanuri droebiTi
aRmoceneba uwoda.

Caqroba (Extinction) _ ganpirobebulobaSi, ganu-

pirobebeli stimulis an ganmamtkiceblis ara-
rsebobis Sedegad ganpirobebuli asociaciis
Sesusteba.
spontanuri aRdgena (Spontaneous recovery) _ Camqra-
li ganpirobebuli reaqciis xelaxali gamov-
lena garkveuli periodis Semdeg.
stimulis generalizeba (Stimulus generalization) _
ganpirobebuli stimulis avtomaturi gavrcoba
yvela im msgavs stimulze, romelic ar yofila
232 Sewyvilebuli ganupirobebel stimulTan.
SeiZleba Caqrobis Semdegac Seaxsenos organizms
Tavi. sxva sityvebiT, Caqrobam mxolod Seasusta
daswavlili asociaciis gamovlena da ara
saerTod amoSala mocemuli paterni. swored
amitom unda gavmijnoT daswavla da gamovlenis
xarisxi daswavlis sawyis ganmartebaSi.
stimulis ganzogadeba (generalizacia)
davuSvaT, ZaRlma iswavla, rom garkveuli
sixSiris zaris xma niSnavs sakvebis miRebas.
specifikuria Tu ara ZaRlis reaqcia mxolod
am stimulis mimarT? araa gasakviri, magram am
kiTxvis pasuxia „ara~. zogadad, radgan erTxel
gansazRvrulma ganpirobebulma stimulma gamo-
iwvia gansazRvruli ganpirobebuli reaqcia,
msgavsma stimulma SeiZleba imave warmatebiT
gamoiwvios msgavsi reaqcia. magaliTad, Tu
ganpirobebuloba dakavSirebuli iyo maRali
sixSiris mqone zarTan, dabali sixSirec gamo-
iwvevda ganpirobebul reaqcias. bavSvs, romelsac
ukbens didi ZaRli, am SemTxvevis Semdeg patara
ZaRlebisac SeeSindeba. am avtomatur dawyvilebas
stimulisa, romelic arasdros yofila dakav-
Sirebuli ganupirobebel reaqciasTan, stimulis
ganzogadeba ewodeba. rac ufro mimsgavsebulia
mocemuli stimuli sawyis ganpirobebul sti-
mulTan, miT ufro Zlieri iqneba reaqcia. ro-
desac reaqciis siZliere izomeba mocemul gan-
zomilebaSi yoveli SemTxvevisaTvis, cxadi xdeba
generalizaciis gradienti (ix. sur. 7.5).
generalizaciis gradientis arsebobam Tavad
unda gvikarnaxos klasikuri ganpirobebulobis
meqanizmi yoveldRiur gamocdilebaSi. radgan
mniSvnelovani stimuli bunebaSi iSviaTad
vlindeba zustad erTi da imave formiT, sti-
mulis ganzogadebis faqtori afarToebs daswav-
lis speqtrs sawyisi gamocdilebis miRmac. am-
gvarad, axali movlena SieZleba aRqmul iqnes,
rogorc imave Sinaarsis an qceviTi mniSvnelobis
mqone, miuxedavad aSkara gansxvavebebisa.
stimulis diskriminacia
zogierT garemoebaSi mniSvnelovania, rom
reaqcia mxolod stimulis mcire raodenobaze
aRmocendes. organizmma ar unda gadatvirTos
sakuTari Tavi imiT, rom yvelanairi cxovelisgan
garbodes, romelic namdvil mtacebels waagavs.
stimulis diskriminacia aris procesi, romlis
drosac organizmi swavlobs, gansxvavebuli
reaqcia moaxdinos erTi da imave saxis gan-
sxvavebul stimulebze (magaliTad, gansxvaveba
wyalsa da zeTs Soris). organizmis mier
stimulis diskriminaciis daswavla SeiZleba
eqsperimentuli procesiT, romlis drosac sxva-
dasxva intensivobis zaris SemTxvevaSi mxolod,
magaliTad, 1,200 herci sixSiris zars mohyveba
ganupirobebeli stimuli, xolo sxvebi mis
gareSe meordebian. ganpirobebulobis pirvel
etapze ganpirobebuli stimulis msgavsi sti-
muli msgavs reaqcias, Tumca arc ise Zliers,
warmoSobs. diskriminaciis treningis gagrZe-
lebasTan erTad reaqcia sxva msgavs stimulebze
iklebs. organizmi TandaTan swavlobs, romeli
stimuli moaswavebs ganupirobebel stimuls
da romeli _ ara.
organizmma rom qceva optimalurad, saWiro
drosa da adgilas gamoavlinos, unda arsebobdes
balansi stimulis diskriminaciasa da ganzoga-
debas Soris. ar aris saWiro, bevri dro daeTmos
stimulis diskriminacias; amasobaSi, SesaZloa
mtaceblis arseboba gamogvrCes da arc zedmeti
reaqciaa saWiro, raTa yvela Crdili ar gva-
Sinebdes. klasikuri ganpirobebuloba organizms
uzrunvelyofs meqanizmiT, romelic saSualebas
aZlevs am ukanasknels, Sesabamisad reagirebdes
garemos struqturebze (Garcia, 1990).
SeZena
am qveTavSi ufro vrclad ganvixilavT im
pirobebs, romlebic saWiroa klasikuri gan-
pirobebulobisaTvis. aqamde Cven klasikurad
ganpirobebuli reaqciebis SeZena aRvwereT, Tum-
klasikuri ganpirobebuloba
ca ar agvixsnia es fenomeni. pavlovi Tvlida,
rom klasikuri ganpirobebuloba ganpirobebuli
da ganupirobebeli stimulebis dawyvilebis Se-
degia. misi azriT, Tu reaqcia klasikuradaa
ganpirobebuli, ganpirobebuli da ganupirobe-
beli stimulebi TiTqmis erTdroulad unda
gamovlindnen, anu adgili hqondes droSi
stimulis diskriminacia (stimulus discrimination) _
ganpirobebulobis procesi, romlis drosac or-
ganizmi swavlobs, gansxvavebulad upasuxos gam-
Rizianebels (stimuls), romelic ganpirobebuli
stimulisagan raime ganzomilebiT gansxvavdeba.
233
 Tanxvedras. Tumca, Tanamedrove kvlevebma
erTgvarad Secvales es Sexeduleba.

pirobiTi ganmtkiceba
klasikur ganpirobebulobaSi dominanti 1960
wlamde pavlovis Teoria iyo. 1960 wels robert
reskorlam (Robert Rescorla 1966) Caatara erTob
mravlismTqmeli eqsperimenti, romelSic ZaRli
gamoiyena, rogorc cdis subieqti. reskorlas
eqsperimentSi zari (ganpirobebuli stimuli)
emTxveoda Soks (ganupirobebeli stimuli), rac,
Tu pavlovi sworad msjelobda, sakmarisi

7.6
iqneboda klasikuri ganpirobebulobis aRmocene- suraTi
bisaTvis.

saidan
viciT

klasikuri ganpirobebulobis
mniSvneloba
wvrTnis Semdeg ZaRlebi kvlav moaTavses
eqsperimentis pirvel fazaSi reskorla
saeqsperimento yuTebSi. zari, romelic Soks
wvrTnida ZaRlebs _ gadamxtariyvnen ba-
moaswavebda, axla periodulad rekavda.
rierze ise, rom aridebodnen masSi gamaval
ZaRlebi SemTxveviTi SerCevidan (ganpiro-
eleqtroSoks (sur. 7.6). Tu ZaRli ver
bebuli-ganupirobebeli kavSiri) xtebodnen
SeZlebda gadaxtomas, iRebda eleqtroSoks;
meti sixSiriT, vidre ZaRlebi meore Ser-
Tu gadaxtomas moaxerxebda, eleqtroSoks
Cevidan (sur. 7.8).
airidebda. ZaRlebis gadaxtomis sixSires
reskorla iyenebda SiSis ganpirobebulobis
gasazomad. amgvarad, garda imisa, rom ganpirobebuli
rodesac ZaRlebma daiswavles barierze stimuli droSi Tanxvedrili unda iyos ganu-
xtoma, reskorlam isini or jgufad dayo pirobebelTan, is, agreTve, sandod unda moas-
wavebdes ganupirobebel stimuls – es ori piroba
Tavi 7 / daswavla da qceviTi analizi

da axali amocana dausaxa. SemTxveviT Ser-

Cevas ganupirobebeli stimuli (Soki) spon-
tanurad da ganpirobebuli stimulisagan
(zarisgan) (sur. 7.7) damoukideblad eZleoda.
miuxedavad imisa, rom ganpirobebuli da
ganupirobebeli stimulebi xSirad vlin-
debodnen droSi erTmaneTTan axlos an
erTad, isini SemTxveviT, droebiT iyvnen
Tanxvedrilni _ ganupirobebeli stimuli
SeiZleba imave warmatebiT ganpirobebuli
stimulis gareSec gamovleniliyo, xolo
sakontrolo jgufisaTvis ganupirobebeli
stimuli yovelTvis mohyveboda ganpi-
robebul stimuls. amgvarad, am jgufisTvis
zari sando momaswavebeli iyo eleqtro-
Sokisa.
234
aucilebelia imisaTvis, rom adgili hqondes
klasikur ganpirobebulobas (Rescorla, 1988). es
aRmoCena sakmaod mniSvnelovania. cxovrebiseul
situaciebSi, sadac daswavla exmareba adamians
adaptaciaSi, stimuli gacilebiT ufro difu-
zuria, vidre laboratoriaSi.
informatiuloba
reskorlas kvlevam aCvena, rom pirobiTi
ganmtkiceba gadamwyvet rols TamaSobs klasikur
ganpirobebulobaSi. leon kaminma (Leon Kamin,
1969) aCvena, rom ganpirobebuli stimuli (CS)
SeiZleba informatiuli iyos (ix. sur. 7.9).
suraTi
7.7

reskorlas procedura albaTobis demonstrirebisaTvis

SemTxveviTi SerCevisaTvis 5-wamiani zarebi (ganpirobebuli stimuli) da 5-wamiani Soki (ganu-
pirobebeli stimuli) eqsperimentis manZilze SemTxveviT, spontanurad iyo miwodebuli. pirobiTi
ganmtkicebis jgufis ZaRlebma gamoscades mxolod zarebi da Soki, romelic ukve mosalodneli
iyo zaris Semdeg. mxolod am jgufis ZaRlebma iswavles asociacia ganupirobebel da ganpirobebul
stimulebs Soris.

saidan
viciT

informatiulobasac aqvs mniSvneloba

kaminis kvlevaSi CarTuli iyo virTxebis
2 jgufi. eqsperimentuli jgufi pirvelad
iwvrTneboda saxelurisTvis xelis daWe-
raSi zaris rekvis dros (ganpirobebuli
stimuli) Sokis Tavidan asacileblad (ga-
nupirobebeli stimuli). amis Semdeg eqs-
periments daemata kidev erTi ganpiro-
bebuli stimuli – sinaTle. amjerad ganu-
pirobebel stimuls ukve ori ganpirobebu-
li stimuli moaswavebda – zari da sinaT-
le. sakontrolo jgufSi vlindeboda
klasikuri ganpirobebuloba

mxolod zari-sinaTle-Sokis Tanxvedra, anu

am jgufSi zari ar moaswavebda Soks. amis
Semdeg kaminma Seamowma orive jgufSi SiSis
ganpirobebuloba mxolod Suqze an mxolod
zarze. Tu pirobiTi ganmtkiceba sakmarisia
klasikuri ganpirobebulobis asaxsnelad,
maSin virTxebis orive jgufs erTnairad
unda epasuxa zarsa da Suqze, magram eqspe-
rimentuli virTxebi reagirebdnen mxolod
zarze da ara _ sinaTleze, roca sakontro-
lo jgufSi virTxebs erTnairi reaqcia
hqondaT sinaTlesa da zarze (Kamin, 1969).
suraTi
7.8
pirobiTi ganmtkicebis roli
klasikur ganpirobebulobaSi
reskorlam aCvena, rom ZaRlebi, romlebic pi-
robiTi ganmamtkicebeli-upirobo ganmamtkice-
belis pirobebSi iwvrTnebodnen, anu pirobiTi
ganmtkicebis kavSiriT, ufro metad xtebodnen
(SiSi metad iyo ganpirobebuli), vidre ZaRlebi
upirobod ganmtkicebis kavSiriT.
235
 suraTi
7.9

kaminis procedura
dablokvis efeqti-
saTvis
eqsperimentuli jgufis vir-
Txebs jer unda epasuxaT zarze
(CS1) Semdeg ki _ zarsa (CS1)
da sinaTleze (CS2), virTxebs
sakontrolo jgufSi unda
epasuxaT mxolod sust Suqsa
da zarze. roca Semowmda ganpi-
robebuloba mxolod zarze
da mxolod sinaTleze, marto
sakontrolo jgufis virTxebs
hqondaT reaqcia orive sti-
mulze. kaminis mixedviT, eqspe-
rimentulma virTxebma imitom
ar upasuxes sinaTles, rom is
aranair axal informacias ar
Seicavda ganupirobebeli sti-
mulis gamovlenis Sesaxeb;
zaris efeqtma dabloka sinaT-
lis efeqti.

kaminma eqsperimentebis Sedegebi ganpiro-
bebuli stimulis informatiulobis konteqstSi
axsna. eqsperimentuli virTxebisaTvis zarTan
dakavSirebulma gamocdilebam aqtualoba dau-
karga zars, rogorc ganupirobebeli stimulis
momaswavebels. virTxebisTvis sinaTle SeiZle-
boda arc arsebuliyo, radgan is aranair dama-
tebiT informacias ar iZleoda. pirveli ganpi-
Tavi 7 / daswavla da qceviTi analizi
miT ufro didia misi SemCnevis albaToba. Tu
gindaT, rom kargi ganpirobebuloba miiRoT,
unda warmoadginoT Zlieri, ucxo stimuli
ucnob garemoSi, an Zlieri, nacnobi stimuli
ucxo situaciaSi (Kalat, 1974; Lubow et al., 1976).
cxadi xdeba, rom klasikuri ganpirobebuloba
bevrad ufro rTuli meqanizmia, vidre amas
pavlovi warmoidgenda. neitraluri stimuli

robebuli stimulis unars, Seamciros meores
informatiuloba, blokireba ewodeba. virTxebis
sakontrolo jgufisaTvis zari da sinaTle
erTnairad informatiuli iyo, maT ar hqondaT
warsuli gamocdileba dakavSirebuli romelime
maTganTan, amitom erTma ar Seamcira meores
informatiuloba. informatiuloba xsnis, ratom
vlindeba ganpirobebuloba yvelaze xSirad
maSin, rodesac ganpirobebuli stimuli upiris-
pirdeba garemoSi arsebul sxva mraval stimuls.
rac ufro intensiuria da konkretulia stimuli,
blokireba (Blocking) – fenomeni, romlis drosac
organizmi ar daiswavlis axal stimuls, radgan
axali stimuli warmodgenilia ukve arsebul
efeqtur signalTan erTad.
236
efeqtur ganpirobebul stimulad iqceva mxolod
maSin, Tu is erTdroulad Tanxvedrili da,
amasTan, informatiulia. modiT, axla yuradReba
im cxovrebiseul situaciaze mivmarToT, ro-
melSic klasikuri ganpirobebuloba did rols
asrulebs.
klasikuri ganpirobebulobis
gamoyeneba
klasikuri ganpirobebulobis codna gvex-
mareba, gavigoT yoveldRiuri qceva. magaliTad,
ra roli aqvs mas emociebsa da upiratesobaTa
miniWebaSi, sxvadasxva nivTierebebTan damokide-
bulebaSi; dabolos, rogor SeiZleba klasikuri

ganpirobebuloba gamoviyenoT imunologiuri
funqciis gasamdidreblad.
emociebi da upiratesobebis miniWeba
gavixsenoT magaliTi saSinelebaTa filmis
Sesaxeb. am SemTxvevaSi aracnobierad daviswav-
leT asociacia SemaSinebel musikasa (ganpiro-
bebuli stimuli) da gansazRvrul movlenebs
Soris (ganupirobebeli stimuli – movlenebi,
romelbic refleqsur reaqciebs iwveven). Tu
kargad CavuRrmavdebiT, aRmoCndeba, rom bevr
movlenaze gvaqvs Zlieri emociuri reaqcia, ris
mizezsac xSirad ver vxsniT. SeiZleba Tu ara,
es klasikuri ganpirobebulobis Sedegi iyos?
ganvixiloT situaciebi (Rozin and Fallon, 1987; Rozin
at all 1986):
 SeWamdiT Tu ara gaurkvevel sakvebs, romel-
sac ubralod ZaRlis sasqeso organos forma
aqvs?
 dalevdiT Tu ara wylisa da Saqris xsnars,
Tuki Saqari Cayares im yuTidan romelsac Sec-
domiT ewera „Sxami~?
 dalevdiT Tu ara vaSlis wvens, romelSic
sterilizebuli tarakani tivtivebs?
Tu yovel situaciaze upasuxebT „araviTar
SemTxvevaSi~, es imas niSnavs, rom klasikurma
ganpirobebulobam Tavisi roli iTamaSa. kla-
sikurad ganpirobebuli reaqcia: _ „es sazizR-
robaa~ an „saxifaToa~, Sedegia aqamde miRebuli
codnisa Tu gamocdilebisa. vinaidan klasikurad
ganpirobebuli reaqcia araa cnobierad gaCenili
azris Sedegi, Zalian Znelia is cnobieri mizez-
SedegobriobiT CavaqroT.
klasikuri ganpirobebulobis erT-erTi yve-
laze aqtiurad Seswavlili aspeqti SiSis
ganpirobebulobaa. biheviorizmis sawyis etapze
jon uotsonma da misma kolegam rozalin rai-
nerma daadastures, rom SiSis reaqciebis ume-
tesoba unda gavigoT, rogorc neitraluri sti-
mulis dawyvileba raime SiSis momgvrelTan. am
ideis dasamtkiceblad maT Caatares eqsperimenti
patara albertze.
saidan
viciT
patara albertis SeZenili SiSi
uotsonma da rainerma (1920) alberti
daaSines patara TeTri virTxiT, romelic
Tavidan Zalian moswonda. maT TeTri vir-
Txis gamoCena daawyviles aversiul ganup-
irobebel stimulTan – bavSvis uknidan
momdinare xmaurTan, romelic gamowveuli
iyo liTonis firfitaze CaquCis dartymiT.
SekrTomis ganupirobebeli reaqcia da
emociuri distresi gaxda mizezi daswav-
lisa: alberti SiSiT reagirebda TeTri
virTxis danaxvaze ukve 7 cdis Semdeg. emo-
ciuri ganpirobebuloba ganzogadda qceviT
ganpirobebulobaSi, radgan albertma is-
wavla virTxisaTvis Tavis arideba, misgan
gaqceva. amis Semdeg bavSvis SiSi ganzogadda
saerTod bewvian sagnebze – baWiaze, ZaRlze
da santa klausis niRabzec ki. albertis
dedam, romelic meddad muSaobda imave
hospitalSi, sadac eqsperimenti tardeboda,
manamde waiyvana igi, vidre mas SiSs
klasikuri ganpirobebuloba
mouxsnidnen, amitom aravin icis, ra bedi
ewia mas (Harris, 1979).
axla cnobilia, rom ganpirobebuli SiSi
Zalian gamZlea. drois gasvlasTan erTad ada-
mians SeiZleba daaviwydes kidec, ratom vlindeba
reaqcia. ganpirobebuli SiSi SeiZleba arsebob-
des wlebis manZilze, maSinac ki, roca sawyisi
ganupirobebeli stimuli aRarasodes aRmoce-
nebula gamocdilebaSi. magaliTad, mkvlevrebma
daadastures, rom meore msoflio omidan 15
wlis gasvlis Semdeg, veteran mezRvaurebs jer
237

kidev hqondaT reaqcia „safrTxis niSanze~ –
omis dros mezRvaurebs sabrZolad gongi
uxmobda – wuTSi 100-jer darekili zari. es
gansakuTrebuli smeniTi paterni, romelic Tavis
droze sandod moaswavebda safrTxes, axlac
Tavi 7 / daswavla da qceviTi analizi
238
agrZelebs Zlieri emociebis gamowvevas vete-
ranebSi (Edwards & Acker, 1962).
sainteresoa, rom, Tu Zlieri SiSia CarTuli,
ganpirobebulobas SeiZleba adgili hqondes
neitraluri stimulisa da ganupirobebeli
stimulis mxolod erTxel dawyvilebiT. erTi
travmatuli movlena SeiZleba ganapirobebdes
fizikur, emociur da kognitur reaqciebs – es
SeiZleba mTeli cxovreba gagrZeldes. maga-
liTad, erTi Cveni megobari mZime avariaSi moyva
Weqa-quxilis dros. axla yovel jerze, rodesac
is saWesTan zis da wvimdeba, ewyeba panikuri
SiSi im donemde, rom zogjer manqanasac aCerebs
da elodeba, sanam wvima gadaiRebs. erTxel igi
manqanis ukana nawilSi gadacocda da pirisaxiT
qveviT daemxo wvimis Sewyvetamde. me-16 TavSi
vnaxavT, rom Terapevtebma SeimuSaves mkurnalobis
gzebi iseTi saxis SiSebisaTvis, romlebic
TiTqos uaryofdnen klasikuri ganpirobebu-
lobis efeqturobas.
yovelive zemoT moTxrobili ar niSnavs, rom
mxolod uaryofiTi reaqciebia klasikurad
ganpirobebuli. piriqiT, bednierebisa da
aRfrTovanebis reaqciebic SeiZleba ganvixiloT,
rogorc klasikurad ganpirobebuli. cxadia, rom
reklamis Semqmnelebi swored klasikuri ganpi-
robebulobis meqanizms eyrdnobian, rogorc
dadebiT Zalas. magaliTad, isini amyareben
asociaciebs TavianT produqtsa da vnebas Soris
(jinsebi, sunamoebi da a.S.); isini imedovneben,
rom maTi reklamebis verbaluri elementebi,
magaliTad, „seqsualuri~, adamianebisa Tu situa-
ciebis aRsawerad, imoqmedeben ganupirobebli
stimulisa da reaqciis gamosavlenad. maT
gaTvlili aqvT, rom produqti TavisTavad iqceva
ganpirobebul stimulad, xolo misi yidvis
procesi – ganpirobebul reaqciad. imisaTvis,
rom moviZioT dadebiTi emociebis meti maga-
liTebi, sakmarisia, davfiqrdeT im momentebze,
rodis gvaqvs dadebiTi gancdebisa da emociebis
mozRvaveba, magaliTad, roca xangrZlivi
mogzaurobis Semdeg saxlSi vbrundebiT.
nivTierebebze damokidebulebis daswavla
ganvixiloT erTi SemTxveva: manhetenze ipoves
kacis cxedari, romelsac mklavSi CarCenili
hqonda Sprici. sikvdilis mizezad narkotikis
zedmeti doza daasaxeles, magram aRmoCnda, rom
es kaci regularulad iRebda gacilebiT ufro
did dozebs, vidre man sikvdilis win miiRo. am
SemTxvevam aaforiaqa mkvlevrebi – rogor
SeiZleboda aseT dozas moekla organizmi,
romelsac am nivTierebis sakmaod didi
mimRebloba hqonda?
pavlovma (1927) da mogvianebiT misma kolegam
bikovma (1957) aRmoaCines, rom mimRebloba
narkotikebis mimarT SeiZleba maSin ganviTardes,
rodesac adamiani elodeba wamlis farma-
kologiur moqmedebas. Tanamedrove mkvlevarma
Sefard sigelma (Shepard Siegel) daxvewa es ideebi.
igi Tvlida, rom is garemo, romelSic gamoi-
yeneba wamali, aqcevs mas ganpirobebul sti-
mulad im situaciisaTvis, romelSic organizmi
ewinaaRmdegeba wamlis Cveul efeqts. wamlis
miRebisas wamali (ganupirobebeli stimuli)
iwvevs gansazRvrul fiziologiur reaqciebs,
razec organizmi reagirebs sawinaaRmdegod
homeostazis damyarebis mizniT (ix. Tavi 3).
swored esaa am SemTxvevaSi ganupirobebeli
reaqcia. droTa ganmavlobaSi kompensatoruli
reaqciac ganpirobebuli reaqcia xdeba. es
niSnavs, rom garemoSi, romelic, Cveulebriv,
asocirebulia wamlis gamoyenebasTan (ganpirobe-
buli stimuli), organizmi fiziologiurad
amzadebs Tavs (ganpirobebuli reaqcia) wamlis
mosalodneli efeqtebisaTvis. mimRebloba Cndeba
imitom, rom individis mier moxmarebuli wamali
metia kompensatorul reaqciaze, sanam daiwyeba
raime saxis „dadebiTi~ efeqti. mzardi doza
niSnavs, rom izrdeba kompensatoruli reaqciac.
sigelma es ideebi gamoscada laboratoriaSi,
gamoumuSava ra virTxebs mimRebloba heroinis
mimarT.
saidan
viciT
narkotikul nivTierebebze
damokidebulebis ganpirobebulobis
aspeqtebi
erT-erT kvlevaSi sigelma da misma
kolegebma gamoiwvies virTxebSi heroinis
ineqciis molodini – erT SemTxvevaSi (gan-
pirobebuli stimuli 1) da deqstrozis
(tkbili Saqari) – meoreSi (ganpirobebuli
stimuli 2) (Siegel et al., 1982). wvrTnis pirvel
fazaSi yvela virTxas ganuviTarda mimReb-
loba heroinis mimarT. sakontrolo dRes
yvela virTxam miiRo heroinis Cveulebrivze
didi, TiTqmis orjer meti doza. virTxebis
naxevars heroini ukve miRebuli hqonda,
xolo meore naxevars ganpirobebulobi-
saTvis eZleoda deqstrozi. ukanaskneli
jgufidan mokvda orjer meti (64) virTxa,
vidre pirvelidan (32).
savaraudod, virTxebi, romlebic iRebdnen
heroins, ufro momzadebulebi iyvnen am poten-
ciurad saxifaTo situaciisaTvis, radgan
konteqstma (ganpirobebuli stimuli 1) gamoiwvia
iseTi fiziologiuri reaqcia (ganpirobebuli
reaqcia 1) romelmac winaaRmdegoba gauwia wamlis
tipur efeqts (Poulos & Cappell, 1991).
imis gamosakvlevad, igive process SeiZleba
Tu ara adgili hqondes adamianebSi, sigelma da
misma kolegebma gamokiTxes heroinze damokide-
bulni, romlebic araerTxel sikvdilis piras
iyvnen misulni zedmeti dozis gamo. aTidan
Svid SemTxvevaSi wamali miRebuli iyo axal
da ucxo garemoSi (Siegel, 1984). miuxedavad imisa,
rom es aranair monacemebs ar gvaZlevs, cxadi
xdeba, rom doza, romlis mimarTac individs
SemuSavebuli aqvs mimRebloba, SeiZleba zedmet,
momakvdinebel dozad iqces ucxo garemoSi. es
analizi gveubneba, rom manhetenze napovn kacs
arasodes gaukeTebia wamali swored im adgilas,
sadac igi ipoves.
miuxedavad imisa, rom mocemuli kvleva
exeboda heroins, klasikuri ganpirobebuloba
mniSvnelovani komponentia sxvadasxva wamlis
mimarT mimReblobis gazrdaSi (Goodison & Siegel,
1995; Poulos & Cappell, 1991; Siegel, 1999). ase rom, igive
klasikuri ganpirobebuloba
sawyisebi, romlebsac pavlovi swavlobda
ZaRlebis, zarebis da nerwyvis gamoyofasTan
dakavSirebiT, gvexmareba, avxsnaT zogierTi
meqanizmi adamianis narkotikul nivTierebebze
damokidebulebisa.
klasikuri ganpirobebulobis gamoyeneba
adreul, 1980-ian wlebSi mkvlevrebma gaakeTes
aRmoCena, rom daswavlis procesebma SeiZleba
gavlena iqonion organizmis imunur sistemaze.
istoriulad dadasturebulia, rom imunolo-
giuri reaqciebi _ antisxeulebis swrafi gamo- 239
 muSaveba, raTa SeebrZolos im substanciebs,
romlebic organizms vneben _ arsebobda. eq-
sperimentebma ganpirobebulobaze daadastures
am daskvnebis mcdaroba.
saidan
viciT
klasikuri ganpirobebuloba da
imunologiuri funqcia
robert aderma da nikolas kohenma (Rob-
ert Ader and Nicholas Cohen, 1981) virTxebs as-
wavles saxarinis (ganpirobebuli stimuli)
asocireba ciklofosfamidTan (ganupi-
robebeli stimuli), wamalTan, romelic
asustebs imunur sistemas. sakontrolo
jgufi iRebda mxolod saxarins. mogvia-
nebiT, roca virTxebis orive jgufs misces
saxarini, im virTxebSi, romlebSic saxa-
rini ciklofosfamidis asociacias iwvev-
da, warmoiSva metad naklebi antisxeulebi
ucxo ujredebis mimarT, vidre sakontrolo
jgufis virTxebSi. amgvarad, daswavlili
asociacia sakmarisi aRmoCnda imisaTvis,
rom Seemcirebina imuniteti da virTxebi
ufro mowyvladi gaexada sxvadasxva daa-
vadebebis mimarT. daswavlis efeqti im-
denad Zlieri iyo, rom zogierTi virTxa
mokvda mxolod saxarinis xsnaris dalevis
Semdeg.
aseTma Sedegebma SeiZleba advilad migviyvanos
Tavi 7 / daswavla da qceviTi analizi
im daskvnamde, rom saWiroa klasikuri ganpiro-
bebulobis aRmofxvra imunuri sistemis Sesanar-
240
Cuneblad. kvlevis axalma sferom, fsiqoneiro-
imunologiam Seiswavla aseTi tipis Sedegebi.
am kvlevaSi Sedis fsiqologia, centraluri
nervuli sistema da imunuri sistema (Ader &
Cohen, 1993; Coe, 1999).
am axali dargis mizania, aRmoaCinos axali
teqnika, romelic saSualebas miscems ganpiro-
bebulobas, Secvalos is medikamenturi dozebi,
romlebsac xSirad seriozuli gverdiTi mov-
lenebi aqvT. aderma da misma kolegam antoni
suxmanma, aRmoaCines, rom maRali wnevis mqone
pacientebs, romlebsac mouxsnes wamlebi, magram
mkurnalobdnen placeboTi, wneva ufro didxans
SeunarCundaT normis farglebSi, vidre maT,
romlebic ar iRebdnen placebo abebs (Suchman
& Ader, 1989). rogor SeeZlo inertul abebs
moexsna maRali wnevis problema? pasuxi viciT
winamdebare Tavidan, romelic exeboda narko-
tikuli nivTierebis mimarT mimReblobas. war-
moidgineT rutina, romelic viTardeba wamlis
regularulad miRebis dros. wamlis miRebis
es rituali SeiZleba aRviqvaT, rogorc ganpi-
robebuli stimuli, romelic moaswavebs ganupi-
robebel stimuls – wamlis miRebas. mxolod
Tavad am aqtma SeiZleba Seamciros sisxlis
wneva. amgvarad, placebo, romelic ubralod
qmnis rituals, iwvevs sasargeblo organul
reaqcias.
imisaTvis, rom kvlevis Sedegi samkurnalo
meTodad iqces, mkvlevrebi unda darwmundnen,
fsiqoneiroimunologia (Psychoneuroimmunology)
– kvlevis dargi, romelic swavlobs interaqcias
iseT fiziologiur procesebs Soris, rogo-
rebicaa reaqcia stresze da imunuri sistemis
funqcionireba.
rom wamlis uaryofiTi efeqtebic ar gamovlin-
deba ganpirobebulobis Sedegad.
mkvlevrebs imedi aqvT, rom SeimuSaveben
teqnikas, romelic ganavrcobs da gazrdis imunur
reaqciebs klasikuri ganpirobebulobis meSve-
obiT.
saidan
viciT
imunuri reaqciis ganpirobebuli
gaumjobeseba
mecnierebis jgufma Seqmna ganpirobebu-
lobis situacia, romelSic saxarinis gemo
dawyvilda lisozimTan, nivTierebasTan,
romelic iwvevs reaqcias virTxis imunur
sistemaSi. am paradigmaSi saxarini asru-
lebda ganpirobebuli stimulis rols,
xolo lisozimi – ganupirobebeli stimu-
lisas. dawyvileba mxolod erTxel moxda.
miuxedavad amisa, rodesac virTxebis erT
jgufs saxariniT gazavebuli wamali mis-
ces, magram lisozimis gareSe, maT orga-
nizmebs hqondaT iseTive Zlieri imunuri
reaqcia, rogoric meore jgufs, romelsac
mxolod lisizimi miewoda (Alvarez-Borda
et al., 1995).
es eqsmperimenti TvalsaCinoebaa imisa, rom
mxolod erTi epizodi, sadac ganpirobebuli
stimuli asocirebuli iyo ganupirobebel
stimulTan, sakmarisi aRmoCnda imisTvis, rom
imunuri reaqcia mxolod ganpirobebul sti-
mulze warmoSobiliyo. amgvarad, cxadi xdeba
klasikuri ganpirobebulobis potencia imunuri
sistemis gasaZliereblad.
vidre „fsiqologia da cxovrebas~ waikiTxav-
diT, albaT Zalian cota ram icodiT klasikuri
ganpirobebulobis Sesaxeb, Tu ar CavTvliT
bundovan warmodgenas pavlovsa da mis ZaRlebze.
vimedovnebT, rom ukve sakmaod kargad gaecaniT
daswavlis am saxeobas, raTa daafasoT misi
mniSvneloba Tqvens yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi.
Semdegi Cveni gansjis sagani iqneba daswavlis
iseTi saxeoba, romlis Sesaxebac, savaraudod,
meti gifiqriaT, vidre fsiqologiis kursis Ses-
wavlas daiwyebdiT. Tu odesme mainc gifiqriaT
imaze, Tu rogor cvlis qcevas dajildoeba da
dasja, ukve erTi nabijiT win xarT operantuli
ganpirobebulobis sakiTxSi.
Sejameba
mas Semdeg, rac pavlovma SemTxveviT aRmoaCina
klasikuri ganpirobebulobis ZiriTadi prin-
cipebi, mTeli Tavisi darCenili kariera im
specifikur cvladebs dauTmo, romlebic
ganpirobebulobaze axdenen gavlenas. klasikur
ganpirobebulobaSi ganupirobebeli stimuli
iwvevs refleqsur qcevas, romelsac ganupirobe-
beli pasuxi, reaqcia ewodeba (unconditioned re-
sponse). manamde neitraluri, ganpirobebuli
stimulis ganupirobebel stimulTan Sewyvile-
bis Semdeg, ganpirobebuli stimuli iwvevs
ganpirobebul reaqcias. drois faqtors didi
mniSvneloba aqvs ganpirobebuli reaqciis SeZe-
nisaTvis. stimulis generalizacias maSin aqvs
adgili, rodesac ganpirobebuli stimulis
msgavsi gamRizianebeli ganpirobebul reaqcias
iwvevs. cxovelebis gawvrTna SesaZlebelia ise,
rom maT gadalaxon generalizacia da SeZlon
Sesatyvisi da Seusatyvisi ganpirobebuli sti-
operantuli ganpirobebuloba: swavlebis Sedegebis Sesaxeb
mulis garCeva, gansxvaveba. klasikurad ganpi-
robebuli reaqciebis SeZena damokidebulia gan-
pirobebul da ganupirobebel stimulebs Soris
kontingentursa da informatiul damokidebu-
lebaze. cxovrebiseuli magaliTebi klasikuri
ganpirobebulobisa gvxvdeba emociebis, narko-
tikul nivTierebebisadmi mimReblobisa da
fsiqoneiroimunologiis sferoebSi.
operantuli ganpirobebulo-
ba: swavleba Sedegebis
Sesaxeb
davbrundeT kinoTeatrSi: saSinelebaTa filmi
damTavrda da Tqven gaWirvebiT adeqiT Tqveni
adgilidan. megobari, visTan erTadac uyureT
films, gekiTxebaT, rogor imoqmeda filmma. Tqven
pasuxobT: „me viswavle, rom saSinelebaTa filmze
aRar unda wamovide~. albaT, marTali xarT, magram
ra saxis daswavlaa es? pasuxs kidev erTxel
241
gadavyavarT XX saukunis dasawyisSi.

suraTi
7.10
efeqtis kanoni
daaxloebiT imave dros, roca pavlovi mu-
Saobda ZaRlebTan klasikur ganpirobebulobaze,
eduard Torndaiki (Edward L. Thorndike, 1898)
akvirdeboda katebs, romlebsac unda epovaT
gamosasvleli yuTi-labirinTebidan (sur. 7.10).
Torndaikma male gamoaqveyna kidec Tavisi dak-
virvebebis Sedegebi da daskvnebi. Tavdapirvelad
katebi ibrZvian mxolod datyvevebis winaaRmdeg,
Tavi 7 / daswavla da qceviTi analizi
magram, radgan erTxel maTma romeliRac im-
pulsurma moqmedebam gamoiwvia karis gaReba,
„yvela warumatebeli da gamousadegari impulsebi
CaixSo da win wamowia mxolod isini, romelsac
SeiZleba katebi mieyvana sasurvel Sedegamde~
(Thorndike, 1898, gv. 13).
ra iswavles Torndaikis katebma? Torndaikis
analizis mixedviT, daswavla iyo asociacia
situaciis stimulsa da reaqcias Soris, rome-
lic iswavla cxovelma, anu stimuli-reaqcia
efeqtis kanoni (Law of effect) _ daswavlis Zi-
riTadi kanoni, romlis mixedviTac stimulis
Zala, gamoavlinos reaqcia, Zlierdeba, rodesac
reaqcias mohyveba jildo da sustdeba, rodesac
242 mas ar mohyveba jildo.
kavSiri (S-R). amgvarad, katebma iswavles iseTi
reaqciis gamovlena, (magaliTad, Rilakze an
kvanZze kawvra) romelic gansazRvruli stimu-
lis pirobebSi (datyveveba labirinTSi) miiyvans
maT sasurvel miznamde (momentaluri Tavisuf-
leba). gaiTvaliswineT, rom S-R kavSiris daswav-
la TandaTanobiT moxda da, amasTan, cdisa da
Secdomis meTodiT. etapobrivad, is qcevebi,
romelTac dadebiTi Sedegi hqondaT, gaxSirda,
isini TandaTan iqcen dominantur reaqciebad,
rodesac cxoveli kvlav xvdeboda labirinTSi.
Torndaikma am kavSirs qcevasa da mis Sedegs
Soris efeqtis kanoni uwoda: reaqcia damakmayofi-
lebeli SedegiT iZens met albaTobas miznis
miRwevisas, vidre is reaqcia, romelic arasasu-
rvel Sedegs iwvevs.
qcevis eqsperimentuli analizi
skinerma aiTvisa Torndaikis Sexeduleba imis
Taobaze, rom garemo Sedegebi Zlier efeqts
axdens qcevaze. man SeimuSava kvlevis programa,
romlis mizanic iyo stimulis ganpirobebu-
lobis sistematuri variaciebis migneba, im meqa-
nizmisa, romelic ganapirobebs gansazRvruli
qcevis did albaTobas sxvadasxva garemo
pirobebSi.
bunebrivi monacemebi qcevis mecnie-
rebaSi gansazRvruli qcevis gamovlinebaa
gansazRvrul dros. eqperimentuli ana-
lizi ikvlevs albaTobas sixSiris an
reaqciis xarisxis terminebiT. eqsperimen-
tuli analizis amocanaa, aRmoaCinos yve-
la is cvladi, romelzec damokidebulia
reaqciis sixSire (Skinner, 1966, gv. 213-214).
skineris analizi ufro eqsperimentuli iyo,
vidre Teoriuli: Teoretikosebi xelmZRvane-
loben derivaciebiTa da winaswametyvelebebiT
sakuTari Teoriebidan, magram iseTi empiristebi,
rogoric skineri iyo, eyrdnobian mxolod
realur, konkretul monacemebs. isini iwyeben
eqperimentis konteqstSi monacemebis SegrovebiT
da ar arian mijaWvulni romelime Teorias.
imisaTvis, rom qceva eqsperimentulad gaeana-
lizebina, skinerma ganaviTara operantuli gan-
pirobebulobis procedura. igi manipulirebda
organizmis Qqcevis SedegiT imisaTvis, rom mi-
Rebuli efeqti daenaxa. operantulia nebismieri

suraTi
7.11
operantuli kabina
sagangebo aparatSi Rilakze daWera iwvevs sakvebis
mowodebas virTxisTvis.
qceva, romelic SemuSavebulia organizmis mier
da SeiZleba daxasiaTdes im dakvirvebadi,
konkretuli gavleniT, rasac axdens garemoze.
sityvasityviT, operantuli niSnavs garemoze
gavlenas, misiT operirebas (Skinner, 1938). operan-
tuli qceva ar aRmocendeba gansazRvruli sti-
muliT, rogorc es klasikur ganpirobebulobaSia.
mtredebi kenkaven, virTxebi eZeben sakvebs,
bavSvebi tirian, zogi adamiani laparakisas
xelebs iyenebs, zogs ki ena ebmis. am qcevaTa
albaToba momavalSi SeiZleba gaizardos an
Semcirdes im Sedegebis mixedviT, rac maT
mohyveba. magaliTisaTvis, Tu bavSvi RuRuniT
aCqarebs sasurvel kontaqts mSoblebTan, samo-
operantuli ganpirobebuloba (Operant condition-
ing) _ daswavlis forma, romelSic reaqciis
albaToba icvleba Sedegebis mixedviT.
operantuli qceva (Operant Behavior) _ organizmis
mier ganxorcielebuli qceva, romelic SeiZleba
mis mier garemoSi moxdenili TvalsaCino
cvlilebis terminebiT aRiweros.
pirobiTi ganmtkiceba (Reinforcement contingency)
_ myari kavSiri reaqciasa da garemos im cvli-
lebebs Soris, romlebsac es reaqcia iwvevs.
mavlod igi ufro mets iRuRunebs. operantuli
ganpirobebuloba amgvarad cvlis sxvadasxva
operantuli qcevis albaTobas imdenad, ram-
denadac isini, faqtobrivad, garemo Sedegebis
funqciebad gvevlinebian.
Tavisi axali eqsperimentuli analizis ga-
sagrZeleblad, skinerma Seqmna aparati, romlis
meSveobiTac is akontrolebda qcevis Sedegs.
mis mier Seqmnili operantuli kabina gamosaxu-
lia suraTze 7.11 da naCvenebia, agreTve, rogor
funqcionirebs is. rodesac virTxa gamoimuSavebs
qcevis im meqanizms, romelic eqperimentators
aqvs gansazRvruli, virTxa aWers Rilaks da
sanacvlod iRebs sakvebs. es meqanizmi sa-
Sualebas aZlevs mkvlevars, ikvlios is cvla-
debi, romlebic gavlenas axdenen daswavlaze
an dauswavlelobaze. magaliTad, Tuki Rilakis
daWeriT virTxa mxolod im SemTxvevaSi miiRebs
sakvebs, roca kabinas Semouvlis (Seipingis
procesiT, romelsac mogvianebiT SevexebiT), is
swrafad iswavlis, rom Rilakis daWeramde ka-
binas unda Semouaros.
operantul eqsperimentebSi did interess
iwvevs is periodi, romlis ganmavlobaSic
cxovels SeiZleba gansazRvruli qcevis paterni
axsovdes. mkvlevrebma Caiweres paterni da misi
operantuli ganpirobebuloba: swavlebis Sedegebis Sesaxeb
yoveli gamovlena eqperimentis ganmavlobaSi.
es meTodologia saSualebas miscemda skiners,
gaerkvia pirobiTi ganmtkicebis efeqti cxovelis
qcevaze.
pirobiTi ganmtkiceba
pirobiTi ganmtkiceba aris myari kavSiri
reaqciasa da garemos im cvlilebas Soris,
romelsac es reaqcia iwvevs.
magaliTad, warmovidginoT eqsperimenti,
romelSic mtredis mier firfitis kenkvas
(reaqcia) mohyveba marcvlebis miwodeba (Se-
sabamisi cvlileba garemoSi). es myari kavSiri
anu pirobiTi ganmtkiceba, Cveulebriv, iwvevs
kenkvis intensivobis gazrdas. imisaTvis, rom
gavzardoT mxolod kenkvis qcevis sixSire,
marcvlebi unda mivawodoT mxolod kenkvis
Semdeg. miwodeba unda moxdes mkacrad kenkvis
gansazRvruli periodis Semdeg da ara Tavis
mitrialebisa da daxris qcevebis Semdeg.
skineris Sromaze dayrdnobiT, Tanamedrove
bihevioraluri analizi cdilobs, qceva axsnas
243
 pirobiTi ganmtkicebis konteqstSi. modiT, ufro
axlos gavecnoT imas, Tu ra iqna aRmoCenili
am pirobiT ganmamtkiceblebTan dakavSirebiT.
dadebiTi da uaryofiTi ganmtkiceba
davuSvaT, SegipyroT ideam, rom Tqveni virTxa
galiaSi wreze arbeninoT. aseTi qcevis sixSiris
gasazrdelad saWiroa ganmamtkiceblis gamo-
yeneba. ganmamtkicebeli aris nebismieri stimuli,
romelic myaradaa qcevasTan dakavSirebuli da
zrdis am qcevis gamovlenis sixSires droTa
ganmavlobaSi. dasja aris damsjelis miwodeba
garkveul reaqciaze.
ganmamtkiceblebi yovelTvis empiriuladaa
gansazRvruli im efeqtis mixedviT, romelsac
is qcevis sixSiris albaTobaze axdens. Tu Tqven
irgvliv samyaros gadaxedavT, aRmoaCenT sti-
mulTa sam klass: (1) stimuli, romlis mimarTac
neitralurad xarT ganwyobili; (2) stimuli,
romelic gizidavT da (3) stimuli, romelic
aversiulia, anu cdilobT, Tavi aaridoT maT.
cxadia, rom am stimulTa klasebis Semadgenloba
gansxvavebuli iqneba TiToeuli individisaTvis.
is, Tu ra aris mimzidveli da ra aversiuli,
individualuri organizmis qceviT ganisazRv-
reba. magaliTad, marwyvi. miuxedavad imisa, rom
marwyvi saerTod gemrielad iTvleba, zogierTi
mas saWmelad uvargisad Tvlis. Tu aseT adamians
SesTavazebT marwyvs, konkretul qcevaze pasuxad
miiRebT principulad gansxvavebul Sedegs,
vidre maSin, marwyvi moyvaruls rom SesTavazoT.
movlenas, rodesac qcevas sasargeblo sti-
mulis miwodeba mohyveba, dadebiTi ganmtkiceba
Tavi 7 / daswavla da qceviTi analizi
ewodeba. virTxa Semouvlis yuTs, Tuki am qcevis
ganmamtkicebeli (Reinforcer) _
dadebiTi ganmtkiceba (Positive reinforcement) _
uaryofiTi ganmtkiceba (Negative reinforcement)) _
iwvevs.
operatiuli Caqroba (Operant extinction
244
Sedegi iqneba sakvebis miwodeba. adamianebi
kvlavac mohyvebian anekdotebs, Tuki amis Sedegad
miiReben xalxis sicilsa da aRfrTovanebas,
rac, Tavis mxriv, maT siamovnebas aniWebs. mov-
lenas, rodesac qcevas aversiuli stimulis
CamoSoreba mohyveba, uaryofiTi ganmtkiceba
ewodeba. magaliTad, adamiani, romelsac marwyvi
ar uyvars, ganaxorcielebs qcevas, romelic mas
aaridebs marwyvis Wamas. qolgis gamoyeneba wvimis
dros imisaTvis, rom ar davsveldeT, klasikuri
magaliTia uaryofiTi ganmtkicebis efeqtisa.
am SemTxvevaSi aversiuli stimulia dasveleba.
qolgis gamoyenebiT ki Cven Tavidan vicilebT
mas.
manqanis usafrTxoebis Rvedis signalic, er-
Tgvarad, uaryofiTi ganmamtkiceblis funqcias
asrulebs; misi damamcirebeli, Semawuxebeli
xmis gaCereba SeiZleba, Tu mZRoli Rveds
gadaiWers.
imisaTvis, rom cxadad gavarCioT erTmane-
Tisgan dadebiTi da uaryofiTi ganmtkiceba,
davimaxsovroT Semdegi kanonzomiereba: orive
– dadebiTi da uaryofiTi ganmtkiceba zrdis
im reaqciis albaTobas, romelic win uswrebs
maT. dadebiTi ganmtkiceba zrdis reaqciis
albaTobas sasargeblo stimulis miwodebiT,
xolo uaryofiTi ganmtkiceba akeTebs imaves,
oRond sapirispiro meqanizmiT, aversiuli sti-
mulis CamocilebiT, SemcirebiT an SeferxebiT.
gavixsenoT, rom klasikur ganpirobebulobaSi
Tu ganupirobebeli stimuli aRar mogvewodeba,
ganpirobebuli reaqcia TandaTan qreba. igive
kanonzomiereba ZalaSia operantuli ganpi-
robebulobis SemTxvevaSi: Tu ganmamtkicebeli
mcirdeba an saerTod Camocilebulia, adgili
aqvs operantul Caqrobas. amgvarad, Tuki qceva
aRar iwvevs mosalodnel efeqtsa da Sedegs, is
brundeba im doneze, romelzec iyo operantul
ganpirobebulobamde. sakuTar Tavze dakvirvebisas
araa Zneli, aRmovaCinoT qcevebi, romlebic
garkveuli periodi ganmtkicebuli iyo da Semdeg
Caqra. Tu gqoniaT SemTxveva, rom telefonis
aparatSi fulis Cagdebisas moneta gaWedila,
ver gilaparakiaT da dagirtyamT avtomatisTvis?
Tuki am dros fuli Cavardeba avtomatSi, Tqven
sxva drosac gaimorebT imave qcevas, radgan man
erTxel ukve moitana Sedegi. magram momavalSi,
Tuki Tqveni cda uSedegod dasrulda, es qcevac
Caqreba.
dadebiTi da uaryofiTi dasja cebis meSveobiT gansazRvruli stimuli,
romelic win uswrebs reaqcias – diskriminaciul
albaT icnobT qcevis Caqrobis sxva teqnikasac
stimuls – qmnis am qcevis konteqsts. organizmi
– dasjas. damsjelia nebismieri stimuli,
swavlobs, rom raime stimulis TandaswrebiT
romelic droTa ganmavlobaSi amcirebs ama Tu
mis qcevas gansazRvruli efeqti aqvs garemoze.
im reaqcias. dasja aris damsjelis miwodeba,
magaliTad, quCaSi mwvane Suqis anTebisas
rasac mohyveba reaqcia. dadebiTi da uaryofiTi
ganmtkicebulia quCis gadakveTa; magram rodesac
dasja iseve SegviZlia ganvsazRvroT, rogorc
anTia wiTeli, aseTi qceva SeiZleba daisajos
dadebiTi da uaryofiTi ganmtkiceba. rodesac
– amas SeiZleba Sedegad mohyves jarima an
qcevas moyveba aversiuli stimuli, movlenas
ubeduri SemTxveva. skinerma SeimuSava stimuli-
ewodeba dadebiTi dasja (dadebiTi SegiZlia
qceva-Sedegi formula, rogorc sampirobiani
daimaxsovroT, rogorc raRac, rac situacias
albaToba (contigency, ix. cxrili 7.1) da Tvlida,
emateba). magaliTad, cxeli Rumelis Sexeba iwvevs
rom swored es formula xsnida adamianis
tkivils, rac „sjis~ masze adre aRmocenebul
qmedebis did nawils (Skinner, 1953). cxrilSi 7.1
qcevas, amitom momavalSi nakleb savaraudoa,
aRwerilia, Tu rogor SeiZleba sampirobianma
rom cxel Rumels xeliT SeexoT. movlenas,
albaTobam axsnas sxvadasxva ramdenime tipis
rodesac qcevas moyveba sasargeblo, sasurveli
qceva.
stimulis Camocileba, uaryofiT dasjas vu-
laboratoriul pirobebSi qcevis SedegebiT
wodebT (uaryofiTi SegiZliaT daimaxsovroT,
manipulirebiT, diskriminaciuli stimulis
rogorc raime, rac akldeba situacias). amgvarad,
miwodebiT SegviZlia vakontroloT qceva.
rodesac mSobeli sjis bavSvs imisTvis, rom
magaliTad, mtreds SeiZleba mivawodoT sakvebi
man daartya patara Zmas, bavSvi swavlobs, rom
diskis kenkvisas mxolod mwvane Suqis da ara
meored Zmas aRar unda daartyas. romeli dasja
wiTeli Suqis anTebis SemTxvevaSi. mwvane Suqi
xsnis, ratom aRar gindaT saSinelebaTa filmis
am SemTxvevaSi diskriminaciuli stimulia,
naxva?
romelic sazRvravs im SemTxvevas, roca mtredma
miuxedavad imisa, rom dasja da ganmtkiceba
unda akenkos, xolo wiTeli Suqi aris dis-

operantuli ganpirobebuloba: swavlebis Sedegebis Sesaxeb

Zalian axlos mdgomi cnebebia, isini mniSvne-
lovnad gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan. amaze,
pirvel rigSi, is migvaniSnebs, rom maT sxvadasxva
terminebiT aRvniSnavT. gansazRvrebis mixedviT,
dasja yovelTvis amcirebs qcevas, gantkiceba
ki yovelTvis zrdis mas. magaliTad, zogierT
adamians awuxebs Tavis mwvave tkivili, Tu miiRo
kofeinis Semcveli sasmeli. Tavis tkivili aris
stimuli, romelic dadebiTad sjis yavis dalevis
qcevas. Tumca, Tavis tkivilis dros xalxi
xSirad mimarTavs wamlebs tkivilis Casaqrobad.
wamlis efeqti aris stimuli, romelic uaryo-
fiTad ganamtkicebs wamlis miRebas (sur. 7.12).
diskriminaciuli stimuli da
ganzogadeba
nakleb savaraudoa, qcevis albaTobis Secvla
yovelTvis gvindodes an gvWirdebodes. SeiZleba
qcevis albaTobis Secvla dagvWirdes konkretul
konteqstSi. magaliTad, xSirad gvinda gavzardoT
imis albaToba, rom bavSvi wynarad ijdeba
saklaso oTaxSi gakveTilis ganmavlobaSi.
konkretuli asociaciebiT, dasjis an ganmtki-
kriminaciuli stimuli, romelic sazRvravs im
SemTxvevas, roca mtredma ar unda akenkos.
organizmi swrafad swavlobs pirobebis garCevas,
reagirebs regularulad mxolod erT stimulze
da ar reagirebs meoreze. sampirobiani albaTobis
komponentebis kontroliT SegviZlia qceva
konkretul konteqstSi CavsvaT.
damsjeli (Punisher) – nebismieri stimuli, rome-
lic amcirebs reaqciis sixSires.
dadebiTi damsjeli (Positive Punishment) – qcevas
mohyveba aversiuli stimuli, romelic amcirebs
qcevis albaTobas.
uaryofiTi damsjeli (Negative Punishment) – qcevas
mohyveba sasurveli stimulis Camocileba, riTac
mcirdeba am qcevis albaToba.
diskriminaciuli stimuli (Discriminative Stimu-
lus) – stimuli, romelic moaswavebs ganmtkicebas,
radgan konkretuli qceva dadebiTad iyo gan-
mtkicebuli.
sampirobiani albaToba (Three Term Coningency) –
meqanizmi, romliTac organizmi swavlobs, rom
konkretuli stimulis SemTxvevaSi misi qceva
gavlenas moaxdens garemoze.
245
 suraTi
7.12
operantuli ganpirobe-
buloba Tqvens
cxovrebaSi
organizmi, agreTve, ganazogadebs reaqcias
sxva stimulzec, romelic diskriminaciuli
stimulis msgavsia. Tuki erTxel reaqcia
ganmtkicda diskriminaciuli stimuliT, msgavsi
stimulic SeiZleba iqces diskriminaciul
Tavi 7 / daswavla da qceviTi analizi
stimulad da igive reaqcia gamoiwvios. maga-
liTad, mtredebi, romlebic gawvrTnes, rom diski
mxolod mwvane Suqis SemTxvevaSi unda ekenkaT,
mainc akenkaven gansxvavebuli tonis mwvane Suqis
SemTxvevaSic. analogiurad, Cven ganvazogadebT
mwvanis sxvadasxva tonebs SuqniSanze.
ganmtkicebis albaTobis gamoyeneba
Tu mzad xarT, rom Tqveni codna samuSaod
gamoiyenoT, gaiTvaliswineT Semdegi rCevebi:
rogor gansazRvravdiT im qcevas, romelic
gindaT, rom ganamtkicoT an CaaqroT?
amisaTvis mizanSi amoiReT specifikuri
qceva, romlis sixSiris Secvlac gindaT.
246
rodesac ganmamtkiceblebi ar arian pi-
robiTi, maSin maT naklebi efeqti aqvT
qcevaze. magaliTad, Tuki mSobeli kargi
saqcielisTvis iseve aqebs Svils, rogorc
cudi saqcielisTvis, bavSvi ar iswavlis
kargad moqcevas, Tumca, dadebiTi gan-
mtkicebis gamo, SeZleba gaizardos sxva
qcevebis sixSire (ra qcevebi SeiZleba iyos
es?).
rogor unda gansazRvroT konteqsti,
romelSic qceva adekvaturi an ara-
adekvaturia? gvaxsovdeT, rom iSviaTad
gvinda qcevis yvela aspeqtisa da gamov-
lenis Secvla. gavixsenoT magaliTi, ro-
melSic mSobels undoda bavSvis sasur-
veli qcevis gazrda klasSi. am SemTxvevaSi
unda ganvsazRvroT diskriminaciuli sti-
muli da vikvlioT, ramdenad farTod iq-
neba sasurveli reaqcia ganzogadebuli
msgavs stimulze. Tu, magaliTad, bavSvma
cxrili
7.1
sampirobiani albaToba: damokidebuleba diskriminaciul stimuls, qcevasa da
Sedegs Soris
diskriminaciuli Sedegi
reaqcia
stimuli

operantuli ganpirobebuloba: swavlebis Sedegebis Sesaxeb

iswavla klasSi wynarad jdoma, ganzogad-
deba Tu ara es qceva sxva seriozul
situaciebSic?
gangimtkicebiaT Tu ara raime qceva Sem-
TxveviT? davuSvaT, gsurT romelime qcevis
Caqroba. sanam mimarTavT dasjis meqanizms,
rogorc qcevis Semcirebis saSualebas
(ufro dawvrilebiT seqciaSi „fsiqologia
Cvens cxovrebaSi~), unda SeamowmoT, SegiZ-
liaT Tu ara moZebnoT ganmamtkiceblebi
am qcevisTvis. Tu SeZlebT, moaxerxebT,
rom am ganmamtkiceblebis SezRudviT mo-
cemuli qceva CaaqroT. warmoidgineT,
magaliTad, rom axalgazrda ymawvili av-
lens didi raodenobiT tantrums. hkiT-
xeT sakuTars Tavs: „me xom ar ganvamtkice
es tantrumebi, rodesac zedmet yuradRebas
vaqcevdi mis kivils?~ Tu asea, tantrumis
Semcireba ganmtkicebis SemcirebiT SegiZ-
247
 fsiqologia Cvens cxovrebaSi

afuWebs Tu ara bavSvs dausjeloba?

gjeraT Tu ara, rom ,,gauw-
keplaoba bavSvs afuWebs~, anu
bavSvebi, romlebic zogjer
mainc ar gaiwkeplebian, sabo-
lood gafuWdebian? Tu Tqven
am gamonaTqvamis gjeraT, Tqven
emsgavsebiT amerikel mSobelTa
umetesobas. 991 amerikeli mSob-
lidan 35%-ma aRiara fizikuri
dasjis (magaliTad, mityepa,
Semortyma) gamoyeneba Tavis 1-2
wlis SvilebTan, xolo 94%
iyenebda fizikur dasjas Tavis
3-4 wlis asakis bavSvebTan (Stra-
us & Stewart;1999). mSobelTa sxva,
449-kacian jgufSi mSoblebis
93% TviTon isjebodnen bavSvo-
baSi fizikurad da 87% eTan-
xmeboda dasjis am formas (Bun-
tain-Ricklefs et al;1994). Tqven xedavT,
rom mityepa sakmaod xSirad
dasjis meTodia da adamianebi,
ZiriTadad, iyeneben mas, rogorc
dasjis formas, magram ra aris
dasjis am formis Sedegi?
mkvlevrebma daiwyes amaze
pasuxis gacema im SesaZlo kav-
Siris ZiebiT, rac mSoblebis
mier fizikuri dasjis gamoyene-
basa da bavSvis agresiul qce-
Tavi 7 / daswavla da qceviTi analizi
vas Soris iyo. xalxuri sib-
rZnis sawinaaRmdegod, bevri
Teoritikosis azriT, Tu mSob-
lebi iyeneben fizikur agresias
Svilebis winaaRmdeg, im Sem-
TxvevaSic ki, Tu is gamoiyeneba
araSesatyvisi qcevis Sesacvle-
lad, agresia gvevlineba bavSve-
bisaTvis qcevis modelad, rac
situaciurad sxva individebis
qcevis kontrolSi vlindeba. ase
rom, savaraudod, bavSvebi saku-
Tari mSoblebisgan swavloben
fizikuri agresiis gamoyenebas
(Cven ufro mets vityviT mode-
lirebiT swavlis Sesaxeb mo-
gvianebiT, TavSi ,,dakvirvebiT
swavla~). rogor gamovikvlioT
es hipoTeza?
erT-erT kvlevaSi, sadac in-
dianasa da tenesis 273 sabavSvo
baRis aRsazrdeli monawile-
obda, mSoblebs sTxoves, Se-
evsoT kiTxvari imis Sesaxeb,
Tu fizikuri dasjis ra for-
mebs iyenebdnen sakuTar bav-
SvebTan mimarTebaSi (Strassberg
et al;1994). aqcenti bavSvebis de-
debze iyo gakeTebuli. bavSvebis
6%-s hyavda dedebi, romlebic
arasodes iyenebdnen fizikur
dasjas. 68% bavSvebisa ityipe-
bodnen dedebis mier. danarCeni
26% ki ufro intensiurad is-
jeboda fizikurad, dedebi maT
an muStebiT urtyamdnen, an
mujlugunebs wahkravdnen
xolme.
dedebis gamokiTxvidan 6
Tvis Semdeg, daakvirdnen am
bavSvebis urTierTobas Tana-
tolebTan. mkvlevrebma daa-
fiqsires bavSvebis agresia
Tanatolebis mimarT. maga-
liTad, roca isini braz-
debodnen, dascinodnen an
scemdnen maT. TiToeuli bav-
Svi saaTobrivad iRebda qulas
agresiuli qcevisaTvis. rac
ufro intensiur dasjas axor-
cielebdnen mSoblebi, miT
ufro agresiulebi iyvnen maTi
Svilebi. es monacemebi gvar-
wmunebs, rom bavSvebi agre-
siul qcevas TavianTi mSob-
lebisgan daiswavlian. Tqven
SeiZleba ifiqroT, rom es
bavSvebi SeiZleba TavisTavad
iyvnen agresiulebi. sxva kvle-
va gviCvenebs, rom es ase ar

liaT. ukeTesia, Caqrobis kombinireba dade- truqciul qcevas. Tu SegimCneviaT, rogoraa

biT ganmtkicebasTan. ganmtkicebuli morcxvobis qceva, miuxedavad
imisa, rom morcxv adamians sulac ar unda,
qceviTi analitikosebi askvnian, rom nebis-
iyos morcxvi. ra Tqma unda, SeuZlebelia, yovel-
mieri qceva, romelic ewinaaRmdegeba Caqrobas,
Tvis davadginoT, ra ganmamtkicebeli moqmedebs
jer kidev eqvemdebareba ganmtkicebas. nebismieri
garemodan ama Tu im qcevaze. Tumca, rodesac
qceva, amtkiceben isini, rac unda ucnauri an
qceva xdeba metad an naklebad albaTuri,
sasacilo iyos, SeiZleba avxsnaT ganmtkicebiT.
SegiZliaT cotaodeni qceviTi analizis Cata-
magaliTad, fsiqikuri aSlilobebis simptomebi
rebac scadoT.
zogjer imitom narCundeba, rom adamiani iRebs
rekomendebulia, rom, rac SeiZleba met Sem-
yuradRebas, TanagrZnobas da Tavisufldeba
TxvevaSi, qcevis Sesacvlelad gamoviyenoT
Cveulebrivi pasuxismgeblobebisgan, rac ganmtki-
dadebiTi ganmtkiceba. vnaxoT, rogor SeiZleba
cebaa da meti araferi. es meoradi sargebeli
avamoqmedoT sxvadasxva sagnebi da aqtivobebi,
ganamtkicebs iracionalur da, zogjer, TviTdes-
248 rogorc ganmamtkiceblebi.
 a r i s ( Chess & Thomas; 1984).
savaraudod, simarTlis marcva-
li, SesaZloa, imaSic iyos, rom
,,cudi~ bavSvebi ufro xSirad
imsaxureben fizikur dasjas. es
kvleva cxadyofs, rom fizikuri
dasja ar gvaZlevs sasurvel
Sedegs da ver aswavlis ,,cud~
bavSvebs imas, Tu rogor gaxdnen
ukeTesebi (Mahoney et al; 2000).
Tu Cven jer kidev ver da-
garwmuneT, rom fizikuri dasja
araswori strategiaa mSoblebis
mxridan, modiT ganvixiloT ki-
dev erTi kvlevis Sedegebi.
analizi dafuZnebulia erT-er-
Ti mizanmimarTuli proeqtis
monacemebze, romelic ikvlev-
da 6002 amerikul ojaxs, raTa
SeeswavlaT maTi ojaxuri Zala-
dobis Sedegebi. am kvlevaSi
mecnierebi dainteresebulni
iyvnen gardatexis asakis bav-
Svebze ganxorcielebuli fizi-
kuri dasjis gavleniT maT
momaval cxovrebaze (Straus &
jgufebSi: depresia, suicidi, • es unda iyos pasuxi spe-
alkoholizmi, sakuTari bav- cifikur arasasurvel
Svebis mimarT fizikuri Seu- qcevaze da arasodes _
racxyofa, (kacebTan) colebis p i r o v n u l
cema. mkvlevrebma daaskvnes, rom maxasiaTebelze;
„nebismieri fizikuri dasjis • limitirebuli unda
gamoyenebis Sewyveta mniSvne- iyos im situaciis
lovan faqtorad gvevlineba Sesatyvisad, sadac
bavSvTa fizikuri Seuracxyofis, reaqcias aqvs adgili;
depresiis, suicidis da alko- • Sedgebodes dasjisagan
holizmis pirvelad prevenci- da ara _ fizikuri
aSi~ (gv. 558). tkivilisagan.
Cven gvjera, konkretuli ma-
ufrTxildiT: sakmaod xSi-
galiTebiT dagarwmuneT, rom bav-
rad, mizezi, ris gamoc bevri
Svebis gatyepa ar aris Sesa-
mSobeli dasjas iyenebs, aris
tyvisi an efeqturi aRzrdis
is, rom dauyovnebliv wydeba
strategia. aRsaniSnavia, rom
bavSvis arasasurveli qceva.
Cveni mizani ar aris nebismieri
mSobeli aRwevs ra Tavis
dasjis akrZalva. SesaZloa,
xanmokle mizans, imavdro-
arsebobdes situaciebi, sadac
ulad, bavSvis myiseuli reaq-
bavSvis arasasurveli qcevis
cia ganamtkicebs mSoblis
SemaCereblad mxolod dasja
damsjelobiT qcevas (Grant &
gvevlineba. kvleva gviCvenebs,
Evans, 1994), magram Sedegi
rom dasja unda iTvaliswi-
aseTia _ ,,xanmokle sargebeli,
nebdes garkveul pirobebs (Wal-
xangrZlivi tkivili~. mSob-
ters & Grusec, 1977).
lebma moTmineba unda gamoi-

operantuli ganpirobebuloba: swavlebis Sedegebis Sesaxeb

Kantor; 1994). Sedegebi sakmaod dasja unda iyos:
Cinon da Tavi Seikavon xanmok-
dramatuli gamodga. mokled
• swrafi da xanmokle; le ganmtkicebisagan sakuTari
rom vTqvaT, 50% aRiarebda, rom
• unda gamoiyenoT imwamsve, Svilebis Soreuli interese-
maT fizikurad sjidnen Tine-
rogorc ki reaqcias aqvs bis gamo.
ijerobisas (58% _ biWi, 44% _
adgili;
gogo). maT, visac sjidnen, mog-
• intensivoba unda iyos li-
vianebiT hqondaT problemebi.
mitirebuli;
isini Semdeg xvdebodnen risk

vityviT, rom qcevis Sedegebi ar yofila realuri

ganmamtkicebelTa Tvisebebi
ganmamtkiceblebi operantuli ganpirobebu-
lobis energiis brokerebad SeiZleba CaiTvalos
— isini cvlian an inarCuneben qcevas. ganmamtki-
ceblebs bevri saintereso da kompleqsuri
Tviseba aqvT. isini SeiZleba daswavlil iqnen
gamocdilebis Sedegad da ar iyvnen biologi-
urad ganpirobebuli da, SesaZloa, mogvevlinon
aqtivobebad da ara raime sagnebad. zog Sem-
TxvevaSi, Cveuli Zlieri ganmamtkicebeli, SesaZ-
loa, ar aRmoCndes sakmarisi imisaTvis, raTa
dominanturi qceva Seicvalos (aseT SemTxvevaSi
ganmamtkiceblebi).
pirobiTi ganmamtkiceblebi
roca am qveyanas moevlineT, auracxeli pirve-
ladi ganmamtkicebeli dagxvdaT, magaliTad,
wyali da saWmeli, romelTa ganmamtkicebluri
Taviseburebani bunebiT iyo gansazRvruli.
droTa ganmavlobaSi bunebrivi stimuli asocir-
da pirvelad ganmamtkicebelTan da axla, ro-
gorc pirobiTi ganmamtkicebeli, ise gvevlineba
operantuli reaqciebis dros. faqtobrivad,
adamianis qcevis umetes wilze gavlenas xSirad
249
 sxvadasxva tipis pirobiTi ganmamtkicebeli
axdens da iSviaTad _ biologiuri pirveladi
ganmamtkicebeli. fuli, niSnebi, mxardaWeris
gamomxatveli Rimili, oqrosferi varskvlavebi
da bevri sxva simbolo im pirobiT ganmamtkice-
belTa ricxvSi Sedis, romlebic Cvens qcevas
gansazRvraven.
faqtobrivad, nebismieri stimuli SeiZleba
iqces pirobiT ganmamtkiceblad, Tu is pirvelad
stimuls dauwyvildeba. erT eqsperimentSi
gamoyenebuli iyo martivi Jetonebi cxovelTa
swavlebis dros.
maswavleblebma da eqsperimentatorebma daad-
gines, rom pirobiTi ganmamtkicebeli ufro mar-
tivi gamosayenebelia da gacilebiT efeqturicaa,
vidre pirveladi ganmamtkicebeli. vinaidan: (1)
ramodenime pirveladi ganmamtkicebeli yovel-
Tvisaa klasSi maSin, roca nebismieri stimulis
gamovlena, romelsac maswavlebeli akontro-
lebs, SesaZloa gamoyenebul iqnes pirobiT
ganmamtkiceblad; (2) swrafad SeiZleba maTi
gacema; (3) isini advilad gadasatania; (4) maTi
ganmtkicebis efeqti ufro swrafia, radgan is
damokidebulia ganmamtkiceblis miRebaze da ara
biologiur ganpirobebulobaze, rogorc es
pirveladi ganmamtkiceblis drosaa.
saidan
zogierT dawesebulebaSi, magaliTad, fsiqiat-
riul saavadmyofoSi an narkologiur dispan- viciT
serSi, Jetonebis ekonomika am principebs emyareba.
pirobiTi ganmamtkicebeli
sasurveli qcevebi (magaliTad, medikamentis
SimpanzeebisTvis
miReba) kargad ganimarteba da roca es qceva
gamovlindeba, Jetonis saxiT sazRauri gaicema Simpanzeebs aswavles problemis gada-
wyveta qiSmiSis, rogorc pirobiTi gan-
momsaxure personalis mier. mogvianebiT, es
mamtkiceblis gamoyenebiT. Semdeg qiSmiSi
Tavi 7 / daswavla da qceviTi analizi

Jetonebi pacientma SeiZleba gadacvalos sxva

tipis jildoze an privilegiaze (Kazdin, 1994; JetonebiT Caanacvles. rogorc ki Jetonebi
gamoCnda, maimunebma moTminebiT daiwyes
Martin& Pear,1999). ganmamtkicebelTa es sistema
muSaoba sakuTari ,,fulis~ mosapoveblad.
gansakuTrebiT efeqturia pacientis qcevis
modificirebisTvis Tavis movlis qcevis Tval- maT mogvianebiT SeeZloT, gadaecvalaT
Jetonebi qiSmiSze (Cowles; 1937).
sazrisiT; gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania maTi
pozitiuri socialuri urTierTobebis gazrdis
TvalsazrisiT.
savaraudo aqtivobebi, rogorc
dadebiTi ganmamtkiceblebi
pirveladi ganmamtkicebeli (Primary reinforcers) _
davuSvaT, rom Tqven gsurT bavSvs raRac
biologiurad gansazRvruli ganmamtkicebeli
gaakeTebinoT; ar gindaT, mas gadauxadoT an
_ saWmeli da wyali.
misceT oqros varskvlavi da amitom sTavazobT
pirobiTi ganmamtkicebeli (Conditioned reinforc-
garigebas: ,,roca saSinao davalebas daasruleb,
ers) – klasikuri ganpirobebulobis mixedviT
yofili neitraluri stimuli, romelic ganmam- SegiZlia kompiuteruli TamaSi iTamaSo~. Tqven
250 tkiceblad iqca. mier gamoyenebuli ,,kompiuteruli TamaSi~
mocemul situaciaSi premakis principad gvev-
lineba, romelic david premakma (David Premak)
1965 wels aRmoaCina. premakis mixedviT, ufro
metad albaTuri aqtivoba (qceva, romelsac Cveul
garemoSi gamovlenis meti albaToba aqvs),
SesaZloa, gamoviyenoT naklebad albaTuri
qcevis ganmamtkiceblad. Tavis sawyis kvlevaSi
premakma aRmoaCina, rom wyliT deprivirebulma
virTxebma savarjiSo borblis datrialebis
mizniT sirbili iswavles maSin, roca am aqti-
vobas wylis daleva mohyveboda da, piriqiT,
savarjiSoTi deprivirebuli virTxebi zrdidnen
wylis smis qcevas. premakis mixedviT, ganmamtki-
ceblad organizmisTvis mniSvnelovani nebis-
mieri qceva an aqtivoba SeiZleba mogvevlinos.
premakis principi xSirad gamoiyeneba gansakuT-
rebiT bavSvTa instituciebis iseTi qcevis
sixSiris gasazrdelad, rogoricaa mSvidad jdo-
ma da vinmes saubris mosmena. qvemoT aRwerilia
erTi klasikuri SemTxveva.
saidan
viciT
bavSvebi imuSaveben imisaTvis, rom
iTamaSon
Caatares kvleva, romlis drosac klasSi
gamoyofili iyo droiTi intervalebi, ro-
ca bavSvebi mSvidad uyurebdnen dafas da
zogjer esmodaT zaris xma. zaris xmas
mohyveboda instruqcia: „gaiqeciT da iy-
vireT~.Mmoswavleebi dauyovnebliv wamox-
tebodnen da darbodnen klasSi, yvirodnen
da erTobodnen. ramdenime wuTSi Semdegi
signali afrTxilebda maT, rom dabrune-
buliyvnen TavianT adgilebze. mogvianebiT
bavSvebs aZlevdnen Jetonebs dabali
sixSiris qcevis — maTematikis mecadine-
obisTvis. bavSvebs Jetonebi saSualebas
aZlevda, CarTuliyvnen SedarebiT maRali
aqtivobis qcevaSi, rogoricaa saTamaSo-
ebiT TamaSi. am tipis proceduriT kon-
troli SesaniSnavad ganxorcielda ramo-
denime dReSi (homme et al,1963).
sxva tipis saklaso programa, sadac maswavleb-
lebis mier xSirad gamoiyeneboda dasja, cema
da yvirili, Cavarda.
axla xedavT, Tu rogor SeiZleba gamoiyenoT
premakis principi dabali sixSiris qcevaSi
bavSvebis CasarTavad. socialurad aqtiuri
bavSvisaTvis amxanagebTan TamaSi ganamtkicebs
davalebis Sesrulebis naklebad sasiamovno
qcevas. morcxvi bavSvisTvis ki axali wignis
wakiTxva SeiZleba gamoviyenoT sxva bavSvebTan
TamaSis qcevis ganmamtkiceblad. nebismieri
aqtivoba SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes ganmamtki-
ceblad da es zrdis imis albaTobas, rom miR-
weul iqneba im qcevis sixSiris mateba, rac
konkretul SemTxvevaSi naklebad albaTuria.
ganmamtkicebelTa cxrilebi
ra xdeba maSin, roca Tqven ar gindaT, rom
Tqvens Sinaur cxovels ganumtkicoT raime
konkretuli qceva? axalgazrda skiners mouwia
Tavis laboratoriaSi erTi kviriT yofna ise,
rom ar hqonda sakmarisi kvebiTi ganmamtkicebeli
Tavisi mSromeli virTxebisaTvis. is ekonomias
akeTebda da virTxebs saWmlis natexebs raRac
intervaliT aZlevda. miuxedavad imisa, Tu
ramdenjer daaWerdnen isini TaTs Rilaks, met
sakvebs veRar iRebdnen. aRmoCnda, rom virTxebi
operantuli ganpirobebuloba: swavlebis Sedegebis Sesaxeb
ufro metad reagirebdnen am parcialur ganmam-
tkicebelTa formaze, vidre mudmivmoqmed gan-
mtkicebaze. rogor fiqrobT, ra mouvidaT cxo-
velebs, roca isini qcevis Caqrobis safrTxis
winaSe aRmoCndnen da meti saWmeli aRar iyo?
is virTxebi, romelTa qcevac ufro iSviaTad
ganmtkicdeboda, gacilebiT intensiurad aWer-
dnen GTaTs Rilaks, vidre isini, romlebsac
ganmamtkicebeli yovel jerze eZleodaT.
skineri, raRac, Zalian mniSvnelovans miuax-
lovda.
am parcialuri ganmamtkiceblis efeqturobam
migviyvana kvlevamde ganmamtkicebelTa gansxva-
vebuli intensivobiT miwodebis Sesaxeb (ix.
sur. 7.13). Tqven TviTon gangicdiaT ganmamtki-
ceblis gansxvavebuli efeqtis roli sakuTar
cxovrebaSi. roca Tqven xels swevT klasSi,
maswavlebeli xan giZaxebT da xan _ ara. realur
cxovrebaSi an laboratoriaSi ganmamtkicebeli
SeiZleba miwodebul iqnes rogorc propor-
ciuli ganmamtkiceblis forma — ramdenime
konkretuli reaqciis Semdeg; an ganmamtkicebeli
intervalebiT — roca ganmtkiceba drois raRac
251
 intervalis Semdeg gaicema. TiToeul SemTxvevaSi
SeiZleba adgili hqondes fiqsirebul an varia-
bilur ganmtkicebas. axla Cven viciT parcialuri
ganmamtkiceblis efeqtis Sesaxeb da aRmoCnda,
rom parcialurad ganmtkicebuli qceva metad
gamZlea Caqrobis mimarT, vidre Tanmimdevrulad
ganmtkicebuli (Bitterman, 1975). modi vnaxoT, sxva
ra saintereso aRmoCenebi gaakeTes mkvlevrebma
ganmamtkicebelTa sxvadasxva cxrilebTan dakav-
SirebiT.

fiqsirebuli proporciis (dozis)

cxrilebi
fiqsirebuli ganmamtkiceblis cxrilebSi
ganmamtkicebeli gaicema mas Semdeg, rac or-
ganizmi gamoavlens reaqciaTa fiqsirebul ode-
nobas. roca ganmtkicebas mohyveba erTi reaqcia,
cxrils ewodeba fiqsirebuli proporcia-1 (fp-
1; es aris Tanmimdevrulad ganmtkicebis cxrili).
roca ganmamtkicebeli mosdevs yovel 25-e
reaqcias, cxrils ewodeba fp-25. fiqsirebuli
suraTi
7.13
ganmamtkicebelTa cxrilebi (
fiqsirebuli ganmamtkicebeli ganmamtkicebelTa cxrilebi
verbaluri proporcia qcevis gansxvavebuli paternebi yalibdeba ganmamtki-
cebelTa oTxi cxrilis gamoyenebiT. grafikebze
arsebuli aRniSvnebi imaze miuTiTeben, Tu rodis
miewodeba ganmamtkicebeli.

proporciis cxrilebi iZleva reaqciis maRal

xarisxs, radgan reaqciasa da ganmtkicebas Soris
pirdapiri korelaciaa. mtreds SeuZlia,
garkveuli drois ganmavlobaSi, imdeni sakvebi
Tavi 7 / daswavla da qceviTi analizi

miiRos, ramdenic unda, Tu sakmarisad xSirad

fiqsirebuli intervalis cxrili (fixed-interval
schedule) – ganmamtkicebelTa cxrili, romelSic
ganmamtkicebeli miewodeba fiqsirebuli drois
gasvlidan pirvelive sapasuxo reaqciisas.
cvalebadi intervalis cxrili (vaiable-interval
schedule) – ganmamtkicebelTa cxrili, romelSic
ganmamtkicebeli miewodeba pirvelive pasuxisas
cvladi periodis gavlis Semdeg, romlis saSu-
aloc winaswar gansazRvrulia.
warmatebuli miaxloebebis mixedviT Seipingi
(shaiping by successive approximations) – qceviTi
meTodi, romelic ganamtkicebs im reaqciebs,
romlebic warmatebulad uaxlovdebian da
maqsimalurad axlos arian sasurvel reaqcias-
252 Tan.
akenkavs. rac ufro maRalia proporcia, miT
metia pauza TiToeuli ganmamtkiceblis Semdeg.
ganmamtkiceblis misaRebad meti sapasuxo reaq-
ciebis miRebis moTxovniT proporciis Semci-
rebam im SemTxvevaSi, roca cxoveli gawvrTni-
li da momzadebuli ar aris amisaTvis, SeiZleba
migviyvanos Caqrobamde. bevri adamiani gayidvebis
industriaSi fp cxrilebs mimarTavs: maT manamde
unda gayidon saqonlis gansazRvruli raodeno-
ba, vidre jamagirs aiReben.
variabiluri proporciis cxrili
variabiluri proporciis cxrilSi winaswar
gansazRvrulia ganmamtkicebelTa Soris reaq-
ciaTa raodenoba. vp-10 cxrili niSnavs, rom
saSualod yovel 10 reaqcias mohyveba ganmamtki-
cebeli, magram ganmtkicebas SeiZleba adgili
hqondes mxolod erTi reaqciis an 20 reaqciis
Semdeg. aseTi saxiT ganmtkicebuli qceva sakmaod
rezistentulia Caqrobis mimarT. davuSvaT, Tqven
mtredTan muSaoba daiwyeT vp-5 cxriliT da
Semdeg gadaxvediT vp-110-ze. mtredi akenkavs 12000
marcvals saaTSi da ase gagrZeldeba saaTebis
manZilze, ganmamtkicebelTa gareSec ki. azar-
tuli TamaSebic SegviZlia vp cxrilebis kon-
trols daqvemdebarebulad miviCnioT. am princips
emyareba saTamaSo manqanebis principi _ masSi
monetis Cagdebis Semdeg ar iciT, rodis miiRebT
Sedegs, romelsac eliT da kvlav agdebT da
agdebT monetebs. vp cxrili gayenebT gamocanis
winaSe – rodis mova jildo. Tqven gjeraT, rom
is Semdegi Tqveni reaqciis TandarTuli iqneba
da ara ufro mogvianebiT (Rachlin, 1990).
fiqsirebuli intervalis cxrili
roca saqme gvaqvs fiqsirebuli intervalis
cxrilTan, ganmamtkicebeli miewodeba pirveli
reaqciis Semdeg, anu fiqsirebuli drois gasvlis
Semdeg. FI-10 cxrilSi, magaliTad, roca subieqti
iRebs ganmtkicebas, unda gavides 10 wami, sanam
meore reaqcia ganmtkicdeba _ reaqciaTa raode-
nobisda miuxedavad.
cvalebadi intervalis cxrili
cvalebadi intervalis cxrilSi saSualo
intervali winaswar aris gansazRvruli. magali-
Tad, ci-20 cxrilSi ganmamtkicebeli miewodeba,
saSualod, yovel 20 wamSi erTxel. es forma
iwvevs saSualo siswrafiT, magram Zalian stabi-
luri qcevis formis Camoyalibebas. Caqroba am
dros etapobrivi da Zalian nelia. erT Sem-
TxvevaSi mtredma 18 000-jer akenka pirveli 4
saaTis ganmavlobaSi mas Semdeg, rac ganmtkiceba
Sewyda da 168 saaTi dasWirda am qcevis srul
gaqrobas (Ferster & Skiner, 1957). SegiZliaT CaTva-
loT, rom ci-20 cxrili sakuTar Tavze gaqvT
gamocdili, Tu gyoliaT leqtori, romelic
araregularulad, moulodnelad gitarebdaT
koloqviumebs. yoveldRe emzadebodiT momavali
gakveTilisaTvis?
qcevis formireba (Seipingi)
erT-erT eqsperimentSi Cven vilaparakeT virT-
xebze, romlebic Rilaks aWerdnen TaTs saWmlis
misaRebad. Rilakis daWera daswavlili qcevaa.
Tu mas operantul kameraSi movaTavsebT, albaT,
ar daaWers saxelurs TaTs spontanurad. virTxas
naswavli aqvs Tavisi TaTebis sxvadasxva gziT
gamoyeneba, magram saxeluri sxva dros arasodes
Camouwevia. rogor vaswavloT virTxas qcevebi,
romlebic, savaraudod, iSviaTad vlindebian?
Tqven moifiqreT ganmtkicebis gza, optimaluri
sakvebi, ganmamtkicebelTa cxrilic gaqvT (fp-1),
rogor moviqceT axla? imisaTvis, rom Tqven
aswavloT axali rTuli qceva, unda gamoiyenoT
Seipingi warmatebuli miaxloebebis mixedviT.
am dros Tqven ganamtkicebT nebismier qcevas,
romelic warmatebulia da Tanac miaxloebuli
saboloo mizanTan.
es ase keTdeba. jer unda moaxdinoT virTxis
saWmliT deprivireba erTi dRis ganmavlobaSi.
deprivaciis gareSe saWmelma SeiZleba ar imu-
Saos, rogorc ganmamtkicebelma. Semdeg Tqven
sistematurad aTavsebT sakvebs kabinis erT
kuTxeSi ise, rom virTxa mas xedavdes. axla Tqven
SegiZliaT daiwyoT Seipingi imiT, rom sakvebis
operantuli ganpirobebuloba: swavlebis Sedegebis Sesaxeb
miwodebis sixSire daukavSiroT virTxis
specifikur qceviT reaqcias, magaliTad, karis
saxelurTan misvlas. saWmeli virTxas miewodeba
mxolod maSin, roca is ufro axlos midis karis
saxelurTan. ganmamtkicebeli ki im SemTxvevaSi
gaicema, Tu virTxa exeba mas, xolo saWmlis
misaRebad man unda saxelurs daaWiros. am dros
virTxa swavlobs, rom saxeluris Camoweva misTvis
sakvebis momtania. ase rom, SeipingisTvis Tqven
unda gansazRvroT progresis etapebi samizne qce-
vis Sesatyvisad da gamoiyenoT diferencirebuli
ganmtkiceba TiToeuli etapis formirebisaTvis.
axla ganvixiloT sxva SemTxveva, roca Seipin-
gi gamoyenebul iqna patara autisti bavSvis
cxovrebis pirobebis gasaumjobeseblad.
saidan
viciT
qcevis formireba autist bavSvTan
pacienti 3 wlis biWi iyo, romelsac
dausves autizmis diagnozi. mas hqonda
normaluri socialuri da verbaluri 253
 qcevis deficiti. xSirad axorcielebda
tantumebs da sakuTari Tavis damazianebel
qcevebs. kataraqtis operaciis Semdeg man
uari Tqva saTvaleebis tarebaze, rac
Zlier mniSvnelovani iyo misi mxedvelobi-
saTvis. pirvelad mas eZleoda kanfeti
saTamaSos Wyvitinis Semdeg. ase rom,
saWmelTan asociaciis fonze es xma piro-
biTi ganmtkiceba gaxda. Semdeg treningi
gagrZelda uSuSo saTvalis CarCoTi.
Tavidan Wyvitini ismoda maSin, roca patara
saTvalis CarCos xelSi iRebda, male es
xma ismoda mas Semdeg, rac CarCo xelSi
yovndeboda, bolos _ roca bavSvs ekeTa
saTvale. nel-nela biWi jildovdebida
maSin, roca mas TvalTan axlos mihqonda
CarCo. ramodenime kviraSi bavSvma daiwyo
CarCos Tavze wamocma da male sworad
moirgo Tvalebze. treningis Semdeg etapze
bavSvma iswavla saTvalis tareba dReSi
12 saaTis ganmavlobaSi (Wolf et al., 1964).

axla davubrundeT Cvens virTxas. vTqvaT, Tqven

mogindaT aswavloT virTxas galiaSi wreze
sirbili. rogor gegmas ganaxorcielebdiT am
SemTxvevaSi? ra SeiZleba iyos is miaxloebuli
qceva saboloo mizanTan, romelsac Tqven
dasawyisSi ganamtkicebdiT? SesaZloa, Tqven
Tavidan ganamtkicoT saWiro mimarTulebiT Tavis
mibrunebis qcevac ki. Semdeg Tqven virTxas
saWmeli im SemTxvevaSi unda misceT, Tu is
mTel tans miabrunebs saWiro mimarTulebiT.
ras gaakeTebdiT amis Semdeg?
Tavi 7 / daswavla da qceviTi analizi
ebuloba, romelTac yvelaze xSirad iyeneben
daswavlisas cxovelebTan. cdebs mecnierebi
axorcielebdnen ZaRlebze, katebze, virTxebze
da mtredebze. aRsaniSnavia, rom adamianebic
msgavs qcevas axorcieleben. saboloo jamSi,
mkvlevrebi mividnen daskvnamde, rom daswavla
bevr situaciaSi modificirdeba garkveuli

daswavlis ori forma ganvixileT — klasi- saxeobis biologiuri da kognituri SesaZleb-

kuri ganpirobebuloba da operantuli ganpirob- lobebiT. axla Cven gadavalT im procesebis

254
ganxilvaze, romlebic daswavlis zogad kanonebs
SemosazRvraven.
Sejameba
Torndaikisa da skineris mier aRmoCenili
operantuli ganpirobebulobis meTodika marTavs
organizmis qcevis Sedegebs ise, rom imoqmedos
Zireul qcevaze. dadebiTi da uaryofiTi ganmtki-
ceba zrdis qcevis gamovlenis albaTobas.
ganmasxvavebel stimulze muSaoba amcirebs
generalizacias samizne qcevis miRma. ganpirobe-
buli ganmamtkicebeli gacilebiT did gavlenas
axdens adamianis qcevaze, vidre pirveladi ganmam-
tkicebeli. premakis principi gvamcnobs, rom
metad albaTi aqtivoba SeiZleba iqnes gamo-
yenebuli naklebad albaTi aqtivobis gansamtki-
ceblad. ganmamtkicebelTa sxvadasxva cxrilebi
reaqciaTa gansxvavebul paternebs gansazRvraven.
Seipingi moiTxovs, rom samizne qcevasTan
warmatebulad miaxloeba diferencialurad
iqnes ganmtkicebuli.
biologia da daswavla
is Sexeduleba, rom daswavlis ZiriTadi
principebi adamianebTan da cxovelebTan msgavsia,
pirvelad ingliselma filosofosma david iumma
(David Hume) 1748 wels wamoayena. man Tqva, rom
„nebismieri Teoria, romliTac Cven gagebis
operaciebs vxsniT adamianSi, raRac damatebiT
mniSvnelobas SeiZens, Tu vnaxavT, rom igive
fenomeni msgavsad aixsneba yvela danarCen
cxovelTanac~ (Hume, 1748/1951, gv.104).
am Tvalsazrisis mimzidveli simartive
kamaTis sagani gaxda, rodesac 1960-ian wlebSi
fsiqologebma aRmoaCines sxvadasxva kanonzo-
mierebebi da SezRudvebi ganpirobebulobis
ganzogadebasTan dakavSirebiT (Bailey & Bailey, 1993;
Garcia, 1993; Todd & Morris, 1992-1993). mesame Tavidan
Tqven ukve icnobT im ideas, rom cxovelebis
ganviTareba iyo reaqcia gadarCenis saWiroebaze.
bevri sxvaoba saxeobebs Soris swored adap-
taciiT SeiZleba aixsnas. zustad aseTive evo-
luciuri perspeqtiviT vudgebiT daswavlis
unars (Leger, 1992). daswavlis biologiuri iZu-
leba aris swored is SezRudva, rac saxeobas
memkvidreobiT gadaecema. es iZulebebi SeiZleba
gamoyenebuli iqnes cxovelTa sensorul, qceviT
da kognitur unarTa mimarTebaSi. ganvixilavT
kvlevis or sferos, romelic cxadyofs, rom
qceva-garemo kavSiri organizmis genotipiTaa
ganpirobebuli _ instinqturi swrafva da gemos
aversiiT swavla.
instinqturi swrafva
cxadia, ginaxavT cxovelebi, romlebic
aTasgvar ileTebs akeTeben. cirkSi da tele-
ekranze. zogierTi cxoveli beisbols, ping-
pongs TamaSobs, zogi manqanas atarebs. wlebis
manZilze keler brelandi da marion brelandi
iyenebdnen operantuli ganpirobebulobis teq-
nikebs, rom gamoewvrTnaT aTasobiT sxvadasxva
saxeobis cxoveli. brelandebs sjerodaT, rom
zogadi principebi, romlebic laboratoriuli
kvlevebidan gamomdinareobda, realuradac
imuSavebda da nebismieri reaqcia an jildo
niSnavda cxovelis kontrols laboratoriis
gareT.
Tumca, wvrTnis raRac etapze zogierTi
cxoveli „cudad moqcevas~ iwyebda. magaliTad,
enoti iwvrTneboda, rom aeRo moneta, Caegdo
yulabaSi da amiT gamoemuSavebina sakvebi, magram
enoti maSinve ar iRebda monetas da ori monetis
aRebis Semdeg ganpirobebuloba saerTod
wydeboda, anu enoti saerTod aRar iRebda
monetebs. samagierod, is xeliT xexavda yvela
monetas erTad, tenida yulabaSi da Semdeg iqidan
iRebda. aris Tu ara es ucnauri? enotebs xSirad
axasiaTebT xexvisa da recxvis qceva, rodesac
maT sayvarel sakvebs moipoveben niJarebidan.
amis msgavsad, rodesac Rorebs wvrTnidnen, raTa
gamomuSavebuli monetebi did yulabaSi CaeyaraT,
biologia da daswavla
isini Zirs yridnen am monetebs, jer dingiT
ynosavdnen da mere haerSi agdebdnen. isev
ismis kiTxva, unda CaiTvalos Tu ara cxovelis
es qceva ucnaurad an sakvirvelad? Rorebi
zustad ase iqcevian saWmlis mopovebisas, radgan
qcevis es repertuari maT memkvidreobiT aqvT
miRebuli.
aseTma gamocdilebam daarwmuna brelandebi,
rom, miuxedavad imisa, rom raRac etapamde
cxovelebma daiswavles operantuli reaqciebi,
255
 daswavlili qceva iswrafvis instinqturi qce-
visaken droTa ganmavlobaSi. am tendencias maT
instinqturi swrafva uwodes (Breland & Breland,
1951, 1961). cxovelebis qceva ar aixsneba operantu-
li principebiT, magram savsebiT gasagebi xdeba,
Tuki am qcevas saxeobebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli
memkvidruli qcevis paternebis konteqstSi
ganvixilavT. es tendencia cvlis qcevas, romelic
SemuSavebulia operantuli ganpirobebulobiT.
cxovelTa swavlebis kvlevaTa umetesoba fo-
kusirebuli iyo Sesatyvisad misawvdomi stimu-
lebisaTvis winaswari ganxilvis safuZvelze
SerCeul reaqciebze. brelandebis Teoria cxad-
yofs, rom SeuZlebelia daswavlis yvela as-
peqtis gakontroleba. qcevebi SeiZleba met-
naklebad advilad Sesacvleli iyos, rogorc
cxovelis Cveulebrivi, genetikurad daprogra-
mebuli reaqcia garemoze. ganpirobebuloba maSin
iqneba efeqturi, rodesac samizne reaqcia biolo-
giurad aqtualuria cxovelisaTvis. magaliTad,
ra cvlilebaa saWiro imisTvis, rom Rorma mon-
eta yulabaSi Caagdos? Tu es qceva dawyvilebul
iqneba wylis miwodebasTan, mowyurebuli Rori
bevrad swrafad daiswavlis am rutinas.
gemos aversiiT daswavla
am wignis avtorebma ramdenime aRiareba unda
gaakeTon: erT-erT maTgans dResac zaravs Roris
xorcisa da muxudos Wamis warmodgenaze, xolo
meores zustad aseTive reaqcia aqvs popkornze.
Cven mZimed avad gavxdiT zemoT CamoTvlili
sakvebis miRebis Semdeg. nakleb savaraudoa, rom
Tavi 7 / daswavla da qceviTi analizi
Cven avad am sakvebis gamo gavxdiT, Tumca, aseTi
reaqcia mainc SemogvrCa. imisaTvis, rom avxsnaT
es fenomeni, mivmarToT isev cxovelebs.
daswavlis biologiuri iZuleba (Biological con-
straints on learning) – nebismieri limiti organizmis
daswavlis SesaZleblobaze, romelic gansa-
zRvrulia erTi saxeobis individebis mem-
kvidruli sensorul-kognituri unarebiT.
instinqturi swrafva (Instinctual drift) _ daswav-
lili qcevis tendencia, droTa ganmavlobaSi
instinqtur qmedebaSi gadavides.
gemos aversiiT daswavla (Taste-aversion learning)
– daswavlis biologiuri kanonzomiereba,
romelSic organizmi swavlobs avadmyofobis
gamomwvevi sakvebisagan Tavis aridebas.
256
davuSvaT, Tqven gTxoves, SeimuSaoT strategia
ucnobi nivTierebebis degustaciisaTvis. Tqven
rom gqondeT virTxis qcevis memkvidruli
paterni, am dros uaRresad frTxilad iqnebodiT.
rodesac isini awydebian axal sakvebs an surnels,
Zalian frTxiloben da Zalian patara raode-
nobas iReben gasasinjad. Tuki es nivTiereba
maT arafers dauSavebs, Semdeg ubrundebian da
miirTmeven. magram, Tu eqsperimentSi CavrTavT
iseT nivTierebas, romelic avad xdis virTxebs,
maSin isini am nivTierebas arasdros aRar mieka-
rebian. am fenomens ewodeba gemos aversiiT das-
wavla. am genetikur unars _ sakvebis gasinjvas
da daswavlas, romeli sakvebia usafrTxo da
romelia toqsikuri, didi Rirebuleba aqvs.
gaixseneT Cxikvi lorenco. rogorc Cans, misTvis
Rvinis gemo aversiuli gaxda mas Semdeg, rac man
„simTvraleSi~ gamoscada.
gemos aversiiT daswavla Zalze Zlieri meqa-
nizmia. gansxvavebiT klasikuri ganpirobebulobis
sxva aspeqtebisagan, gemos aversiiT daswavla
mxolod erTjeradi dawyvilebiT xdeba. wyvil-
deba ganpirobebuli stimuli (axali sakvebi/
surneli) da misi Sedegi (ganupirobebli stimu-
lis – elementis, romelic, faqtobrivad, iwvevs
avadmyofobas – Sedegi). es debuleba WeSmariti
rCeba didi droiTi intervalebis drosac (12
saaTi da meti, dro, romlis SualedSi virTxa
iRebs nivTierebas da avad xdeba). sabolood,
gansxvavebiT klasikurad ganpirobebuli asoci-
aciebisagan, romlebic sakmaod myifea, gemos
aversiiT daswavla myari xdeba erTi gamocdile-
bis Semdegac. kidev erTxel, imisaTvis, rom
gavigoT klasikuri ganpirobebulobis normaTa
darRvevebi, unda gaiTvaliswinoT is, Tu raoden
dramatulad moiTxoven es meqanizmebi gadarCenas.
jon garsiam, fsiqologma, romelmac pirvelad
daafiqsira gemos aversiiT daswavla laborato-
riaSi da misma kolegam, robert kolingma, es
fenomeni gamoiyenes imisaTvis, rom TvalsaCino
gaexadaT cxovelebis mzadyofna konkretuli
asociaciebis daswavlisaTvis. mkvlevrebma aR-
moaCines, rom zogierTi ganpirobebuli stimuli-
ganupirobebeli stimuli kombinaciebi SeiZleba
klasikurad iyos ganpirobebuli cxovelTa kon-
kretul saxeobebSi.
 saidan
viciT
stimulisa da Sedegebis Tanxvdena
garsiasa da kolingis eqsperimentis pir-
vel fazaSi virTxebi jer ecnobodnen
situacias, romelSic milis alokva iwvevda
sam ganpirobebul stimuls: saxariniT Seza-
vebul wyals, xmaurs da Zlier sinaTles.
meore fazaSi, rodesac virTxebi mils
lokavdnen, maTi naxevari iRebda mxolod
tkbil wyals, xolo meore naxevari –
xmaurs, sinaTles da sufTa wyals. Semdeg
orive jgufi daiyo: TiToeuli jgufis
erTi naxevari moxvda eleqtruli Sokis
zemoqmedebis qveS, rac tkivils iwvevda,
xolo meore naxevari ki radiaciuli
dasxivebis qveS, rac iwvevda avadmyofobasa
da gulisrevas. wylis is raodenoba, ro-
melic virTxebma pirvel fazaSi dalies,
Seadares meore fazaSi daleuli wylis
raodenobas. raodenoba sagrZnoblad mcir-
deboda, rodesac surnelovani wyali aso-
cirdeboda avadmyofobasTan (gemos aversia)
da rodesac xmauri da sinaTle asocir-
deboda tkivilTan. Tumca, qcevaSi mxolod
patara cvlileba SeiniSneboda ori sxva
pirobis SemTxvevaSi: rodesac surneli
moaswavebda tkivils, an, rodesac Zlieri
sinaTle, xmauri da wyali moaswavebda
avadmyofobas (ix. sur. 7.14).
miRebuli Sedegebi cxadyofs, rom virTxebs
aqvT Tandayolili unari, asociacia daamyaron
konkretul stimulsa da konkretul Sedegs
Soris (Garcia & Koelling, 1966). ganpirobebulobis
zogierTi aspeqti, aqedan gamomdinare, damokide-
bulia ara marto stimulsa da qcevas Soris
suraTi
7.14
Tandayolili unarebi
garsias da kolingis kvlevebma (1966) aCvena, rom
virTxebs aqvT Tandayolili unari, gansazRvruli
stimuli daakavSiron gansazRvrul SedegTan.
virTxebi eridebodnen saxarins, roca is avad-
myofobas moaswavebda da ara Soks da piriqiT _
ferad wyalsac eridebodnen, radgan Soks moas-
wavebda da ar eridebodnen, rodesac mas avad-
myofoba mohyveboda.
rom koiotebma Sewyviton cxvris xocva, jon
garsiam da misma kolegebma daawyves batknis
toqsikuri xorci, romelic gaxveuli iyo cxvris
tyavSi. toqsikuri xorciT koiotebi daavaddnen
da ganuviTardaT zizRi batknis xorcis mimarT.
amis Semdeg cxvris danaxvaze isini Setevis
magivrad ukan ixevdnen.
gemos aversiis erT-erTi yvelaze seriozuli
aspeqti Tavs iCens kiboTi daavadebul pacien-
tebSi, romlebic veRar uZleben Cveulebriv
sakvebs qimioTerapiisa da misgan gamowveuli
gulisrevis gamo.
saidan
viciT
biologia da daswavla

kavSirze, aramed imazec, Tu rogor dispozicias mkerdis simsivnis mqone pacientebSi

avlens organizmi genetikurad am stimulis gemos arideba
mimarT mocemul garemoSi (Barker et al., 1978).
22 qalisagan Semdgarma jgufma, romel-
cxovelebs aqvT memkvidruli klasifikacia im
sac dasmuli hqonda mkerdis kibos diag-
stimulebisa, romeli SeiZleba moaswavebdes
nozi, gviambo sakuTari kvebiTi priori-
safrTxes da romeli – jildos. amitom eqperi-
tetebis Sesaxeb qimioTerapiis rva kursis
mentatorebi, romlebic ecdebian am paternebis
ganmavlobaSi, romelTa Sorisac Sualedi
darRvevas, bevrs verafers miaRweven.
sami kvira iyo. qalebma CamoTvales yvela-
mkvlevrebma gemos aversiiT daswavlis meqaniz-
feri, rasac Wamdnen 24 saaTis manZilze
mis praqtikaSi gadmotanac scades. imisaTvis,
257
 Terapiamde da Terapiis Semdeg. isini
ranJirebas ukeTebdnen sakvebsa da sasmels
1-dan (Zalian armowoneba) 9-mde (Zalian
mowoneba). mkvlevrebi aversiis gamovlenas
maSin aRiarebdnen, Tuki sakvebis Sefaseba
4 quliT daecemoda. aRmoCnda, rom qalebis
46%-s ganuviTarda aversia, sul mcire,
erTi sakvebis mimarT. Tumca, aversiebi,
romlebic Cndeboda Terapiis pirveli ori
kviris ganmavlobaSi, xanmokle iyo. cxadi
gaxda, rom, virTxebisagan gansxvavebiT,
pacientebi arCevdnen, rom gulisreva
Terapiis Sedegi iyo da ara sakvebisa, rom-
lis Semdgomi gasinjvisas ganpirobebuli
aversia qreboda (Jacobsen et al., 1993).

imis garkveviT, rom aversia SeiZleba klasi-

kurad iyos ganpirobebuli, mkvlevrebs SeuZliaT,
SeimuSavon amis Sesamcirebeli saSualebebi (Ber-
stein, 1991). magaliTad, kiboTi daavadebul bavSvebs
sakvebi qimioTerapiamde miawodes. amasTan, miwode-
bul kanfetebs an nayins sruliad specifikuri
surneli hqonda anu aversia swored am surnelis
mimarT yalibdeboda. amgvarad, bavSvebs SeeZloT,
kvlavac eWamaT sayvareli surnelis mqone kanfeti
an nayini. mkvlevrebma aRmoaCines sxva aspeqtebic
pacientebSi, rac klasikuradaa ganpirobebuli.
bevr pacients gulisreva ewyeboda qimioTerapiis
seansis dawyebamde. is garemo da ganwyoba, romel-
Sic isini mkurnalobdnen, ganpirobebul sti-
mulad iqca (Tomoyasu et al., 1996). amgvari efeqtebis
safuZvlebis gaanalizeba mkvlevrebs mkurnalobis
meTodikis SemuSavebis saSualebas aZlevs. kidev
Tavi 7 / daswavla da qceviTi analizi

erTxel _ ganpirobebulobaSi amgvari gavlenis Sejameba

efeqtebis safuZvlebis codna mkvlevrebs saSua-
instinqturi swrafvis fenomeni gulisxmobs,
lebas aZlevs, SeimuSaon amave efeqtebis sawinaaR-
rom organizmebi limitirebulni arian im
mdego mkurnaloba.
TvalsazrisiT, UTu ras daiswavlian saxeobidan
axla cxadi xdeba, ratom unda iyvnen Tanamed-
gamomdinare instinqtTa gamo. gemos aversia
rove qceviTi analitikosebi yuradRebiT reaqciis
imdenad Zlieria zogierT cxovelTan, rom is
im tipebis mimarT, romlebic ama Tu im saxeo-
permanentulad daiswavleba ganpirobebuli
bisaTvis ufro Sesaferisebi arian dasaswavlad
stimulisa da ganupirobebeli stimulis erT-
(Todd and Morris 1992). Tu Tqven gindaT moxuc ZaRls
jeradi SewyvilebiTac ki. qimioTerapiaze myof
aswavloT xrikebi, mainc ver SecvliT mis
adamianTa umetesoba ganicdis ganpirobebul
genetikurad ganpirobebul qceviT potencials.
gemos aversias. mkvlevrebi cdiloben, gamoigonon
Cveni disciplina ar aris srulyofili, ramdena-
klasikur ganpirobebulobaze dayrdnobili me-
dac jer ar SevxebivarT daswavlis iseT formebs,
Todebi, raTa Tavidan aicilon, an gaauqmon es
romlebic umaRles kognitur procesebs moiTxo-
aversiebi.
ven. axla swored aseTi saxis daswavlas SevexoT.
258
kogniciis gavlena
daswavlaze
rogorc aRiniSna, qcevis Zalian didi speqtri
SeiZleba aixsnas, rogorc daswavlis martivi
procesis Sedegi. Cndeba kiTxva: arseboben Tu
ara daswavlis iseTi tipebi, romlebsac ufro
kompleqsuri kognituri unarebi sWirdebaT?
kognicia aris nebismieri fsiqikuri aqtivoba,
romelic CarTulia codnis gadamuSavebisa da
warmoCenis iseT procesebSi, rogorebicaa:
azrovneba, mexsiereba, aRqma da metyveleba. amitom
axla ganvixilavT daswavlis iseT formebs,
romlebic ar SeiZleba aixsnas mxolod kla-
sikuri an operantuli ganpirobebulobiT. aqedan
gamomdinare, iTvleba, rom qceva, nawilobriv,
kognituri procesebis Sedegia.
cxovelTa kognicia
am TavSi ganvixileT daswavlis wesebi vir-
Txebis, ZaRlebis da mtredebis magaliTze.
mkvlevrebma daadgines, rom ara mxolod klasi-
kuri da operantuli ganpirobebulobiT SeiZ-
leba sxvadasxva saxeobebis unarebis ganzoga-
deba (Wasserman, 1993-1994). Tavis evoluciis Teo-
riaSi Carlz darvinma ganacxada, rom kognituri
unarebi izrdeba da viTardeba cxovelTa fi-
zikur formasTan erTad. amitom axla ganvixi-
lavT cxoveluri daswavlis or, erTob STambeW-
dav, tips, romelic miuTiTebs cxovelTa kogni-
tur unarebze.
kognituri rukebi
edvard tolmeni (Edward Tolman, 1886-1959) iyo
pirveli, vinc daiwyo kognituri procesebis
kvleva cxovelebSi sxvadasxva eqsperimentuli
situaciebis gamogonebiT, romlebSic meqanikuri,
erTi-erTze asociaciebi ver axsnida cxovelis
qcevas. daakvirdiT 7.15 suraTs. tolmenma da
misma studentebma aCvenes, rom, rodesac la-
birinTSi blokirebulia Tavdapirveli biliki,
virTxebi iq adreuli gamocdilebiT airCeven
umokles gzas gamosvlisaTvis, miuxedavad imisa,
rom aranairi ganmtkiceba ar miuRiaT (Tolman &
Honzik, 1930). Tumca, virTxebi iqceodnen ise,
TiTqos isini emorCilebodnen gansazRvrl
suraTi
7.15
kognituri rukebi labirinTebSi
siarulis daswavlisas
cdis pirebma upiratesoba pirdapir gzas (gza 1)
mianiWes labirinTSi, roca is Tavisufali iyo.
roca es gza daibloka A blokiT, isini meore
gzaze gadavidnen. roca gamoCnda B bloki, vir-
Txebma Cveulebriv mesame gza airCies. maTi qcevaa
aCvenebda, rom saWmlis mopovebis kognituri ruka
gaaCndaT.
kognitur rukas – labirinTis zedxeds, nacvlad
imisa, rom brmad daewyoT gamosavlis Zebna cdisa
da Secdomis meTodiT (Edward Tolman, 1948).
tolmenis Sedegebma aCvena, rom ganpirobebuloba
Seicavs gacilebiT ufro mets, vidre ubralod
asociaciur dawyvilebas. is moicavs daswavlas
da, Semdeg, am daswavlili masalis warmoCenas
kogniciis gavlena daswavlaze
qceviT konteqstSi.
tolmenis tradiciiT gagrZelebulma kvlevam
gamoavlina sivrcobrivi mexsierebis gasaocari
unari CitebSi, futkrebSi, virTxebSi, sxva cxo-
velebsa da adamianebSic ki (Tolman, 1948). kog-
cxovelTa kognicia (Animal cognition) – cxovelebis
kognituri SesaZleblobebi; mkvlevrebi eZeben
kognituri unarebis ganviTarebas sxvadasxva
saxeobebSi, saxeobebis ierarqiis mixedviT, ada-
mianamde.
kognituri ruka (Cognitive map) – fizikuri sivr-
cis gonebrivi reprezentacia.
259
 nituri rukis gasagebad yuradReba unda mivaq-
cioT im funqciebs, romlebsac isini emsaxu-
rebian:
cxovelebi sivrcobriv mexsierebas iyeneben
sakuTari garemos Tvisebebis amosacnobad;
maTTvis mniSvnelovani samizne obieqte-
bis misagnebad;
garemoSi sakuTari rutinis dasagegmad.
Tqven SegiZliaT dainaxoT kognituri ru-
kebis sxvadasxva funqcia frinvelTa sxvadasxva
saxeobebSi. es frinvelebi inaxaven saWmels far-
To arealze, magram unari aqvT, zustad miagnon
saWmels saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi.
klarkis TxilCita Cempionia saWmlis
gadanaxvaSi. gvian zafxulSi es frinveli
marxavs 6000 fiWvis Tesls amerikis samxreT-
dasavleT nawilis mTebSi. isini marcvals
momaval gazafxulze eZeben, anu maSin,
rodesac damaluli sakvebi sWirdebaT
bartyebisaTvis (Shettleworth, 1993, gv. 180).
Citebi ara mxolod dafrinaven erT gansa-
zRvrul garemoSi, aramed, TuUgaumarTlaT,
me-11 TavSi aRvniSnavT, rom metyvelebis
marcvlebs ki ar esevian, isini miwaSi flaven
dawyebisas bavSvebisTvis erT-erT mTavar amo-
maT nawils da gansazRvruli drois Semdeg
canad iTvleba axali cnebebisa da kategoriebis
84% sizustiT brundebian am adgilze (Kamil &
daswavla. magram aRmoCnda, rom bavSvebi ar arian
Balda, 1990). isini kargad agneben im adgilebsac,
erTaderTi arsebebi, romelTac am amocanis
sadac adre hqondaT marcvlebi, magram isini
daZleva SeuZliaT. mkvlevrebma aRmoaCines, rom
ukve carielia. Citebis is saxeobebi, romlebic
mtredebs aqvT kognituri unari, gamoiyenon
didad arian damokidebulni gadamalul sakvebze,
konceptualuri gansxvavebebi.
qceviT maRla dganan maTTan yvelaze axlomdgom
saxeobebTanac ki. aranairi gansxvaveba qcevis
warmatebulobas Soris araa am saxeobisTvis, saidan
Tavi 7 / daswavla da qceviTi analizi

romelic samalavis magivrad laboratoriaSi viciT

sivrcobriv eqsperimentSi monawileobs (Kamil et
al., 1997). amasTan, gavixsenoT, rom am Citebis
qceva – samalavSi marcvlebis damalva araa
ganmtkicebuli. isini mxolod im SemTxvevaSi
miagneben gadamalul sakvebs, Tuki maTi kogni-
turi ruka SenarCundeba.
konceptualuri qceva
kognituri rukebi, nawilobriv, exmareba cxo-
velebs garemoSi orientaciaSi, magram sxva ra
kognituri procesebi unda hqondeT cxovelebs
da raSi unda iyenebdnen maT?
260
mtredebi gadawyvetilebebs
kategorizaciis struqturis mixedviT
iReben
edvard vasermanma da misma kolegebma
(1992) warmoudgines mtredebs adamianebis,
yvavilebis, manqanebis da skamebis fotoebi.
yoveli mtredisTvis oTxi cneba dayofili
iyo or ufro did kategoriad (sur. 7.16).
magaliTad, erTi mtredi miiRebda sakvebs,
Tuki niskarts daartyamda narinjisfer
Rilaks adamianis an manqanis Cvenebis
Semdeg da wiTel Rilaks _ yvavilis an
skamis Cvenebis Semdeg. mtredebma iswavles
 adekvaturad reagireba da maTi 80% swori
feris Rilaks urtyamda niskarts. wvrTnis
meore fazaSi mtreds axali reaqcia unda
SeemuSavebina ufro mcire kategoriis Ti-
Toeuli suraTisTvis. amgvarad, mtreds
unda daertya mwvane RilakisTvis adamianis
suraTis miwodebisas da TeTrze – skamis
fotos Cvenebisas. amjeradac, mtredebis
80%-ma Tavi gaarTva amocanas.
magram ra xdeba, rodesac miewodebaT yvavilis
an manqanis suraTi da uwevT, airCion mwvane, an
TeTri Rilaki? maT ar aqvT ganmtkicebis aranairi
gamocdileba, Sesabamisad Cven ar SegviZlia
daswavlis procesze dafuZnebuli qcevis winas-
warmetyveleba. ras izamdiT Tqven, Tu msgavs
situaciaSi aRmoCndebodiT? albaT, eqsperimentis
pirvel fazaSi Tqven daiswavlidiT, rom yva-
vilebi da skamebi erTad moiazreba. eqsperimentis
meore fazaSi ki iswavlidiT, rom unda gamo-
amJRavnoT erTi an ori reaqcia yvavilis Ti-
Toeul fotoze. roca saqme skamebze midgeboda,
Tqven, albaT, igive reaqcia geqnebodaT, rac
yvavilze gqondaT. igives akeTeben mtredebic.
testebis triadebis 60-70 procentSi maT
gamoiyenes „kategorizaciis~ msgavsi informacia.
dakvirvebiT daswavla
imisaTvis, rom daswavlis axal formas
gavecnoT, albaT, kargi iqneba SevexoT sakiTxs
adamianebis da virTxebis mier axali sakvebis
SerCevasTan dakavSirebiT. virTxebi gacilebiT
frTxilebi arian am sakiTxTan mimarTebaSi,
vidre adamianebi, ZiriTadad im mizezis gamo,
rom akliaT mniSvnelovani informacia sxva
virTxebisagan. roca Cven, adamianebi, axal sakvebs
vsinjavT, yovelTvis gvaqvs konteqsti. es
konteqsti imas gulisxmobs, rom viciT, sxva
adamianebma ukve gasinjes da moewonaT igive
sakvebi. Tqveni „saWmlis Wamis qceva~ sxva
adamianebis codnis paternebiTaa ganmtkicebuli.
es magaliTi gviCvenebs, rom adamianebs SeuZliaT
daiswavlon sxvebis gamocdilebaze dayrdnobiT,
risTvisac isini kognitur unarebs gamoiyeneben.
Sesabamisad, Cven vcvliT sakuTar qcevas sxvebis
gamocdilebis mixedviT.
Zalian xSirad, socialuri daswavla im
situaciebSi iCens Tavs, sadac daswavla ar
aris gamowveuli tradiciuli ganpirobe-
bulobis TeoriiT. adamianebi ubralod sxvebze
dakvirvebiT swavloben, anu, Tu adamiani uyurebs,
Tu rogor daisaja an waxalisda sxva raRac
qcevisTvis, cdilobs igive qceva gaimeoros an
Seikavos Tavi. amas dakvirvebiT daswavla hqvia.
asaniSnavia, rom Cveni kognicia dakvirvebiT
daswavlisas garkveul molodinebs gamoimu-
Savebs. roca models (adamians, romelic raRac
qcevas axorcielebs) vuyurebT, Cven vfiqrobT,
rom, Tu zustad imas gavimeorebT, rasac modeli
akeTebs, igive jildos miviRebT an iseve
davisjebiT. umcrosi Svili SesaZloa ukeT
iqceodes, vidre ufrosi, radgan man ufrosis
Secdomebze iswavla.
daswavlis amgvari unari, razec zemoT iyo
saubari, sakmaod momgebiania. aRaraa saWiro im
cdisa da Secdomis meTodis mravalgzis gamo-
yeneba, rom raime viswavloT. sxvebis Secdo-
mebis mixedviT SeiZleba daskvnebis gakeTeba.
dakvirvebiT daswavla (Observational lerning) –
kogniciis gavlena daswavlaze
suraTi
7.16
kategoriebis swavla mtredebTan
wvrTnis pirveli faza mtredebs aswavlis,
Tu romeli cneba erTiandeba msxvil kate-
goriaSi. meore faza aswavlis axal reaqcias
kategoriis cnebebis naxevarze. testirebis
faza aCvenebs generalizacias, romelsac
adgili aqvs axali kategoriis cnebebTan
mimarTebaSi (es erTi magaliTia sxvadasxva
mtredebTan stimulisa da reaqciis sxvadasxva
kombinaciisa).
261
 adamianis mier dakvirvebiT daswavlis kla-
sikur magaliTebs adgili hqonda albert ban-
duras laboratoriaSi. mas Semdeg, rac bavSvebma
uyures mozrdili modelis mier Tojinis cemas
da Cqmetas, mogvianebiT maT igive qceva gamoam-
JRavnes. amasTan, sxva bavSvebma, romelTac ar
unaxavT es qceva, msgavsi agresia ar gamoavlines
(Bandura et al., 1963). kvlevebma aCvena, rom bavSvebi
agresiuli qcevis imitacias maSinac ki axdendnen,
roca multiplikaciur filmSi qcevas akvirde-
bodnen.
amgvarad, Cven prosocialur (daxmarebis) da
antisocialur (dazianebis) qcevas modelebze
dakvirvebis Sedegad vswavlobT. amasTan, Cven
garSemo sakmaod bevri modeli arsebobs. sain-
Tavi 7 / daswavla da qceviTi analizi
262
teresoa, ra cvladebi gansazRvraven imas, Tu
romeli modeli moaxdens gavlenas Cvenze?
kvlevebma aCvena (Baldwin &Baldwin, 1973, Bandura,
1977), rom modeli gansakuTrebiT didi gavlenis
mqonea, roca:
adgili aqvs qcevis Sedegebis ganmtkicebas;
modeli aRiqmeba dadebiTad, moswonT da
endobian;
arsebobs msgavseba modelisa da damkvirveb-
lis Tvisebebs Soris;
damkvirvebeli iRebs jildos modelis
qcevaze yuradRebis miqcevisaTvis;
modelis qceva xiluli da TvalSisacemia
– is cxadad gamoirCeva sxva modelebisagan;
damkvirveblis kompetenturobis xarisxzea
damokidebuli qcevis wamowyeba.
mizezTa am CamonaTvalis gagebisaTvis, warmo-
idgineT sakuTari Tavi modelis situaciaSi da
naxavT, ra roli aqvs TiToeul erTeuls am
siidan. magaliTad, warmoidgineT, rom uyurebT
viRacas, vinc paraSutiT gadmoxtomas swavlobs;
an gaixseneT, rogor SeiZleba vinmem iswavlos
mafiis srulfasovan wevrad yofna mxolod
sxvaTa dakvirvebiT.
radgan xalxi ase efeqturad swavlobs mo-
delisagan, advili gasagebia televiziis didi
nawili ratom muSaobs swored qceviT gavlenaze:
axdens Tu ara gavlenas telemayureblebze is,
rasac uyureben televizorSi jildosa da
dasjis saxiT? gansakuTrebuli yuradReba mieqca
Zaladobis faqtebis Cvenebas televiziiT –
mkvleloba, gaupatiureba, qurdoba, terorizmi
da TviTmkvleloba – Sedegad ki bavSvebis da
mozrdilebis qceva. xels uwyobs Tu ara
Zaladobis Cveneba Zaladobis imitacias?
fsiqologiuri kvlevebis mixedviT, pasuxi am
kiTxvaze dadebiTia zogierTi xalxisTvis,
gansakuTrebiT SeerTebul StatebSi (Comstock &
Scharer, 1999). kvlevis ramdenime aTwleulis
Semdeg gamoikveTa sami saSualeba, romliTac
televizia uaryofiT gavlenas axdens mayureb-
lis cxovrebaze (Smith & Donnerstein, 1998): pirvel
rigSi, Zaladobis yureba zrdis agresiul qcevas.
es asociacia gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania
bavSvebisaTvis _ agresiuli Cvevebis SeZena
Zaladobis adreul asakSi xilviT, SeiZleba
antisocialur qcevaSi gadaizardos ufro
gviandel asakSi; meorec, xdeba yoveldRiur
cxovrebaSi Zaladobis gamovlenis araswori
raodenobrivi Sefaseba. mayurebeli SeiZleba
Seipyros SiSma, rom TviTonac ar gaxdes Zala-
--dobis msxverpli sinamdvileSi; mesame, Za-
ladobis yurebam SeiZleba migviyvanos desen-
sitizaciamde – emociur aSlilobasa da distre-
samde. ganvixiloT disensitizaciis laborato-
riuli magaliTi.
saidan
viciT
mediaZaladoba cxovrebiseuli agresiis
mimarT tolerantobas ayalibebs
meoTxe da mexuTe kursis 42 studentidan
TiToeuli Seiyvanes eqsperimentul oTax-
Si, sadac unda eyurebinaT an Zaladobis
scenebiani filmi „karates Svili~, an
araagresiuli sportuli sanaxaoba 1984
wlis zafxulis olimpiadidan. am kasete-
bis yurebis Semdeg studentebi daajeres,
rom axla isini naxavdnen namdvil ambebs,
rac Cumad gadaRebuli iyo videoze da
maxlobel oTaxSi paralelurad xdeboda.
sinamdvileSi es iyo videoCanaweri, romel-
Sic ori bavSvi (6 wlis) jer TamaSobs
oTaxSi, xolo Semdeg nel-nela xdeba
erTmaneTis mimarT agresiuli. studentebs
instruqciaSi neba darTes, moeZebnaT eqs-
perimentatori, Tuki SeSfoTdebodnen imiT,
rasac videoze uyurebdnen. studentebma,
romlebsac „karates Svili~ hqondaT
nanaxi, orjer ufro metxans uyures Cana-
wers, vidre maT, vinc olimpiur TamaSebs
uyura. amgvarad, mkvlevrebma daaskvnes, rom
Zaladobis scenebis yurebam gamoiwvia meti
tolerantoba namdvili agresiis mimarT
(Molitor & Hirsch, 1994).
Tqven SeiZleba ifiqroT, rom esaa laborato-
riuli kvlevis mcire efeqti, magram warmoid-
gineT mTeli im Zaladobis gavlena, risi yurebis
saSualebac bavSvebs televiziiT aqvT. gaiTva-
liswineT, rom bavSvebma SeiZleba, agreTve, iswav-
lon prosocialuri da damxmare qceva, Tuki
amis magaliTs televiziiT naxaven (Rosenkoetter,
1999; Singer & Singer, 1990). seriozulad unda mivud-
geT im azrs, rom bavSvebi swavloben televi-
ziidan imas, rasac uyureben, amitom mSobeli
an momvleli unda zrunavdes bavSvisaTvis
programebis SerCevaze.
dakvirvebiT swavlis analizi avlens or
kanonzomierebas: qcevaze did gavlenas axdens
ganmtkiceba da, agreTve, adamianis kognituri
SesaZleblobebi, romlebsac isini iyeneben qce-
vis Sesacvlelad. es midgoma qcevis kvlevaSi
yvelaze mZlavri aRmoCnda (Bandura, 1986). me-16
TavSi Cven vnaxavT warmatebul Terapiis progra-
mebs.
davubrundeT saSinelebaTa filmis naxvas.
rogor SeiZleba qceviTma analizma axsnas Tqveni
gamocdileba?
Tu Tqven filmze megobris rCevis gamo
waxvediT, e.i. uneblie ganmtkicebas daemorCileT;
Tu kinoTeatrSi moxvdiT imitom, rom es Tqveni
Cveuli rutinaa, aq kognituri rukis gavlenis
efeqti SeimCneva; Tu SemaSinebelma musikam Tqven
SegaSfoTaT da dagafiqraT gmirebis bedze, es
klasikuri ganpirobebulobis efeqtia, magram,
Tu Tqveni mcdeloba, gesiamovnaT filmiT,
damTavrda imiT, rom aRarasodes mogindebaT
saSinelebaTa filmis naxva, es dasjis Sedegia.
mzad xarT kinoTeatrSi dasabruneblad?
Sejameba
mkvlevrebma daswavlis kognituri formebi
aRmoaCines, romlebic klasikuri da operantuli
ganpirobebulobiT ar aixsneba. kognituri rukebi
kogniciis gavlena daswavlaze
cxovelebs moqmedebisa da gadarCenis saSualebas
aZleven rTul garemoSi. mtredebs SeuZliaT,
daiswavlon konceptualur gansxvavebebze day-
rdnobiT gansxvavebis gakeTeba, rac percep-
tualur ganmansxvaveblebze ar aris damoki-
debuli. qceviTi daswavlis Sedegebidan
gamomdinare, adamianebi da cxovelebi swavloben
axal qcevebs cxovrebiseul „sibrZneze~ day-
rdnobiT. adamianebi prosocialur da antiso-
cialur qcevebs modelirebiT daiswavlian.
263
 sakvanZo
sakiTxebi
daswavla  imisTvis, rom adgili hqondes  sacdeli aqtivobebi ise
 daswavla iwvevs Sedare- klasikur ganpirobebulobas, funqcionirebs, rogorc
biT mudmiv cvlilebas saWiroa ganpirobebul da dadebiTi ganmtkiceba.DEGAD
qcvaSi an gamocdilebze ganupirobebel stimulTa  qcevaze gavlenas ganmam-
damyarebul qceviT po- Soris uwyveti, informati- tkicebelTa Semdegi cxri-
tenciaSi. uli kavSiris arseboba. lebi axdenen: fiqsirebuli
 bihevioristebs sjeraT,  klasikuri ganpirobebuloba proporciis cxrili, vari-
rom qcevaTa umetesoba xsnis narkotikis mimarT abeluri proporciis cxri-
SesaZloa axsnil iqnes tolerantulobas da mraval li, fiqsirebuli interva-
daswavlis martivi pro- emociur reaqcias. igi aseve lis da variabeluri in-
cedurebiT. gamoyenebul iqna imunuri tervalis cxrilebi.
maT aseve sjeraT, rom ne- sistemis funqcionirebis  kompleqsuri reaqciebi Se-
bismieri cocxali orga- Sesacvlelad. saZloa Seipingis Sedegad
nizmisTvis daswavlis iqnes daswavlili.
erTnairi principebia ga- operantuli ganpiro-
mosadegi. bebuloba: swavleba biologia da daswavla
Sedegebis Sesaxeb  kvlevebis mixedviT daswav-
klasikuri ganpiro-  Torndaikma aCvena, rom kom- la SesaZloa konstruire-
bebuloba: daswavlis fortuli, sasiamovno Sede- bul iqnes saxeobis speci-
ganmsazRvreli gebis gamomwvev qcevebs aqvT fikurobidan gamomdinare.
niSnebi gameorebis tendencia.  instiqtebma SeiZleba zog-
 klasikur ganpirobebulo-  skineris qceviT-analizuri jer gadasZalos Sedegi-
baSi pirveli wvlili midgoba eyrdnoba ganmamtki- ganmtkicebis procesi.
pavlovma Seitana Semdegi ceblis ganpirobebulobiT  gemos aversiiT daswavlis
aRmoCeniT: ganupirobe- manipulirebas da qcevaze am mixedviT, zogierTi saxeoba
beli stimuli ganupi- gavlenis Seswavlas. genetikurad mzadaa asocia-
robebel reaqcias iwvevs.  qcevebis umetesoba dadebiTi ciis zogierTi formebis-
ganupirobebel stimul- da uaryofiTi ganmtkicebis Tvis.
Tan dawyvilebuli neit- Sedegad yalibdeba. da nak-
raluri stimuli gan- lebad yalibdeba dadebiTi kogniciis gavlena
pirobebul stimulad an uaryofiTi dasjis Sede- daswavlaze
Tavi 7 / daswavla da qceviTi analizi

gadaiqceva, romelic
Tavis mxriv iwvevs ganpi-  konteqstualurad Sesatyvisi
robebul reaqcias.
 Caqrobas maSin aqvs ad-
gili, roca ganupirobebe-
li stimuli aRar mohyveba
ganpirobebul stimuls.  pirveladi ganmamtkiceblebi
 stimulis generalizacia
movlenaa, roca ganpiro-
bebuli stimulis msgavsi
stimuli iwvevs ganpiro-
bebul reaqcias.
 ganmasxvavebeli daswavla
aviwroebs im ganpirobe-
buli stimulebis speqtrs,
romlebzec reagirebs
organizmi.
264
264
gad.
 daswavlis zogierTi forma
ufro rTul, kompleqsur
qceva aixsneba Semdegi gan-
procesebs asaxavs, vidre
pirobebulobiT: ganmasxva-
klasikuri an operantuli
vebeli stimuli – qceva _
ganpirobebulobaa.
qcevis Sedegi.
 cxovelebi kognitur rukebs
SeimuSaveben da Semdeg maT
is stimulebia, romlebic
rTul garemoSi funqcio-
ganmamtkiceblad gvevline-
nirebisTvis iyeneben.
bian maSinac ki, roca or-
 konceptualuri qceva sa-
ganizms maTTan dakavSirebiT
Sualebas aZlevs cxovelebs,
aranairi gamocdileba ar
generalizeba moaxdinon ga-
hqonia. ganpirobebuli gan-
remos struqturis Sesaxeb.
mamtkiceblebi pirvelad
 qcevebi xan waxalisdeba da
ganmamtkiceblebTan asocire-
xan isjeba. adamianebs da
biT formirdeba.
cxovelebs dakvirvebiT
swavla SeuZliaT.
 spontanuri aRdgena dadebiTi damsjeli
ZiriTadi sakiTxebi stimulis generalizeba uaryofiTi damsjeli
stimulis diskriminacia diskriminaciuli stimuli
ganpirobebuloba blokireba pirveladi
daswavla efeqtis kanoni ganmamtkicebeli
klasikuri operantuli pirobiTi ganmamtkicebeli
ganpirobebuloba ganpirobebuloba fiqsirebuli intervalis
refleqsi operantuli qceva cxrili
ganupirobebeli stimuli pirobiTi ganmtkiceba cvalebadi intervalis
ganupirobebeli reaqcia ganmamtkicebeli cxrili
ganpirobebuli stimuli dadebiTi ganmtkiceba daswavlis biologiuri
ganpirobebuli reaqcia uaryofiTi ganmtkiceba iZuleba
SeZena operantulobis Caqroba instinqturi swrafva
Caqroba damsjeli

sakvanZo sakiTxebi

265
 mexsiereba

8
ra aris mexsiereba
• ebinghausi zomavs mex-
sierebas • mexsierebis
tipebi • mexsierebis
procesebi
sensoruli mexsiereba
• xatiseburi mexsiereba
• eqo-mexsiereba

xanmokle mexsiereba da muSa

mexsiereba
• xanmokle mexsierebis
moculobis SezRudu-
loba • muSa mexsiereba
xangrZlivi mexsiereba
• kodireba da Senaxva
• konteqsti da kodireba
• mogonebis mimniSnebeli
• kodirebis da aRdgenis
procesi • arastruqtu-
ruli informaciis
daxsomebis gaumjobeseba
• metamexsiereba
fsiqologia Cvens cxov-
rebaSi: rogor SeioZleba
mexsierebis gamokvlevebi
dagexmaroT gamocdebisTvis
mzadebaSi
xangrZlivi mexsierebis
struqturebi
• mexsierebis struqturebi
• mexsierebis struq-
turebis gamoyeneba •
mogoneba, rogorc
rekonstruqciuli pro-
cesi
fsiqologiaXXI saukuneSi:
adamianis da kompiuteris
mexsiereba
mexsierebis biologiuri
aspeqtebi
• engramis ZiebaSi
• tvinis suraTi (ska-
nireba)
sakvanZo sakiTxebi
266 • ZiriTadi cnebebi
T avis avtobiografias marlon
brando Tavisi cxovrebis yvelaze
adreuli epizodis gaxsenebiT
iwyebs: „rodesac Tvals vavleb Cemi cxovrebis
ganvlil wlebs da vcdilob gavixseno warsuli,
naTlad araferi magondeba da, mainc, im drois
Cemi pirveli mogoneba ukavSirdeba, asaks,
rodesac sul pawawina viyavi; im rodesac Tavis
asaks bavSvebi verc acnobiereben. maxsovs, er-
Txel diliT, Tvalebi rom gavaxile, nacrisfer
bind-bundSi mimovixede da mivxvdi, rom ermis
(brandos momvlels) jer kidev eZina. rogorRac
Cavicvi da nabij-nabij daviwye saxlis win
kibeze Casvla _ yovel safexurze marcxena fexs
vdgamdi da radgan sandlebis Sekvra ver
movaxerxe, fratun-fratuniT mivaRwie karis
zRurbls. Camovjeqi 32-e quCis win mzeSi, kibis
mexsierebis Sesaxeb am Tavis kiTxvis dawyebis
win kargi iqneba, Tu gaixsenebT raime movlenas
Tqveni cxovrebis yvelaze adreuli periodidan.
rodis moxda is? iseve naTlad gaxsovT es
movlena, rogorc marlon brandos? Tqvens
mogonebaze moaxdina Tu ara gavlena igive
movlenis Sesaxeb sxvebis monaTxrobma?
axla warmoidgineT, ra moxdeboda, moulod-
nelad rom aRmogeCinaT, rom dakargeT mexsiereba
da araferi gaxsovT warsulidan - arc xalxi,
romelTac icnobdiT da arc movlenebi, romelic
Tavs gadagxdaT; ar gaxsovT, rogor gamoiyureba
dedaTqveni; dagaviwydaT, ra xdeboda Tqvens
dabadebis dReze, rodesac aTi wlis gaxdiT.
Tqveni pirovnebidan warsulis amgvari amoSlis
pirobebSi Tqveni raobac, Tqveni TviTidentobac
daikargeba da ver ityviT, vin xarT, ras warmoad-
genT. davuSvaT, dakargeT axali STabeWdilebebis
dafiqsirebis unari. ra mouva Tqvens uaxles
safexurze da daviwye lodini. rogorc Cans,
gazafxuli iyo, radgan Cveni saxlis win mdgom
maRal xes yvavilebis, WriWinis frTebis msgavsi,
bumbuli cvioda. uqaro amindi iyo, bumbuli
haerSi dafarfatebda da nel-nela ecemoda miwaze.
me kisermoRrecili da pirdaRebuli maT
moZraobas miwaze daSvebamde vadevnebdi Tvals
da xeli mqonda gawvdili, raTa erTi bumbuli
mainc dameWira, magram isini ostaturad uvlidnen
gverds Cems xels. ase mivacilebdi yovel
bumbuls miwamde da mere isev axali saswaulis
molodinSi zeviT mivapyrobdi xolme mzeras.
mze ealerseboda Cems oqrosfer Tmebs.
swored es molodini axali saswaulisa iyo
yvelaze tkbili mogoneba Cemi cxovrebis 65
wlis manZilze~.
gamocdilebas? Tqven xom saubris gagrZelebasac
ver SeZlebT da verc satelevizio gadacemis
azrs gaigebT. yvelaferi sruliad ucnobad
mogeCvenebaT, TiTqos yvelafers pirvelad xedavT
da TiTqos arasodes adre araviTari azri ar
gqoniaT TavSi. rogor fiqrobT, SesaZlebelia
nebismieri moqmedebis ganxorcieleba mexsierebis
gareSe?
Tu am sakiTxis Sesaxeb adre arasodes gifiqri-
ra aris mexsiereba?
aT, es imas niSnavs, rom, rogorc Cans, Tqveni
mexsiereba Tavis funqcias mSvenivrad asrulebs
da rom Tqven Tqvens mexsierebas iseve udgebiT,
rogorc zogierT sxeulebriv procesebs, magali-
Tad, sunTqvis, an kuW-nawlavis sistemebs, romel-
Ta moqmedebac, normalur pirobebSi, Tqveni cno-
bieri Carevis gareSe mimdinareobs. magram aqac,
iseve, rogorc kuWis tkivilis Tu alergiis
SemTxvevaSi, Tqvens mexsierebas maSin aqcevT
yuradRebas, Tu raRac arasworad xdeba, 267

magaliTad, gaviwydebaT manqanis gasaRebi, mniS-
vnelovani TariRi, pasuxi gamomcdelis Seki-
Txvaze, romelic namdvilad iswavleT da ico-
diT. ra Tqma unda, es SemTxvevebi Zalian usia-
movnod ganicdeba, magram, isic unda gaacnobi-
eroT, rom adamianis tvini saSualod informaci-
is 100 trilion bits itevs. mexsierebidan gar-
kveuli informaciis amosatanad ki, jer am uzar-
mazari moculobis gadaxedva unda moxdes. ami-
tomac, ar unda gagikvirdeT, rom zogjer pasuxis
saWiroebisamebr swrafi amotana ver xerxdeba.
Cveni mizania, am TavSi agixsnaT, Tu rogor
ixsomebT amdens da ratom iviwyebT zogjer
Tavi 8 / mexsiereba
imas, rac icodiT. visaubrebT yoveldRiur cxov-
rebaSi daxsomebasa da daviwyebaze. gaecnobiT
fsiqologiis monacemebs mexsierebis sxvadasxava
formebis arsebobis da muSaobis Sesaxeb. vime-
dovnebT, rom mexsierebis Sesaxeb mravalri-
cxovani faqtiuri masalis gacnobis Semdeg Tqven
mexsiereba (Memory) _ informaciis kodirebis,
268 Senaxvisa da aRdgenis fsiqikuri unari.
darwmundebiT, Tu raoden araCveulebrivi ram
aris mexsiereba.
dabolos: ramdenadac es Tavi mexsierebas
exeba, modiT, Tqveni mexsiereba Tavidanve CavrToT
saqmeSi. Cven gvinda, rom Tqven daixsomoT ricxvi
37. gaakeTeT yvelaferi, rac saWiroa am ricxvis,
37-is dasaxsomeblad. diax, es iqneba testi.
ra aris mexsiereba
mexsiereba aris informaciis Senaxvisa da
aRdgenis unari. am TavSi mexsierebas ganvixi-
lavT, rogorc informaciis gadamuSavebis erT-
erTi formas. mTeli Cveni yuradReba mimarTuli
iqneba imaze, rom gaCvenoT, Tu rogor aRibeWdeba
informacia Cvens mexsierebaSi da rogor gvavi-
wydeba is (sxva sityvebiT, rogor Semodis infor-
macia mexsierebis sistemaSi da rogor gamodis
am sistemidan). informaciis aRbeWdvisa da aR-
dgenis procesebis ganxilva SesaZleblobas mog-
cemT, daazustoT, Tu ra aris mexsiereba. Cven
daviwyebT 1885 wels gamoqveynebuli pirveli
mecnieruli gamokvleviT mexsierebis Sesaxeb,
Semdeg ki ganvixilavT Tanamedrove mkvlevarTa
mier gamoyofil mexsierebis gansxvavebul for-
mebs.
ebinghausi zomavs mexsierebas
ramdenad sworia Semdegi debuleba: „masala
swrafad gvaviwydeba, Tu is ar aris gaazrebuli
da mimarTebaSi moyvanili sxva masalasTan, xolo
Semdeg ganmeorebebiT ar aris ganmtkicebuli~.
sxva sityvebiT, Tu naCqarevad daiswavliT
masalas, ramdenime dReSi am masalis didi
nawili dagaviwydebaT. es mniSvnelovani da
uaRresad aqtualuri dakvirveba germanel
fsiqologs, herman ebinghauss ekuTvnis, romelmac
amgvar kanonzomierebaTa mTeli seria daadgina,
ramac, Tavis mxriv, mis mier mexsierebis axali
mecnieruli mimarTulebis Seqmna ganapiroba.
ebinghausis es dakvirvebebi damatebiTi sabuTi
iyo mexsierebis Sesaswavlad empiriuli kvle-
vebis upiratesobis saCveneblad, magram amisTvis
aucilebeli iyo axali meTodologia da ebin-
ghausmac brwyinvaled gaarTva Tavi am amocanas
_ Seqmna mexsierebis kvlevis meTodebi. igi
iyenebda uazro marcvlebs, romlebic ori Tan-
xmovnisa da SuaSi erTi xmovnisgan Sedgeboda,
magaliTad, ceg an das. is azrian marcvlebTan
SedarebiT, magaliTad, ZaR, upiratesobas uazro
marcvlebs aniWebda, radgan Tvlida, rom amiT
sufTa mexsierebis kvlevas SeZlebda, Tavisufals
pirovnebis adrindeli gamocdilebis gavlenebisa
da asociaciebisgan. ebinghausi ara mxolod mkvle-
vari iyo, aramed cdis piric sakuTar eqspe-
rimentebSi. igi Tavis Tavze atarebda cdebs da
Tavis Sedegebs TviTonve amowmebda (zomavda).
dasaxsomebeli amocana gansxvavebuli sigrZis
masalis daswavlaSi mdgomareobda. ebinghausi
ikvlevda uSualo mexsierebas, sadac amocanis
daxsomeba masalis meqanikur ganmeorebaze iyo
damokidebuli.
ebinghausi Tavis eqsperiments iwyebda uazro
marcvlebisgan Sedgenili mwkrivis kiTxviT,
pirveli marcvlidan bolo marcvlamde (TiToe-
uli marcvlis kiTxva zustad dadgenili peri-
odulobiT xeboda). am proceduras imeorebda
manam, sanam mwkrivis igive TanamimdevrobiT aR-
dgenas SeZlebda. es ukanaskneli daswavlis
kriteriumad iTvleboda. amis Semdeg xangrZlivi
drois manZilze igi pirveli mwkrivisgan gan-
sxvavebuli marcvlebisgan Sedgenil mwkrivebs
swavlobda. bolos ebinghausi isev Tavdapirvel
mwkrivs ubrundeboda da ganmeorebebis im rao-
denobas zomavda, romelic saWiro iyo am mwkri-
vis uSecdomo (igive TanmimdevrobiT) aRdgeni-
suraTi
8.1
ebinghausis daviwyebis mrudi
mrudze gamosaxulia uazro marcvalTa daxsomebis
raodenoba individTa mier ekonomiis meTodis gamoye-
nebiT 30 dRis ganmavlobaSi. mrudi swrafad eSveba
qveviT da Semdeg daaxloebiT erT doneze Cerdeba.
saTvis. Tu mwkrivis aRdgenas naklebi ganmeoreba
sWirdeboda, vidre Tavidan dasaswavlad iyo
saWiro, iTvleboda, rom informacia Senaxuli
iyo da swored amis gamo dasWirda xelmeored
daswavlas naklebi dro.
saidan
viciT
ebinghausis daviwyebis mrudi
Tu ebinghauss Tavidan 12 ganmeoreba
sWirdeboda mwkrivis dasaswavlad, xolo
9 ganmeoreba _ mravali dRis Semdeg xel-
meored dasaswavlad, ekonomiis koeficien-
ti 25% iqneboda (12-9=3 anu 25%). am pro-
ceduris gamoyenebiT igi zomavda gansxvave-
bul droiT SualedSi mexsierebaSi Sena-
xuli informaciis raodenobas. mrudi, ro-
melic man miiRo, gamosaxulia 8.1 suraTze.
rogorc xedavT, masalis swraf daviwyebas
adgili aqvs daswavlis Semdeg pirvel
dReebSi, xolo Semdeg daviwyebis tempi
TandaTan klebulobs. ebinghausis mrudi
tipuria uSualo mexsierebaze Catarebuli
yvela eqsperimentuli monacemisTvis.
ebinghausis gavleniT, fsiqologebi ramdeni-
me aTeuli wlis manZilze Seiswavlidnen uazro
marcvalTa daxsomebis da mogonebis procesebs.
mexsierebis am, SeZlebisdagvarad, sufTa formis
Seswavlisas, mkvlevrebi imedovnebdnen, rom
ipovidnen im ZiriTad, bazisur principebs, ro-
melTa daxmarebiTac mexsierebis ufro rTuli
procesebis axsna iqneboda SesaZlebeli. mkvlev-
rebi dRemde cdiloben am bazisuri procesebis
dadgenas, Tumca, axla yuradReba azriani masalis
daxsomebazea gadatanili _ informaciis im saxe-
obaze, romelsac yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi aqvs
ra aris mexsiereba?
adgili.
mexsierebis tipebi
rodesac mexsierebis Sesaxeb iwyebT fiqrs,
pirveli, rac mogdiT TavSi, aris is situaciebi,
romelSic Tqven iyenebT Tqvens mexsierebas _
igonebT Tqvens sayvarel films, meore msoflio
269
omis dawyebis TariRs da a.S. faqtobrivad,
 suraTi
8.2
ra Secdomaa daSvebuli
am suraTze?
Tu baWia uceb gadmoxteba magi-
didan da Tqven gaifiqrebT _
`ra unda baWias samzareuloSi?~
amis mizezi Tqveni mexsierebis
procesebis mier samzareulos
situaciis aracnobieri gadamu-
Savebaa, romelic baWias samza-
reulosTvis zedmet elementad
miiCnevs.
mexsierebis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi funqcia
isaa, rom Tqvens individualur Tu sazogadoeb-
riv warsul gamocdilebaSi SesaZlebeli gaxdes
saWiro informaciis cnobieri moZieba, magram
mexsierebis mniSvneloba gacilebiT ufro metia.
masze dayrdnobiT SesaZlebeli xdeba yovelgvari
Zalisxmevis gareSe bevri yoveldRiuri saqmis
Sesruleba. magaliTad, rodesac quCaSi manqanis
saWesTan zixarT, gza, maRaziebi quCis orive
mxares nacnobi, Cveulebrivia TqvenTvis. es
mexsierebis meore mniSvnelovani funqciaa, ro-
melic cnobierebis Caurevlad moqmedebs. mex-
sierebis tipebis ganxilvisas giCvenebT, Tu ro-
gor muSaobs mexsiereba am funqciebis gansaxor-
cieleblad, xSirad aracnobier donezec.
implicituri da eqsplicituri
mexsiereba
ganvixiloT suraTi 8.2. ra Secdomaa daSve-
buli am suraTze? pirveli, ramac gagakvirvaT,
cocxali kurdRelia samzareuloSi, magram
saidan modis es gancda? Tqven, albaT, ar
CamouvliT TiToeul sagans da ar ikiTxavT: _
Tavi 8 / mexsiereba
es samzareuloSi unda iyos? an _ es kabinetSi
unda iyos?
mexsierebis eqsplicituri gamoyeneba (Explicit uses
of memoty) _ cnobieri Zalisxmeva mexsierebidan
informaciis aRdgenisa.
mexsierebis implicituri gamoyeneba (Umplicit uses
of memory) _ kodirebis da aRdgenis procesebis
gaucnobiereblad informaciis daxsomeba da
270 aRdgena.
es magaliTi kargad gviCvenebs gansxvavebas
mexsierebis gamoyenebis implicitur da eq-
splicitur unarebs Soris. Tqven mier kurdRlis
SemCneva implicituri mexsierebis funqcia iyo,
radgan Tqveni mexsierebis procesebma samza-
reulos Sesaxeb codna naxatis interpretacias
yovelgvari gansakuTrebuli Zalisxmevis gareSe
daukavSira, magram axla Tu gkiTxavT: _ ra aklia
samzareulos am suraTze? am kiTxvaze pasuxis
gasacemad eqsplicituri mexsierebis amoqmedeba
dagWirdebaT. gagiCndebaT kiTxvebi: _ rogoria
tipuri samzareulo? ra aklia? (gaifiqreT
onkanze an gazquraze?). amrigad, rodesac saWiro
xdeba mexsierebaSi Senaxuli informaciis gamo-
yeneba, es SeiZleba moxdes zogjer impliciturad
_ informacia amodis cnobieri Zalisxmevis
gareSe, zogjer ki _ eqspliciturad _ informaciis
amosatanad cnobieri Zalisxmevaa saWiro.
aseTive gansxvavebas aqvs adgili ara mxolod
warsulis aRdgenis, aramed axali informaciis
miRebis, anu aRbeWdvis (kodirebis) procesSic.
saidan iciT, ra xdeba samzareuloSi? rodesme
dagiswavliaT ra unda xdebodes samzareuloSi,
an rogor unda gamoiyurebodes is? albaT, ara.
ufro savaraudoa, rom es codna Tqven ara-
cnobierad SeiZineT da, piriqiT, samzareuloSi
arsebuli bevri sagnis saxeli, albaT, eqspli-
citurad daixsomeT. rogorc me-11 TavSi vnaxavT,
asociaciebis damyareba sityvebsa da Sinaarss
Soris bavSvobaSi, eqsplicituri mexsierebis
procesebze dayrdnobiT xdeba. Tqven daimax-
sovreT sityva macivari imitom, rom odesRac
viRacam migaqcevinaT yuradReba am sityvaze,
rogorc am konkretuli sagnis saxelze.
es gansxvaveba implicitur da eqsplicitur
mexsierebas Soris Zalian afarTovebs mexsie-
rebis Sesaxeb Sesaswavl sakiTxTa diapazons
(Buchner & Wipich, 2000; Roediger, 1990). tradiciulad,
ebinghausis Semdeg, mkvlevarTa umravlesoba
eqsplicitur mexsierebas Seiswavlida. eqsperi-
mentatorebi, Cveulebriv, informaciis daxso-
mebas Txovdnen cdis pirebs, xolo mexsierebis
Teoriebis mizani iyo, aexsnaT am pirobebSi
daxsomebis da daviwyebis faqtebi da kanon-
zomierebani. axla ki, rogorc Semdgom am Tavis
gacnobisas vnaxavT, Seiqmna meTodebi impli-
cituri mexsierebis Sesaswavladac. amrigad, axla
ufro ukeT SegviZlia gavigoT mexsierebis
saWiroebis da gamoyenebis mravalferovneba. axla
ukve viciT, rom informaciis aRbeWdvis da
aRdgenis procesebSi monawileobs rogorc
eqsplicituri, ise implicituri mexsiereba (Toth.,
et al., 1994). axla ganvixiloT sxva kriteriumis
safuZvelze gamoyofili mexsierebis formebi.
deklaraciuli da proceduruli
mexsiereba
SegiZliaT stvena? aba, midiT, daustvineT;
Tu stvena ar SegiZliaT, maSin TiTebi daat-
kacuneT. mexsierebis romeli formaa pasuxis-
mgebeli am moqmedebebze? Tqven SeiZleba gaxsovT
kidec, rogor swavlobdiT am moqmedebebs, magram
axla amas yovelgvari Zalisxmevis gareSe ake-
TebT. zemoT moyvanili eqsplicituri da im-
plicituri mexsierebis Sesaxeb magaliTebi
faqtebisa da movlenebis daxsomebas exeba,
romelsac deklaraciuli mexsiereba ewodeba,
magram, rogorc vxedavT, gvaqvs mexsiereba imisac,
Tu rogor unda vimoqmedoT, an gavakeToT raime,
rac proceduruli mexsierebis kompetenciaa.
ramdenadac am Tavis didi nawili faqtebis da
movlenebis daxsomebas da mogonebas exeba,
saWiroa imis ganxilvac, Tu rogor viZenT raimes
gakeTebis, an raRac moqmedebis Sesrulebis unars.
proceduruli mexsiereba mimarTulia im
gzebis daxsomebaze, romelic raime moqmedebis
Sesrulebas, an raimes gakeTebas ganapirobebs.
is safuZvlad udevs perceptuli, kognituri da
motoruli Cvevebis SeZenas. proceduruli
mexsierebis Teoriebi yvelaze xSirad daswavlis
droSi mimdinareobaze amaxvileben yuradRebas
(Anderson, 1996, Anderson et al., 1999): rogor xdeba
gadasvla garkveuli aqtivobis Sesaxeb dekla-
raciuli faqtebis CamonaTvalidan igive aqti-
vobis aracnobier, avtomatur Sesrulebaze? an
ratom xdeba, rom Cvevis gamomuSavebis Semdeg
xSirad gviZneldeba am Cvevis gamomuSavebis
procesis met-naklebad detaluri gaxseneba da
deklaraciuli faqtebis aRdgena, romelic, Tavis
droze, safuZvlad daedo am Cvevis SemuSavebas.
am fenomenis TvalsaCinod warmosadgenad
gavarCioT Semdegi martivi moqmedeba - telefonze
nomris akrefa. Tavidan, rodesac telefonze
darekvas cdilobdiT, gixdebodaT yoveli cifris
akrefis win dafiqreba, anu moqmedebdiT dekla-
raciuli faqtebiT:
Tavidan unda avkrifo 2,
Semdeg unda avkrifo 3,
Semdeg isev 3
da a.S.
magram, Tu sakmaod xSirad mogiwiaT am nomris
akrefa, ukve aRar anawevrebT telefonis nomers
cnobierebaSi calkeul cifrebad, aramed
erTianad, uswrafesad, meqanikurad krefT nomers.
am process codnis kompilacia ewodeba (Ander-
son, 1987). praqtikis Sedegad Tqven SegiZliaT
ra aris mexsiereba?
sxvadasxva moqmedebebis TanmimdevrobiT Sed-
deklaraciuli mexsiereba (Declarative memory) _
mimarTulia faqtebisa da movlenebis daxso-
mebaze.
proceduruli mexsiereba (Procedural memory) _
mimarTulia imaze, Tu rogor unda Sesruldes
moqmedeba; rogor, ra gziT unda moxdes per-
ceptuli, kognituri da motoruli Cvevebis
SeZena da gamoyeneba.
271
 genili sakmaod rTuli moqmedeba cnobierebis
Carevis gareSe SeasruloT, magram, amave dros,
Tqven ver ixsenebT cnobierad am moqmedebis
calkeul mdgenelebs. Tu isev telefonis maga-
liTs davubrundebiT, arc ise iSviaTad, SeiZleba
SegxvdeT adamiani, romelmac SeiZleba ver
gaixsenos telefonis nomeri, sanam akrefis
imitacias ar gaakeTebs. codnis kompilacia is
maxasiaTebelia, romlis gamoc proceduruli
mexsiereba sxva formebSi ar agerevaT. Tu odesme
Tqvens mSoblebs (an nebismier pirovnebas)
ucdiaT TqvenTvis manqanis tarebis swavleba,
SeiZleba miaqcieT kidec yuradReba, rom
miuxedavad imisa, rom mSoblebi TviTon SeiZleba
Zalian kargi mZRolebic iyvnen, mainc ver SeZles
kargad da sworad gadmoecaT manqanis marTvi-
sTvis aucilebel moqmedebaTa Tanmimdevroba.
Tqven, albaT, imisTvisac migiqceviaT yurad-
Reba, rom codnis kompilacia, zogjer, Sec-
domebis mizezic xdeba. magaliTad, Tu Tqven
xSirad gixdebaT kompiuterze inglisurad beW-
dva da, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom gawafuli mbeWdavi
xarT, udaod SeuwuxebixarT the-s problemas.
proceduruli mexsierebis gareSe cxovreba
uaRresad garTuldeboda, radgan TiToeuli
moqmedebis Sesruleba yovel jerze nabij-nabij
mogiwevdaT da, miuxedavad amisa, yovelTvis,
rodesac SecdomiT dabeWdavT, advilad gaarCevT
am Secdomis mizezi ucodinarobaa Tu meqanikuri
Secdoma.
mexsierebis procesebi
mexsierebis nebismieri forma moiTxovs sami
saxis mnemur moqmedebas: aRbeWdvas (kodirebas),
Senaxvas da aRdgenas. kodireba aris informaciis
gadamuSavebis pirveli safexuri, romelic in-
formaciis mexsierebis sistemaSi Semosvlas
emsaxureba. Senaxva akavebs informacias garkv-
euli drois manZilze. aRdgena Senaxuli in-
Tavi 8 / mexsiereba
kodireba (Encoding) _ procesi, romlis saSua-
lebiTac mexsierebaSi formirdeba mentaluri
reprezentaciebi.
Senaxva (Storage) _ kodirebuli informaciis Se-
kaveba garkveuli drois manZilze.
aRdgena (Retrieval) _ Senaxuli informaciis aR-
272 dgena, amotana mexsierebidan.
formaciis cnobierebaSi amotanas, an mis
gamoyenebas warmoadgens. martivad rom vTqvaT,
kodirebas Semoaqvs informacia sacavSi (Senaxva),
akavebs mas, sanam saWiroeba moiTxovs, xolo
aRdgenas amoaqvs is. axla ufro vrclad ganvi-
xiloT TiToeuli maTgani.
kodireba saSualebas iZleva, rom mexsierebaSi
gare samyaroSi arsebuli sagnebisa da movlenebis
Sesaxeb warmodgenebi Seiqmnas. mexsierebis
warmodgena Cveulebrivi warmodgenis analo-
giuria. vTqvaT, me mainteresebs rogoria is sau-
keTeso saCuqari, romelic Tqven bolo dabadebis
dReze miiReT (igulisxmeba, rom es saCuqari
Tan ar gaqvT). ras gaakeTebT amisTvis? Tqven
agviwerT am nivTs, mis Tvisebebs. SeiZleba
dagvixatoT, an imitacia gaakeToT, rogor iyenebT.
yvela SemTxvevaSi es iqneba realurad arsebulis
mxolod warmodgena. miuxedavad imisa, rom arc
erTi maTgani ar aris originalis identuri,
TiToeuli maTgani mainc garkveul codnas gvaw-
vdis am saCuqris yvelaze mniSvnelovan aspeq-
tebze. mexsierebis warmodgenebi zustad aseve
moqmedeben. maTSi Senaxulia warsuli gamoc-
dilebis yvelaze mniSvnelovani niSnebi, rac
SesaZleblobas gvaZlevs ganviaxloT, warmovid-
ginoT warsuli gamocdileba.
Tu informacia aRbeWdilia mexsierebaSi, misi
Senaxva drois garkveuli periodis ganmavlobaSi
moxdeba. Senaxvis procesSi Tavis tvinis struq-
turis xanmokle da xangrZlivi cvlilebebi
xdeba. am Tavis bolos vnaxavT, Tu rogor
cdiloben mkvlevrebi daazuston Tavis tvinis
is adgilebi, sadac xdeba axali da Zveli
informaciis Senaxva. garda amisa, vnaxavT, ra
xdeba amneziis gansakuTrebul SemTxvevaSi,
rodesac individebi kargaven axali informaciis
Senaxvis unars.
aRdgena ki aginazRaurebT yvela mis winmswreb
Zalisxmevas. aRdgenis process SeuZlia wamebSi
uzrunvelyos adre aRbeWdili informaciis
migneba da amotana. SegiZliaT gaixsenoT, ra
uswrebs win Senaxvas: _ kodireba Tu dekodireba?
axla Zalian advilia amaze pasuxi, magram aseve
swrafad gaixsenebT, ras moiazrebs dekodirebis
cneba da aseve darwmunebuli iqnebiT Tqveni
pasuxis sisworeSi am momentidan ramdenime Tvis
Semdeg? sakiTxi, Tu rogor aris SesaZlebeli
erTi biti specifikuri informaciis amotana
mexsierebaSi arsebuli uzarmazari raodenobis
suraTi
8.3
informaciis gadasvla xangrZliv mexsierebaSi da misi
aRdgena
mexsierebis TeoriebSi aRwerilia informaciis gadasvla xangrZliv
mexsierebaSi da iqidan misi cnobierebaSi amotana Tu gamoiyeneba. TeoriebSi
informaciis Tavdapirveli aRbeWdva miewereba sensorul da xangrZliv
mexsierebas; informaciis gadasvla xangrZliv mexsierebaSi _ Senaxvas,
xolo informaciis gadmosvla ukan _ muSa mexsierebaSi _ aRdgenas

informaciidan, udides interess iwvevs im

fsiqologTa Soris, romelTa mizanic aris imis
garkveva, Tu rogor muSaobs mexsiereba da rogor
SeiZleba misi gaumjobeseba.
marTalia, kodirebis, Senaxvisa da aRdgenis,
rogorc damoukidebeli mnemuri procesebis,
daxasiaTeba SedarebiT advilia, magram am sam
process Soris urTierTmoqmedeba sakmaod rTu-
lia. magaliTad, imisaTvis, rom Tqvens mex-
sierebaSi vefxvis aRbeWdva moxdes, saWiroa, rom
vefxvis cneba gqondeT; aseve, imisaTvis, rom
mexsierebaSi Cajdes Semdegi winadadeba: _ „is
iseTive patiosania, rogorc benediqt arnoldi~,
saWiroa, rom TiToeuli sityvis mniSvneloba
gavixsenoT, unda vicodeT inglisuri gramatikis
wesebi, romlebic sityvebs winadadebebad kravs,
dabolos, Sesabamis kulturasTan dakavSirebul
informaciasac unda vflobdeT, kerZod, Tu
rogori patiosani iyo benediqt arnoldi,
revoluciuri omis es cnobili moRalate.
axla Tqven ukve mzad xarT, ufro Rrmad
gaecnoT informaciis kodirebis, Senaxvisa da
aRdgenis procesebs. Semdgom Cven xanmokle
mexsierebis formebs ganvixilavT, sensoruli
mexsierebiT daviwyebT da xangrZlivi mexsie-
Sejameba
mexsierebas ganvsazRvravT, rogorc infor-
maciis gadamuSavebis process. fsiqologebi
Seiswavlian mexsierebis sistemaSi informaciis
Sesvlasa da gamosvlas. ebinghausi iyo mex-
sierebis pirveli mkvlevari, romelmac Seqmna
kvlevis meTodologia da aRmoaCina daviwyebis
siswrafis fundamenturi kanonzomierebani. arse-
bobs mogonebis eqsplicituri da implicituri
formebi. mexsierebis zogierTi forma Seicavs
deklaraciul mexsierebas _ faqtebis Sesaxeb
codnas. zogierTi forma ki _ procedurul
informacias _ codnas, rogor Sesruldes esa
Tu is amocana. kodirebis, Senaxvisa da aRdgenis
Zireuli procesebi kompleqsurad moqmedeben
da gvexmarebian axali gamocdilebis SeZenasa
da gamoyenebaSi.
sensoruli mexsiereba
daviwyoT mexsierebis zogierTi formis si-
sustis demonstraciiT. 8.4 suraTze sakmaod
sensoruli mexsiereba

rebis formebze gadavalT (sur. 8.3); agixsniT,

rogor vixsomebT da ratom gvaviwydeba. Cveni
mizania, rom samudamod gaacnobieroT, Tu sad
da rogor iyenebT Tqvens mexsierebas. vimedovnebT,
rom es Tqveni mexsierebis zogierTi aspeqtis
gamosworebaSi dagexmarebaT.
rTuli vizualuri scenaa gamosaxuli. gTxovT,
momentalurad (daaxloebiT 10 wamis ganmavlo-
baSi) SexedoT mas da Semdeg furceli daafaroT.
amis Semdeg ramdenime kiTxvas dagisvamT
suraTTan dakavSirebiT:

sensoruli mexsiereba (Sensory memory) _

273
 suraTi
8.4

ramdens daixsomebT am
scenidan?
aTi wamis ganmavlobaSi uyureT am
naxats, Semdeg furceli daafareT
da ecadeT, upasuxoT teqstSi
dasmul SekiTxvebs. Cveulebriv,
xatiseburi mexsiereba mxedvelo-
biTi velidan mcire xniT mxolod
wamier xats inaxavs.

1. ra iaraRi uWiravs patara biWs suraTis

qveda nawilSi?
2. ras akeTebs kaci suraTis zeda nawilis
SuaSi?
3. suraTis dabal marjvena kuTxeSi qals
qolga marjvena xelSi uWiravs Tu marcxenaSi?
am kiTxvebze pasuxis gasacemad, albaT, su-
raTze xelmeored daxedva mogindebaT, ara?
sabednierod, amgvari, xelmeored gadaxedvis
SesaZlebloba Cadebulia Tqvens mexsierebaSi.
fsiqologebi varaudoben, rom sensoruli
mexsiereba yovel sensorul modalobas gaaCnia.
TiToeuli sensoruli mexsiereba gamRizia-
neblis fizikur Tvisebas wamis, an wamze naklebi
Tavi 8 / mexsiereba
xatiseburi mexsiereba
mexsierebis mkvlevrebma sensorul mexsierebas
sensorul sferoSi xatiseburi mexsiereba uwodes
(Naisser, 1967). xatiseburi mexsiereba umciresi
drois ganmavlobaSi inaxavs aRqmuli informa-
ciis Zalian did raodenobas. xatiseburi mexsie-
reba, anu xati daaxloebiT wamis naxevars
grZeldeba. pirvelad masze dakvirveba moxda
eqsperimentSi, sadac cdis pirebs, ekranze wamis
mexuTedis ganmavlobaSi miwodebuli informa-
ciis aRdgena evalebodaT.
saidan

drois ganmavlobaSi inaxavs. es mexsiereba kidev

ufro afarToebs garemodan informaciis miRebis viciT
SesaZleblobas. am azris naTelsayofad mxedve-
lobiT da smeniT sensorul mexsierebaze Cata- xatiseburi mexsiereba
rebul ramdenime gamokvlevas moviyvanT. jorj sperlingi (1969-1963) cdis pirebs
awvdida asoebsa da cifrebisgan Sedgenil
xatiseburi mexsiereba (Iconic memory) _ sam mwkrivs

274
 7 1 V F Semdeg odnav dagvianebiT xdeboda. 8.5 suraTze
X L 5 3 Cans, rom intervalis gaxangrZliveba nulidan
B 4 W 7 erT wamamde aRdgenili wevrebis raodenobas
amcirebs. fsiqologebma zustad gamoiangariSes
cdis pirebs sTxovdnen ori gansxvave-
is dro, romelic xatiseburi mexsierebidan in-
buli amocanis Sesrulebas. masalis mTli-
formaciis waSlas sWirdeba (Gegenfurtner & Sperling,
anad aRdgenis SemTxvevaSi maT unda aRed-
1993; Loftus et al., 1992). imisTvis, rom maqsimalurad
ginaT maqsimaluri raodenoba, rasac SeZ-
cota ram daikargos Cveni mxedvelobiTi sam-
lebdnen. Cveulebriv, am SemTxvevaSi daax-
yarodan, mexsierebis procesebma Zalian swrafad
loebiT oTxi wevris aRdgena xdeboda.
unda gadaitanon informacia ufro myar sacavSi.
cdis pirTa meore nawils masalis nawi-
gaiTvaliswineT, rom xatiseburi mexsiereba
lobriv aRdgenas sTxovdnen, anu am dros
ar aris fotografiuli mexsierebis sinonimi,
maT mxolod erTi mwkrivi unda aRedginaT.
rogorc amas SeiZleba zogierTi Tvlides. fo-
masalis miwodebis Semdeg gaismoda daba-
tografiuli mexsierebis teqnikuri cnebaa
li, saSualo, an maRali bgeriTi signali,
eideturi warmodgena: _ xalxs, romelsac gaaCnia
romelic cdis pirs miuTiTebda, romeli
eideturi warmodgenebi, SeuZlia ufro didi
mwkrivi unda aRedginaT. sperlingma daad-
xnis ganmavlobaSi, vidre xatisebur mexsierebas,
gina, rom ganurCevlad imisa, romeli mwkri-
detalebSi aRadginos suraTi _ TiTqos aRiqvams
vis aRdgenas mosTxovdnen, cdis pirebi am
da aRwers mas. „xalxi~ realurad bavSvebia,
mwkrivs srulad aRadgendnen.
radgan dadgenil iqna, rom bavSvTa Soris 8%,
xolo mozrdilTa Soris 0%-ia eidetikosi (Neath,
imis gamo, rom cdis pirebs zustad SeeZloT 1998). ar arsebobs met-naklebad damakmayofile-
aRedginaT bgeriTi signalis Sesabamisi nebis- beli Teoria, romelic axsnida, Tu ratom qreba
mieri mwkrivi, sperlingma daaskvna, rom mTeli asakTan erTad eideturi warmodgenebi (Crowder,
miwodebuli informacia xatisebur mexsierebaSi 1992). miuxedavad amisa, Tu Tqven, am wignis
gadadis. es miuTiTebs am ukanasknelis did mkiTxveli, damamTavrebeli klasis moswavle
moculobaze. amave dros, masalis sruli da an kolejis studenti xarT, Tqven namdvilad
nawilobrivi aRdgenis meTodiT gansxvavebuli ar geqnebaT eideturi warmodgenebi.
raodenobiT masalis aRdgena gviCvenebs, rom
informaciis swrafi daviwyeba xdeba: masalis
sruli aRdgenis moTxovnis SemTxvevaSi cdis eqo-mexsiereba
pirebs ar SeeZloT xatisebur mexsierebaSi
bgerebze sensorul mexsierebas eqo-mexsiereba
asaxuli mTeli informaciis srulad mogoneba.
ewodeba. eqo mexsiereba, iseve rogorc xati-
es dadasturda eqsperimentSi, romlis drosac
seburi, mcire xniT inaxavs ufro met infor-
bgeriTi signalis miwodeba masalis eqspoziciis

suraTi
8.5
sensoruli mexsiereba

mogoneba nawilobrivi aRdgenis

meTodiT
uwyveti mrudi gviCvenebs nawilobrivi
aRdgenis meTodiT daxsomebuli masalis
saSualo raodenobas rogorc uSualod
miwodebis Semdeg, ise mogvianebiT. Sedare-
bisTvis, wyvetili xaziT mocemulia masa-
lis mogoneba sruli aRdgenis meTodiT
(sperlingi, 1960).

275
 macias, vidre daviwyebamde misi aRdgenis unari
gaaCnia adamians (Crowder & Morton, 1969; Darvin et al.,
1967). eqo-mexsiereba, xatisebur mexsierebasTan
SedarebiT, 5-10 wamiT metxans grZeldeba. misi
aseTi xangrZlivoba SeiZleba droSi bgeraTa
Tanmimdevari urTierTdakavSirebis gzebs davu-
kavSiroT. magaliTad, rodesac vusmenT wina-
dadebas, yoveli bgeris Tanmimdevari Semosvla
xdeba Cvens yurSi. eqo-mexsiereba gvexmareba,
rom es calkeuli bgerebi mTlianobebad Seikras.
eqo-mexsierebaze Catarebulma gamokvlevebma
gamoavlina sensoruli mexsierebis meore mniS-
vnelovani Tviseba: axlad Semosuli informacia
advilad gandevnis winas. Tu vinme sityvaTa
mwkrivs gikiTxavT, yoveli axali sityva gadaaad-
gilebs winas eqo-mexsierebaSi. mkvlevrebi Tavi-
danve darwmunebulni iyvnen, rom bgeraTa msgav-
seba gansazRvravs sityvaTa amovardnas eqo-
mexsierebidan (Crowder, 1976), magram axla ukve
viciT, rom amis mizezi msmenelis mier smeniTi
gamRizianeblebis kategorizaciac SeiZleba iyo
(Ayres et al., 1979). garedan smeniTi informaciis
Semosvlisas Tqven am gamRizianeblebis nakadis
nawilebad dayofas axdenT _ gansazRvravT, ro-
meli bgerebi erTiandeba mTlianobebad. eqo-
mexsiereba damokidebulia imaze, Tu rogor aj-
gufebT smeniTi modalobiT Semosul gamo-
cdilebas (LeCompte & Watkins, 1995).
saidan
viciT
kategorizacia gavlenas axdens eqo-
mexsierebaze
studentebze Catarda mexsierebis eqspe-
rimenti, sadac maT ekiTxebodaT asoTa
mwkrivi, romelsac sufiqsi mosdevda.
sufiqsi yovelTvis erTi saxis iyo da
JRerda, rogorc Txis kikini _ mee. eqs-
Tavi 8 / mexsiereba
perimentis erT seriaSi monawile cdis
pirebi darwmunebulni iyvnen, rom es xma
namdvilad cxvars ekuTvnoda, xolo meore
seriaSi ki darwmunebulni iyvnen, rom am
xmas adamiani gamoscemda (rac, marTlac,
ase iyo). aRmoCnda, rom sufiqsi mxolod
im SemTxvevebSi Sedioda eqo-mexsierebaSi,
Tu cdis pirebi Tvlidnen, rom xma ada-
276 mianis iyo (Neath et al., 1993).
yuradReba imas miaqcieT, rom moqmedi fizi-
kuri gamRizianebeli erTi da igive iyo, magram
mxolod maSin irRveoda eqo-mexsiereba, rodesac
cdis pirebi mwkrivis da mee-s kategorizacias
axdendnen (asoebsac da sufiqssac adamianis xmiT
wakiTxulad miiCnevdnen). amrigad, kodirebis
da Senaxvis ukve uadres safexurze mniSvneloba
aqvs informaciis gadamuSavebas.
Tqven, albaT, dasvamT kiTxvas: ratom aqvs
sensorul mexsierebas ori ZiriTadi niSani –
wamebis manZilze grZeldeba da advilad irRveva.
saqme isaa, rom es niSnebi garemosTan Cvens
urTierTobas asaxavs. Cvenze mudmivad moqmedebs
axali mxedvelobiTi da smeniTi gamRizianeb-
lebi. es axali informacia gadamuSavebas moi-
Txovs. sensoruli mexsierebis xangrZlivoba
sakmarisia imisaTvis, rom garemos cvalebadoba
asaxos, magram arc imdenad Zlieria, rom winaaR-
mdegoba gauwios axal sensorul STabeWdi-
lebebs. Cven Semdgom mexsierebis gadamuSavebis
im saxeebs ganvixilavT, romlebic SesaZlebels
xdian ufro xangrZlivi droiT daxsomebas.
Sejameba
sensoruli mexsiereba garemodan informaciis
Semosvlas uzrunvelyofs. xatiseburi mexsiereba
mxedvelobiTi mexsierebis formaa, romelic
SesaZleblobas gvaZlevs didi raodenobis
informacia umciresi drois manZilze SevinaxoT.
eqo _ mexsiereba asaxavs gamRizianeblebs, Tumca,
is ufro didxans grZeldeba, vidre xatiseburi
mexsiereba, mas axali informacia ufro advilad
arRvevs.
xanmokle mexsiereba da muSa
mexsiereba
sanam am Tavis wakiTxvas daiwyebdiT, Tqven,
SeiZleba, arc icodiT, rom xatiseburi da eqo-
mexsiereba gqondaT, magram SeiZleba icodiT
kidec, rom gagaCniaT mexsierebis iseTi forma,
eqo-mexsiereba (Echoic memory) _ mexsiereba,
romelic mxolod xanmokle droiT informaciis
Senaxvas uzrunvelyofs. ganvixiloT Zalian
Cveulebrivi SemTxveva, rodesac satelefono
wignSi amoikiTxeT nacnobis telefonis nomeri.
Tu es nomeri dakavebulia, Tqven isev dagWirdebaT
telefonebis wignSi Caxedva. es magaliTi gasa-
gebs xdis, Tu ratom gamoyves mkvlevrebma mex-
sierebis calke forma, romelsac xanmokle mex-
siereba uwodes.
Tqven ar unda warmoidginoT, rom xanmokle
mexsiereba specialuri adgilia, sadac dax-
somebuli masala Sedis; is meqanizmi ufroa,
romelic SemecnebiT SesaZleblobebs warmod-
genaTa momcro sqemaze uyris Tavs (Covan, 1999;
Shiffrin, 1993), magram xanmokle mexsierebis resur-
sebi Zalian cvalebadi da aramyaria. Tu te-
lefonis nomris magaliTs gavixsenebT, imisTvis,
rom ar dagaviwydeT informacia (am SemTxvevaSi
telefonis nomeri), Tqven sagangebo zomebi unda
miiRoT, raTa ufro saimedod aRbeWdoT is. Cven
ufro farTod xanmokle mexsierebis im tipis
SesaZleblobebs gavecnobiT, romelic eqspli-
cituri mexsierebis ganxorcielebas uwyobs
xels. amas imitom vusvamT xazs, rom implicituri
mexsierebis xanmokle formebis Seswavla mkvlev-
rebma mxolod axla daiwyes (McKone & Trynes,
1999). winaswari monacemebiT, implicitur mexsie-
rebasac SeiZleba gaaCndes xanmokle forma, sai-
danac informacia implicituri mexsierebis
xangrZliv formaSi gadava.
amave qveTavSi Cven informaciis mexsierebaSi
gadamuSavebis kidev erT formas SevexebiT,
romelic azrebisa da qcevebis Tanmimdevar da
yovelwuTier mimdinareobas gansazRvravs. es
aris muSa mexsiereba. rogorc vnaxavT, muSa
mexsiereba gamoiyeneba iseTi amocanebis Sesas-
ruleblad, rogoricaa metyveleba da msjeloba
(Baddeley, 1986). davuSvaT, Tqven cdilobT, daix-
somoT telefonis nomeri da iwyebT fanqris
da qaRaldis Zebnas, raTa CaiweroT is. Tqveni
xanmokle mexsiereba gaZlevT SesaZleblobas,
SeaCeroT telefonis nomeri Tqvens mexsierebaSi,
muSa mexsiereba ki arCevs da iyenebs im fsiqikur
xanmokle mexsiereba (Short-term memory (STM) _ mex-
siereba,
operaciebs, romlebic xels Seuwyoben Zebnis
procesis warmatebiT dasrulebas. ganxilva
xanmokle mexsierebaze saubriT daviwyoT.
xanmokle mexsierebis
moculobis SezRuduloba
xanmokle mexsierebis ZiriTadi funqcia erT-
jeradi aRqmiT informaciis uSualo aRbeWdvaa
cnobierebaSi. me-5 TavSi aRvniSneT, rom yurad-
Rebis funqcia gare samyarodan garkveul obieq-
tTa da movlenaTa seleqciaa. ramdenadac Tqveni
yuradRebis moculoba SezRudulia, imdenad,
SezRuduli iqneba xanmokle mexsierebaSi Semo-
suli informaciis raodenoba. xanmokle mexsie-
rebis SezRudul moculobas yuradRebis SezRu-
duloba ganapirobebs.
xanmokle mexsierebis moculobis dasadgenad
mkvlevrebma uSualo mexsierebis testi gamoi-
yenes. SeiZleba, odesaRac Tqvenc SegisrulebiaT
msgavsi amocana:
erTxel waikiTxeT mocemuli cifrebi, xolo
Semdeg CamowereT igive TanmimdevrobiT, ram-
densac SeZlebT:
8 1 7 3 4 9 4 2 8 5
ramdeni CamowereT sworad?
axla waikiTxeT asoebisgan Semdgari mwkrivi
da, aseve, ramdensac SeZlebT, aRadgineT igive
TanmimdevrobiT.
I M R S O F L P T Z B
ramdeni aRadgineT sworad?
Tu Tqven sxva adamianebisgan ar gamoirCeviT,
xanmokle mexsiereba da muSa mexsiereba
daaxloebiT xuTidan cxra erTeuls aRadgenT.
jorj mileris (George Miller, 1976) mixedviT, ada-
miani saSualod ixsomebs Svid (plus, an minus
or) erTeuls, romelsac igi „magiur cifrs~
uwodebda. es vrceldeba SemTxveviTi wesiT
ganlagebuli cifrebis, asoebis, marcvlebis,
sityvebis da nebismier azrian Tu nacnob
masalaze.
uSualo mexsierebis testiT xanmokle mexsie-
rebis SesaZleblobebi gadafasebulia, radganac
cdis pirebs SesaZlebloba aqvT, amocanis
Sesasruleblad sxva wyaroebic gamoiyenon. gaix-
seneT, magaliTad, rom eqo-mexsiereba SesaZ-
leblobas gaZlevT, xmamaRla wakiTxuli masa-
lidan ukeT daixsomoT bolo ramdenime wevri
277
 (Tu sufiqsi ar erTvis Tan). arsebobs faqtorebi,
romlebic amcireben xanmokle mexsierebis
moculobas oridan oTxamdec ki (Crowder, 1976),
magram Tu mxolod es aris is raodenoba, riTac
iwyebT informaciis SeZenas, maSin ratom aris,
rom xSirad verc amCnevT Tqveni mexsierebis
aseT SezRudulobas?
xanmokle mexsierebis
mniSvneloba
miuxedavad imisa, rom xanmokle mexsierebis
moculoba sakmaod SezRudulia, es mexsiereba
Tavis funqcias mainc warmatebiT asrulebs ori
mizezis gamo: pirveli, mas aqvs informaciis
ganmtkicebis SesaZlebloba ganmeorebebisa da
dajgufebis saSualebiT da, meore, xanmokle
mexsierebidan informaciis amotana Zalian swra-
fad xdeba.
ganmeoreba
Tqven, albaT, SegimCneviaT, rom saukeTeso
gza Tqveni nacnobis erTxel amokiTxuli tele-
fonis nomris daxsomebisaTvis ramdenjerme misi
gonebaSi (an xmamaRla) ganmeorebaa. daxsomebis
am teqnikas SemaCerebeli ganmeoreba ewodeba.
ra mosdis ganmeorebis gareSe informacias,
kargad Cans erT-erT maxvilgonier eqsperimentSi.
da gansxvavebuli droiTi intervalebis
gamoyenebiT mraval cdis pirze Catarda.
rogorc 8.6 suraTze Cans, aRdgenili
masalis raodenoba sul ufro iklebs
aRbeWdvasa da mogonebas Soris, drois
zrdasTan erTad. sami wamis Semdeg ukve
adgili hqonda daviwyebas, 18 wamis Semdeg
ki cdis pirebs aRaraferi axsovdaT.
ganmeorebis SesaZleblobis ararsebobis
SemTxvevaSi aRdgenili masalis raodenoba
mcirdeba drois gasvlasTan erTad (Pater-
son & Paterson, 1959).
Sedegi aradamakmayofilebelia imis gamo, rom
informaciis ganmeoreba ar moxda. aradamakma-
yofilebelia imitomac, rom moxda am informa-
ciis distraqtoris masalasTan interferencia
(interferenciaze Cven Semdgom vimsjelebT).
Tqven, albaT, SegimCneviaT, rom rodesac
wveulebaze pirovnebas gacnoben, is Tavis saxels
da gvars geubnebaT, romelic xSirad swrafadve
gaviwydebaT. erT-erTi ZiriTadi mizezi amisa
isaa, rom saWiroa dro am saxelisa da gvaris
ganmeorebisaTvis. aba, scadeT, rodesac gagac-

saidan
viciT

xanmokle mexsierebaSi ganmeorebis

gareSe informaciis daviwyeba xdeba
cdis pirebs ukiTxaven sam Tanxmovans,
magaliTad, F, C da V-s. maT es Tanxmovnebi
gansxvavebuli droiTi intervalis Semdeg
unda aRadginon, romlis xangrZlivoba 3-
Tavi 8 / mexsiereba

dan 18 wamamde meryeobs. ganmeorebis

Tavidan asacileblad, kodirebasa da
aRdgenas Soris CarTulia xelis SemSleli
amocana (distraqtori): cdis pirebs aZ-
leven samniSna ricxvs da avaleben ukuRma
daiTvalon samis gamoklebiT manam, sanam
im sami Tanxmovnis aRdgenis niSans mis-
278
cemen. eqsperimenti sxvadasxva Tanxmovnebis
suraTi
8.6
xanmokle mexsiereba ganmeorebis
gareSe
rodesac intervali stimulis miwodebasa da
aRdgenas Soris sxva amocaniT aris Sevsebuli
(distraqtoriT), mexsierebis moculoba mcirdeba,
ramdenadac intervali izrdeba.
noben adamians, manam, sanam saubars gaagrZeleb-
deT, gaimeoreT ramdenjerme misi saxeli da
gvari.
amrigad, SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom ganmeoreba
dagexmarebaT, raTa SevinarCunoT informacia
xanmokle mexsierebaSi. magram, Tu es informacia
sakmaod rTulia, an didia gasameoreblad, maSin
mis SenarCunebaSi dajgufebis strategia dagex-
marebaT.
dajgufeba (Chunking)
jgufi (Chank) azris matarebeli informaciis
erTeulia (Anderson, 1996). es erTeuli SeiZleba
erTi aso an erTi cifri, an ramdenime wevrisgan
Semdgari jgufi, sityvac da winadadebac ki iyos.
magaliTad, cifrebis es Tanmimdevroba 1 9 8 4 oTxi
erTeulisgan Sedgeba da Tavisuflad jdeba
xanmokle mexsierebis moculobaSi. magram Tu
Tqven am cifrebs aRiqvamT, rogorc weliwads
(1984 weli), an jorj orvelis wignis _ „1984"
saTaurs, maSin es erTi erTeuli iqneba da Tqvens
xanmokle mexsierebaSi sxva masalisTvisac dagr-
CebaT adgili. dajgufeba (Chunking), msgavsebis
an sxva maorganizebeli principis safuZvelze,
dasaxsomebeli masalis patar-patara jgufebad
rekonfiguraciis an xangrZliv mexsierebaSi
Senaxul informaciaze dayrdnobiT ufro didi
jgufebis (patterns) Seqmnis procesia (Baddeley, 1994).
ramdeni erTeulisgan Sedgeba cifrebis mwkrivi
_ 19411917186518121776?
im SemTxvevaSi, Tu erTeulad ganixilavT
TiToeul cifrs, Tqveni pasuxi iqneba „20“, xolo
Tu am Tanmimdevrobas gaanawilebT amerikis
SeerTebul Statebis istoriaSi momxdari omebis
mixedviT, pasuxi iqneba „5~. Tu Tqven meore
strategias airCevT, erTi Tvalis gadavlebiTac
Zalian gagiadvildebaT igive TnmimdevrobiT am
mwkrivis aRdgena, xolo Tu am mwkrivs, rogorc
20 damoukidebeli erTeulisgan Semgars ganixi-
lavT, ara Tu misi TanmimdevrobiT, aramed srulad
aRdgenasac verafriT SeZlebT.
Tqveni xanmokle mexsierebis moculoba
aucileblad gaizrdeba, Tu Tqven didi mocu-
lobis masalis ramdenime jgufSi gaerTianebis
gzas monaxavT. cnobil pirovnebas S. F-s (igi
gamoCenili mrboleli iyo) 84 cifris daxsomeba
SeeZlo maTi distanciis garbenis droTa mixedviT
dajgufebis safuZvelze.
saidan
viciT
dajgufebis (Chanking) upiratesoba
S.F-is oqmi gviCvenebs mis gonebamaxvi-
lobas. ramdenadac is grZel distanciebze
darboda, man SeamCnia, rom mwkrivis bevri
cifri SeiZleba dajgufebuliyo, rogorc
garbenis dro sxvadasxva distanciaze. maga-
liTad, man moaxdina 34925614935 mwkrivis
Semdegi saxiT dekodireba: - 3:49,2 aris
sarekordo dro; 56,14 aris 10 milis distan-
ciaze garbenis dro; 9,35 sWirdeba 2 milis
garbenas. Semdgom dasaxsomebeli mwkrivis
dasajgufeblad S.F. iyenebda, agreTve, asaks,
RirSesaniSnav TariRebs, specialur cif-
robriv kodebs. aseve, SeeZlo mas Tavisi
xangrZlivi mexsiereba gamoeyenebina, raTa
grZeli, SemTxveviTi wesiT dalagebuli
wevrebi azrian jgufebad gaeerTianebina.
magram, amave dros, S.F-s asoebze saSualo
mexsiereba hqonda, radgan ar hqonda gamo-
muSavebuli asoTa mwkrivis dajgufebis
araviTari strategia (Chase & Ericsson, 1981;
Ericsson & Chase, 1982).
S.F-is msgavsad, Tqvenc SegiZliaT, axlad
Semosuli informaciis gadastruqtureba moax-
dinoT Tqveni pirovnuli gamocdilebidan gamom-
dinare (magaliTad, daukavSiroT is megobrebis,
an naTesavebis asaks), an daukavSiroT axali masala
Tqvens xangrZliv mexsierebaSi arsebul kodebs.
xanmokle mexsiereba da muSa mexsiereba
maSinac ki, rodesac Tqven ver SeZeliT Tqvens
xangrZliv mexsierebaSi arsebuli wesebis,
mniSvnelobebis Tu kodebis gamoyeneba, am stra-
tegiiT sargebloba mainc SesaZlebelia. SegiZ-
liaT daajgufoT ritmis, riTmis, an droiTi
intervalebis mixedviT (magaliTad, 181379256460-
dan miiRebT 4 erTeuls: 181, 379, 256 da 460).
yoveldRiuri gamocdilebidan Tqven iciT, rom
aseTi dajgufebis principi mSvenivrad muSaobs
telefonis nomris damaxsovrebisas.
xanmokle mexsierebidan informaciis
aRdgena
ganmeorebasa da dajgufebazea damokidebuli,
Tu rogor aRibeWdeba informacia, raTa uzrun-
velyofil iqnes misi Senaxva, magram am 279

strategiuli midgomis gareSec aRmoCnda, rom
xanmokle mexsierebidan masalis aRdgena Zalian
efeqturia. saul Stenbergis klasikur gamok-
vlevaTa seriaSi (Saul Sternberg, 1966, 1969) gamoye-
nebuli iyo amocana, romelic naTelyofda im
did siswrafes, romliTac cdis pirebi xanmokle
mexsierebaSi Semosul informacias afasebdnen.
saidan
viciT
xanmokle mexsierebidan masalis
efeqturi aRdgena
cdis pirebs didi raodenobiT Catare-
buli cdebis TiToeul jerze eZleodaT
dasaxsomebeli masala, romelic erTidan
eqvsamde erTeuls moicavda, magaliTad,
cifrebs 52946. cdidan cdamde es masala
icvleboda imis mixedviT, Tu romeli da
ramdeni cifri iyo miwodebuli. TiToeuli
saxis masalis miwodebis Semdeg Stenbergi
maSinve sTavazobda erT gamosacdel tests
– cifrs, romlis Sesaxebac cdis pirebs
unda eTqvaT, Sedioda Tu ara es cifri
uSualod mis mier aRqmul masalaSi.
Tavi 8 / mexsiereba
damokidebuli cvladi cnobis siswrafe
iyo. ramdenad swrafad SeeZlo cdis pirs
daeWira xeli Rilakze, romelzec aRniS-
nuli iyo „diax~, raTa daedasturebina,
rom axsovda, rom es cifri iyo dasaxso-
mebel masalaSi da daeWira xeli Rilakze
aRniSvniT „ara~, raTa eCvenebina, rom dar-
wmunebuli iyo, rom es cifri miwodebul
280
cifrebs Soris ar iyo. Stenbergma daiT-
vala es dro da aRmoCnda, rom testuri
masalis aRbeWdvasa da Semdeg pasuxs sWir-
deboda 400 miliwami, xolo 35 miliwami _
am gamRizianeblis (cifris) mexsierebaSi
Senaxul informaciasTan Sedarebas. erTi
wami sWirdeba 30 aseT Sedarebas. rogorc
vxedavT, xanmokle mexsierebidan infor-
maciis aRdgena araCveulebrivad efeqturi
aRmoCnda.
miuxedavad imisa, rom Stenbergis Sedegebis
asaxsnelad gansxvavaebuli Teoriebi iyo Semo-
Tavazebuli (Ratcliff, 1978. Townsend, 1971, 1990),
yvela Tanxmdeba, rom xanmokle mexsierebidan
informaciis amotana Zalian swrafad xdeba.
modiT, gavakeToT garkveuli daskvnebi am aRmo-
Cenidan da paraleli gavavloT did samecniero
biblioTekasTan. mocemul biblioTekaSi wig-
nebis didi raodenobaa (aRsaqmel STabeWdilebaTa
didi raodenoba), magram, Tqvenda samwuxarod,
yovel jerze mxolod sami wigniT sargeblobis
ufleba gaqvT (xanmokle mexsierebis SezRuduli
moculoba). davuSvaT, rom yoveli msurveli
wigns Zalian swrafad kiTxulobs (xanmokle
muSa mexsiereba (Working memory) _ mexsierebis
unari, romelic gamoiyeneba, rogorc iseTi
amocanebis Tanmxlebi, rogoricaa mizezobrioba
da metyveleba. Sedgeba fonologiuri yulfis,
sivrciT-vizualuri matricisa da centraluri
aRmasruleblisagan.
dajgufeba (Chunking) _ informaciis calkeul
wevrTa dajgufebis procesi msgavsebis an sxva
maorganizebeli principis safuZvelze.

ratom aris informaciis aRdgena xanmokle
mexsierebidan biblioTekaSi wignis
monaxvis analogiuri?
mexsierebidan informaciis amotanis siswrafe).
aseTi unaris gamo Tqven mSvenivrad isargeblebT
biblioTekiT da iSviaTad gaacnobierebT bib-
lioTekaSi moqmed ganawess sami wignis gatanis
Sesaxeb. Tqveni xanmokle mexsierebac msgavs
samuSaos asrulebs informaciis miRebasa da
efeqtur aRdgenas Soris.
muSa mexsiereba
Cven gansakuTrebiT gavamaxvileT yuradReba
xanmokle mexsierebaze da im rolze, romelsac
xanmokle mexsiereba asrulebs axali infor-
maciis eqspliciturad aRbeWdvis procesSi. ro-
gorc adre aRvniSneT, Tqven gWirdebaT kidev
iseTi mexsiereba, romelic mudmiv aqtivobaSia
da nebismier momentSi nebismieri Tqveni moqme-
debis ganxorcielebis SesaZleblobas mogcemT,
mexsierebis im formebisgan gansxvavebiT, rome-
lic faqtebis aRbeWdvas udevs safuZvlad. amave
dros, aucilebelia mexsierebis TvalsaCino
Sedegis gamovlenamde mimdinare procesebic.
gaxsovT, albaT, am Tavis dasawyisSi Cven gTxoveT
dagexsomebinaT ricxvi. SegiZliaT moigonoT
es ricxvi? Tu SeZeliT misi mogoneba, maSasadame,
Tqven aqtiurad warmoidgineT daxsomebuli
ricxvi – es mexsierebis sxva funqciaa. Tu Cven
gTxovT, gaakeToT raRac ufro rTuli, maga-
liTad, gadaisroloT burTi erTi xelidan
meoreSi da paralelurad ukuRma iTvaloT samis
gamoklebiT 132-dan, am SemTxvevaSi Tqven mex-
sierebas ufro met moTxovnebs uyenebT. mkvlev-
rebma gaaanalizes mexsierebis is funqciebi,
romlebic yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi gWirdebaT
da Seqmnes Teoria muSa mexsierebis Sesaxeb,
sadac es ukanaskneli klasikuri xanmokle mexsie-
rebis formad ganixiles (Healy & McNamara, 1996).
alan bedlim da misma kolegebma (Alan Baddeley,
1986, 1992; Baddeley, Andrade, 2000) muSa mexsierebaSi
sami komponenti gamoyves:
fonologiuri sacavi: masSi xdeba enaze
(metyvelebaze) dafuZnebuli informaciis Semos-
vla da misi gamoyeneba. fonologiuri sacavi
nawilobriv emTxveva xanmokle mexsierebas. ro-
desac daxsomebis mizniT imeorebiT am wuTSi
mosmenil TqvenTvis ucnob telefonis nomers,
am dros fonologiuri sacavis moqmedebas
eyrdnobiT;
mxedvelobiT-sivrciTi sqema: _ is fonolo-
giuri sacavis msgavs funqcias asrulebs, oRond
sivrciTi da mxedvelobiTi STbeWdilebebis
mimarT. Tu, magaliTad, vinme gkiTxavT, ramdeni
merxia Tqvens auditoriaSi, Tqven mxedvelobiT-
sivrciTi sqemis SesaZleblobebs iyenebT audi-
toriis warmosadgenad da Semdeg iTvliT mer-
xebis raodenobas;
centraluri aRmasrulebeli _ aq xdeba
yuradRebaze kontroli da fonologiuri saca-
vidan da sivrciT-mxedvelobiTi sqemidan
miRebuli informaciis koordinacia. yovelTvis,
rodesac gaqvT amocana, romelic fsiqikur pro-
cesTa koordinacias moiTxovs, Tqven centra-
xanmokle mexsiereba da muSa mexsiereba
luri aRmasruleblis funqcias eyrdnobiT,
romelic warmarTavs Tqvens fsiqikur SesaZleb-
lobebs amocanis sxvadasxva aspeqtis gadasa-
wyvetad (am sakiTxs me-9 TavSi davubrundebiT).
xanmokle mexsierebis muSa mexsierebis cnebis
ufro farTo konteqstSi Seyvana amtkicebs im
mosazrebas, rom xanmokle mexsiereba procesia
da ara _ lokaluri adgili. SemecnebiTi saqmia-
noba, magaliTad, metyvelebis procesi Tu
problemuri situaciis gadawyvetis msgavsi kog-
nituri aqtioba, bevri gansxvavebuli elementis
swraf da Tanmimdevar amoqmedebas da CarTvas
moiTxovs. muSa mexsiereba SegiZliaT ganixiloT,
rogorc aucilebeli elementebis sagangebo da
xanmokle mobilizacia. Tu gindaT, ukeT daak-
281

cxrili
8.1
muSa mexsierebis moculobis teqsti
waikiTxeT es winadadebebi xmamaRla da Semdeg
scadeT gaixsenoT TiToeuli winadadebis bolo
sityvebi.
kaci patronobda gogonas, rodesac is skolis
moswavle iyo, xolo, roca studenti gaxda,
mosvenebas aRar aZlevda.
mas hqonda gawelili Tavis qala, romelic mis
mxrebze ise idga, rogorc msxali langarze.
cifruli eleqtronikis nawarmi mniSvnelovan
rols Seasrulebs Tqvens momavalSi.
taqsim auxvia miCiganis prospeqtze, saidanac tbis
sruli xedi iSleboda.
bolosdabolos, roca man Tvalebi gaaxila,
triumfis sxivic da gabrazebis Crdilic ukve
gamqraliyo.
wyaro: deinmeni & karpenteri, 1980.
virdeT romelime fizikur obieqts, SegiZliaT
ufro metad gamokveToT is; muSa mexsierebas
Tqveni fsiqikuri obieqtebis _ mexsierebis
warmodgenebis naTlad asaxvac SeuZlia. muSa
mexsiereba koordinacias uwevs, agreTve, am
obieqtebTan dakavSirebul aqtivobebs.
mecnierebma daamtkices, rom muSa mexsierebis
mixedviT adamianebi individualurad gan-
sxvavdebian erTmaneTisgan (Daneman, Merikle, 1956;
Jenkins et. al., 1999). erT-erTi ZiriTadi kriteriumi
amis dasadgenad muSa mexsierebis moculobaa.
am mizniT, mkvlevrebi cdis pirebs winadadebaTa
seriis xmamaRla wakiTxvas da, Semdeg, TiToeuli
winadadebis bolo sityvebis aRdgenas sTxoven.
8.1 cxrilSi sacdelad warmogidgenT ramdenime
aseT winadadebas. am amocanis Sesruleba arc
ise martivia. dadgenilia, rom maT, vinc saSua-
lod 4 an met erTeuls ixsomebs, kargi mexsie-
rebis moculoba aqvT, xolo Tu 2,5 erTeuls an
naklebs ixsomebs - mcire moculoba. es gansxva-
Tavi 8 / mexsiereba
vebuli amocanebis gamoyenebiT Catarebuli
mravali cdidan gamoyvanili saSualo monacemia.
ase rom, 8.1 cxrilSi motanili testidan amaze
mets sakuTari Tavis Sesaxeb verafers SeityobT.
imis gamo, rom muSa mexsierebis moculoba imis
sazomia, Tu Tavisi xanmokle kognituri pro-
cesebis gamoyenebis ra SesaZleblobebi aqvs
282
individs, mecnierebi mas gansxvavebul amoca-
nebze SesaZlo pasuxTa prognozirebisaTvis
iyeneben.
saidan
viciT
muSa mexsierebis moculoba gavlenas
axdens teqstis daxsomebaze
mecnierebma gamoyves individTa sami
jgufi, romelTagan TiToeuls, Sesabamisad,
hqonda maRali, saSualo da dabali mex-
sierebis moculoba. TiToeul cdis pirs
sTxovdnen waekiTxaT moTxroba „mSvenieri
Zveli saxlis~ Sesaxeb, erTi mxriv,
myidvelis da, meore mxriv, mZarcvelis
poziciidan. moTxrobaSi aRwerili sagnebi
da faqtebi savsebiT sakmarisi iyo rogorc
erTi, ise meore poziciis gansamtkiceblad.
magaliTad, saxlis moZvelebul saxuravs
upirispirdeboda monetebis Zveli koleq-
cia. mkvlevrebs ainteresebdaT, ra gavlenas
moaxdenda maT mexsierebaze is pozicia,
romelic maT moTxrobis kiTxvisas hqon-
daT. cdis pirebs sTxovdnen, orjer aRed-
ginaT moTxroba – erTxel Tavdapirveli
poziciis mixedviT (myidveli an mZarcveli)
da Semdeg meore poziciis safuZvelze
(axla warmoidgine, rom xar...). cdis pirebs,
romelTac mexsierebis didi moculoba
hqondaT, meore poziciidanac sakmao
masalis aRdgena SeeZloT, rac ver SeZles
sxva cdis pirebma (Lee-Sammons & Whitney,
1991).
mkvlevrebma daaskvnes, rom mcire da saSualo
moculobis mexsierebis mqone cdis pirebi Tavi-
danve irCeven pozicias da am poziciidan xdeba,
ZiriTadad, moTxrobis informaciis gadamuSaveba.
didi moculobis cdis pirebs ki SeuZliaT orive
poziciis safuZvelze am informaciis gadamu-
Saveba. eqsperimentebi, romlebSic muSa mexsier-
ebis moculoba izomeba, xels uwyobs imis
garkvevas, Tu ra gansazRvravs mexsierebis SesaZ-
leblobebis gamoyenebis individualur gansxva-
vebebs.
 dabolos: muSa mexsierebis mier xdeba Tqveni
fsiqologiuri awmyos SeCereba. swored misi
saSualebiT Semodis konteqstSi axali infor-
macia, damoukidebli epizodebis erTmaneTTan
dakavSireba da erTian Sinaarsad Sekvra. is
gaZlevT SesaZleblobas, cvalebadi situaciis
Sesabamisad, mudmivad ganaaxloT, SeavsoT Tqveni
STabeWdilebebi Tu warmodgenebi da gamokveToT
arsebiTi momentebi saubarSi. es yvelaferi
simarTlea, radgan muSa mexsiereba gamtaris
rols TamaSobs Semosul informaciasa da xan-
grZliv mexsierebas Soris. axla gadavideT dro-
Si ufro gamZle mexsierebis formebis ganxil-
vaze.
Sejameba
xanmokle mexsierebis funqcia eqsplicituri
saxiT informaciis pirveladi aRbeWdvaa. xan-
mokle mexsiereba oridan oTxamde erTeuls itevs.
ganmeorebas SeuZlia informaciis SeCereba xan-
mokle mexsierebaSi. moculoba izrdeba, Tu
informacia azrobriv nawilebad dajgufdeba.
informaciis amotana xanmokle mexsierebidan
swrafad xdeba. klasikuri xanmokle mexsierebis
cneba Secvala ufro farTo, muSa mexsierebis
cnebam. muSa mexsierebis sami komponenti asaxavs
adamianis mier gamocdilebis SeZenis mudmiv
process.
xangrZlivi mexsiereba:
kodireba da Senaxva
ramden xans inaxeba informacia mexsierebaSi?
ganvixiloT 90 wlis qalis mexsiereba, romelsac
TvalnaTliv axsovs san franciskoSi 1906 wels
momxdari miwisZvra da xanZari, romelic am
miwisZvras mohyva. mas zustad axsovs, Tu ras
ganicdida, rodesac igi sxva bavSvebTan erTad
mirboda yuresTan didi brezentis tomrebis
wyliT asavsebad. Semdeg mama arTmevda am svel
tomrebs da asxamda saxuravze im imediT, rom
saxls xanZrisgan gadaarCenda. veraviTarma
Semdgomma STabeWdilebebma ver waSala is SiSi
da SfoTva, romelic am patara gogonam ganicada,
rodesac xedavda, Tu rogor ingreoda qalaqi.
rodesac fsiqologebi xangrZlivi mexsierebis
Sesaxeb saubroben, isini gulisxmoben, rom
daxsomebuli Sinaarsi da STabeWdileba xSirad
SeiZleba mTeli sicocxlis manZilze axsovdes
adamians. aqedan gamomdinare, Teoriam unda axsnas
ara mxolod is, Tu rogor inaxeba informacia
didi xniT, aramed isic, Tu rogor SeuZlia
mexsierebas misi aRdgena-gamoyenebac. xangrZlivi
mexsiereba SegrZnebebis da xanmokle mexsierebis
gziT miRebuli nebismieri saxis gamocdilebis
sacavia. masSi Sedis movlenebi, informacia,
emociebi, Cvevebi, sityvebi, kategoriebi, wesebi
da msjelobebi. xangrZlivi mexsiereba inaxavs
pirovnebis mTlian codnas samyarosa da sakuTari
Tavis Sesaxeb.
fsiqologebisTvis cnobilia, rom xSirad
ufro advilia xangrZlivi droiT daxsomeba,
Tu mis Sesaxeb winaswar garkveuli azri gaqvs.
winaswari informacia gexmarebaT da erTgvari
sqemis rols TamaSobs Semosuli informaciis
ukeT gagebisTvis. daskvnis saxiT mexsierebis
Sesaxeb Cven Semdegi unda giTxraT: Tqveni
mexsiereba gacilebiT ukeTesi iqneba, Tu is
pirobebi, romelSic informaciis aRbeWvda moxda,
daemTxveva an maqsimalurad Tanxvdeba im pirobebs,
romelSic mis aRdgenas cdilobT. amis Sesaxeb
mogvianebiT visaubrebT.
konteqsti da kodireba
manam, sanam kodirebasa da aRdgenas Soris
xangrZlivi mexsiereba: kodireba da Senaxva
Sesabamisobas SevexebodeT, gvinda ganvixiloT
fenomeni, romelsac „konteqstis Soks~ uwodeben.
xalxiT gavsebul oTaxSi dainaxeT pirovneba,
romelsac grZnobT, rom namdvilad icnobT,
magram ver mogigonebiaT vin aris da mxolod
met-naklebad xangrZlivi da zrdilobiani
dakvirvebis Semdeg gaxsendebaT misi vinaoba.
imasac acnobierebT, rom gagiWirdaT misi mogo-
neba, radgan mas adre sxva konteqstSi SexvdiT.
ras akeTebs fostaSi werilebis ganyofilebaSi
mosamsaxure qali Tqveni saukeTeso megobris
wveulebaze? Tu gqoniaT Tqvens gamocdilebaSi
aseTi SemTxveva, mixvdebiT ra moiazreba
xangrZlivi mexsiereba (Long-term memory) _
daxsomebis procesi, romelic uzrunvelyofs
informaciis Senaxvas da, Semdgom, nebismier
dros mis aRdgenas.
283
 kodirebis specifikurobis principSi: - mexsiereba
yvelaze efeqturad maSin moqmedebs, rodesac
aRdgenis procesis konteqsti kodirebis konteq-
sts emTxveva. vnaxoT, Tu rogor moaxdines mecnie-
rebma am principis demonstrireba.
kodirebis specifikuroba
ra mniSvneloba aqvs konkretul konteqstSi
informaciis swavlas? pirvelad endel tulving-
ma da donald tompsonma 1973 wels moaxdines
kodirebis specifikurobis mniSvnelobis demon-
strireba, rodesac mogonebasa da cnobas Soris
Cveuli urTierTdamokidebulebis sawinaaRmdego
Sedegi miiRes.
saidan
viciT
kodirebis specifikuroba gavlenas
axdens cnobasa da mogonebaze
cdis pirebs sTxoven, daiswavlon
sityvaTa mwkrivebi, magaliTad, vagoni _
Savi, magram, amave dros, afrTxileben, rom
maT unda daixsomon wyvilis mxolod meore
sityva. eqsperimentis Semdeg stadiaze maT
sTxoven sityvaze TeTri oTx Tavisufal
asociacias. es sityva specialurad aris
SerCeuli imisTvis, rom am asociaciaTa
Soris sityva Savi aRmoCndes. amis Semdeg
cdis pirebs sTxoven, icnon am asociaci-
ebSi is sityva, romelTa daxsomebac maT
eqsperimentis pirvel fazaSi wyvilebidan
moeTxovebodaT. cdis pirebma mxolod 54%-
is mogoneba SeZles. xolo maSin, rodesac
wyvilis pirveli wevri dausaxeles, 61 %
aRadgines.
Tavi 8 / mexsiereba
ratom iyo mogoneba ukeTesi, vidre cnoba?
tulvingis da tomsonis mixedviT, amis mizezi
konteqstis Secvlaa. cdis pirebisTvis, rom-
lebmac sityva Savi daixsomes vagonis konteqstSi,
kodirebis specifikuroba (Encoding specificity) _
es principi gulisxmobs, rom aRdgenili infor-
maciis raodenoba matulobs, Tu daxsomebis da
aRdgenis procesSi erTi da igive mimniSneblebi
284 moqmedeben.
rodesac quCaSi moZraobis wese-
bis daRvevis Semdeg SexvdebiT
am kacs, ratom ver cnobT? mas
xom wveulebaze SexvdiT?
Zneli iyo misi aRdgena, roca konteqsti sityva
TeTriT Seicvala. Tuki aseT mniSvnelovan
cvlilebas konteqstis es minimaluri cvlileba
iZleva, warmoidgineT yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi
arsebuli rTuli konteqstebis cvalebadoba
ramdenad did efeqts gamoiwvevs.
mecnierebma SeZles mexsierebaze konteqstis
sakmaod Zlieri gavlenis eqsperimentuli gamow-
veva. erT-erT aseT eqsperimentSi myvinTavebi
swavlobdnen sityvaTa mwkrivs zRvis napirze
da wyalqveS. Semdeg ki imave sityvaTa Semowmeba
am or konteqstSi (napirze da wyalqveS) xdeboda.
aRmoCnda, rom daxsomebis efeqturoba 50%-iT
meti iyo, rodesac kodireba da aRdgena erTnair
pirobebSi, erT konteqstSi xdeboda, Tumca, TviT
masalas araferi saerTo ar hqonda arc napirTan
da arc yvinTvasTan (Gooden & Baddeleyi, 1975). aseve,
daxsomeba ukeTesia, Tu masalis aRdgenisas Tan-
mxlebi musika igivea, rac daxsomebisas (Balch &
Lewis, 1996). Sabis eqsperimentSi daxsomebis efeq-
turoba ufro maRali iyo, rodesac Sokoladis
sunis fonze xdeboda daxsomeba da aRdgena (Schab,
1990). sunsa da konteqstis efeqts Soris
urTierTkavSirze Catarebulma eqsperimentebma
gamoavlina, rom yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi
gansxvavebuli suni gansxvavebul gavlenas axdens
konteqstis efeqtze.
 saidan
viciT
mkveTri suni mimniSneblis rols
asrulebs
romeli sunia ufro mniSvnelovani
mexsierebis konteqstis efeqtisTvis? am
mimarTulebiT sxvadasxva sunelis gamoye-
nebiT ramdenime eqsperimenti Catarda. erT
SemTxvevaSi es iyo cdis pirebisTvis
sruliad ucxo, uCveulo sunis matarebeli
osmantusi (aziuri warmoSobis mcenareul-
kenkrovani mcenare; Herz, 1997, gv. 375), Cveu-
lebrivi, nacnobi suni, magram uCveulo
kvleviTi laboratoriisTvis (vanili) da
laboratoriisTvis Cveuli (fiWvis) suni.
hipoTezis mixedviT, mxolod ori suni
miipyrobda yuradRebas Tavisi siaxliTa
da uCveulobiT da kodirebis procesSi
CaerTveboda. hipoTeza dadasturda. miu-
xedavad imisa, rom kodirebasa da aRdgenas
Soris 48 saaTi gavida, cdis pirebi mniSvne-
lovnad met sityvas ixsomebdnen (20-
sityviani mwkrividan), rodesac aRdgenis
dros igive suni iyo oTaxSi, rac aRbeWd-
visas, magram es mxolod osmantuss da
vanils exeboda (Herz, 1996).
am gamokvlevebSi naTlad gamoCnda, rom ara
yovelgvari suni monawileobs konteqstis efeq-
tSi. sunis mniSvneloba SeiZleba sxvadasxva
konteqstSi icvlebodes. tkbileulobis maRa-
ziaSi SeiZleba vanilma Tavisi Zala, rogorc
konteqstis elementma, dakargos.
rigSi adgilmdebareobis efeqti
konteqstis efeqti Cven, aseve, SeiZleba
mexsierebis erT-erTi klasikuri kanonzomierebis
– rigSi adgilmdebareobis efeqtis asaxsnelad
gamoviyenoT. davuSvaT, Tqven unda daiswavloT
sityvaTa mwkrivi. Tu Cven gTxovT, gaixsenoT
TanmimdevrobiT es sityvebi, raodenoba, romel-
sac Tqven aRadgenT, Sesabamisi iqneba 8.7 suraTze
gamosaxuli Sedegisa: _ Tqven mSvenivrad aRadgenT
mwkrivis dasawyisidan (dasawyisis efeqti) da
bolodan ramdenime sityvas (daboloebis efeqti).
mwkrivis Sua nawilidan ki erTi-ori sityva
gagaxsendebaT. 8.7 suraTze gamosaxuli kanon-
zomiereba zogadia mexsierebis, rogorc Tavisu-
fali wesiT aRdgenili masalis mimarT (gaix-
seneT, ramdeni sityvis gaxsenebasac SeZlebT),
ise igive TanmimdevrobiT aRdgenis instruqciis
SemTxvevaSi (gaixseneT igive TanmimdevrobiT,
ra TanmimdevrobiTac moismineT) da, agreTve,
sxvadasxva raodenobis – 6, 10, 15 sityvaTa mwkrivis

xangrZlivi mexsiereba: kodireba da Senaxva

suraTi
8.7
mwkrivSi adgilmdebareobis efeqti
mrudi gviCvenebs adgilmdebareobis efeqtis zogad kanonzomierebas. studentebs sTxoven, gaixsenon gansxvavebuli
sigrZis sityvaTa (6, 10, 15 sityva) mwkrivebi an seriuli aRdgenis wesiT (gaixseneT sityvebi imave TanmimdevrobiT,

285
ra TanmimdevrobiTac moismineT), an Tavisufali aRdgenis wesiT (gaixseneT, ramdensac SeZlebT). TiToeul mrudze
kargad Cans, rom daxsomeba ukeTesia dasawyisSi (dasawyisis efeqti) da boloSi (daboloebis efeqti).
 suraTi
8.8
konteqstis mixedviT
gansxvaveba
Tqven SegiZliaT Tqvens mex-
sierebaSi informacia mata-
reblis liandagis msgavsad
warmoidginoT. A nawilis ana-
logiurad, SegiZliaT ifiq-
roT, rom didi xnis win Tqvens
mexsierebaSi Semosuli in-
formacia erTmaneTzea mWid-
rod miwyobili, rogorc
moSorebiT ganlagebuli lian-
dagis `Spalebi~, B nawilSi
ki vxedavT, rom am efeqtis
acilebis erT-erTi gzaa adre
miRebuli es `Spalebi~ erTma-
neTisgan proporciulad da-
Sorebulad ganvalagoT. aseve,
SegiZliaT Zveli informacia
gamokveToT fsiqologiurad
gansxvavebuli mniSvnelobebis
miniWebis gziT.

daxsomebis dros (Jahnke, 1965). mecnierebma daad-
gines, rom dasawyisis da daboloebis efeqti
bevr satesto situaciaSic moqmedebs (Crowder,
1976; Neath, 1993). ra dRea dRes? daijerebT, rom
erTi wamiT ufro swrafad upasuxebT am kiTxvaze
kviris dasawyisSi da bolos, vidre Sua kviraSi
(Koriat & Fischoff, 1974)?
mrudis aseTi forma mwkrivis wevrebis gan-
sxvavebuli konteqstualuri mniSvnelobiT, Tqve-
ni cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebis Sinaarsebis
gansxvavebuli mniSvnelobiT da sxva faqtorebiT
aixsneba (Knoedler et al., 1999, Marks & Crowder, 1997;
Neath & Knoedler, 1994). konteqstualuri gansxva-
rigSi adgilmdebareobis efeqti (Serial position
effect) _ mexsierebidan informaciis aRdgenis pro-
cesis maxasiaTebeli, rodesac mwkrivis dasa-
wyisi da bolo wevrebis ukeT mogoneba xdeba,
vidre mwkrivis Sua wevrebisa.
dasawyisis efeqti (primacy effect) _ mwkrivis pirve-
Tavi 8 / mexsiereba
vebis gasagebad SeiZleba dasvaT kiTxva: „ramdenad
gansxvavdeboda situacia (konteqsti), romelSic
me miviRe informacia, im situaciisgan, romel-
Sic me unda aRvadgino is?~ SevCerdeT dabo-
loebis efeqtze. 8.8 suraTze mocemulia vizua-
luri gamokveTilobis magaliTi. warmoidgineT,
rom suraTze Tqven matareblis liandags xedavT.
Tqveni yuradReba liandagis bolozea (suraTis
ukana nawilze) mimarTuli da xedavT, rom
boloSi, horizontze liandagebis Zelebi TiT-
qos uerTdebian erTmaneTs, Tumca, Tanabrad arian
sivrceSi daSorebulni. Cven ki SegviZlia vTqvaT,
rom wina nawilSi ganlagebuli liandagebi
gvecema TvalSi da is Tqveni (liandagis bolos-
gan) konteqstisgan gansxvavebulia. axla war-
moidgineT, rom gindaT, moigonoT bolos nanaxi
aTi kinosuraTi. am SemTxvevaSic liandagis
msgavsi situacia gvaqvs. umravles SemTxvevaSi,
Tqven bolo suraTs ukeT warmoidgenT, radganac

Tqven gamoyofT erTmaneTSi areuli suraTebidan

li wevrebis ukeT daxsomeba.
imas, romelic ufro axlo warsuls miekuTvneba.
daboloebis efeqti (recency effect) _ mwkrivis bolo
am logikas Tu gavyvebiT, „Sua~ informacia ukeT
wevrebis ukeT daxsomeba.
daxsomebadi gaxdeba, Tu mas ufro gamovkveTavT
konteqstualuri gamokveTa (contextual distinctive-
(erTmaneTSi areuli aRar iqneba). es idea gaT-
ness) _ Tvalsazrisi, romlis mixedviTac mwkri-
vis adgilmdebareobis efeqtze SeiZleba gavlena valiswinebulia 8.8B suraTze, sadac liandagebi
moaxdinos konteqstma da gamokveTilma warsulma erTmaneTisgan Tanabrad arian daSorebulni.
gamocdilebam.
286
 saidan
viciT
mwkrivis elementebis gamokveTa
imisaTvis, rom matareblis liandagebi
Tanabrad daSorebuli davinaxoT, saWiroa,
liandagis Zelebi Tanabrad davaSoroT
erTmaneTs. samagierod, nakls davinaxavT.
mecnierebma es logika mexsierebis eqspe-
rimentSi gamoiyenes, gaatares ra analogia
sivrcesa da dros Soris. cdis pirebs
sTxovdnen, daexsomebinaT asoTa mwkrivebi,
magram gansxvavebuli droiTi intervalis
pirobebSi. drois es cvlileba Semdeg-
nairad xorcieldeboda: _ cdis pirebs unda
waekiTxaT SemTxveviTi ricxvebis garkve-
uli raodenoba, romelic kompiuteris
ekranze asoebs Soris Cndeboda. Cveulebriv
pirobebSi, A nawilis msgavsad, 8.8 suraTze
or wyvils Sua ori cifri Cndeboda. pro-
porciul pirobebSi ki (B nawilis msgavsad)
pirvel wyvils Soris 4 cifri iyo, xolo
bolo wyvilebs Soris – arc erTi. amis
Sedegad wina cifrebi ufro gamokveTili
unda yofiliyo iseve, rogorc liandagis
SemTxvevaSi moSorebuli Zeli Canda ufro
Sors. marTlac, cdis pirebi ukeT ixsomeb-
dnen Soreul (adre aRqmul) masals im
SemTxvevaSi, rodesac es wevrebi ukeT
iyvnen gamokveTilni (Neath & Crowder, 1990).
es eqsperimenti imaze miuTiTebs, rom stan-
dartuli daboloebis efeqts adgili aqvs imi-
tom, rom mwkrivis bolo wevrebi ukve avtoma-
turad gamokveTilia. igive principiT SeiZleba
avxsnaT dasawyisis efeqti: _ yovel jerze Tqven
raRac axals iwyebT, axal konteqsts qmniT. am
axal konteqstSi pirveli ramdenime mocemulobaa
gamokveTili. amrigad, dasawyisis da daboloebis
efeqti SegiZliaT ganixiloT, rogorc erTi da
igive liandagis mimarT ori pozicia _ TiTo-
euli TiTo bolodan.
mogonebis mimniSneblebi
ramdenadac Cven vagrZelebT aRbeWdvasa da
mogonebaze saubars, droa Tqveni mexsierebac
CavrToT muSaobaSi. vecdebiT gavimeoroT
klasikuri eqsperimenti mexsierebaze da amitom
gTxovT daimaxsovroT sityvaTa ramdenime wyvili.
gaimeoreT da daiswavleT es wyvilebi manam,
sanam eqvsives samjer uSecdomod zepirad ar
ityviT:
vaSli – navi
qudi – Zvali
velosipedi – saaTi
Tagvi – xe
burTi – saxli
yuri – sabani
Tu Tqven ukve daiswavleT sityvaTa wyvilebi,
am tests kidev ufro sainteresos gavxdiT. axla
gvWirdeba Senaxvis intervali – dro, romlis
ganmavlobaSic unda SeinaxoT informacia
mexsierebaSi. modiT, drois gayvanis mizniT,
visaubroT zogierT proceduraze, romelsac
Tqveni mexsierebis Sesamowmeblad gamoviyenebT.
Tqven SeiZleba gadawyvitoT, rom gaxsovT, an
ar gaxsovT raRac da mexsierebis romeli meTo-
diTac ar unda Segamowmon, erTnair Sedegs
miiRebT. es ar aris ase. magaliTad, Cven vnaxavT,
rom implicituri da eqsplicituri mexsierebis
testebi sruliad gansxvavebul Sedegebs gvaZ-
leven. jerjerobiT ganvixiloT eqsplicituri
mexsierebis ori meTodi: mogoneba da cnoba.
mogonebis dros xdeba adre miwodebuli
informaciis reproduqcia. „ra aris rigSi adgil-
mdebareobis efeqti?~ es kiTxva mogonebis kiTxvaa.
cnobis dros ki imis gacnobiereba xdeba, rom
xangrZlivi mexsiereba: kodireba da Senaxva
raRac movlena swored isaa, romelic Tqven
adre aRiqviT (gaigoneT an dainaxeT). „ra ewodeba
mxedvelobiT sensorul mexsierebas: (1) eqo; (2)
engrama; (3) xati Tu (4) abstraqtuli kodi?~ es
ki cnobis kiTxvaa. cnoba da mogoneba Tqvens
yoveldRiur eqsplicitur mexsierebasac ukavSir-
deba. kriminaluri pirovnebis dasadgenad poli-
cia mogonebis meTods iyenebs, rodesac dazara-
lebuls sTxovs aRweros da moigonos borot-
moqmedis specifikuri niSnebi: _ „rame ucnauri
mogoneba (Recall) _ aRdgenis meTodi, romlis
drosac individs moeTxoveba adre miwodebuli
informaciis reproduqcia.
cnoba (Recognition) _ aRdgenis meTodi, romlis
drosac individs moeTxoveba imis gacnobiereba,
rom raRac movlena swored isaa, romelic Tqven
adre aRiqviT (gaigoneT, an dainaxeT).
287
 xom ar SeniSneT Tavdamsxmelis garegnobaSi?~
xolo, rodesac dazaralebuls uCveneben eWvmi-
tanilTa fotoebs da ramdenimes Soris unda
amoicnos konkretuli Tavdamsxmeli, an TviTon
borotmoqmeds uCveneben policiis ganyofile-
baSi, maSin cnobasTan gvaqvs saqme.
axla gamoviyenoT es ori procedura, raTa
SevamowmoT, Tu rogor daimaxsovreT sityvaTa
wyvilebi ramdenime wuTis win. daasruleT
sityvaTa wyvili:
qudi _ ? velosipedi _ ? yuri _ ?
SegiZliaT SearCioT is wyvilebi, romlebic
daiswavleT?
vaSli _ bavSvi Tagvi _ xe burTi _ saxli
vaSli _ navi Tagvi _ ena burTi _ mTa
vaSli _ boTli Tagvi _ karavi burTi _ rqa
cnobis testi ufro advilia Tu mogonebis?
asec unda iyos. axla am Sedegis axsna mogonebis
mimniSneblebis daxmarebiT vcadoT.
mogonebis mimniSneblebs uwodeben im saSua-
lebebs, romlebic mexsierebaSi garkveuli in-
formaciis moZebnaSi gexmarebaT. es mimniSnebeli
SeiZleba modiodes garemodan, rogorc, vTqvaT,
provokaciuli kiTxvebi („mexsierebis romel
principebs daukavSirebdiT sperlingis da
Stenbergis kvlevebs?~), an, SeiZleba, Tqven
TviTon SeqmnaT („sad minaxavs igi adre?~). Tqven
yovelTvis cdilobT, eqspliciturad gaixsenoT.
amas garkveuli mizniT akeTebT da am mizans
xSirad mogonebis mimniSneblis saSualebiT
aRwevT. ar unda gagikvirdeT, rom advili iqneba
gaxseneba Tu Zneli, damokidebulia mimniS-
nebelze. Tu Tqveni megobari gkiTxavT, „vin
aris is imperatori, ver vigoneb?~ Tqven unda
gamoicnoT vis gulisxmobs (faqtobrivad, es
mogonebis mimniSneblebi (Retrieval cues) _ Signidan
an garedan momdinare stimulebi, romlebic gvex-
Tavi 8 / mexsiereba
marebian mexsierebaSi garkveuli informaciis
moZebnaSi.
epizoduri mexsiereba (Episodic memories) _ xangr-
Zlivi mexsiereba avtobiografiuli xasiaTis
movlenebisTvis da im konteqstisTvis, sadac
es movlenebi xdeba.
semantikuri mexsiereba (Semantic memories) _ geneti-
kuri, kategoriuli mexsiereba, rogoricaa si-
288 tyvebis mniSvnelobebi da cnebebi.
gamocnobanas TamaSi iqneba, magram Tu ikiTxavs:
„vin iyo klaudiusis Semdeg imperatori?~ am
kiTxvaze Tqven maSinve upasuxebT – „neroni~.
davubrundeT isev mogonebasa da cnobas.
mexsierebis orive testi moiTxovs mimniSneblebs,
magram cnobis mimniSneblebi gacilebiT Sede-
giania. mogonebis SemTxvevaSi Tqven mxolod
mimniSnebels unda miendoT, radgan is migiTi-
TebT informaciaze. cnobis SemTxvevaSi ki naxe-
vari saqme gakeTebulia. rodesac uyurebT si-
tyvaTa wyvils Tagvi _ xe, Tqven mxolod „ki~
an „ara~ unda upasuxoT kiTxvas: „es aris, adre
rac vnaxe (Tu viswavle?)?~ vidre maSin, rodesac
pasuxobT: Tagvi _ ?; „ra vnaxe (ra viswavle)?~
rogorc xedavT, cnobis testi mniSvnelovnad
gagiadvileT, magram axla warmoidgineT, rom
amis nacvlad adre mocemul wyvilebs areulad
gaZlevT. romelia amaTgan swori:
qudi _ saaTi yuri _ navi
qudi _ Zvali yuri _ sabani
axla Tqven unda icnoT ara swored is sityva,
romelic adre naxeT, aramed misi Sesabamisi
konteqstic (Cven isev gavixsenebT konteqstis
ideas). Tu Tqven xSirad gagikeTebiaT mravlobiTi
arCevanis testi, gecodinebaT, rogori cbieri
SeiZleba iyos cnobis situacia, magram umravles
SemTxvevaSi Tqveni cnobis Sedegebi ukeTesi
iqneba, vidre mogonebis, radgan mogonebis
mimniSneblebi cnobis SemTxvevaSi ufro mizan-
mimarTulia. axla mogonebis mimniSneblebis
zogierT sxva aspeqtsac gavecnoT.
epizoduri da semantikuri mexsiereba
Cven ukve aRvniSneT, rom mexsierebis gansxvave-
buli formebi arsebobs. Tqven gaqvT rogorc
implicituri da eqsplicituri, ise deklaraci-
uli da proceduruli mexsiereba. Cven SegviZlia
sxva ganzomilebac SemovitanoT, romlis mixed-
viTac deklaraciuli mexsierebis formebi gamo-
iyofa im mimniSneblebis gansxvavebis safuZ-
velze, romlebic aucilebelia informaciis
mexsierebidan amosatanad. kanadelma fsiqologma
endel tulvingma (Endel Tulving) 1972 wels
pirvelma miuTiTa deklaraciuli mexsierebis
epizodur da semantikur formaze.
epizoduri mexsiereba individualurad ina-
xavs pirovnebis mier gancdil movlenebs.

pirovnulad mniSvnelovani movlenebi, maga-
liTad, wlebis manZilze unaxav megobarTan
Sexvedra, epizoduri mexsierebis kuTvnile-
baa. semantikuri mexsierebidan romeli in-
formacia Seedreba am SexvedriT gamowveul
sixaruls?
magaliTad, Tqveni yvelaze bednieri dabadebis
dRe, an pirveli kocna Tqvens epizodur mexsie-
rebaSia Senaxuli. imisaTvis, rom gaixsenoT
esa Tu is movlena, Tqven gWirdebaT mimniS-
neblebi, romlebic gizusteben am movlenis dros
_ rodis moxda is, an ra konteqstSi hqonda mas
adgili. informaciis kodirebaze bevrad aris
damokidebuli, SeZlebT Tu ara ama Tu im mov-
lenis gaxsenebas. magaliTad, SeZlebT, gaixsenoT
Tqven mier kbilebis meaTed gamoxexvis stili
riTi gansxvavdeboda meTerTmeted kbilebis
gamoxexvisgan?
yvelaferi, rac Tqven iciT, Tavidan garkveul
konteqstTan erTad Semodis, magram aris in-
formaciaTa garkveuli raodenoba, romelsac
uceb poulobT sruliad gansxvavebul konteq-
stebSi. am saxis informaciebi mexsierebaSi maTi
Sesabamis drosa Tu adgilTan mikuTvnebis da
mimarTebis gareSe amodis. es semantikuri mex-
siereba _ zogadi, kategoriuli mexsierebaa,
rogorc, magaliTad, sityvebis Tu cnebebis
mniSvnelobebi. adamianTa umravlesobisaTvis
iseTi faqtebi, rogoric aris E=MC2, an pasuxi
kiTxvaze _ „romelia safrangeTis dedaqalaqi?~
specialur miTiTebas, Tu rodis, an ra si-
tuaciaSi SeiZina man es codna, ar moiTxovs.
ra Tqma unda, es ar niSnavs imas, rom Tqveni
semantikuri mexsiereba yovelTvis saimedoa. Tqven
mSvenivrad acnobierebT, rom SeiZleba daga-
viwydeT bevri faqti, romelic aRar ukavSirdeba
im situacias, romelSic is aRiqviT Tu dais-
wavleT. saukeTeso strategia im SemTxvevaSi,
rodesac ver igonebT semantikuri mexsierebidan
informacias, isaa, rom mas, rogorc epizodurs,
ise miudgeT. Tu etyviT Tqvens Tavs: „vici, rom
romaeli imperatorebis saxelebi dasavleTis
civilizaciis speckursSi viswavle~, es dagex-
marebaT gamonaxoT mimniSneblebi, romlebic
mexsierebaSi am TeTr laqas Segivseben.
interferencia
rodesac gTxoveT, dageswavlaT wyvilovani
asociaciebi, faqtobrivad, es iyo epizoduri
mexsiereba. davuSvaT, axla sxva saxis epizoduri
mexsierebis amoqmedebas gTxovT. kidev erTxel
scadeT daiswavloT sityvaTa es wyvilebi ise,
rom uSecdomod SeZloT samjer maTi ganmeoreba:
vaSli – qurdi
qudi – wre
Tagvi – Jurnali
velosipedi – saxuravi
burTi – bavSvi
yuri – centi
rogor midis saqme? albaT, SeamCnevdiT, rom
wyvilis yoveli pirveli sityva axal sityvasTan
aris dakavSirebuli. Zneli iyo am axali wyvi-
lebis daswavla? rogor fiqrobT, Zvelad daswav-
lilis mogoneba axla ufro gagiWirdebaT (aba,
xangrZlivi mexsiereba: kodireba da Senaxva
scadeT)? orive SemTxvevaSi pasuxi erTia _
„Znelia~. es patara savarjiSo mimniSneblis
axal aspeqtze _ interferenciaze miuTiTebs. in-
terferencias adgili aqvs maSin, rodesac mim-
niSnebeli ver moqmedebs efeqturad da ver
aRadgens Sesabamis informacias. rac ufro didia
am specifikur mimniSnebelze SesaZlo pasuxTa
raodenoba, miT ufro Znelia erTi swori pasuxis
aRdgena (Bower et al., 1994; Chandler & Gargano, 1995).
Cven ukve mogiyvaneT magaliTi yoveldRiuri
cxovrebidan, rodesac gTxoveT, gangesxvavebinaT
kbilis gamoxexvis epizodebi. mogonebebi er-
TmaneTSi airia, moxda interferencia. proaq-
interferencia (Interference) _ mexsierebis fenomeni,
romelic maSin xdeba, rodesac mogonebis mimniS-
neblebi ver miuTiTeben efeqturad erT kon-
kretul movlenaze.
289
 tiuli interferencia (proaqtiuli _ „Semdgomze
moqmedi~) niSnavs, rom informacia, romelic
warsulSi SeiZineT, aZnelebs axali informaciis
aRbeWdvas. retroaqtiuli interferencia (retro-
aqtiuri _ „winaze moqmedi~) ki imaze miuTiTebs,
rom axali informacia xels uSlis Zveli infor-
maciis aRdgenas. sityvaTa wyvilebi, romlebic
Tqven daiswavleT, orive saxis interferencias
moicavs. aseve, orive saxis interferenciasTan
geqnebaT saqme, Tu xSirad icvliT telefonis
nomers. Tavidan telefonis axali nomris
daxsomeba giWirT _ Zveli „amoxteba~ xolme
(proaqtiuli interferencia), magram rodesac
bolos da bolos kargad daimaxsovrebT axal
nomers, SeiZleba aRmoaCinoT, rom aRar gaxsovT
Zveli, Tumca, wlebis manZilze iyenebdiT mas
(retroaqtiuri interferencia).
rogorc mexsierebis bevri movlenis, maT
Soris, interferenciis Seswavlac, pirvelad
ebinghausma daiwyo, romelic TviTon swavlobda
uazro marcvalTa wyvilebs. man aRmoaCina, rom
daswavlilis 65% ar axsovda. 50 wlis Semdegac
aRmoCnda, rom nordvesternis universitetis
studentebs, romlebmac ebinghausis eqsperi-
mentebi gaimeores, igive Sedegebi hqondaT. is
mwkrivebi, romelTac studentebi ufro adre
swavlobdenen da amisTvis mravaljer imeoreb-
dnen, aRdgenisas axlad naswavl mwkrivebSi
ereodaT (interferencia) (Underwood, 1948, 1949).
gavixsenoT, ras vusvamdiT Cven mudam xazs: _
mogonebisTvis gadamwyvetia kodirebasa da
aRdgenas Soris Tanxvedra. am Tavis Semdgomi
ori nawilis gacnobisas naxavT, rogor ukavSir-
deba nawilebi erTmaneTs mogonebis gansaxor-
cieleblad: konteqsti, romelSic cdilobT,
warsuli movlenis aRdgenas, TviTon gamodis,
rogorc mogonebis mimniSneblis wyaro, xolo,
rodesac ar Tanxvdeba kodirebis konteqsti mo-
gonebis konteqsts, aRdgenisas Semotanil
mimniSnebels ar SeuZlia da xelsac ki uSlis
Tavi 8 / mexsiereba
mexsierebaSi saZiebeli movlenis povnas.
kodirebis da aRdgenis
procesebi
Cven vnaxeT, rom kodirebis konteqstisa da
aRdgenis konteqstebis urTierTdamTxveva gadam-
wyvet rols TamaSobs mexsierebisTvis. axla
290 davazustoT es daskvna im procesebis ganxilviT,
romelTac xangrZliv mexsierebaSi informaciis
miReba da aRdgena emyareba. Cven vnaxavT, rom am
SemTxvevaSi saukeTeso Sedegi miiRweva, radgan
kodirebisa da aRdgenis procesebi emTxveva
erTmaneTs.
gadamuSavebis doneebi
daviwyoT iqidan, rom informaciis gadamuSa-
veba – yuradRebis forma, romelsac Tqven
informaciis kodirebis procesSi iyenebT –
gavlenas axdens Tqven mier informaciis daxso-
mebaze. gadamuSavebis doneebis Teoriis mixedviT,
rac ufro Rrma doneze xdeba informaciis
gadamuSaveba, miT ufro ukeT daamaxsovrdeba is
adamians (Craik & Lockhart, 1972; Lockhart & Craik,
1990). Tu gadamuSaveba masalis analizs, Seda-
rebebs, interpretacias da sxva saxis gadamuSa-
vebebs moicavs, daxsomebis efeqti ukeTesi iqneba.
gadamuSavebis siRrme xSirad ganisazRvreba,
rogorc msjelobis saxeobebi dasaxsomebeli
eqsperimentuli masalis mimarT. ganvixiloT
sityva yurZeni. Cven SegviZlia gTxovoT, fizikur
doneze warmarToT msjeloba: _ ra feris melniT
aris es sityva dawerili? an riTmas miaqcioT
yuradReba _ eriTmeba is sityva berZens? an
mniSvnelobaze gaamaxviloT yuradReba: magali-
Tad, imaze, rom is xilia. albaT, SeamCnieT, rom
yoveli momdevno SekiTxva am sityvis sul ufro
Rrma gadamuSavebas moiTxovs _ met sityvebTan
dakavSireba gWirdebaT (Lockhart & Craik, 1990).
gadamuSavebis Teoriis nakli isaa, rom mec-
nierebs yovelTvis ar SeuZliaT daazuston,
Tu ratom vakuTvnebT gadamuSavebis zogierT
process zedapiruls da zogierTs ki _ Rrmas.
am saxis gadamuSavebis SemTxvevaSic ki Sedegebi
miuTiTebs, rom procesebs, romelTac iyenebT
informaciis kodirebisTvis, gavlena aqvT imaze,
SeZlebT Tu ara am informaciis aRdgenas.
axla ki vnaxavT, rom kodirebis da aRdgenis
procesebs Soris damTxveva gansakuTrebiT
mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs implicitur
mexsierebaSi.
gadamuSaveba da implicituri mexsiereba
Cven ukve aRvniSneT, rom gansxvaveba eqspli-
citur da implicitur mexsierebas Soris ko-
direbis da aRdgenis gansxvavebaSi mdgomareobs
(Roediger, 1990; Schacter et al., 1993). sxva pirobebTan
erTad, erT-erTi pirobaa, magaliTad, rom Tqven
impliciturad SegiZliaT aRadginoT masala,
romelic Tavidan eqspliciturad gqondaT
aRbeWdili. ase xdeba, rodesac saxeliT mimar-
TavT Tqvens saukeTeso megobars da saxelis
gasaxseneblad araviTari Zalisxmeva ar gWir-
debaT. zustad aseve implicituri mexsierebis
yvelaze aSkara gamovlenasTan gvaqvs saqme,
rodesac implicituri kodirebis da implici-
turi aRdgenis procesebis damTxveva xdeba. amas
gadatanis Sesabamisi gadamuSaveba (Transfer-ap-
propriate pocessing) ewodeba: daxsomebis efeqti
yvelaze maRalia, rodesac kodirebis procesSi
warmoebuli gadamuSaveba gadadis da gamoiyeneba
aRdgenis procesebSi (Roediger, 1989). Tu ramdenad
efeqturia es saSualeba, amas ramdenime meTodis
aRweris safuZvelze vnaxavT, romelic impli-
citur mexsierebaSi gamoiyeneba; Semdeg ki
giCvenebT, Tu rogor xdeba kodirebisa da
aRdgenis procesebis urTierTSeTanxmeba.
axla ganvixiloT implicituri mexsierebis
Semowmebis tipuri eqsperimenti: _ mkvlevrebi
studentebs sityvaTa mwkrivs aZlevdnen da
sTxovdnen 1-dan (yvelaze naklebad sasiamovno)
5-mde (yvelaze metad sasiamovno) quliT skalaze
SeefasebinaT, Tu ramdenad sasiamovno mniS-
vneloba hqonda TiToeul maTgans (Rajaram &
Roediger, 1993). eqsperimentis am pirveli fazis
Semdeg cdis pirTa mexsiereba Semdegi oTxidan
erT-erTi implicituri mexsierebis amocaniT
mowmdeboda (davuSvaT, erT-erT mwkrivSi aris
sityva martorqa):
fragmentuli sityvis Sevseba. cdis pirs
eZleva fragmentuli sityva —rt-rq-, romelic
man TavSi mosuli pirvelive sityviT unda
Seavsos.
sityvis fuZis Sevseba. cdis pirs evaleba
Seavsos sityvis fuZe, magaliTad, mar______,
TavSi mosuli pirveli sityviT.
sityvis identifikacia. cdis pirebs moni-
torze eZlevaT sityvaTa rigi iseTi siswrafiT,
rom naTlad TiToeulis aRqma ver SeZlon, magram
unda gamoicnon es sityvebi. am SemTxvevaSi erT-
erTi sityva iqneba martorqa.
anagrama. cdis pirebs eZlevaT igive sityva,
magram areuli asoebiT, magaliTad, qatorarma
da maT unda daasaxelon pirveli azriani sityva,
romelic TavSi mouvaT.
zustad iseve, rogorc martorqis SemTxvevaSi,
swor pasuxs TiToeul amocanaze gansazRvravs
adre miwodebuli mwkrivis sityvebi. amave dros,
yvelaze sayuradRebo isaa, rom eqsperimentatori
cdis piris yuradRebas specialurad ar warmar-
Tavs Sesabamisobaze adre mwkrivSi arsebul
sityvebsa da axali amocanis pasuxebs Soris –
swored amitom aris mexsiereba implicituri.
implicituri mexsierebis Sesafaseblad
mkvlevrebi im cdis pirTa Sedegebs, romlebmac
gaiares eqsperimentis pirveli stadia da
Seafases sityvebi sasiamovno-usiamovno mniSvne-
lobis mixedviT (magaliTad, martorqa) udareb-
dnen imaT monacemebs, visac es pirveli stadia
ar gauvlia. suraTi 8.9 gviCvenebs, Tu ra gavlenas
axdens implicituri mexsiereba sityvebze:
procenti gviCvenebs, Tu ramdeni sityva aRadgines
sworad cdis pirebma im sityvebidan, romlebic
pirvelad miwodebul mwkrivebSi iyo, imasTan
SedarebiT, romelic am mwkrivebSi ar iyo.
sxvadasxva cdis pirebs sityvaTa sxvadasxva
mwkrivebi miewodeboda. yoveli davalebis
SemTxvevaSi xedavT, rom upiratesoba adre nanax
sityvebs eniWebaT, maSinac ki, rodesac cdis
pirebs mxolod sasiamovno-usiamovno mniSvne-
lobis mixedviT moeTxovebaT maTi Sefaseba. am
upiratesobas praimings (Priming) uwodeben, radgan
winaswar sityvis aRqma TiTqos amzadebs da
xels uwyobs Semdgomi gamocdilebis miRebas.
mexsierebis zogierTi amocanis SemTxvevaSi
praimingis efeqti kviraze metxans grZeldeba
xangrZlivi mexsiereba: kodireba da Senaxva
(Sloman et al., 1988).
axla davubrundeT kodirebasa da aRdgenas
Soris Tanxvdenis sakiTxs. implicituri mexsie-
rebis oTxive testi masSi mocemuli informaciis
fizikuri maxasiaTeblebis Tanxvedras gulis-
xmobs. sxva sityvebiT, ra procesebic moqmedebs
gadamuSavebis doneebis Teoria (Levels-of-pro-
cessing theory) _ am Teoriis mixedviT, rac ufro
Rrma doneze xdeba informaciis gadamuSaveba,
miT ufro ukeT daamaxsovrdeba igi adamians.
gadatanis Sesabamisi gadamuSaveba (Transfer-ap-
proptiate processing) _ Tvalsazrisi, romlis mi-
xedviTac mogoneba saukeTesoa, rodesac impli-
cituri kodirebis da implicituri aRdgenis
procesebis damTxveva xdeba.
praimingi (Priming) _ implicituri mexsierebis
Sefasebisas upiratesoba, romelic adre gagonil
sityvas, an nanax situacias eniWeba. 291

martorqis kodirebis procesSi, igive procesebi
ganapirobeben sityvis fuZis mar______s
Sevsebas, magram arsebobs sxva _ kategoriuli
asociaciis testi, romelic mniSvnelobas, cnebas
efuZneba da ara _ fizikuri maxasiaTeblebis
Tanxvedras. davuSvaT, gaZlevT „miTologiuri
qmnilebebis~ gvarovnul cnebas da gTxovT,
daasaxeloT am kategoriis imdeni Semadgeneli,
ramdensac SeZlebT mokle drois ganmavlobaSi,
magram Tu Tqven mogindebaT TqvaT „martorqa~
imis gamo, rom is adre mowodebul sityvaTa
mwkrivSi (Tumca, gansxvavebul konteqstSi) amoi-
kiTxeT, saqme implicitur mexsierebasTan gveqneba.
Tu fizikuri maxasiaTeblebis da mniSvnelo-
bis praimingze damyarebul implicituri mex-
sierebis or gansxvavebul tests gamoviyenebT,
vnaxavT kavSirs kodirebasa da aRdgenas Soris.
saidan
viciT
praimings adgili aqvs, rodesac
gadamuSavebis formaTa Tanxvdena xdeba
mexsierebis mkvlevrebma Caatares eqspe-
Tavi 8 / mexsiereba
rimenti, raTa eCvenebinaT, rom implicituri
mexsierebis gansxvavebul formaSi gansxva-
vebuli tipis gadamuSavebas aqvs adgili.
cdis pirebs eZleodaT sityvaTa rigi
instruqciiT, rom an mniSvnelobis mixed-
viT (sasiamovno Sinaarsisaa sityva Tu
usiamovno), an fizikuri maxasiaTeblebis
mixedviT (ramden Tanxmovans Seicavs sityva)
292 daemuSavebinaT masala. gaixseneT, rom
suraTi
8.9
impicituri mexsierebis
testze praimingi
praimingi gviCvenebs sxvadasxva amoca-
nebiT manipulirebas sakontrolo si-
tyvebze. gavlenis zogierTi implici-
turi testiT SesaZlebelia praimingis
gamovlena kviraze meti xnis Semdeg.
kategoriis asociaciis testi mniSvne-
lobas efuZneba. Sesabamisad, mkvlevarTa
hipoTeza is iyo, rom kategoriis asocia-
ciis testSi praimings eqneboda adgili,
Tu Sedegebma hipoTeza daadastura. aseve,
fizikuri maxasiaTeblebis mixedviT masa-
lis damuSavebas praimingi mosdevs mxolod
im testebSi, romelic masalis fizikuri
maxasiaTeblebiT damuSavebas gulisxmobs
(Srinivas & Roediger, 1990).
am tipis kvlevebi asabuTeben gadatanis
Sesabamisi gadamuSavebis Sesaxeb Tvalsazriss:
Tu Tqven informaciis kodirebisTvis gadamuSa-
vebis garkveul tips, magaliTad, fizikur an
mniSvnelobis mixedviT analizs iyenebT, maSin
am informaciis aRdgena yvelaze efeqturi iqneba,
Tu am dros analizis igive tips gamoiyenebT
(Park & Gabrieli 1995; Rajaram et al., 1998; Weldon et al.,
1995). adre Cven aseTi azri gamovTqviT: mogoneba
yvelaze efeqturia maSin, rodesac pirobebi,
romelSic moxda informaciis kodireba, emTxveva
pirobebs, romelSic unda moxdes aRdgena. am
TavSi am azris dasasabuTebeli faqtebi war-
mogidgineT. axla vnaxoT, rogor SeiZleba kodi-
rebisa da aRdgenis Teoriis Semdgomi gamoyeneba.
arastruqturuli informaciis
daxsomebis gaumjobeseba
am nawilis wakiTxvis Semdeg Tqven ukve unda
gagaCndeT garkveuli azri imis Sesaxeb, Tu
rogor unda gaiumjobesoT yoveldRiuri mex-
siereba – meti daimaxsovroT da naklebi
daiviwyoT. qveTavi „fsiqologia Cvens cxov-
rebaSi~ dagexmarebaT, Tu rogor gamoiyenoT es
codna swavlasTan mimarTebaSi. Tqven ukve iciT,
rom informaciis aRdgena yvelaze ukeT xdeba,
Tu mas igive konteqstSi igonebT, an gadamuSa-
vebis igive tips iyenebT, romelic masalis
Tavdapirvelad aRbeWdvis dros gamoiyeneT, magram
aq garkveulwilad gansxvavebul viTarebasTan
gvaqvs saqme da amis gagebaSi Cven dagexmarebiT.
saqme exeba arastruqturirebul an SemTxveviT
informacias.
warmoidgineT, rom maRaziaSi muSaobT gamyid-
velad. Tqven unda daimaxsovroT uamravi ram,
rasac myidveli Tqvengan moiTxovs: „mwvane
maisurian qals baRSi samuSao Sarvali da
fexsacmlebi unda; cisferSarvlian mamakacs _ 2
cali brtyeltuCa, 6 cali 0,25 zomis xraxni da
saRebavis safxeki.~ es situacia Zalian hgavs
eqsperimentis situacias, sadac Tqven dawyvile-
buli asociaciebi unda dagemaxsovrebinaT.
rogor daixsomeT sityvaTa wyvilebi, romlebic
wina TavSi iyo warmodgenili? amocana, albaT,
cota geZnelaT, radgan wyvilebi TqvenTvis
gansakuTrebul azrs moklebuli iyo. mniSvnelo-
bas moklebuli informaciis daxsomeba Znelia.
imisaTvis, rom ar SegeSaloT, romel myidvels
ra misceT, saWiroa iseTi asociaciebis damyareba,
rom SemTxveviToba maqsimalurad gamoiricxos.
gadamamuSavebeli ganmeoreba
aRbeWdvis gansamtkiceblad gamoyenebul
ZiriTad strategias gadamamuSavebeli ganmeoreba
ewodeba. am teqnikis ZiriTadi idea isaa, rom,
rodesac informaciis aRbeWdvisas masalas
imeorebT, amiT misi gadamuSavebis SesaZleb-
lobac izrdeba. gadamuSavebis erT-erTi gzaa
araSemTxveviTi, azriani asociaciebis damyareba
sityvebs Soris. magaliTad, Tu gindaT, daimax-
sovroT sityvaTa wyvili Tagvi – xe, unda
warmoidginoT xeze amZvrali Tagvi, romelic
eZebs yvels. mogoneba ukeTesi iqneba, Tu infor-
maciis calkeul nawilebs patara moTxrobis
saxes miscemT (Bower, 1972). SegiZliaT, maRaziis
SemTxvevaSi swrafad moifiqroT moTxroba, sadac
TiToeul myidvels Tavisi moTxovnebiT adgils
miuCendiT (amas patara praqtika sWirdeba). Tqven,
albaT, mixvdiT kidec, rom, aseve, Zalian kargi
saSualebaa Tqveni moTxrobis mxedvelobiTi
warmodgenebiT gamdidreba. mxedvelobiTi
warmodgenebi Zalian efeqturia mogonebisTvis,
radgan erTdroulad ormagi kodirebis _
verbaluris da mxedvelobiTis _ SesaZleblobas
iZleva (Paivio, 1972).
gadamamuSavebeli ganmeoreba, aseve, SesaZleb-
lobas iZleva, dagicvaT mwkrivis Semdgomi
efeqtisagan. magaliTad, rodesac pasuxis gacemis
rigi an dro dgeba, xSirad adamians ar axsovs,
ra Tqva uSualod misma winamorbedma. Tu odesme
gqoniaT situacia, sadac wreSi myofs erT-
droulad ramdenime adamians gacnoben, advilad
gasagebi iqneba ra igulisxmeba am efeqtSi. ra
erqva Tqven pirdapir mdgom qals? am efeqtis
mizezi sakuTari saxelis, an sakuTari SeniSvnis
Tqmaze yuradRebis gadatanaa (Bond et al., 1991).
amis Tavidan asacileblad saWiroa gadama-
muSavebeli ganmeoreba. gadaitaneT yuradReba
mopirdapire qalis saxelze da roca gaigonebT
„liza~, TqviT _ „icinis, rogorc mona liza~.
mnemonika
mexsierebis gaumjobesebis Semdegi saSualebaa
specialuri strategiebis Seqmna, romelTac
mnemonikuri xerxi ewodeba (berZnuli sityvidan
„moigone~). mnemonika moicavs rCevebs, romlebic
xels uwyoben faqtebis grZeli mwkrivis aRbeWd-
vas nacnob da adre aRbeWdil informaciasTan
dakavSirebis gziT. bevri mnemonikuri xerxi mza
xangrZlivi mexsiereba: kodireba da Senaxva
mimniSneblebs iZleva, romelTac wesrigSi moh-
yavT SemTxveviTi informacia.
ganvixiloT lokusis meTodi, romelic pir-
velad berZenma oratorma gamoiyena. lokusi
niSnavs „adgils~. lokusis meTodi niSnavs
sityvis Tu movlenis adgilis mixedviT dax-
somebas da aRdgenas, xolo oratorisTvis _
xangrZlivi moxsenebis calkeuli nawilebis
nacnob adgilebTan dakavSirebas. imisaTvis, rom
gadamamuSavebeli ganmeoreba (Elaborative rehearsal)
_ mexsierebis gazrdis meTodi, romliTac xdeba
dasamaxsovrebeli informaciis gamdidreba.
mnemonikuri xerxebi (Mnemonics) _ strategiebi
an saSualebebi, romlebic xels uwyoben
faqtebis grZeli mwkrivis aRbeWdvas nacnob
da adre aRbeWdil informaciasTan dakavSirebis
gziT.
293
 suraTi
4.2

lokusis meTodi
lokusis meTodSi Tqven akavSirebT
dasamaxsovrebel sityvas (magaliTad,
sayidlebiis siidan) nacnob adgi-
lebTan (magaliTad, institutidan
saxlisken mimaval gzaze).

daimaxsovroT, ra gaqvT wamosaRebi supermar-

ketidan, gonebaSi isini saTiTaod unda gana-
lagoT im gzaze, romliTac institutSi midi-
xarT. Semdeg, mogonebisas „CamouvliT~ maT da
gaixsenebT (ix. sur. 8.10).
mimniSnebeli sityvis meTodi hgavs lokusis
meTods, Tumca gansxvaveba isaa, rom mwkrivis
wevrebs mimniSneblebs ukavSirebT da ara
adgilebs. am meTodisTvis tipuri mimniSneblebi
gariTmuli strofebia, sadac sityvebi cifrebs
eriTmeba. magaliTad: erTi-skveri; ori-lori,
Tavi 8 / mexsiereba
metamexsiereba
davuSvaT, iseT situaciaSi xarT, rom raRacis
mogoneba gWirdebaT. Tqven akeTebT yvelafers,
rom gamoiyenoT mimniSneblebi, romlebic
kodirebis situacias asaxaven, magram mainc
verafers igonebT. nawilobriv, imis mizezi, rom
aseT Zalisxmevas axmarT mogonebas, Tqveni dar-
wmunebulobaa, rom Tqven flobT am informacias,
magram, gacnobierebuli Tu gaqvT, ras warmoad-

sami-skami da sxv. SemTxveviTi informaciis
daxsomebis gasaRebi informaciis iseTi saxiT
dalagebaa, rom mimniSneblebma gagiadvilon
aRdgena.
metamexsiereba (Metamemory) _ implicituri an
eqsplicituri codna mexsierebis unarebis da
mexsierebis efeqturi strategiebis Sesaxeb;
294 mexsierebis Semecneba.
gens Tqveni mexsiereba? iciT, Tu rogor muSaobs
Tqveni mexsiereba? an saidan iciT, rom am
informacias flobT? es metamexsierebis kiTxve-
bia. metamexsierebis mTavari kiTxvaa: _ rodis da
ratom inaxeba mexsierebaSi gancda imisa, rom
vici.
pirveli, vinc Seiswavla es gancda, iyo
j.T. harti (J. T. Hart, 1965), romelmac kvleva daiwyo
imiT, rom studentebs usvamda kiTxvebs zogadi
 fsiqologia Cvens cxovrebaSi
rogor SeiZleba mexsierebis gamokvlevebi
yvelaze xSirad studentebi
mexsierebis Sesaxeb gamokvle-
vebis wakiTxvis Semdeg svamen
kiTxvas: _ „rogor gamoviyeno
miRebuli informacia swrafad?~
„rogor momexmareba es gamokv-
levebi momavali gamocdebis-
Tvis mzadebaSi?~ vnaxoT, ra
tipis rCevebi SeiZleba gamoviy-
vanoT am gamokvlevebidan:
kodirebis specifikuroba.
rogorc gaxsovT, kodirebis
specifikurobis principi gu-
lisxmobs, rom mogonebis
konteqsti, anu pirobebi, ro-
melSic mogoneba xdeba, daem-
Txves kodirebis konteqsts.
swavlis procesSi konteqsti
xSirad „informaciis gan-
sxvavebul konteqstsac~ niS-
navs. Tu Tqven yovelTvis
erTsa da imave konteqstSi
swavlobT, gagiWirdebaT sxva
konteqstSi misi aRdgena. ase
magaliTad, Tu profesori
odnav sxvagvarad dagisvamT
kiTxvas, SeiZleba daibneT
da ver upasuxoT, amitom
Tqven swavlis procesSi
konteqstebi unda cvaloT.
gadaawyveT masala, dausviT
Tqvens Tavs sxvadasxva ki-
Txvebi, scadeT masalaSi axa-
li kombinaciebis Seqmna, mag-
ram Tu mainc SeferxdebiT
gamocdaze, scadeT gamoi-
yenoT rac SeiZleba meti
mimniSnebeli, raTa pirve-
ladi konteqsti aRadginoT:
_ „es xom igivea, rac xan-
mokle mexsierebis leqciaze
movismine~;
dagexmaroT gamocdebisTvis mzadebaSi
mwkrivSi adgilmdebareobis
efeqti. adgilmdebareobis
efeqtis mruds Tu gavixsenebT,
vnaxavT, rom masalis SuaSi
ganlagebuli informacia yve-
laze cudad gvamaxsovrdeba.
faqtobrivad, studentebs ufro
kargad axsovT leqciis dasawyi-
si da bolo, vidre Sua nawili
(Holen & Oaster, 1976; Jensen, 1962).
rodesac leqciaze xarT, eca-
deT, swored leqciis Sua na-
wils miaqcioT gansakuTre-
buli yuradReba. swavlis dros
Tqven ganskuTrebuli Zalis-
xmeva unda gamoiyenoT masalis
daswavlisaTvis, magram ecadeT,
rom masala yovelTvis erTi
da imave TanmimdevrobiT ar
iswavloT. imasac miaqcieT yu-
radReba, rom es Tavi mex-
sierebis Sesaxeb wignis SuaSia
ganlagebuli. Tu Tqven mTeli
wigni gaqvT Casabarebeli, maSin
mis swavlas meti Zalisxmeva
unda moaxmaroT, vidre dasa-
wyis, an bolo Tavebs;
gadamamuSavebeli ganmeoreba
da mnemonikuri xerxebi. zog-
jer, gamocdisTvis mzadebis
procesSi iseTi gancda giCn-
debaT, TiTqos daulagebel,
arastruqturirebul masalas
swavlobT. vTqvaT, Tqven swav-
lobT tvinis gansxvavebuli
nawilebis funqciebs. am Sem-
TxvevaSi Tqven TviTon unda
ipovoT masalis gadamuSavebis
efeqturi gza _ an mxedve-
lobiTi warmodgenebi daix-
mareT, an winadadebebSi Car-
TeT, an TiToeul cnebas pa-
tara istoria daukavSireT. am
wignis erT-erT avtors dRemde
axsovs Tavisi mnemonikuri
xerxi, romelic gamoiyena
fsiqologiis SesavalSi ven-
tramedialuri hipoTala-
musis, romlis abreviaturac
laTinurad aris VMH, da-
samaxsovreblad. es iyo Very
Much Hungry, magram rogorc
me-12 TavSi naxavT, es mnemo-
nikuri xerxi mas Semdeg ukve
aRar aris iseTi zusti.
gadamamuSavebeli ganmeoreba
ki xels SegiwyobT naswavli
kidev ufro ganamtkicoT;
metamexsiereba. am sferoSi
warmoebulma gamokvlevebma
gviCvena, rom adamianebi kar-
gad grZnoben, Tu ra ician
da ra _ ara. rodesac Tqven
gamocdaze xarT, sadac dro
SezRudulia, Tqven unda
miuSvaT Tqveni intuicia da
andoT mas drois ganawi-
leba. magaliTad, SegiZliaT
bileTis mTeli kiTxvebi
xangrZlivi mexsiereba: kodireba da Senaxva
uceb gadaikiTxoT da naxoT,
rogor grZnobT, romeli
sakiTxi iciT ukeT. aris
iseTi gamocdebic, sadac
yvela kiTxvaze pasuxi saval-
debulo ki ara, SerCeviTia,
magram pasuxi siswrafes
moiTxovs. aqac Tqvens intu-
icias unda endoT da im
kiTxvebs unda upasuxoT,
romelTa pasuxis siswore-
Sic darwmunebuli xarT.
imedi gvaqvs, rom axla met-
naklebad gasagebia, Tu ro-
gor SeiZleba mexsierebaSi
Catarebuli gamokvlevebi
gamocdebisTvis warmatebiT
momzadebaSi dagexmaroT.
295
 ganaTlebidan. magaliTad, gekiTxebiT: _ „mzis
sistemaSi romeli planetaa yvelaze didi?~ iciT
am kiTxvaze pasuxi? Tu ar iciT, rogor moiq-
ceodiT, romel pasuxs airCevdiT am situaciaSi:
„miuxedavad imisa, rom axla ar maxsovs pasuxi,
vici, rom ramdenimeAaraswor pasuxs Soris
avirCevdi swors~. msgavs kiTxvebs usvamda harti
Tavis cdis pirebs. pasuxebSi darwmunebuloba
maT 1-dan, („sakmaod darwmunebuli var, rom ver
avirCev sworad mravlobiTi arCevanidan~), 6-de
qulebiT unda SeefasebinaT („savsebiT darwmu-
nebuli var, rom sworad avirCev~). Tqven rogor
gaanawilebdiT qulebs? ai, es alternativebi:
a. plutoni
b. venera
g. dedamiwa
d. iupiteri
Tu Tqven yuradRebiT daakvirdebiT darwmune-
bulobis – „vgrZnob, rom vici~ gancdas, maSin
swor pasuxs im SemTxvevaSi daasaxelebT („d~-
s), Tu Sefaseba iqneba 6, xolo mis aRniSnvas
naklebi albaToba eqneba, Tu Sefaseba 1 iqneba
(sando pasuxi rom miviRoT, ra Tqma unda,
kiTxvaTa didi raodenobaa saWiro). hartis mixed-
viT, visac 1 quliT aqvs Tavisi darwmunebuloba
Sefasebuli, 30%-iT nakleb swor pasuxebs iZleva
maSin, rodesac 6 qula 75%-ian warmatebas
uzrunvelyofs. es faqtebi miuTiTebs imaze, rom
„vgrZnob, rom vici~ gancda SeiZleba zusti
indikatori iyos.
metamexsierebis Sesaxeb gamokvlevebi mimar-
Tulia rogorc im procesebze, romlebic
„vgrZnob, rom vici~ gancdas iwveven, aseve imaze,
Tu rogor miiRweva Sefasebis sizuste (Koriat &
Levy-Sadot, 1999; Metcalfe, 2000).
mimniSneblis nacnobobis hipoTezis mixed-
viT, adamianebi Tavisi „vgrZnob, rom vici~
gancdis dros mimniSneblis nacnobobas emya-
rebian. magaliTad, rodesac gekiTxebian: _ „ra
Tavi 8 / mexsiereba
erqva beThovens?~, Tu Tqven adre gagigiaT mis
Sesaxeb, SeiZleba gagiCndeT azri, rom ramdenime
alternatividan amoicnobT mis saxels anu swor
pasuxs (Metcalfe et. al., 1993; Reder & Ritter, 1992; Schwartz
& Metcalfe, 1992).
misawvdomobis hipoTezis mixedviT, adamiani
cdilobs arasruli informaciidan swori pasu-
296
xis wvdomas. amrigad, Tu kiTxva: _ „ra erqva
beThovens?~, TqvenSi advilad aRZravs infor-
macias, romelic, Tqveni azriT, am kiTxvaze
swor pasuxTan aris dakavSirebuli, Tqven
gagiCndebaT gancda, rom swor pasuxs advilad
gamoicnobT (Koriat, 1993, 1995).
orive Teorias gaaCnia empiriuli dasabuTeba
da oriveSi igulisxmeba, rom Tqven SegiZliaT
endoT Tqvens grZnobas, rodesac darwmunebuli
xarT, rom iciT raRac (mogvianebiT Cven
SevexebiT mowmis Cvenebebze Catarebul gamok-
vlevebs, romelic am zogadi wesidan gamonak-
lisebze miuTiTebs).
Tqven ukve garkveuli codna gaqvT imis
Sesaxeb, Tu rogor aRibeWdeba da rogor aRdgeba
informacia Tqvens mexsierebaSi. Tqven iciT,
Tu ras niSnavs aRbeWdvisa da aRdgenis situa-
ciebis „kargi Tanxvedra~. Semdeg qveTavSi mex-
sierebis procesebidan gadavinacvlebT mexsi-
erebis Sinaarsebze, anu imaze, Tu ra xdeba
mexsierebaSi.
Sejameba
xangrZlivi mexsierebis Teoriebma unda axsnan,
Tu rogor xdeba codnis SeZena da Senaxva
mexsierebaSi mTeli cxovrebis manZilze. kodire-
bis specifikurobis principis mixedviT, informa-
ciis yvelaze kargad aRdgena xdeba maSin,
rodesac konteqsti, romelSic xdeba kodireba,
emTxveva aRdgenis pirobebs. mwkrivSi adgil-
mdebareobis efeqts iwvevs TiToeuli STabeW-
dilebis (sityva, movlena da a.S) mogonebis
konteqstebs Soris gansxvaveba.
Tqven daxsomebuls mimniSneblebiT eZebT.
cnoba xSirad ufro advilia, vidre mogoneba,
radgan am SemTxvevaSi mimniSneblebi met
informacias Seicaven. epizodur mexsierebaSi
daxsomeba aRbeWdvis konteqstTan mimarTebaSi
xdeba. semantikur mexsierebaSi ki informaciis
aRbeWdvis garkveul epizodTan mimarTeba dakar-
gulia. interferencia SeiZleba iyos proaqti-
uri, rodesac Zveli informacia ereva da xels
uSlis axlis aRbeWdvas, an retroaqtiuri,
rodesac axali informacia ereva Zvels.
informaciis gadamuSavebis Teoriis mixedviT,
informaciis ufro Rrma gadamuSaveba mis ukeTes
daxsomebas iwvevs. implicitur mexsierebaze
Catarebuli kvlevebis mixedviT, aRbeWdvis da
mogonebis procesebis damTxveva iwvevs praimings.
Tqven SegiZliaT gaiumjobesoT mexsiereba
gadamamuSavebeli ganmeorebis da mnemonikuri
xerxebis daxmarebiT. metamexsierebisTvis spe-
cifikuri msjelobebi Tqveni mexsierebis Sesaxeb
tipuri da zustia.
xangrZlivi mexsierebis
struqturebi
aqamde Cven mier motanil yvela magaliTSi
gTxovdiT, rom dagemaxsovrebinaT an aRgedginaT
izolirebuli an erTmaneTTan daukavSirebeli
informaciis erTeulebi. is, rasac Tqven umrav-
les SemTxvevaSi aRadgendiT, organizebuli
codnis nawilebi iyo. gaixseneT, magaliTad,
rodesac gTxoveT gemsjelaT, iyo Tu ara yurZeni
xili, Tqven daufiqreblad gaeciT dadebiTi
pasuxi, magram ras ityviT avokadoze an tyemalze?
am TavSi Cven SeviswavliT, Tu rogoraa dakav-
Sirebuli am tipis pasuxis siZneleebi mexsie-
rebaSi informaciis struqturirebis xasiaTTan
da gzebTan; vimsjelebT, agreTve, imis Sesaxeb,
Tu rogor gexmarebaT mexsierebaSi organizebuli
codna ama Tu im informaciis swrafad gaxsene-
baSi.
mexsierebis struqturebi
mexsierebis ZiriTadi funqcia msgavsi STabeW-
dilebebis erTmaneTTan dakavSirebaa, raTa
garemosTan urTierTobis procesSi SeZloT misi
gamoyeneba (gaixseneT martivi gansazRvreba me-5
TavSi aRqmis funqciis Sesaxeb). Tqven cxovrobT
samyaroSi, romelic savsea uTvalavi indivi-
dualuri STabeWdilebebiT da movlenebiT,
romelTa mudmivi gacxrilva da maTi informaciis
iseT mcire, martiv erTobliobad dayvana
gWirdebaT, romlis marTvasac SeZlebT. amave
dros, Tqven ar gWirdebaT samyaroSi garkveuli
struqturis mosaZebnad yovel jerze cnobie-
rebis CarTva. rogorc implicituri mexsierebis
ganxilvisas vnaxeT, warmoudgenelia, rom yovel
wuTs, nebismieri sagnis aRqmisas Tu moqmedebisas,
ambobdeT: _ „es is aris, rac samzareulos nivTebs
miekuTvneba.~ garemosTan urTierTobis Cveuleb-
rivi gamocdilebiT Tqveni mexsierebis struqtu-
raSi garemos struqturebi aisaxeba. ganvixiloT
mexsierebis struqturaTa formebi, romelic
Camoyalibda Tqveni garemosTan yoveldRiuri
urTierTobis procesSi.
kategorizacia da cnebebi
daviwyoT me-11 TavSi ganxiluli movleniT
– im gonebrivi ZalisxmeviT, romelic saWiroa,
raTa bavSvma daimaxsovros, magaliTad, sityva
ZaRlis mniSvneloba. imisaTvis, rom es sityva
mniSvnelobis matarebeli iyos bavSvisTvis, mas
unda hqondes unari, daimaxsovros yvela is
situacia, romelSic es sityva gamoiyeneba da,
agreTve, informacia konteqstis Sesaxeb. am gziT
bavSvi aRmoaCens, ra aris ZiriTadi arsi: _
bewviani arseba, romelsac oTxi fexi aqvs, niSnavs
ZaRls. bavSvma unda Seimecnos, rom ZaRli
ewodeba ara erT konkretul cxovels, aramed
amgvar cocxal arsebaTa mTel kategorias.
individualuri gamocdilebis kategorizaciis
unari – erTi da igive qcevis ganxorcieleba
mis mimarT, an erTi da igive saxelis darqmeva
_ moazrovne organizmis erT-erTi yvelaze bazi-
suri da mniSvnelovani unaria (Mervis & Rosch,
1981).
Tqven mier gamoyofili kategoriebis gonebaSi
reprezentacias cnebebi ewodeba. cneba ZaRli,
magaliTad, ewodeba bavSvis mier ZaRlTan
dakavSirebuli cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebis
xangrZlivi mexsierebis struqturebi
mexsierebaSi SekavSirebas da Senaxvas (rogorc
me-11 TavSi vnaxavT, Tu bavSvs jer kidev ar aqvs
dazustebuli ZaRlis mniSvneloba, es cneba
SeiZleba iseT niSnebsac moicavdes, romelic
mozrdilebma SeiZleba am cnebisTvis Seusabamod
CaTvalon.). Tqven SeZenili gaqvT uamravi cneba.
gaqvT sagnebis da qcevebis kategoriebi, maga-
liTad, sakuWnao da fexburTi. cnebebi SeiZleba
asaxavdes Tvisebebs, magaliTad, wiTeli an didi;
abstraqtul ideebs, magaliTad, WeSmariteba an
siyvaruli; mimarTebebs, magaliTad, ufro Wkviani,
vidre. TiToeuli cneba Tqven mier samyarosTan
urTierTobiT SeZenili mTlianobebad Camoyali-
bebuli gamocdilebis reprezentaciaa.
297

prototipebi
im ZaRlebs Soris, romlebic Tqven ginaxavT,
romels warmoidgenT, rodesac waikiTxavT
winadadebas: _ „ZaRli xravs Zvals~. SegiZliaT
konkretuli ZaRli daasaxeloT? Tu romelime
tipuri ZaRli warmogidgebaT, romelic yvela
nanaxi ZaRlebis saSualos – prototips war-
moadgens? ganvixiloT eqsperimenti, romelic
dagvexmareba am kiTxvaze pasuxis gacemaSi.
saidan
Tavi 8 / mexsiereba
viciT
prototipebis Camoyalibeba
cdis pirebs uCvenebdnen calkeuli
adamianis saxeebis suraTebs, romlebic
sxvadasxva xarisxiT gansxvavdebodnen pro-
totipisgan (sur. 8.11); Semdeg maT aCveneb-
dnen saxeebis meore jgufs. zogierTi sura-
298
Ti adrec iyo miwodebuli, zogierTi axali
iyo da gansxvavdeboda prototipisgan. iyo,
agreTve, prototipis suraTi, romelic
gansxvavdeboda pirvelad miwodebuli pro-
totipisgan. cdis pirebs evalebodaT gamoe-
cnoT, Tu romeli suraTi hqondaT maT
adre miwodebisas nanaxi.
kargad gamoikveTa sami Sedegi, romelic
mocemulia suraTze 8.1. cdis pirebi cnob-
dnen yvela im suraTs, romelic adre
hqondaT nanaxi, maSinac ki, rodesac maTgan
prototipTan mxolod 25%-s hqonda
msgavseba. axal suraTebze miuTiTebdnen,
rom axali iyo da cnobis xarisxi proto-
tipTan mimarTebiT ganisazRvreboda. cdis
pirebi dabolos, yvelaze darwmunebulni
iyvnen axali prototipis ucnobobaSi (Solso
& McCarthy, 1981).
am eqsperimentSi cdis pirebi ise moqmedebdnen,
TiTqos gaaerTianes yvela saxe, romelic ki
unaxavT, raTa prototipuli konstruqti SeeqmnaT.
kategoriebis, Tavisi TvisebebiTurT, proto-
tipebi iqmneba mTeli Tqveni gamocdilebidan,
amitom prototipebi yovel wuTs SeiZleba
icvlebodes da mdidrdebodes axali kategoriiT.
aqedan gamomdinare, mecnierebi mividnen im
daskvnamde, rom konkretuli kategoriisTvis
prototipis reprezentacia gonebaSi SeiZleba
ar gqondeT. ufro savaraudoa, rom prototipi
TviTon calkeul egzemplarebSi, rogorc
saSualo raRac moqmedebs (Hintzman, 1986; Nosofsly
et al., 1992). magaliTad, yvela ZaRli, romelic ki
am momentisTvis ginaxavT, ayalibebs prototipu-
li ZaRlis Tqveneul cnebas. ufro metic, Tu
Tqven saRamos gaxvediT quCaSi da dainaxeT erTi,
an ori ZaRli, Tqveni prototipi SeiZleba odnav
Seicvalos kidec.
is, rom Tqven gaqvT unari, iseT kategorias,
rogorc, vTqvaT, ZaRlia, prototipi mounaxoT,
gaZlevT SesaZleblobas icnoT kategoriis met-
naklebad tipuri warmomadgenlebi _ rac ufro
meti Tviseba aqvs saerTo kategoriis calkeul
cnebebi (concepts) _ sagnebis, an ideebis saxe-
obebis, an kategoriebis mentaluri reprezen-
taciebi.
prototipi (Prototype) _ kategoriis yvelaze rep-
rezentaciuli magaliTi.
suraTi
8.11
A prototipuli saxe da calkeuli saxeebi
B prototipebis, Zveli da axali saxeebis prototipuli Sefaseba
(A) saxis 75% emTxveva prototips, 50%-s aqvs gansxvavebuli Tmebi da Tvalebi, 25%-s mxolod Tvalebi aqvs
saerTo, dabolos, 0% aqvs saerTo prototipTan. (B) cdis pirebs sTxoven Seafason, aqvT Tu ara nanaxi adre
es saxe. yvelaze maRali darwmunebulobis xarisxi aris prototipis mimarT, romelic adre arasodes
unaxavT; daaxloebiT Tanabaria darwmunebulobis xarisxi adre nanaxi saxeebis mimarT; axali saxeebis
SemTxvevaSi cdis pirTa darwmunebulobis xarisxi klebulobda prototipisgan misi msgavsebis SemcirebasTan
erTad.

wevrebs erTmaneTTan, miT ufro tipurni arian am SemTxvevaSi ufro advilia yvavisTvis, rogorc
isini. es kargad Cans, magaliTad, frinvelis frinvelisTvis, adgilis povna, vidre siraqle-
kategoriis ganxilvisas. ris gamo iTvleba yvavi misTvis (Tu, ra Tqma unda, Tqveni cxovrebis

xangrZlivi mexsierebis struqturebi

tipur frinvelad, xolo siraqlema, an pingvini manZilze didxans ar gicxovriT siraqlemebis
atipurad? pasuxi ganisazRvreba im xarisxiT, garemocvaSi).
riTac es qmnilebebi hgvanan im kategoriis
warmomadgenlebs, romelTac Tqvens mexsierebaSi ierarqiebi da bazisuri doneebi
frinvelis kategoriaSi aerTianebT. kategoriis
cnebebi da maTi prototipebi damoukideblad
wevrTa tipuroba ki, Tu rogor Seesabameba raRac
ar aRmocendeba. rogorc suraTi 8.12 gviCvenebs,
Tqvens prototips, yoveldRiuri cxovrebidan
cnebebi SeiZleba azrian organizaciebad gaer-
momdinareobs. gamokvlevebma gamoavlines, rom
Tiandenen. iseT did kategorias, rogoricaa
xalxi ufro swrafad reagirebs kategoriis tipur
cxoveli, gaaCnia qvekategoriebi _ frinveli da
warmomadgenlebze, vidre uCveuloze. Tqveni
Tevzi, romlebic, Tavis mxriv, moicaven saxeobebs:
reaqciis dro kiTxvaze, aris Tu ara yvavi
iadoni, siraqlema, zvigeni da oraguli. Tavis
frinveli, ufro swrafi iqneba, vidre is, rom
mxriv, cxovelis kategoriac aris qvekategoria
siraqlema frinvelia (Rosch, 1976). kidev erTxel
ufro didi kategoriisa _ cocxali arsebebi.
vimeorebT, rom es efeqti damokidebulia Tqvens
cnebebi dakavSirebulia sxva saxis informacias-
gamocdilebaze frinvelTa kategoriis mimarT.
299
 fsiqologia XXI saukuneSi

adamianis da kompiuteris mexsiereba

rodesac kompiuterisa da deba. is gvTavazobs imis defi- adamianis mexsierebas cnebebi

adamianis SesaZleblobebs
adareben, xSirad iseTi STa-
beWdileba rCeba, rom kompiu-
teri jobnis adamians. kom-
piuteris mexsierebas bevrad
meti – aTasobiT da milio-
nobiT _ biti informaciis
Senaxva SeuZlia, vidre Cvens
mexsierebas, magram adamianis
mexsierebas erTi iseTi Tvi-
seba aqvs, romelic mis mexsie-
rebas ufro maRla ayenebs.
procesebi, romlebic SesaZ-
leblobas gvaZleven, movigo-
noT specifikuri informacia,
xSirad bevrad ufro efeqtu-
ria, vidre kompiuterSi Zebnis
procedura.davuSvaT, Tqvens
megobars Tqveni gamocda unda
am Tavis mixedviT da geki-
TxebaT: „romelma mkvlevrebma
Semoitanes kodirebis speci-
fikurobis cneba?~ Tqven Se-
giZliaT gasceT swori pasuxi
(tulvingi da tomsoni), mcda-
ri pasuxi (soerlingi), an
TqvaT, rom ar iciT. albaT,
ar gindaT, gasceT iseTi pa-
suxi, romelsac araviTari kav-
Siri ar aqvs kiTxvasTan. ro-
gor ggoniaT, ra xdeba, ro-
desac am kiTxvaze pasuxis gace-
mis davalebas manqanas aZlevT?
pirveli veb-gverdi, romelsac
Google.com gvTavazobs, Sem-
degia: „aris Tu ara HIV-is izo-
lacia miRweuli. meore mcde-
Tavi 8 / mexsiereba
nicias, Tu ra aris cneba. ra-
tom aris kompiuteris mexsie-
rebidan es pasuxebi adamianis
mexsierebisgan gansxvavebuli?
Cven adamianis mexsierebis (mo-
gonebis) or Taviseburebas gamov-
yofT, romelic kompiuterTan
SedarebiT misi upiratesobis
ilustrirebas axdens.pirveli:
rogorc ukve gaecaniT, adamianis
mexsiereba efeqturad iyenebs
Sinaarsobriv mimniSneblebs,
romlebic saZiebel informa-
ciazea mimarTuli. is uzrun-
velyofs imas, rom aRdgenili
informaciis Sinaarsi kiTxvis
Sinaarss Seesabamebodes. kompiu-
teri ki, piriqiT, ar iTvalis-
winebs konteqsts da ufro si-
tyvis viwro mniSvnelobazea
orientirebuli. magaliTad, Tu
Cven „kodirebis specifikuro-
bas~ veZebT Google.com-Si an
ASKJeeves-Si, TiToeuli maTgani
maSinve gadmogviSlis gverds,
romelzec iqneba pasuxi pirvel
kiTxvaze. kompiuterSi maZieb-
lisTvis kiTxvis nawilebs, rom-
lebic konteqstis dasazusteb-
lad iqneba mimarTuli (romelma
mkvlevrebma Semoitanes), aSkarad
uaryofiTi gavlena eqneba Ziebis
efeqturobaze. kompiuterSi bev-
ri pasuxis mosaZebnad Zalian
Znelia CarTo konteqsti ise, rom
kompiuterma gaurkveveli mimar-
TulebiT ar gagagzavnos. meore:
marTaven da ara sityvebi. ro-
desac Tqvens mexsierebaSi ko-
direbis specifikurobis Sesa-
xeb eZebT pasuxs, ar aqvs mniS-
vneloba ras ityviT, „mkvle-
vars~ Tu „eqspermentators~,
„aRmomCens~ Tu „Semqmnels~.
cneba aamoqmedebs TiToeul
sityvas, rogorc mimniSnebels.
kompiuters ki saqme mxolod
sityvebTan aqvs. magaliTad,
rodesac Cven Google.com-s
veubnebiT, Secvalos „aRmom-
Ceni~ „SemqmneliT~, is gvaZ-
levs bmuls mexsierebis Teo-
riaSi garkveuli gverdis mi-
TiTebiT. „mkvlevris~ Secvla
„eqsperimentatoriT~ gvaZlevs,
rogorc pirveli bmulis Sem-
TxvevaSi, gverds saTauriT:
„talRebi, pulsi, neironuli
masis Teoria~. es patara eqspe-
rimenti kargad uCvenebs, Tu
kompiuteri, adamianis mexsie-
rebisgan gansxvavebiT, rogor
ufro metadaa damokidebuli
sityvebze, vidre cnebebze.axla
mainc Tu grZnobT mcireoden
upiratesobas kompiuterTan
SedarebiT? SegiZliaT, ramde-
nime wuTi dauTmoT imaze
fiqrs, Tu rogor SeiZleba
adamianis mexsierebis es Tvi-
sebebi kompiutersac gadasceT.
veb-gverdebi:
www.google.com
www.AskJeeves.com

loba AskJeeves. com-s ukavSir-

Tanac: Tqvens mexsierebaSi Senaxulia codna imis
Sesaxeb, rom zogierTi frinveli iWmeva, zogi
saSiSia, zogi ki nacionaluri simboloa.
rogorc vxedavT, ierarqiebSi garkveuli
safexuri arsebobs, romelzec adamianebi ukeT
300 moiazreben obieqtebs da axdenen maT katego-
rizacias. maT bazisur doneebs uwodeben (Rosch,
1973, 1978). magaliTad, rodesac Tqven bazarSi
yidulobT vaSls, SegiZliaT ifiqroT masze,
rogorc xilis erT-erT saxeobaze, romlis
mniSvnelobac Zalian farToa, an rogorc Saf-
ranze, rac specifikuri da viwro mniSvnelobisaa.
suraTi
8.12
cnebaTa ierarqiulad organizebuli struqtura
kategoria cxoveli SeiZleba daiyos iseT qvekategoriebad, rogoricaa frinveli da Tevzi,
TiToeuli qvekategoria SeiZleba kidev daiyos. zogierTi informacia (aqvs kani) gaaCnia ierarqiis
yvela dones; sxva informacia (magaliTad, SeuZlia simRera) mxolod dabali donis cnebebs
SeiZleba hqondes (magaliTad, iadons).
bazisuri done ki aris vaSli. Tqven rom gaCvenon
am obieqtis suraTi da gkiTxon, ra aris es,
Tqven ufro swrafad upasuxebT, rom es vaSlia
(da ara xilis romelime konkretuli saxeoba).
bazisur dones prototipis gamowvevis meti Zala
aqvs. Tqven vaSlis cnebasTan meti Sexeba da
gamocdileba gaqvT, vidre mis specifikur
jiSebTan. Tqven rom vaSlebis gamomyvani iyoT,
bazisuri done am ierarqiaSi ufro dabali
geqnebodaT.
sqemebi
Cven vnaxeT, rom cnebebi mexsierebis ierar-
qiaSi agurebis funqcias asruleben. maT es roli
ufro rTul kompleqsebSic aqvT. gaixseneT
suraTi 8.2. saidan xvdebiT instinqturad, rom
baWiis adgili ar aris samzareuloSi? Cven adre
ukve aRvniSneT, rom es procesi implicitur
mexsierebas emyareba, magram Cven ar gviTqvams,
Tu mexsierebis romeli struqtura iyo amisTvis
gamoyenebuli. ufro zustad rom vTqvaT, is,
rac Tqven gWirdebaT, aris iseTi saxis rep-
rezentacia mexsierebaSi, romelic samzareulos
individualur cnebas _ macivris, WurWlis sa-
recxi niJaris Tu gazquris Sesaxeb codnas _
gaaerTianebs ufro did struqturaSi. sqema aris
cnebiTi CarCo, an codnaTa klasteri sagnebis,
adamianebis da situaciis Sesaxeb. sqemebi aris
xangrZlivi mexsierebis struqturebi
„codnaTa Sekvrebi~, romlebSic garemos struq-
turis Sesaxeb rTuli ganzogadebebia aRbeWdili.
Tqven gaqvT samzareulos da sawoli oTaxis
sqema, samarSruto taqsis mZRolis da profe-
soris, qeifisa da banketis sqemebi. SegiZliaT,
bazisuri done (Basic level) _ kategorizaciis done,
romelic yvelaze swrafad SeiZleba amovitanoT
mexsierebidan da gamoviyenoT yvelaze efeq-
turad.
sqemebi (Schemas) _ obieqtebis, xalxis, an situa-
ciis Sesaxeb konceptualuri CarCoebi, an cod-
nis „klasterebi~, codnis erTeulebi, romlebic
moicaven garemos struqturebis Sesaxeb ganzo-
gadebebs. 301

suraTi
8.13
cnobis iluzia
ixvi Tu kurdReli
ramdenime wuTi dauTmoT da dafiqrdeT, Tu ra
da rogor aris am kategoriebSi ganzogadebuli.
erTi ram, rasac SeamCnevdiT, isaa, rom Tqveni
sqema ar moicavs Tqveni cvalebadi gamocdilebis
yvela individualur detals. Tu prototipi
kategoriebis Sesaxeb Tqveni gamocdilebebis
saSualoa, sqemaSi warmodgenilia garemoSi
situaciaTa Sesaxeb Tqveni gamocdielebebis
saSualo. iseve, rogorc prototipebi, Tqveni
sqemebic cvalebadia da cxovrebiseul movle-
nebTan erTad icvleba (Rumelhart et al., 1986). Tqveni
sqemac mxolod im detalebs moicavs, romelsac
gansakuTrebuli yuradReba dauTmeT. magaliTad,
rodesac ekiTxebiT, ra aris warmodgenili, ra
xatia Tu weria ocTeTrian monetaze, studentebi
arasodes amboben, rom masze iremia gamoxatuli,
Tumca, es gamosaxuleba yvela monetazea (Rubin
& Kontis, 1983). aba, SeamowmeT! amrigad, Tqveni
sqema inaxavs zustad imas, rac SeamCnieT garemoSi.
axla ki ganvixiloT yvela is gza, romelSic
cnebebs da sqemebs iyenebT.
mexsierebis struqturebis
gamoyeneba
Tavi 8 / mexsiereba
modiT, vnaxoT, Tu rogor moqmedebs mexsie-
rebis zogierTi struqtura. Tqvenma sqemam
SeasaZlebloba mogcaT, uyoymanoT mimxvda-
riyaviT, rom baWiis adgili samzareuloSi ar
aris. axla gaixseneT me-5 Tavi, sadac ganvixileT,
Tu ra gavlenas axdens adrindeli codna oraz-
rovani figuris interpretaciaze. gaxsovT es
figura (sur. 8.13)? ras xedavT _ ixvs Tu baWias?
302
davuSvaT, Cven winaswar mogamzadeT imisTvis,
rom dainaxavdiT ixvs, anu Tu Tqven SeusabamebT
naxatis niSnebs Tqvens sqematur molodinebs
am niSnebis mimarT, dainaxavT ixvs. igive moxdeba
baWiis mimarTac, Tu geqnebaT baWiis molodini.
Cven viyenebT mexsierebaSi arsebul informacias,
raTa gavamarTloT molodini.
Tqven gaqvT, agreTve, mexsierebis struqturebi,
romlebic gavlenas axdenen Tqvens aRqmasa da
mogonebaze (Cantor & Mischel, 1979; Levy et al., 1999).
magaliTad, Tqven, albaT, ukve geqnebaT kbilis
eqimis, sakulto beladebis, ekologistebis da
maSvelebis cnebebi. Tu TqvenTvis ucnob pirov-
nebaze getyvian, rom is erT-erTi am profesiis
warmomadgenelia, Tqveni stereotipuli warmod-
gena miawers mas konkretul pirovnul maxasia-
Teblebs an Sesabamis qcevebs. socialuri fsiqo-
logebis mier dadgenil iqna, rom enas da
sityvebsac SeuZliaT, garkveuli gavlena moax-
dinon am cnebaTa interpersonalur gamoyenebaze.
es gamokvleva gviCvenebs, rom mexsierebis struq-
turebs SeuZliaT, gavlena moaxdinon samyaros
Sesaxeb Tqvens azrTa msvlelobaze: _ Tqveni awmyo
gamocdileba warsuli gamocdilebiT aris
Seferili da es ukanaskneli cvlis Tqvens molo-
dinebs momavlis mimarT. male, aseve, naxavT,
rom xSirad erTi da igive mizeziT, cnebebi da
sqemebi SeiZleba xels uSlides zust mogonebas.
mogoneba, rogorc
rekonstruqiuli procesi
axla ganvixiloT sxva mniSvnelovani saSua-
leba, romelSic gamoiyeneba mexsierebis struq-
tura. bevr SemTxvevaSi, rodesac gTxoven, moigo-
noT garkveuli informacia, Tqven ver axerxebT
amas. amis nacvlad, Tqven rekonstruqcias ukeTebT
informacias ufro zogadi saxiT Senaxuli cod-
nidan. rekonstruqciuli mexsierebis naTel-
sayofad ganvixiloT Semdegi sami kiTxva:
me-3 TavSi aris Tu ar sityva „da~?
1991 weli Seicavs Tu ara 7 ivlisis dRes?
sunTqavdiT guSin @2.05 –sa da 2.10 wuTs
Soris?
Tqven, albaT, samive kiTxvas dadebiT pasuxs
gascemT yovelgvari meryeobis gareSe, magram,
ra Tqma unda, am movlenebis konkretuli epi-
zoduri mexsiereba ar geqnebaT (im SemTxvevebis
gamoklebiT, Tu, magaliTad, vinme 7 ivliss ar
aris dabadebuli da misTvis es gansakuTrebuli
dRea). am kiTxvebze pasuxis gasacemad Tqven
unda gamoiyenoT zogadi codna, raTa rekon-
struqcia gaukeToT mas da ivaraudoT, ra SeiZ-
leba momxdariyo. rekonstruqciis es procesi
ufro detalurad gavarCioT.

rekonstruqciuli mexsierebis sizuste

Tu adamianebi zogjer codnis zogierTi
aspeqtis rekonstruqcias axdenen zusti mona-
cemebis aRdgenis nacvlad, maSin mosalodnelia,
aRmovaCinoT SemTxvevebi, rodesac rekonstrui-
rebuli mogonebis faqtebi gansxvavebul iqneba
realuri suraTisgan, anu mexsierebis Secdomebs
eqneba adgili. mexsierebis Secdomis erT-erTi
yvelaze STambeWdavi demonstracia sakmaod
Zvelia. klasikur naSromSi _ „mogoneba: eqsperi-
mentuli da socialuri fsiqologiis gamokvle- miyvnen ra bartletis kvals, Tanamedrove
vebi~ (1932) _ ser frederik bartleti ikvlevda mkvlevrebma Seiswavles mexsierebis darRvevebis
sakiTxs, Tu rogor moqmedebs warsuli gamocdi- mravalferovneba, romelTac adgili aqvT
leba axlad SeZenili informaciis mogonebaze. mogonebis konstruqciuli procesebis gamoye-
bartleti studentebs sTxovda, daemaxsovrebinaT nebis dros (Bergman & Roediger, 1999). magaliTad,
gansxvavebuli kulturis Tqmulebebi da legen- mkvlevarTa erTma jgufma gamoavlina kanonzo-
debi. yvelaze cnobilia misi masala „sulebis miereba, romelsac „sapnis operis~ efeqti uwoda
brZola~. (Owens et al., 1979). erTi epizodi am gamokvlevis
bartletma aRmoaCina, rom misi studentebis masalidan:
mier gaxsenebuli Sinaarsi gansxvavdeboda ori-
nensi mivida koqteilis wveulebaze. man
ginalisgan, anu imisgan, rasac awvdidnen dasamax-
mimoixeda oTaxSi, raTa iq myofni SeeTva-
sovreblad. Sinaarsis damaxinjeba sami saxis
rekonstruqciul process moicavda: lierebina. igi sasaubrod miuaxlovda Tavis
profesors. man icoda, rac unda eTqva

xangrZlivi mexsierebis struqturebi

donis daweva (leveling) _ moTxrobis gamar-
tiveba;
gamokveTa _ garkveuli detalebis gansakuT-
rebuli gaSuqeba;
asimilacia _ detalebis Secvla ise, rom
isini ukeTes SesabamisobaSi mosuliyvnen sakuTar
codnasTan.
amrigad, cdis pirebi ixsenebdnen moTxrobas
da maTTvis ucnob sityvebs Tavisi kulturisTvis
Cveuli sityvebiT cvlidnen: _ navi kanoes nac-
vlad, Tevzaoba _ selapebze nadirobis magivrad.
bartletis cdis pirebi, aseve, xSirad cvlidnen
moTxrobis Sinaarssac, raTa SeemcirebinaT
zebunebrivi Zalebis Sesaxeb frazebi, romelic
maTi kulturisTvis ar iyo damaxasiaTebeli.
misTvis, magram nerviulobda amaze. stumar-
Ta erTma jgufma Saradebis TamaSi daiwyo.
nensi zeviT avida cota mosamagreblad.
koniaki ki kargi iyo, magram mas ar aintere-
sebda, Tu raze saubrobda iq stumrebis
nawili. cota xnis Semdeg, sakmarisiao,
gadawyvita man da datova wveuleba.
axla warmoidgineT rogor gansxvavebulad
aRiqvamT am nawyvets, Tu Tqven cdis pirTa
rekonstruqciuli mexsiereba (Reconstructive
memory) _ mexsierebis konkretuli reprezen-
taciebis ararsebobis pirobebSi Senaxuli
codnis zogad tipebze dayrdnobiT informaciis
erTad ganlagebis procesi.
303
 meore jgufSi aRmoCndebiT, romelTac winaswar rekonstruqcias ukeTebs (Clark & Gerrig, 1990) da
es Sesavali waakiTxes: SegiZliaT sityvasityviT moitanoT is, an misi
dedaazri gadmosceT. am gadawyvetilebas Tqven
nensim gaRviZebisas isev sisuste igrZno
Tqveni sityvidan gamomdinare iRebT. mkvlevrebma
da gaukvirda, marTla fexmZimed iyo Tu
gviCvenes, rom mexsierebis gamoyeneba am miznebis
ara. rogor unda uTxras profesors, rac
cvlasTan erTad icvleba.
dainaxa?
axla xelaxla miubrundiT pirvel nawyvets
da xelaxla waikiTxeT. cdis pirebisaTvis am saidan
winasityvaobis arsebobas Tu ararsebobas gadam-
viciT
wyveti mniSvneloba aqvs maTi mexsierebisaTvis.
rodesac sTxovT, moigonon Sinaarsi, an icnon miznebi gavlenas axdenen mexsierebaze
nawyvetebi, isini, romelTac wakiTxuli aqvT
cdis pirebs aCvenebdnen wuTnaxevari
Sesavalic da, aqedan gamomdinare, TavSi mosdiT
xangrZliobis scenas videofilmidan da
„arasasurveli fexmZimobis~ sqema, ufro metad
sTxovdnen daemaxsovrebinaT dialogi am
imas aRadgenen an icnoben, romelic nensis
nawyvetidan. maT 45 wuTi eZleodaT, rac
fexmZimobas ukavSirdeba. cdis pirTa mier sqemis
sakmarisi iyo imisaTvis, rom TiToeul
gamoyeneba iwvevs Sinaarsis Sesabamis da mosa-
maTgans sakmaod zustad aRedgina dialo-
lodnel damaxinjebas.
gis teqsti. cdis pirebi or jgufad gayves.
magram unda gvaxsovdes da mniSvnelovanicaa,
TiToeul students dialogis Sinaarsi
rom rogorc me-5 TavSi, rodesac aRqmis ilu-
sxva studentisTvis unda gadaeca, magram
ziebze vsaubrobdiT, fsiqologebs procesebis
erT jgufs sTxovdnen es moTxroba
normaluri operaciebis saCveneblad xSirad
maqsimalurad zusti yofiliyo (teqstTan
iseTi pirobebi da situaciebi mohyavT, romlebic
axlos), xolo, meore jgufs ki sTxovdnen,
Secdomebs iwveven. iseve, rogorc aRqmis ilu-
rac SeiZleba saintereso yofiliyo maTi
ziebi ar gaiZuleben realurad kedelSi gasvlas,
monaTxrobi. is cdispirebi, romlebsac
mexsierebis „iluziebic~ Zalian iSviaTad Tu
maqsimaluri sizustiT aRdgenis instruq-
SegiSliT xels yoveldRiur cxovrebasa da
cia hqondaT, 99%-iT, sityvasityviT aRad-
saqmianobaSi.
gendnen dialogs maSin, rodesac meore
mexsierebis es damaxinjebebi SegiZliaT gani-
jgufis cdis pirebma dialogis mxolod
xiloT, rogorc Cveulebriv, Zalian kargad
62% aRadgines. miuxedavad imisa, rom orive
momuSave procesTa Tanmdevi movlena. faqtob-
jgufis wevrebma dialogis teqsti Zalian
rivad, Tqven umravles SemTxvevaSi garkveuli
kargad daimaxsovres, meore jgufma, ubra-
epizodis detalebis aRdgena arc ki gWirdebaT,
lod, arCia, rom ufro saintereso iqne-
movlenaTa arsis aRdgena rekonstruqciiTac
boda, Tu yvelafers ar uambobda sxvas
mSvenivrad xerxdeba.
(Wadi, Klark, 1993).
cota vrclad SevexoT im Tvalsazriss, rom-
lis mixedviTac, detalebis aRdgena yovelTvis
ver xerxdeba. imisaTvis, rom vnaxoT, rogor es Sedegi gviCvenebs, rom Cveni informaciis
SeuZlia rekonstruqcia ganicados mexsierebam, zustad aRdgenaze daxarjuli Zalisxmeva gare-
Tavi 8 / mexsiereba

raTa moergos mogonebis sagans Tu mizans,
gamoviyenoT citatebis SemTxveva. arcTu
iSviaTia SemTxveva, rodesac gindaT Tqveni
sityva Tu moxseneba gaamdidroT sxvisi gamo-
naTqvamiT, magaliTad, SeiZleba TqvaT: „gaixseneT,
Cveni fsiqologiis profesori rom gveubneboda
_ „korelacia mizezobriobas ar niSnavso~.
rodesac vinmes sityvidan citatas iyenebT, Tqven
304 arCevT aspeqtebs, romlebsac Tqveni mexsiereba
moebebzea damokidebuli. Tu Tqven TvliT, rom
valdebuli xarT, zustad moigonoT ra moxda,
Tqven amas gaakeTebT _ obieqtur monacems
waradgenT, an aRiarebT da ityviT, rom ar gaxsovT.
zogierT cxovrebiseul situaciaSi, marTlac,
sakmarisia imis ubralo rekonstruqcia, rac
moxda anu met-naklebad zusti aRdgena. es Tqveni
gadasawyvetia. magram arsebobs erTi sfero, sadac
Tqven udao pasuxismgebloba gekisrebaT imis

aRdgenis sizusteze, Tu ra moxda. ganvixiloT
mowmis mexsiereba.
mowmis mexsiereba
mowme sasamarTloze debs fics _ „Tqvas
simarTle da mxolod simarTle~. am TavSi Cven
vnaxavT, rom mexsiereba zusti iqneba Tu mcdari,
damokidebulia imaze, Tu rogor aris informacia
aRbeWdili da emTxveva Tu ara aRdgenis pirobebi
aRbeWdvis pirobebs. vinaidan fsiqologebma
ician, rom adamianebma SeiZleba ver Tqvan
„simarTle~ maSinac ki, rodesac es Zalian surT,
maT yuradReba mowmis mexsierebaze gaamaxviles
da misi Seswavla daiwyes. maTi mizani gamoZi-
ebisTvis xelSewyoba da iseTi meTodis moZebnaa,
romelic mowmis Cvenebis sizustes uzrun-
velyofs.
am mimarTulebiT mniSvnelovani gamokvlevebi
iqna Catarebuli elizabet loftusis da misi
kolegebis mier (Elizabeth Loftus et al., 1979, 1992).
maTi gamokvlevis ZiriTadi daskvna is iyo, rom
mowmis mexsiereba (Cveneba) Zalian advilad
icvleboda Semdgomi informaciebis gavleniT.
magaliTad, cdis pirebs uCvenebdnen films, sadac
avtokatastrofa xdeboda - ori manqana erTmaneTs
ejaxeboda da sTxovdnen, ganesazRvraT manqanebis
siCqare (Loftus & Palmer, 1974). maT erT nawils
kiTxvas Semdegnairad usvamdnen: „ramdenad
swrafad moZraobdnen manqanebi Sejaxebisas?~
xolo meore nawils ki ekiTxebodnen: „ra siCqa-
riT moZraobdnen manqanebi, rodesac isini er-
TmaneTs Seejaxnen?~ pirvel SekiTxvaze cdis
pirebis pasuxi saSualod 100km/sT iyo, meore
kiTxvaze ki _ 80km/sT. erTi kviris Semdeg maT
ekiTxebodnen: „dainaxeT Camsxvreuli minebi?~
sinamdvileSi Camsxvreuli minebi filmSi ar
iyo. miuxedavad amisa, pirveli jgufis cdis
pirTa mesamedma aRniSna, rom dainaxa SuSis
namsxvrevebi, xolo meore jgufidan ki mxolod
14%-ma daasastura es. amrigad, movlenis Semdgom
informacias arsebiTi gavlena aqvs mowmis
Cvenebaze.
movlenis Semdgomma informaciam SeiZleba
daamaxinjos mowmis mexsiereba maSinac ki, ro-
desac cdis pirs gacnobierebuli aqvs, rom
eqsperimentatori SeiZleba ecados mis SecdomaSi
Seyvanas. is ver axerxebs Tavisi mexsierebis
namdvili wyaros garCevas; veRar xedavs gansxva-
vebas movlenasa da mis Semdgom informacias
Soris (Johnson et al., 1993; Weingardt et al., 1995).
rogorc mosalodneli iyo, rodesac adamians
ramdenjerme warudgenen mcdar informacias, igi
swored mas miiCnevs ufro namdvilad (Mitchell
& Zaragoza, 1996), Tumca, garkveuli winaaRmdegoba
arsebobs am movlenis axsniTi meqanizmebis
dadgenaSi (Lindsay, 1993; Loftus, 1992; Schreiber &
Sergent, 1998). Semdgomi informaciis gavleniT
mowmis Cvenebis Secvlis tendencia dadgenilad
iTvleba. es gamokvlevebi adastureben im azrs,
rom Tqveni mexsiereba icvleba _ rekonstruqcias
ganicdis warsuli gamocdilebis sxvadasxva
elementebis gavleniT.
Cven ganvixileT aRbeWdvis, Senaxvisa da
aRdgenis bevri mniSvnelovani Tavisebureba.
dasasrul, mexsierebis am funqciebis biologiur
safuZvlebs ganvixilavT.
Sejameba
xangrZlivi mexsierebis struqturebi
mexsierebis ZiriTadi funqciaa msgavsi gamoc-
dilebis erTmaneTTan dakavSireba, raTa garemoSi
ukeT gaverkveT. cnebebi mentalur kategoriebs
warmoadgenen. prototipebi iqmneba mTel Cvens
gamocdilebaze dayrdnobiT kategoriis wevrebis
CaTvliT da, amdenad, yoveli axali wevris
aRqmasTan erTad TviTonac icvleba. iqmneba
erTgvari bazisuri done, romlis daxmarebiTac
adamianebi ukeT axdenen kategorizacias da ukeT
gaiazreben movlenebs. sqemebsa da konceptualur
CarCoebSi gamocdilebis mozrdili monakveTebis
kanonzomierebebi ukeT Cans, vidre cnebebi.
rodesac informaciis zusti aRdgena ver
xerxdeba, misi rekonstruqcia xdeba. rekonstruq-
305
 ciaze sqema axdens gavlenas. mecnierebma gviC-
venes, rom mexsierebis gamoyeneba komunikaciis
miznis cvlilebasTan erTad icvleba. mowmis
Cveneba aucileblad moiTxovs zust mexsierebas,
magram gamokvlevebma aCvena, rom is mowyvladia
damaxinjebebisadmi movlenis Semdgomi infor-
maciis gavleniT.
mexsierebis biologiuri
aspeqtebi
droa, gTxovoT, gaixsenoT ricxvi, romelic
Tqven mexsierebis Sesaxeb Tavis dawyebisas unda
dagemaxsovrebinaT. SegiZliaT moigonoT? ratom,
ra mizniT CagitareT aseTi savarjiSo? ifiqreT
im unaris biologiur safuZvlebze, romelic
SesaZleblobas gaZlevT, nebismieri informacia
monaxoT da moigonoT. rogor akeTebT amas?
aRbeWdva mexsierebaSi Tqvens tvinSi garkveul
cvlilebebs gulisxmobs. Tu Tqven gindaT, rom
es informacia, sul mcire, am Tavis bolomde
dagamaxsovrdeT, am cvlilebas permanentuli
xasiaTi unda hqondes. rodesme dagisvamT kiTxva
Tqveni TavisTvis, Tu rogor aris es SesaZle-
beli? Cveni Txovnis mizezi, dagemaxsovrebinaT
nebismieri ricxvi, swored es iyo, anu is, rom
gagegoT, Tu raoden didi mniSvneloba aqvs
biologias mexsierebisTvis. axla cota ufro
Rrmad ganvixiloT es sakiTxi.
engramis ZiebaSi
modiT, gavixsenoT wignis dasawyisSi Tqven-
Tvis mowodebuli testi, ufro zustad, Seva-
mowmoT Tqveni mexsiereba. 37 xom is ricxvia,
romlis damaxsovrebac gTxoveT. rogor unda
ganvsazRvroT, Tqvens tvinSi sad aRibeWda is?
Tavi 8 / mexsiereba
karl leSlim (Karl Lashly, 1929, 1950), romelmac
Seqmna pirveli wigni mexsierebis anatomiis
Sesaxeb, es sakiTxi engramis _ tvinSi mexsierebis
fizikuri warmomadgenlis _ Ziebas daukavSira.
leSli virTagvebs labirinTSi gavlas aswav-
lida, Semdeg maT tvinis calkeul nawilebs
engrama (Engram) _ mexsierebis fizikuri kvali
306 tvinSi.
amokveTda xolme da amowmebda labirinTSi nas-
wavl qcevas. man daadgina, rom tvinis dazianebiT
gamowveuli mexsierebis darRveva amokveTili
qsovilis zomis proporciuli iyo. darRveva
miT ufro Zlieri iyo, tvinis rac ufro didi
nawili iyo dazianebuli. amave dros, mexsie-
rebaze gavlenas ar axdenda is, Tu tvinis ra
nawili iqneboda dazianebuli. leSlis mixedviT,
engrama tvinis erT konkretul ubanSi ki ar
Tavsdeba, aramed mTel tvinze vrceldeba.
leSlim imitom ver SeZlo engramis loka-
lizacia, rom martiv situaciaSi mexsierebis
sxvadasxva forma erTdroulad monawileobs.
labirinTis swavla moicavs sivrciT, mxedve-
lobiT da ynosviT gamRizianeblebs. neiro-
mecnierebis mtkicebiT, rTuli, kompleqsuri
informaciis daxsomeba mraval neironul sis-
temaSia ganawilebuli maSin, rodesac diskre-
tuli codna calke gadamuSavdeba _ tvinis mxo-
lod SezRudul ubnebSi lokalizdeba (Marko-
witsch, 2000; Rolls, 2000).
mexsiereba moicavs oTx ZiriTad nervul
struqturas:
naTxemi – mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs
proceduruli mexsierebisTvis, romelic ganmeo-
rebas saWiroebs da klasikuri ganpirobebisTvis;
zoliani sxeuli – wina tvinis kompleqsuri
struqtura. Cvevis Camoyalibebisa da „stimuli-
reaqcia~ kavSirebis savaraudo safuZvelia;
didi tvinis qerqi _ pasuxismgebelia senso-
ruli mexsierebas da SegrZnebebs Soris
asociaciebize;
nuSisebri kompleqsi _ pasuxismgebelia
faqtebis, TariRebis, saxelebis deklaraciul
mexsierebaze, agreTve, emociuri STabeWdilebebis
daxsomebaze.
tvinis sxva nawilebs, rogoricaa: Talamusi,
bazaluri winatvini da prefrontaluri kor-
teqsi, agreTve, gaaCniaT saSualebebi mexsierebis
sxvadasxva tipis formirebisTvis.
me-3 TavSi tvinis anatomia ganvixileT. axla
ganvixiloT is neirofsiqologiuri meTodebi,
romelic SesaZleblobas gvaZleven gamovitanoT
daskvnebi im rolis Sesaxeb, romelsac tvinis
specifikuri struqturebi asruleben mexsierebis
muSaobaSi. Cven ori tipis gamokvlevebs SevexebiT.
pirvel rigSi, visaubrebT „bunebriv eqspe-
rimentze~, romelsac tvinis bunebrivi daziane-
suraTi
4.16
tvinis struqtura ........
ii
bisas vxvdebiT, Semdeg ki im axal teqnikur
saSualebebs aRvwerT, romelTac mkvlevrebi
tvinSi mimdinare mexsierebis procesebis Sesaxeb
codnis gasaRrmaveblad iyeneben.
amnezia
1960 wels, sahaero Zalebis radarebis axal-
gazrda teqnikosi niki a. saSineli dazianebis
msxverpli gaxda, ramac Zireulad Secvala misi
cxovreba.
niki magidasTan ijda, misi mezobeli ki
miniaturuli safarikao daSniT TamaSobda.
moulodnelad niki wamodga da Semotrialda –
swored im dros, rodesac misma amxanagma moiqnia
daSna. daSna nikis marjvena nestos moxvda da
moZraoba marcxena tvinis mimarTulebiT ganag-
rZo. am SemTxvevam igi seriozulad daaziana.
yvelaze mZime problema amnezia, xangrZlivi
droiT mexsierebis dakargva iyo. amneziis gamo
niks yvelaferi aRqmisTanave aviwydeba; wignSi
ramdenime abzacis wakiTxvis Semdeg pirveli
winadadebebi aRar axsovs; satelevizio gada-
cemidan azri ver gamoaqvs, sanam reklamis
ganmavlobaSi aqtiurad ar moigonebs da gai-
meorebs oriode wuTis win nanaxs.
mecnierebi sargebloben nikis msgavsi pacien-
tebiT, radgan „bunebriv eqsperimentad~ Tvlian
aseT SemTxvevebs. nikis msgavsi tvinis dazianebis
adgilis dakavSirebam qcevis deficitTan saSu-
aleba misca mkvlevrebs daedginaT mexsierebis mexsierebis biologiuri aspeqtebi
sxvadasxva formebis mimarTeba tvinis garkveul
ubnebTan. Tavis mxriv, niks jer kidev axsovs
moqmedebebi, anu ara aqvs darRveuli procedu-
ruli mexsiereba, Tumca, deklaraciuli mexsie-
reba aRar funqcionirebs. ase magaliTad, mas
axsovs, rogor unda aurios sxvadasxva masala,
magram ar axsovs ra komponentebia am narevSi.
eqsplicituri mexsierebis darRvevis es faqtebi
naTlad miuTiTeben imaze, rom eqsplicitur da
implicitur mexsierebaSi tvinis gansxvavebuli
ubnebia CarTuli.
amnezia (Amnesia) _ mexsierebis dakargva .........
307
 axla ganvixiloT mexsierebis sxva dayofa,
romelic SeiZleba gansxvavebul anatomiur
struqturas davukavSiroT. gamokvlevebis Se-
degad aRmoCnda, rom hipokampis dazianebis dros
eqsplicituri mexsiereba irRveva da ara _
implicituri (Squire, 1992).
saidan
viciT
amneziis dros implicituri mexsiereba
daculia
gamokvlevaTaHerT seriaSi monawileob-
dnen cdis pirebi, romelTac korsakovis
sindromis (qronikuli alkoholizmi)
Sedegad dazianebuli hqondaT hipokampi.
rogorc amneziis mqone pacientebis, ise
janmrTelebis jgufs awvdidnen sityvaTa
mwkrivs da sTxovdnen, SeefasebinaT emo-
ciuri TavalsazrisiT, romeli sityva mos-
wondaT da romeli – ara. maTi mexsie-
rebis Sesamowmeblad iyenebdnen or tests.
erT SemTxvevaSi cdis pirebs eZleodaT
sityvis dasawyisi marcvali, romelic
unda SeevsoT TavSi mosuli pirvelive
sityviT (Sevsebis testi), meore testSi
ki marcvali mimniSneblis rols TamaSob-
da, radgan cdis pirs masze dayrdnobiT
unda moegonebina Sesabamisi sityva wa-
kiTxuli mwkrividan (mimniSnebliT mogo-
nebis testi). mimniSnebel testSi amneziis
mqone pacientebi naklebs igonebdnen, vidre
janmrTelebi, magram sityvis Sevsebis
testSi pacientebis da janmrTelebis
mexsierebis moculoba Tanabari iyo (Graf
et al., 1984).
es Sedegi imaze miuTiTebs, rom korsakovis
sindromiT gamowveuli tvinis dazianeba gav-
Tavi 8 / mexsiereba
lenas axdens eqsplicitur mexsierebaze, xolo
implicitur mexsierebas ucvlelad tovebs.
mecnierebma daadgines, rom es gavlena SeiZleba
sakmaod xangrZlivi iyos (Cave & Squire, 1992).
gamokvlevebiT implicituri mexsiereba 7 dRis
Semdeg gamovlinda. hipokampis mniSvnelovani
dazianebis SemTxvevaSic implicituri mexsiereba
ar irRveva.
308
is faqtebi, rom tvinis dazianebis zogierTi
forma azianebs eqsplicitur da ara implicitur
mexsierebas, SesaZleblobas aZlevs fsiqologebs,
amtkicon, rom mexsierebis es ori forma gan-
sxvavebul kanonzomierebebs avlens kodirebisa
da aRdgenis procesebSi. ganvixiloT, magaliTad,
is gzebi, riTac adamianebi amyareben asociaciebs
iseT winadadebasTan, rogoricaa _ „medicina
arCens enabluobas~. Cven ukve viciT zemoT
moyvanili gamokvlevidan, rom amneziis mqone
individebi iZenen codnas eqsplicituri cnobie-
rebis gareSe, magram ramdenad SeuZliaT codnis
SeZena sityvebs Soris asociaciuri kavSirebis
Sesaxeb? erTi pasuxi, romelic im individis
monacemebs ukavSirdeba (Rajaram, Coslett, 2000),
romlis inicialebicaa C.V. da romlis amneziac
gamowveulia Sublis wilis nawilis, kerZod,
medialuri temporaluri lobis dazianebiT,
aris – „ara~. miuxedavad imisa, rom C.V. percep-
tul implicitur mexsierebas avlenda, mas ar
hqonda konceptualuri implicituri mexsiereba.
es Sedegi miuTiTebs imaze, rom eqsplicituri
mexsierebis gareSe garkveuli tipis asociaciebis
SeZena SeuZlebelia. am tipis gamokvlevebi
SesaZleblobas aZleven mecnierebs, ukeT
Cawvdnen mexsierebis biologiur safuZvlebs
da mexsierebis procesebis organizacias.
tvinis suraTi (skanireba)
fsiqologebma didi codna daagroves
anatomiasa da mexsierebas Soris kavSiris Sesaxeb
amneziis mqone individebze dakvirvebis gziT,
magram tvinis gadaRebis teqnikam SesaZlebeli
gaxada janmrTeli cdis pirebis mexsierebis
procesebis Seswavla (Niberg, Cabeza, 2000) (SegiZ-
liaT gadaxedoT me-3 Tavs, sadac saubaria
gadaRebis teqnikis Sesaxeb). magaliTad, PET-
skanis saSualebiT endel tulvingma da misma
kolegebma (Nyberg et al., 1996; Tulving et al., 1994)
daadgines, rom epizoduri informaciis kodi-
rebisa da aRdgenis dros tvinis ori naxevar-
sfero gansxvavebuli aqtivobiT xasiaTdeba. es
gamokvlevebi iseTivea, rogorc mexsierebis stan-
dartuli gamokvlevebi, im gansxvavebiT, rom
kodirebisa da aRdgenis procesSi cdis pirTa
sisxlis mimoqcevis skanireba xdeba PET-iT. am
gamokvlevebSi gamovlinda tvinis Zlieri
aqtivoba marcxena prefrontalur korteqsSi
epizoduri informaciis kodirebis dros, xolo
marjvena prefrontalur korteqsSi tvinis gaZ-
lierebul aqtivobas adgili hqonda epizoduri
informaciis aRdgenis dros. amrigad, anatomiuri
sxvaobac gamovlinda im konceptualuri sxvao-
bebis garda, romelic kogniturma fsiqologebma
aRmoaCines.
funqcionaluri magnituri rezonansiT (fMRI)
warmoebulma gamokvlevebmac gamoavlina mexsie-
rebis operaciebis tvinSi ganawilebis mniSvne-
lovani detalebi (Gabrieli, 1996, 1997).
saidan
viciT
tvini da kodirebis operaciebi
magnituri rezonansiT gamokvlevis
dros cdis pirebs mexsierebis eqsperimen-
tebi utardebodaT. maT proeqtoriT
ekranze miewodebodaT sityvebi, romlebsac
xedavdnen Tavs zemoT sarkeSi da eva-
lebodaT, TiToeuli sityvis Sesaxeb ori
tipis msjeloba ewarmoebinaT: _ seman-
tikuri: _ „es sityva, (magaliTad, „skami~,
an „siyvaruli~) abstaraqtulia, Tu kon-
kretuli?~ an perceptuli _ „es sityva,
(magaliTad, „ndoba~ an „wigni~) fanqriT
aris dawerili, Tu melniT?~ funqcio-
naluri magnituri rezonansiT gamokvlevam
gviCvena, rom marcxena prefrontaluri
qerqis midamoSi (frontaluri qerqis
aramotoruli ubani) semantikuri kodire-
bis ufro maRal aqtivacias aqvs adgili,
vidre perceptuli kodirebis SemTxvevaSi
(Gabrieli et al., 1996).
mecnierebi varaudoben, rom qerqis am ubnis
aqtivacias semantikuri kodireba iwvevs marcxena
naxevarsferos metyvelebasTan kavSiris gamo (ix.
Tavi 3).
ramdenime axali gamokvleva tvinis specifi-
kuri regionebis Seswavlas mieZRvna, romelTa
aqtivacia axali mexsierebis Camoyalibebis dros
xdeba (Brewe et al., 1998; Wagner et al.,1998). am
gamokvlevebSi cdis pirebs martivad unda
SeefasebinaT sityvebi an siuJetebi (scenebi).
(magaliTad, abstraqtulia Tu konkretulia esa
Tu is sityva). am amocanis Sesrulebis dros
cdis pirebs skanirebas ukeTebdnen magnituri
rezonansiT, raTa gamoevlinaT tvinis aqtivobis
ubnebi. skanirebam gasaocari ram uCvena: -
prefrontaluri qerqis da parahipokampuli
(hipokampTan axlos mdebare) qerqis is ubnebi
iyo ukeT ganaTebuli, romelTa Sesabamisi
sityvebis Tu siuJetebis Sefasebac ukeT SeZles.
am axal gamokvlevebSi gamoCnda mexsierebis
SemuSavebis pirveli periodis biologiuri
safuZvlebi.
skanirebis Sedegebi gviCvenebs, rom sxvadasxva
disciplinis mecnierebma erTad unda imuSaon,
raTa srulad Cawvdnen mexsierebis procesebis
kanonzomierebebs. fsiqologebi adamianis
mexsierebis Sesaxeb monacemebs moipoveben, rac
Semdgom neirofsiqologebisTvis masalaa tvinis
Sesabamisi struqturebis aRmosaCenad. amave dros,
fiziologebis monacemebi koreqcias ukeTeben
fsiqologiur Teoriebs informaciis kodirebis,
Senaxvisa da aRdgenis Sesaxeb. am sferoSi
momuSave mecnierebi saerTo ZalisxmeviT did
warmatebebs uzrunvelyofen mexsierebis proce-
sebis kvlevaSi.
Sejameba
karl leSlim, romelic pirveli iyo, vinc
engramebis Zieba daiwyo, aRmoaCina, rom mexsiereba
mexsierebis biologiuri aspeqtebi
mTel tvins moicavs. tvinis mravali struqturaa
CarTuli swavlisa da mexsierebis procesebSi.
amneziis mqone pacientebze gamokvlevebma
daamtkica, rom implicituri da eqsplicituri
procesebis ganxorcielebaSi gansxvavebuli
struqturebi monawileoben. tvinis skanirebis
teqnika SesaZleblobas iZleva ganisazRvros
janmrTel adamianTan mexsierebis procesTa
biologiuri safuZvlebi.
309
 sakvanZo
sakiTxebi
ra aris mexsiereba  xanmokle mexsierebis mo- lebs mxolod Sesabamis
 kognituri fsiqolo- culoba SeiZleba gaizardos informaciasTan (mexsiere-
giis warmomadgenlebi dasaxsomebeli wevrebis basTan) ar mivyavarT.
ganixilaven mexsierebas, azrian jgufebad dalagebis  rac ufro Rrmad aris gadamu-
rogorc informaciis Sedegad. Savebuli informacia, miT
gadamuSavebis process.  aRdgenis procesi xanmokle ukeTesia daxsomeba.
 mexsiereba, romelic moi- mexsierebidan efeqturad implicituri mexsierebis-
Txovs cnobier Zalisxme- xorcieldeba. Tvis mniSvneloba aqvs, rom
vas, aris eqsplicituri.  muSa mexsierebis farTo gageba kodirebis da aRdgenis pro-
aracnobieri mexsiereba xanmokle mexsierebas moi- cesebi msgavsi iyos.
implicituria. cavs.  mexsiereba SeiZleba gavium-
 deklaraciuli mexsie-  muSa mexsierebis sami kompo- jobesoT gadamamuSavebeli
reba uzrunvelyofs faq- nenti xels uwyobs gare samya- ganmeorebiT da mnemonikuri
tebis daxsomebas. proce- rodan gamocdilebis yovel- xerxebiT.
duruli mexsiereba ki wuTier asaxvas.  Cveulebriv, darwmunebu-
unarebis SemuSavebas. lobis gancdas zustad SeuZ-
 mexsierebas xSirad gani- lia mexsierebaSi infor-
xilaven, rogorc kodi-
xangrZlivi mexsiereba. maciis arsebobis winaswar-
rebis, Senaxvis da aRdge-
kodireba da aRdgena metyveleba.
nis samsafexurian pro-  xangrZlivi mexsiereba moi-
cess. cavs Tqvens srul codnas
samyarosa da Tqveni Tavis xangrZlivi mexsiere-
Sesaxeb; is TiTqmis ganu- bis struqturebi
sensoruli mexsiereba sazRvreli moculobisaa.  cnebebi aris azrovnebis-
 sensoruli mexsierebis  Tqveni gaxsenebis unaris Tvis mexsierebis saSeni
sistema didi moculobis, pirobaa kodirebisa da aR- agurebi. maTi Camoyalibeba
magram Zalian mcire xan- dgenis pirobebis damTxveva. xdeba, rodesac mexsiere-
grZlivobisaa.  swavlisa da aRdgenis kon- baSi Camoyalibdeba saerTo
 xatiseburi mexsiereba teqstebs Soris damTxveva niSnebis mqone obieqtebis,
mxedvelobiT vels wa- ganapirobebs aRdgenas. an azrTa jgufebi.
mebis ganmavlobaSi aCe-  adgilmdebareobis mrudis  prototipi warmoadgens
rebs. Tavisebureba aixsneba kon- cnebis saSualo egzem-
 eqo-mexsiereba smeniT gam- teqstebs Soris gansxvavebiT. plars.
Rizianeblebs inaxavs.  mogonebis mimniSneblebi  cnebebi xSirad ierarqi-
xels uwyoben xangrZliv mex- ulad arian dalagebulni
sierebaSi informaciis mo- zogadidan kerZosaken.
xanmokle mexsiereba Zebnas.  sqema ufro zogadi kog-
da muSa mexsiereba  epizodur mexsierebas iseTi nituri klasteria.
 xanmokle mexsierebas Se- movlenebis daxsomebasTan  mexsierebis yvela es zogadi
Tavi 8 / mexsiereba

zRuduli moculoba aqvs
da swrafad qreba gan-
meorebis SesaZleblobis
ararsebobis pirobebSi.
 ganmeoreba masalas xan-
mokle mexsierebaSi aCe-
rebs.
 interferencias maSin aqvs
310
310
aqvs saqme, romlebic pi-
rovnebis subieqtur gamoc-
dilebaSi monawileobdnen.
semantikuri mexsiereba si-
tyvebisa da cnebebis ar-
sebiTi mniSvnelobebis Sesa-
xeb mexsierebaa.
adgili, rodesac mimniSneb-
struqtura gamoiyeneba axa-
li informaciis molodi-
nebisa da interpretaciis
konteqstisTvis.
 mogoneba mxolod angariSi
ar aris, is rekonstruq-
ciuli da seleqciuri pro-
cesia.
 wina gamocdileba da  tvinis skanirebis teqnikam gadamuSavebis doneebis
miznebi gavlenas axdens udidesi roli Seasrula Teoria
mogonebaze. mexsierebis kodirebis da xangrZlivi mexsiereba
 axalma informaciam SeiZ- aRdgenis procesebSi tvi- mexsiereba
leba Secvalos mogoneba nis monawileobis Sesaxeb metamexsiereba
da amiT mowmis Cveneba codnis mopovebaSi. mnemonika
arasando gaxados, Tu mas dasawyisis efeqti
axali movlenis Semdgo- praimingi
mi informacia Seereva. ZiriTadi sakiTxebi proceduruli mexsiereba
amnezia prototipi
bazisuri done mogoneba
mexsierebis biolo- dajgufeba mwkrivis daboloebis
giuri aspeqtebi cnebebi efeqti
konteqstis mixedviT
 tvinis gansxvavebuli cnoba
gansxvaveba rekonstruqciuli
struqturebi (hipokampis,
deklaraciuli mexsiereba mexsiereba
amigdalas, cerebelumis
eqo-mexsiereba aRdgena
da cerebruli korteq-
gadamamuSavebeli mimniSneblebi
sis CarTviT) monawile-
ganmeoreba sqemebi
oben sxvadasva tipis
kodireba semantikuri mexsiereba
mexsierebaSi.
kodirebis specifikuroba
 eqsperimentebi amneziis sensoruli mexsiereba
engrama adgilmdebareobis efeqti
mqone pacientebze daex-
epizoduri mexsiereba
mara mkvlevrebs imis xanmokle mexsiereba
mexsierebis eqsplicituri
garkvevaSi, Tu rogor sacavi
gamoyeneba
xdeba gansxvavebuli ti- gadatanis Sesabamisi
xatiseburi mexsiereba
pis mexsierebis Camoya- gadamuSaveba
mexsierebis implicituri
libeba da tvinSi maTi muSa mexsiereba
gamoyeneba
ganawileba.
interferencia

sakvanZo sakiTxebi

311
311
 kognituri procesebi

9
kognituri procesebis
Seswavla
• fsiqikuri procesebis
aRmoCena
• fsiqikuri procesebi da
resursebii
metyveleba
• eqspresiuli metyveleba
• impresiuli metyveleba
• metyveleba, azrovneba
da kultura
fsiqologia Cvens cxov-
rebaSi: SeuZliaT Tu ara
cxovelebs enis Seswavla

vizualuri Semecneba
• vizualuri
reprezentaciebis
gamoyeneba
• verbaluri da
vizualuri
reprezentaciebis
kombinireba

problemis gadaWra da
azrovneba
• problemis gadawyveta
• deduqciuri azrovneba
• induqciuri azrovneba
fsiqologiaXXI saukuneSi:
eqspert-sistemebi da medicina
msjeloba da gadawyvetilebis
miReba
• evristika da msjeloba
• gadawyvetilebis miRebis
fsiqologia
sakvanZo sakiTxebi
• ZiriTadi cnebebi
312
 r odesac TojiniT vTamaSobdi, mi-
sis salivanma [elen keleris
maswavlebeli] xelze damawera
sityva `T-o-j-i-n-a~ (doll). me damainteresa TiTebis
am TamaSma da Sevecade gamemeorebina... ar vicodi,
rom vambobdi sityvas; saerTod ar vicodi, rom
sityva arsebobs, me ubralod TiTebiT vTa-
maSobdi.
erTxel, rodesac axali TojiniT vTamaSobdi,
misis salivanma aiRo Cemi Zveli Tojina, Camisva
kalTaSi da aso-aso miTxra `T-o-j-i-n-a~ da See-
cada mivexvedrebine, rom orive `T-o-j-i-n-a~ iyo.
manamde, cota xniT adre, veWidavebodiT sityvebs
`t-a-l-a-x-i~ da `w-y-a-l-i~. misis salivani cdi-
lobda, mivexvedrebine, rom `t-a-l-a-x-i~ aris
talaxi da `w-y-a-l-i~ aris wyali, magram me
kvlav mereoda es ori...
Cven saxlis garSemo biliks mivuyvebodiT da
mcenaris surneliT vtkbebodiT, romelic saxlis
kedlebs faravda. viRac wyals avsebda.
elen keleris avtobiografiis _ `Cemi cxov-
rebis ambavi~ _ am nawyvetSi avtori aRwers
enisa da azris gamoRviZebis mniSvnelovan deta-
lebs. erTi wlis asakSi elenma gadaitana gaur-
kveveli daavadeba, romlis Sedegadac man dakarga
mxedveloba da smena. sami TviT adre, sanam mas
Svidi weli Seusruldeboda, mis cxovrebaSi
gaCnda ana salivani _ misi maswavlebeli.
salivanma SeZlo SeWriliyo keleris wyvdiadSi
da, rogorc avtori aRniSnavs, saSualeba misca
gamoecada `azris dabrunebasTan dakavSirebuli
mRelvareba.~
Tqven, albaT, arasdros dagWirvebiaT ase cxa-
dad aRgeqvaT sakuTari kognituri procesebi. es
procesebi, rogorc wesi, cnobier mdgomareobaSi
Cemma maswavlebelma xeli wylis nakadSi Cama-
yofina. roca erT xelze civi wylis nakadi
Semexo, man meore xelis gulze damawera sityva
`wyali~ jer nela, Semdeg ufro swrafad. me
wynarad vijeqi da mTeli gulisyuriT Sevig-
rZnobdi misis salivanis TiTebis moZraobas.
uecrad dameufla bundovani amaRelvebeli
gancda, TiTqos raRac daviwyebuli brundeboda;
da rogorRac enis saidumlos farda aexada. maSin
mivxvdi, rom `w-y-a-l-i~ aris is mSvenieri grili
raRac, xelebze rom mexeboda. am cocxalma si-
tyvam gamoafxizla Cemi suli, mianiWa mas sinaTle,
imedi, sixaruli da Tavisufleba. Tumca, siZne-
leebi amiT ar dasrulebula, magram es siZneleebi
ukve advilad gvardeboda.
es saxli swavlis dauokebeli surviliT
davtove. ukve yvelafers hqonda Tavisi saxeli
da TiToeuli axal azrs badebda. saxlSi dab-
runebisas yvela sagani, romelsac ki vexebodi,
sicocxliT iyo gamsWvaluli (Keller, 1902/1990,
gv.15-16).
ganuwyvetliv mimdinareobs, magram adamiani-
kognituri procesebis Seswavla
saTvis SeumCneveli rCeba. miuxedavad amisa,
metyvelebisa da abstraqtuli azrovnebis unars
xSirad ganixilaven, rogorc adamianuri yofis
arsebiT niSans. Tumca, roca kargad Camoya-
libebuli moxseneba ipyrobs Tqvens guls, an
rodesac deteqtiur istoriaSi gamomZiebeli
ramdenime samxilze awyobs danaSaulis gaxsnis
virtuozul logikas, Cven vacnobierebT Semec-
nebiTi aqtiobis inteleqtualur triumfs.
termini Semecneba SemecnebiTi procesebis
yvela formas aerTianebs. rogorc 9.1 suraTzea
naCvenebi, kognituri procesebis Seswavla
adamianis fsiqikuri cxovrebis Seswavlas gulis-
xmobs (me-5 TavSi ganxilulia 9.1 suraTze 313
 kognituri
fsiqologia

fiqri da
grZnoba ena inteleqti yuradReba mexsiereba problemebis
gadaWra

suraTi
9.1
kognituri fsiqologiis sfero
kognituri fsiqologebi Seiswavlian umaRlesi fsiqikuri funqciebis Semdeg sakiTxebs: _ rogor xdeba
adamianis mier codnis SeZena da am codnis gamoyeneba garemos gagebisa da gardaqmnis mizniT.

aRwerili zogierTi sakiTxi). kognicia (Semec-

neba) aerTianebs rogorc Sinaarsebs, ise pro- momijnave sferoebSi erTi da imave sakiTxis
cesebs. SinaarsebSi moiazreba is, rac Tqven irgvliv arsebul codnaze. TiToeuli am sferos
iciT _ cnebebi, faqtebi, wesebi, mogonebebi: warmomadgenlebs SesaZlebloba aqvT, erTmaneTs
`ZaRli ZuZumwovaria~; „wiTeli sinaTle niSnavs monacemebi da aRmoCenebi gauziaron. me-8 TavSi
`sdeq~; `saxlidan wavedi 18 wlis asakSi~. kogni- Tqven naxeT, Tu rogoraa SesaZlebeli, mexsie-
turi procesebis saSualebiT Tqven manipu- rebis biologiuri safuZvlebis Sesaxeb sxvada-
lirebT im fsiqikuri SinaarsebiT, romlebic sxva kvlevebis gamoyenebiT, mexsierebis Teori-
gare samyaros interpretaciisa da cxovrebi- ebis daxvewa: kognituri mecnierebis arsi kargad
seuli dilemebis dros racionaluri gadawyveti- gamoCnda muSaobis procesSi. Teoriebis umrav-
lebis miRebis saSualebas gaZlevT.
fsiqologiaSi Semecnebas kognituri fsiqo-
logiis specialistebi Seiswavlian. bolo sami
aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi kognitur fsiqolo-
giasTan erTad am sakiTxebze muSaobdnen ukve
axali interdisciplinaruli sferos _ kognitu-
ri mecnierebis warmomadgenlebic (ix. sur. 9.2).
kognituri mecniereba fokusirebulia sxvadasxva

kognituri procesebi (Cognitive processes) – iseTi

umaRlesi fsiqikuri procesebi, rogoricaa: aR-
Tavi 9 / kognituri procesebi

qma, mexsiereba, metyveleba, problemis gadawyveta

da abstraqtuli azrovneba.
Semecneba (Cognition) – codnis SeZenis procesi,
romelic moicavs yuradRebis miqcevas, gaxse-
nebas, azrovnebas; aseve, gulisxmobs procesebis
Sinaarss: cnebebs da STabeWdilebebs.
kognituri fsiqologia (Cognitive Psychology) –
mecniereba, romelic Seiswavlis umaRles fsi-
suraTi
9.2
qikur procesebs – yuradRebas, enis gamoyenebas,
aRqmas, problemis gadaWras da azrovnebas. kognituri mecnierebis sfero
kognituri mecniereba (Cognitive science) – in- kognituri mecniereba warmoadgens filosofiis,
neiromecnierebis, lingvistikis, kognituri
formaciis gadamuSavebis procesebisa da sis-
fsiqologiis da kompiuteruli mecnierebis
temebis kvlevis interdisciplinaruli sfero.
314 (xelovnuri inteleqtis) rTul kombinacias.
lesoba, romelsac winamdebare TavSi ganvixi-
lavT, sxvadasxva momijnave specialistebis
cxrili
9.1
urTierTTanamSromlobis Sedegadaa Seqmnili.
Semecnebis Seswavlas kognituri procesebis dondersis fsikuri procesebis analizi
kvlevis mokle aRweriT daviwyebT _ rogor cdi- (qarTuli varianti)
loben mkvlevrebi kognituri funqcionirebis CainiSneT TiToeul davalebaze daxarjuli
Sinagani procesebis gazomvas; Semdeg ganvixi- dro (wamebSi). davalebebi SeasruleT mocemuli
lavT kognituri fsiqologiis kvlevis ZiriTad TanmimdevrobiT. imuSaveT SeZlebisdagvarad
sakiTxebs, romlebsac praqtikuli gamoyeneba swrafad.
aqvT: metyveleba, vizualuri Semecneba, prob-
davaleba 1: yvela didad daweril asos
lemis gadaWra, azrovneba, msjeloba da gadawyve- daawereT Tavze „s~
tilebis miReba.
iyo arabeTs rostevan,
mefe RmrTisagan sviani,
maRali, uxvi, mdabali,
laSqar-mravali ymiani
kognituri procesebis dro: __________
Seswavla
davaleba 2: didad daweril xmovnebs
daawereT Tavze „v~, xolo didad daweril
rogor SeiZleba Semecnebis Seswavla? pirve- Tanxmovnebs „s~
li, rac TavSi mogivaT, isaa, rom kognituri iyo arabeTs rostevan,
procesebi Tavis tvinTanaa dakavSirebuli. Tqven mefe RmrTisagan sviani,
SegiZliaT dainaxoT masSi Sesuli informacia, maRali, uxvi, mdabali,
magaliTad, fraza `damireke~ da daakvirdeT Sedegs laSqar-mravali ymiani
dro: ___________
_ darekes; magram rogor SegiZliaT moaxdinoT
im moqmedebebis identifikacia, romlebic frazas davaleba 3: yvela didad daweril asos
Tqvens reaqciasTan akavSirebs? rogor SegiZliaT daawereT Tavze „v~
gaigoT, ra moxda am SualedSi _ romeli
iyo arabeTs rostevan,
kognituri procesebisa da fsiqikuri reprezen- mefe RmrTisagan sviani,
taciebis aqtivacias efuZneba Tqveni reaqcia? am maRali, uxvi, mdabali,
TavSi aRwerilia logikuri analizis is tipebi, laSqar-mravali ymiani
romelTa safuZvelzec SesaZlebeli gaxda dro:__________
kognituri fsiqologiis mecnieruli Seswavla.

CamoTvaloT safexurebi, romlebic gaiareT

fsiqikuri procesebis aRmoCena
fsiqikuri procesebis Seswavlis erT-erTi
ZiriTadi meTodologia Seiqmna 1868 wels holan-
dieli fsiqologis f. dondersis (F.C. Donders)
mier. `fsiqikuri procesebis siswrafis~ Seswav-
lis mizniT dondersma Seqmna eqsperimentuli
davalebebi, romelTa warmatebiT Sesrulebis
dros SesaZlebeli gaxdeboda gonebrivi safe-
xurebis gamoyofa (Lachman et al., 1979). cxrilSi
9.1 mocemulia eqsperimenti, romelSic daculia
dondersis logika. sanam kiTxvas gaagrZelebdeT,
gTxovT, SeasruloT TiToeuli davaleba.
ramdeni xani dagWirdaTEpirveli davalebis
Sesasruleblad? warmoidgineT, rom Tqven unda
davalebis Sesasruleblad. CamonaTvali daax- kognituri procesebis Seswavla
loebiT aseTi iqneba:
a. gansazRvreT, niSani didia Tu patara;
b. Tu didia, daawereT Tavze „s~.
ramdeni xani dagWirdaT meore davalebis
Sesasruleblad? am savarjiSos Sesasruleblad
studentebis umravlesobas naxevari wuTiT meti
an kidev ufro meti dro sWirdebaT. es gasagebi
gaxdeba, rogorc ki aucilebel safexurebs
CamovTvliT:
a. gansazRvreT niSani didia Tu patara;
b. gansazRvreT didi aso xmovania Tu
Tanxmovani;
315
 g. Tu Tanxmovania, daawereT Tavze „s~, Tu
xmovania, daawereT „v~.
amgvarad, pirveli davalebidan meoreze
gadasvlisas Cven davamateT ori gonebrivi
safexuri, romlebic SegviZlia ganvsazRvroT,
rogorc stimulTa kategorizacia (xmovani Tu
Tanxmovani) da pasuxis arCeva (v-s Tu s-s dawera).
pirveli davaleba stimulTa kategorizaciis
erT safexurs moiTxovs, meore davaleba ki _
aseTi kategorizaciis or safexurs da, agreTve,
or pasuxs Soris arCevanis gakeTebas. vinaidan
meore davalebaSi yvelafris gakeTeba giwevT,
rac pirvel davalebaSi gaakeTeT da kidev metis,
amitomac meore davalebis SesrulebisTvis meti
droa saWiro. es iyo dondersis mosazrebis
ZiriTadi arsi: damatebiTi gonebrivi safexuri
(operacia) yovelTvis met dros saWiroebs
SesrulebisTvis. albaT, gainteresebT, ratom
SemovitaneT mesame davaleba. es eqsperimentis
Catarebis aucilebeli proceduraa. Cven unda
davrwmundeT, rom pirveli da meore davalebis
Sesrulebaze daxarjul droebs Soris sxvaoba
ar aris ganpirobebuli imiT, rom v–s daweras
sWirdeba meti dro, vidre s–s daweras. mesame
davalebas ufro naklebi dro unda sWirdebodes,
vidre meores (Tqvens SemTxvevaSic ase iyo, ara?)
Tavdapirvelad donderss imedi hqonda, rom
Tavis proceduras sxvadasxva fsiqikuri proce-
sebis xangrZlivobis zusti SefasebisaTvis gamoi-
yenebda. misi meTodis gamoyenebiT Tqven SegeZ-
loT, gamogekloT pirveli davalebis Sesrule-
bisaTvis daxarjuli dro meore davalebaze
daxarjuli droisaTvis da gangesazRvraT
stumulis kategorizaciisa da pasuxis arCevi-
sTvis saWiro dro. Tu Tqven SeqmniT davalebas,
romelic mxolod stimulis kategorizacias
Tavi 9 / kognituri procesebi
saWiroebs (xolo pasuxis arCeva ar iqneba saWiro,
rogorc es dondersma gaakeTa), maSin Tqven
SegiZliaT mianiWoT ricxvebi _ garkveuli dro
_ calkeul process. amgvarad, SesaZloa, sti-
mulis kategorizacias sWirdebodes 100 miliwami
(wamis measedi), xolo pasuxis arCevas _ 150
miliwami.
kognitur fsiqologiaSi momuSave specialis-
tebi aRar iyeneben gamoklebis meTods, radganac
nebismieri procesisaTvis saWiro dro damokide-
bulia davalebis detalebze. Tumca, mkvlevrebi
mihyvebian dondersis ZiriTad logikas. isini
316
xSirad iyeneben reaqciis dros _ drois xan-
grZlivobas, romelic cdis pirs sWirdeba kon-
kretuli davalebis Sesasruleblad. dondersis
ZiriTadi debuleba, rom damatebiTi fsiqikuri
procesi saWiroebs damatebiT dros, kvlav
fundamentur wanamZRvars warmoadgens kognitur
fsiqologiaSi Catarebul kvlevaTa umetesobaSi.
vnaxoT, rogor ganviTarda es mosazreba ukanas-
kneli 130 wlis ganmavlobaSi.
fsiqikuri procesebi da
resursebi
kognitur fsiqologiaSi momuSave specia-
listebis mier iseTi umaRlesi kognituri pro-
cesebis Semadgenel komponentebad (calkeul
procesebad) daSla, rogoricaa metyveleba da
problemis gadaWra, kubebiT TamaSs waagavs.
TiToeuli kubi warmoadgens gansxvavebul
komponents (process, romlis ganxorcielebac
unda moxdes). aqtivobis mizania gansazRvros
TiToeuli kubis forma da zoma da kubebi ise
moargos erTmaneTs, rom mTliani procesi
ganxorcieldes. dondersis davalebebSi Tqven
naxavT, rom kubebi SeiZleba daewyos mwkrivSi
(ix. sur. 9.3., nawili A). erT safexurs pirdapir
mohyveba meore. kubebis metaforuli gamoyeneba
saSualebas gvaZlevs, davinaxoT, rom SesaZle-
belia ramdenime procesis erTdrouli mimdina-
reoba (nawili B). es ori suraTi warmoadgens
me-5 TavSi aRweril seriul da paralelur
procesebs Soris gansxvavebis ilustracias.
Tqven xedavT, rom vizualuri Zieba zogierT
SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba warimarTos paralelurad
_ rigSi mocemuli yvela elementis Semowmeba
SesaZlebelia erTdroulad, xolo sxva tipis
Zieba moiTxovs TiToeuli elementis seriul
gadamuSavebas. Semowmeba unda moxdes cal-calke,
erTimeoris miyolebiT.
procesebis paraleluri Tu seriuli mimdi-
nareobis identifikaciis mizniT fsiqologebi
xSirad iyeneben reaqciis dros, Tumca, 9.3
suraTis me-3 nawilSi mocemuli magaliTi
dagarwmunebT, rom es meTodi yovelTvis ar
amarTlebs. warmoidgineT, rom gvaqvs davaleba,
romelic, savaraudod, or process moicavs. Tu
Cven gvecodineba mxolod am procesebis
mimdinareobis dro, verasodes ganvsazRvravT
 suraTi
9.3
umaRlesi kognituri
procesebis analizi
kognituri fsiqologebi cdiloben, gan-
sazRvron im fsiqikuri procesebis iden-
turoba da organizacia, romlebic umaR-
lesi kognituri procesebis (maRali donis
kognituri aqtivobebis) saSen masalas
warmoadgenen;
(A) dondersis davalebis avtoriseuli
versia moiTxovs, rom, sul cota, 3 procesi
Tanmimdevrulad ganxorcieldes;
(B) zogierTi procesi mimdinareobs se-
riulad, anu Tanmimdevrulad; zogierTi
ki erTdroulad, erTmaneTis paralelurad;
(C) davalebis Sesrulebaze daxarjuli
dro yovelTvis ar aZlevs mkvlevrebs
saSualebas, gansazRvron procesebis para-
leluri Tu seriuli mimdinareoba.

rom megobarTan erTad midixarT saswavlebelSi.

maTi mimdinareobis specifikas zustad, anu ar
Cveulebriv, TqvenTvis advilia, iaroT pirdapir
viqnebiT darwmunebulni, Tanmimdevrulad
da Tan isaubroT _ am dros gadaadgilebisa da
mimdinareobs es ori procesi TuU erTdroulad.
metyvelebis procesi paralelurad mimdinareobs;
kognituri fsiqologiis kvlevis erT-erT mniS-
magram ra moxdeba, Tu moulodnelad trotuarze
vnelovan problemas warmoadgens davalebis
gubeebs dainaxavT? gubeebs Soris gzis gasak-
iseTi pirobebis Seqmna, romlebic saSualebas
vlevad, SesaZlebelia, Tqven SewyvitoT saubari. kognituri procesebis Seswavla
miscems eqsperimentators, gansazRvros uamravi
axla gadaadgilebis procesi moiTxovs dama-
SesaZlo konfiguraciidan blokebis swori
tebiT resursebs gegmis SesamuSaveblad; metyve-
varianti. savarjiSos meore davalebaSi (rome-
lebis procesi ki momentalurad ferxdeba.
lic Tqven axlaxan gaakeTeT) Cven SegviZlia
am magaliTSi ZiriTadi daSveba isaa, rom
darwmunebulebi viyoT, rom procesebi seriulia,
adamianebs gadamuSavebis SezRuduli resursebi
radgan erTi aqtivoba Tanmimdevrulad moiTxovs
aqvT, romelTa gadanawilebac unda moxdes
Semdeg aqtivobas. magaliTad, Tqven ar SegiZliaT
sxvadasxva davalebaze (Kahneman, 1973; Navon &
moaxdinoT reagireba (moemzadoT s-s an v-s
dasawerad), sanam ar gansazRvravT, Tu rogori seriuli procesebi (Serial processes) _ ori an
unda iyos pasuxi. meti fsiqikuri procesi, romelic Tanmimdevru-
Teoretikosebi procesebis seriuli da para- lad, erTmaneTis Semdeg mimdinareobs.
leluri mimdinareobis gansazRvras xSirad paraleluri procesebi (Parallel processes) _ ori
aqtivobaSi CarTul fsiqikur resursebze moTxov- an meti fsiqikuri procesi, romelic erT-
317
nis xarisxis SefasebiT cdiloben. warmoidgineT, droulad mimdinareobs.
 cxrili
9.2
ricxvebis gadamuSaveba
dasviT raime niSani fizikurad gansxvavebuli
wyvilebis Tavze, iqneba es ricxvebis Tu sityvebis
wyvilebi (e.i. unda aRniSnoT 4-6 da oTxi-eqvsi).
SeecadeT, gansazRvroT, romeli sia ufro rTulia.
sia A.

8-8 cxra-rva 1-2 rva-rva

2-1 8-9 9-9 2-2
ori-ori erTi-ori cxra-cxra rva-cxra
erTi-erTi 1-1 ori-erTi 9-8
sia B.

1-1 cxra-ori erTi-erTi cxra-cxra

2-9 rva-ori 9-9 1-9
cxra-erTi 8-8 rva-rva cxra-erTi
2-2 1-8 2-8 ori-ori

Gopher, 1979). am resursebis gadanawilebaze Tqveni

yuradRebaa pasuxismgebeli. me-5 TavSi yuradReba
ganxilulia, rogorc procesebis erToblioba,
romelic saSualebas gvaZlevs konkretul situa-
ciaSi amovarCioT CvenTvis saWiro perceptuli
informacia. am SemTxvevaSi termini yuradReba
gulisxmobs seleqcias. Tumca, gasarkvevia,
romeli fsiqikuri procesi unda iqnes amor-
Ceuli, rogorc gadamuSavebis resursis mimRebi.
aqve unda aRiniSnos kidev erTi sirTule
yvela procesi ar saWiroebs erTnair resurss.
faqtobrivad, Cven SegviZlia ganvsazRvroT,
avtomaturia procesi Tu saWiroebs kontrols
(Shiffrin & Schneider, 1977). kontrolirebadi pro-
cesebi saWiroebs yuradRebas, avtomaturi pro-
cesebi ki, rogorc wesi _ ara. erTdroulad
Tavi 9 / kognituri procesebi
paralelurad, masSi cnobieri CarTulobis
gareSe.
qvemoT moyvanilia avtomaturi procesebis
magaliTi. dasawyisisTvis gTxovT, SeasruloT
9.2 cxrilSi mocemuli davaleba. rTuli iyo
Tu ara A sia, B siasTan SedarebiT?
saidan
viciT
Tqven ar SegiZliaT uaryoT ricxvebis
`mniSvneloba~
cdis pirebs sTxoves, SeefasebinaT 9.2

erTze meti kontrolirebadi procesis ganxor-
cieleba Zalian rTulia, radganac isini ufro
met resurss moiTxoven; avtomaturi procesebis
Sesruleba ki SesaZlebelia sxva davalebis
kontrolirebadi procesebi (Controlled processes)
_ procesebi, romlebic moiTxoven yuradRebas;
xSirad rTulia erTdroulad erTze meti
kontrolirebadi procesis erTd ganxorcieleba.
avtomaturi procesebi (Automatic processes) _
procesebi, romlebic ar moiTxoven yuradRebas,
maTi ganxorcieleba SesaZlebelia sxva moqme-
318 debis paralelurad.
cxrilSi ricxvebs Soris gansxvaveba. mi-
Rebuli Sedegebis mixedviT, cdis pirebs
bevrad ufro uWirT, roca ricxvebi axlos
mdgomni arian (magaliTad, 1-2) vidre maSin,
roca maT Soris didi intervalia (magali-
Tad, rva-erTi), ganurCevlad imisa, Tu ra
formiTaa cifrebi mocemuli _ arabuliT
Tu sityvebiT. miaqcieT yuradReba, rom
pirvel siaSi mocemulia gansxvavebuli
wyvilebi, romelTa Sorisac mcire inter-
valebia, xolo meore siaSi mocemul wyvi-
lebs Soris intervali didia, amitom
pirveli sia ufro Zneli unda yofiliyo.
 magram, ratom unda moexdina ricxvebis
siaxloves gavlena maTi fizikuri msgav-
sebis gansazRvraze? erTi-ori da erTi-
cxra fizikuri gansxvavebulobis xarisxis
mixedviT TiTqmis identuria. mkvlevrebi
varaudoben, rom, rodesac xedavT 2-1 an
ori, Zalauneburad fiqrobT Sesabamis
raodenobaze, maSinac ki, rodesac es xels
uSlis davalebis Sesrulebas. am dros
xdeba ricxvis mniSvnelobis avtomaturi
Sefaseba, miuxedavad imisa, rom, es ar
gvWirdeba an ar gvinda (Dohaene & Akhavein,
1995).
bavSvobidan, albaT, gaxsovT, rogor eufle-
bodiT raodenobas da ricxvis cnebebs. axla
kavSiri ricxvsa da raodenobas Soris imdenad
avtomaturi gaxda, rom misgan Tavis daRweva
TiTqmis SeuZlebelia. zemoT moyvanili
davalebidan Cans, rom avtomaturi procesebi
mniSvnelovnadaa damokidebuli mexsierebis
efeqtur gamoyenebaze (Logan, 1988,1992). iqneba
obieqti „2~ Tu „ori~ – aRqmulis mexsierebaSi
gadamuSaveba uzrunvelyofs informacias rao-
denobis Sesaxeb.
axla es informacia kontrolirebadi da
avtomaturi procesebis Sesaxeb, gamoviyenoT
erTdrouli siarulisa da saubris situaciis
gansaxilvelad. swor gzaze siarulis dros
ori moqmedeba xels ar uSlis erTmaneTs, rac
imaze miuTiTebs, rom swor gzaze siaruli da
laparaki SedarebiT avtomaturi aqtivobebia;
Tumca, gubeebis gamoCenisTanave situacia ic-
vleba, rac gaiZulebT gzis mravali varian-
tidan airCioT erT-erTi _ unda gadawyvitoT,
saiT waxvideT da ra TqvaT.
radganac Tqven ar SegiZliaT orive moqme-
debis erTdroulad Sesruleba, Tqveni yurad-
Reba „CixSi eqceva~ (Pashler, 1992,4).
es magaliTi cxadyofs, ratom xdeba kontro-
lirebadi da avtomaturi procesebis xarisxis
da ara zusti kategoriebis mixedviT gansazRvra.
pirobebis garTulebis SemTxvevaSi is, rac
avtomaturi iyo, ukve yuradRebis kontrols
saWiroebs. amgvarad, konteqstidan gamomdinare,
esa Tu is procesi SeiZleba met-nakleb yurad-
Rebas iTxovdes.
axla Tqven xvdebiT fsiqikuri procesebis
logikas. rTuli saazrovno amocanebis gadaWris
mimdinareobis axsnis mizniT, Teoretikosebi
gvTavazoben modelebs, romlebSic kombini-
rebulia rogorc seriuli da paraleluri, ise
kontrolirebadi da avtomaturi procesebi.
kognitur-fsiqologiur kvlevaTa umravlesobis
mizania iseTi eqsperimentuli situaciis Seqmna,
romelic daadasturebs aseTi modelebis TiTo-
euli komponentis arsebobas. axla, rodesac
ukve naTelia kognitur-fsiqologiuri kvlevis
logika fsiqikuri procesebis Seswavlisas, droa
gadavideT ufro konkretul sakiTxebze. Cven
saSualeba gveqneba, ganvixiloT konkretuli
kognituri procesebi muSaobis procesSi. davi-
wyebT metyvelebis gamoyenebiT.
Sejameba
kognitur fsiqologiaSi da kognitur mecnie-
rebaSi momuSave specialistebi Seiswavlian
fsiqikur procesebsa da struqturebs, romlebic
saSualebas aZlevs adamians, gamoiyenos ena,
gadaWras problema da miiRos gadawyvetileba.
dondersma pirvelma Seqmna kognituri davalebis
calkeul Semadgenel procesebad gaanalizebis
meTodi. Tanamedrove mkvlevrebi fsiqikuri
aqtivobis komponentebis gansazRvris mizniT
Seiswavlian seriuli da paraleluri procesebis
komponentebs, sxvadasxva donis avtomatur da
kontrolirebad procesebs.
metyveleba
SuaRamea da karze viRac akakunebs. kars aRebT
da iq aravin aris; ucbad SeamCnieT, rom Zirs
konverti devs, konvertSi ki furcelia, romel-
zec weria: „kata xaliCazea~. ras geubnebaT es
Setyobineba? ra SegviZlia SevcvaloT, rom es
Setyobineba gasagebi gaxdes TqvenTvis? am
metyveleba
SemTxvevaSi yvelaze advilia, mogawodoT Sesa-
bamisi konteqsti. warmoidgineT, rom Tqven sai-
dumlo agenti xarT da instruqciebs yovel-
Tvis aseTi ucnauri saxiT iRebT. maSin Tqven
gecodinebaT, rom „kata~ aris Tqveni kontaqti,
319
 xolo „xaliCaze yofna~ sabrZolo adgils
niSnavs, e.i. Tqven unda waxvideT.
magram imisaTvis, rom fraza _ „kata xali-
Cazea~ _ gasagebi iyos, sulac ar aris auci-
lebeli, saidumlo agenti iyoT. mas SeiZleba
sxvadasxva mniSvneloba hqondes.
warmoidgineT, rom Tqveni kata xaliCaze
karis win mxolod maSin wveba da gelodebaT,
roca gareT gasvla surs. rodesac Tqven Tqveni
ojaxis romelime wevrs eubnebiT „kata xali-
Cazea~, Tqven gulisxmobT: _ „SegiZlia, kata
gareT gauSva?~
warmoidgineT, rom Tqvens megobars surs suraTi
9.4
manqanis gamoyvana farexidan da SiSobs, radgan
ar icis, sad aris kata. am dros Tqven eubnebiT: eqspresiuli metyveleba
„kata xaliCazea~ da am sityvebSi gulisxmobT, SegiZliaT aRuweroT suraTi Tqvens megobars?
rom katas safrTxe ar emuqreba da mas SeuZlia ras SecvlidiT, Tqveni megobari rom brma
manqanis gamoyvana. iyos?

warmoidgineT, rom gsurT SeajibroT

Tqveni kata da Tqveni megobris ZaRli. am dros metyveleba), ise mosaubris mier nagulisxmevi
Tqven ambobT: „kata xaliCazea~, riTac miuTiTebT, azris gagebaze (impresiuli metyveleba):
rom „kata isvenebs da ar surs sirbili~. nagulisxmevi azris gamosaTqmelad ro-
Tavi 9 / kognituri procesebi

aRweril magaliTebSi mocemulia gansxvaveba gor iyenebs mosaubre swor sityvebs;

winadadebis azrsa da mosaubris mier nagulis-
xmev azrs, sazriss Soris (Grice, 1968). metyvelebis
gamoyenebis Seswavlisas fsiqologebi aqcents
akeTeben rogorc produqciaze (eqspresiuli
eqspresiuli metyveleba (Lenguage production) –
is, rasac adamianebi amboben, aniSneben an weren;
am Sinaarsebis gadmocemis procesi.
msmenelis gaTvaliswineba (Audience design) _
konkretul auditoriaze gaTvlili Sinaarsis
320 formirebis procesi.
rogor igebs msmeneli mosaubris mier
nagulisxmev azrs.
eqspresiuli metyveleba
SexedeT 9.4 suraTs da SeecadeT, ramodenime
sityviT aRweroT is. ris Tqmas apirebT? axla
warmoidgineT, rom igigve suraTi unda aRuweroT
brma adamians. ras SecvlidiT? gWirdebaT Tu
ara meore SemTxvevaSi gonebis ufro meti daZabva?
eqspresiuli metyvelebis Seswavlisas aqcenti
 cxrili
9.3
graisis aqsiomebi eqspresiuli metyvelebis Sesaxeb
1. raodenoba: Setyobineba unda iyos imdenad informaciuli, ramdenis moTxovnac aris. nu miawodebT imaze met
informacias, vidre mogeTxovebaT.
rCeva mosaubrisaTvis: Tqven unda ecadoT, gansazRvroT, realurad ra raodenobis informacia esaWiroeba Tqvens
msmenels. amisaTvis SeiZleba saWiro gaxdes winaswar imis gansazRvra, Tu ra icis msmenelma.
2. xarisxi: SeecadeT, ilaparakoT simarTle. ar TqvaT iseTi ram, rac mcdari ggoniaT da risi damadasturebeli
faqtebic ar gaqvT.
rCeva mosaubrisaTvis: rodesac Tqven laparakobT, msmeneli elodeba Tqven mier miwodebuli informaciis
dadasturebas. TiToeuli gamonaTqvamis dagegmvis dros mofiqrebuli unda gqondeT misi damadasturebeli
faqtebi.
3. mimarTeba: Tanmimdevruloba.
rCeva mosaubrisaTvis: rodesac raimes ambobT, darwmunebuli unda iyoT, rom msmenelisaTvis gasagebia kavSiri
Tqven mier miwodebul Setyobinebasa da manamde miwodebul informacias Soris. Tu cvliT saubris Tema anu
Tqven mier Camoyalibebuli azri pirdapir kavSirSi ar aris wina informaciasTan, Tqven unda auxsnaT, ris
Sesaxeb saubrobT.
4. stili: ilaparakeT zustad da garkveviT; moerideT orazrovani frazebis gamoyenebas. teqsti agebul unda iqnes
mokle da gamarTuli winadadebebiT.
rCeva mosaubrisaTvis: Tqven valdebuli xarT ilaparakoT SeZlebisdagvarad garkveviT, Tumca, ara xarT dazRveuli
Secdomebisagan. rogorc yuradRebiani da gulisxmieri mosaubre, unda darwmundeT, rom msmenelebma sworad
gaiges, risi Tqmac gsurdaT.

5. Cans Tu ara qvemoT mocemul dialogSi, ramdenad iyenebs daTo graisis aqsiomebs?

ras amboben? ra SeiZleba ifiqros daTom?

giorgi: yofilxar niu-iorkSi? ar vici ratom mekiTxeba, amitom, albaT, ufro meti
daTo: erTxel, 1992 wels. unda vuTxra, vidre, ubralod `ho~.
giorgi: wasvlas vapireb, magram meSinia ar ver vetyvi, rom sanerviulo araferi aqvs, mainc ar
gamZarcvon. damijerebs. ra SeiZleba vuTxra iseTi, rac
daTo: Cemi azriT, iq bevri usafrTxo adgilia. simarTles hgavs da Tanac daamSvidebs?
Tu vetyvi, rom sastumroSi ar gavCerebulvar,
giorgi: sastumro rogori iyo?
SeiZleba ifiqros, rom sxvagan gavaTie Rame. iseTi
daTo: RamiT ar davrCenilvarT.
ram unda vuTxra, rac gasagebs gaxdis, ratom ar
SemiZlia kiTxvaze pasuxis gacema.
wasvla ar minda, magram ar minda uaris Tqma uxeSad
giorgi: ar ginda, erTad wavideT?
gamomivides. mixvdeba giorgi, rom Tavs varideb?
daTo: ar vici, unda vnaxo, ramdenad SevZleb
(Tavis daZvrenas vcdilob)
wamosvlas.

giorgi: aa . . .
gaeba maxeSi.
daTo: hm

keTdeba rogorc metyvelebis produqciaze (ras msmenelis gaTvaliswineba

irCeven adamianebi mocemul momentSi saTqmelad),
Cven SemogTavazeT, aRgeweraT 9.4 suraTi
ise, im procesebze, romlebic Setyobinebebs,
normaluri mxedvelobis mqone da brma ada-
gamonaTqvamebs udevs safuZvlad. metyveleba ar
metyveleba

mianisTvis im mizniT, rom gamonaTqvami konkre-

gulisxmobs mxolod zepir metyvelebas; metyve-
tuli msmenelis gaTvaliswinebiT dagegegmaT.
lebaa, agreTve, wera da JestebiT saubari. advi-
nebismier SemTxvevaSi saubrisas unda gaiTvalis-
lad gasagebad saxelmZRvaneloSi gamoyenebulia
winoT, vin aris Tqveni msmeneli da is infor-
sityvebi: mosaubre – is, vinc metyvelebs anu
macia, romelic unda miawodoT auditoriis
wers an laparakobs (igulisxmeba JestebiT
wevrebs (Clark, 1992, 1996). magaliTad, Tqven, albaT,
laparakic) da msmeneli – is, vinc ismens (igebs). 321
 TavSi azrad ar mogivaT vinmes uTxraT, rom
`kata xaliCazea~, Tu man ar icis, rom kata
xaliCaze mxolod maSin wveba, rodesac gareT
gasvla surs. msmenelis gaTvaliswinebis wesi,
romelic TanamSromlobis princips emyareba,
pirvelad filosofosma h. pol graisma (H. Paul
Grice) Semoitana. graisi TanamSromlobis prin-
cips ganixilavs, rogorc mosaubris instruqcias,
gamonaTqvami aagos mimdinare saubris pirobebisa
da mniSvnelobis mixedviT.
am instruqciis arsis gasagebad graisma Camoa-
yaliba oTxi aqsioma, romelsac gulisxmieri
da yuradRebiani mosaubreebi iyeneben. 9.3. cxril-
Si warmodgenilia TiToeuli aqsioma da SeTx-
zuli dialogi, sadac naCvenebia metyvelebis
dros aRwerili aqsiomebis gavlena pasuxebis
SerCevaze. rogorc 9.3 cxrilidan Cans, karg
mosaubres unda SeeZlos, gaTvalos, Tu ra
SeiZleba icodes da gaigos misma msmenelma.
amgvarad, Tqven ar etyviT Tqvens megobars: „dRes
aleqsisTan erTad vsadilob~, Tu darwmunebuli
ara xarT, rom man icis, vin aris aleqsi. garda
amisa, TqvenTvis da Tqveni megobrisTvis nacnob
yvela aleqss Soris mxolod erTs axsenebT am
konteqstSi (sadilad sxvasTan erTad ar
waxvalT); anu „saerTo codnaSi~ arsebobs vinme
aleqsi, romelic cnobilia rogorc TqvenTvis,
ise _ Tqveni megobrisaTvis. herbert klarks da
qeTrin marSals (Herbert Klark, Kethrine Marshal, 1981)
miaCniaT, rom „saerTo codna~ informaciis sam
wyaros eyrdnoba:
jgufis wevroba – sxvadasxva sididis jgu-
fis wevrebi Semoklebul msjelobebs iyeneben,
roca azri eyrdnoba jgufis wevrebis saerTo
gamocdilebas da gasagebia misi wevrebisTvis;
lingvisturi Tanaarseboba – saubrisas
Tavi 9 / kognituri procesebi
adamianebi ukve ganxilul informacias (wina
saubrebis dros) miiCneven „saerTo codnis~
nawilad;
fizikuri Tanaarseboba – roca mosaubre
da msmeneli fizikurad erT situaciaSi imyofe-
bian da Sexeba aqvT erTsa da imave obieqtebTan.
es gulisxmobs rogorc saubris garemos (sivrces,
romelSic saubari mimdinareobs), ise _ maT
garSemomyof adamianebs.
amrigad, rodesac Tqven axsenebT aleqsis:
„me dRes aleqsisTan erTad vsadilob~, SesaZloa,
322
gasagebi iyos imitom, rom Tqven da Tqveni
megobari mcire jgufis wevrebi xarT, romelsac
aleqsic miekuTvneba (jgufis wevroba), an,
SesaZloa imitom, rom adre Tqven ukve aRniSneT
aleqsis arseboba (lingvisturi Tanaarseboba),
an, sulac, imitom, rom aleqsi iqve dgas oTaxSi
(fizikuri Tanaarseboba).
saidan
viciT
eqspresiul metyvelebaze gavlenas axdens
jgufis wevroba
eqsperimentulLpirobebSi mkvlevrebi
studentebs sTxovdnen, SeesrulebinaT
Sedarebis davaleba ise, rom winaswar ara-
fers eubnebodnen. eqsperimentators win
ewyo gansazRvruli TanmimdevrobiT 16 Ria
baraTi (4X4) niu-iorkis xedebiT da mas
ise unda aRewera suraTebi, rom cdis pirebs
swori TanmimdevrobiT daelagebinaT isini.
eqsperimentatori da cdis piri erTmaneTs
ver xedavdnen, Tumca, maT hqondaT saubris
SesaZlebloba. eqsperimentators swrafad
SeeZlo ganesazRvra, icnobda Tu ara c.p.
niu-iorks. rodesac isini niu-iorkis mcxov-
reblebs esaubrebodnen baraTebis aRsa-
werad, isini ufro metad iyenebdnen saku-
Tar saxelebs: „es aris sitikorpis Senoba~,
vidre zogad maxasiaTeblebs: „es aris
maRali Senoba samkuTxa saxuraviT~ (Clark,
1987).
ufro dawvrilebiT ganvixiloT jgufis
wevroba. warmoidgineT, rom vinmes pirvelad
xvdebiT. Tu Tqven gsurT, rom yuradRebiani da
gulisxmieri mosaubre iyoT, pirvel rigSi unda
gaarkvioT ra sazogadoebas (jgufs) ekuTvnis
igi. amgvarad, mosaubre laparakis dros iTvalis-
winebs Tavis molodins msmenelis Sesaxeb (Tu
ra iqneba misTvis gasagebi). adamianebs SeuZliaT
TiTqmis zustad gansazRvron, ra SeiZleba
icodnen sakuTari jgufis wevrebma, Tumca,
tendencia aqvT dauSvan, rom sxvebisTvisac
cnobilia is, rac TviTon ician (Fussel & Kraus,
1992). msmenelis codnis zusti gansazRvra SesaZ-
lebels xdis eqspresiuli metyvelebis adek-
vatur regulacias.Y
 daakvirdiT, Tu ramdenad detaluri infor-
macia unda miawodoT quCaSi adamians, romelic
gzis miswavlebas gTxovT. aZlevT Tu ara
konkretul kiTxvebs (magaliTad, iciT, sad aris
meria?), cdilobT Tu ara misi Cacmulobidan
da metyvelebidan gamomdinare, gansazRvroT,
saidan aris igi da ramdenad dawvrilebiT unda
aRuweroT gza.
Cven ganvixileT eqspresiuli metyveleba
Setyobinebis doneze. rogorc vnaxeT, gamona-
Tqvamis formireba damokidebulia msmenelze,
romelsac esaubrebiT. axla ganvixiloT fsiqi-
kuri procesebi, romlebic saSualebas gaZlevT,
gamoTqvaT azri.
metyveleba da Secdomebi
gindaT saxeli gaiTqvaT? gavixsenoT v.a.
spuneri (Reverend W.A. Spooner) oqsfordis
universitetidan, romlis saxelis mixedviTac,
ori an meti sityvis pirveli marcvlebis gada-
nacvlebas spunerizmi ewoda. riverend spunerma
es saxeli samarTlianad daimsaxura. zarmac
students semestris gacdenis SemTxvevaSi frazis
„You have wasted the whole term~ („Sen mTeli semes-
tri gaacdine~) nacvlad eubneboda: _ „You have
tasted the whole worm~ _ („Sen mTeli matli SeWame~)
(waste – gacdena; taste _ gemos gasinjva, term _
semestri). spunerizmi metyvelebis Secdomebis
erT-erTi saxeobaa, romelsac saubris dros
vuSvebT. es Secdomebi gasagebs xdis azris gamoT-
qmis dagegmvis process. rogorc 9.4 cxrilidan
Cans, gamonaTqvamis dagegmva ramodenime erTma-
neTisgan gansxvavebul doneze xdeba, romelTagan
TiToeulze SeiZleba gamovlindes metyvelebis
Secdomebi (Bock&levet, 1994; Rapp&Goldrick, 2000).
gasaocaria, magram aRwerili Secdomebi, rogorc
Cans, ar unda iyos SemTxveviTi – isini gasagebi
xdeba, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT sasaubro enis
struqturas. mosaubrem SeiZleba gadaanacvlos
styvebis pirveli asoebi – „tips of the slung~–
nacvlad „slips of the sung~-isa, magram arasodes
ityvis „tlips of the sung~, radganac am SemTxvevaSi
irRveva inglisuri enis marTlweris wesi,
romlis mixedviTac sityvis TavSi arasodes
gvxvdeba „tl~(Fromkin, 1980).
metyvelebis Teoriuli modelebis agebisas
didi mniSvneloba eniWeba metyvelebis Secdomebs,
amitom mkvlevrebi ar Semoifarglebian aRniSnu-
cxrili
9.4
Secdomebi gamonaTqvamis dagegmvaSi
dagegmvis doneebi:
 mosaubrem unda airCios sityvebi, romlebic
saukeTesod gamoxataven mis azrs.
Tu mosaubres enaze ori sityva adgas, magaliTad,
`movifiqre~ da `movigone~, SeiZleba Tqvas _
`movifone~.
 mosaubrem arCeuli sityvebi sworad unda daalagos
da gaaerTianos winadadebaSi.
radgan adamiani gegmavs gamonaTqvams, rogorc mTlian
erTeuls, SesaZloa, moxdes sityvebis gadanacvleba.
cxviridan sisxli wamskda → sisxlidan cxviri
wamskda.
lamazi gogos kaba → gogos lamazi kaba.
 mosaubrem bgerebi unda gaaerTianos sityvebSi,
romelTa Tqmasac apirebs.
radganac adamianebi gamonaTqvams winaswar gegmaven,
SeiZleba moxdes bgeraTa gadanacvleba.
cali xeli → xali celi.
li Secdomebis mxolod bunebriv pirobebSi
dakvirvebiT da maTi aRnusxviT. maT Seiswavles
eqsperimentul pirobebSi metyvelebis Secdome-
bis xelovnurad gamowvevis sxvadasxva xerxebi
(Bock, 1996).
am teqnikis gamoyenebiT SesaZlebeli gaxda
moqnili eqspresiuli metyvelebis safuZvlad
mdebare rogorc procesebis, ise reprezen-
taciebis met-naklebi gageba.
procesebi. gaixseneT me-6 TavSi ganxi-
luli xelovnurad Seqmnili predispoziciuli
spunerizmi. es teqnika cdis pirebs ubiZgebs,
laparakis dros dauSvan spunerizmiseuli Sec-
domebi (baars, 1992). cdis pirebs sTxoven, waiki-
Txon dawyvilebul sityvaTa sia, romlebsac
msgavsi fonematuri struqtura aqvT:L
buzi-fuli
baRi-fari
boli-foni
metyveleba
bedi-fexi
Semdeg ki sTxoven, xmamaRla Tqvan „feri-
beri~. rig SemTxvevebSi zogierTi cdis piri
manamde wakiTxuli sityvebis gavleniT ambobs
„beri-feri~.
323
 am teqnikebis gamoyenebiT mkvlevrebs saSua-
leba eZlevaT, Seiswavlon mosaubris mier Sec-
domebis daSvebis albaTobaze moqmedi faqtorebi.
magaliTad, spunerizmis msgavsi Secdomebis
albaToba izrdeba, rodesac bgerebis gadaad-
gileba realur sityvebs gvaZlevs (Baars et al.,
1975; Stemberger, 1992); amgvarad, „feri-beri~-s magi-
vrad „beri-feri~-s Tqmis albaToba ufro metia,
vidre, magaliTad, „coli-qmari~-s magivrad
„qmoli-cari~-s Tqmis albaToba. msgavsi Sedegebi
savaraudos xdis, rom metyvelebaSi CarTuli
zogierTi kognituri procesi uzrunvelyofs
kognituri Secdomis gamovlenas da gasworebas.
es procesebi ar gvaZleven iseTi Secdomebis
daSvebis uflebas, romlebic konkretuli
enisaTvis miuRebeli da ararealuri sityvebis
gamoTqmas gulisxmobs.
reprezentaciebi. erT-erTi eqsperimentis
dros cdis pirebs sTxovdnen wyvil-wyvilad
waekiTxaT idiomaturi gamoTqmebi, magaliTad,
shoot the breeze – raise the roof (bevri laparaki –
aurzauris atexva); ori wamis Semdeg ki sTxov-
dnen, rac SeiZleba swrafad gaexsenebinaT erT-
erTi. droSi SezRudvis pirobebSi cdis pirebi
zogierT SemTxvevaSi urevdnen ori frazis
sityvebs da iZaxdnen shoot the roof. Secdomis
daSvebis albaToba am SemTxvevaSi ufro didia,
vidre zemoT aRweril SemTxvevaSi, radgan bolo
or gamonaTqvams erTnairi mniSvneloba aqvs. es
Sedegebi miuTiTebs, rom erTnairi mniSvnelobis
mqone idiomebiT reprezentaciebi erTmaneTTan
aris mexsierebaSi dakavSirebuli: rodesac
adamiani apirebs Tqvas erTi idioma, msgavsi
mniSvnelobis mqone idiomis reprezentaciulma
kavSirma SeiZleba ganapirobos kombinirebuli
Secdomis aRmoceneba (Cutling & Bock, 1977).
Tavi 9 / kognituri procesebi
Cven ganvixileT zogierTi faqtori, romelic
ganapirobebs ama Tu im gamonaTqvamis warmoTqmas
da zogierTi procesi, romelic xels uwyobs
maT aqtivizacias. axla ki SevexoT msmenelebs,
romlebic mosaubris mier nagulisxmev azrs
igeben.
impresiuli metyveleba
warmoidgineT, rom mosaubre ambobs: `kata
xaliCazea.~ Tqven ukve iciT, rom, konteqstidan
324 gamomdinare, am gamonaTqvamis gamoyeneba
SeiZleba erTmaneTisgan gansxvavebuli azris
gamosaxatad. Tqven, rogorc msmeneli, rogor
airCevT mxolod erT azrs? metyvelebis gagebaze
saubars orazrovani mniSvnelobis problemis
ufro detaluri ganxilviT daviwyebT.
orazrovnebis daZleva
ras niSnavs sityva bari? TavSi, albaT, misi
ori mniSvneloba mainc mogividaT: erTi,
romelic dakavSirebulia miwaTmoqmedebasTan
(sasoflo-sameurneo saqmianobasTan) da meore,
romelic dakavSirebulia kafesTan. warmoid-
gineT, rom vinme geubnebaT: `mas aqvs bari~,
rogor xvdebiT, ra igulisxmeba am konkretul
SemTxvevaSi? Tqven unda SeZloT am or mniSvne-
lobas Soris arsebuli leqsikuri orazrovnebis
daZleva. Tu dafiqrdebiT, aRmoaCenT, rom zo-
gierTi kognituri procesis gamoyenebiT, konteq-
stidan gamomdinare cdilobT sityvis orazrov-
nebis daZlevas. ris Sesaxeb saubrobdiT manamde
_ samuSao iaraRebze Tu gasarTob adgilebze.
es farTo konteqsti unda dagexmaroT sityvis
ori mniSvnelobidan erT-erTis arCevaSi, magram
rogor?
sanam am kiTxvaze pasuxs gavcemdeT, gagacnobT
orazrovnebis kidev erT tips. ras niSnavs es
winadadeba: `ninos da giorgis dedas gadasces
daxmareba.~ Tqven SeiZleba gaigoT misi mxolod
erTi mniSvneloba, magram am SemTxvevaSi saqme
gvaqvs struqturul orazrovnebasTan. (Akmajian
et al., 1990) (ix. suraTi 9.5). lingvistebi winadade-
bis struqturis sailustraciod xSirad iyeneben
diagramebs. I nawilSi warmodgenilia winada-
debis _ `kata xaliCazea~ _ analizi. am winada-
debis struqtura Zalian martivia. II da III
nawilSi ki warmodgenilia winadadebis _ `ninos
da giorgis dedas gadasces daxmareba~ _ ori
gansxvavebuli mniSvnelobis SedarebiT rTuli
struqtura. II nawilSi gakeTebuli analizis
mixedviT, fraza `ninos da giorgis~ exeba dedas,
erT adamians _ ori bavSvis dedas gadasces
daxmareba. III nawilSi warmodgenili analizis
mixedviT, winadadebaSi gamoyofilia ori qvem-
debare _ `ninos~ da `giorgis dedas~, e.i. or
adamians gadasces daxmareba. romeli mniSvnelo-
biT igebT winadadebas, rodesac mas pirvelad
kiTxulobT? rogorc xedavT, am SemTxvevaSic
winadadebas ori mniSvneloba aqvs da Cven vub-
 suraTi
9.5

winadadebis
struqtura
winadadebis gramatikuli
struqturis TvalsaCino
ilustraciis mizniT, lin-
gvistebi xSirad iyeneben
diagramebs. I struqtura
warmoadgens winadadebis _
`kata xaliCazea~ _ struqtu-
rul analizs; II da III struq-
tura ki gviCvenebs, rom
winadadeba _ `ninos da gior-
gis dedas gadasces dax-
mareba~ _ ori erTmaneTisagan
gansxvavebuli struqturuli
analiziT SeiZleba iyos war-
modgenili. vis gadasces
daxmareba? or adamians Tu
erTs?

rundebiT igive kiTxvas, romelic leqsikuri
orazrovnebis dros gaCnda: rogor gansazRvravs
konteqsti erTi mniSvnelobis amorCevas ori an
meti SesaZlo variantidan?
davubrundeT leqsikur orazrovnebas (sityvis
orazrovnebas), ganvixiloT Semdegi winadadeba:
„anas yvavili aqvs~.
ra aris am SemTxvevaSi yvavili? warmoidgineT,
rom TavSi leqsikoni gaqvT. yvavilis mniSvne-
loba, albaT, aseTi iqneba:
gansazRvreba 1: mcenare.
gansazRvreba 2: infeqciuri daavadeba.
am winadadebiT gadmocemuli informacia ar
gvaZlevs saSualebas, SesaZlo ori mniSvnelo-
bidan avirCioT erT-erTi. rogorc kvlevis
Sedegebi adasturebs, aseTi tipis winadadebis
wakiTxvis Semdeg mexsierebisTvis misawvdomi
xdeba sityvis orive mniSvneloba (Vu et al., 1998).
konkretul situaciaSi sityvis mniSvnelobis
gansazRvrisaTvis saWiroa konteqstis gaTvalis-
wineba, magram rogor gvexmareba is mniSvnelobis
arCevaSi? kvlevebis mixedviT aRmoCnda, rom
konteqsti uzrunvelyofs azris gagebis ramdenime
(tipis) saSualebas (Vu et al., 1998, 2000). ganvixiloT
nebuli yvavili, iseve, rogorc meore winada-
debaSi. mesame winadadebis pirvel nawilSi aRwe-
rilia situacia, romelic qmnis konteqsts meore
winadadebisTvis _ `yvavili aqvs~. es magaliTebi
gviCvenebs, rom Tqven iTvaliswinebT miniSnebis
sxvadasxva tips. konteqstis mixedviT msmeneli
momentalurad gansazRvravs orazrovani sityvis
mniSvnelobas (Binder & Morris, 1995; Sereno, 1995).
struqturuli orazrovnebis daZleva konteqstis
mixedviT xdeba (MacDonald, 1993; Shapiro et al., 1993;
Trueswell, 1996). erTmaneTisgan gansxvavebul aseT
gramatikul struqturebs Soris swrafi arCevis
SesaZleblobas konteqsti iZleva.
modiT, Cvens magaliTs davubrundeT, romelic
pirvelad ganvixileT da romelic sakmaod
metyveleba

Semdegi magaliTebi:
1. ana avadaa yvaviliT;
2. ana krefda yvavilebs;
3. ana ver mova. mas yvavili aqvs.
pirvel winadadebaSi zmnis mixedviT, SesaZ-
loa ganvsazRvroT, ra mniSvnelobiTaa gamoye- 325

cxrili
9.5
orazrovani gamonaTqvamis pirdapiri
da sarkastuli interpretacia
pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT naxmari gamonaTqvami
marta dis saxlSi mivida stumrad. gareT yinavda da
marta Zalian bednieri iyo, rom saxlamde miaRwia. man
uTxra das: „Seni saxli Zalian myudroa, ra mSvenieria
aq da rogor Tbila~.
sarkastuli moTxovna
tonis amxanagi, romelTanac cxovrobs igi, yovelTvis
Rias tovebs misaRebi oTxis fanjaras, maSinac ki,
rodesac gareT yinavs. tonis mravaljeradi Txovna –
daeketa fanjara – uSedego iyo; erTxel fanjara Ria
iyo, tonis ar sjeroda, rom mis amxanags ar scioda da
uTxra amxanags: „ra mSvenieria aq da rogor Tbila~.
orazrovania: `kata xaliCazea~. am SemTxvevaSi
orazrovneba ganpirobebulia Tavad SinaarsiT
da ara calkeuli sityvebiT an winadadebis
struqturiT. mkvlevrebma aRmoaCines, rom kon-
teqstis mixedviT gadawyobis kanoni am Sem-
TxvevaSic moqmedebs (Gibbs, 1994).
SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom metyvelebis
procesSi adamiani orazrovnebis dasaZlevad
efeqturad iyenebs konteqsts. am dros sruli
SeTanxmebulobaa naTqvamsa da msmenelis mier
gagebul azrs Soris. metyvelebis procesis
ganxilvisas Cven gamovyaviT e.w. „msmenelis
gaTvaliswineba~ _ procesebi, romelTa saSuale-
biTac mosaubre mimdinare situaciis Sesatyvis
gamonaTqvams irCevs. impresiuli metyvelebis
analizis safuZvelze dadginda, rom msmenels
aqvs molodini, rom mosaubre sworad metyvelebs.
amrigad, msmenelisaTvis mizanSewonilia, naT-
Tavi 9 / kognituri procesebi
qvami fraza gaiazros konteqstidan gamomdinare.
saidan
viciT
konteqsti gvexmareba arapirdapiri
mniSvnelobis gagebaSi
ganvixiloT gamonaTqvami: „aq mSvenieria
da Tbila~. ras niSnavs es? rogorc 9.5
cxrilidan Cans, SesaZlebelia, am tipis
martiv gamonaTqvamebs sxvadasxva istoriis
326 SeTxzviT sxvadasxva azri mivaniWoT. Cven
vnaxeT, rom sityvasityviT versia axlo
kavSirSia sityvebis pirdapir mniSvne-
lobasTan. igive gamonaTqvamis arapir-
dapiri versia mas sarkastul mniSvnelobas
aniWebs. axla gamoviyenoT zemoT aRniS-
nuli modelebi leqsikuri orazrovnebis
ilustraciis mizniT. Tu mkiTxveli infor-
macias sityvasityviT amuSavebs konstan-
turi rigis (Tanmimdevrobis) mixedviT,
maSin mosalodnelia, rom Tavdapirvelad
igi Seecdeba gamonaTqvamis pirdapiri mniS-
vnelobis gagebas. Tu es gza warumatebeli
aRmoCndeba, mkiTxveli gamonaTqvamis sxva
mniSvnelobas ganixilavs (Crice 1975; 1978;
Searle, 1979a). am modelis mixedviT, moTxovnis
da sarkastuli gamonaTqvamis gagebas ufro
meti dro sWirdeba, vidre pirdapiri gamo-
naTqvamis. mkiTxvelisTvis ki ufro advilia
sarkastuli gamonaTqvamis gageba, vidre
pirdapiris. kvlevebis safuZvelze dad-
ginda, rom mkiTxvelebi ufro swrafad
igeben sarkastul moTxovnas, vidre igive
gamonaTqvamis pirdapir mniSvnelobas (Gibbs,
1986).
ra gvesmis
orazrovnebis daZlevis Sesaxeb saubrisas
aqcenti gavakeTeT imaze, Tu ras vigebT. axla
yuradRebas gavamaxvilebT naTqvamis gagebaze,
Sesabamisad, kiTxvas ase davsvamT: rodis Cndeba
mexsierebaSi reprezentaciebi _ frazis Tu
mTliani teqstis gagebis dros? magaliTad, ra
inaxeba mexsierebaSi, rodesac Tqven gaigebT
ukve nacnob frazas: `kata xaliCazea~. kvlevebis
safuZvelze dadginda, rom mniSvnelobis mqone
reprezentaciebi warmodgenilia bazisuri
erTeulebiT, romlebsac propoziciebs uwodeben
(Clark & Clark, 1877; Kintsh, 1974). propozicia
gamonaTqvamis ZiriTadi azria. winadadebis _
`kata xaliCazea~ _ ZiriTadi azri isaa, rom
raRac wevs raRacaze. am frazis wakiTxvisas
Tqven gamoyofT propozicias ze da cdilobT,
gaigoT katasa da xaliCas Soris arsebuli
mimarTeba, romelic gamoxatulia am propoziciiT.
propoziciebis Cawera xSirad ase xdeba: ze
(kata, xaliCa). mravali gamonaTqvami erTze met
propozicias Seicavs. ganvixiloT Semdegi
winadadeba: `kata uyurebda Tagvs, romelic SeZvra
taxtis qveS~. aq pirveli Semadgeneli propo-
ziciaa qveS (Tagvi, taxti). aqedan vawyobT:
SeZvra [(Tagvi, qveS (Tagvi, taxti)]; sabolood
ki miviRebT: uyurebda [kata, SeZvra (Tagvi, qveS
(Tagvi, taxti))].
qveS (Tagvi, taxti)
SeZvra [Tagvi, qveS (Tagvi, taxti)]
uyurebda [kata, SeZvra (Tagvi, qveS (Tagvi,
taxti))]
rogor SegviZlia SevamowmoT, rom mniSvne-
lobis fsiqikuri propoziciebi marTlac ase
muSaobs? metyvelebis fsiqologiis sferoSi
Catarebuli zogierTi kvleva miznad isaxavda,
eCvenebina propoziciuli reprezentaciebis
roli metyvelebis gagebaSi (Kintsch, 1974). rogorc
kvlevebis safuZvelze dadginda, Tu frazaSi
ori sityva ekuTvnis erTsa da imave propozicias,
mexsierebaSi maTi warmodgena xdeba erTdrou-
lad, maSinac ki, rodesac isini erTad ar dganan
winadadebaSi.
saidan
viciT
propoziciebi qmnian mexsierebis
struqturas
ganvixiloT winadadeba: „mavzoleumi,
sadac mefe ganisvenebda, moedans gadah-
yurebda~. miuxedavad imisa, rom am wina-
dadebaSi mavzoleumi da moedani erTmane-
Tisgan daSorebulia, propoziciuli ana-
lizi gvafiqrebinebs, rom isini mexsie-
rebaSi erTad unda Seikribos propozi-
ciaSi gadahyurebda (mavzoleumi, moedani).
am analizis Sesamowmeblad mkvlevrebma
cdis pirebs warudgines sityvebis Camo-
naTvali da sTxoves, ganesazRvraT, iyo Tu
ara TiToeuli sityva winadadebaSi.
zogierT cdis pirs CamonaTvalSi mavzo-
leumi uSualod moednis Semdeg miewoda,
zogs ki _ sxva propoziciidan amoRebuli
sityvis Semdeg. pasuxi _ „diax, iyo
mavzoleumi~ gacilebiT swrafad modioda
im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac CamonaTvalSi
mavzoleumi uSualod moednis Semdeg iyo
mocemuli, vidre maSin, rodesac mas sxva
propoziciidan amoRebuli sityva uZRoda
win. es Sedegi cxadyofs, rom cnebebi _
„mavzoleumi~ da „moedani~ erTad iyo
warmodgenili mexsierebaSi (Ratclif &McKoon,
1978).
rodisme SegimCneviaT, rom Zalian Znelia
vinmes naTqvamis zustad damaxsovreba? SesaZloa,
gicdiaT zustad (sityvasityviT) dagemaxsov-
rebinaT raime fraza filmidan da saxlSi dab-
runebuls aRmogiCeniaT, rom aqedan mxolod
zogadi azri gaxsovT. es magaliTi miuTiTebs,
Tu ratom ar aris srulyofili sityvasityviT
damaxsovreba. imitom, rom erT-erTi ZiriTadi
operacia, romelsac Tqveni metyveleba axor-
cielebs, propoziciebis gamoyofas gulixmobs,
xolo propoziciebis zusti Tanmimdevroba
swrafad ikargeba Cvens mexsierebaSi (magaliTad,
„kata misdevs Tagvs~ _ „Tagvi gaurbis katas~).
mexsierebaSi Senaxuli yvela propozicia ar
aRmocendeba zustad miRebuli informaciis
safuZvelze. msmenelebi xarvezebis Sevsebas
daskvniT axerxeben, logikuri daSvevebis gakeTeba
SesaZlebelia mexsierebaSi arsebuli informa-
ciis safuZvelze. ganvixiloT ori winadadeba:
me sakonditroSi mivdivar TeasTan Sesaxved-
rad.
igi Sempirda, rom miyidis namcxvars.
imisaTvis, rom es winadadeba gaigoT, saWiroa,
sul cota, ori daskvnis gakeTeba. Tqven unda
gaarkvioT, vin aris `igi~ meore winadadebaSi
da rogor aris maRaziaSi wasvla dakavSirebuli
dapirebasTan, rom giyidian namcxvars. megobari,
vinc es winadadeba giTxraT, vTqvaT, darwmune-
bulia, rom Tqven SegiZliaT am ori momentis
gaTvaliswineba. Tqven arasodes getyvian: _ `me
mivdivar sakonditroSi TeasTan Sesaxvedrad;
igi _ Teas vgulisxmob _ Sempirda, rom miyidis
namcxvars da sakonditro aris maRazia, sadac
gemrieli namcxvrebi iyideba~. mosaubre yovel-
Tvis Tvlis, rom msmeneli TavisTavad, varaudiT
metyveleba
akeTebs daskvnebs miRebuli informaciidan.
uamravi gamokvleva mieZRvna imis garkvevas,
Tu ra saxis daskvnebs akeTeben msmenelebi regu-
daskvna (Inference) _ xarveziani informaciis
Sevseba arsebuli mtkicebulebebis an rwmenis
327
da Teoriis safuZvelze.
 fsiqologia Cvens cxovrebaSi

SeuZliaT Tu ara cxovelebs enis Seswavla

Tqven, ra Tqma unda, gina-

xavT filmi, an satelevizio
Sou, sadac cxovelebi Cveu-
lebriv saubroben adamianeb-
Tan. gaxsovT mister edi _
molaparake cxeni? SesaZle-
belia es realur cxovrebaSi?
am sakiTxis kvleva gasuli
saukunis 20-iani wlebidan
daiwyo; fsiqologebma scades
SimpanzeebisaTvis eswavlebi-
naT laparaki. radganac Sim-
panzeebs ar gaaCniaT lapara-
kisaTvis Sesaferisi sametyve-
lo aparati, mkvlevrebi iZu-
lebulni gaxdnen, komuni-
kaciis damyarebis sxva meTo-
debi moeZebnaT. magaliTad, cema) (Premark, 1971). am eqsperi- azriani gamoyeneba. aseve, mniS-
Simpanzes, saxelad vaSos, as- mentebis Sedegebma azrTa sxva- vnelobaTa umetesoba, rac mie-
wavles amerikuli niSnebis dasxvaoba warmoSva (Seidenberg & wereba maimunis gamonaTqvams,
enis gamartivebuli varianti Pebitto, 1979). kritikosebi dainte- xom ar Cndeba adamianis da
(Gardner & Gardner, 1969); Sim- resdnen Semdegi sakiTxebiT: ara maimunis TavSi.
panzes, saxelad saras ki daas- Simpanzeebis mier simboloebis ukanaskneli wlebis ganmav-
wavles simboloebiT manipu- an Jestebis SemTxveviTi kombi- lobaSi siu sevij-rumbaum (Sue
lacia (simboloebi aRniS- naciebis (magaliTad, vaSo bo- Savage-Rumbaugh, 1998) da misma
navdnen iseT cnebebs, rogo- diSi, Sen meti daleva) gamo- kolegebma Caatares kvleva,
ricaa, magaliTad, vaSli, mi- yeneba aris Tu ara metyvelebis romlis Sedegadac gamoikveTa

larulad (Gerrig, 1993; Graesser et al., 1994; McKoon & aRniSna, rom es iyo dana. Tumca, kvlevis
Ratcliff, 1992). aRmoCnda, rom nebismieri gamonaT- Sedegebis mixedviT dadginda, rom am da msgavsi
Tavi 9 / kognituri procesebi

qvamis SemTxvevaSi potenciuri daskvnebis tipis winadadebebis kiTxvis bunebriv pirobebSi

raodenoba SeuzRudavia. magaliTad, vinaidan
Tqven iciT, rom Tea aris adamiani, Tqven SegiZ-
liaT gaifiqroT, rom mas aqvs guli, RviZli,
filtvebi da a.S. magram Tqven, albaT, es TavSi
azrad ar mogivaT maSin, rodesac vinme geubnebaT:
`me sakonditroSi mivdivar TeasTan Sesaxvedrad~.
kvlevebis safuZvelze dadginda, rom msmenelebi
sakmao sifrTxiliT ekidebian daskvnebis gake-
Tebas. ganvixiloT Semdegi winadadeba: `arqi-
teqtorma daWra kaci~.
rodesac cdis pirebs ekiTxebodnen, ra iaraRi
328 igulisxmeboda am winadadebaSi, umravlesobam
adamianebs TavSi ar mosdiT cneba `dana~ (Dosher
& Corbett, 1982). kvlevis aseTi Sedegebi adasturebs,
rom sakmaod sando daskvnebis gakeTebac ki ar
xdeba avtomaturad, magaliTad, viRaca daWres
daniT. daskvnebis umetesoba, romlebsac Tqven
akeTebT, daaxloebiT iseTivea, rogorc wina
winadadebis SemTxvevaSi, romelic gulisxmobs
mimarTebis damyarebas `Teasa~ da nacvalsaxel
`igi~-s Soris da `sakonditrosa~ da `namcxvars~
Soris. aseTi daskvnebi saSualebas gaZlevT,
gamoiyenoT im informaciis reprezentacia,
romelsac mosaubre gadmogcemT.
 ufro zusti monacemebi Simpan-
zeebis metyvelebis unaris Se-
saxeb. sevij-rumbau, ZiriTadad,
bonobos jiSis Simpanzeebze
muSaobda, romlebic, evolu-
ciuri TvalsazrisiT, ufro
axlos arian adamianTan, vidre
Cveulebrivi Simpanzeebi. aRsa-
niSnavia, rom bonobos jiSis
orma maimunma, kinzim da muli-
kam kvlevis procesSi spon-
tanurad aiTvises plastma-
sisagan damzadebuli simbolo-
ebis mniSvneloba; maT ar
dasWirdaT rTuli treningi.
isini simboloebis mniSvne-
lobebs avtomaturad daeuf-
lnen adamianebsa da bonobos
jiSis maimunebs Soris komuni-
kaciis procesze dakvirvebisas.
garda amisa, maT esmiT zogier-
Ti inglisuri sityvis mniS-
vneloba, magaliTad, kanzas
SeuZlia sityvis gagonebaze
dados misi Sesabamisi simbo-
lo an foto. mkvlevrebma
bonobosa da Simpanzes jiSis
ori maimunisaTvis Seqmnes
pirobebi, sadac maimunebi
metyvelebis iseT gamocdi-
lebas iRebdnen, rogorc ada-
miani enis adreuli aTvisebis
periodSi (ix. Tavi 11). kvlevis
safuZvelze dadginda, rom
Simpanze-panpanzesac ki SeuZlia
zogierTi inglisuri sityvis
mniSvnelobis daufleba, Tumca,
bonobos jiSis maimuns – panba-
niSas bevrad ufro meti sityvis
daswavlis unari aqvs (Brake &
Savage-Rumbaugh, 1995).
bonobos jiSis maimunebze mi-
Rebuli Sedegebi gasaocaria,
Tumca, metyvelebis unarisa da
sityvis ubralod gamoyenebas
Soris didi gansxvavebaa. gavix-
senoT e.w. msmenelTa gaTvalis-
wineba. SeuZliaT cxovelebs in-
formaciis Secvla auditoriaze
morgebis mizniT? mkvlevrebma
gadawyvites, pasuxi gaecaT am
kiTxvaze. doroTi Cenim da ro-
bert seifarsTma (Dorothy Cheney,
Robert Seyfarth, 1990) didi kvleva
Caatares. isini vervetis jiSis
maimunebis komunikaciur unarebs
swavlobdnen. sxvadasxva tipis
saSiSroebis, magaliTad, leo-
pardis, arwivis an gvelis moax-
loebis dros es maimunebi
gansxvavebul xmebs gamoscemen.
maT auditoriidan gamomdinare
SeuZliaT xmis Secvla _
mdedri maimunebi saSiSroebis
dros ufro maRali sixSiris
xmebs gamoscemen, roca Tavis
STa m o m a v a l m a i m u n e b Ta n
erTad arian, vidre sxvebTan.
vervetis jiSis maimunebs ar
SeuZliaT msmenelis codnis
gaTvaliswineba da, aqedan
gamomdinare, xmis Secvla:
eqsperimentul pirobebSi
Seqmnili saSiSroebis Sem-
TxvevaSi deda vervetebi
erTsa da imave xmebs gamos-
cemen marto yofnis drosac
da maSinac, roca maTi STam-
omavali safrTxis momaswave-
beli movlenis TviTmxilve-
lia. mkvlevrebma daadgines,
rom adamiani erTaderTi
cocxali arsebaa, romelsac
SeuZlia sxvisi codnis gaT-
valiswineba da, Sesabamisad,
qcevis Secvla (Povinelli &
Prince, 1998).
rogorc naxeT, Simpanzesa
da bonobos jiSis maimunebs
gaaCniaT adamianis msgavsi
metyvelebisaTvis aucile-
beli zogierTi, magram ara
yvela unari.

metyvelebis ganxilvam gviCvena, ramdeni ram
esaWiroeba mosaubres, raTa warmoTqvas swori
winadadeba Sesabamis dros da msmenels, raTa
sworad gaigos mosaubris mier nagulisxmevi
azri. Cven, rogorc wesi, amas ar vacnobierebT.
rogor ggoniaT, kargad aris agebuli Tqveni
kognituri procesebis muSaobis meqanizmebi?
araerTgzis ganixilaven. es kiTxva rom ufro
konkretuli iyos, gagacnobT kros-lingvistur
magaliTs. warmoidgineT, rom bavSvma dainaxa,
rogor isrola mamamisma burTi. Tu bavSvi
inglisurenovania, ityoda: _ Daddy threw the ball –
`mamam isrola burTi~, xolo Tu bavSvi Turqul-
enovania, maSin ityoda Topu babam atti. rogor
fiqrobT, am winadadebebSi erTi da igive azria
mocemuli da mxolod sityvebia gansxvavebuli?
metyveleba

metyveleba, azrovneba da es mTlad ase ar aris: -ti sufiqsi Turquli

kultura
Tu swavlobT, an iciT ucxo ena? Tu asea,
rogor ggoniaT, or enaze Tqven gansxvavebulad
fiqrobT? axdens Tu ara gavlenas ena azrov-
nebaze? es is kiTxvaa, romelsac mkvlevrebi
winadadebis boloSi miuTuTebs, rom mosaubre
movlenis TviTmxilvelia; roca mosaubre
gagonils hyveba, maSin winadadeba mis sufiqsiT
mTavrdeba, anu iqneboda atmis. inglisur enaze
mosaubre adamianebi samyaros ar yofen im
329
 movlenebis mixedviT, romlebic sakuTari
TvaliT ixiles da romlebic sxva wyaroebidanaa
cnobili (Slobin, 1982; Slobin & Aksu, 1982). SesaZ-
lebelia Tu ara, rom ori enis gansxvavebulma
gramatikulma moTxovnebma gavlena moaxdinos
azrovnebis stilze? Turquli da inglisuri
enis SemTxvevaSi am kiTxvaze pasuxi ucnobia.
xom ar gsurT CaataroT kvleva? es gansxvaveba
gasagebs xdis azrovnebaze enis potenciuri
zegavlenis sakiTxiT dainteresebas.
am sakiTxis mecnieruli Seswavla edvard
sepirma (Edward Sapir) da misma studentma benjamen
lii uorfma (Benjamin Lee Whort) daiwyes. kros-
lingvisturi kvlevebis safuZvelze miRebul
Sedegebze dayrdnobiT avtorebma daaskvnes, rom
enaSi gansxvavebebi azrSi gansxvavebebs
ganapirobebs. sepiri aRniSnavs:
„Cven vxedavT da gansxvavebulad gan-
vicdiT movlenebs, radganac Cveni sazo-
gadoebis enobrivi Cvevebi interpretaciis
gansazRvruli arCevanisadmi gangvawyobs~
(Sapir, 1941/1964, gv. 69)
sepirma da uorfma es daskvna maT mier Cata-
rebuli kvlevebis Sedegebis safuZvelze gaakeTes.
uorfma Camoayaliba ori hipoTeza, romlebic
sepir-uorfis hipoTezis saxeliTaa cnobili (ix.
Brown, 1976).
 lingvisturi fardobiToba _ enebs Soris
arsebuli struqturuli gansxvavebebi aisaxeba
am enebze molaparake individebis gansxvavebul
aralingvistur kognitur unarebze.
 lingvisturi determinizmi – enis struq-
tura Zlier gavlenas axdens da, SesaZloa,
mTlianadac gansazRvravdes am enaze molaparake
individebis mier samyaros aRqmasa da azrovnebas.
Tavi 9 / kognituri procesebi
am ori hipoTezidan lingvisturi deter-
minizmi SedarebiT ufro Zlieria, radgan is
amtkicebs, rom ena, faqtobrivad, gansazRvravs
azrovnebas. Tanamedrove mecnierebma – fsiqo-
logebma, lingvistebma da anTropologebma
araerTgzis scades kvlevis zusti meTodebis
Seqmna am hipoTezis gadasamowmeblad (Gumperz &
Levinson, 1996).
ganvixiloT azrovnebaze enis gavlenis erT-
erTi aspeqti. SesaZloa, gagikvirdeT, rom sxva-
dasxva enaSi ferTa dasaxelebis gansxvavebuli
330
raodenobaa. lingvisturi analizis safuZvelze
dadginda, rom inglisur enaSi ferTa 11 dasa-
xelebaa (Savi, TeTri, wiTeli, yviTeli, mwvane,
lurji, yavisferi, mewamuli, vardisferi, stafi-
losferi, nacrisferi), xolo zogierT enaSi,
magaliTad, papua axal gvineaze mcxovrebTa enaSi,
romelsac dani ewodeba, ferTa ori dasaxeleba
arsebobs _ Savi da TeTri (muqi da Ria) (Berlin &
Kay, 1969). uorfi miiCnevs, rom adamiani `samyaros
mSobliuri enis safuZvelze adiferencirebs~
(1956 gv. 213): mkvlevrebi varaudoben, rom ferTa
dasaxelebis raodenoba (2 an 11), SesaZloa,
gavlenas axdendes sxvadasxva enaze mosaubre
adamianebis mier ferebis klasifikaciis una-
rebze.
Semdgomi kvlevebis Sedegebis analizis safuZ-
velze dadginda, rom sxvadaxsva enaze molaparake
adamianebi erTnairad asruleben ferebis klasi-
fikaciis davalebebs. es monacemebi eWvqveS
ayeneben mtkicebas lingvisturi determinizmis
Sesaxeb, Tumca, mkvlevrebi mainc iziareben azrs
SedarebiT susti gavlenis Sesaxeb – metyve-
lebaSi gansxavebebs kognituri gansxvavebebi
sdevs Tan.
saidan
viciT
metyveleba gavlenas axdens ferebis
klasifikaciaze
mkvlevrebma cdis pirebs sTxoves, See-
mowmebinaT sami feris wiri. ferebi aRe-
buli iyo lurjidan mwvanemde speqtrul
diapazonSi. cdis pirebs evalebodaT, gane-
sazRvraT, sami elferidan yvelaze metad
romeli gansxvavdeboda danarCeni orisagan.
cdis pirTa erTi jgufi warmodgenili
iyo inglisurenovani individebiT (ingli-
sur enaSi arsebobs mwvanisa da lurjis
leqsikurad gansxvavebuli erTeulebi),
xolo meore – CrdiloeT meqsikaSi mcxov-
rebi individebiT, romlebic tarahumaras
enaze laparakoben. am enaSi lurjisa da
mwvane elferis aRsaniSnad arsebobs
mxolod erTi sityva – Siyoname. mkvlevrebi
varaudobdnen, rom, Tu sepir-uorfis
hipoTeza marTalia, maSin inglisurenovani
individebi SeZlebdnen lurjisa da mwva-
 nis zRvarTan axlomyofi elferis garCevas,
radganac inglisur enaSi arsebobs sityve-
bi mwvane (green) da lurji (blue); xolo
imis gamo, rom tarahumaras enaSi aseTi
gansxvavebuli erTeulebi ar arsebobs, am
enaze molaparake cdis pirebi ver SeZle-
bdnen mosazRvre elferebis garCevas (Key
& Kempton, 1984, p.68). miRebuli Sedegebi
adasturebs sepir-uorfis hipoTezas: ferTa
triadis Sesaxeb msjelobis dros ingli-
surenovani cdis pirebi arCeven sxvadasxva
elferebs, tarahumaras enaze molaparake
individebi ki _ vera.
msoflioSi aTasobiT enaa, romelTa Soris
uamravi saintereso gansxvavebaa, rogorc es
Turquli da inglisuri enebis magaliTze
giCveneT. Sesabamisad, arsebobs uamravi sakiTxi
(hipoTeza), romelic Semdgom kvlevas saWiroebs
(gerrig &Banaji, 1994; Hunt & aGnoli, 1991; Smith, 1996).
savaraudoa, rom azrovnebaze ar aisaxeba enebs
Soris arsebuli bevri iseTi leqsikuri da
gramatikuli gansxvaveba, rogoricaa, gansxvaveba
sityvebsa da struqturebs Soris. miuxedavad
imisa, rom Cven kulturuli gansxvavebebi aRvwe-
reT „fsiqologia da cxovrebaSi~, mizanSe-
wonili iqneba, gaviTvaliswinoT lingvisturi
fardobiTobisa da determinizmis sakiTxebi. Tu
gaviTvaliswinebT, rom bevr situaciaSi gan-
sxvavebuli kulturis warmomadgenlebi er-
TmaneTisagan gansxvavebul enebze laparakoben,
SegviZlia davsvaT sakiTxi kulturul gansxva-
vebze metyvelebis gavlenis Sesaxeb.
axla sityvebis saSualebiT azris gadacemis
sakiTxidan gadavideT im pirobebis ganxilvaze,
sadac mniSvneloba vizualur xatzec aris
damokidebuli.
Sejameba
saubrisas adamianebi cdiloben, iyvnen
gulisxmierebi da yuradRebianebi. Sesabamisi
msmenelis arseboba saerTo codnis gaTva-
liswinebas moiTxovs. spunerizmi da metyvelebis
sxva Secdomebi SesaZlebels xdis swori
frazebisa da gamonaTqvamebis dagegmvisa da
Sesworebis procesebis met-nakleb gagebas.
orazrovani sityvebis, struqturebisa da gamo-
naTqvamebis gasagebad, mniSvnelobebis SesaZlo
variantebidan swori arCevanis gasakeTeblad
msmenelebi iyeneben konteqsts. fsiqikuri
reprezentaciebi propoziciebis garSemo yalib-
deba. miRebuli informaciisagan ufro metis
gasagebad, msmenelebs uxdebaT daskvnebis
gakeTeba, romlebic ar atareben SemTxveviT
xasiaTs. sepir-uorfis hipoTezis Tanaxmad, enebi,
romlebzec adamianebi laparakoben, gansazRv-
raven adamianis mier samyaros aRqmasa da gaaz-
rebas. am hipoTezis zogierTi damadasturebeli
faqti ferebze Catarebul eqsperimentebSi
gamovlinda. mkvlevrebis winaSe kvlav dgas enebs
Soris arsebuli uamravi gansxvavebis Seswavlis
sakiTxi, romelic, SesaZloa, gavlenas axdendes
azrovnebaze.
vizualuri Semecneba
9.6 suraTze mocemulia winadadebis _ „kata
xaliCazea~ _ reprezentaciis ori nimuSi. ro-
melia TqvenTvis ufro misaRebi? Tu winadadebas
lingvistur propoziciebze dayrdnobiT gaiaz-
vizualuri Semecneba
rebT, orive sworia – orive suraTze kata
xaliaCazea. miuxedavad amisa, TqvenTvis, albaT,
ufro misaRebi A variantia, radgan am wina-
dadebis gagebisas savaraudoa, rom zustad am
suraTis Sesabamisi scena warmogidgebaT (Searle,
1979b). ras fiqrobT meore suraTis Sesaxeb?
cota ucnauria, ara? ase ggoniaT, kata sadacaa
daecema. es SfoTva imitom Cndeba, rom Tqven
SegiZliaT situacia gaiazroT suraTebze day-
331
 es magaliTebi imisaTvis movitaneT, rom
Tqvenc vizualuri xatebiT azrovneba scadoT,
Tumca, maTiT manipulaciis unars yovelgvari
mcdelobis gareSec regularulad iyenebT.
ganvixiloT klasikuri eqsperimenti, sadac cdis
pirebs sTxovdnen, moexdinaT vizualuri xatebis
warmodgenaSi „datrialeba~.

saidan
viciT

gonebaSi rotacia fizikuri rotaciis

suraTi
9.6
vizualuri reprezentaciebi
aris Tu ara orive kata xaliCaze?
rdnobiT da zustad warmoidginoT, ra SeiZleba
moxdes. am nawilSi Cven azrovnebaze vizualuri
xatebisa da procesebis gavlenas ganvixilavT.
vizualuri reprezentaciebis
gamoyeneba
kacobrioba icnobs warmodgenis safuZvelze
gakeTebul uamrav mniSvnelovan aRmoCenas
(Shepard, 1978). gaixseneT f. a. kekule (Cven igi
ukve vaxseneT me-6 TavSi), romelmac benzolis
qimiuri agebuleba aRmoaCina. muSaobis dros
kekule xSirad cdilobda, warmoedgina mocekvave
rotaciis unars. rogorc me-5 TavSi naxeT, xSirad
Tavi 9 / kognituri procesebi
msgavsia
cdis pirebs miewodebodaT sxvadasxva
kuTxiT daxrili laTinuri aso „R~-sa da
misi sarkiseburi aslis (rusuli „ß~) nimuSebi
(ix. sur 9.7). asos miwodebisTanave cdis pirs
evaleboda, ganesazRvra miwodebuli nimuSi
„R~ iyo, Tu misi sarkisebuli asli. aRmoCnda,
rom gadawyvetilebis miRebaze daxarjuli
dro da daxrilobis kuTxis sidide pirdapir-
proporciul kavSirSia – rac ufro metad
aris mobrunebuli grafema, miT ufro meti
dro sWirdeba mis identifikacias. miRebuli
Sedegebi mowmobs, rom, cdis pirebi cdiloben,
warmoidginon figura da moatrialon is verti-
kalur mdgomareobamde garkveuli fiqsirebu-
li siCqariT, ris Semdegac iReben gadawyveti-
lebas. rotaciis siCqaris erTnairi maCveneb-
lebi miuTiTebs, rom gonebaSi rotacia fizi-
kuri rotaciis msgavsi procesia (Shepard&
Cooper, 1982).
adamianebi Zalian xSirad iyeneben gonebaSi

atomebi, romlebic molekulaTa erT jaWvSi

sagnebis aRqma TqvenTvis ucnobi kuTxidan
erTiandebodnen. benzolis rkali man sizmarSi
gixdebaT. gonebaSi rotacia saSualebas gaZlevT,
aRmoaCina, roca gvelismagvarma molekulaTa
SecvaloT sagnis aRqmuli xati da moargoT
jaWvma sakuTar kuds piri Caavlo da wre Sekra.
xats, romelic Tqvens mexsierebaSi inaxeba
maikl faradei, romelmac magnitizmis uamravi
(Srinivas, 1995; Tarr, 1994; Tarr&Rinker, 1989). magaliTad,
Tviseba aRmoaCina, naklebad erkveoda maTema-
9.6 suraTze mocemuli figuris aRqmisas Tqven,
tikaSi, magram cxoveli warmodgenebi hqonda
albaT, daatrialeT figura, raTa amogecnoT
magnituri Tvisebebis Sesaxeb. rogorc amboben,
is, rogorc kata (an iqneb Tavi moatrialeT?).
albert ainStaini mTlianad vizualuri xatebis
vizualuri xatebis gamoyeneba SegiZliaT,
terminebiT azrovnebda da mxolod maTze
agreTve, zogierTi tipis kiTxvebze pasuxis
dayrdnobiT gakeTebuli aRmoCenebis Semdeg
gacemis mizniT. warmoidgineT, rom gekiTxebian:
gadmoscemda maT maTematikuri simboloebisa da
„golfis saTamaSo burTi ufro didia Tu ping-
332 sityvebis saSualebiT.

pongis?~ Tu Tqven ar gaxsovT, SegiZliaT
erTdroulad warmoidginoT maTi vizualuri
xatebi. sagnis xatis aseTi gamoyenebis SemTxve-
vaSic, mas bevri saerTo aqvs realurad aRqmul
saganTan.
saidan
viciT
vizualuri xatebis skanireba
erT-erTi kvlevis dros cdis pirebs
sTxovdnen, daemaxsovrebinaT rTuli fi-
gura, kerZod, motoriani navi (ix. sur 9.8).
Semdeg sTxovdnen, warmoedginaT TvalsaCi-
nod da yuradReba SeeCerebinaT erT-erT
detalze, magaliTad, Zravaze; Semdeg sTxov-
suraTi
9.7
sxvadasxva kuTxiT daxrili
`R~, romelic warmodgenis
Sesafaseblad gamoiyenes
cdis pirebs SemTxveviTi Tanmimdevro-
biT miewodebodaT figurebi da
moeTxovebodaT, rac SeiZleba swrafad
ganesazRvraT, ra iyo miwodebuli _
`R~ Tu misi sarkiseburi asli. rac
ufro metad iyo figura gadaxrili
vertikaluri mdgomareobidan, miT
ufro meti iyo reaqciis dro.
dnen, warmoedginaT navis kidev erTi de-
tali, magaliTad, saqare mina an Ruza.
aRmoCnda, rom Ruzis „dasanaxad~ (warmosad-
genad) cdis pirebs ufro meti dro sWiro
axlosaa ZravasTan, vidre Ruza. reaqciis
droebs Soris gansxvaveba adasturebs, rom
adamianebi iseve aTvaliereben vizualur
xatebs, rogorc realur sagnebs (Kosslyn,
1980).
ganvixiloT Semdegi problema:
warmoidgineT, rom gaqvT carieli, didi
furceli da gadakeceT is Suaze (miiRebT
or gverds), kidev gadakeceT Suaze (oTxi
gverdi) da ganagrZeT ase, sanam 50-jer ar
suraTi
9.8
warmodgenis vizualuri
skanireba
vizualuri Semecneba
333
 gadakecavT. rogor ggoniaT, ra sisqis
iqneba Tqveni qaRaldi (Adams, 1986)?
pasuxi aseTia: daaxloebiT 50 milioni mili
(250 x 0.028 diumi – qaRaldis sisqe), daaxloebiT
dedamiwidan mzemde manZilis naxevari. Tqven,
albaT, ufro naklebi gegonaT. Tqveni warmodgena
gadaitvirTa warmosadgeni informaciiT.
verbaluri da vizualuri
reprezentaciebis kombinireba
Cven, ZiriTadad, yuradReba gavamaxvileT
vizualuri reprezentaciebis im tipebze, ro-
melTa Camoyalibeba xdeba garemoSi arsebuli
vizualuri stimulis mexsierebaSi xatis saxiT
gadataniT, an misi warmodgenis SemTxvevaSi –
mexsierebidan amotaniT. vizualur xatebs Tqven
xSirad qmniT verbaluri informaciis safuZvel-
ze. magaliTad, miuxedavad imisa, rom realurad
arasodes ginaxavT, Tqven SegiZliaT warmoidgi-
noT kata, romelsac sami kudi aqvs. verbaluri
informacia saSualebas gaZlevT, SeqmnaT vizua-
luri reprezentacia. gansakuTrebiT mniSvne-
lovania verbaluri informaciis xatovani war-
modgenis unari mxatvruli literaturis kiTxvis
dros, romelic sivrciT detalebs Seicavs.
ganvixiloT nawyveti moTxrobidan: _ „ganzra-
xvidan mkvlelobamde~:
mdelo sididiT CogburTis ori kortis
zomis iyo, sqeli balaxiTa da xavsiT
dafaruli. misi erTi nawili SroSanebiT
iyo mofenili, garSemortymuli xeebis qveS
ki enZelebi mimofantuliyo. mdelos erT
mxares mayvliTa da ayvavebuli vardebis
ekliani buCqnariT dafaruli patara gora-
Tavi 9 / kognituri procesebi
ki esazRvreboda. bondi gars uvlida
goraks da daJinebiT iyureboda buCqebs
Soris, magram iq araferi Canda, garda
gorakis miwiani zedapirisa (Flemming, 1959
gv. 19-20).
scadeT, warmogedginaT scena da daxmare-
bodiT bonds safrTxis moZebnaSi? (is mas ipovis).
kiTxvis dros, aRwerili detalebis warmodgenis
mizniT, SegiZliaT sivrciTi fsiqikuri modeli
SeqmnaT (Zwaan & Radvansky,1998). mkvlevrebi
araerTxel dainteresdnen, Tu rogor asaxavs
334
sivrciTi fsiqikuri modeli realuri sivrciTi
gamocdilebis niSnebs (Rinck et al., 1997).
warmoidgineT, rom kiTxulobT saintereso
nawyvets moTxrobidan:
operaSi megobrebTan erTad sxedxarT.
Tqveni mosvlis mizania, SexvdeT da
esaubroT maRali wris warmomadgenlebs
da saintereso adamianebs. axla dgaxarT
eleganturi aivnis moajirTan, romelic
parters gadahyurebs. zustad Tqven ukan,
Tvalis simaRleze, aivnis kedelze Cuqur-
Tmebiani lampa kidia. lampis fexi, rome-
lic kedelzea mimagrebuli, mTlianad
mooqrovilia (Franklin&Tvresky, 1990, gv. 65).
seriul eqsperimentebSi cdis pirebi (mkiTxve-
lebi) teqstebs swavlobdnen, romlebSic
detalurad iyo aRwerili damkvirveblis garSemo
arsebuli sagnebis ganlageba (Franklin & Tvresky,
1990). mkvlevrebs surdaT eCvenebinaT, rom go-
nebaSi warmodgenili arsebuli obieqtebis
sivrceSi ganlageba gansazRvravs am sivrcis
Sesaxeb informaciis mexsierebidan amotanis sis-
wrafes. (sur. 9.9.) cdis pirebi ufro swrafad
pasuxoben kiTxvaze: „ra aris Tqven win~, vidre
kiTxvaze: „ra aris Tqven ukan~, miuxedavad imisa,
rom TiToeuli obieqti erTnairi sizustiT iyo
aRwerili.
am Sedegebis gageba Zalian advilia, Tu
dauSvebT, rom kiTxvis dros aRmocenebuli
reprezentaciebi saSualebas gaZlevT „moxvdeT
scenaze~; Tqven SegiZliaT verbaluri gamocdi-
leba gardaqmnaT vizualur sivrciT gamocdi-
lebad.
zogadad, Tqven garSemo arsebul samyaroze
fiqris dros, TiTqmis yovelTvis gixdebaT in-
formaciis vizualuri da verbaluri reprezen-
taciebis Sejereba. Tu gindaT darwmundeT amaSi,
scadeT msoflio rukis daxatva. rogor apirebT
amis gakeTebas? zogierTi ram TqvenTvis cnobi-
lia vizualuri gamocdilebiT, magaliTad, Tqven
daaxloebiT iciT afrikis kontinentis moxazu-
loba, radganac is nanaxi gaqvT. Tqveni naxatis
zogierTi detali ki verbalur informacias
eyrdnoba, anu, SeiZleba gaxsovdeT, rom iaponia
ramodenime kunZulisagan Sedgeba, Tumca,
SeiZleba ar icodeT, sad unda daxatoT is.
erT-erTi gamokvlevis dros, romelic 49
qveyanaSi Catarda, 79 qalaqSi macxovrebel 4000

suraTi
9.9
students sTxoves, daexataT msoflio ruka
(Saarinen, 1987). kvlevis mizani iyo imis dadgena,
Tu rogoria kulturaTa Soris sxvaoba msoflios
vizualizaciis mixedviT; is mSvidobis xelSewyo-
basac isaxavda miznad.
kvlevis safuZvelze dadginda, rom umravles
SemTxvevaSi warmosaxuli msoflio fokusi-
rebulia evropaze – evropa mocemulia naxatis
centrSi, xolo mis garSemo ganlagebulia
sxvadasxva qveynebi. es SesaZlebelia ganpiro-
bebuli iyos imiT, rom saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi
geografiis saxelmZRvaneloebSi warmodgenil
rukebze evropa rukis centrSia. Tumca, dafiq-
sirda kulturaze orientirebuli rukebic. 9.10
da 9.11 suraTebze warmodgenilia CikagoSi da
avstraliaSi mcxovrebi studentebis mier
daxatuli rukebi. es rukebi gviCvenebs, Tu ra
xdeba, roca verbaluri perspeqtiva – Cemi saxli
unda iyos centrSi – gavlenas axdens vizualur
reprezentaciaze.
am nawilSi vnaxeT, rom Cveni vizualuri
procesebi da reprezentaciebi Seavsebs verbalur
unarebs. informaciis miRebis es ori tipi
yoveldRiurad aRmocenebuli moTxovnebisa da
amocanebis gadaWris damatebiT saSualebebs
warmoadgens. axla ki ganvixiloT is sferoebi,
sadac xdeba vizualuri da verbaluri reprezen-
taciebis gamoyeneba problemuri situaciis
daZlevis dros. es sakiTxebia: problemis gadaWra
da azrovneba.
Sejameba
adamianebs SeuZliaT vizualuri reprezen-
taciebis gamoyeneba sagnis gonebaSi rotacii-
saTvis. adamianebi warmodgenil xatebs aTvalie-
reben ise, rogorc realur sagnebs. vizualuri
da verbaluri informaciis SejerebiT adamianebs
SeuZliaT srulyofili fsiqikuri reprezenta-
ciebis Seqmna.
problemebis gadaWra da
azrovneba
warmoidgineT erTi Cveulebrivi cxovrebiseu-
li situacia: Tqven SemTxveviT CageketaT Tqveni
saxlis, oTaxis an manqanis kari da gareT darCiT.
rogor moiqceviT am SemTxvevaSi? moifiqreT, problemis gadaWra da azrovneba
Tu ra ,,gonebriv nabijebs~ gadadgamdiT am
problemis dasaZlevad. es ,,gonebrivi nabijebi~
aucileblad gulisxmobs kognitur procesebs,
romlebic problemis gadwyvetasa da azrovnebas
ganapirobeben. dasaxuli miznis misaRwevad es
problemis gadawyveta (Problem solving) _ azrov-
nebis procesi, romelic mimarTulia konkre-
tuli problemis gadawyvetaze, romelic sawyisi
momentidan miznis miRwevamde mimdinareobs
mTeli rigi fsiqikuri operaciebis saSualebiT.
msjeloba (Reasoning) _ azrovnebis procesi,
rodesac vaskvniT faqtebis erTobliobaze day-
rdnobiT; mocemul mizanze an obieqtze mimar-
Tuli azrovnebis procesi. 335
 suraTi
9.10

orive aqtioba saWiroebs mocemuli axali
informaciis dakavSirebas mexsierebaSi arsebul
informaciasTan. Cven ganvixilavT problemis
gadawyvetis sxvadasxva aspeqtsa da azrovnebis
or formas _ deduqciursa da induqciurs.
problemis gadawyveta
,,ra arsebaa, romelic diliT oTx fexze
dadis, SuadRisas _ orze, xolo mzis Casvlis
Semdeg _ samze?~ berZnuli miTologiis Tanaxmad,
borotma arsebam _ sfinqsma _ Tebes xalxs am
amocanis amoxsna ubrZana, xolo sanam vinme mis
amoxsnas SeZlebda, xalxi misi tiranuli mmar-
Tvelobis qveS icxovrebda. oidiposma gamocanis
elementebSi metaforebi amoicno _ dila, SuadRe
da mwuxri adamianis cxovrebis sxvadasxva
periodebs warmoadgens. bavSvi xoxavs siarulis
dawyebamde, amdenad, igi oTxze dadis; mozrdili
adamiani ki _ or fexze, xolo moxucebulobaSi
adamiani, miuxedavad imisa, rom or fexze dadis,
siarulisas yavarjensac iyenebs, e.i. sam fexze
dadis. oidiposis pasuxi iyo _ ,,adamiani~.

suraTi
9.11

yuradReba miaqcieT _ msof-

Tavi 9 / kognituri procesebi

lio avstraliaze centri-

rebulad aris warmodgenili.
axla vin aris qvemoT?

336

Tumca, Cveni yoveldRiuri problemebi ar
aris oidiposis gamocanasaviT rTuli, magram
problemis gadaWra yoveldRiuri cxovrebis
ZiriTadi nawilia. Tqven gamudmebiT awydebiT
problemebs, romelTa gadawyvetac gixdebaT:
rogor movaxerxoT samuSaosa da movaleobebis
Sesruleba drois gansazRvrul periodSi;
rogor mivaRwioT warmatebas gasaubrebaze;
rogor gavwyvitoT urTierToba arasasurvel
pirovnebasTan da a.S. mravali problema dakav-
Sirebulia realur codnasa da TqvenTvis saWiro
informacias Soris gansvlasTan. rodesac prob-
lemas wyvetT, Tqven amcirebT am gansvlas saWiro
informaciis mopovebiT. problemis daZlevis
arsis ukeT gasagebad, SeecadeT gadaWraT 9.12
suraTze mocemuli problemebi. fsiqologiuri
kvlevis Sedegebis gacnoba saSualebas mogcemT,
naTeli warmodgena SeiqmnaT problemis gada-
wyvetis Taviseburebebis SesaxebAda, SesaZloa,
TqvenTvis saintereso rCevebic miiRoT, rom-
lebic davalebis Sesrulebis gaumjobesebaSi
dagexmarebaT.
problemuri situacia
rogor gansazRvravT problemas realur
cxovrebiseul pirobebSi? Cveulebriv, Tqven
acnobierebT gansxvavebas Tqvens arsebul mdgo-
mareobasa da sasurvel mizans Soris. magaliTad,
materialur gaWirvebas ganicdiT da fulis Sovna
gsurT; TqvenTvis cnobilia, agreTve, ra SegiZ-
liaT (an gindaT) gaakeToT problemis dasaZ-
levad. magaliTad, Tqven SeecdebiT SeTavsebiT
raime samsaxuris Sovnas da ar daiwyebT jibis
qurdobas. problemis formaluri gansazRvra
sam elements moicavs (Newell & Simon, 1972).
problema ganisazRvreba:
1. Tavdapirveli mdgomareobiT _ arasruli
informacia an aradamakmayofilebeli pirobebi;
2. mizniT _ informacia an pirobebi Tqven-
Tvis sasurveli garemos Sesaxeb;
3. operaciaTa TanmimdevrobiT _ is sava-
raudo safexurebi, romlebsac gaivliT mocemu-
li mdgomareobebidan sasurveli miznis misaR-
wevad.
am sami elementis erTobliobiT ganisazR-
vreba problemuri situacia. ilustraciis mizniT
problemis gadawyveta SegviZlia SevadaroT
labirinTSi gzis povnas (problemuri situacia),
romelic sawyisi wertilidan (Tavdapirveli
mdgomareoba) sasurvel wertilamde gadaadgi-
lebas (mizani) gulisxmobs. am dros Tqven
gixdebaT dasaSvebi operaciebis ganxorcieleba.
problemebis gadaWrisas sawyisi siZneleebis
umravlesoba im SemTxvevaSi Cndeba, Tu am sami
elementidan romelime ar aris sakmarisad
gansazRvruli (Simon, 1973). kargad gansazRvruli
problema saxelmZRvaneloSi mocemul problemas
hgavs, romelSic garkveviTaa warmodgenili
sawyisi mdgomareoba, mizani da operaciebi,
romelic miznis misaRwevadaa saWiro. Tqveni
amocanaa, mixvdeT, Tu rogor gamoiyenoT ope-
raciebi pasuxis misaRebad. cudad gansazRvruli
problemis gadaWra da azrovneba
problema ki saxlis dizainis Seqmnas, romanis
daweras an Sidsis mkurnalobis meTodis aRmo-
Cenas hgavs, sadac naTlad ar aris gamoyofili
sawyisi mdgomareoba, mizani da operaciebi. aseT
SemTxvevaSi, pirvel rigSi, saWiroa problemis
arsis zusti gansazRvra _ misi sawyisi mdgo-
problemuri situacia (Problem space) _ elementebi,
romlebic qmnian problemas: sawyisi mdgomareoba
_ arasruli informacia an pirovnebisaTvis
aradamakmayofilebeli pirobebi; mizani _ in-
formacia an mdgomareoba, romelsac eswrafvis
adamiani; operaciebis erToblioba _ pirovnebis
mier sawyisi mdgomareobidan sasurvel miznamde
misaRwevad gavlili safexurebi.
337
 (A) SegiZliaT daakavSiroT yvela wertili erTmaneTTan oTxi swori xazis
gavlebiT ise, rom kalami furclidan ar aiRoT?
(B) 6 futis simaRlis milSi romelic fizikis laboratoriaSi iatakzea
mimagrebuli, Caagdes 3 cali ping-pongis burTi. rogor amoiRebdiT burTebs
milidan?
(C) Wadrakis dafas ori mopirdapire kuTxidan moaciles TiTo ujra, darCa
62 ujra. Tqven gaqvT 31 cali dominos koWi, TiToeuli or ujras faravs.
scadeT mTlianad dafaroT Wadrakis zedapiri dominos koWebiT?
(D) Werze erTmaneTis daSorebiT ori Tokia Camokidebuli ise, rom, Tu
xels erTi Tokis bolos mokidebT, meores veRar miwvdebiT. Tqven gevalebaT
miwvdeT meore Tokis bolos da gadaabaT isini erTmaneTs?
(E) Tqven gaqvT sanTeli, Wikartebi da asanTis Rerebi asanTis yuTSi.
daamagreT anTebuli sanTeli karze.
(F) gadasawyveti gaqvT `3 wylis qilis~ problema. SegiZliaT mxolod 3
qilis gamoyenebiT (wylis raodenoba gansazRvruli ar aris) miiRoT yovel
konkretul SemTxvevaSi wylis gansazRvruli raodenoba?

suraTi
9.12
SegiZliaT gadaWraT es problemebi? (nawili I)
scadeT amocanebis amoxsna (pasuxebi mocemulia suraTze 9.13. nu naxavT
pasuxebs, sanam TviTon ar ecdebiT am problemebis gadawyvetas.)
Tavi 9 / kognituri procesebi

mareobis, idealuri gadawyvetis da miznis miR- fexureobrivi procedura, romelic yovelTvis

wevis SesaZlo saSualebebis dadgena.
rogorc Tqveni gamocdilebidan iciT, maSinac
ki, rodesac sawyisi mdgomareoba da saboloo
mizani kargad aris gansazRvruli, mainc Znelia
swori operaciebis (moqmedebebis) moZebna miznis
misaRwevad. Tu Tqveni gamocdilebidan gaix-
senebT maTematikis gakveTils, darwmundebiT,
rom es marTlac asea. magaliTad, maswavlebelma
mogcaT formula x2+x-12=0 da gTxovaT, gansazR-
vroT x-is mniSvneloba. ras akeTebT amisaTvis?
am algebruli amocanis gadasawyvetad SegiZliaT
338 gamoiyenoT algoriTmi _ Tanmimdevruli, sa-
gvaZlevs swor pasuxs (konkretuli tipis prob-
lemebis gadasaWrelad). Tu algebrul wesebs
sworad gamoiyenebT, aucileblad miiRebT x-is
swor mniSvnelobas (e.i. 3 da -4). algoriTmi
saketis kodis daviwyebis SemTxvevaSic dagex-
marebaT. Tu Tqven TanmimdevrobiT cdiT sxva-
dasxva variantebs (magaliTad, 1, 2, 3; 1, 2, 4),
gasaRebs aucileblad miagnebT, Tumca, amisTvis,
SesaZloa, Zalian didi dro dagWirdeT. algo-
riTmis gamoyeneba ufro efeqturia kargad
gansazRvruli problemis gadasaWrelad, sadac
naTlad aris gamoyofili sawyisi mdgomareoba
da mizani, vidre cudad gansazRvruli problemis
SemTxvevaSi.
rodesac algoriTmis gamoyeneba SeuZle-
belia, adamianebi xSirad iyeneben evristikul
meTodebsa da strategiebs, romlebic efuZneba
praqtikul saqmianobasa da gamocdilebas.
warmoidgineT, rom kiTxulobT deteqtivs sai-
dumlo mkvlelobis Sesaxeb da gsurT gaar-
kvioT, vin mokla mdidari komersanti. Tqven,
SesaZloa, gamoricxoT, rom igi ufrosma msaxurma
mokla, radgan Tqveni gamocdilebiT migaCniaT,
rom avtori ar mimarTavda Sinaarsis aseT
banalur ganviTarebas. rogorc Semdeg vnaxavT,
evristika warmoadgens msjelobisa da gadawyve-
tilebis miRebis mniSvnelovan aspeqts.
mkvlevrebi dainteresdnen problemur situa-
ciaSi adamianebis mier algoriTmisa da evris-
tikis gamoyenebiT. azrovnebis safexurebis
Sesaswavlad isini xSirad mimarTavdnen xmama-
Rali fiqris meTods, romelic fiqris verba-
lizacias gulisxmobs (Ericson & Simon, 1993).
magaliTad, mkvlevrebma gadawyvites, SeeswavlaT
is fsiqikuri procesebi, romelTa saSualebiTac
cdis pirebi wyvetdnen Wadrakis dafis prob-
lemas (suraTi 9.10, nawili C) (Kaplan & Simon,
1990). qvemoT mocemulia erT-erTi cdis piris
xmamaRali fiqris oqmis Canaweri, sadac igi
akeTebs mniSvnelovan daskvnas, rom problemis
gadaWra SeuZlebelia, Tu igi koWebs mxolod
vertikalurad an horizontalurad daalagebs
(dafas vardisferi da Savi ujrebi hqonda).
,,...ase carieli adgili rCeba... es mok-
lea,uhhh... vardisferi ufro metia, vidre
Savi;imisaTvis, rom Sevavso, saWiroa
SevaerTo ori vardisferi, magram amas ver
vizam imitom, rom isini diagonalzea... es
ixureba? .... (Kaplan & Simon, 1990 gv. 388).
cdis piri mixvda, rom mizans ver miaRwevda,
Tu dominoebs sul horizontalurad an ver-
tikalurad daalagebda. xSirad mkvlevrebi cdis
pirTa azrovnebis Canawerebs problemis gadaWris
modelis amosaval wertilad iyeneben (Simon,
1979, 1989).
problemis gadaWris gaumjobeseba
ra uSlis xels problemis gadawyvetas? Tu
gamoiyenebT Tqvens yoveldRiur gamocdilebas,
SeiZleba mixvideT daskvnamde, rom „uamravi ram
aris erTdroulad gasaTvaliswinebeli.~ prob-
lemis gadawyvetis procesebze dakvirvebas zus-
tad imave daskvnamde mivyavarT. xSirad prob-
lemis gadaWras aZnelebs is, rom misi gadawyvetis
gonebrivi moTxovnebi aRemateba gadamuSavebis
arsebul resursebs (Kotovsky et al., 1985; Kotovsky &
Simon, 1990). problemis dasaZlevad saWiroa mTeli
rigi Tanmimdevruli operaciebis dagegmva. Tu
moqmedebaTa es rigi an TviTon gegmaSi mocemuli
TiToeuli moqmedeba metad rTulia, SesaZloa,
verc ki dainaxoT sawyisi mdgomareobidan sabo-
loo miznamde misaRwevi gza. rogor SegiZliaT
am SesaZlo problemis gadaWra?
problemis gadawyvetis gaumjobesebisaTvis
didi mniSvneloba aqvs Tqveni resursebis
Sesabamisi, realurad ganxorcielebadi gegmis
SemuSavebas.
Tu Tqven regularulad gixdebaT erTi tipis
problemebis gadaWra, maSin mizanSewonili iqneba
daeufloT daZlevis procesSi gamoyenebul
komponentebs, rac ganapirobebs procesis avtoma-
tizacias da nakleb Zalisxmevas (Kotovsky et al.,
1985). davuSvaT, taqsis mZRolad muSaobT niu-
iorkSi da yoveldRiurad gixdebaT manqanebiT
gadaWedil quCebSi pikis saaTis dros moZraoba.
SegiZliaT qalaqis sxvdasxva monakveTSi gan-
sxvavebuli sapasuxo reaqciebi gamoimuSavoT.
ase rom, Tu droTa ganmavlobaSi gadayvetilebis
mza komponentebi geqnebaT, Tqven mTel yurad-
Rebas gzas miapyrobT. magaliTad, mgzavrs misi
ayvanis adgilzeve gadaaxdevinebT mgzavrobis
safasurs, Semdeg ki SeZlebT mTeli Tqveni
yuradReba moZraobaze gadaitanoT.
gagacnobT warsuli gamocdilebis awmyoSi
problemis gadaWra da azrovneba
gamoyenebis erT-erT saukeTeso magaliTs. msof-
algoriTmi (Algorithm) _ Tanmimdevruli, safe-
xureobrivi procedura, romlis saSualebiTac
vpoulobT swor pasuxs konkretuli tipis
problemis gadasaWrelad.
evristika (Heuristics) _ kognituri strategia an
,,praqtikuli meTodi~ romelic xSirad gamoi-
yeneba rogorc Semoklebuli gza rTuli amo-
canis gadasaWrelad.
xmamaRali fiqris meTodi (Think-aloud protocols)
_
339
 suraTi
9.13
SegiZliaT gadaWraT es problemebi? (nawili II)
aq mocemulia amocanebis amoxsnis gza. Tqven rogor amoxseniT? radgan
pasuxebi naTelia, SegviZlia visaubroT imaze, Tu ra arTulebs am
amocanebs.
lio Cempions, gari kasparovs SeuZlia Wadrakis
figurebis wamgebiani ganlagebis poziciebis
gansazRvra da TiToeul SemTxvevaSi gamocdili
strategiis gamoyeneba, rac mas saSualebas aZlevs
erTdroulad ramdenime oponenti daamarcxos
(Gobet & Simon, 1996).
rig SemTxvevaSi sasargeblo reprezentaciis
povna problemis sruliad axal WrilSi gaaz-
rebis saSualebas iZleva. waikiTxeT 9.6 cxrilSi
mocemuli amocana. rogor apirebT am amocanis
amoxsnas? dafiqrdiT, sanam kiTxvas gaagrZe-
Tavi 9 / kognituri procesebi
lebdeT. Tu Tqven am problemis mosagvareblad
maTematikuri xerxebis gamoyeneba scadeT, war-
matebas ver miaRwevdiT. am SemTxvevaSi ukeTesi
iqneba warmoidginoT ori beri, romelTagan erTi
mTis wveridan Camodis, meore ki - adis (Adams,
1986). isini xom erT wertilSi Sexvdebian er-
TmaneTs (ix. sur. 9.14)? axla ori beri SecvaleT
erTiT. azrobrivad es erTi da igivea, e.i. amocana
damtkicebulia. amocanis aseT gamartivebas
uzrunvelyofs swori – vizualuri da ara ver-
baluri an maTematikuri reprezentaciis gamo-
yeneba. Tu 9.12 suraTze mocemul amocanebs
340 gadaxedavT, kidev erTxel darwmundebiT prob-
lemuri situaciis adekvaturi reprezentaciis
mniSvnelobaSi. Tqven unda mixvdeT, rom milidan
ping-pongis burTebis amosaRebad ar aris saWiro
milSi SeRweva. erTamaneTisagan moSorebiT
Camokidebuli Tokis boloebis SesaerTeblad
cxrili
9.6
gamocana `beri~
erT diliT, zustad mzis amosvlisas budisti
beri iwyebs asvlas maRal mTaze. mTis biliki
viwroa, daaxloebiT erTi Tu ori nabijis siganis.
spiraliviT daklaknili biliki mTis mwverva-
lisaken miemarTeba. beri xSirad Cerdeba dasasve-
neblad, Wams gamxmar xils da taZarSi mzis
Casvlamde cota xniT adre midis. ramdenime dRis
marxvisa da meditaciis Semdeg, isev mzis amos-
vlisas, beri igive bilikiT mTidan qvemoT eSveba,
isev xSirad Cerdeba Sesasveneblad. qvemoT Camos-
vlisas misi siarulis saSualo siCqare bevrad
aRemateba qvemodan zemoT asvlis siCqares. daam-
tkiceT, rom bilikze aris wert-ili, sadac beri
zustad erTsa da imave dros imyofeboda asvli-
sasac da Camosvlisasac
(pasuxi ix. sur. 9.14-ze).

ki saWiroa yuradReba miaqcioT Tokis qveS,
iatakze myof erT-erT sagans da gamoiyenoT is,
rogorc simZime. anTebuli sanTlis karze dasa-
magreblad ki aucilebelia asanTis kolofi
gamoiyenoT, rogorc Sandali, xolo sanTeli
unda gamoiyenoT, erTi mxriv, rogorc iaraRi,
xolo, meore mxriv, sagani, romelic unda
miamagroT karze. bolo ori problema funqcio-
naluri rigidobis fenomenis ilustraciaa (ix.
sur. 9.13) (Duncker, 1945; Maier, 1931). funqcionaluri
rigidoba xels uSlis sagnis tradiciulad
miRebuli Tvisebebis ugulebelyofas da misi
axali Tvisebebis Tu funqciis danaxvas, riTac
uaryofiT gavlenas axdens problemis gadaWraze.
rodesac problemur situaciaSi aRmoCndebiT,
pirvel rigSi, daukvirdiT, rogor warmoidgenT
mas; xom ar arsebobs misi gaazrebis an daZlevis
gansxvavebuli an ukeTesi gzebi? Tu sityvebi
ar gSveliT, SeecadeT, es problema naxatis
saxiT warmoidginoT. mosinjeT Tqveni variantebi
_ naxeT, Tu romeli funqciis Secvlaa SesaZle-
beli axali kombinaciis misaRebad.
rodesac raime problemis gadaWras cdilobT,
rogorc wesi, Tqven fiqrobT, anu azrovnebT.
qvemoT ganvixilavT azrovnebis erT-erT formas,
romelsac deduqciuri azrovneba ewodeba.
deduqciuri azrovneba
warmoidgineT, rom midixarT restoranSi da
fulis gadaxdas Tqveni erTaderTi sakredito
baraTiT _ „American Express~ _ apirebT. rekavT
restoranSi da ekiTxebiT: „SeiZleba Tqvens
suraTi
9.14
gamocana `beri~-s
amoxsna
A suraTze naCvenebia ori
beri. erTi moZraobs qve-
modan zemoT, meore _
zemodan qvemoT. B suraTze
warmodgenilia maTi Sex-
vedris adgili dRis erTsa
da imave momentSi. axla
SecvaleT ori beri erTiT;
amocana damtkicebulia.
restoranSi sakre-dito baraTiT, „American Ex-
press~, sargebloba?~ restornis mepatrone gpa-
suxobT: „Cven yvela ZiriTad sakredito baraTs
viRebT~. am pasuxis Semdeg SegiZliaT daaskvnaT,
rom isini Tqvens sakredito ba-raTsac miiReben.
ratom? am SemTxvevaSi SegviZlia vixelmZRva-
neloT silogizmiT (ori winadadebidan gake-
Tebuli logikuri daskvniT), romelic berZenma
filosofosma aristotelem 2000 wlis win mogvca:
wanamZRvari 1. restorani iRebs yvela ZiriTad
sakredito baraTs;
wanamZRvari 2. „American Express~ aris ZiriTadi
sakredito ba-raTi;
daskvna: restorani miiRebs baraTs „American
Express~.
aristotele ikvlevda, Tu ra logikuri mimar-
Teba arsebobda winadadebebs Soris, romlebic
realur daskvnamde migviyvanda. deduqciuri
azrovneba logikuri wesebis sworad gamoyenebas problemis gadaWra da azrovneba
gulisxmobs. Cven sakredito baraTis magaliTi
moviyvaneT, raTa gveCvenebina, rom gvaqvs
logikuri daskvnis gakeTebis unari, romelsac
logikuri, deduqciuri mtkicebulebis forma
gaaCnia. miuxedavad amisa, fsiqologebi ikvleven,
funqcionaluri rigidoba (Functional fixedness) –
sagnis tradiciuli xedvis Secvlis da axali
funqciis danaxvis da misi efeqturad gamoyenebis
unaris arqona.
deduqciuri azrovneba (Deductive reasoning) –
azrovnebis forma, romelic ori an meti
wanamZRvridan logikuri daskvnis gakeTebis
unars gulisxmobs.
341
 gvaqvs Tu ara deduqciuri azrovnebis forma-
luri wesebi (Schaeken et al., 2000). es masStaburi
kvleva gvafiqrebinebs, rom, SesaZloa, marTlac
gagvaCnia zogadi logikuri azrovnebis unari,
magram realur samyaroSi deduqciur azrovnebaze
gavlenas axdens specifikuri codna samyaros
Sesaxeb da konkretul problemasTan dakavSi-
rebuli reprezentaciuli resursebi.
modiT, es msjeloba qvemoT mocemul daskvnaze
ganvavrcoT da vnaxoT, Tu ra gavlenas axdens
codna deduqciur azrovnebaze. ganvixiloT
Semdegi silogizmi:
wanamZRvari 1. yvelafers, rasac aqvs Zrava,
sWirdeba benzini;
wanamZRvari 2. avtomobilebs sWirdebaT ben-
zini;
daskvna: avtomobilebs aqvT Zrava.
rogor fiqrobT, sworia es daskvna? logikis
wesebis Tanaxmad — ara, radgan pirveli
wanamZRvari Riad tovebs im faqts, rom zogierT
Tu arsebobs iseTi damajerebeli daskvna,
sagans, romelsac ara aqvs Zrava, agreTve,
romelic Seesabameba adamianis gonebaSi prob-
sWirdeba benzini. siZnele isaa, rom is, rac
lemis reprezentacias, es daskvna WeSmaritad
arasworia logikur problemaSi, ar aris auci-
miiCneva. avtomobilis SemTxvevaSi, codna avto-
lebeli, rom mcdari iyos realur cxovrebaSic.
mobilebis Sesaxeb aZnelebs am daskvnis uar-
e.i., Tu Tqven mxolod pirvel da meore
yofas. Tumca, roca monawileebs misces zustad
wanamZRvarSi mocemul informacias flobT da
es wanamZRvrebi da sTxoves, gaekeTebinaT daskvna,
Tqven mas ganixilavT ubralod, rogorc for-
daaxloebiT naxevarma SeZlo sworad ganesazRvra,
maluri logikis savarjiSos, maSin es daskvna
rom am formulirebiT swor daskvnas ver gamoi-
mcdaria. miuxedavad amisa, rodesac cdis pirebi
tanda. amrigad, codnas, SesaZloa, ufro naklebi
msjeloben, gamomdinareobs Tu ara daskvna
gavlena hqondes Tqveni sakuTari azrovnebis
logikurad ori wanamZR-vridan, isini dadebiTi
procesebze, vidre Tqven mier sxvisi daskvnebis
pasuxisken ufro maSin ixrebian, rodesac daskvna
Sefasebaze (Rips, 1990).
avtomobils exeba, vidre, rodesac raime uazro
logikuri azrovnebis iseTi formaluri in-
termini gamoiyeneba (Markovitz & Nantel, 1989).
struqciebi, romlebic aq aris aRwerili,
aseTi Sedegi rwmenis efeqtis naTel magaliTs
amcirebs rwmenis gavlenas daskvnaze (Evans et
Tavi 9 / kognituri procesebi

warmoadgens. rwmenis efeqti gulisxmobs, rom

adamianebi WeSmaritad miiCneven im daskvnebs,
romelTaTvisac SeuZliaT realuri samyaros
misaRebi modelis konstruireba (ageba), xolo
mcdarad Tvlian im daskvnebs, romelTaTvisac
amis gakeTeba uWirT (Evans et al., 1983; Janis & Frick,
1943; Newstead et al., 1992).
rwmenis efeqti (elief-bias effect) – situacia,
romelsac pirovnebis codna, ganwyoba, Rire-
bulebebi amaxinjebs da romelic cvlis az-
rovnebis process, aiZulebs mas miiRos mcdari
argumentebi.
342
al., 1994).
azrovnebis unars gamocdilebac aumjobesebs.
amaSi dasarwmuneblad SeadareT, Tu ro-gor
asrulebT erTsa da imave davalebas abstraqtuli
azrovnebis saSualebiT da samyaros Sesaxeb
realuri codnis gamoyenebiT.
warmoidgineT, rom erT rigSi dalagebulia
4 baraTi, romelTagan TiToeulze weria „A~,
„D~, „4", „7" ise, rogorc es 9.15 suraTzea war-
modgenili. romeli baraTi unda gadmoabrunoT,
rom SeamowmoT wesi: „Tu baraTis erT mxares
xmovania, mis meore mxares iqneba luwi ricxvi~
suraTi
9.15
abstraqtuli da sagnobrivi azrovneba
Tqven gevalebaT gadmoabrunoT zeda rigSi mocemuli baraTebidan is baraTebi,
romelTa saSualebiTac SeamowmebT wess: `Tu baraTis erT mxares mocemulia
xmovani, mis meore mxares iqneba luwi ricxvi~. qveda rigSi mocemuli
baraTebidan unda gadmoabrunoT is baraTebi, romlebic saSualebas mogcemT,
SeamowmoT Semdegi wesi: `Tu momxmarebeli apirebs alkoholuri sasmelis
dalevas, igi 18 wlis mainc unda iyos~. rogorc wesi, cdis pirebi meore

(Jihnson-Laird & Wason, 1977). ras izamdiT? umrav-
lesoba fiqrobs, rom unda gadmoabrunos baraTi
„ A~ — rac sworia da baraTi „4", rac arasworia.
mocemuli wesis mcdarobis dasamtkiceblad
araviTari mniSvneloba ar aqvs baraTs „4", amitom
mis gadmobrunebas azri ar aqvs (xvdebiT, ratom?);
Tqven unda gadmoabrunoT baraTi „7" da Tu
naxavT, rom mis meore mxares mocemulia xmovani,
gamodis, rom wesi ar aris swori.
am davalebas veisonis seleqciis davalebas
(Wason selection task) uwodeben, romelic eWvqveS
ayenebs adamianis efeqturad azrovnebis unars.
es negatiuri azri Semdgom modificirebul iqna
ori mimarTulebiT. pirveli: mkvlevrebma gamoT-
qves varaudi, rom, SesaZloa, cdis pirebi bara-
Tebis Sesamowmeblad iyeneben aradeduqciur
strategias, ris gamoc isini ufro adastureben,
vidre uaryofen wesSi asaxuli mimarTebis
ganzogadebas. miuxedavad imisa, rom am stra-
tegias mcdar deduqciur azrovnebamde mivyavarT,
realur situaciaSi is mizanSewonilia mimarTe-
bebis Sesaswavlad da gadawyvetilebis misaRebad
(Oaksford, Chater, 1994; Oaksford et al., 1997).
meore: deduqciuri azrovnebis gamoyeneba
ufro efeqturia, rodesac cdis pirebs saSualeba
aqvT, rom veisonis davalebis Sesrulebis dros
gamoiyenon samyaros Sesaxeb realuri codna
(Holyoak & Spellman, 1993). warmoi-dgineT, Tqven
gTxoves 9.13 suraTis qveda rigSi mocemul
baraTebze logikuri davalebis Sesruleba. unda
SeamowmoT wesi: „Tu momxmarebeli apirebs
alkoholuri sasmelis dalevas, igi 18 wlis
mainc unda iyos~ (CHeng & Holyoak, 1985).
am SemTxvevaSi, albaT, maSinve mixvdiT, romeli
baraTebi unda gadmoabrunoT: „17" da „ludis
daleva~. realur cxovrebaSi msgavsi problemis
dros SegiZliaT azrovnebis pragmatuli sqema
gamoiyenoT. rogorc me-8 TavSi aRvwereT, sqemebis
Camoyalibeba xdeba gamocdilebis Sedegad. Tqven
akrZalvebis didi gamocdileba gaqvT. gaixseneT
is dro, rodesac geubnebodnen: „televizors
ver uyureb, sanam saSinao davalebas ar Seas-
ruleb~. aseTi tipis interaqciebis procesSi
Tqven imuSavebT gonivrul sqemas. realur
cxovrebiseul situaciaSi, sadac erTmaneTTan
kavSirSia asaki da sma, xdeba am sqemis aqtivacia,
xolo pirobiT situaciaSi, romelic luw ri-
cxvebsa da xmovnebs akavSirebs, sqemis aqtivacia
problemis gadaWra da azrovneba
ar xdeba. amitom aseTi pirobiTi tipis dava-
lebebi ar iZleva deduqciuri azrovnebis unaris
saTanadod Sefasebis saSualebas.
aRsaniSnavia, rom ukanaskneli kvlevebis Se-
degad gaCnda akrZalvebis procesSi sqemebis
SeZenis azris alternatiuli idea.
zemoT aRwerili davalebis 3 wlis asakis
bavSvebisaTvis modificirebuli variantis Cata-
rebis dros aRmoCnda, rom maT kargad SeuZliaT
wesis gageba, Tu ra aris nebadarTuli da ra –
akrZaluli. es Sedegebi savaraudos xdis, rom
akrZalvis situaciis gaazreba, SesaZloa, Tan-
dayolili iyos (Cummins, 1996). radgan is ar
aris damokidebuli socialur normebze, SesaZ- 343
 loa, warmoadgendes genetikuri informaciis
nawils, romelic memkvidreobiT gadaecema ada-
mians, rogorc socialur arsebas (Cummins, 1999).
am nawilis dasawyisSi aRvwereT situacia,
saidanac Tqven swor deduqciur daskvnas
akeTebdiT sakredito baraTis gamoyenebis
Sesaxeb. samwuxarod, cxovrebaSi arsebobs uamravi
SemTxveva, rodesac SeuZlebelia swori daskvnis
gakeTeba, sakmaod sando wanamZRvrebidanac ki.
axla, ganvixilavT am magaliTis axal versias,
romelic Tqvengan gansxvavebuli formis az-
rovnebas moiTxovs.
induqciuri azrovneba
warmoidgineT aseTi situacia: mixvediT
restoranSi da mxolod maSin gagaxsendaT,
SegemowmebinaT, gaqvT Tu ara sakmarisi naRdi
fuli. aRmoaCineT, rom Tqveni sakredito baraTis
_ „American Express~ _ gamoyeneba mogiwevT, magram
restornis gareT ar aris gancxadeba restoranSi
sakredito baraTiT sargeblobis Taobaze.
restornis fanjrebidan moCans kargad Cacmuli
momxmarebeli. meniuSi ki xedavT, rom fasebi
sakmaod maRalia. mxedvelobaSi iRebT ra Tqven
garSemomyofTa maRal materialur mdgomareobas,
mocemul situaciaze dakvirveba gafiqrebinebT,
rom es restorani miiRebs Tqvens sakredito
baraTs. es aris deduqciuri daskvna, radganac
is Tqvens varauds emyareba da ara _ logikur
wanamZRvars. Tqveni daskvna ki induqciuri az-
rovnebis nimuSia, rodesac azrovneba gulisxmobs
savaraudo (da ara sando) daskvnebs mocemul
situaciaze dayrdnobiT.
Cven ukve SemogTavazeT induqciuri azrov-
nebis ramdenime nimuSi. me-5 da me-8 TavebSi
Tavi 9 / kognituri procesebi
vnaxeT, rom adamianebi warsulSi dagrovil in-
formacias iyeneben awmyosa da momavlis gansa-
zRvris mizniT. Tqven induqciur azrovnebas
Semdeg SemTxvevebSi iyenebT: haerSi popkornis
surnelis safuZvelze askvniT, rom viRac
popkorns akeTebs; induqciur azrovnebas iyenebT,
Tu daeTanxmebiT azrs, rom asoebi am furcelze
induqciuri azrovneba (Inductive reasoning) –
azrovnebis forma, romelic misawvdom mtkice-
bulebaze da warsul gamocdilebaze dayrdno-
biT garkveuli albaTobiT daskvnis gakeTebas
344 gulisxmobs.
uecrad ar gauCinardeba (an Tu iswavliT, Tqveni
codna ar gauCinardeba testirebis dros).
dabolos, am TavSi ganvixileT daskvnis ti-
pebi, romlebic adamianis saubridan gamom-
dinareoben. Tqveni varaudi, rom igi namdvilad
maRali wris warmomadgenelia, misi metyvelebis
maneridan gamomdinare, induqciuri azrovnebis
nimuSs warmoadgens.
realur cxovrebaSi problemis gadaWris
unari xSirad induqciur azrovnebazea damoki-
debuli. davubrundeT isev Cvens magaliTs. Tqven
SemTxveviT CageketaT kari da gareT darCiT.
ras moimoqmedebT am SemTxvevaSi? warsulSi aseT
dros miRebuli gadawyvetilebis gaxseneba
pirveli mizanSewonili nabijia. am process
problemis analogiuri gadawyveta ewodeba. Aam
dros Tqven iwyebT awmyo da warsul situaciebs
Soris saerTos Ziebas (Holyoak & Nisbett, 1988;
Holyoak & Thagard, 1997). `karis Caketvis da gareT
darCenis~ warsuli gamocdilebis safuZvelze
SeiZleba gagaxsendeT zogadi wesi _ `iseTi
adamianebis moZebna, romelTac aqvT gasaRebi~.
am wesiT SeiaraRebuli, Tqven iwyebT am adamia-
nebis gamoyofas da fiqrs, Tu rogor ipovoT
isini (Ross & Kenedy, 1990), risTvisac SeiZleba
dagWirdeT im meTodis gaxseneba, romelic Tqveni
megobrebis mosaZebnad SeimuSaveT. am problemis
gadaWra imitom geadvilebaT, rom Tqven ukve
mieCvieT warsuli gamocdilebis gamoyenebas _
induqciuri azrovneba saSualebas gaZlevT,
gamoiyenoT gamocdili meTodebi da swrafad
gadaWraT axali problemebi.
problemis analogiuri gadawyvetis Sesaxeb
kvlevebs xSirad saganmanaTleblo mniSvneloba
aqvT (Kolodnery, 1977), magaliTad, Tqveni maTema-
tikisa da sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebis maswav-
leblebi gacnoben ramdenime amocanas Tavisi
amonaxsniT. amocanebi ukve damuSavebuli pasu-
xebiT mocemulia saxelmZRvaneloebSic. Semdgom
Tqven gixdebaT msgavsi tipis amocanebis amoxsna,
romlebsac, savaraudod, daZlevT. aseTi midgoma
emyareba im mosazrebas, rom Tqven gamoiyenebT
induqciur azrovnebas da SeZlebT Zveli meTo-
debis gamoyenebas axali problemebis dasaZlevad.
mkvlevrebi Seecadnen, ganesazRvraT is pirobebi,
romlebSic moswavleebi warsuli gamocdilebis
maqsimalurad gamoyenebas SeZlebdnen (Lorett &
Anderson, 1994; Novick & Holyoak, 1991). zogadi
daskvna, romelic maT gamoitanes, gulisxmobs,
rom moswavleebs analogiis mosaZebnad xSirad
daxmareba sWirdebaT. imisaTvis, rom moswavlem
SeZlos axal problemaSi Zveli problemis
mniSvnelobis danaxva, xSirad saWiroa damatebiTi
waxaliseba — miniSnebisa da mimarTulebis
micema (Ross & Kennedy, 1990). modiT ganvixiloT
magaliTi.
saidan
viciT
msgavsebebis mosaZebnad adamianebs
xSirad daxmareba sWirdebaT
daakvirdiT 9.16 suraTis I nawilSi mo-
cemul figuras. warmoidgineT, rom viRacam
milis zeda bolodan Caasxa wyali. ra
mimarTulebiT wava wylis nakadi milis
qveda bolodan gamosvlis Semdeg? SegiZ-
liaT gamoiyenoT meore nawilSi mocemuli
nimuSebi. ganvixiloT odnav Secvlili
varianti. warmoidgineT, rom viRacam milis
TavSi Slangi daamagra. cvlis es rames?
cdis pirebs pirvelad sTxovdnen, daexataT
wylis nakadis mimarTuleba, romliTac,
maTi azriT, wyali wavidoda milidan gamos-
vlis Semdeg. Semdgom sTxovdnen, amoerCiaT
is suraTi, romelic yvelaze metad hgavda
maT naxats. erT-erT eqsperimentSi, sadac
pirobebSi ar iyo mocemuli Slangi, cdis
pirTa mxolod 30%-ma gasca swori pasuxi
(f varianti), xolo Slangis Semotanis
Semdeg es ricxvi 75%-mde gaizarda. ra
ganapirobebs am gansxvavebas? rogorc Cans,
warsuli gamocdilebis eqsplicituri Sex-
senebisas (magaliTad, gaixseneT, rogor
gamodis wylis nakadi sarwyavi milidan),
cdis pirebi iwyeben induqciur azrovnebas,
Tumca, am Sexsenebis gareSe isini fiqroben,
rom „miamituri fizikis~ kanonidan gamom-
dinare, milidan gamosvlis Semdeg wylis
nakadi ganagrZobs cirkularul moZraobas
(Catrambone et al., 1995).
am eqsperimentSi kargad Cans, rom adamianebis
umravlesobas problemis gadaWrisas sWirdeba
Sexseneba (miTiTeba), rom gamoiyenon induqciuri
azrovneba.
Tqven SeiZleba ar mogwonT, rom aseTi Sex-
seneba xSirad aucilebelia — maswavleblebi
da saxelmZRvaneloebi iSviaTad iZlevian aseT
miniSnebebs. ra unda qnaT? SeecadeT, Tqven
TviTon, SeZlebisdagvarad, moZebnoT konkretuli
analogia; SeecadeT, gansazRvroT problemis
struqtura da gamoiyenoT msgavsi struqturis
mqone, TqvenTvis ukve nacnobi problemis
daZlevis meTodi.
rac ufro zustad da sworad gaqvT gagebuli
Zveli problemis komponentebi da struqtura,
miT ufro advilia Zvel da axal problemebs
Soris msgavsebis danaxva da gadawyvetilebis
meTodis morgeba. manamde ki SegiZliaT, endoT
fsiqolog-eqsperimentatorebs da maT mier
miRebuli Sedegebi maswavleblebs da saxel-
mZRvanelos avtorebs gauziaroT.
problemis gadaWra da azrovneba
suraTi
9.16
ra mimarTulebiT wava
wyali
warmoidgineT, rom suraTis pir-
vel nawilSi daxatuli mowyo-
bilobidan gamodis wylis nakadi.
rogor ggoniaT, ra mimarTulebiT
wava wyali? daxateT. Semdeg ki,
meore nawilSi warmodgenili
nimuSebidan airCieT erT-erTi,
romelic yvelaze metad hgavs
Tqvens naxats.
345
 induqciur azrovnebasTan dakavSirebiT kidev
erTi ram unda aRvniSnoT. xSirad SesaZlebelia
efeqturi gadawyvetilebis ganmeorebiT gamo-
yeneba, magram rig SemTxvevebSi, roca Zvel da
axal situacias Soris kritikuli gansxvavebaa,
warsulze damokidebulebam SeiZleba xeli
SeuSalos axali problemis daZlevas. 9.12
suraTze aRwerili wylis qilebis amocana amis
klasikur magaliTs warmoadgens. am SemTxvevaSi
warsul gamocdilebaze damokidebulebis gamo
SeiZleba amocana saerTod ver amoxsnaT (Luchins,
1942). pirveli ori amocanis „F~ nawilSi Tqven
aRmoaCenT, rom pasuxis misaRebad arsebobs
zogadi formula B-A-2(C). bunebrivia, rom mesame
amocanis amoxsnisas isev SeecdebiT mis gamo-
yenebas da naxavT, rom am formuliT mesame
amocana ar amoixsneba. am SemTxvevaSi unda
gaavsoT „A~ qila da gadmoasxaT imdeni, rom
Seivsos „C~ qila, ris Semdegac dagrCebaT wylis
saWiro raodenoba. Tu Tqven ver mixvdiT, es
rogor unda gagekeTebinaT da amocanis amo-
saxsnelad pirvel formulas iyenebdiT, es imas
niSnavs, rom SegeqmnaT im gamocdili wesis
gamoyenebis fsiqikuri ganwyoba, romelmac war-
mateba mogitanaT. ganwyoba - es aris fsiqikuri
aqtivobis, azrovnebis Tu Cvevis winmswrebi
mdgomareoba, romelsac garkveuli pirobebis
zemoqmedebiT SeuZlia aRqmisa da problemis
gadaWris xarisxisa da siswrafis gazrda. Tumca,
maSin, rodesac azrovnebisa da moqmedebis Zveli
xerxebi axal situaciaSi ar aris produqtiuli,
maT SeuZliaT fsiqikuri aqtebis Seferxeba da
damaxinjeba. rodesac problemur situaciaze
fiqris dros gaiWedebiT, daixieT ukan da hkiTxeT
sakuTar Tavs _ warsuli warmateba xom ar
ganapirobebs Tqveni xedvis SezRudvas?
Tavi 9 / kognituri procesebi
problemis gadaWrisas gaiTvaliswineT prob-
lemuri situaciebisa da maTi daZlevis rac
SeiZleba farTo speqtri, rac ufro Semoqme-
debiTs gaxdis daZlevis process.
am nawilSi Cven problemis gadawyvetisa da
azrovnebis sxvadasxva tipebi da konkretuli
etapebi ganvixileT, romlebic realur pirobebSi
moqmedebis gaumjobesebis mizniT unda gaiaroT.
am Tavis bolo nawilSi Cvenc imave strategias
fsiqikuri ganwyoba (Mental set) _ axali prob-
lemis dasaZlevad wina problemis daZlevis
346
stilis, saSualebis gamoyenebis tendencia.
mivmarTavT. Cven aRvwereT zogierTi mniSv-
nelovani kvlevis Sedegebi, romlebic dakavSi-
rebulia gansjisa da gadawyvetilebis miRebis
procesebTan; agreTve SemogTavazeT, Tu rogor
unda gamoiyenoT es Sedegebi TqvenTvis mniSvne-
lovan situaciaSi.
Sejameba
problemuri situacia moicavs Tavdapirvel
mdgomareobas, mizans da mTel rig operaciebs,
romelTa saSualebiTac Tavdapirveli mdgo-
mareobidan individi aRwevs mizans. problemis
daZleva ufro efeqturia, roca adamianebi
gadawyvetilebis komponentebs gamocdian da
sasargeblo reprezentaciebs pouloben. deduq-
ciuri azrovnebis gamoyenebiT sando daskvnebs
viRebT. kvlevis Sedegebis safuZvelze dadginda,
rom adamianebi yovelTvis ar arian Tanmimdev-
rulni deduqciuri azrovnebis dros. magaliTad,
isini tyuvdebian rwmenis gavleniT, Tumca,
„akrZalvebis~ situaciaSi deduqciuri azrovne-
bis efeqturoba imatebs.
induqciuri azrovneba warsuli gamocdilebis
generalizacias moiTxovs. induqcias didi
gamoyeneba aqvs analogiuri problemis gadaWris
dros, rodesac adamianebi cdiloben, ipovon
misi analogiuri Zveli problema, romlis daZ-
levis gzebic maTTvis ukve cnobilia.
msjeloba da
gadawyvetilebis miReba
msjelobisa da gadawyvetilebis miRebis
Sesaxeb saubars Tqveni yoveldRiuri gamoc-
dilebis erT-erTi yvelaze didi WeSmaritebiT
daviwyebT: Tqven cxovrobT samyaroSi, romelic
savsea gaurkvevlobiT. gadaixdiT Tu ara 9
dolars im filmis sanaxavad, romelic SeiZleba
an mogewonoT an _ ara? gamocdis win Tqveni
Canawerebis swavlas amjobinebT Tu saxel-
mZRvanelos xelaxla gadakiTxvas? mzad xarT
Tu ara CaebaT xangrZliv urTierTobebSi? radgan
momavlis Sesaxeb mxolod varaudi SegiZliaT
 fsiqologia XXI saukuneSi
Tu odesme gqoniaT seri-
ozuli samedicino konsulta-
cia eqimTan, Tavad yofil-
xarT im situaciis monawile,
roca individis msjelobasa
da problemis gadaWris unars
udidesi mniSvneloba aqvs.
Tqvens janmrTelobaze pa-
suxismgebelma pirma unda
moaxdinos Tqven mier CamoT-
vlili simptomebis erTob-
liobis (paternis) identifi-
kacia da daadginos daavadebis
gamomwvevi mizezi; miRebuli
daskvnis safuZvelze indi-
vidma samoqmedo gegma unda
SeimuSavos. am procesSi mo-
cemuli sirTuleebidan gamom-
dinare, warmoidgineT raoden
Znelia zustad Tqveni daava-
debis simptomebis aRwera ise,
rom sxvebisaTvis gasagebi
iyos. swored amitom kognitur
mecnierebaTa mimdevrebi ram-
denime welia muSaoben kompi-
uterul programebze, romle-
bic mniSvnelovan daxmarebas
uwevs eqimebsa da janmrTe-
lobis dacvis personals
diagnostikasa da mkuranlo-
bis dagegmvaSi.
am programebs ,,eqspert-
sistemebs~ uwodeben, rom-
lebic profesionalTa mier
problemebis gadaWris simu-
laciaa, arsebuli codnis
gaTvaliswinebiT. sistema
MYCIN, romelic SemuSavebul
iqna 1970-ian wlebSi, safuZ-
vlad daedo mecnierul kvle-
vaTa did nawils am sferoSi.
igi Seiqmna, rogorc infeq-
ciur daavadebaTa diagnos-
tikisa da mkurnalobis dam-
xmare saSualeba (Shortliffe,
eqspert-sistemebi da medicina
1976). am programis muSaoba
eyrdnoba ,,Tu – maSin~ wesebs,
romelTa saSualebiTac xdeba
wanamZRvrebisa da am sferoSi
momuSave specialistebis evris-
tikul codnaze (magaliTad,
praqtikaze) damyarebuli das-
kvnebis dakavSireba. realuri
samedicino diagnozis msgavsad,
MYCIN sistemis saSualebiT
SesaZlebelia wanamZRvrebisa
(magaliTad, pacientis sisxlis
analizis pasuxis) da konkre-
tuli daskvnis (magaliTad,
diagnozis an mkurnalobis
rekomendaciebis) dakavSireba.
programas, aseve, SeuZlia gviC-
venos (moTxovnis SemTxvevaSi),
Tu rogor mivida igi saboloo
daskvnamde. miuxedavad imisa, rom
es sistema arasodes gamouye-
nebiaT praqtikaSi, Tanamedrove
mkvlevrebis mier Seqmnili
msgavsi programebi inarCuneben
igive princips – rekomenda-
ciebis garda momxmarebels
miawodon informacia „azrov-
nebis procesebis~ Sesaxeb (Chae,
1998; Hudson & Cohen, 2000).
faqtia, rom am programebis
SesaZlebloba – daadginos
daavadebis gamomwvevi mizezebi,
mkurnalobis procesis warma-
tebis mniSvnelovani komponen-
tia. warmoidgineT, magaliTad,
eqimi, romelic iyenebs samedi-
cino eqspert-sistemas. rogorc
eqimma, Tqven SeiZleba ar
aRiaroT, rom romelime kompi-
uterul programas SeuZlia
Tqvenze ukeTesad gansazRvros
daavadeba da Secvalos Tqveni
codna da mravalwliani gamoc-
dileba, Tumca, mniSvnelovania
imis gaTvaliswineba, rom eq-
spert-sistemebi erTad uyris
Tavs ama Tu im sferoSi dagro-
vil codnas. aseTi tipis sis-
temebSi mocemulia ara mxo-
lod faqtebi, aramed maT am
faqtebze dayrdnobiT SeuZ-
liaT „azrovneba~. mecnierebi
cdiloben iseTi sistemebis
Seqmnas, romlebic uzrunvel-
yofen axsnas, Tu ratom unda
daakavSiros momxmarebelma
(janmrTelobis dacvis mu-
Sakma) faqtebis garkveuli
erToblioba konkretul das-
kvnebTan (Chandrasckaran& Mittal,
1999).
axla pacientis TvaliT
SevxedoT am yvelafers. ram-
denadac XXI saukuneSi eq-
spert-sistemebis mniSvne-
lovni gaumjobeseba xdeba,
Tqven SeiZleba SexvdeT eqims,
romelic Seitans Tqvens kon-
kretul monacemebs kompi-
uterSi da sakuTari codnis
garda eqspert-sistemaSi mo-
cemul codnasac gaiTvalis-
winebs.
veb-gverdebi:
http://smi.stanford.edu e s
msjeloba da gadawyvetilebis miReba
aris stenfordis samedicino
informatikis veb-gverdi, sa-
dac ganTavsebulia infor-
macia mkvlevarTa jgufis
Sesaxeb, romlebmac ganaxor-
cieles mTeli rigi proeq-
tebi medicinasa da eqsper-
tul sistemebTan dakavSi-
rebiT.
www.cis.upenn.edu/~traumaid
„TraumAID~ aris programa,
romelic Seiqmna kritikul
situaciaSi eqimTa dasax-
mareblad. veb-gverdze ganTav-
sebulia eqspert-sistemebis
sademonstracio versiebi.
347
 da radgan TiTqmis arasodes gagaCniaT sruli
codna warsulis Sesaxeb, Tqven Zalian iSviaTad
SeiZleba iyoT darwmunebuli, rom sworad
imsjeleT, an swori gadawyvetileba miiReT.
amgvarad, msjelobisa da gadawyvetilebis
miRebis procesebi unda uzrunvelyofdnen
ganusazRvrelobis Semcirebas. kognituri
fsiqoloogiis erT-erTi fuZemdebeli herbert
saimoni (Herbert Simon) wers: ,,im rTul garemosTan
SedarebiT, romelSic adamians uxdeba cxovreba,
misi azrovnebis Zala metad mokrZalebulia~.
is unda dakmayofildes problemebis ,,sakmaod
kargi~ gadawyvetiTa da moqmedebebis ,,sakmaod
kargi~ gegmiT (1979, gv. 3). Aaqedan gamomdinare,
saimoni varaudobs, rom azrovnebis procesebi
imarTeba SezRuduli racionalurobiT. SesaZ-
loa, Tqveni msjeloba da gadawyvetileba ar
iyos yovelTvis maqsimalurad kargi da racio-
naluri, rac ganpirobebulia SezRuduli
resursebis iseT situaciaSi gamoyenebiT,
romelic swraf moqmedebas moiTxovs.
sanam SezRuduli racionalurobis Sedegebis
ufro detalur analizze gadavidodeT, ganvi-
xiloT gansxvaveba msjelobasa da gadawyve-
tilebis miRebis procesebs Soris. msjelobis
procesSi Tqven ayalibebT mosazrebebs, gamo-
gaqvT daskvnebi da axdenT adamianebisa da
movlenebis kritikul Sefasebas; xSirad Tqven
msjelobT spontanurad, motivaciis gareSe.
gadawyvetilebis miReba ki ramdenime alterna-
tividan erT-erTis amorCevas, SesaZlo varian-
tebis seleqciasa da uaryofas gulisxmobs.
msjeloba da gadawyvetilebis miReba or urTier-
TdakavSirebul process warmoadgens. magaliTad,
SeiZleba viRacas SexvdeT wveulebaze da
xanmokle saubrisa da cekvis Semdeg es adamiani
Tavi 9 / kognituri procesebi
CaTvaloT saintereso, Wkvian, patiosan da
gulwrfel pirovnebad. Semdeg Tqven SeiZleba
gadawyvitoT, rom danarCeni dro wveulebaze
gaataroT masTan erTad da daTqvaT Sexvedra
msjeloba (Judjment) _ procesi, romlis saSua-
lebiTac adamianebi ayalibeben mosazrebebs,
akeTeben daskvnebs da axdenen adamianebis an
movlenebis kritikul Sefasebas xelmisawvdom
masalaze dayrdnobiT; fsiqikuri aqtivobis Se-
degi.
gadawyvetilebis miReba (Decision making) _ alter-
nativebs Soris arCevis procesi, SesaZlo varian-
348 tebis seleqcia da uaryofa.
momavali kvirisaTvis; gadawyvetilebis miReba
mWidrod ukavSirdeba qceviT moqmedebas. davub-
rundeT azrovnebis am ori tipis kvlevas.
evristika da msjeloba
romelia msjelobis saukeTeso gza? warmoid-
gineT, rom Tqven gekiTxebian: mogewonaT Tu
ara filmi? am kiTxvaze sapasuxod Tqven mogiwevT
cxrilis Sevseba, romlis erT mxares aRniSnavT,
Tu ra mogewonaT filmSi, xolo, meore mxares
– ra ar mogewonaT da naxavT, romeli sveti
gamogivaT ufro grZeli. imisaTvis, rom Tqveni
Sefaseba ufro zusti iyos, Tqven kargad unda
awon-dawonoT yoveli debulebis wili TiToeul
mxares, maTi mniSvnelobis gaTvaliswinebiT
(magaliTad, TqvenTvis SeiZleba ufro mniSvne-
lovani iyos ,,msaxiobis Sesruleba~ (plusebis
mxare), vidre _ ,,gaxmovanebis efeqtebi~ (minusebis
mxare). Tu mTel am proceduras gaivliT, Tqven
SegiZliaT darwmunebuli iyoT msjelobaSi,
magram es mxolod savarjiSoa, romelsac
iSviaTad akeTebT. realur cxovrebSi Tqven ufro
xSirad da swrafad giwevT msjeloba. Tqven ar
gaqvT dro, anda sakmarisi informacia amgvari
formaluri procedurisaTvis. ras akeTebT amis
nacvlad? am kiTxvaze pasuxis gacema pirvelad
amos tverskim da daniel kanemanma scades (Amos
Tversky & Daniel Kahneman). isini amtkicebdnen, rom
msjeloba eyrdnoba analizis ufro evristikul,
vidre formalur meTodebs. rogorc zemoT iyo
aRniSnuli, evristika warmoadgens aramecnierul,
praqtikul meTods, romelic amcirebs msjelobis
(gadawyvetilebis miRebis) sirTules.
ra SemTxvevaSi iyeneben adamianebi am praq-
tikul, gamocdilebaze damyarebul meTodebs?
rogorc qvemoT naxavT, mkvlevrebi upiratesobas
aniWeben im garemo pirobebis aRweras, sadac
aRniSnuli meTodebis gamoyeneba ganapirobebs
Secdomis daSvebas. am eqsperimentebis logika
aseTia: rogorc aRqmis iluziebis SeswavliT
SeiZleba aRqmis bunebis gageba da mexsierebis
Seswavla – mexsierebis darRvevebis SeswavliT,
aseve SesaZlebelia msjelobis procesebis
Seswavla mcdari msjelobebis SeswavliT
(Kahneman, 1991). rogorc mexsierebis, aRqmisa da
sxva fsiqikuri procesebis SemTxvevaSi, am dro-
sac erTmaneTSi ar unda agerioT meTodi da
daskvna. miuxedavad imisa, rom aRqma ar aris
srulyofili da fsiqologebs SeuZliaT dagar-
wmunon Tqveni aRqmis mcdarobaSi, kedelze ver
ivliT; Sesabamisad, miuxedavad evristikuli
msjelobebis gamo aRmocenebuli Secdomebisa,
Tqven ar ejaxebiT kognituri SezRudvis ba-
rierebs.
niSnavs Tu ara es imas, rom Tqven sruliad
komfortulad grZnobT Tavs, roca aseTi tipis
Secdomebs uSvebT? am SemTxvevaSi aRqmasTan
Sedareba garkveulwilad araadekvaturia. aRqmis
iluziebis umravlesoba ar aris codnaze damo-
kidebuli. Tqven yovelTvis mzad xarT, aRiaroT
miuler-laieris iluziis (ix. Tavi 5) xazebis
sigrZeTa sxvadasxvaoba, miuxedavad imisa, rom
iciT, isini erTi sigrZisani arian, xolo, Tu
iciT, rom Tqvens gamocdilebaze damyarebuli
msjeloba zedapirul xasiaTs atarebs, Se-
giZliaT Tavidan aiciloT zogierTi tipis
Secdoma. inteleqtualuri unarebi ar ganapi-
robeben Secdomebis Tavidan acilebas (zogierT
SemTxvevebSi Zalian Wkviani adamianebic ki
uSveben Secdomebs), specifikuri treningebis
saSualebiT SesaZlebelia msjelobis gaumjo-
beseba. am nawilSi Cven swored am unarebis
efeqturobis zrdis ramodenime saSualebas gan-
vixilavT. davubrundeT evristikis sam tips:
misawvdomobas, reprezentatulobas da „Ruzis~
evristikas.
misawvdomobis evristika
gTxovT, moifiqroT pasuxi Zalian martiv
kiTxvaze (Cveni azriT, naklebad mosalodnelia
swori pasuxi da amitom ar gTavazobT rTul
amocanas, raTa uxerxul mdgomareobaSi ar
CavardeT). warmoidgineT, rom gevalebaT mo-
Txrobis patara monakveTis wakiTxva; rogor
ggoniaT, am nawvyetSi romeli sityva iqneba ufro
meti: sityva, romelic iwyeba aso ,,k~-Ti
(magaliTad, kalaTa), Tu sityva, sadac aso ,,k~
mesame adgilzea? (magaliTad, nakrZali). Tu Tqven
tverskisa da kanemanis cdis pirebis msgavsad
fiqrobT (Amos Tversky & Daniel Kahneman 1973), maSin
Tqven daaskvniT, rom ,,k~ ufro metad gvxvdeba
xelmisawvdomobis evristika (Availability heuris-
tic) _ daskvna, romelic efuZneba mexsierebaSi
Tavisuflad xelmisawvdom informacias.
sityvis dasawyisSi, vidre SuaSi. realurad ki
,,k~ orjer ufro xSirad gvxvdeba sityvis SuaSi
(inglisur enaSi).
ratom hgonia adamianebis umravlesobas, rom
,,k~ aso ufro xSirad gvxvdeba sityvis TavSi?
es pasuxi ganpirobebulia mexsierebaSi arsebuli
xelmisawvdomi informaciiT. gacilebiT advilia
im sityvebis mofiqreba, romlebic ,,k~-Ti iwyeba,
vidre im sityvebisa, romlebSic ,,k~ mesame
adgilzea. am SemTxvevaSi Tqvens daskvnaze,
rogorc Cans, gavlenas axdens misawvdomobis
evristika _ Tqveni daskvna emyareba im infor-
macias, romelic ufro misawvdomia mexsierebi-
saTvis da umravles SemTxvevaSi swor daskvnamde
mivyavarT, amitom ganixileba, rogorc swori.
Tu, magaliTad, Tqven fiqrobT, rom boulingi
ufro usafrTxoa, vidre paraSutiT xtoma, Tqveni
daskvna emyareba misawvdomobis evristikas.
problemebi warmoiqmneba mxolod im SemTxvevaSi,
roca: (1) mexsierebaSi tendenciuri informaciis
aqtivacia xdeba; (2) mexsierebaSi Senaxuli
informacia ar aris zusti. ganvixiloT am
SesaZlo problemebis magaliTi.
amocana, romelSic cdis pirebs „k~ asos
Semcveli sityvebis raodenobis gansazRvra
evalebaT, misawvdomobaze dafuZnebuli araswori
msjelobis (daskvnis) karg magaliTs warmoadgens.
mexsierebaSi sityvebis organizaciidan gamom-
dinare, bevrad ufro advilia sityvebis gaxseneba,
roca gansazRvrulia maTi pirveli aso. ganvi-
xiloT yoveldRiuri cxovrebisTvis damaxa-
siaTebeli kidev erTi msjeloba.
msjeloba da gadawyvetilebis miReba
saidan
viciT
guneba-ganwyobileba gavlenas axdens
mexsierebis xelmisawvdomobaze
mkvlevrebs surdaT eCvenebinaT, Tu ra
zegavlena SeiZleba moaxdinos guneba-
ganwyobilebam adamianis msjelobaze. cdis
pirebs evalebodaT, waekiTxaT sasiamovno
da usiamovno informacia, rac ganapiro-
bebda Sesabamisi guneba-ganwyobilebis
Seqmnas. Semdeg ki sTxovdnen dadebiTi da
uaryofiTi movlenebis, magaliTad, sasia-
movno saRamos da mtkivneuli Wrilobis
349

gaxsenebas da, aseve, msgavsi movlenebis
ganmeorebis albaTobis gansazRvras uax-
loesi eqvsi Tvis ganmavlobaSi. miRebuli
Sedegebis analizis safuZvelze dadginda,
rom warsuli movlenebis gaxsenebaze
gavlenas axdens guneba-ganwyobileba,
xolo am ukanasknelis Sesabamisi mogo-
nebebi gansazRvravs momavlis Sesaxeb
msjelobas. karg guneba-ganwyobilebaze
myofi cdis pirebi ixsenebdnen sasiamovno
movlenebs da fiqrobdnen, rom momavalSi
ufro meti sasiamovno da naklebi usia-
movno movlena moxdeboda (MacLeod &
Campbell, 1992).
am eqsperimentiT naCvenebia, Tu ra gavlenas
axdens msjelobaze mexsierebisaTvis xelmisaw-
vdomi informaciis tipi. mniSvnelovan samomavlo
sakiTxebze msjelobisas unda gaiTvaliswinoT
guneba-ganwyobilebis gavlena TqvenTvis misaw-
vdom informaciaze da hkiTxoT sakuTar Tavs:
,,aris Tu ara raime specifikuri Cems guneba-
ganwyobilebaSi, rac gavlenas moaxdens mex-
sierebidan amotanil informaciaze?~
Tavi 9 / kognituri procesebi
350
misawvdomobasTan, rogorc msjelobis evris-
tikasTan, dakavSirebuli meore sirTule Tavs
iCens im SemTxvevaSi, roca masze gavlenas axdens
mexsierebaSi arsebuli informacia. erT-erTi
kvlevis dros Seiswavlidnen kavSirs tele-
vizoris yurebasa da SeerTebuli Statebis
mosaxleobis saSualo keTildReobis Sefasebas
Soris (O’Guinn & Shrum, 1997). adamianebi, romlebic
ufro xSirad uyureben „dinastiisa~ da „dalasis~
tipis serialebs, fiqroben, rom bevr amerikel
diasaxliss aqvs televizori an hyvas mosamsa-
xureebi. mkvlevrebis azriT, es korelacia imiT
aixsneba, rom satelevizio programebi qmnis
keTildReobis ararealur warmodgenas, romelic
advilad misawvdomia mudmivi mayureblisaTvis.
ganvixiloT meore magaliTi: adamianis msjeloba
sxvadasxva qveynis mosaxleobis Sesaxeb (Brown
& Siegler, 1992). SegiZliaT Tu ara ganalagoT es
oTxi qveyana mosaxleobis raodenobis mixedviT
mciredan didisken:
a. SvedeTi
b. indonezia
c. israeli
d. nigeria
kvlevebis safuZvelze dadginda, rom, rac
ufro meti icis adamianma qveynis Sesaxeb, miT
ufro maRalia mis mier populaciis raodenobis
Sefaseba. garda amisa, mniSvnelovani korelaciaa
qveynebis Sesaxeb codnasa da imas Soris, Tu
ramdenjer iyo is naxsenebi ,,niu iork taims~-is
statiebSi mimdinare wels (sxvaTa Soris, swori
pasuxia: israeli, SvedeTi, nigeria, indonezia.
SegiyvanaT Tu ara SecdomaSi misawvdomobam)?
rogorc Cans, Znelia endoT Tqvens kognitur
procesebs, radgan masmedia TqvenTvis xarveziani
monacemebis mowodebas uzrunvelyofs. miuxe-
davad amisa, mniSvnelovani daskvnis gamotanamde,
informaciis wyaros gadamowmebiT Tqven SegiZ-
liaT Tavi daaRwioT misawvdomobis gavlenas.
darwmunebuli xarT, rom rasac fiqrobT, Tqven-
Tvis namdvilad cnobilia?
reprezentaciuli evristika
rodesac msjeloba reprezentaciul evris-
tikas eyrdnoba, Tqven iTvaliswinebT kategoriis
arsebiT niSnebs. magaliTad, Tu sagani an
movlena am Tu im kategoriisaTvis damaxa-
warmatebul ierusalimel iurists, kolegebis
azriT, axirebuli xasiaTi aqvs, ris gamoc ar
SeuZlia jgufSi muSaoba. warmatebul karieras
isini mis konkurentunarianobasa da energiulobas
ukavSireben. igi gamxdari, saSualo simaRlis ada-
miania; yuradRebas aqcevs sakuTar garegnobas da
aris amayi. kviraSi ramdenime saaTs uTmobs Tavisi
sayvareli sportis saxeobas. sportis romeli sa-
xeobiTaa igi dakavebuli?
a. swrafi siaruliT
b. burTis TamaSiT
c. CogburTiT
d. msubuqi aTletizmiT da mindvris TamaSebiT
savaraudod
sworia ufro metis
momcveli kategoria.
9.17
suraTi
reprezentaciuli evristikis
gamoyeneba
reprezentaciuli evristikis gavleniT umrav-
lesoba miiCnevs, rom advokatis sayvareli
sporti CogburTia, Tumca, rogorc suraTzea
naCvenebi, ufro sworia `burTiT TamaSebis~
dasaxeleba, radgan igi CogburTsac moicavs.
siaTebeli niSniT xasiaTdeba, misi am kategori-
isadmi mikuTvneba xdeba. evristikis es tipi
nacnobi unda iyos TqvenTvis. is gulisxmobs
warsuli gamocdilebis safuZvelze msjelobis
agebas mocemul, msgavs pirobebSi, rac induq-
ciuri daskvnis arss warmoadgens.
urTierTSeTanxmebuli maxasiaTeblebisa da
kategoriebis Sesaxeb informaciis arsebobis
dros, mizanSewonilia msjelobis ageba msgav-
sebis mixedviT. amrigad, gadawyvetilebis miRe-
bisas, SeudgeT Tu ara varjiSs sportis iseT
axal saxeobaSi, rogorica paraSutiT xtoma,
mizanSewonili iqneba gansazRvroT, Tu ramdenad
hgavs is sportul saxeobaTa im kategorias,
romelic adre gizidavdaT. Tumca, rogorc
qvemoT naxavT, msgavsebam SeiZleba SecdomaSi
SegiyvanoT, Tu misi gavleniT yuradRebas ar
miaqcevT sxva mniSvnelovan informacias (Kahne-
mean & Tversky, 1973).
ganvixiloT, magaliTad, 9.17. suraTze mocemu-
li warmatebuli iuristis daxasiaTeba. gaiTva-
liswineT zemoT aRwerili eqsperimentis Sede-
gebi Tqvens yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi. nu `gamoeki-
debiT~ yvelaze tipur reprezentatul arCevans,
sanam ar SeiswavliT yvela danarCeni alter-
nativis struqturas.
saidan
viciT
reprezentatuloba gavlenas axdens
msjelobaze
erT-erT eqsperimentSi cdis pirebs mie-
wodebodaT 9.17 suraTze mocemuli pasu-
xebis CamonaTvali da eZleodaT 45 do-
laris mogebis SesaZlebloba. amisaTvis
maT swori pasuxisaTvis unda mieniWebinaT
cifri `1". Tqven romel variants amoir-
CevdiT? Tu Tqvenc iseve fiqrobT, rogorc
monawileTa umravlesoba, Tqven dakargavT
45 dolars, radgan Tqveni pasuxi iqneba
`CogburTi~ da ara `burTiT TamaSebi~.
9.17 suraTis qveda nawilidan Cans, Tu
ratom ver iqneba CogburTi kargi fsoni.
is Sedis `burTiT TamaSebis~ kategoriaSi.
cdis pirebis azriT, CogburTi ukeTesi
pasuxia, radgan mas aqvs sportuli TamaSis
yvela is Tviseba, romelsac iuristi
iTamaSebda (upiratesobas mianiWebda). rep-
rezentatulobaze dafuZnebuli es msje-
loba monawileebs ubiZgebs, ugulebelyon
msjeloba da gadawyvetilebis miReba
sxva tipis informacia, kerZod, kategoriis
struqtura. am pasuxis amorCevis SemTxve-
vaSi mogebuli Tanxa 45 dolaria (Bar-Hille
& Neter, 1993).
ganvixiloT reprezentatulobis meore maga-
liTi, romelsac, agreTve SeuZlia gavlena moax-
dinos Tqven mier dadebul fsonebze. warmoid-
gineT, SesaZlebloba geZlevaT, monawileoba
miiRoT latareis gaTamaSebaSi. gasamarjveblad
reprezentaciuli evristika -(Representativeness
heuristic) – kognituri strategia, romelic
miakuTvnebs obieqts garkveul kategorias, am
kategoriisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli ramdenime
niSnis safuZvelze.
351
 Tqven unda SearCioT sam mocemul ricxvSi
cifrTa swori Tanmimdevroba, anu am cifrebidan
romelze Rirs, Tqveni azriT, fsonis dadeba?
859 101 333
574 948 772
Tu Tqven moTamaSeebis umravlesobas hgavxarT,
Tavs aaridebT im ricxvebs, romlebSic cifrebi
meordeba, radgan nakleb savaraudoa, rom es
ricxvebi SemTxveviTi Tanmimdevrobis reprezen-
tatuli iyos. sinamdvileSi samcifriani ri-
cxvebis 27%-s, sadac TiToeuli cifri aRebulia
SemTxveviTad diapazonidan 0-dan 9-is CaTvliT,
eqneba ganmeorebiTi cifrebi. miuxedavad amisa,
gaTamaSebaSi „Indiana pick-3" 15 dRis ganmavlobaSi
monawileTa mxolod 12.6%-ma airCia ricxvi
ganmeorebadi cifrebiT (Holtgraves & Skeel, 1992).
imis gamo, rom azartuli TamaSebis situaciebis
umravlesoba winaswar mofiqrebulia, umjobesia,
maT sifrTxiliT moekidoT. umeteswilad, ada-
mianebs imedi aqvT, rom reprezentatulobis mixe-
dviT da ara realur albaTobaze dayrdnobiT
gaakeTeben momgebian arCevans.
„Ruza amoRebulia!~
evristikis mesame formis gasacnobad, scadeT
azrovnebis eqsperimentis Catareba. daiwyeT
qvemoT mocemuli magaliTis amoxsna da 5 wamis
Semdeg dawereT miaxloebiTi pasuxi.
1 x 2 x 3 x 4 x 5 x 6 x 7 x 8 = _____
5 wamSi Tqven, albaT, SeZlebT ramdenime
moqmedebis Sesrulebas da miiRebT arasrul
pasuxs, SesaZloa, 24-s, Semdeg ki gamoiyvanT
saboloo pasuxs.
axla scadeT Semdegi magaliTis amoxsna:
Tavi 9 / kognituri procesebi
8 x 7 x 6 x 5 x 4 x 3 x 2 x 1 = _____
im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu Tqven SeamCnevT, rom
es sapirispiro mimarTulebiT dalagebuli igive
ricxvebia, naxavT, rom miRebuli Sedegi sakmaod
gansxavebuli iqneba. albaT, magaliTis amoxsnas
daiwyebT Semdegi moqmedebis SesrulebiT - 8 X 7
da miiRebT 56-s; Semdeg, SeecdebiT 56-is 6-ze
„Ruzis~ evristika (Anchoring Heuristics) – zogier-
Ti movlenis an Sedegis mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb
msjelobisas misi sawyisi mniSvnelobis gada-
352
faseba an verSefaseba.
gamravlebas, rac ukve sakmaod did ricxvs
gaZlevT. Semdegi moqmedebis SesrulebiT Tqven
isev nawilobriv pasuxs miiRebT da ganagrZobT
magaliTis amoxsnas. tverski da kanemani (Amos
Tversky & Daniel Kahneman, 1974) eqsperimentis mona-
wileebs aZlevdnen identuri problemis or
variants. pirveli variantis SemTxvevaSi pasu-
xebis mediana Seadgenda 512-s, xolo meore va-
riatis SemTxvevaSi _ 2,250-s (swori pasuxia 40320).
rogorc Cans, nawilobrivi Sefaseba (5 wamis
ganmavlobaSi Sesrulebuli moqmedebebis pasuxi)
gavlenas axdens saboloo Sefasebaze: rac ufro
didia nawilobrivi (arasruli) pasuxi, miT ufro
didia saboloo Sefaseba. A
am martivi magaliTis amoxsniT Cven davasa-
buTeT „Ruzis~ efeqtis arseboba. raime movlenis
an Sedegis Sesaxeb msjeloba, romelic emyareba
„Ruzis~ evristikas, sakmarisi ar aris. misi
gamoyeneba ganapirobebs Sedegis realuri mniS-
vnelobis gadafasebas an verSefasebas. „Ruzis~
evristikis gamoyeneba mizanSewonili ar aris,
roca Tavdapirveli Sefaseba Seicavs mocemuli
msjelobisaTvis WeSmaritad relevantur in-
formacias. miuxedavad amisa, im SemTxvevaSic
ki, roca mocemuli informacia aSkarad naklebad
mniSvnelovani an saerTod usargebloa, ada-
mianebi „Ruzis~ efeqtis Zlier zegavlenas
ganicdian.
saidan
viciT
SemTxveviTi `Ruza~ cvlis Sefasebas
erT-erT eqsperimentSi studentebs mia-
niWes pirobiTi saidentifikacio nomrebi
(1,928-dan 1,935-mde), romlebic instruqciis
mixedviT unda gadaeweraT Tavis kiTxva-
rebze (sakontrolo jgufis studentebi
ar iRebdnen nomrebs). am ricxvze studen-
tebis yuradRebis gasamaxvileblad sxvada-
sxva saSualebas (magaliTad, sTxovdnen
aReniSnaT, iyo Tu ara is 1,940-ze meti)
mimarTavdnen, magram saidentifikacio no-
meri naTlad iyo gansazRvruli, rogorc
sxva nebismieri pasuxisTvis irelevanturi.
mogvianebiT, studentebs sTxovdnen, Seefa-
sebinaT adgilobriv sainformacio broSu-
 raSi mocemul eqimTa ricxvi. pasuxebze
aSkara gavlena moaxdina absoluturad
irelevanturma, pirobiTma „Ruzam~. studen-
tebi, romlebmac yuradReba gaamaxviles
pirobiT saidentifikacio nomrebze, fiq-
roben, rom broSuraSi mocemuli eqimebis
raodenoba didia – 631, vidre sakontrolo
jgufis studentebis – 219. im SemTxvevaSic
ki, roca studentebs specialurad afrTxi-
lebdnen, rom saidentifikacio nomerma
SeiZleba gavlena moaxdinos Sefasebaze,
maTi Sefaseba gacilebiT maRali iyo (539),
vidre sakontrolo jgufSi gaerTianebul
studentTa mier micemuli Sefaseba (219)
(Wilson et al., 1996.).
es ukanaskneli Sedegebi namdvilad imsaxu-
reben yuradRebas: gafrTxilebac ki ar aRmoCnda
sakmarisi. gamyidvelebi Zalian xSirad iyeneben
„Ruzis~ efeqts, roca cdiloben dagarwmunon,
iyidoT produqcia. magaliTad, Tqven apirebT
axali magnotofonis yidvas. gamyidvelma SeiZ-
leba giTxraT: ,,Tqven varaudobT 1 000 an 2 000
dolaris gadaxdas, ara?~ mas Semdeg, rac maRal
fasze ganewyobiT, realuri fasi (magaliTad
599, 99 dolari) ukve mizanSewonilad geCvenebaT.
vfiqrobT, am nawilis wakiTxva dagexmarebaT,
Tavidan aiciloT „Ruzis~ uaryofiTi gavlena;
rac mTavaria, Tqven gafrTxilebuli xarT,
rom windaxeduleba gamoiCinoT.
msjelobisas Tqven iyenebT evristikis iseT
saxeebs, rogoricaa: xelmisawvdomoba, reprezen-
taciuloba da „Ruza~, radgan umravles Sem-
TxvevaSi isini efeqturi da misaRebi msjelobis
SesaZleblobas gaZlevT. situaciis gaurkvev-
lobidan da Tqveni SezRuduli resursebidan
gamomdinare, Tqven, garkveulwilad, maqsimums
akeTebT. Cven giCveneT, rom evristikam SeiZleba
Secdomamde migiyvanoT. mniSvnelovani daskvnis
gakeTebis dros SeecadeT gamoiyenoT es codna
da SeamowmoT sakuTari azrovnebis procesebi.
gansakuTrebiT kritikulad miudeqiT sxvebis
SesaZlo mcdelobas, winaswari ganzraxviT ze-
gavlena moaxdinon Tqvens msjelobaze. axla
ganvixiloT gadawvetilebis miReba, rac xSirad
swored am msjelobis safuZvelze xdeba.
gadawyvetilebis miRebis
fsiqologia
warmogidgenT gadawyvetilebis miRebaze
fsiqologiuri faqtorebis gavlenis TvalsaCino
magaliTs. ganvixiloT problema, romelic
mocemulia 9.7 cxrilis pirvel nawilSi. waiki-
TxeT instruqcia da airCieT A an B varianti.
axla am problemis meore naSilSi warmodgenil
variants gaecaniT. xom ar SecvlidiT arCevans?
eqsperimentul pirobebSi studentebi kiTxu-
lobdnen am problemis erT-erT versias (Shafir,
1993). roca maT pirvel nawilSi ekiTxebodnen,
Tu romel variants amjobinebdnen, studentebis
67% irCveda B variants, xolo, rodesac studen-
tebs sTxovdnen, gaeuqmebinaT arCevani, es
maCvenebeli 52%-mde ecemoda (48% auqmebs B vari-
ants). ratom aris es cvlileba ucnauri? Tu
yuradRebiT gadaxedavT problemis orive versias,
naxavT, rom maT Soris araviTari gansxvaveba ar
aris. erTi SexedviT, Tqven SeiZleba ifiqroT,
rom msgavsma informaciam imave gadawyveti-
lebamde unda migiyvanoT, magram adamianebi ase
ar iqcevian. rogorc Cans, ,,upiratesobis~
miniWebis SemTxvevaSi adamianTa yuradReba
koncentrirebulia arCevanis pozitiur mxareebze
_ Tqven agrovebT aSkara damamtkicebel sabuTebs
raRacis sasargeblod maSin, roca ,,gauqmebis~
moTxovnis SemTxvevaSi yuradRebis koncentri-
reba arCevanis negatiur aspeqtebze xdeba _
Tqven agrovebT informacias raRacis winaaRmdeg.
amitom, SesaZloa, Tqveni gadawyvetileba
Seicvalos.
msjeloba da gadawyvetilebis miReba
aseTi sworxazovani magaliTi gviCvenebs, rom
gadawyvetilebis miRebaze did gavlenas axdens
kiTxvis formulireba (Solvic, 1995), swored amitom
saWiroa gadawyvetilebis miRebis fsiqologiuri
aspeqtebis codna. Tqven unda SegeZloT Tqveni
gadawyvetilebis Semowmeba, raTa darwmundeT,
eqvemdebareba Tu ara is detalur analizs. am
SemTxvevaSi Tqven SegiZliaT hkiTxoT sakuTar
Tavs: ,,rogor Seicvleboda Cemi arCevani ama Tu
im variantis uaryofis da ara arCevis Sem-
TxvevaSi?~ Tu romelime konkretul arCevans
erT SemTxvevaSi aniWebT upiratesobas, xolo
meore SemTxvevaSi uaryofT, es imas niSnavs,
rom mas aqvs rogorc dadebiTi, ise uaryofiTi
353
 cxrili
9.7
fsiqologiuri faqtorebis gavlena gadawyvetilebis miRebaze
nawili 1: upiratesobis miniWeba
1. warmoidgineT, rom sagazafxulo Svebulebis
dros apirebT erTi kviriT sadme Tbil
adgilas wasvlas. Tqven gaqvT ori arCevani,
romelic iafi gijdebaT. turistul bro-
SuraSi am ori adgilis Sesaxeb mocemuli
informacia sakmaod mwiria. mocemul infor-
maciaze dayrdnobiT, romel adgils amoir-
CevdiT dasasveneblad?
adgili A saSualo amindi
saSualo sanapiro
saSualo donis sastumro
wylis zomieri temperatura
RamiT zomieri garToba
adgili B bevri mzis sxivebi
brwyinvale sanapiroebi da
marjnis rifebi
ultraTanamedrove sastumro
Zalian civi wyali
Zalian Zlieri qari
RamiT aranairi garToba
mxareebi. bolos dasviT kiTxva: `misaRebia Tu
ara es arCevani?~ es Tqveni kritikuli azrovnebis
unarebis ganviTarebis mniSvnelovan safexurs
warmoadgens.
arCevanis forma
gadawyvetilebis miRebis erT-erT yvelaze
bunebriv gzas imis gansazRvra warmoadgens, Tu
romeli arCevani mogvitans udides sargebels,
an umcires danakargs. ase rom, Tu SemogTavazeben
5 an 10 dolars, yovelgvari yoymanis gareSe
mixvdebiT, rom ukeTesia 10 dolaris arCeva.
situacias arTulebs is, rom sargeblis da dana-
Tavi 9 / kognituri procesebi
kargis aRqma xSirad damokidebulia imaze, Tu
ra formiTaa arCevani mocemuli. „forma~ warmoad-
gens arCevanis detalur aRweras. warmoidgineT,
rom gekiTxebian: `ramdenad gagaxarebdaT xel-
fasis gazrda 1 000 dolariT?~ Tu Tqven ar
elodebodiT xelfasis momatebas, es didi miRweva
iqneba da Zalian gagabednierebT, magram manamde
Tu ramdenimejer Segpirdnen xelfasis 10 000
forma (Frame) – arCevanis gansakuTrebuli aRwera.
gadawyvetilebis miRebaze da arCevanis gake-
Tebaze gavlenas axdens arCevanis formulireba,
354 misi ama Tu im kuTxiT warmodgena.
nawili 2: uaryofa
2. warmoidgineT, rom sagazafxulo Svebulebis dros
apirebT erTi kviriT sadme Tbil adgilas wasvlas.
Tqven gaqvT ori arCevani, romelic iafi gijdebaT.
Tqven orive dajavSnuli gaqvT, magram erT-erTi
unda gaauqmoT. turistul broSuraSi am ori adgi-
lis Sesaxeb mocemuli informacia sakmaod mwiria.
mocemul informaciaze dayrdnobiT romeli adgi-
lis javSans gaauqmebdiT?
adgili A saSualo amindi
saSualo sanapiro
saSualo donis sastumro
wylis zomieri temperatura
RamiT zomieri garToba
adgili B bevri mzis sxivebi
brwyinvale sanapiroebi da
marjnis rifebi
ultraTanamedrove sastumro
Zalian civi wyali
Zalian Zlieri qari
RamiT aranairi garToba
dolariT gazrdas, maSin rogor xasiaTze dad-
gebiT? uecrad SeiZleba iseTi gancda dageuf-
loT, TiTqos fuli dakargeT, radgan 1 000
dolari gacilebiT naklebia, vidre Tqven elo-
diT; Tumca, orive SemTxvevaSi 1 000 dolariT
mets miiRebdiT weliwadSi _ obieqturad, Tqven
zustad erTnair mdgomareobaSi iqnebodiT, magram
fsiqologiuri efeqti Zalian gansxvavebulia.
ai, ratom aris mniSvnelovani orientirebi
gadawyvetilebis miRebisas (Kahneman, 1992). ras
ganvixilavT mogebad da ras _ danakargad,
nawilobriv, ganisazRvreba molodinebiT 1 000
dolaris an 10 000 dolaris momateba _ romelzec
orientirebulia adamiani (am SemTxvevaSi gada-
wyvetileba SeiZleba exebodes samsaxurSi dar-
Cenas).
axla ganvixiloT SedarebiT rTuli maga-
liTi, romelSic `formireba~ ufro mniSvne-
lovan gavlenas axdens gadawyvetilebis mi-
Rebaze. 9.8 cxrilSi Tqven filtvis simsivnis
mkurnalobis meTodis arCeva gevalebaT _
operacia an radioTerapia. pirvelad waikiTxeT
`gadarCenis~ formiT warmodgenili problema
da airCieT mkurnalobis strategia; Semdeg ki
`sikvdilianobis~ formiT gadmocemuli igive
problema da naxeT, SecvliT Tu ara Tqvens
arCevans. yuradReba miaqcieT, rom monacemebi
obieqturad erTi da igivea, gansxvaveba mxolod
statistikuri monacemebis aRweraSia, romelic
mkurnalobis TiToeuli meTodisaTvis gadarCenis
an sikvdilianobis terminebiTaa warmodgenili.
cdis pirebis mier mkurnalobis meTodis arCe-
vaze mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdens mogebaze da
danakargze fokusireba. problemis `gadarCenis~
formiT miwodebis SemTxvevaSi radioTerapias
cdis pirTa 18% irCevs, `sikvdilianobis~ kuTxiT
miwodebis SemTxvevaSi ki – 44%. `formirebis~
es efeqti erTnair gavlenas axdens gadawyve-
tilebis miRebaze klinikuri pacientebis, sta-
tistikis mcodne biznes studentebisa da gamoc-
dili eqimebis jgufebSi (McNeil et al., 1982).
es magaliTi mniSvnelovania imdenad, ram-
denadac masSi asaxulia Tqveni realuri cxov-
rebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli gaurkvevloba.
saidan
viciT
msjeloba cudi saqmianobis Sesaxeb
warmoidgineT, rom Tqven gTxoven, mo-
nawileoba miiRoT disciplinarul komi-
siaSi, romelmac unda gadawyvitos, Tu ra
TanxiT daajarimos kompania, romelic rek-
lamis saSualebiT mcdar informacias
avrcelebda. moaxdens Tu ara gavlenas
sakiTxis miwodebis forma Tqvens gada-
wyvetilebaze? eqsperimentSi kompaniis
saqmianoba warmodgenili iyo erT Sem-
TxvevaSi dadebiTi kuTxiT (magaliTad,
,,20%-ia imis Sansi, rom organizaciam ar
icoda reklamaSi mcdari informaciis
Sesaxeb~), xolo, meore SemTxvevaSi - nega-
tiuri kuTxiT (magaliTad, `80%-ia imis
Sansi, rom organizaciam icoda reklamaSi
mcdari informaciis Sesaxeb~). xedavT, rom
orive gancxadeba zustad erTi da igive
informacias gvawodebs? cdis pirebi,
romlebic kiTxulobdnen pozitiuri
kuTxiT miwodebul gancxadebas, iZleodnen
daaxloebiT 40,153 dolaris odenobis
jarimis rekomendacias maSin, roca nega-
tiuri formiT miwodebuli gancxadebis
wakiTxvis Semdeg maTi rekomendacia iyo
daaxloebiT 78,968 dolaris odenobis ja-
rima (Dunegenm 1996). rogorc xedavT,
ramdenime sityvam mniSvnelovani gavlena
iqonia gadayvetilebis miRebaze.
rogor SegviZlia aseTi Sedegebis sakuTar
cxovrebaSi gamoyeneba? realur samyaroSi
gadawyvetilebis miReba gixdebaT, romelic
momavlis Sesaxeb Tqvens sakuTar an sxvebis
mosazrebas (varauds) eyrdnoba. aseT SemTxvevebSi,
scadeT problemis rogorc mogebis, ise wagebis
kuTxiT ganxilva. warmoidgineT, magaliTad, rom
cxrili
9.8
formirebis (gadmocemis) efeqti
gadarCena
operacia. 100 adamianidan postoperaciul periodSi
jer kidev cocxalia 90, erTi wlis Semdeg – 68, xolo
msjeloba da gadawyvetilebis miReba
xuTi wlis Semdeg _ mxolod 34.
radioTerapia. radioTerapiiT mkurnalobis procesSi
100 adamianidan yvela cocxali rCeba; erTi wlis Semdeg
cocxalia 77 adamiani, xolo xuTi wlis Semdeg – 22.
mkurnalobis romel meTods airCevdiT: operacias Tu
radioTerapias?
sikvdilianoba
operacia. 100 adamianidan operaciis dros an mis Sem-
dgom periodSi iRupeba 10 adamiani, operaciidan erTi
wlis ganmavlobaSi – 32, xuTi wlis ganmavlobaSi ki –
66.
radioTerapia. radioTerapiiT mkurnalobis procesSi
100 adamianidan arc erTi ar daRupula; mkurnalobidan
erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi daiRupa 23 adamiani, 5 wlis
ganmavlobaSi ki – 78.
mkurnalobis romel meTods airCevdiT: operacias Tu
radioTerapias?
355

cxrili
9.9
gadawyvetilebis aversia
A. warmoidgineT, rom Tqven `sidipleeris~ yidvas
apirebT, magram gadawyvetili ar gaqvT, Tu romeli
modeli iyidoT. maRaziaSi, sadac gamocxadebulia
erTdRiani fasdakleba. isini gTavazoben popu-
laruli firmis _ SONY-s `sidipleers~ sul raRac
99 dolarad, rac sakmaod iafia mis Tavdapirvel
fasTan SedarebiT. rogor moiqceviT?
1. iyidiT SONY-s `sidipleers~.
daicdiT, sanam ar gaerkveviT sxva modelebSi.
B. warmoidgineT, rom Tqven `sidipleeris~ yidvas
apirebT, magram gadawyvetili ar gaqvT, romeli
modeli iyidoT. maRaziaSi, sadac gamocxadebulia
erTdRiani fasdakleba, gTavazoben popularul
firmis _ SONY-s `sidipleers~ sul raRac 99
dolarad da umaRlesi xarisxis AIWA `sidipleers~
159 dolarad. orive modelis fasi bevrad ufro
dabalia maT Tavdapirvel fasTan SedarebiT. rogor
moiqceviT?
1. iyidiT AIWA -s `sidipleers~.
2. iyidiT SONY-s `sidipleers~.
daicdiT, sanam ar gaerkveviT sxva modelebSi.
Tqven axali manqanis yidvas apirebT. gamyidveli
Seecdeba, yvelaferi warmogidginoT mogebis
kuTxiT: `qsenoni~-s 78%-s SekeTeba ar sWirdeba
pirveli wlis ganmavlobaSi!~ Tqven SegiZliaT
mis mier mowodebuli informaciis perefrazi-
reba: ,,22%-s esaWiroeba SekeTeba pirvel wels!~
cvlis Tu ara axali formulireba Tqven mier
situaciis aRqmas? es savarjiSoa, romelic rea-
lur cxovrebaSi gamogadgebaT.
manqanis gamyidvelis SemTxveva im situaciis
saukeTeso magaliTia, rodesac viRac cdilobs
informaciis iseTi formiT mowodebas, romelic
saSualebas miscems mas, sasurveli gavlena
Tavi 9 / kognituri procesebi
moaxdinos Tqvens gadawyvetilebaze. aseTi ram
sistematurad xdeba Cvens cxovrebaSi. magaliTad,
yovelTvis, arCevnebis moaxloebisas, ori mowi-
naaRmdege kandidati cdilobs sakuTari Tavisa
da sxvadasxva sakiTxebis Sesaxeb informacia
warmoadginos ise, rom amomrCevelTa simpaTia
daimsaxuros. erTma kandidatma SeiZleba Tqvas:
`vTvli, rom unda gavagrZelo im politikis
gadawyvetilebisTvis Tavis arideba (aversia)
(Decision aversion) _ gadawyvetilebis miRebisagan
Tavis aridebis tendencia; rac ufro rTulia
gadawyvetilebis miReba, miT metia misgan gan-
356 ridebis albaToba.
gatareba, romelsac dRemde warmateba moaqvs~ ;
oponents SeuZlia mis sawinaaRmdegod Tqvas,
rom ,,mas eSinia axali ideebis.~ erTi kandidati
SeiZleba ambobdes: ,,es politika ekonomiur
aRmavlobamde migviyvans.~ misi oponenti ki
SeiZleba SeewinaaRmdegos: ,,es politika sazianoa
garemosaTvis.~ xSir SemTxvevaSi orive marTals
ambobs _ erTi da igive politika SeiZleba
ekonomikisaTvis kargi aRmoCndes, magram gare-
mosTvis _ saziano. aseT dros formis damajereb-
lobas mniSvnelovnad gansazRvravs adamianis
biografia (Tversky & Kahneman, 1981; Vaughan & Seifert,
1992). amgvarad, gadawyvetilebis miRebaze
gamonaTqvamis formulirebis gavlenis codna
dagexmarebaT imis gagebaSi, Tu ra ganapirobebs
msgavs situaciebSi erTmaneTisagan radikalurad
gansxvavebuli gadawyvetilebebis miRebas. Tu
Tqven sxva adamianebis qcevis gagebis survili
gaqvT, SeecadeT ifiqroT imaze, Tu rogor
moaxdines am adamianebma gadawyvetilebis for-
mireba.
gadawyvetilebisTvis Tavis arideba
(aversia)
warmoidgineT, rom Tqven didi Sromis Semdeg
sxvadasxva kuTxiT SeafaseT alternativebi. ra
moxdeba Semdeg? SeiZleba aRmoaCinoT, rom ar
gindaT gadawyvetilebis miReba. 9.9. cxrilSi
aRwerilia iseTi pirobebi, romlebmac SeiZleba
gamoiwvion gadawyvetilebis miRebis survilis
dakargva. ganvixiloT A nawilSi mocemuli
situacia, ras airCevdiT? mkvlevrebma aRmoaCines,
rom mxolod cdis pirTa 34% ambobs, rom
moicdian, sanam ufro met informacias ar
miiReben (Tversky & Shafir, 1992); axla ganvixiloT
B nawilSi aRwerili odnav Secvlili situacia.
gsurT Tu ara Tqveni arCevanis Secvla? sinam-
dvileSi cdis pirTa 46%, vinc es varianti
waikiTxa, ambobs, rom daicdis, sanam damatebiT
informacias ar miiRebs. ra xdeba? (rogor ggo-
niaT, ratom?) Cveulebriv, Tqven eliT, rom axali
alternativis damateba Seamcirebs sxva alter-
nativis xvedriT wils. Tu magaliTad, poli-
tikur arenaze Semodis mesame kandidati, sava-
raudoa, rom igi xmebis garkveul raodenobas
waarTmevs pirvel ors; Tumca, am SemTxvevaSi
mesame SesaZleblobis gaCena 12%-iT zrdis erT-
erTi pirveli arCevanis xvedriT wils. ra xdeba?
 aseTi Sedegi SesaZlebelia im SemTxvevaSi,
roca Znelia gadawyvetilebis miReba. rodesac
cdis pirebs miewodebodaT problemis iseTi
varianti, sadac maT damatebiT, dabalxarisxiani
`sidipleeris~ arCevis SesaZlebloba aqvT,
monawileTa mxolod 24% ambobs, rom daicdian,
sanam axal informacias ar miiReben. am maCve-
neblis Semcireba (da ara gazrda) imiT aixsneba,
rom `sonis~ arCeva advilia, Tumca, arCevanis
gakeTeba `sonis~ SedarebiT iaffasian modelsa
da umaRlesi xarisxis `aivas~ Soris rTulia.
ufro mosaxerxebelia, gadavdoT gadawyveti-
lebis miReba da davelodoT axal informacias.
miuxedavad individualuri gansxvavebebisa,
adamianTa umravlesobisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia
gadawyvetilebis miRebis Tavidan acilebis
sakmaod Zlieri tendencia, rac ganpirobebulia
ramdenime fsiqologiuri faqtoris zemoqmedebiT
(Bettie et al., 1994):
 adamianebs ar uyvarT iseTi gadawyvetilebis
miReba, romlis Sedegadac zogs eqneba meti
sasurveli keTildReoba, zogs ki – naklebi;
 adamianebs SeuZliaT, winaswar ganWvriton,
rogor inaneben, Tu maT mier gakeTebuli arCevani
ufro cudi aRmoCndeba, vidre is, romelic maT
ar gaakeTes;
 adamianebs ar surT, pasuxismgebelni iyvnen
im gadawyvetilebaze, romelsac SeiZleba cudi
Sedegi hqondes;
 adamianebs ar moswonT gadawyvetilebis
miReba sxvebis magivrad.
im pirobebis gansazRvris mizniT, romlebSic
adamianebi eZeben gadawyvetilebas, SegviZlia
am ukanaskneli debulebis sapirispiros formu-
lireba. ramdenadac adamianebs ar uyvarT
gadawyvetilebis miReba, isini ukeT grZnoben
Tavs, Tu amas maT magivrad sxva gaakeTebs. es
yovelTvis unda gaiTvaliswinoT. SeecadeT,
TviTon gadawyvitoT TqvenTvis mniSvnelovani
problemebi. nu daarwmunebT sakuTar Tavs imaSi,
rom Zalian rTuli problemis winaSe dgaxarT
da ar SegiZliaT gadawyvetilebis miReba.
ZiriTadad iqonieT Tqvens kognitur procesebze
damyarebuli msjelobebis imedi da gamoiyeneT
isini Sesaferisi arCevanis gasakeTeblad!
am Tavis dasawyisSi Cven movitaneT citata
elen keleris publikaciidan _ ,,azris
dabrunebiT gancdili mRelvareba~; Semdeg
ganvixileT sxvadaxsva kognituri procesi _
metyveleba, vizualuri Semecneba, problemis
gadaWra, azrovneba, msjeloba da gadwyvetilebis
miReba _ da vimedovnebT, rom Tqven dafiqrdebiT
im sixarulze, romelsac es unarebi ganiWebT.
SeecadeT, isargebloT elen keleris gamocdi-
lebiT da ar moepyroT Tqvens SemecnebiT pro-
cesebs, rogorc TavisTavad arsebuls; ifiqreT
Tqveni azrovnebis Sesaxeb, daasabuTeT Tqveni
argumentebi da a.S. Tqven asaxavT adamianuri
yofis arss.
Sejameba
msjelobaze Catarebuli gamokvlevebi gviC-
venebs, rom adamianebi ufro xSirad eyrdnobian
evristikul da ara formalur analizs. evris-
tikis xelmisawvdomoba gulisxmobs, rom
adamianebi akeTeben daskvnas im informaciis
safuZvelze, romelic Tavisuflad misawvdomia
mexsierebaSi. evristikis reprezentatulobis
mixedviT, daskvna emyareba ama Tu im sagnis an
movlenis ama Tu im kategoriis arsebiTi niS-
msjeloba da gadawyvetilebis miReba
nebis gansazRvras. `Ruzis~ evristikis mixedviT,
adamianebis msjelobis Sefasebis dazusteba
sawyisi sidididan gamomdinare xdeba. kiTxvis
forma gavlenas axdens gadawyvetilebis miRebaze.
mkvlevrebi Tvlian, rom gadawyvetilebis
sirTule ganapirobebs gadawyvetilebisadmi
antipatiur damokidebulebas.
357
 sakvanZo
sakiTxebi
kogniciis Seswavla vizualuri kognicia
kognitur fsiqologiaSi
momuSave specialistebi
Seiswavlian fsiqikur
procesebs da struqtu-
rebs, romlebic safuZ-
vlad udevs adamianis
aRqmis, metyvelebis, az-
rovnebis, problemis ga-
daWris, msjelobisa da
gadawyvetilebis miRebis
unarebs.
im fsiqikuri procesebis
gamoyofis mizniT, rom-
lebic rTuli amocanis
Sesrulebas udevs safuZ-
vlad, mkvlevrebi mimar- problemis gadaWra da
Taven reaqciis drois
gazomvas.
metyveleba
adamianebs SeuZliaT az-
ris gamoTqma da naTqva-
mis gageba.
gamonaTqvamis Sinaarsis
gansazRvra xdeba audito-
riis gaTvaliswinebiT.
metyvelebis Secdomebi
naTels hfens metyvele-
bis dagegmvis bevr pro-
cess.
gamonaTqvamis Sinaarsis
gageba – orazrovnebis
Tavi 9 / kognituri procesebi
daZleva – xdeba konteq- msjeloba da
stis mixedviT.
gadawyvetilebis miReba
mniSvnelobis mexsiere-
baSi Senaxuli reprezen-
taciebi efuZneba propo-
ziciebs, xolo maTi Sev-
seba xdeba daskvniT (vara-
udiT).
ena, romelzec adamianebi
laparakoben, SesaZloa
gavlenas axdendes maT az-
rovnebaze.
358
358
vizualuri reprezentaciebi
SesaZloa gamoyenebul iqnes
propoziciuli reprezenta-
ciebis Sesavsebad.
vizualuri reprezentaciebi
garemos vizualuri aspeq-
tebis gaazrebis saSualebas
gvaZlevs.
adamianebi qmnian vizualur
reprezentaciebs, romlebSic
gaerTianebulia rogorc
verbaluri, ise vizualuri
informacia.
azrovneba
adamianebma unda gansazRvron
sawyisi mdgomareoba, mizani
da is operaciebi, romlebic
saSualebas miscemT, sawyisi
mdgomareobidan miaRwion
mizans.
logikur wesebze damyare-
buli wanamZRvrebis safuZ-
velze gakeTebuli daskvna
deduqciuri azrovnebaa.
induqciuri azrovneba gulis-
xmobs daskvnis gakeTebas
xdomilebis albaTobis gaT-
valiswinebiT.
msjeloba da gadawyvetile-
bis miReba, ZiriTadad, efuZ-
neba evristikas, romelic
adamians gadawyvetilebis
swrafad miRebis saSualebas
aZlevs.
misawvdomobis, reprezenta-
tulobisa da „Ruzis efeq-
tis~ arasworma gamoyenebam
SeiZleba SecdomaSi Segviy-
vanos. gadawyvetilebis
miRebaze gavlenas axdens
arCevanis SesaZlo varian-
tebis formireba.
fsiqologiuri zemoqmedebis
gamo adamianebi avlenen
rTuli gadawyvetilebis
miRebis ganridebis tenden-
cias.
ZiriTadi sakiTxebi
avtomaturi procesebi
azrovneba
algoriTmi
gadawyvetilebis aversia
gadawyvetilebis miReba
deduqciuri azrovneba
evristika
eqspresiuli metyveleba
varaudi
induqciuri azrovneba
kognituri procesebi
kognituri fsiqologia
kognituri mecnierebebi
kontrolirebadi procesebi
misawvdomobis evristika
msmenelis gaTvaliswineba
msjeloba
paraleluri procesebi
problemis gadaWra
problemuri situacia
reprezentaciuli evristika
seriuli procesebi
forma
funqcionaluri rigidoba
fsiqikuri ganwyoba
Ruzis evristika
Semecneba
xmamaRali fiqris oqmi
avtomaturi procesebi
azrovneba
algoriTmi
gadawyvetilebis aversia
inteleqti da inteleqtis Sefaseba

10
ra aris Sefaseba
• Sefasebis istoria
• formaluri Sefasebis
ZiriTadi niSnebi

inteleqtis Sefaseba
• inteleqtis testebis
istoriuli safuZvlebi
• IQ testebi
fsiqologia XXi saukeneSi:
Sefaseba internebtiT

inteleqtis Teoriebi
• inteleqtis fsiqomet-
riuli Teoria
• sternbergis inteleqtis
triarqiuli Teoria
• gardneris mravlobiTi
inteleqti da emociuri
inteleqti
inteleqtis politika
• jgufuri Sedarebebis
istoria
• memkvidreobiToba da IQ
• garemo da IQ
• kultura da IQ testebis
validoba
SemoqmedebiToba
• kreatulobis Sefaseba
da kavSiri inteleqtTan
• gansakuTrebuli
kreatuloba da
SeSliloba
Sefaseba da sazogadoeba
sakvanZo sakiTxebi
• ZiriTadi cnebebi 359
 a dre, naklebad rTul droSi, imi-
saTvis, rom xeloba geswavlaT
da saqmianoba dagewyoT, ucvleli
gza Segirdidan ostatamde unda gagevloT. Tqven
bunebrivi procesis Sedegad gaxdebodiT sando
xelosani da ar dagWirdebodaT nerviuloba
imis gamo, rom gamxdariyaviT `serTificirebuli~
da ori nomeri fanqriT SemogexazaT pasuxebi
`WeSmaritia~ an `mcdaria~ fsiqologiuri tes-
tis punqtze _ `me upiratesobas vaniWeb maRal
qalebs~. ara, mWedeli imitom iyo mWedeli, rom
ubralod mWedeli iyo; meduqne vaWrobda, Tvle-
bis ostati ki Tvlebs Wedavda. dRevandel,
superracionalur da postindustriul samya-
roSi Cven ricxvebs ufro vendobiT, vidre gamoc-
dilebas, amitom nebismier Semosavlian sferoSi
muSaobisaTvis _ iqneba es iuristi Tu interieris
Tavi 10 / inteleqti da inteleqtis Sefaseba
nawarmoebSi, `Tqven aRarasodes mouvliT
ZaRlebs am qalaqSi~, eseisti henri alfordi
(Henry Alford, 1993) zogierT im testsa da gamocdas
aRwers, romelic man Semosavliani samsaxuris
Zebnisas gaiara. nebismierisaTvis, visac didi
gza gauvlia samsaxuris ZiebaSi, misTvis kargad
nacnobi iqneba alfordis mier aRwerili iumo-
ristuli SemTxvevebi. damqiraveblebi TiToeuli
kandidatis `SesaZleblobis~ gansasazRvrad
sxvadasxva tests iyeneben. zogjer Zalian Znelia
testsa da samuSaos Soris kavSiris danaxva,
Tumca, TiTqmis yovelTvis arseboben eqspertebi,
romlebic arwmuneben kompanias, rom testi zomavs
relevantur gansxvavebebs kandidatebs Soris.
Tu Tqven aSS-Si gaizardeT, savaraudoa, rom
Tqveni `SesaZleblobebi~ bevrad ufro adre
gazomiliyo, vidre samsaxurs daiwyebdiT _
360
dizaineri, Tqven SeiZleba testis Sesruleba
dagavalon.
imis dadgenis mizniT, Tu zustad ras moiTxo-
ven damqiraveblebi da profesiuli organiza-
ciebi TavianTi TanamSromlebisa da wevrebisgan
da, sxvaTa Soris, imis dasadgenad, Tu ra saxis
samuSaos Seveferebi me yvelaze metad, ocda-
TerTmeti samsaxurebrivi Tu praqtikuli testi
gaviare. testebis klasifikacia metad mraval-
ferovani iyo _ barmenebisaTvis, safosto manqanis
meqanikosebisaTvis, radiodiqtorebisaTvis, samog-
zauro agentebisaTvis, geologebisaTvis, sagareo
uwyebaTa moxeleTaTvis da federaluri gamoZi-
ebis biuros agentebisaTvis.
Cemi Sedegebi yovelTvis ar iyo damaimedebeli.
me Tavi gavarTvi mxolod sam tests.
umetes skolebSi maswavleblebi da administra-
torebi Tqveni cxovrebis adreul periodSi
cdiloben Tqveni inteleqtis gazomvas. yvelaze
xSirad mizani imis gansazRvraa, Tu saklaso
davalebebi ramdenad Seesabameba moswavleebis
inteleqtualur SesaZleblobebs, rac maT
garkveul moTxovnebs uyenebs, Tumca, rogorc
Tqven, albaT, ukve SeniSneT, adamianis cxovrebaze
inteleqtis testirebis gavlena saklaso oTaxis
farglebs scildeba.
am TavSi inteleqtis Sefasebis safuZvlebsa
da gamoyenebas SeviswavliT. mimovixilavT im
wvlils, romelic fsiqologebma inteleqtis
sferoSi individualuri gansxvavebebis gagebaSi
Seitanes. aseve, vimsjelebT azrTa im sxvada-
sxvaobaze, romelic aucileblad aRmocendeba,
rodesac adamianebi am gansxvavebebis axsnas
iwyeben. Cveni yuradRebis centrSi iqneba, Tu
rogor muSaobs inteleqtis testebi, ra xdis
nebismier tests vargisad da ratom aris, rom
isini yovelTvis ar asruleben im saqmes,
romlisTvisac arian gankuTvnilni. dabolos,
davasrulebT piradi CanaweriT, romelSic
ganvixilavT fsiqologiuri Sefasebis rols
sazogadoebaSi.
Cvens fsiqologiuri Sefasebis zogadi gamo-
yenebis mokle mimoxilviT daviwyebT.

ra aris Sefaseba

fsiqologiuri Sefaseba gulisxmobs indi-

vidTa unarebis, qcevebisa da pirovnuli
maxasiaTeblebis Sesafaseblad zustad dadge-
nili procedurebis gamoyenebas. fsiqologiuri
Sefaseba xSirad ganixileba, rogorc indivi-
dualuri gansxvavebebis gazomva, radgan Sefa-
sebaTa umravlesoba adgens, Tu riTi gansxvav-
deba, an emsgavseba individi sxvebs mocemuli
niSnis mixedviT. fsiqologiuri testirebis
ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebis detalur ganxilvamde
mokled mimovixiloT Sefasebis istoria. es
istoriuli eqskursi dagexmarebaT, gaigoT
Sefasebis rogorc sargebeli, ise SezRudvebi;
aseve, xels SegiwyobT, SeafasoT am sakiTxis
irgvliv arsebuli zogierTi dava.
Sefasebis istoria
SefasebisTvis gankuTvnili formaluri
testebisa da meTodikebis ganviTareba SedarebiT
axali saqmea dasavlur fsiqologiaSi, romelic
farTo asparezze mxolod 1990-iani wlebis
dasawyisSi gamovida. Tumca, didi xniT adre,
vidre dasavluri fsiqologia daiwyebda adamian-
Ta Sesafasebeli testebis gamogonebas, Sefasebis
testebi saxelmwifo samoqalaqo samsaxurSi
daqiravebuli moxeleebis kompetenturobis
gamosavlenad gamoiyeneboda iseT sferoebSi,
rogoricaa iurisprudencia, samxedro saqme,
agronomia (an sasoflo-sameurneo saqme) da
geografia. mingis dinastiis periodSi (Cv. w.
aR-iT 1368-1664ww.) saxelmwifo moxeleebis SerCeva
samsafexuriani obieqturi SerCevis proceduraSi
miRebuli Sdegebis safuZvelze xdeboda. pirvel
etapze gamocdebi adgilobriv doneze tardeboda.
im adamianebis 4%, romlebic warmatebiT abareb-
dnen gamocdebs, gamocdis meore etapze gadadiod-
nen, anu cxra dRisa da Ramis ganmavlobaSi
werdnen narkvevebs klasikur nawarmoebebze.
mxolod 5%-s imaTgan, vinc abarebda am gamocdas,
ufleba eZleoda, gasuliyo testirebis saboloo
etapze, romelic qveynis dedaqalaqSi tardeboda.
1800-iani wlebis dasawyisSi CineTSi arsebu-
li SerCevis proceduras britaneli diploma-
tebi da misionerebi akvirdebodnen da aRwerdnen.
Zalian male britaneTSi, mogvianebiT ki ameri-
kaSi, saxelmwifi samoqalaqo samsaxuris per-
sonalis SerCevisaTvis danergil iqna Cinuri
ra aris Sefaseba

meTodebi ukve arsebobda antikur CineTSi.

sistemis modificirebuli versiebi (Wiggins,1973).
faqtobrivad, CineTSi 4000 wlis win gamoiye-
inteleqtis testirebis ganviTarebis istoria-
neboda sakmaod daxvewili programa saxelmwifo Si erT-erTi mTavari adgili uWiravs inglisel
samoqalaqo samsaxurSi misaRebi moxeleebis
testirebisaTvis. saxelmwifo moxeleebs Tavian-
fsiqologiuri Sefaseba (Psychological assessment)
Ti kompetenturobis gamovlena yovel mesame
_ individTa unarebis, qcevisa da pirovnuli
wels moeTxovebodaT zepir gamocdaze. ori
maxasiaTeblebis Sesafasebelad arsebuli gan-
aTasi wlis Semdeg, hanis dinastiis dros, weriTi sazRvruli procedurebi. 361
 aristokrats, ser frensis galtons (Sir Francis
Galton). misi wigni `geniosobis memkvidreobiToba~
1869 wels gamoqveynda, romelmac mniSvnelovani
gavlena moaxdina testirebis meTodebis,
Teoriebisa da praqtikis Semdgom ganviTarebaze.
galtoni, romelic Carlz darvinis naTesavi
iyo, adamianis qcevis Seswavlisas misi evoluci-
is Teoriis gamoyenebas cdilobda. mas aintere-
sebda, Tu rogor da ratom gansxvavdebian
adamianebi erTmaneTisagan maTTvis damaxasiaTe-
beli unarebis mixedviT; agreTve, akvirvebda
is, rom zogierTi adamiani niWieri da warmate-
buli iyo, rogorc TviTon, xolo zogierTi ki
_ ara.
galtoni iyo pirveli, romelmac wamoayena
oTxi mniSvnelovani idea inteleqtis Sefasebis
Sesaxeb. pirvelis mixedviT inteleqtis mixedviT
gansxvaveba raodenobrivia da inteleqtis
xarisxis terminebiT aRiwereba. sxva sityvebiT
rom vTqvaT, maT Soris gansxvavebis dasafiqsireb-
lad raodenobrivi mniSvnelobebi SeiZleba
mieniWos adamianebis inteleqtis doneebs. meore,
adamianebs Soris inteleqtis mixedviT gansxva-
vebebi zaris formis mruds, anu normalur
ganawilebas qmnis. zaris formis mrudze adamian-
Ta umravlesobis maCvenebeli ganawilebis Sua
nawilSi grovdeba da mxolod mcire nawilia
moTavsebuli ganawilebis ukidures _ geniosobis
da mentaluri deficitis aRmniSvnel _ werti-
lebTan axlos (zaris formis mruds mogvianebiT
davubrundebiT). mesame, inteleqtis, anu goneb-
Tavi 10 / inteleqti da inteleqtis Sefaseba
rivi unarebis gazomva SesaZlebelia obieqturi
testebiT, romelTa TiToeul kiTxvas mxolod
erTi swori pasuxi aqvs. meoTxe, testis ori
jgufis maCveneblebs Soris arsebuli mimarTebis
zustad gansazRvra SeiZleba statistikuri
proceduriT, romelsac galtonma korelacia
uwoda da romelic dResdReobiT korelaciis
saxeliTaa cnobili.
samwuxarod, galtonis mravali idea mniSvne-
lovani kamaTis sagnad iqca. magaliTad, mas
miaCnda, rom geniosoba memkvidreobiT gadaece-
moda. misi azriT, talanti, an `sidiade~
formaluri Sefaseba (Formal assessment) _ sis-
tematuri procedurebi da gazomvebi, romelic
gavarjiSebuli profesionalebis mier gamoiyene-
ba individebis funqcionirebis, unarebis, qce-
vebis (Cvevebis) an fsiqikuri mdgomareobis Sesas-
362
wavlad.
memkvidreobiTia, xolo aRzrdas minimaluri
gavlena aqvs inteleqtze. misi azriT, inteleqti
darviniseul saxeobaTa SeguebasTan da, garkveul-
wilad, moralur RirebulebebTan aris dakavSi-
rebuli. galtoni cdilobda sazogadoebrivi
politika genetikurad `uaresi~ (inferioruli)
da `saukeTeso~ (superioruli) adamianis cnebaze
daefuZnebina. man Camoayaliba evgenikuri moZ-
raoba, romelic, evoluciuri Teoriis gamoye-
nebiT, adamianTa modgmis gaumjobesebas uWerda
mxars da dadebiTad iyo ganwyobili biolo-
giurad superioruli adamianebis gamravlebisa
da inferioruli adamianebis mxridan STamomav-
lobaze uaris Tqmisadmi. galtoni werda: `arse-
bobs mosazreba, xSir SemTxvevaSi sakmaod
usafuZvlo, inferioruli rasis TandaTanobiT
gadaSendebis ideis gaumarTleblobis Sesaxeb~
(Galton, 1883/1907, gv. 200).
es sakamaTo mosazrebebi mogvianebiT im
adamianebmac gamoTqves, romlebic Tvlidnen,
rom inteleqtualuri (superioruli) rasa
naklebad inteleqtualebis (inferiorebis) xarj-
ze unda gamravldes. am ideebis damcvelTa Soris
iyvnen amerikeli fsiqologebi godardi (Goddard)
da termeni (Terman), romelTa Teoriebsac
mogvianebiT ganvixilavT. aseve, visaubrebT
nacisti diqtatoris, adolf hitleris Teoriis
Sesaxebac. garda amisa, am TavSi vnaxavT, rom es
elitaruli ideebi dResac aqtualuria.
ser frensis galtonma safuZveli Cauyara
inteleqtis Tanamedrove Sefasebas. axla ganvi-
xiloT formaluri SefasebisaTvis damaxasia-
Tebeli Taviseburebebi.
formaluri Sefasebis
ZiriTadi niSnebi
formaluri Sefasebis procedura, romelic
gulisxmobs individebis klasifikacias, an maT
SerCevas, sam moTxovnas unda akmayofilebdes.
Sefasebis instrumenti unda iyos (1) sando, (2)
validuri da (3) standartizirebuli. Tu
Sefasebis instrumenti am moTxovnebs ar akma-
yofilebs, maSin miRebuli Sedegebi sando ar
iqneba. miuxedavad imisa, rom winamdebare Tavi
inteleqtis Sefasebas Seexeba, formaluri
Sefasebis qvemoT aRwerili procedura yvela
saxis fsiqologiuri testirebis dros gamoi-

yeneba. imisaTvis, rom am principebis farTo
gamoyeneba gasagebi gaxdes, ganvixilavT magali-
Tebs rogorc inteleqtis testirebidan, ise _
fsiqologiuri Sefasebis sxva sferoebidan.
sandooba
sandooba gviCvenebs, esa Tu is Sefasebis
instrumenti ramdenad iZleva sando monacemebs.
Tu diliT abazanaSi samjer aiwonebiT da
sasawori samjerve sxvadasxva Sedegs giCvenebT,
ifiqrebT, rom is ar muSaobs. Tqven SegiZliaT
TqvaT, rom is ar aris sando, vinaidan ver
iRebT myar maCvenebels; Tu awonvebs Soris
kargad danayrdebiT, maSin, bunebrivia, aRar
geqnebaT molodini imisa, rom saswori erTsa
da imave wonas aCvenebs. gazomvis meTodebi
mxolod im SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba CaiTvalos
sandod an arasandod, Tu ucvleli darCeba
gasazomi sidide.
testis sandoobis dasadgenad aucilebelia
test-retestuli sandoobis gansazRvra. es aris
korelacia zoma, romelic arsebobs erTsa da
imave cdis pirze, erTi da igive testis sxvadasxva
dros Catarebis Sedegad miRebul maCveneblebs
Soris. sruliad sando testis korelaciis
koeficientia +1.00, rac niSnavs imas, rom orive
SemTxvevaSi erTnair maCveneblebs viRebT. Tu
cdis pirebma pirveli testirebisas miiRes
yvelaze maRali, an dabali qulebi, maSin igives
miiReben meore testirebis Sedegadac. sruliad
arasando testis maCveneblebs Soris korelaciis
koeficienti 0.00-is tolia, rac niSnavs imas,
rom aranairi urTierTkavSiri ar arsebobs
pirveli da meore testirebis maCveneblebs
Soris. aseT SemTxvevaSi, Tu cdis pirma
pirvelad umaRlesi qulebi miiRo, meored
SeiZleba sruliad gansxvavebuli Sedegi aCvenos.
korelaciis koeficientis zrdasTan (idealur
+1.00-Tan miaxloebasTan) erTad testis sandoobac
izrdeba.
sandoobis Sefasebis kidev ori gza arsebobs.
pirveli, erTi da imave testis nacvlad cdis
pirs testis urTierTSemcvlel, paralelur
formebs aZleven. paraleluri formebis gamoye-
neba amcirebs amocanebis damaxsovrebis gavlenis
SesaZleblobasa da individis survils, Tanamim-
devruli Candes erTi testidan meoreze gadas-
vlisas. sandoobis meore sazomi Sinagani SeTan-
xmebulobaa, romelic erTi da igive testis
pasuxebis Sesabamisobas gulisxmobs. magaliTad,
SegviZlia erTmaneTs SevadaroT luwi da kenti
davalebebis Sesrulebis Sedegad miRebuli
qulebi. sando testis TiToeuli nawilisaTvis
erTnairi qulebi miiReba. am SemTxvevaSi SeiZ-
leba iTqvas, rom testi Sinagani SeTanxmebulo-
bis maRali doniT xasiTdeba, rac SuaSi gax-
leCvis sandoobis meTodiT miiRweva.
umetes SemTxvevaSi sando unda iyos ara
marto TavisdaTavad sazomi instrumenti, aramed
am instrumentis gamoyenebis meTodebic. davuSvaT,
sandooba (Reliability) _ xarisxi, romelic uzrun-
velyofs erTnair qulebs testis nebismier dros
gamoyenebisas, instrumentis mier qulebis sta-
bilurobas an konsistenturobas.
test-retestuli sandooba (Test-retest reliability) _
erTi da igive cdis pirze erTi da igive tes-
tis sxvadasxva dros Catarebis Sedegad miRebul
qulebs Soris arsebuli korelaciis sazomi.
paraleluri formebi (Parallel forms) _ testis
sxvadasxva versiis gamoyeneba testis sandoobis
Sesafaseblad; formebis Secvla amcirebs
pirdapiri gamoyenebis, damaxsovrebis efeqts
ra aris Sefaseba
an individis survils, gamoavlinos konsisten-
turoba erTi da igive amocanis mimarT.
Sinagani SeTanxmebuloba (Internal consistency) _
sandoobis sazomi. testis sxvadasxva nawilebis,
rogoricaa kenti da luwi punqtebi, Sesru-
lebaSi miRebuli qulebis msgavsebis xarisxi.
SuaSi gaxleCvis sandooba (Split-half consistency)
_ testis ekvivalenturi naxevrebis SesrulebaSi
miRebuli qulebis Sedareba.
363

mkvlevrebs saklaso oTaxSi bavSvebis dakvirveba
surdaT maTi agresiuli TamaSis donis Sesa-
faseblad. amisaTvis maT SeiZleba SeeqmnaT
kodirebuli sqema, romelic saTanado gansxva-
vebis dadgenis saSualebas miscemda. es sqema
maSin iqneboda sando, Tu igive bavSvebze sxvebi
awarmoebdnen dakvirvebas da igive Sefasebas
miscemdnen. swored amitom aucilebelia im
adamianebis momzadeba, romelTac SemdgomSi
fsiqologiuri Sefasebis ganxorcieleba mou-
wevT. isini aucileblad unda flobdnen saTana-
do formiT gansxvavebis dadgenis sistemebis
gamoyenebis unarebs.
validoba
testis validoba aris is, Tu ra xarisxiT
zomavs testi imas, risi gazomvac surs eqsperts.
inteleqtis validuri testi zomavs am maxasiaTe-
Tavi 10 / inteleqti da inteleqtis Sefaseba
bels da Sesrulebis winaswarmetyvelebis
saSualebas iZleva im situaciebSi, romelSic
mniSvnelovan rols inteleqti asrulebs. krea-
tulobis validuri sazomiT miRebuli qulebi
realur kreatulobas gviCvenebs da ara xatvis
unars an guneba-ganwyobilebas. zogadad, vali-
validoba (Validity) – gviCvenebs, Tu ramdenad
zomavs testi imas, ris gasazomadac iyo mi-
wodebuli.
TvalsaCino validoba (Face validity) _ xarisxi,
Tu ramdenad aris testis amocanebi uSualod
dakavSirebuli gasazom cvladTan
validoba kriteriumis mixedviT (Criterion valigity)
_ xarisxi, Tu ramdenad Seesabameba gansazRv-
ruli kriteriumis mixedviT miRebuli testis
Sedegebi Sesafasebeli maxasiaTeblis zogierT
364 sxva kriteriums.
doba asaxavs testis mier im qcevebisa Tu
Sedegebis zusti prognozirebis SesaZleblobas,
romelic dakavSirebulia testis mizanTan, an
mis formasTan. arsebobs validobis sami Ziri-
Tadi tipi: TvalsaCino validoba, validoba
kriteriumis mixedviT da konstruqtuli va-
lidoba.
validobis pirveli tipi testis Sinaarss
eyrdnoba. Tu testis amocanebi uSualod ukav-
Sirdeba interesis sagans, maSin tests gaaCnia
TvalsaCino validoba. aseT testebSi Zalian
pirdapir da martivad aris mocemuli is kiTxvebi,
romlebic maT Semqmnelebs ainteresebdaT.
magaliTad, ramdenad aRelvebuli xarT? xarT
Tu ara kreatuli? adamianisgan, romelic
testirebaSi monawileobs, elian, rom is Zalze
zustad da patiosnad upasuxebs testSi dasmul
SekiTxvebs. samwuxarod, TvalsaCino validoba
xSirad ar aris sakmarisi zusti gazomvisTvis.
pirveli rigSi, adamianebi SeiZleba arazustad
aRiqvamdnen sakuTar Tavs, an SeiZleba ar icodnen,
sxvebTan Sedarebisas rogor Seafason sakuTari
Tavi. meore, rodesac testi sakmaod zustad
zomavs ama Tu im maxasiaTebels, is Semsru-
leblebs maTTvis sasurveli STabeWdilebis
moxdenis saSualebas aZlevs. ganvixiloT
fsiqikuri problemebis mqone hospitalizi-
rebuli pacientebis klasikuri SemTxveva, romel-
Tac ar surdaT klinikis nacnobi, mowesrigebuli
garemodan wasvla.
saidan
viciT
pacientebi manipulireben
fsiqiatrebis SefasebebiT
fsiqiatriuli klinikis personali
SizofreniiT didi xnis ganmavlobaSi
daavadebul pacientebs ekiTxeboda,
ramdenad mZime iyo maTi mdgomareoba.
rodesac maT ekiTxebodnen, iyvnen Tu ara
isini imdenad kargad, rom saerTo palataSi
gadaeyvanaT, pacientebi, ZiriTadad,
dadebiT Sefasebas iZleodnen. Tumca,
rodesac interviu stacionaridan
gawerisTvis mzaobis Sefasebas isaxavda
miznad, maSin maTi pasuxi uaryofiTi iyo,

vinaidan maT ar surdaT wasvla. im
fsiqiatrebma, romlebic pacientebis
intervius Sedegebs ajamebdnen, araferi
icodnen intervius miznis eqsperimentuli
variaciis Sesaxeb, amitom im pacientebis
mdgomareobas ufro mZimed afasebdnen,
romlebic ufro negatiur Sefasebas
iZleodnen da amiT maT stacionaridan
gaSvebaze uars ambobdnen. amrigad,
pacientebma Sefasebis sasurveli Sedegi
miiRes. fsiqiatrebis Sefasebaze SeiZleba
im mosazrebamac imoqmeda, rom, Tu vinmes
fsiqiatriul klinikaSi surda darCena,
maSin misi mdgomareoba mZime unda yofiliyo
(Braginsky & Braginsky,1967).
am magaliTidan Cans, rom testis Semqmnele-
bi ar unda daeyrdnon mxolod TvalsaCino vali-
dobis mqone sazoms. axla ganvixiloT vali-
dobis sxva tipebi, romlebic SesaZlebels xdian
zogierTi SezRudvis daZlevas.
testis kriteriumis mixedviT validobis
(cnobilia, aseve, rogorc prognostuli vali-
doba) misaRwevad fsiqologebi erTmaneTs
adareben cdis pirebis mier erT testSi miRe-
bul qulebsa da sxva (imave parametrTan dakav-
Sirebuli) standartis an kriteriumis mixed-
viT miRebul qulebs. magaliTad, Tu testis
mizania kolejSi warmatebulobis prognozire-
ba, maSin kolejis miRebuli niSnebi Sesabamisi
kriteriumi iqneba. Tu testis qulebi kore-
lirebs kolejis niSnebTan, maSin testi vali-
duria kriteriumis mixedviT. testis avtorebis
ZiriTadi amocana Sesabamisi gazomvadi krite-
riumis povnaa. Tu erTxel ukve naCvenebia Se-
fasebis instrumentis kriteriumis mixedviT
validoba, maSin mkvlevrebi sandod miiCneven
mas da kidev gamoiyeneben Semdgomi prognozire-
bisaTvis. swored am logikiT iTxovs kolejis
mimRebi komisia SAT-is qulebs. warsulSi SAT-
is qulebi dadebiTad korelirebda kolejSi
swavlis zogierT aspeqtTan, amitom adminis-
tracias maTze dayrdnobiT kolejSi Tqveni
momavali karieris prognozireba SeeZlo.
pirobebi, romelSic testi validuria, Sei-
Zleba Zalze specifikuri iyos, amitom yovelTvis
saWiroa testis mimarT daisvas kiTxva: `risTvis
aris is mowodebuli, risTvisaa validuri?~ Tu
gvecodineba, kidev romel kriteriumebTan ko-
relirebs an ar korelirebs mocemuli testi,
maSin raime axlis danaxvas SevZlebT kriteri-
umebSi, maTi agebis koncefciebsa Tu adamianis
qcevis sirTuleSi. vTqvaT, qmniT tests samedi-
cino fakultetis studentebis stresTan gam-
klavebis unaris gasazomad; Semdeg aRmoaCenT,
rom am testSi miRebuli qulebi korelirebs
studentebis mier mecadineobis procesSi war-
moqmnili stresuli situaciebis daZlevis un-
arTan. amasTan, varaudobdiT, rom testi, aseve,
korelaciaSi iqneba im stresuli situaciebis
daZlevis unarTan, romelTa gadalaxvac uwevT
studentebs gadaudebeli samedicino daxmareb-
is samsaxurSi muSaobisas, Tumca es varaudi ar
dagidasturdaT. vinaidan nawilobriv ganisa-
zRvra testis validoba, raRac axalic SeityveT
Tqven testis Sesaxeb: (a) ra pirobebSia is vali-
duri da (b) misi agebis koncefciis Sesaxeb _
sxvadasxva kategoriis stresors gansxvavebul
Sedegebamde mivyavarT. amis Semdeg testis ko-
reqtirebas akeTebT ise, rom masSi iTvaliswinebT
gadaudebeli samedicino daxmarebis samsaxur-
Si muSaobisTvis specifikur stresorebs.
dafiqrdiT im kavSiris Sesaxeb, romelic
sandoobasa da validobas Soris arsebobs. san-
dooba izomeba imiT, Tu ramdenad korelirebs
testi sakuTar TavTan (sxvadasxva dros gamoye-
nebisas), xolo validoba _ imiT, Tu ra xarisx-
iT korelirebs testi raime garegan faqtorTan
(sxva testi, qceviTi kriteriumi an eqspertis
Sefaseba). Cveulebriv, Tu testi ar aris sando,
is arc validuria, radgan Tu testi ver
winaswarmetyvelebs sakuTari Tavis Sesaxeb, is
ver iwinaswarmetyvelebs verafers sxvas. magali-
Tad, Tu Tqven klasSi erT dRes agresiulobis
testi Catarda da miRebuli qulebi ar aRmoCn-
da korelaciaSi meore dRes Catarebuli parale-
luri formis qulebTan (arasandoobis magali-
Ti), naklebad savaraudoa, rom romelime dRes
miRebuli Sedegebis mixedviT iTqvas, Tu rome-
ra aris Sefaseba
li studenti Cxubobda an kamaTobda yvelaze
xSirad gasul kviras. bolos da bolos am ori
testis qulebze dayrdnobiT erTnair winaswar-
metyvelebasac ki ver gavakeTebdiT! meores mxriv,
savsebiT SesaZlebelia, rom testi iyos sando,
magram _ aravaliduri. magaliTad, Tu inteleq-
tis sazomad mozrdili adamianis simaRlis
gamoyenebas gadavwyvetT, albaT, iolad mixvdeb- 365

iT, ratom SeiZleba, rom es sazomi iyos sando,
magram aravaliduri.
normebi da standartizacia
amrigad, gvaqvs sando da validuri testi,
magram sxvadasxva testis Sedegebis interpre-
taciisaTvis isev gvWirdeba normebi. magaliTad,
depresiulobis xarisxis gamovlenisTvis mowo-
debul testSi 18 qula miiReT. rogorc fiqrobT,
ras niSnavs es? ramdenad depresiuli xarT _
msubuqad, saSualod Tu saerTod ar xarT
Tavi 10 / inteleqti da inteleqtis Sefaseba
depresiuli? miRebuli Sedegis mniSvnelobis
gasagebad, is sxva studentebis tipur qulebs,
anu statistikur normebs unda Sedardes. tes-
tis normebi saWiroa imisaTvis, rom gaigoT,
Cveulebriv, ra diapazonSi nawildeba Tqveni
asakisa da sqesis studentebis mier miRebuli
qulebi da rogoria maTi gasaSualoebuli qula.
es Seqmnis konteqts, romelSic SesaZlebeli
normebi (Norms) _ standartizirebulia indi-
videbis didi jgufebis gazomvis safuZvelze.
normebi saWiroa imisaTvis, rom SevadaroT
individisa da ama Tu im gansazRvruli jgufis
normebi.
standartizacia (Stanradtization) – testirebis
erTnairi procedurebis nakrebi TiToeuli cdis
pirisaTvis, iqneba es interviu, eqsperimenti
Tu monacemebis registracia.
366
iqneba Tqveni depresiulobis xarisxis inter-
pretireba.
Tu Tqven unarebis testi gagikeTebiaT, tes-
tis normebsac naxavdiT. testis normebi
giCvenebT, Tu ramdenad Seesabameba Tqveni qulebi
sxvebis qulebs da gexmarebaT imis dadgenaSi,
Tu ramdenad axlosaa Tqveni Sedegi normatiuli
populaciis SedegTan. individis qulebis
interpretaciisaTvis yvelaze gamosadegia
jgufis normebis codna, rodesac Sesadarebeli
jgufi testirebuli individebis iseTi ZiriTadi
TvisebebiT xasiaTdeba, rogoricaa: asaki,
socialuri klasi, kultura da gamocdileba.
imisaTvis, rom normebs azri hqondes, saWiroa,
rom erTi da igive testi yvela cdis pirma
erTnair, standartizirebul pirobebSi Seas-
rulos. standartizacia aris testirebis
meTodikis erTnairad, erTnair pirobebSi
gamoyeneba yvela cdis piris mimarT. stan-
dartizaciis aucilebloba Zalze TvalsaCinoa,
magram praqtikaSi misi dacva yovelTvis ar
xerxdeba. zogs meti dro eZleva, zogs _ ufro
naTeli da detaluri instruqcia; zogs aqvs
SekiTxvis dasmis ufleba anda metad motivi-
rebulebi arian davalebis ukeT SesrulebisTvis.
ganvixiloT erT-erTi Cvenganis gamocdileba:
ielis universitetis magistraturaSi
swavlisas saSualo skolis moswavleebSi
gamocdebTan dakavSirebuli SfoTvis donis
gasazomad skalas viyenebdi. testirebis
dawyebamde erT-erTma maswavlebelma Tavis
moswavleebs uTxra: `Tqven es mSvenieri
mamakaci axal TamaSs geTamaSebaT, romelic
kiTxvebis dasmas gulisxmobs. es TamaSi
Cven gagvamxiarulebs~. meore maswavlebelma
ki Tavis moswavleebs ase mimarTa: `ielis
universitetidan mosuli es fsiqologi
apirebs testis Catarebas im mizniT, rom
gaigos, Tu ras fiqrobT. imedi maqvs, kargad
SeasrulebT da aCvenebT, Tu ramdenad
kargia Cveni klasi~ (Zimbardo, personal com-
munication, 1958).
SeZlebdiT am ori klasis bavSvebis qulebis
pirdapir Sedarebas, romelic erTi testiT iqna
miRebuli? am kiTxvaze pasuxi uaryofiTia, vina-
idan testi ar gamoiyenes standartizirebuli
formiT. am SemTxvevaSi meore klasis bavSvebis
qulebi gamocdebTan dakavSirebuli SfoTvis
testSi ufro maRali iyo (albaT, es sruliad
inteleqtis Sefaseba
ar gikvirT). rodesac Sefasebis procedurebSi
naTlad ar aris mocemuli miTiTebebi testis
ramdenad gonieri xarT Tqven an Tqveni
Catarebisa da miRebuli qulebis daTvlis gza,
megobrebi? am kiTxvaze pasuxis gacema inteleqtis
maSin gaZneldeba testis Sedegebis mniSvnelo-
gansazRvriT unda daiwyoT. es advili amocana
bebis interpretacia an imaze saubari, Tu ra
ar aris, magram inteleqtis mkvlevarTa 52-kaciani
mimarTebaSia es Sedegebi nebismier normatiuli
jgufi mainc SeTanxmda aseT zogad gansazRvre-
SedegebTan.
baze: `inteleqti aris Zalze zogadi gonebrivi
axla ganvixileT zogierTi im sakiTxTagani,
SesaZlebloba, romelic, sxva komponentebTan
romelic aRelvebT mkvlevrebs, rodesac isini
erTad, moicavs logikuri msjelobis, dagegmvis,
qmnian tests da cdiloben gansazRvron sinam-
problemaTa gadaWris, abstraqtuli azrovnebis,
dvileSi zomavs Tu ara testi imas, risi gazom-
rTuli ideebis wvdomis, swrafad daswavlisa
vac surT. isini darwmunebulebi unda iyvnen
da gamocdilebis miRebis unars~ (Gottfredson,1997a,
testis sandoobasa da validobaSi; MmaT, aseve,
gv.13). SesaZleblobebis am farTo speqtrs Tu
unda daadginon testirebis standartuli
gaviTvaliswinebT, maSinve naTeli gaxdeba, ratom
pirobebi, mxolod amis Sedegad miRebul normebs
aris inteleqtis gazomva kamaTis sagani. is, Tu
aqvs azri. nebismieri testis qulebi unda
rogor axdenen Teoretikosebi inteleqtis da
Sefasdes sandoobisa da validobis terminebiT.
umaRlesi fsiqikuri funqciebis konceptuali-
aseve, unda Sefasdes Sesrulebis normebi da
zebas, mniSvnelovnad gansazRvravs im xerxs,
standartizaciis pirobebi, romelSic testi
riTac isini mis gazomvas cdiloben (Sternberg,
Catarda.
1994). zogierT fsiqologs miaCnia, rom adamianis
Aaxla mzad varT, rom davubrundeT inteleq-
inteleqti SeiZleba raodenobrivad ganisa-
tis gazomvas.
zRvros da dayvanil iqnes erT garkveul qulaze;
sxvebi amtkiceben, rom inteleqti mravali
komponentisgan Sedgeba, romelic cal-calke
Sejameba unda gaizomos; arian iseTebic, romlebic
amboben, rom sinamdvileSi arsebobs inteleqtis
fsiqologiuri Sefaseba fokusirebulia in-
ramdenime gansxvavebuli saxe, rac gamocdilebis
dividualur gansxvavebebze, aseve, imis Seswav-
sxvadasxva sferos Seesabameba.
laze, Tu riTi gansxvavdeba an hgavs erTi indi-
am qveTavSi aRvwerT, Tu rogor ukavSirdeba
vidi sxvebs. Sefasebis formebi antikur CineTSi
inteleqtis testebi inteleqtis sxvadasxva
Seiqmna. dasavlur samyaroSi pirvelad frensis
koncefciebs. daviwyoT istoriuli konteqstis
galtonma Seqmna da gamoiyena Teoria inteleqtis
ganxilviT, romelSic aRmocenda inteleqtisadmi
testirebis Sesaxeb. samwuxarod, masve ekuTvnis
da misi gazomvisadmi interesi.
miTi biologiurad `saukeTeso~ (superioruli)
da `uaresi~ (inferioruli) adamianebis Sesaxeb.
testebi gamoyenebadia, Tu: (a) isini validuria, inteleqtis testebis
anu sxvadasxva dros am testis Sesrulebisas istoriuli safuZvlebi
inteleqtis Sefaseba

erTi da igive adamiani erTsa da imave qulebs

iRebs da (b) iZleva sando, zust informacias
im konstruqtis Sesaxeb, ris gasazomadac Seiqmna.
aseve, mniSvnelovania, rom testis Catarebis
procedura iyos standartizirebuli da mi-
Rebuli qulebi Sedardes Sesabamisi populaciis
normas.
1905 wels gamoqveynda inteleqtis sakvlevi
pirveli qmediTi testi. alfred bine (Alfred
Binet) gamoexmaura safrangeTis saxalxo ganaT-
lebis ministris mowodebas, SeeqmnaT ufro efeq-
inteleqti (Intelligence) _ gamocdilebidan sar-
geblis miRebisa da garemos Sesaxeb mocemuli
informaciis farglebis garRvevis zogadi
unari.
367
 turi saswavlo meTodebi ganviTarebaSi Sefer-
xebebis mqone bavSvebisaTvis. bine da misi kolega
Teofil simoni (Theophil Simon) fiqrobdnen, rom
saswavlo programis Sesadgenad aucilebeli
iyo bavSvebis inteleqtualuri unaris gazomva.
man scada inteleqtis obieqturi testis
SemuSaveba, romelsac gamoiyenebdnen ganviTa-
rebaSi Seferxebebis mqone bavSvebis klasi-
ficirebisaTvis da normaluri moswavleebisgan
maT gamosarCevad. igi imedovnebda, rom amgvari
testis arseboba saSualebas miscemda skolas,
naklebad dayrdnoboda maswavlebelTa mier
moswavleTa sakmaod subieqtur da xSirad
tendenciur Sefasebebs.
inteleqtualuri aqtivobis raodenobrivi
maCveneblis gamosaTvlelad anu gasazomad binem
Seadgina asakze orientirebuli amocanebi, anu
testuri davalebebi, romelTa mixedviTac
SesaZlebeli iqneboda didi raodenobiT
bavSvebis pasuxebs urTierTSedareba. testSi
Sesatani davalebebis SerCeva ise xdeboda, rom
SesaZlebeli yofiliyo TiToeul maTganze gace-
muli pasuxis obieqturad sworad an arasworad
miCneva; davalebebi Sinaarsobrivi TvalsazrisiT
mravalferovani da bavSvebis saarsebo pirobebis
Taviseburebebis gavlenisgan maqsimalurad
Tavisufali unda yofiliyo da davalebis
Sesrulebisas unda Sefasebuliyo ara masalis
meqanikuri daxsomebis, aramed _ msjelobisa da
daskvnebis gakeTebis unari (Binet, 1911).
testireba sxvadasxva asakis bavSvebs Cautar-
Tavi 10 / inteleqti da inteleqtis Sefaseba
daT da dadginda TiToeuli asakis normalurad
ganviTarebuli bavSvebisTvis tipuri saSualo
qula. Semdeg TiToeuli konkretuli bavSvis
Sesruleba Seadares am asakis sxva bavSvebis
saSualo maCvenebels. testis Sedegebi gamoisaxa
saSualo asakis terminebiT, sadac normalurad
ganviTarebuli bavSvebi konkretul qulas
iRebdnen. am sazoms gonebrivi asaki ewoda.
magaliTad, rodesac bavSvis mier miRebuli qula
utoldeba xuTi wlis bavSvTa jgufis saSualo
gonebrivi asaki (Mental age) _ bines inteleqtis
sazomis mixedviT aris asaki, romelSic bavSvis
inteleqtualuri aqtioba im saSualo asakiT
gamoixateba, romelSic normaluri ganviTarebis
bavSvebi gansazRvrul qulas iReben.
qronologiuri asaki (Chronological age) _ in-
dividis dabadebidan gasuli Tveebisa da wlebis
368 raodenoba.
qulas, am bavSvis gonebrivi asaki iqneba 5,
ganurCevlad imisa, Tu rogoria misi qronolo-
giuri asaki, anu dabadebidan gasuli wlebis
raodenoba.
bines midgoma oTxi mniSvnelovani niSan-
TvisebiT xasiaTdeba. pirveli, man am testis
qulebi gaiazra, rogorc inteleqtis mimdinare
ganviTarebulobis Sefaseba da ara rogorc
Sinagani inteleqtis sazomi; meore, mas testis
qulebis im bavSvebis gamosavlenad gamoyeneba
surda, romlebic specialur daxmarebas saWiro-
eben da ara maTi stigmatizaciisTvis.; mesame,
igi xazs usvamda, rom varjiSsa da ganviTarebis
pirobebs SeuZlia inteleqtze zemoqmedeba da
ganviTarebaSi Seferxebebis mqone bavSvebis
inteleqtis im sferoebis dadgenas cdilobda,
romlebSic specialuri ganaTlebis daxmarebiT
gaumjobesdeboda am bavSvebis SesaZleblobebi.
dabolos, man testi empiriulad aago _ Seagrova
monacemebi, rom enaxa ramdenad validuri iyo
Seqmnili testi da ar ucdia misi dakavSireba
inteleqtis romelime konkretul TeoriasTan.
inteleqtis testis SemuSavebaSi bines war-
matebam didi gavlena moaxdina SeerTebul
StatebSi, sadac istoriuli movlenebisa da
socialur-politikuri Zalebis unikalurma kom-
binaciam ganapiroba interesi gonebrivi unarebis
gazomvisadmi. XX saukunis dasawyisisaTvis
SeerTebul StatebSi sicocxle Cqefda da
duRda. globaluri ekonomikuri, socialuri
da politikuri viTarebebis gamo qveyanaSi
milionobiT emigranti Sedioda. sayovelTao
ganaTlebis axalma kanonma skolebi moswavle-
ebiT aavso. emigranti mozrdilebisa da skolis
moswavleebis identificirebis, dokumentirebisa
da klasificirebisTvis saWiro iyo Sefasebis
meTodikebi (Chapman,1988). pirveli msoflio omis
dawyebis Semdeg milionobiT moxalise gaemarTa
gamwvevi punqtebisaken. rekrutirebis samsaxuris
TanamSromlebs uamravi msurvelidan unda
amoerCiaT isini, vinc swrafad SeZlebda axali
masalis aTvisebas da vinc specialuri sameTauro
kursebis gavlis Semdeg warmatebiT gaarTmevda
Tavs meTauris samuSaos. amisaTvis inteleqtua-
luri unarebis axali, araverbaluri, jgufuri
testebi 1.7 milionze met axalwveulTan gamoi-
yenes. gamoCenil fsiqologTa jgufi, romelSic
Sediodnen luis termeni (Lewis Terman), eduard
Torndaiki (Edward Thorndik) da robert ierksi
 (Robert Yerkis), gamoexmaurnen omis wlebis sagan-
gebo viTarebas da es testebi sul raRac erT
TveSi Seqmnes (Lennon,1985).
am farTomasStabiani testirebis programis
Sedegad amerikis sazogadoebisaTvis misaRebi
gaxda azri, rom inteleqtis testebs SeuZliaT
adamianTa diferencireba liderobis unarisa
da sxva socialurad mniSvnelovani maxasiaTeb-
lebis mixedviT, ramac xeli Seuwyo maT farTo
gamoyenebas skolebsa da sawarmoebSi. Sefaseba
ganixileboda, rogorc qaotur sazogadoebaSi
wesrigis Setanis saSualeba. aseve, es iyo sakmaod
iafi, demokratiuli xerxi im adamianTa gamodife-
rencirebisa, visac ganaTlebidan da samxedro
meTaurTa treningidan garkveuli codnis miReba
SeeZlo. inteleqtis farTomasStabiani testi-
rebis gamoyenebis gasaioleblad mkvlevrebi
Zalas ar iSurebdnen da farTo gamoyenebis
mqone testur procedurebs qmnidnen.
IQ testebi
miuxedavad imisa, rom binem inteleqtis stan-
dartizebuli gazomva safrangeTSi daiwyo, sul
× bavSvebisa da Zalze gonieri zrdasrulebis IQ-
male am saqmeSi wamyvani poziciebi aSS-is
fsiqologebma daikaves. maT SeimuSaves, agreTve,
IQ, anu inteleqtis koeficienti. IQ inteleqtis
ricxobrivi, standartizebuli sazomia. amJamad
farTod gamoiyeneba individualuri gamoyene-
bisTvis mowodebuli IQ-testis ori jgufi:
stenford-binesa (Stanford-Binet) da veqsleris
skalebi (Wechsler).
stenford-bines inteleqtis skala
luis termenma (Lewis Terman), stenfordis
universitetis sajaro skolis yofilma adminis-
tratorma, Rirseulad daafasa inteleqtis
gazomvis bineseuli meTodis mniSvneloba.
aTasobiT bavSvisaTvis am testis miwodebiT
man moaxdina bines testis adaptireba aSS-is
skolis moswavleebisaTvis, standartizeba gau-
keTa testis gamoyenebas da SeimuSava asakobrivi
normebi. 1916 wels man gamoaqveyna bines testis
stenfordiseuli revizirebuli varianti,
romelic, Cveulebriv, moixsenieba, rogorc sten-
ford-bines inteleqtis skala (Terman, 1916).
am axali testiT termenma safuZveli moamzada
iseTi cnebisTvis, rogoricaa inteleqtis
koeficienti, anu IQ (termini, romelic 1914
wels Sternma Semoitana). IQ aris gonebrivi
asakis Sefardeba qronologiur asakTan, gamrav-
lebuli 100-ze:
IQ = gonebrivi asaki ÷ qronologiuri
asaki 100
bavSvs, romlis qronologiuri asaki 8 welia
da romlis testis qulebma aCvena gonebrivi
asaki 10 weli, IQ 125 (10:8×100=125) eqneba, xolo
igive qronologiuri asakis bavSvs, romelmac
testi 6 wlis bavSvis doneze Seasrula, IQ 75
(6:8×100=75) eqneba; individebs, romlebmac
Seasrules Tavisi asakisaTvis Sesabamisi
gonebrivi testi, IQ 100 eqnebaT. amrigad, 100
qula saSualo IQ-ad iqna miCneuli.Q
stenford-bines axali testi male gadaiqca
klinikuri fsiqologiis, fsiqoTerapiis da
saswavlo konsultirebis standartul instru-
mentad. es testi Seicavs mTel rig subtestebs,
romelic konkretul gonebriv asakzea mor-
gebuli da romelTac mcire reviziaTa Cau-
tardaT 1937, 1960 da 1972 wlebSi, raTa
miRweuliyo sami mizani: _ (1) mcirewlovani
is gasazomad gafarToebuliyo testis diapazoni;
(2) ganaxlebuliyo leqsikuri maragis punqtebi,
romelTa sirTule sazogadoebaSi momxdar
cvlilebaTa kvaldakval icvleba; (3) ganaxle-
buliyo normebisa da asakis Sesabamisi saSualo
qulebi (Terman&Merril,1937,1960,1972.). stenford-
bines testis ukanaskneli, me-4 gamocema (Torndike
et al.,1986) testis validobis gaumjobesebis mizans
emsaxureba, romelTac uzrunvelyofs IQ-s zust
gazomvas rogorc Sesrulebis normaluri rangis
mqone individebisaTvis, ise, `fsiqikuri funqcio-
nirebis problemebis mqone~, an niWieri indivi-
debisaTvis (Laurent et al.,1992).
miaqcieT yuradReba, rom IQ qulebi ukve aRar
inteleqtis Sefaseba
miiReba gonebrivi asakis qronologiur asakze
gayofiT. Tu tests dRes CaitarebT, Tqveni qulebi
inteleqtis koeficienti (IQ) (Intelligence quotient)
_ indeqsi, romelic miRebulia inteleqtis
standartizebuli testebidan; pirvelad IQ
gamoiTvleboda individis gonebrivi asakis
qronologiur asakze gayofiT da Semdeg 100-ze
gamravlebiT; amJamad pirdapir gamoiTvleba,
rogorc IQ testis qula.
369
 Sejamdeba da pirdapir moxdeba maTi Sedareba
Tqveni asakis sxva adamianTa qulebTan. 100-is
toli IQ aris `saSualo~ da gviCvenebs, rom
Tqveni asakis adamianTa 50% ufro dabal qulebs
agrovebs (ix. sur. 10.1). 90-sa da 110-s Soris
moTavsebuli qulebi `normaa~, xolo maTze meti
(120 da zemoT) _ `umaRlesi~. rodesac 18 wlamde
asakis individebi agroveben validur IQ qulebs
70-dan 75-mde, an ufro qvemoT, isini gonebrivi
CamorCenilobis erT-erT kriteriums Seesaba-
mebian, magram, rogorc 10.1 cxrilSia naCvenebi,
gonebrivad CamorCenilebad rom CaiTvalon,
individebma cxovrebiseul amocanebTan dakavSi-
Tavi 10 / inteleqti da inteleqtis Sefaseba
rebuli adaptaciuri Cvevebis SeZenis SezRu-
duli unaric unda gamoavlinon (American Asso-
ciation on Mental Retardation AAMR,1992). adreul
wlebSi IQ qulebi msubuqi, zomieri, Zlieri da
Rrma gonebrivi CamorCenilobis klasificirebi-
saTvis gamoiyeneboda (ix. sur. 10.1.), magram,
adaptaciur Cvevebze Tanamedrove Sexedulebam
eqspertebs am terminologiis uaryofa ukarnaxa
iseTi ufro zusti aRwerebis sasargeblod,
rogoricaa `gonebrivi CamorCenilobis mqone
pirovneba, romelic eqstensiur mxardaWeras
saWiroebs socialuri unarebisa da sakuTari
gonebrivi CamorCeniloba (Mental retardation) _
rodesac individebis IQ qulebi meryeobs 70-
75-mde intervalSi an masze naklebia, aseve,
rodesac SezRudulia cxovrebiseuli amoca-
nebis gadasaWreli adaptaciuri Cvevebis Se-
370 muSavebis unari.
Tavis marTvis sferoebSi~, an `gonebrivi CamorCe-
nilobis mqone pirovneba, romelic komunik-
aciasa da socialur CvevebSi mcire mxardaWeras
saWiroebs~ (American Association on Mental Retarda-
tion AAMR,1992. gv.34).
veqsleris inteleqtis skala
david veqsleri (David Wechsler), romelic niu
iorkis belviu hospitalSi muSaobda, Tvlida,
rom mozrdilTa inteleqtis gazomvis procedura
naklebad unda yofiliyo verbalur debulebebze
damokidebuli. 1939 wels man gamoaqveyna veqsler-
belvius inteleqtis skala, romelSic verba-
luri subtestebi kombinirebuli iyo araverba-
lur, anu praqtikuli Sesrulebis subtestebTan.
amrigad, mTliani IQ qulebis garda, adamianebs
damatebiT miecaT maTi verbaluri da araverba-
luri IQ-is damoukidebeli Sefasebebi. 1955 wels,
mcireodeni cvlilebebis Semdeg, tests Seecvala
saxelwodeba da `veqsleris inteleqtis skala
mozrdilTaTvis~ _ WAIS ewoda, xolo dResdRe-
obiT misi gadasinjuli versia cnobilia, ro-
gorc _ WAIS-R (Wechsler, 1981).
WAIS-R-Si eqvsi verbaluri subtestia: infor-
mirebuloba, leqsikuri maragi, gageba, ariTmeti-
kuli unarebi, msgavsebebi (gansazRvra, Tu ratom
aris ori sagani msgavsi) da ricxvebis rigi
(eqsperimentatoris mier warmoTqmul ricxvTa
seriis gameoreba). es testebi aris rogorc
werilobiTi, ise _ zepiri. praqtikuli Sesru-
 cxrili
10.1
gonebrivi CamorCenilovbis diagnozi
gonebrivi CamorCenilobis diagnozis dasma SesaZlebelia im SemTxvevaSi, Tu:
• individis IQ aris daaxloebiT 70-75 an ufro dabali;
• dasturdeba mniSvnelovani unarSezRuduloba 2, an meti saadaptacio unaris sferoSi; es sferoebia:
komunikacia _ lingvisturi da aralingvisturi (magaliTad, saxis gamometyveleba) saSualebebiT
informaciis gagebisa da gamoxatvis unarTan dakavSirebuli Cvevebi;
Tavis movla _ tualetis, kvebis, Cacmis, higienis da garegnobaze zrunvis Cvevebi;
saojaxo yofa _ saxlSi funqcionirebis Cvevebi, rogoric aris saojaxo meurneobis gaZRola da
yoveldRiuri saqmianobis dagegmva;
socialuri _ sxva adamianebTan socialuri urTierTobis unarebi;
komunaluri resursebiT sargebloba _ komunaluri resursebiT sargeblobis unari, rogoric aris
sasursaTo maRaziaSi sayidlebze siaruli da sazogadoebrivi transportis gamoyeneba;
sakuTari Tavis marTva _ gadawyvetilebis miRebisa da daxmarebis moZiebasTan dakavSirebuli unar-
Cvevebi;
janmrTeloba da usafrTxoeba _ sakuTari janmrTelobisa da usafrTxoebis SenarCunebasTan dakav-
Sirebuli Cvevebi;
funqcionaluri mimarTulebis codna _ akademiuri sagnebis aTvisebasTan dakavSirebuli unarebi
(rogoric aris kiTxva da maTematika), rasac wvlili Seaqvs damoukidebeli cxovrebisas miznis ganxor-
cielebaSi;
Tavisufali dro (mocaleoba) _ Tavisufali drois gamoyenebisa da dasvenebis interesebTan
dakavSirebuli unar-Cvevebi;
samuSao _ nawilobrivi an sruli datvirTviT muSaobasTan dakavSirebuli unarebi.
• CamorCeniloba vlindeba 18 wlamde asakSi.

wyaro: American Association on Mental Retardation AAMR, 1992,p24,40-41.

lebis xuTi subtesti moicavs masaliT mani-
pulirebas, praqtikulad ar aris sityvebi. maga-
liTad, kuburebis awyobis testSi individs
baraTebze gamosaxuli nimuSis gameoreba evaleba,
risTvisac igi kuburebis ferad mxareebs usa-
dagebs erTmaneTs. cifrebi-simboloebis testSi
mocemulia gasaRebi, romelic 9 simbolos 9
cifrs usadagebs da amocana meore gverdze
moTavsebuli simboloebisaTvis Sesabamisi
cifrebis miweraSi mdgomareobs. praqtikuli
Sesrulebis danarCen testebSi Sedis suraTebis
dalageba, suraTebis dasruleba da obieqtis
ageba. Tu CaitarebT WAIS-R-s, TerTmetive
veqsleris skolamdeli da dawyebiTi klasebis
bavSvebis inteleqtis skala _ gadasinjulia
(WPPSI-R, Wechsler, 1989) 4-dan 6.5 wlis bav-
SvebisaTvis. orive testis bolo reviziebma
masala ufro feradovani, Tanamedrove da bav-
SvebisaTvis sasiamovno gaxada. orive testma
daamtkica, rom sando da validur sazoms
warmoadgens (Little,1992; Sattler& Atkinson,1993).
WAIS-R, WISC-III da WPPSI-R qmnian inteleqtis
testebis ojaxs, romelic gvaZlevs verbalur
IQ-s, Sesrulebis IQ-s da sruli skalis IQ-s yovel
asakobriv doneze. garda amisa, isini gvawvdian
subtestebis Sedarebad qulebs, rac saSualebas
inteleqtis Sefaseba

subtesti unda SeasruloT da sami saxis qula
_ verbaluri IQ, Sesrulebis IQ da mTliani,
anu sruli skalis IQ _ miiRoT. 10.2 cxrilSi
mocemulia magaliTebi imisa, Tu ra tipis
kiTxvebs SexvdebiT WAIS-R-Si. WAIS-R gankuT-
vnilia 18 da meti wlis adamianebisaTvis, magram
msgavsi testebi SemuSavebulia bavSvebisaTvisac
(sur. 10.2). veqsleris inteleqtis skala bavSve-
bisaTvis _ mesame gamocema (WISC-III; Wechsler,
1991) morgebulia 6-dan 17 wlamde bavSvebze da
aZlevs mkvlevrebs Tvali gaadevnon ufro
specifikuri inteleqtualuri unarebis droSi
ganviTarebas. amis gamo veqsleris skalebi
gansakuTrebiT Rirebulia, rodesac erTi da
igive individi testirebas gansxvavebul asakSi
gadis, magaliTad, rodesac mimdinareobs gan-
sxvavebuli saswavlo-saganmanaTleblo progra-
mebis Sedegad bavSvis mier miRweuli warmatebis
monitoringi.
371
 cxrili
10.2
WAIS-R testis analogiuri sakiTxebi
da problemebi
verbaluri subtesti
informirebuloba vin dawera `didi geTsbi~?
gageba ras niSnavs, roca
adamianebi amboben: `feri
fersa - madli RmerTsa~.
ariTmetika Tu kinos bileTSi 8.5
dolari gadaixade da
batibutSi - 2.5 dolari,
maSin ocdolarianidan
xurda ramdeni unda
dagibrunon?
msgavseba riTi hgavs erTmaneTs
TviTmfrinavi da wyalqveSa
navi?
ricxvTa rigi gaimeore Semdegi ricxvebi:
3 2 7 5 9
leqsikur maragi ras niSnavs `paeqroba~?

Sesrulebis subtesti
ricxobrivi simbolo eqsperimentatori cdis pirs
awvdis gasaRebs, romelic
ricxvebs (magaliTad, 1, 2, 3)
simboloebs (magaliTad, Ö,
È , ) uTanadebs. cdis piri
suraTi
10.2
sqemis Sesavsebad iyenebs
gasaRebs, romelzec mxolod
ricxvebi an simboloebia
mocemuli.
suraTis dasruleba cdis piri aTvalierebs
suraTs da ambobs, ra aklia
mas (magaliTad, cxeni
fafaris gareSe)
kuburebis nimuSi cdis piri iyenebs kuburebs,
Tavi 10 / inteleqti da inteleqtis Sefaseba

rom gamomcdelis mier tebiT daxmarebas saWiroebdnen. binem wamoayena

mowodebuli nimuSi
gaimeoros. winadadeba, rom TiToeuli bavSvi klasi-
suraTebis dalageba cdis piri alagebs muyaos ficirebuli yofiliyo misi gonebrivi asakis
suraTebis serias iseTi
mixedviT. IQ qulebi gamoiTvleba, rogorc
TanmimdevrobiT, TiTqos
moTxrobas hyveba; funqcia _ gonebrivi asaki gayofili qronolo-
obieqtis ageba giur asakze. luis termenma da david veqslerma
eqsperimentatori awvdis
cdis pirs muyaos firfi-
IQ-s axali gasazomi instrumentebi SeimuSaves.
tebis nawilebs, romelic
cdis pirma ise unda daa-
lagos, rom nacnobi sagnis
suraTi miiRos. inteleqtis Teoriebi

Sejameba Cven ganvixileT inteleqtis gazomvis zogi-

inteleqtis Tanamedrove testireba saTaves
iRebs alfred bines mcdelobidan, romelsac
is iseTi moswavleebis gamosavlenad axor-
372
cielebda, romlebic skolaSi swavlisas dama-
erTi xerxi. amJamad Tqven ukve SegiZliaT hkiTxoT
sakuTar Tavs: daadgens Tu ara es testebi
yovelive imas, rasac sityva inteleqti gulis-
xmobs? daadgens Tu ara es testebi yvela im
unars, rac, Tqveni azriT, Tqvenive inteleqts
 fsiqologia XXI saukuneSi

Sefaseba internetiT

inteleqtis Sesaxeb Tavis
wakiTxvis Semdeg studentebs
xSirad uCndebaT interesi
imisa, Tu Tavad rogor gaar-
Tmeven Tavs IQ testebs. Cvens
droSi sakamaod advilia
ewvioT romelime veb-gverds,
amoirCioT testi da miiRoT
garkveuli qulebi. niSnavs Tu
ara rames miRebuli qulebi?
am kiTxvas pasuxs im zogierTi
cnebis mimoxilviT gavcemT,
romelsac am TavSi gaecaniT.
analizisaTvis monacemebi
dagvWirda da Cvens megobars,
romelsac pirobiTad poin-
deqsters vuwodebT, CvenTvis
internetSi mudmivad arsebuli
ramdenime IQ-testis gakeTeba
vTxoveT. mis mier gaxsnil
pirvelive veb-gverdze oTxi
sxvadasxva testi ido, ramac
sandoobis Sefasebis SesaZ-
lebloba mogvca. gavixsenoT,
rom sandooba konsistentiu-
robas exeba: gvaZlevs Tu ara
msgavs qulebs is testebi,
romlebic iTvleba rom, faq-
tobrivad, erTsa da imave rames
zomavs. poindeqsterma Semdegi
qulebi miiRo: 116, 117, 129 da
130. Tu 10.1 suraTs davubrun-
debiT, vnaxavT, rom misi qu-
lebi saSualoze maRalia (ra
kargia poindeqsterisaTis!),
magram miRebuli qulebidan
ori mas `sakmaod normaluris~
kategoriaSi aTavsebs, ori ki _
sazRvris marjvniv, `maRalin-
teleqtualebSi~. aqedan gamom-
dinare, SeiZleba vivaraudoT,
rom testis Sedegebi ar aris
gansakuTrebiT sando.
Tu testebi ar aris sando,
isini verc validuri iqneba. da-
vuSvaT, rom Cven SemTxvevaSi
testebi sando iyo. ganvixiloT
yvela SemTxveva, rodesac da-
veWvdebodiT maT validobaSi:
poindeqsteris qulebi gamoTv-
lili iyo misi Sedegis (20 ki-
Txvaze miRebuli swori pasuxe-
bis raodenoba) im individebis
SedegebTan SedarebiT, vinc masze
adre iyo am saitze da Seasrula
is testebi. qulebis 10.1 suraTze
mocemuli zaris formis ganawi-
lebaze gadataniT veb-gverdi IQ-
s afasebs. ra problemasTan
gvaqvs aq saqme? pirveli, Cven ar
gvaqvs safuZveli gvjerodes, rom
veb-gverdze Sesul adamianTa
saSualo IQ (gazomili tradi-
ciuli, sando arainternetuli
testiT) 100-is (wesiT, rogorc
unda iyos) toli iqneba. iqneb
adgili hqonda TviTSerCevas im
adamianebis mxridan, vinc veb-
gverdze mocemuli testi Seas-
rula? meore, Cven araviTari
safuZveli ar gvaqvs vivaraudoT,
rom testi yvelam erTnair stan-
dartul pirobebSi gaakeTa.
magaliTad, testSi Sedis
kiTxvebi, romlebic leqsikur
marags saWiroebs. rogor
SeiZleba viyoT darwmunebuli,
rom vinmem Tavisi qulebis
gazrdis mizniT Cveulebrivi
an eleqtronuli leqsikoniT
ar isargebla (`Sexede dediko,
yovelTvis vambobdi, rom
geniosi var!~)?
interneti TqvenTvis uz-
runvelyofs rogorc IQ-is,
ise sxva unarebisa da pirov-
nuli konstruqtis Sefasebis
uamrav SesaZleblobas. Tqven
unda gamoiyenoT am TavSi
miRebuli codna imisTvis, rom
frTxilad SeafasoT interne-
tiT miRebuli qulebis sando-
oba da validoba.
amasobaSi, poindeqsteri
internetSi mocemuli IQ-
testebis daJinebul momxmareb-
lad gadaiqca. `evropul IQ-
testebze~ misma saukeTeso
qulam 159-s miaRwia. igi ir-
wmuneba, rom 159 qula IQ-is
validuri sazomia. Tqvenc
darwunebuli xarT amaSi?
veb-gverdebi:
 www.2h.com/Tests/iq.phtml _
veb-gverdi, sadac didi rao-
denobiT testebia mocemuli;
 www.majon.com/iq.html --_
mravali testi erT saitze.
inteleqtis Teoriebi

Seadgens? am sakiTxebis gaazrebaSi rom dagexma-

roT, inteleqtis Teoriebs ganvixilavT. TiToe-
uli Teoriis gacnobisas hkiTxeT sakuTar Tavs:
moxerxebulad igrZnobdnen Tu ara Tavs misi
momxreebi, Tu maTi inteleqtis gasazomad IQ-s
gamoiyenebdnen.
inteleqtis fsiqometruli
Teoriebi
inteleqtis fsiqometruli Teoriebi, Ziri-
Tadad, imave filosofiur velSi warmoiSva, ro-
melmac IQ testebs misca dasabami. fsiqometria
373
 fsiqologiis dargia, romelic fsiqikuri funq-
ciebis testirebas emsaxureba. mis mraval aspeqts
Sorisaa pirovnebis diagnostikuri Sefaseba,
inteleqtis Sefaseba da ganwyobebis gazomva.
amrigad, fsiqometruli midgomebi mWidro
kavSirSia testirebis meTodebTan. es Teoriebi
ikvlevs statistikur mimarTebebs unarebis
gansxvavebul sazomebs Soris, magaliTad, WAIS-
R-is 11 subtests Soris da Semdeg am mimarTebaTa
safuZvelze adamianis inteleqtis Sesaxeb
daskvnebi gamoaqvs. teqnikas, romelic amisaTvis
yvelaze xSirad gamoiyeneba, faqtoruli analizi
ewodeba. es aris statistikuri procedura,
romelic parametrebis, klasterebisa da faqto-
rebis ufro mcire raodenobis identificirebas
axdens damoukidebel cvladTa ufro didi
erTobliobis SigniT. faqtoruli analizis
mizani sakvlevi koncefciis ZiriTadi fsiqolo-
giuri parametrebis dadgenaa. cxadia, statis-
tikuri procedura mxolod statistikur
mudmivebs adgens; am mudmivebis axsna da maTi
dasabuTeba ukve fsiqologebis saqmea.
Carlz spirmenma (Charles Spearman) pirvelma
gamoiyena faqtoruli analizi inteleqtis kvle-
vis sferoSi, rac sakmaod STambeWdavi iyo. man
aRmoaCina, rom individTa mier inteleqtis
sxvadasxvagvari testebis Sesrulebis Sedegad
miRebuli qulebi kargad korelirebs erTmaneT-
Tan. aqedan gamomdinare, man daaskvna, rom
arsebobs zogadi inteleqtis faqtori, anu
faqtori g, romelic gonebrivi aqtiobis ganxor-
Tavi 10 / inteleqti da inteleqtis Sefaseba
cielebas udevs safuZvlad (Spearman,1927). yoveli
calkeuli sfero, aseve, dakavSirebulia Tavis
fsiqometria (Psychometrics) _ fsiqologiis dar-
gi, romelic gonebrivi SesaZleblobebis testi-
rebaSi specializirdeba.
g _ spirmenis mixedviT, zogadi inteleqtis
faqtori, romelic safuZvlad udevs yovelgvar
inteleqtualur aqtiobas.
kristalizebuli inteleqti (Cristallized intelli-
gence) _ inteleqtis komponenti, romelSic
Sedis pirovnebis mier SeZenili codna da am
codnis gazrda-gamoyenebis unari; izomeba leq-
sikuri maragis, ariTmetikuli da zogadi infor-
mirebulobis testebiT.
fluiduri inteleqti (Fluid intelligence) _ inte-
leqtis komponenti, romelic moicavs rTuli
mimarTebebis danaxvisa da problemebis gadaWris
374
unars.
specifikur unarTan, rasac spirmenma s uwoda.
magaliTad, leqsikur da ariTmetikul testSi
miRebuli Sedegebi damokidebulia rogorc
zogad inteleqtze, ise am sferosaTvis damaxasia-
Tebel specifikur unarebze.
raimond ketelma (Raymond Cattel, 1963) faqto-
ruli analizis ufro mowinave teqnikis gamoyene-
biT daadgina, rom zogadi inteleqti SeiZleba
daiyos or, SedarebiT damoukidebel komponentad,
romelsac man kristalizebuli da fluiduri
inteleqti uwoda. kristalizebuli inteleqti
moicavs individis mier ukve aTvisebul codnas
da am codnis gazrda-gamoyenebis unars; is
izomeba leqsikuri, ariTmetikuli da zogadi
informirebulobis testebiT. fluiduri inte-
leqti rTuli mimarTebebis xedvisa da prob-
lemebis gadaWris unaria; is izomeba kuburebis
nimuSisa da sivrcobrivi vizualizaciis teste-
biT, romlebSic problemis gadasaWrelad saWiro
fonuri informacia daskvniT miiReba. Tval-
saCino kristalizebuli inteleqti saSualebas
gaZlevT, kargad gaarTvaT Tavi cxovrebis
mimdinare, konkretul gamowvevebs; fluiduri
inteleqti ki gexmarebaT, ieriSi miitanoT axal,
abstraqtul problemebze.
joi pol gilfordma (J.P.Guilford, 1961) faqto-
ruli analizi inteleqtTan dakavSirebuli
mravali amocanis moTxovnaTa Sesaswavlad gamo-
iyena. inteleqtis struqturis miseul modelSi
gamoyofilia inteleqtualuri amocanebis sami
niSan-Tviseba: Sinaarsi, anu informaciis tipi;
produqti, anu forma, romliTac informacia
aris warmodgenili da operacia _ Sesrulebuli
gonebrivi moqmedebebis tipi.
rogorc 10.3 suraTi gviCvenebs, am modelSi
mocemulia xuTi saxis Sinaarsi: mxedvelobiTi,
smeniTi, simboluri, semantikuri da qceviTi;
eqvsi saxis produqti: erTeulebi, klasebi,
mimarTebebi, sistemebi, transformaciebi da
implikaciebi; xuTi saxis operacia: Sefaseba,
konvergentuli produqcia, divergentuli pro-
duqcia, mexsiereba da Semecneba. inteleqtis
mier Sesrulebuli TiToeuli amocana SeiZleba
ganisazRvros masSi Cadebuli Sinaarsis, pro-
duqtebis da operaciebis mixedviT. garda amisa,
gilfordi fiqrobs, rom yoveli kombinacia
Sinaarsi-produqti-operacia (yoveli mcire kubi
modelSi) gansxvavebul gonebriv unars warmoad-
gens. magaliTad, rogorc naCvenebia 10.2 suraTze,

leqsikuri testi adgens semantikuri Sinaarsis
mqone erTeulebis Semecnebis unars, xolo
sacekvao nomris daswavla qceviTi sistemebis
mexsierebas saWiroebs.
es Teoriuli modeli qimiur elementTa perio-
duli sistemis analogiuria. amgvari sistematu-
ri sqemis meSveobiT inteleqtis faqtorebi,
qimiuri elementebis msgavsad, SesaZlebelia maT
aRmoCenamde iqnen postulirebuli. 1961 wels,
rodesac gilfordma es modeli warmoadgina,
cnobili iyo daaxloebiT 40 inteleqtualuri
unari. mas Semdeg mkvlevrebma 100-ze meti unari
aRweres, rac gilfordis inteleqtis koncefciis
prognostikur unarze metyvelebs (Guilford, 1985).
gilfordis Semdeg mravalma fsiqologma
gaafarTova inteleqtis koncefcia imisaTvis,
rom maT Teoriebs ufro meti ram moecva, vidre
tradiciuli IQ testebis mixedviT gamovlenili
SesaZleblobebia. amJamad ganvixilavT or
Teorias, romelic scildeba IQ-is farglebs.
sternbergis inteleqtis
triarqiuli Teoria
robert sternbergic (Robert Sternberg, 1985, 1988)
xazs usvams problemebis gadaWraSi kognituri
procesebis mniSvnelobas, rogorc misi ufro
zogadi inteleqtis Teoriis nawils. sternbergi
suraTi
10.3
inteleqtis struqtura
inteleqtis struqtuis am modelSi j. p. gil-
fordi (J. P. Guilford) gamoyofs inteleqtualuri
amocanebis sam maxasiaTebels _ Sinaarss, anu
informaciis tips; produqts, anu formas
romliTac warmodgenilia informacia da
operacias, anu ganxorcielebuli gonebrivi
aqtivobis tips. inteleqtis mier Sesrulebuli
TiToeuli amocana SeiZleba dadgindes masSi
CarTuli Sinaarsis, produqtebis da opera-
ciebis mixedviT. magaliTad, leqsikuri testi
adgens semantikuri Sinaarsis mqone erTeu-
lebis Semecnebis unars.
ayalibebs triarqiul _ samnawilian _ Teo-
rias.Dmis mier mowodebuli inteleqtis sami
saxe _ komponenturi, empiriuli da konteqstu-
aluri _ efeqturi Sesrulebis daxasiaTebis
gansxvavebul xerxebs warmoadgens.
komponenturi inteleqti ganisazRvreba kom-
ponentebis, anu saazrovno procesebis meSve-
obiT, romlebic safuZvlad udevs azrovnebas
da problemebis gadawyvetas. sternbergi asa-
xelebs sami tipis komponents, romelTac cen-
traluri mniSvneloba aqvT informaciis gadamu-
SavebaSi: (1) codnis SeZenis komponentebi axali
faqtebis dasaswavlad; (2) Sesrulebis komponen-
tebi problemis gadaWris strategiebisa da
teqnikisaTvis; (3) metakognituri komponentebi
strategiebis SerCevisa da warmatebisaken moma-
vali procesis monitoringisaTvis. axla Tqveni
komponenturi inteleqtis asamoqmedeblad
gvsurs, rom scadoT 10.3- cxrilSi mocemuli
inteleqtis Teoriebi
savarjiSos Sesruleba.
rogor amoxseniT anagramebi? anagramebis
amosaxsnelad, ZiriTadad, Sesrulebis kompone-
ntebis da metakognituri komponentebis gamo-
yeneba dagWirdebaT. Sesrulebis komponentebi
is komponentebia, romelTa saSualebiTac
gonebaSi asoebiT manipulireba SegiZliaT;
metakognituri komponentebi gadawyvetilebis
mosaZebni strategiebis arsebobis saSualebas
375
 rom adamianTa jgufi avariis Semdeg mZime
cxrili
10.3 mdgomareobaSi aRmoCnda. Tqven unda endoT
jgufis im wevris gonierebas, romelic yvelaze
komponenturi inteleqtis gamoyenebis swrafad SeZlebs Sinisken mimavali gzis moZeb-
unari nas. sxva viTarebaSi Tqven gonierad unda miiC-
qvemoT mocemulia anagramebi, areuli sityvebis sia. nioT im adamianis qceva, romelsac rutinuli
rac SeiZleba swrafad moZebneT TiToeuli anagramis
amoxsna (Sternberg,1986).
amocanebis avtomaturi Sesruleba SeuZlia. Tu,
magaliTad, adamianTa jgufi yoveldRiurad erTsa
1. H-U-L-A-G __________
da imave amocanebs asrulebs, Tqvenze yvelaze
2. P-T-T-M-E __________
did STabeWdilebas is adamiani moaxdens, ro-
3. T-R-H-O-S __________
melic amocanebis warmatebiT Sesrulebas `axali
4. T-N-K-H-G-I __________
ideebis umciresi raodenobiT~ moaxerxebs.
5. T-E-W-I-R __________
konteqstualuri inteleqti nebismier tipis
6. L-L-A-O-W __________
saqmis praqtikul mogvarebaSi vlindeba. is axal
7. R-I-D-E-V __________
da gansxvavebul viTarebebTan (konteqstebTan)
8. O-C-C-H-U __________
adaptirebis, Sesatyvisi situaciebis SerCevisa
9. T-E-N-R-E __________
da Tqveni moTxovnilebebis Sesabamisi efeqturi
10. C-I-B-A-S __________
garemos Seqmnis unars gulisxmobs. konteqstu-
amoxsna mocemulia am Tavis bolos. aluri inteleqti isaa, rasac adamianebi `gaqe-
qilobas~ da `saqmis alRos~ uwodeben. gamokv-
iZleva. ganvixiloT anagrama T-R-H-O-S. rogor levebma aCvena, rom adamianebs SeiZleba hqondeT
gardaqmniT mas SHORT-ad? dasawyisisTvis sau- maRali konteqstualuri inteleqti maRali IQ-s
keTeso strategia iqneba TanxmovanTa SeTan- gareSe.
xmebebis mosinjva, romlebic xSiria inglisur
enaSi, rogoricaa S-H da T-H. strategiebis
SerCeva metakognitur komponentebs saWiroebs, saidan
maTi ganxorcieleba ki _ Sesrulebis komponen- viciT
tebs. yuradReba miaqcieT, rom kargi strategia
zogjer ar amarTlebs. ganvixiloT anagrama T- konteqstualuri inteleqti ipodromze
N-K-H-G-I. bevr adamians uWirs am anagramis
IQ-sa da winaRobebiT rbolaSi cxenebis
amoxsna, radgan K-N ar aris is kombinacia,
Tavi 10 / inteleqti da inteleqtis Sefaseba

warmatebas Soris mimarTebis dasadgenad

romliTac inglisuri sityvebi xSirad iwyeba,
mkvlevrebma ipodromis mudmivi klientebi
xolo T-H _ xSiria.YTqvenc xom didxans cdi-
SearCies. 30-kaciani jgufi daiyo eqsper-
lobdiT am anagramis iseT sityvad gardaqmnas,
tebad da araeqspertebad, maTi winaswar-
romelic T-H-iT iwyeba?
metyvelebis safuZvelze, Tu romel cxenebs
sxvadasxva amocanis Semadgenel komponentebad
eqneboda gamarjvebis saukeTeso Sansi.
daSliT mkvlevrebs SeuZliaT, zustad gansa-
miuxedavad imisa, rom orive jgufis IQ
zRvron procesebi, romlebic gansxvavebuli IQ-
saSualo 100-is farglebSi iyo da TiTqmis
is mqone individebis mier testSi miRebul
araviTari korelacia ar arsebobda IQ-sa
Sedegebs Soris sxvaobas ganapirobeben. maga-
da eqspertobas Soris, eqspertebma Sem-
liTad, mkvlevrebma SeiZleba aRmoaCinon, rom
TxvevaTa 93%-Si sworad daasaxeles pirvel
maRali IQ-is mqone moswavleTa metakognituri
adgilze gasuli cxeni, araeqspertebma ki
komponenti maT garkveuli tipis problemis
_ SemTxvevaTa mxolod 33%-Si. mkvlevrebma
gadasaWrelad gansxvavebuli strategiebis
isic aCvenes, rom eqspertebi TavianT zust
SerCevas karnaxobs, dabali IQ-is mqone Tana-
Sefasebebs im xerxiT asrulebdnen, romelic
tolebisgan gansxvavebiT.
rTul statistikur procedurebs waagavda
empiriuli inteleqti gulisxmobs adamianis
(Ceci & Liker, 1986).
unars, gaumklavdes or ukiduresobas _ axal da
376 rutinul problemebs. warmoidgineT, magaliTad,
 vinaidan TiToeuli cxeni, mTeli rigi para-
metrebis mixedviT (Cveuli siswrafe, miRebuli
prizebi, sarbeni asparezis mdgomareoba, mxedris
unarianoba da a.S.), cvladebis gansxvavebul
kombinacias warmoadgens, eqspertebis warmateba
msgavsi situaciebis ubralo gameorebas ver
miewereba; ufro savaraudoa, rom maT ganuvi-
TardaT STambeWdavi unarebi, romelic maT
garemos specifikurad esadageba.
sternbergis triarqiul TeoriaSi aRiare-
bulia, rom IQ qulebi inteleqtualur qcevas
ver asaxaven srulad da nacadia imaze metis
gakeTeba, vidre individebisTvis maRali da
dabali IQ-is iarliyebis miniWebaa.YdavuSvaT,
mkvlevrebma gaiges, rom `aragonier~ adamianebs
garkveuli amocanebi imitom uZneldebaT, rom
ver axerxeben mTeli relevanturi informaciis
kodirebas. aseTi adamianebi SeZleben `gonivrul~
Sesrulebas, Tuki am konkretul komponents
gaivarjiSeben. amrigad, savsebiT SesaZlebelia
komponenturi inteleqtis gaZliereba. stern-
bergs, agreTve, miaCnia, rom adamianebs SeuZliaT
empiriuli da konteqstualuri inteleqtis
gaumjobeseba (Sternberg, 1986). Tu Sesatyvisad
gaigeben qcevis safuZvlad mdebare komponentur
process, mkvlevrebi SeZleben iseTi teqnikebis
emociuri inteleqti (Emotional intelligence) _ inte-
leqtis tipi, romelSic Sedis Semdegi unarebi:
emociaTa zusti da Sesatyvisi aRqma, gageba da
gamoxatva; azrovnebis gasaioleblad emociebis
gamoyeneba; emociis gageba da analizi; emociuri
codnis efeqturad gamoyeneba da sakuTari
emociebis regulireba rogorc emociuri, ise _
inteleqtualuri zrdis xelSesawyobad.
Seqmnas, romelTa meSveobiTac TiToeuli
adamianis Sedegi SeiZleba `gonivrulad gamo-
iyurebodes~.
gardneris mravlobiTi
inteleqti da emociuri
inteleqti
hovard gardnerma (Howard Gardnner, 1983,1999)
SemogvTavaza Teoria, romelSic inteleqtis
cnebis Sinaarsi scildeba IQ testebSi gaTva-
liswinebul unarebs. gardneri gamoyofs in-
teleqtis mraval saxeobas, romelic adamianis
gamocdilebis farTo speqtrs moicavs. TiToeul
am unars gansxvavebuli Rirebuleba eniWeba
adamianTa sazogadoebebSi imis mixedviT, Tu
ras miiCnevs saWirod, sasargeblod da faseulad
mocemuli sazogadoeba. rogorc 10.4 cxrilSia
naCvenebi, igi inteleqtis rva saxes gamoyofs.
gardneri amtkicebs, rom dasavluri sazo-
gadoeba wina planze ayenebs pirveli ori saxis
inteleqts, xolo aradasavlur sazogadoebaSi
xSirad sxva saxeebia Rirebuli. magaliTad,
mikroneziaSi, karolinis kunZulze, mezRvaurs
inteleqtis Teoriebi
unda SeeZlos did manZilebze zRvaosnoba rukis
gareSe, mxolod sivrcobrivi inteleqtisa da
sxeulebrivi kinesTetikuri inteleqtis gamo-
yenebiT. es unarebi am sazogadoebaSi ufro
fasobs, vidre valdebulebis dokumentis Sedgena.
balis kunZulze, sadac artistuli warmodgena
yoveldRiuri cxovrebis nawilia, talantebi
da musikaluri inteleqti, romelic rTuli
sacekvao ileTebis koordinirebaSi monawileobs,
gansakuTrebiT dafasebulia. interpersonalur 377
 cxrili
10.4
gardneris inteleqtis rva saxe
inteleqti saboloo statusi ZiriTadi komponentebi
logikur- mecnieri logikuri da ricxobrivi paternebisadmi
maTematikuri maTematikosi mgrZnobeloba da maTi garCevis unari, msje-
lobis grZeli jaWvis agebis unari.
lingvisturi poeti sityvaTa bgerebis, riTmebisa da mniSvnelo-
Jurnalisti bebisadmi mgrZnobeloba; enis gansxvavebuli
funqciebisadmi mgrZnobeloba.

sabunebismetyvelo biologi mgrZnobeloba cxovelTa saxeobebs Siris

bunebrivi garemos gansxvavebebisadmi; cocxal arsebebTan
mkvlevari saTuTad mopyrobis unari.

musikaluri kompozitori ritmis, simaRlis da tembris Seqmnisa da

mevioline dafasebis unari; musikaluri gamomsa-
xvelobebis formebis codna

sivrcobrivi navigatori vizualur-sivrcobrivi samyaros zustad

moqandake aRqmis da sakuTari sawyisi aRqmebis
transformirebis unari.

sxeulebriv- sakuTari sxeulebrivi moZraobebis marTvis

mocekvave
kinesTetikuri da obieqtebTan marjved urTierTobis unari.
aTleti
pirovnebaTSorisi sxva adamianTa guneba-ganwyobilebis, tempera-
fsiqoTerapevti
mentis, motivebis da survilebis garCevisa da
saqonlis gasaRebis
maTze Sesatyvisi reagirebis unarebi.
muSaki
Sidapirovnuli sakuTari grZnobebis misawvdomoba da maT
sakuTari Tavis
Soris sxvaobis povnis unari da maT Sesaty-
detalurad mcodne
visad qcevis warmarTva; sakuTari Zlieri da
pirovneba
susti mxareebis, survilebisa da gonebrivi
SesaZleblobebis codna.

inteleqts ufro wamyvani adgili uWiravs Tadi komponentis mqone inteleqti (Mayer &
koleqtivistur sazogadoebaSi, rogoricaa ia- Salovely, 1007; Mayer et al., 2000). es komponentebia:
Tavi 10 / inteleqti da inteleqtis Sefaseba

ponia, sadac aqcentirebulia TanamSromloba

da komunaluri cxovreba, vidre iseT individua-
listur sazogadoebaSi, rogoricaa aSS (Tri-
andis,1990).
inteleqtis am saxeobaTa Sesafaseblad qaRal-
disa da fanqris testebi _ martivi raodenobrivi
sazomebi _ arasakmarisia. inteleqtis gardne-
riseuli Teoria moiTxovs, rom mas daakvirdnen
da Seafason mTel rig cxovrebiseul situaciebSi
da, aseve, cxovrebiseul mcire epizodebSi,
romelic inteleqtis tradiciul testebSia
mocemuli.
bolo wlebSi mkvlevrebma inteleqtis iseTi
tipis kvleva daiwyes, rogoricaa emociuri
inteleqti, romelic gardneriseul interper-
sonaluri da intrapersonaluri inteleqtis
cnebebs ukavSirdeba (ix. cxrili 10.4). emociuri
inteleqti ganisazRvreba, rogorc oTxi Ziri-
378
emociebis zustad da Sesatyvisad aRqmis,
Sefasebis da gamoxatvis unari;
azrovnebis gasaioleblad emociebis gamo-
yenebis unari;
emociebis gagebisa d analizis, agreTve,
emociuri codnis efeqturad gamoyenebis unari;
emociuri da inteleqtualuri zrdis xelSe-
sawyobad sakuTari emociebis regulirebis unari.
am gansazRvrebaSi asaxulia axali Tvalsaz-
risi emociebis pozitiuri rolis Sesaxeb inte-
leqtis funqcionirebasTan mimarTebaSi _ emo-
ciebs SeuZliaT azrovneba ufro gonieri gaxa-
don, adamianebs SeuZliaT gonierad gaiazron
sakuTari da sxvaTa emociebi.
ganvixiloT situacia, rodesac maswavlebeli
Tqvens klass usvams SekiTxvas: `ra erqva stam-
buls Zvelad~? miuxedavad imisa, rom tomi xedavs,
pamelam xeli aiwia, igi adgilidan wamoiZaxebs
pasuxs _ `konstantinopoli~. Tqven gesmiT, rom
pamela gabrazebulia, radgan tomma mas `dideba
waarTva~. Tqven SeiZleba TvlideT, rom toms
aqvs maRali IQ, magram ara EQ _ IQ-is emociuri
oreuli (Goleman,1995). Cven mier pamelas grZno-
bebis gageba _ EQ-is erT-erTi magaliTia. mkvlev-
rebi Seudgnen sazomi instrumentebis Seqmnas,
romlebic, maTi rwmeniT, EQ-is sando da
validuri sazomebi iqneba.
saidan
viciT
EQ-is gazomva
503 mozrdilisa da 229 mozardisagan
Semdgarma SerCevam Seavso `mravalfaq-
toriani emociuri inteleqtis skala~,
romelic individebisagan emociur prob-
lemaTa seriis gadaWris iseTi variantebis
warmodgenas moiTxovs, rogoricaa mo-
cemuli situaciiT aRZruli emociebis
dadgena. monawileTa pasuxebi Sefasda
rogorc eqspertTa msjelobebTan, ise yvela
im adamianis erTsulovan msjelobebTan
mimarTebaSi, romlebmac skala Seavses. EQ-
is qulebi mxolod zomier korelaciaSi
iyo IQ-is qulebTan rogorc mozrdilebTan,
ise _ mozardebTan. es adasturebs, rom EQ
zomavs IQ-is tradiciuli sazomebisgan
gansxvavebul unarebs. mozrdilebi ufro
maRal qulebs iReben, vidre mozardebi,
rac metyvelebs imaze, rom EQ mniS-
vnelovani garemoseuli komponentia. dabo-
los, emociuri inteleqtis am axal ska-
laze qalebs emociebis aRqmaSi gacilebiT
didi upiratesoba hqondaT, vidre mamakacebs
(Mayer et al., 1999).
Tqveni azriT, ratom unda hqondeT qalebs
mamakacebze ufro maRali EQ? xom ar fiqrobT,
rom amas buneba (qalis evoluciuri momzadeba
garkveuli rolebisaTvis) an aRzrda (qalTa
socializacia metad emociur arsebebad) ganagebs
(Brody,1997; Eisenberg et al., Lafrance&Banaji,1992)?
inteleqtis testirebis da inteleqtis Teo-
riebis mimoxilvam safuZveli moamzada im sazo-
gadoebrivi viTarebebis ganxilvisaTvis, rac
inteleqtis Temas esoden sadaos xdis.
Sejameba
Carlz spirmens miaCnda, rom inteleqti
Sedgeba zogadi unarisagan, romelsac man uwoda
g da sxvadasxva sferos Sesabamisad specifikuri
unarebisagan, romlic aRniSna s-iT. sxva
fsiqometrikosma mkvlevrebma inteleqtis sxva
mdgenelebis kvleva scades.
sternbergma gamoTqva varaudi, rom adamianebs
sami saxis inteleqti aqvT: komponenturi,
empiriuli da konteqstualuri. gardnerma gaa-
farTova inteleqtis gansazRvreba da masSi rva
tipis inteleqti gaaerTiana, romlebic IQ-is
tradiciuli testebiT gamovlenil unarebs
scildeba. emociuri inteleqti asaxavs indivi-
dis unars, efeqturad gamoiyenos da gaigos
emociebi.
inteleqtis politika
Cven vnaxeT, rom inteleqtis Tanamedrove
koncefciebi ewinaaRmdegeba IQ-is testSi
miRebul qulebsa da pirovnebis inteleqts
Soris arsebul mWidro kavSirs, magram dasavlur
sazogadoebaSi IQ testebi mainc rCeba inte-
leqtis yvelaze gavrcelebul sazomad. IQ
testirebis gavrcelebulobisa da IQ qulebis
xelmisawvdomobis gamo advilia sxvadasxva
jgufebis Sedareba maTi `saSualo~ IQ-is
mixedviT. aSS-Si aseTi eTnikuri da rasobrivi
jgufuri Sedarebebi xSirad gamoiyeneboda,
rogorc umciresobaTa warmomadgenlebis Tan-
inteleqtis politika
Sobili genetikuri arasrulfasovnebis damadas-
turebeli sabuTi. Cven mokled mimovixilavT
IQ testebis qulaTa gamoyenebis praqtikas
zogierTi jgufis gonebrivi arasrulfasovnebis
maCveneblad. Semdeg ganvixilavT sakiTxs _ buneba
Tu aRzrda, anu ra aris inteleqtSi da inteleq-
tis testebis SesrulebaSi bunebiT moniWebuli
da ra _ aRzrdis Sedegi. Tqven naxavT, rom
fsiqologiaSi es politikurad yvelaze cvale-
EQ – IQ-s oreuli _ emociuri inteleqti.
379
 badi sakiTxia, vinaidan saemigracio kvotebis,
ganaTlebis resursebisa da sxva sakiTxebi
SeiZleba aigos imaze, Tu rogor aris inter-
pretirebuli jgufuri IQ-is monacemebi.
jgufuri Sedarebebis istoria
1990-iani wlebis daswyisSi fsiqologi henri
godardi (Henry Goddard) amtkicebda, rom yvela
emigrants unda Cautardes gonebrivi unarebis
testireba da maT, visac `fsiqikuri defeqti~
aRmoaCndeba, `SerCeviT aekrZalos qveyanaSi
Semosvla~. amgvar Sexedulebebs Tavisi wvlilis
Setana SeeZlo emigrantTa zogierTi jgufis
qveyanaSi SeSvebisadmi mtruli nacionaluri
damokidebulebis SeqmnaSi (Cronbach,1975;
McPherson,1985; Sokal,1987). marTlac, 1924 wels
kongresma miiRo aqti, romelic zRudavda
emigracias da emigrantebisaTvis awesebda
inteleqtis testebis gavlas niu iorkis
navsadgurSive, an elisis kunZulze moxved-
risTanave. ebrael, italiel, rus da sxva
erovnebis emigrantTa didi nawili IQ testebis
safuZvelze klasificirebul iqna, rogorc
`Wkuasusti~. zogierTma fsiqologma es sta-
tistikuri monacemebi imis sabuTad miiCnia, rom
emigrantebi samxreTi da aRmosavleTi evropidan
genetikurad ufro dabal safexurze imyofebod-
nen, vidre CrdiloeT da dasavleTevropuli
warmomavlobis emigrantebi (Ruch,1937). Tumca,
Tavi 10 / inteleqti da inteleqtis Sefaseba
es `arasrulfasovani~ jgufebi yvelaze cudad
380
icnobdnen dominantur enas da kulturas,
romelsac eyrdnoba IQ testebi, radganac axali
Casulebi iyvnen (ramdenime aTeuli wlis Semdeg
IQ testebSi gamovlenili es jgufuri sxvaobebi
mTlianad gaqra, magram Teoria inteleqtis
sferoSi rasobrivi sxvaobebis Sesaxeb ganag-
rZobda arsebobas).
godardi da sxvebi (1917) dabali IQ-is eTnikur
warmomavlobasTan ubralo dakavSirebaze Sors
wavidnen. dabal IQ-Tan dakavSirebul uaryofiT
Tvisebebs maT moraluri uRirsoba, fsiqikuri
defeqturoba da amoraluri socialuri qceva
daumates. maTi Tvalsazrisis dasabuTeba cudi
reputaciis mqone ori ojaxis _ jukis ojaxisa
da kilikakis ojaxis _ klinikuri Seswavlidan
momdinareobda. am ojaxis ramdenime Taobis
Seswavla TiTqosda aCvenebda, rom ojaxur
genebSi daTesili cudi Tesli uciloblad
defeqtur STamomavlobas mogvcemda. godardma
igive daaskvna kilikakTa ojaxis klinikuri Ses-
wavlidanac. maT ojaxur xes hqonda erTi `kargi
Teslis~ da meore `cudi Teslis~ mxareebi (am
gamokvlevaSi ojaxs saxeli godardma Searqva,
rac berZnulad karg-cuds niSnavs). martin ki-
likaks, revoluciuri omis jariskacs, ara-
kanonieri vaJi hyavda qalTan, romelic aRweris
Tanaxmad, gonebrivad CamorCenili iyo. maTma
kavSirma, saboloo jamSi, 480 STamomavali mogvca.
godardma aqedan 143 `defeqturad~, 46 ki _
`normalurad~ miiCnia. ojaxis danarCeni wevrebi-
saTvis ki aRmoaCina, rom maTTvis Cveuli ram
iyo danaSauli, alkoholizmi, fsiqikuri aSli-
lobebi da kanondarRvevis SemTxvevebi. amis sa-
pirispirod, rodesac martin kilikakma meored
`karg qalTan~ iqorwina, am kavSirma mogvca 496
STamomavali, saidanac mxolod sami iqna
`defeqturad~ aRiarebuli. godardma isic naxa,
rom am maRalxarisxovani kavSiris mravali
STamomavali `gamoCenili adamiani~ gaxda (Godard,
1914). igi mivida im azramde, rom memkvidre-
obiTobam dadebiTi mxridan gansazRvra in-
teleqti, genialoba da gamoCeniloba, xolo
uaryofiTi mxridan _ delikventoba, alkoho-
lizmi, seqsualuri amoraloba, gonebrivi
CamorCeniloba da siRatakec ki (McPherson,1985).
saidan
viciT
genetikurad arasrulfasovani ojaxebi
ityobinebodnen, rom (dawyebuli 1875
wlidan) mokvleul iqna niu iorkis Statis
`jukis sisxlis~ mqone ojaxebis 2000-ze
meti wevri, radganac am ojaxs damyarebuli
hqonda gonebriv ganviTarebaSi CamorCen-
ilobis, kanondarRvevisa da danaSaulis
samarcxvino rekordi. am ojaxis 458 wevrma
ver SeZlo skolaSi swavla gonebrivi
unarebis arqonis gamo. 171 kriminaluri
warsulis adamiani aRmoCnda, xolo maTi
sanaTesaos aseulobiT wevri `glaxaki,
TavaSvebuli da meZavi~ iyo. daaskvnes, rom
memkvidreobiToba am saSineli ojaxis wevr-
Ta samarcxvino ganviTarebis wamyvani faq-
tori iyo.
genetikuri arasrulfasovnebis godardiseuli
argumenti Semdgom ganamtkicaFim faqtma, rom
pirveli msoflio omis dros armiaSi gamo-
yenebul inteleqtis testebSi afro-amerikelebi
da sxva rasobrivi umciresobebi nakleb qulebs
iRebdnen, vidre TeTrkaniani umravlesoba. luis
termenma, romelmac didad Seuwyo xeli aSS-Si
IQ testirebas, Zalze aramecnieruli komentari
gaukeTa monacemebs, romelic misive daxmarebiT
aSS-Si mcxovrebi rasobrivi umciresobebisgan
Segrovda:
`maTi siClunge, rogorc Cans, rasobr-
ivia... amJamad ar Cans raime SesaZlebloba,
davarwmunoT…sazogadoeba, rom maT ar unda
mieceT reproduqciis ufleba, Tumca, ev-
genikis TvalsazrisiT, maTi araCveuleb-
rivad swrafi gamravlebis gamo, isini seri-
ozul problemas qmnian (Terman,1916, gv. 91-
92).
saxelebi Seicvala, magram problema igive
darCa. dResac SeerTebul StatebSi afro-
amerikelebi da laTinosebi standartizebul
inteleqtis testebSi, saSualod, ufro dabal
qulebs iReben, vidre azieli amerikelebi da
TeTrkanianebi. cxadia, yvela jgufSi arian
individebi, romelTa IQ qulebi umaRles (da
udables) poluss Seesabameba. rogoraa SesaZ-
lebeli IQ-is qulebSi aseTi jgufuri gan-
sxvavebebis interpretireba? SeerTebul StatebSi
da did britaneTSi arsebuli tradiciis
mixedviT, es gansxvavebebi genetikur arasrul-
fasovnebas (bunebas) miewereba. mas Semdeg, rac
IQ-is maCveneblebSi genetikuri gansxvavebebis
realurobaze vimsjelebT, ganvixilavT meore
SesaZleblobas, romlis mixedviT, garemo
pirobebis nairgvaroba (aRzrda) mniSvnelovan
gavlenas axdens IQ-ze. TiToeuli axsnis an maTi
kombinaciis dasabuTebas mniSvnelovani socia-
luri, ekonomikuri da politikuri Sedegebi
mohyveba.
memkvidreobiToba da IQ
rogor SeuZliaT mkvlevrebs inteleqtis
genetikuri gansazRvrulobis xarisxis dadgena?
am kiTxvaze nebismieri pasuxi mkvlevrebisgan
inteleqtis indeqsad garkveuli sazomis SerCevas
moiTxovs. amrigad, sakiTxi is ki araa, axdens
Tu ara memkvidreobiToba inteleqtze gavlenas,
aramed is, umetes SemTxvevaSi, msgavsia Tu ara
ojaxur xeTa SigniT IQ maCvenebeli. am konkretul
inteleqtis politika
kiTxvaze pasuxis gasacemad, mkvlevrebs sWirdebaT
saerTo genebisa da saerTo garemos gavlenaTa
erTmaneTisgan gancalkeveba. amisTvis mowode-
buli erT-erTi meTodia identuri (monozi-
goturi) da araidenturi (dizigoturi) tyupebis
da sxvadasxva donis genetikuri gadafarvis
naTesavTa funqcionirebis Sedareba. 10.3 suraTze
warmodgenilia individTa IQ-is qulaTa Soris
korelaciebi maTi genetikuri naTesaobis done-
381
 suraTi
10.4
memkvidreobiToba da IQ
am suraTze warmodgenilia korelaciebi erTad gazrdili (erTsa da imave garemoSi), identuri (monozigoturi)
da araidenturi (dizigoturi) tyupebis IQ qulaTa Soris. Sedarebis mizniT suraTze, agreTve, mocemulia
siblingebis (debisa da Zmebis) da biologiuri da arabiologiuri mSoblebisa da Svilebis monacemebi.
monacemebi aCvenebs orive faqtoris _ genetikuris (ricxvebi, romlebic weria `genetikuri naTesaobis~
qveS, azusteben genetikuri masalis gadafarvas) da garemos (ricxvebi, miwerili saerTo Sinauri garemos
qveS, aCveneben, garemo igive iyo [1] Tu gansxvavebuli [0]), mniSvnelobas. magaliTad, identuri tyupebi
aCveneben ufro maRal korelacias IQ-s Soris, vidre araidenturi tyupebi, anu saxezea genetikuri
gavlena, magram orive tipis tyupebi avlenen ufro maRal korelaciebs, rodesac isini erTad arian
gazrdili, anu saxezea garemos gavlena.

ebis mixedviT (Plomin & Petrill,1997). rogorc xedavT,

Tavi 10 / inteleqti da inteleqtis Sefaseba

es maCvenebeli miiReba mocemuli populaciis

rac ufro didia genetikuri msgavseba, miT metia
IQ-is msgavseba (am monacemebSi yuradReba unda
miaqcioT imas, rom garemos zegavlena erTad
gazrdilTa IQ-is didi msgavsebis saxiTac
gamovlinda).
mkvlevrebi amgvar Sedegebs IQ-is memkvidre-
obiTobis Sesafaseblad iyeneben. romelime niSan-
Tvisebis, magaliTad, inteleqtis memkvidreobiT
gadacemis SesaZlebloba im niSan-Tvisebis tes-
turi qulebis variabilobis Sefardebas emyareba,
rac SeiZleba genetikur faqtorebs mieweros.
memkvidreobiTobis Sefaseba (Heritability estimate)
_ mocemuli Tvisebis an qcevis memkvidre-
obiTobis xarisxis statistikuri Sefaseba
dadgenili im individTa mixedviT, romlebic
icvlebian maTi genetikuri msgavsebis xarisxiT.
382
(magaliTad, kolejis studentebi, an fsiqikurad
daavadebuli adamianebi) yvela testuri qulis
variaciis gamoTvliTYda Semdeg imis dadgeniT,
Tu mTliani variaciidan ra wili aqvs genetikur,
anu memkvidreobiT faqtorebs. es genetikuri
gadafarvis sxvadasxva donis mqone adamianTa
SedarebiT keTdeba. mkvlevrebi, romlebmac IQ-
is memkvidreobiT gadacemis Sesaxeb Catarebuli
mravali gamokvleva Seiswavles, askvnian, rom
IQ qulebis variaciis daaxloebiT 50% geneti-
kuri nakrebiTaa gamowveuli (Grigorenko, 2000;
Neisser et al., 1996; Plomin & Petrill, 1997), magram yvelaze
saintereso, albaT, isaa, rom memkvidreoboTobis
wili imatebs cxovrebis ganmavlobaSi: memkvid-
reobiToba daaxloebiT 40%-s utoldeba 4-6 wlis
bavSvebTan, Tumca daaxloebiT 60%-mde izrdeba
adreul mozardobaSi da daaxloebiT 80%-s

aRwevs ufros mozrdilebTan! bevrs gaukvirda
es Sedegi, radgan, intuiturad, asakis matebasTan
erTad garemos sul ufro meti da ara naklebi
gavlena unda hqondes. intuiciasTan am Seusabamo
Sedegs mkvlevrebi aseT axsnas aZleven: `SesaZ-
lebelia, genetikuri dispoziciebi gvibiZgeben
im garemosken, romelic Cveni genetikuri
midrekilebebis aqcentirebas axdens da Sedegad
cxovrebis ganmavlobaSi momatebul memkvid-
rulobas viRebT~ (Plomin & Petrill,1997. gv. 51).A
kvlav davubrundeT im wertils _ testuri
qulebis sxvaobas afro-amerikelebsa da TeTr-
kanian amerikelebs Soris _ saidanac genetikuri
analizi winaaRmdegobrivi xdeba. miuxedavad
imisa, rom ramdenime aTeuli wlis winaT es
sxvaoba IQ-is 15 qulas Seadgenda, TeTrkanianTa
da SavkanianTa qulebi garkveuli drois Semdeg
erTmaneTs dauaxlovda. ase rom, Tanamedrove
indikatorebis mixedviT, sxvaoba 7-10 qulas Soris
Tavsdeba (Nisbett, 1995, 1998, Williams & Ceci, 1997),
Tumca, sxvaobis Semcireba garemos gavlenaze
miuTiTebs. es sxvaoba bevr adamians mainc
afiqrebinebs, rom rasebs Soris dauZleveli
genetikuri gansxvavebebi arsebobs (Hernnstein
&Murrey, 1994), magram, maSinac ki, Tu IQ memkvid-
reobiTia, asaxavs ki es sxvaoba dabalqulian
jgufSi Semaval individTa genetikur arasrul-
fasovnebas? pasuxi erTmniSvnelovania _ `ara!~
memkvidreobiToba erTi konkretuli jgufis
SigniT ganxorcielebul gazomvas efuZneba. is
ar gamodgeba jgufTaSorisi gansxvavebebis
interpretirebisTvis, ganurCevlad imisa, Tu
ramdenad didia maT Soris gansxvaveba obieqturi
testis monacemebis mixedviT. memkvidreobis
maCveneblebi individTa mocemuli populaciis
Sesaxeb mxolod gasaSualoebul warmodgenaTa
ricxvs ganekuTvneba. maSinac ki, roca iciT,
rom simaRle, magaliTad, memkvidreobiTobis
maRali maCvenebliT xasiaTdeba (daaxloebiT
90%), mainc ver gansazRvravT imas, Tu ramdenadaa
Tqveni simaRle genetikurad ganpirobebuli.
igive argumenti gamodgeba IQ-saTvis: -miuxedavad
inteleqtis memkvidreobiTobis maRali maCveneb-
lebisa, ver ganvsazRvravT konkretuli indi-
vidis IQ-Si, an jgufTaSoris saSualo IQ-Si
genetikis gavlenas. is faqti, rom IQ testSi
erTi rasobrivi Tu eTnikuri jgufi nakleb
qulebs iRebs, vidre meore, ar unda niSnavdes
imas, rom am jgufebs Soris gansxvaveba geneti-
kuri warmoSobisaa maSinac ki, rodesac memkvid-
reobiTobis maCvenebeli (romelic jgufSi iyo
dadgenili) IQ qulebisaTvis maRalia.
meore mizezi, Tu ratom ar SeiZleba geneti-
kuri nakrebi srulad iyos pasuxismgebeli jguf-
TaSoris sxvaobaze, am gansxvavebaTa SefardebiT
sidides exeba. saSualo gansxvavebis miuxedavad,
arsebobs mniSvnelovani Tanxvedra TiToeuli
jgufis qulebis ganawilebaSi: jgufebs Soris
gansxvaveba, TiToeul jgufSi individebis
qulebs Soris gansxvavebebTan SedarebiT, mcirea
(Loehlin, 2000; Suzuki&Valencia, 1997). zogadad,
gansxvavebebi sxvadasxva rasobrivi jgufis genur
nakrebSi umniSvneloa erTi da igive jgufis
wevrebs Soris arsebul genetikur gansxvavebeb-
Tan SedarebiT (Could, 1981; Zuckerman, 1990). metic,
inteleqtis politika
aSS-Si rasa xSirad ufro socialuri konstruq-
tia, vidre biologiuri. ganvixiloT golfis
SesaniSnavi axalgazrda moTamaSis taiger vudsis
(Tiger Woods) SemTxveva, romelsac xSirad af-
rikel amerikelad moixsenieben da amiT uares
pirobebSi ayeneben mas, Tumca, misi realuri
warmomavloba gacilebiT rTulia (misi winap-
rebi TeTrkaniani, Savkaniani, tai, Cineli da
adgilobrivi amerikelebi iyvnen). vudsi Sesa-
niSnavi magaliTia imisa, Tu ramdenad ar 383
 Seesatyviseba sazogadoebrivi Sexeduleba
biologiur realobas. aseT SemTxvevaSi arsebobs
seriozuli safrTxe, rom sxvadasxva sazoga-
doebrivad gamijnuli jgufebis gansxvavebebi
IQ-is mixedviT ganxilul iqnes, rogorc bio-
logiuri faqtorebiT ganpirobebuli gansxvave-
bebi (Suzuki & Valencia, 1997).
mkvlevrebma gamonaxes am Sexedulebis kvle-
vebis saSualebiT Semowmebis gzebi. eqsperimentSi
monawileobdnen Savkaniani amerikelebi, romel-
Tac TeTrkaniani amerikeli an evropeli mSob-
lebi hyavdaT. aSS-Si „Savi~ mosaxleobis 20-30%
Sefasebulia, rogorc evropuli warmomavlobis
mqone, rac Sereuli qorwinebis Sedegia. qmnis
Tu ara gansxvavebas IQ-Si is, Tu ramdenad aris
datvirTuli evropuli geniT `Savi~ individi?
im Tvalsazrisis mixedviT, romelic genebs
yovelives qvekuTxedad miiCnevs, es cvlis
viTarebas, Tumca, monacemebi gviCveneben, rom
memkvidreobiT miRebul evropeiodulobasa da
IQ-s Soris korelacia Zalze sustia (mraval-
ricxovan kvlevebSi es maCvenebeli mxolod 0.15-
s Seadgens). es samarTliania yvela SemTxvevaSi,
ganurCevlad imisa, Tu romeli maxasiaTebeli _
kanis feri Tu sisxlis jgufi _ gamoiyeneba
rasobrivi aRrevis maCveneblad. im germaneli
bavSvebis IQ maCveneblebis Sedarebam, romelTa
mamebi Savkaniani da TeTrkaniani samxedroebi
iyvnen, ar gamoavlina gansxvaveba maT Soris.
amasTanave, `Savkaniani-TeTrkaniani~ kavSiris
Sedegad gaCenil bavSvebs rva quliT maRali
Tavi 10 / inteleqti da inteleqtis Sefaseba
Sedegi hqondaT im SemTxvevebSi, rodesac deda
iyo TeTrkaniani. am gansxvavebis savaraudo axsna
isaa, rom deda ufro metad monawileobs bavSvis
inteleqtualuri socializaciis procesSi, vidre
mama da, cxadia, es gansxvaveba ar unda mieweros
genetikur faqtors, radgan Svilis genetikuri
monacemebi orive mSoblis genetikiTaa
ganpirobebuli (Loehlin, 2000; Nisbert,1998).
genetika mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs indi-
vidis IQ-is formirebaSi, iseve rogorc mis bevr
sxva maxasiaTebelsa da unarze. miuxedavad amisa,
Cven vamtkicebT, rom rasobriv da eTnikur
jgufebs Soris IQ-is mixedviT arsebuli gan-
sxvavebebis memkvidreobiT axsna SeuZlebelia.
is aucilebeli, magram arasakmarisi pirobaa
amgvari maCveneblebis misaRebad. axla ganvi-
xiloT, Tu ra rols SeiZleba asrulebdes ga-
384
remo pirobebi IQ-is maCveneblebSi aseTi
wyvetebis arsebobaSi.
garemo da IQ
vinaidan memkvidreobiTobis maCveneblebi 1.0-
ze naklebia, vaskvniT, rom nebismieri individis
IQ-ze mxolod genetikuri memkvidreoba ar aris
pasuxismgebeli. garemo IQ-zec unda axdendes
gavlenas. rogor SeiZleba ganvsazRvroT, gare-
mos romeli aspeqtia IQ-sTvis mniSvnelovani?
garemos romeli maxasiaTebeli moqmedebs IQ
testSi maRali qulebis miRebis SesaZleblobaze
(Beiser & Gotowiec, 2000; Ceci, 1999; Rowe, 1997; Suzuki &
Valencia, 1997.)? garemo warmoadgens stimulTa
rTul (kompleqsur) nakrebs, romelic icvleba
mravali ganzomilebis mixedviT rogorc fizi-
kuri, ise _ socialuri TvalsazrisiT da SeiZ-
leba gansxvavebulad aRiqmebodes adamianebis
mier. aucilebeli ar aris, rom erTi da igive
ojaxis bavSvebi erTnair kritikul (arsebiTi
mniSvnelobis mqone) fsiqologiur garemoSi
imyofebodnen. gaixseneT, rogor izrdebodiT
Tqven ojaxSi; Tu gyavT da-Zma, aqcevdnen Tu
ara maT erTnair yuradRebas mSoblebi? icvle-
boda Tu ara stresuli pirobebi droTa ganmav-
lobaSi? Seicvala Tu ara Tqveni ojaxis finan-
suri SesaZleblobebi? an xom ar Seicvala Tqveni
mSoblebis ojaxuri mdgomareoba? naTelia, rom
garemo bevri komponentisgan Sedgeba da es
komponentebi mudmivad urTierTqmedeben da
icvlebian droTa ganmavlobaSi. aqedan gamomdi-
nare, sakmaod rTulia fsiqologebisaTvis imis
gansazRvra, Tu sinamdvileSi ra saxis garemo
pirobebi _ zrunva, stresi, siRaribe, janmrTe-
loba, omi da a.S _ axdens gavlenas IQ-ze.
umravles SemTxvevaSi mkvlevarTa yuradRebis
centrSi iyo garemos ufro globaluri sazomebi,
iseTebi, rogoricaa, magaliTad, ojaxis socio-
ekonomikuri statusi. erT-erT farTomasStabian
longitudur kvlevaSi, romelSic 26 000-ze meti
bavSvi Seiswavles, bavSvis IQ-is saukeTeso
winaswarmetyveli 4 wlis asakSi ojaxis socioeko-
nomikuri statusi da dedis ganaTlebis done
iyo, rac erTnairad WeSmariti aRmoCnda afri-
keli, amerikeli da kavkasieli bavSvebisaTvis
(Broman et al., 1975). analogiurad, 10.5 suraTze
naCvenebia socialuri klasis zogadi gavlena
IQ-ze.

suraTi
10.5
memkvidreobas, garemosa da IQ-s Soris
arsebuli urTierTdamokidebulebaa
grafikze asaxulia memkvidreobisa da garemos wvlili
IQ qulebSi. mamebs da vaJebs hqondaT erTnairi IQ-
ebi (memkvidreobiTobis gavlena), magram rogorc
mamebis, ise vaJebis IQ dakavSirebuli iyo socialur
klasTan (garemos gavlena).
ratom moqmedebs socialuri klasi IQ-ze?
simdidres, iseve rogorc siRatakes, SeuZlia
inteleqtualur funqcionirebaze sxvadsxvagvari
gavlenis moxdena. maTgan yvelaze aSkara jan-
mrTelobis da ganaTlebis uzrunvelyofis
pirobebia. orsulobis dros sustma janmrTe-
lobam da dabadebisas mcire wonam SeiZleba
mniSvnelovnad ganapirobos bavSvis daqveiTebuli
inteleqti. Ratak ojaxebSi dabadebuli bavSvebi
xSirad cudad ikvebebian, bevri maTgani skolaSi
mSieri midis, amitom naklebad axerxebs dava-
lebebze koncentracias. amasTanave, Raribi
ojaxebi ganicdian wignebis, Jurnal-gazeTebis,
kompiuterebis da sxva im nivTebis naklebobas,
romlebic xels uwyoben adamianis gonebriv
ganviTarebas. `orientacia gadarCenaze~ nakleb
drosa da energias utovebs Rarib mSoblebs,
gansakuTrebiT ki martoxelebs, rom iTamaSon
bavSvebTan da moaxdinon maTi inteleqtualuri
stimulacia, rac, Tavis mxriv, Zalze uaryofiTad
moqmedebs bavSvebis mier iseTi davalebebis
Sesrulebaze, rogoricaa standartuli IQ
testebi.
dabolos, gaWirvebaSi mcxovrebi adamianebi
garkveul daRs atareben Cvens sazogadoebaSi
iseve, rogorc msoflios umravles qveyanaSi,
rasobrivad iseT homogenur sazogadoebaSic ki,
rogoric iaponiaa. magaliTad, burakaminis _ am
sazogadoebis yvelaze dabali kastis wevris _
IQ, sxva iaponelebTan SedarebiT, 15 quliT
dabalia (Ogbu, 1987). im jgufis socialurma
daRma, romelsac individi miekuTvneba, SeiZleba
uaryofiTad imoqmedos mis TviTdarwmunebu-
lobaze da araxelsayreli gavlena moaxdinos
testis Sedegebsa da saskolo miRwevebze, amitom
bavSvebis xelsayrel pirobebSi gazrdis Sem-
TxvevaSi TvalsaCino unda iyos garemos uSualo
gavlena IQ-ze.
inteleqtis politika
385
 suraTi
10.6

naSvilebi bavSvebis IQ qulebi

saSualo klasis TeTrkaniani ojaxebis mier naS-
vileb Savkanian da Sereuli rasis bavSvebs hqon-
daT saSualoze maRali IQ, radgan bavSvebi arian
im jgufebis wevrebi, romlebisTvisac damaxasiaTe-
belia saSualoze dabali Sedegebi. miRebuli mo-
nacemebi aCveneben garemo pirobebis gavlenas IQ-
ze.

saidan Start~ federalurma mTavrobam pirvelad 1965 wels

daafinansa. is gankuTvnili iyo `mcire SesaZ-
viciT
leblobebis mqone ojaxebis bavSvebis fizikuri
garemos gavlena IQ-ze janmrTelobis, ganviTarebis, socialuri,
saganmanaTleblo da emociuri mdgomareobis
mkvlevrebi swavlobdnen bavSvebis or
gasaumjobeseblad; garda amisa, specialuri
jgufs, romlebic naSvilebi iyvnen 2 wlis
mxardamWeri samsaxurebis saSualebiT zrdida
asakSi saSualo klasis TeTrkaniani mSob-
ojaxebis SesaZleblobas, ezrunaT sakuTar
lebis mier (Moore, 1986). erTi jgufis
Svilebze~ (Kassebaum, 1994, gv. 123). Head Start prog-
bavSvebis (9 bavSvi) orive biologiuri
ramis arsi iyo ara bavSvebis gadayvana privile-
mSobeli Savkaniani iyo, xolo meore jgu-
girebul pirobebSi, aramed im pirobebis gaum-
fis bavSvebs (14 bavSvi) erTi biologiuri
jobeseba, romelSic isini daibadnen da izrde-
mSobeli Savkaniani hyavdaT, meore ki _
bodnen. aRniSnuli programis mixedviT, bavSvebi
TeTrkaniani. 7-dan 10 wlamde asakSi
iReben specialur skolamdel ganaTlebas,
veqsleris inteleqtis skalis gamoyenebiT
yoveldRe normalurad ikvebebian, maTi mSoblebi
afasebdnen TiToeuli bavSvis IQ-s.
Tavi 10 / inteleqti da inteleqtis Sefaseba

iReben janmrTelobasTan da bavSvis aRzrdasTan

im bavSvebis saSualo IQ, romlebsac
orive mSobeli Savkaniani hyavdaT, 108.7
iyo, xolo Sereuli bavSvebis IQ _ 107.2.
rogorc naCvenebia 10.6 suraTze, es maCveneb-
lebi saSualoze maRalia afrikeli ameri-
kelebisaTvis (Lynn,1996).
unda aRiniSnos, rom individualur gansxvave-
bas qmnis ara rasa, aramed ekonomikuri, jan-
mrTelobis da ganaTlebis uzrunvelyofis
resursebi, romelic, rogorc Cven sazogadoebaSi,
ise bevr sxva qveyanaSi, dakavSirebulia rasobriv
mikuTvnebulobasTan.
praqtikulad, ukanaskneli 30 wlis ganmavlo-
baSi mkvlevrebi am Sedegis saxelmwifoebriv
doneze ganzogadebas cdiloben. programa `Head
386
dakavSirebul rCevebs. am programis efeqturobis
pirveli Sefasebebi fokusirebuli iyo inteleq-
tis testebis da miRwevis sxva sazomebis mixed-
viT miRebuli Sedegebis gaumjobesebaze. faqtob-
rivad, programaSi CarTvidan sul ramdenime
kviris Semdeg bavSvebis IQ 10 quliT gaizarda.
samwuxarod, programis datovebis Semdeg, maTi
IQ maCveneblebi isev mcirdeboda (Barnett, 1998;
Zigler&Muenchow, 1992; Zigler&Styfco, 1994). am
modelidan SesaZlebelia ori daskvnis gamotana:
IQ-ze SeiZleba gavlena moaxdinos garemom, magram
xelsayreli garemo pirobebi unda iyos xan-
grZlivi. nebismier SemTxvevaSi, Head Start prog-
ramis SedarebiT gviandelma Sefasebebma
gadalaxa Tavdapirveli viwro interesi mxolod
IQ-is mimarT.
 empiriuli literaturidan... viRebT
rogorc karg, ise _ cud ambebs. cudi
ambavi isaa, rom arc HHead Start-s da arc
nebismier sxva skolamdel programas ar
SeuZlia bavSvebis dacva siRatakis daman-
greveli zemoqmedebisagan. adreul inter-
vencias ubralod ar SeuZlia cxovrebis
cudi pirobebis, aradamakmayifolebeli
kvebisa da jandacvis, uaryofiTi roluri
modelebisa da dabali donis skolebis
daZleva. dadebiTi mxare ki isaa, rom pro-
gramebs SeuZlia bavSvebis momzadeba
skolisaTvis da, Sesabamisad, amiT exmare-
ba maT daZlevisa da adaptaciis unarebis
ganviTarebaSi, rac SesaZleblobas mis-
cems maT, cxovrebaSi miaRwion saukeTe-
sos Tu ara, ukeTes Sedegebs mainc
(Zigler&Styfco,1994, gv.129).
Tu Cven gamoviyenebT inteleqtis ufro farTo
gansazRvrebas, romelic scildeba ubralod
verbalur da araverbalur davalebebs inte-
leqtis testebSi, garemo faqtorebis gavlena
ufro naTeli gaxdeba. xelsayreli, mxardamWeri
garemo mniSvnelovnad gansazRvravs warmatebebs
inteleqtualur, saskolo miRwevebsa da situa-
ciur adaptaciaSi.
kultura da IQ testebis
validoba
adamianebi, albaT, naklebad izrunebdnen IQ
qulebze, rom ar iTvaliwinebdnen Semdeg sasar-
geblo prognozs: mravalricxovanma kvlevebma
aCvena, rom IQ qulebs sakmaod validurad
SeuZliaT iseTi sakiTxebis prognozireba, ro-
goricaa saskolo niSnebi, profesiuli sta-
tusi da sakuTari Tavis warmoCenis xarisxi
mraval sxvadasxva samuSaoze (Brody, 1997b;
Gottfredson, 1997b). am Sedegebidan gamomdinare, IQ
testebi validurad zomavs inteleqtualur
SesaZleblobebs, romlebic Zalian mniSvne-
lovania individis mier sxvadasxva saxis warmate-
bis miRwevisTvis; es ki, Tavis mxriv, metad
Rirebulia dasavluri kulturebisaTvis _ IQ-
is saSualebiT gazomili inteleqti uSualo
gavlenas axdens warmatebaze. gansxvavebebma IQ-
Si, aseve, SeiZleba imoqmedos akademiur mos-
wrebasa da samuSaos Sesrulebis xarisxze
arapirdapiri gziT, Secvalos ra individis
motivebi da rwmenebi. isini, visac maRali IQ
aqvT, ufro metad mosalodnelia, rom warma-
tebulni iyvnen skolaSi, gaxdnen swavlisadmi
ufro motivirebulni, orientirebulni miRweva-
ze da optimisturad uyuron sakuTar SesaZleblo-
bebs, rom Tavs gaarTmeven nebismier siZneles.
aseve, bavSvebs, romelTac dabali IQ aqvT,
SeiZleba `Tan sdevdes~ dabali donis skolebi
da programebi, ramac, SeiZleba, garkveulwilad,
imoqmedos maT TviTdarwmunebulobaze studento-
bis periodSic ki. amgvarad, IQ-ma SeiZleba
ganicados garemos gavlena, magram, amave dros,
IQ-s, Tavis mxriv, SeuZlia axali garemo piro-
bebis _ rogorc ukeTesis, ise uaresis _ Seqmna.
amgvarad, IQ-Sefaseba SeiZleba sabediswero
gaxdes bavSvisaTvis da gansazRvros misi bedi
inteleqtSi bavSvis ZiriTadi genetikuri una-
rebis wvlilis miuxedavad.
miuxedavad imisa, rom dadasturda IQ testebis
validoba maTi ZiriTadi mimarTulebiT gamoye-
nebisaTvis, bevri damkvirvebeli jer kidev
eWvqveS ayenebs maT validobas sxvadasxva
kulturuli da rasobrivi jgufebis Sedarebisas
(Greenfield, 1997; Samuda, 1998; Serpell, 2000). testebis
da testirebis mravali forma SeiZleba ar
Tanxvdebodes inteleqtis kulturul gagebas,
an saTanado qcevas. ganvixiloT klasSi uar-
yofiTi Sefasebis erTi magaliTi:
rodesac laTinoamerikeli warmoSobis
emigranti mSoblebis bavSvebi amerikul
skolaSi wavidnen, isini gagebaze ufro
metad iyvnen orientirebulni, vidre _
laparakze; maswavleblis avtoritetis
pativiscemaze, vidre _ sakuTari azrebis
gamoxatvaze, rasac maTi uaryofiTi akade-
miuri Sefaseba mohyva. maSasadame, erT
kulturaSi Rirebuli komunikaciis for-
inteleqtis politika
ma _ pativiscemiT mosmena _ gaxda uary-
ofiTi Sefasebis safuZveli iseTi sko-
lis pirobebSi, sadac TviTdajerebuli,
mtkice laparaki komunikaciis Rirebul
formad aris miCneuli.
am emigrantma bavSvebma unda iswavlon, Tu
rogor moiqcnen amerikul skolaSi ise, rom
daarwmunon maswavleblebi TavianT gonierebaSi.
erT-erTi standartuli piroba imisa, rom IQ
testebs sifrTxiliT ekidebian, maTi tendenci- 387
 urobaa, romelic mimarTulia sxvadasxva
studentebs. rogorc 10.7 suraTis A nawilze
kulturis wevrebis winaaRmdeg, an sasargeblod.
xedavT, miRebulma Sedegebma es prognozi
kritikosebi aRniSnaven, rom jgufebs Soris
daadastura. rodesac Savkaniani studentebi
gansxvavebebs IQ qulebSi iwvevs sistematuri
darwmunebulni iyvnen, rom testSi miRebu-
mikerZoeba testis kiTxvebSi, rac maT ara-
li qulebis mixedviT vinmes maTi inteleq-
validursa da usamarTlos xdis umciresobebTan
tis Sesaxeb SeeZlo emsjela, isini dava-
mimarTebaSi. maSinac ki, rodesac testebis
lebebs uaresad asrulebdnen (Steel &
Sedgenisas gaTvaliswinebulia kulturuli
Aronson, 1995). stereotipuli muqariT
faqtori, masSi mainc gvxvdeba rasobrivi
gamowveuli logika muSaobs nebismier
xarvezebi (Neisser et al., 1996). faqtobrivad, es
jgufSi, romlis mimarTac arsebobs ara-
sakiTxi SeiZleba testis konteqsts ufro
srulfasovnebis stereotipi. magaliTad,
ukavSirdebodes, vidre testis Sinaarss. klaud
stereotipis mixedviT, qalebs, mamakacebTan
stili (Claude Steel, 1997; Steel & Aronson, 1995, 1998)
SedarebiT, maTematikis aTvisebis naklebi
aRniSnavda, rom adamianebis mier unarebis
unari aqvT. rogorc 10.7 suraTis B nawilze
testebis Sesrulebaze gavlenas axdens ste-
Cans, rTulma maTematikurma testma sqesis
reotipuli muqara (cnobili, agreTve, stereo-
mixedviT gansxvavebuli Sedegebi mxolod
tipuli mowyvladobis saxelwodebiT) _ safrTxe
maSin aCvena, rodesac studentebs eubne-
imisa, rom SeiZleba dadasturdes negatiuri
bodnen, rom aseTi gansxvavebebi SeiZleba
stereotipi garkveuli jgufis Sesaxeb. klaud
yofiliyo (Steel, 1997), anu testze muSaobis
stilis gamokvlevebis mixedviT, imis rwmenam,
dawyebamde. rodesac studentebi acno-
rom situaciaSi moqmedebs uaryofiTi stere-
bierebdnen TavianT sqesobriv ganxva-
otipi, SeiZleba gamoiwvios im cudi maCveneblis
vebulobas, studentebs eubnebodnen, rom
miReba, romelic stereotipSi moiazreboda.
warsulSi aseTma testma aCvena sqesis
mixedviT gansxvaveba. swored igive moxda
saidan am studentebis SemTxvevaSic.

viciT
stereotipuli muqaris moqmedeba
erT-erT kvlevaSi gamosaSvebi kursis
Savkaniani da TeTrkaniani studentebi
Tavi 10 / inteleqti da inteleqtis Sefaseba
yuradReba miaqcieT, rom TiToeul am kvlevaSi
mniSvnelovania, Tu rogor afasebs situacias
testis Semsrulebeli. mxolod im SemTxvevaSi,
rodesac adamianebs sjeraT, rom situacia exeba
stereotips, magaliTad, rodesac miaCniaT, rom

cdilobdnen epasuxaT magistraturaSi

misaReb standartul testSi Semavali
kiTxvebis msgavsi Zalze rTuli kiTxve-
bisTvis, romlebic enis kargad codnas
moiTxovda. studentebis naxevars uTxres,
rom am kiTxvebze gacemuli pasuxebis
mixedviT imsjelebdnen maTi inteleqtua-
luri unarebis Sesaxeb, meore naxevarma
ki icoda, rom am eqsperimentiT amocanis
gadaWris procesSi CarTul fsiqologiur
faqtorebs ikvlevdnen. stereotipuli
muqaris Teoriis mixedviT, SedarebiT
dabali Sedegebi unda hqonodaT im stu-
dentebs, romelTac situaciam Seuqmna
stereotipuli muqara, anu pirveli jgufis
(maT icodnen, rom fasdeboda inte-
leqtualuri SesaZleblobebi) Savkanian
388
inteleqtis am testiT maTi stereotipulad
cudi Sedegebi gamovlindeba, maT mier davale-
bebis Sesruleba uaresdeba. SesaZlebelia Tu
ara IQ-is gazomva stereotipuli muqaris aRmoce-
nebis gareSe? Tu es SeuZlebelia, mkvlevrebi
verasodes SeZleben inteleqtualuri unarebis
adekvaturad Sefasebas.
dabolos, kidev erTi mosazreba inteleqti-
sa da kulturis Sesaxeb. zogadad, aSS-is kul-
tura individualuri gansxvavebebis axsnisas
tendenciuria da am gansxvavebebis genetikuri
faqtoriT axsnisken ixreba. harold stivenson-
ma da misma kolegebma (Harold Stevenson, 1993)
ramdenime weli dauTmes Cineli, iaponeli da
stereotipuli muqara (Stereotype threat) _ safrTxe
imisa, rom SeiZleba dadasturdes negatiuri
stereotipi garkveuli jgufis Sesaxeb.
suraTi
10.7
stereotipuli muqara
stereotipul muqaras adgili aqvs maSin, rodesac adamianebi Tvlian, rom negatiuri
stereotipebi marTebulia mimdinare testirebis pirobebSi. (A) erT kvlevaSi swavloben
stereotips: afro-amerikelebs dabali qulebi aqvT inteleqtis testebSi. cdis pirebis
_ Savkaniani da TeTri studentis _ naxevarma icoda, rom testi diagnostikuri iyo da
zomavda maT inteleqtualur SesaZleblobas. cdis pirebis meore naxevars ar hqonda es
informacia. jgufSi, romelmac icoda, rom testi diagnostikuri iyo, maTi Sesruleba
uaresdeboda (mosalodnel SesrulebaSi ukve arsebuli gansxvavebebis gamosaricxad
gamoiyeneboda cdis pirTa SAT qulebi). (B) meore kvlevaSi swavlobdnen stereotips:
qalebi dabal qulebs iReben matematikis gamocdebze. cdis pirebis _ qali da mamakaci
studentebis naxevars eubnebodnen, rom maTematikis testma wina SemTxvevaSi aCvena gen-
deruli gansxvavebebi SedegebSi. cdis pirebis meore naxevari aseT informacias ar
Rebulobda. rodesac qalebi fiqrobdnen, rom testma SeiZleba genderuli TvalsazrisiT
gansxvavebuli Sedegebi aCvenos, maSin maTi Sesruleba uaresdeboda.

amerikeli bavSvebis maTematikuri miRwevebis SeiZleba, rom am Sexedulebebma amerikelebi

kvlevas. 1980 wels azieli bavSvebi sagrZno-
blad jobnidnen TavianT amerikel Tanatolebs.
1990 wels es intervali SenarCunebuli iyo:
`Cineli bavSvebis mxolod 4.1%-s da iaponeli
bavSvebis 10.3%-s hqonda iseTive dabali qule-
bi, rogoric _ saSualo amerikel bavSvs~. niS-
navs Tu ara es imas, rom azieli bavSvebi gene-
tikuri upiratesobiT xasiaTdebian? faqtobri-
miiyvanos daskvnamde, rom azielebi genetikuri
upiratesobiT unda xasiaTdebodnen maTematikis
aTvisebaSi. vinaidan aseTi rwmena saxelmwifo
politikaze aisaxeba, magaliTad, ra Tanxaa
saWiro imisaTvis, rom amerikelebi daeuflon
maTematikas maSin, rodesac ar aqvT am sagnis
Seswavlis unari. Zalian mniSvnelovania zus-
ti mecnieruli monacemebis gaanalizeba, raTa
inteleqtis politika

vad, ufro mosalodneli iyo, rom adamianebi
aSS-Si am kiTxvas dadebiTad upasuxebdnen. rode-
sac stivensoni da misi kolegebi sTxovdnen
aziel da amerikel studentebs, maswavleblebs
da mSoblebs mieTiTebinaT, Tu ra ufro mniS-
vnelovani iyo maTTvis: `bejiTad mecadineoba~
Tu `Tandayolili goniereba~, azieli respon-
dentebi aqcents `bejiTad mecadineobaze~
akeTebdnen, amerikeli respondentebi ki _ `Tan-
dayolil gonierebaze~. axla xedavT, Tu rogor
ganisazRvros, risi Secvlaa SesaZlebeli goneb-
rivi SesaZleblobebis gamovlenaSi da risi _
ara.
Sejameba
godardma xeli Seuwyo zogierTi rasobrivi
da eTnikuri jgufebis genetikuri inferiulo-
bis aRiarebis warumatebeli tradiciis damkvi-
drebas. qcevis genetikurma analizma IQ-Si
389
 mravalricxovani genetikuri komponenti aCvena.
Tumca, IQ-is gazomvas xSirad politikuri elf-
eri dakravs, IQ-is mixedviT miRebuli raso-
brivi gansxvavebebis gamo. mkvlevrebma daadg-
ines garemos faqtorebi, romlebic mniSvnelo-
van gavlenas axdenen IQ-ze. miuxedavad imisa,
rom IQ-s sakmaod validurad SeuZlia iseTi
cxovrebiseuli Sedegebis prognozireba, rogor-
icaa warmatebebi skolasa da samsaxurSi, misi
gazomvebi SeiZleba aravaliduri iyos sxvadasxva
rasobrivi da kulturuli jgufebis SemTxveva-
Si. magaliTad, zogierTi jgufi inteleqtu-
aluri SesaZleblobebis gazomvisas stereotipu-
li muqaris zemoqmedebas ganicdis.
SemoqmedebiToba
sanam inteleqtisa da misi gazomvis Temas
davasrulebT, mivubrundeT iseT sakiTxs,
rogoricaa kreatuloba, anu SemoqmedebiToba.
kreatuloba aris iseTi ideebis generirebisa
da produqtebis Seqmnis unari, romlebic axali
da aqtualuria mocemul pirobebSi (Sternbeg &
Lubart, 1999). ganvixiloT borblis gamogonebis
magaliTi. es meqanizmi axali iyo, radgan ucnob
gamomgoneblamde aravis unaxavs, Tu ra sargeblis
miReba SeiZleboda gagorebuli sagnebisgan. es
gamogoneba pirobebis adekvaturi iyo, radgan
Tavi 10 / inteleqti da inteleqtis Sefaseba
Zalze cxadi iyo misi gamoyenebis SesaZlebloba.
pirobebTan Sesatyvisobis gareSe, axali ideebi
xSirad ucnaurad da uadgilod aRiqmeba.
kreatulobas gonebrivi SesaZleblobebisadmi
miZRvnil TavSi ganvixilavT, vinaidan bevri
adamiani aRiarebs inteleqtsa da kreatulobas
Soris mWidro kavSiris arsebobas. am varaudis
dasamtkiceblad, upirveles yovlisa, Semoqmede-
biTi unarebis Sefaseba unda SegveZlos, xolo
Semdeg _ kreatulobasa da inteleqts Soris
kavSiris dadgena. amrigad, jer ganvixilavT
meTodebs, romelTa saSualebiT ideebi an pro-
kreatuloba (Creativity) – iseTi ideebis generi-
rebisa da produqtebis Seqmnis unari, romlebic
axali da aqtualuria mocemul pirobebSi.
divergentuli azrovneba (Divergent thinking) _
390
duqtebi fasdeba, rogorc SemoqmedebiTi da
SevamowmebT inteleqtTan maT kavSirs, Semdeg
ganvixilavT gansakuTrebuli (an uCveulo)
kreatulobis pirobebs da maT kavSirs SeSli-
lobasTan. vnaxavT, ra SeiZleba viswavloT
gansakuTrebuli SemoqmedebiTi unarebiT dajil-
doebuli adamianebisagan.
kreatulobis Sefaseba da
kavSiri inteleqtTan
rogor SeiZleba imis gansazRvra, adamianebi
(SedarebiT) kreatulebi arian Tu ara? bevri
midgoma divergentul azrovnebaze fokusirdeba,
romelic ganisazRvreba, rogorc problemis
sxvadasxvagvari uCveulo gadawyvetis unari.
kiTxvebi, romelebic zomaven divergentul
azrovnebas, saSualebas aZleven testis
Semsrulebels naTlad gamoavlinos sxarti da
moqnili azrovneba (Torrance, 1974; Wallah & Kogan,
1965):
daasaxeleT yvela sagani, romelic, Tqveni
azriT, oTxkuTxedia;
sami wuTis ganmavlobaSi daasaxeleT rac
SeiZleba meti TeTri feris, saWmelad vargisi
sagnebi;
daasaxeleT aguris gamoyenebis yvela
SesaZlo varianti, rac TavSi azrad mogivaT.
pasuxebi fasdeba iseTi ganzomilebebis mixed-
viT, rogoricaa (1) sisxarte _ gansxvavebuli
ideebis saerTo raodenoba; (2) unikaluroba _
im ideebis raodenoba, romelic Sesabamis
SerCevaSi aravis gamouTqvams da (3) uCveuloba
_ im ideebis raodenoba, romelic gamoTqva
mocemuli SerCevis, vTqvaT, 5%-ze naklebma
(Runco,1991).
rodesac kreatulobas am gziT afaseben,
SesaZlebelia miRebuli maCveneblis Sedareba
sxva sazomebTan da maT Soris kavSiris dadgena.
xSirad mkvlevrebi afasebdnen kavSirs divergen-
tuli azrovnebis sazomebsa da IQ-s Soris.
saxezea zogadi suraTi: or sazoms Soris ar-
sebobs susti an zomieri korelacia, rodesac
IQ aris 120 qulamde, 120 qulaze zemoT ki
korelacia mcirdeba (Sternberg & O’Hara, 1999).
ratom unda xdebodes ase? erT-erTi mkvlevari
fiqrobs rom `inteleqtis~ garkveuli done
suraTi
10.8
iZleva SemoqmedebiTobis amoqmedebis SesaZleb-
lobas, magram ar axdens mis stimulacias (Perkins,
1998, gv. 319). sxva sityvebiT, inteleqtis gansa-
zRvruli done saSualebas aZlevs pirovnebas,
iyos kreatuli, magram man SeiZleba ver gamoi-
yenos es SesaZlebloba.
SemoqmedebiTi azrovnebis mkvlevrebi xSirad
aRniSnaven, rom divergentuli azrovnebis
testebi Zalian mWidrod ukavSirdeba inteleqtis
testirebis tradiciasa da TviTon IQ testebs
(ramac SeiZleba axsnas maRali korelacia 120
IQ-s farglebSi) (Lubart,1994). kriteriumiT _
kreatuli-arakreatuli _ adamianTa Sefasebis
gansxvavebul midgomas warmoadgens maT mier
gansazRvruli SemoqmedebiTi produqtis _
naxatis, leqsis an patara moTxrobis Seqmna.
eqspertebs SeuZliaT Seafason TiToeuli pro-
duqtis kreatulobis xarisxi. gamokvlevebma
aCvena, rom eqspertebi sakmaod erTsulovanni
arian produqtis kreatulobis Sefasebisas
(Amabile, 1983). maT SeiZleba sakmaod zustad
Seafason adamianebi naklebi an meti kreatulobis
mixedviT.
gansakuTrebuli kreatuloba
da SeSliloba
arseboben gansakuTrebuli adamianebi,
romlebic SemoqmedebiTobis etalonebs
warmoadgenen. vin gaxsendebaT, roca gTxoven
gansakuTrebiT SemoqmedebiTi adamianis dasaxe-
lebas? savaraudoa, rom Tqveni pasuxi, nawi-
lobriv, damokidebuli iqneba im sferoze,
romelSic moRvaweobT da, nawilobriv, Tqvens
prioritetebze. fsiqologebma SeiZleba daasaxe-
lon zigmund froidi; ferweriT, musikiT an
cekviT dainteresebulma adamianebma SeiZleba
daasaxelon pablo pikaso, igor stravinski an
marta grahami. SesaZlebelia Tu ara aseTi
individebis pirovnebebs Soris im saerTo
maxasiaTeblebis aRmoCena, romelic gansakuT-
rebuli SemoqmedebiTobis winaswarmetyvelebis
saSualebas mogvcems? hovard gardnerma (Howard
Gardner, 1993) airCia is individebi, romelTa
eqstraordinaruli unarebi Cven mier adre
ganxiluli inteleqtis rva tipis relevanturi
iyo. maT Soris iyvnen froidi, pikaso, stravinski
da grahami. gardneris analizma saSualeba misca
mas, Seeqmna tipuri Semoqmedis cxovrebiseuli
gamocdilebis portreti, romelsac man E.C.
uwoda.
E.C. aRebs problemuri sferosa da
SemoqmedebiToba
gansakuTrebuli interesebis samefos kars,
romelic mas gaukvalav gzaze ayenebs. es
aris uaRresad sapasuxismgeblo momenti.
am wuTidan E.C. izolirebulia Tanato-
lebisgan da, ZiriTadad, damoukideblad
unda imuSaos. is grZnobs, rom raRac
aRmoCenis zRvarze imyofeba, romelic jer
TviTonac ar aqvs gaazrebuli. am kritikul
391
 momentSi E.C. miiltvis rogorc kognituri,
vidre _ depresiul fazaSi (saSualod 2.7),
ise _ emociuri mxardaWerisken, amiT is
Tumca, es kavSiri gacilebiT susti iyo
Tavisi mdgomareobis SenarCunebas axerxebs.
nawarmoebebis xarisxis Sefasebisas. mania-
amgvari mxardaWeris gareSe igi SeiZleba
kalur periodSi Seqmnili nawarmoebebi
Zalisa da energiisagan daicalos (Gardner,
xarisxiT ar sjobnida depresiul periodSi
1993, gv. 361).
Seqmnil nawarmoebebs.

am pasaJis dasasrul gardneri moixseniebs veisbergis kvleva gvafiqrebinebs, rom SeS-

tipur SemoqmedTa erT-erT yvelaze zogad
stereotips _ maTi cxovreba esazRvreba, zogjer
ki gulisxmobs SeSlilobas. ideas imis Sesaxeb,
rom udidesi SemoqmedebiToba mWidrod ukav-
Sirdeba SeSlilobas, didi xnis istoria aqvs
da platonis saxels ukavSirdeba (Kessel, 1989).
SedarebiT Tanamedrove periodSi krepelini (1921)
aRniSnavda, rom `maniakalur-depresiuli sigiJiT
Sepyrobili~, anu bipolaruli aSlilobis mqone
individebi maniakalur fazaSi qmnian azris
Tavisuflad dinebis1 pirobebs, rac xels uwyobs
did SemoqmedebiTobas. rogorc me-15 TavSi
vnaxavT, mania xasiaTdeba xangrZlivi agznebis
periodebiT. adamians amaRlebuli ganwyobileba
aqvs da eqspansiuri qceviT, TavSeukaveblobiT
xasiaTdeba. arsebobs mosazreba, rom xelovnebisa
da humanitaruli mecnierebebis mravali
gamoCenili moRvawe swored guneba-ganwyobilebis
aseTi aSlilobiT xasiaTdeba (Keiger,1993), magram,
rogor unda gansazRvron mkvlevrebma, imoqmeda
Tu ara fsiqikurma daavadebam am individebis
azrovnebis realur procesze?
Tavi 10 / inteleqti da inteleqtis Sefaseba
liloba (gamovlenili maniis saxiT) mniSv-
nelovnad zemoqmedebs motivaciaze. individi
imorCilebs maniis Semotevas da bevrs qmnis.
Tu pirovneba garkveuli talantiT gamoirCeva,
am periodSi Seqmnili zogierTi, magram ara
yvela, nawarmoebi brwyinvale iqneba, Tumca,
xarisxiT ar iqneba sxva periodebSi Seqmnil
nawarmoebebze ukeTesi. istoriuli SemTxvevebis
yuradRebiT Seswavlam, romelic Semoqmede-
biTobasa da SeSlilobas Soris arsebul gar-
kveuli xarisxis kavSirze metyvelebs, eqsperti
albert rotenbergi (Albert Rothengerg) miiyvana
daskvnamde, rom `mcdari da romantiulia Se-
xeduleba, romlis mixedviTac, TiTqos, adamianebi
TviTon unda daitanjon, rom SeZlon sxvebis
mwuxarebisa da tanjvis gageba~ (Rothenberg, 1990,
gv.164).
mas mere, rac adamianma miiRo informacia
gansakuTrebul kreatulobis Sesaxeb, ra SeiZ-

saidan
viciT
kreatuloba da mania
aRniSnul kiTxvaze pasuxis gasacemad
kreatulobis mkvlevarma robert veisbergma
(Robert Weisberg, 1994, 1996) Seiswavla kom-
pozitor robert Sumanis Semoqmedeba,
romelsac bipolaruli aSlilobis diag-
nozi hqonda. garkveuli monacemebi maniasa
da SemoqmedebiTobas Soris navaraudevi
kavSiris sasargeblod metyvelebs. Sumanma
gacilebiT meti nawarmoebi Seqmna mania-
kaluri fazis wlebSi (saSualod 12.3),

1
392 Free flowing though processes.
leba iswavlos man aqedan. Tqven SeiZleba
mibaZoT riskis gawevis models; uaRresad krea-
tuli adamianebi mzad arian dadgnen `gaukvalav
gzaze~. aseve, SegiZliaT gaiziaroT momzadebis
modeli. gansakuTrebuli kreatulobiT dajil-
doebuli adamianebi wlebs uTmoben im sferoSi
daxelovnebas, romelSic saukeTesoni iqnebian
(Weisberg,1986). SesaZlebelia gaiziaroT Sinagani
motivaciis modeli (Pattern of intrinsic motivation).
SemoqmedebiTi adamianebi gulmodgined asrule-
ben mocemul davalebebs, radgan siamovnebas da
kmayofilebas aniWebT is, rasac isini qmnian
(Collins & Amabile, 1999). Tu Tqvens cxovrebaSi
SeZlebT am sami modelis sakuTar Tavze
morgebas, maSin moaxerxebT Tqveni SemoqmedebiTi
unarebis metad gamovlenas.
axla ukve iciT is xerxebi, romelTa saSua-
lebiT fsiqologebi afaseben da xsnian indi-
vidualur gansxvavebebs, romelebic arseboben
inteleqtsa da kreatulobas Soris, Tumca,
ueWvelia, iciT, rom adamianis gasagebad gaci-
lebiT metia saWiro, vidre codna misi inteleq-
tualobisa da SemoqmedebiTobis xarisxis Se-
saxeb. Semdeg qveTavSi ganvixilavT im xerxebs,
romliTac fsiqologebi iReben informacias im
pirovnuli Tvisebebis diapazonis Sesaxeb, rom-
lebic TiToeuli individis unikalurobas Semfaseblebis subieqturi daskvnebis ufro
gansazRvravs. obieqturi sazomebiT SecvliT, romlebic
sakmaod zedmiwevniT, guldasmiTaa agebuli da
Riaa kritikuli SefasebisaTvis. swored am
mizanma misca dasabami alfred bines pionerul
Sejameba
Sromas. bines da sxvebs miaCndaT, rom testireba
kreatuloba divergentuli azrovnebis tes- xels Seuwyobda sazogadoebis demokratizacias
tebiT izomeba. zogierTi Sexedulebis sawinaaR- da Seamcirebda sqesis, rasis, erovnebis, privile-
mdegod, ar dadasturda mWidro kavSiri Semoq- giebis, an fizikuri garegnobis SemTxveviT
medebiTobasa da SeSlilobas Soris, Tumca, kriteriumebze dafuZnebul gadawyvetilebebs,
SemoqmedebiToba moiTxovs garkveuli riskis Tumca, am amaRlebuli miznebis miuxedavad,
gawevas, momzadebasa da motivacias.
Sefaseba da sazogadoeba

fsiqologiaSi ar arsebobs Sefasebaze ufro

Sefaseba da sazogadoeba
fsiqologiuri Sefasebis ZiriTadi mizani
adamianebis zustad Sefasebaa, rac eqspertebis
mier gakeTebul SeZlebisdagvarad uSecdobo
daskvebSi aisaxeba. am miznis miRweva SesaZlebe-
lia maswavleblebis, damqiraveblebis da sxva
sakamaTo sfero. polemika ZiriTad sam eTikur
sakiTxs exeba: (1) testze dafuZnebuli gadawyveti-
lebebis samarTlianobas, (2) ganaTlebis
Sesafasebeli testebis vargisianobasa da (3)
testis qulebis gamoyenebas individebis
garkveul kategoriebSi gaerTianebis mizniT.
testirebis procesis kritikosebi aRniSnaven,
rom zogierTebisTvis testirebis sazRauri, an
uaryofiTi Sedegebi ufro metia, vidre
sxvebisaTvis (Bond, 1995). sazRauri sakmaod
maRalia, magaliTad, rodesac testi, romelzec 393
 umciresobaTa jgufebma dabali qulebi miiRes,
ar aZlevs maT garkveul samuSaoebis Sesrulebis
uflebas. zogierT qalaqSi saxelmwifo samo-
qalaqo samsaxurSi damlageblad muSaobis
dasawyebad, msurvelma unda gaiaros verbaluri
testi da ara _ ufro adekvaturi fizikuri
unarebis testi. mkvlevar uiliam benksis (Will-
iam Banks) mixedviT, am strategiis mizani sxva-
dasxva umciresobebis samuSaoebze ardaSvebaa
(1990). zogjer umciresobaTa warmomadgenlebi
testSi cud Sedegebs iZleodnen, radgan maTi
Sedegebi arasaTanado normebis mixedviT fas-
deboda. garda amisa, erTi jgufis kandida-
tebisaTvis SemTxveviT dadgenili gamsvleli
qulebi SeiZleba sxvebis mimarT iqnes gamoyene-
buli SerCevis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebis miRe-
bisas maSin, rodesac realurad ufro dabali
gamsvleli qula iqneboda samarTliani da, Sesa-
bamisad, samuSaoze daqiravebasTan dakavSirebiT
miRebuli gadawyvetileba swori iqneboda. aRsa-
niSnavia isic, rom testirebaze gadaWarbebuli
dayrdnoba kadrebis avtomatur SerCevas
ganapirobebs, Tumca, zogjer sazogadoeba SeiZ-
leba ufro mogebuli darCes, Tu samuSaos
aRwerilobebi adamianTa moTxovnilebebisa da
unarebis gaTvaliswinebiT modificirdeba.
meore eTikur sakiTxs warmoadgens is, rom
testireba ara mxolod studentebis Sefasebas
axdens, aramed ganaTlebis formirebaSic
garkveul rols asrulebs. saskolo sistemis
xarisxsa da maswavlebelTa efeqturobaze xSirad
Tavi 10 / inteleqti da inteleqtis Sefaseba
msjeloben imaze dayrdnobiT, Tu ramdenad
warmatebiT asruleben maTi moswavleebi miRwevis
standartul testebs. TviT maswavlebelTa
xelfasebic ki SeiZleba damokidebuli iyos
testebis Sedegebze, ramac skolebSi xeli Seuwyo
TaRliTobasTan dakavSirebul skandalebs.
magaliTad potomakSi (Potomac, Maryland) dawyebiTi
skolis direqtori gadadga, rodesac gamoaSkarav-
da mtkicebulebebi imis Sesaxeb, rom testis
Sedegebis gaumjobesebis mizniT skolis mexuTe-
klaselebma iseTi saxis daxmareba miiRes, rogo-
ricaa damatebiTi dro da testis xelmeored
Sesruleba (Thomas & Wingert, 2000). es faqtebi
TviTon moswavleebma gamoavlines, romelTac
mSoblebs uTxres, rom skolaSi maT TaRliTuri
qcevis ganxorcieleba sTxoves. bavSvebi gaoce-
bulni iyvnen ufrosebis qceviT da mSoblebs
394 maTi qcevis axsnas sTxovdnen. bavSvebis amgvari
damokidebuleba miuTiTebs imaze, Tu ramdenad
saSiSi SeiZleba iyos, rodesac testis Sedegebi
ganaTlebaze ufro mniSvnelovani xdeba.
mesame eTikuri problema isaa, rom testis
Sedegebi SeiZleba Seucvlel iarliyad iqces.
adamianebi sakmaod xSirad aRiqvamen sakuTar
Tavs 110-is toli IQ-is mqone individebad, an B
qulis mimReb studentebad, TiTqos es maCveneb-
lebi, an qulebi maT Sublze aweriaT. amgvari
iarliyebi SeiZleba maTi winsvlis damabrko-
leblad iqces, radgan adamianebi ijereben, rom
maTi gonebrivi da pirovnuli maxasiaTeblebi
fiqsirebuli da ucvlelia; rom maT ar SeuZ-
liaT sakuTari SesaZleblobebis gaumjobeseba;
testSi miRebulma dabalma qulebma SeiZleba
uaryofiTad imoqmedos maT motivaciaze da
Seasustos TviTefeqturobis gancda. garkveuli
jgufebis arasrulfasovnad miCneva IQ monace-
mebis mixdeviT testirebis kidev erTi uaryofiTi
Sedegia. isini, vinc ase sajarod arian `daRdas-
mulebi~, ijereben imas, rasac `eqspertebi~
amboben maT Sesaxeb. amitom skola da ganaTleba
ar miaCniaT maTi cxovrebis gaumjobesebis
saSualebad.
testebis Sedegebisadmi xelSeuxebeli sta-
tusis miniWebis aseTi tendencia vrceldeba
rogorc sazogadoebriv, ise _ pirovnul doneze.
rodesac testis Sedegebi individis pirovnuli
Tvisebebis, mdgomareobebis, araadaptirebulobis,
konfliqtisa da paTologiis iarliyad iqceva,
adamianebi gansakuTrebuli bavSvebis `aranor-
malurobaze~ ufro iwyeben fiqrs, vidre ganaT-
lebis sistemaze, romelic saWiroebs programebis
imgvar modificirebas, rom TiToeul moswavleze
morgebuli iyos. iarliyebs wina planze devian-
turi pirovnenebi ufro gamoyavs, vidre maTi
garemos disfunqciuri aspeqtebi. iseT indivi-
dualistur sazogadoebebSi, rogoric, maga-
liTad, amerikis SeerTebuli Statebia, adamia-
nebis umravlesoba mzad aris adamianis warmateba
da warumatebloba arasworad miaweros mas da,
amave dros, saTanadod ar Seafasos garemo
pirobebis zegavlena. Cven vkicxavT adamians
warumateblobisaTvis da amiT sazogadoebis
danaSauls vamsubuqebT. Cven vaqebT pirovnebas
warmatebisaTvis da amitomac ar vaRiarebT
sxvadasxva sazogadoebriv gavlenas, romelmac
SesaZlebeli gaxada misi warmateba. Cven unda
vaRiaroT, Tu rogorebi arian adamianebi amJamad,
rac imis Sedegia, Tu sad imyofebodnen, sad
Camoyalibdnen da ra mimdinare situacia axdens
gavlenas maT qcevaze.
es Tavi gvinda fil zimbardos piradi we-
riliT davasruloT, romelic SeiZleba STago-
nebis wyarod iqces im studentebisaTvis,
romlebic kargad ver arTmeven Tavs obieqtur
testebs:
miuxedavad Cemi, rogorc profesionali
fsiqologis, warmatebuli karierisa, Cem
mier mravali wlis win gakeTebulma tes-
tebma sul sxva ram iwinaswarmetyvela.
miuxedavad imisa, rom warCinebuli kursdam-
Tavrebuli viyavi, romelmac umaRlesi
akademiuri moswrebiT (Summa Cum Laude)
davamTavre, erTaderTi Sefaseba (niSani)
C miviRe fsiqologiis SesavalSi, sadac
gamocda mxolod mravaljeradi arCevanis
testiT Catarda. Tavdapirvelad uari
miTxres ielis universitetSi staJirebaze.,
Semdeg rezervSi Camricxes da bolos
uxalisod mimiRes. es, nawilobriv, gamowve-
uli iyo imiT, rom Cemi maTematikis qulebi
fsiqologiis fakultetis mier dawesebul
zRvarze naklebi iyo, magram mogvianebiT
aRmovaCine, rom es nawilobriv gamowveuli
iyo imiTac, rom profesor-maswavleblebma
Cemi pasuxebisa da sxva mtkicebulebebis
mixedviT, romelic naxes Cems gancxadebasa
da testebSi, ivaraudes, rom zangi viyavi.
am monacemebma uaryofiTad imoqmeda maT
daskvnebze Cemi SesaZleblobis _ mimeRwia
warmatebisaTvis fsiqologiaSi _ Sesaxeb.
sabednierod, zogierTi maTgani mzad iyo
CemTvis Sansis mosacemad, rodesac maT
mier dafinansebuli kandidati (gordon
boueri, amJamad cnobili fsiqologi)
sxvagan wavida staJirebaze.
warmatebebi karierasa da cxovrebaSi
gacilebiT mets moiTxovs, vidre mxolod
standartizebuli testebiT gazomili
unarebi, SesaZleblobebi da maxasiaTeb-
lebia. miuxedavad imisa, rom testebs
SeuZliaT imis prognozireba, Tu saSualod
ramdenad kargi Sedegi eqnebaT adamianebs,
nebismieri mocemuli individis SemTxvevaSi
SeiZleba adgili hqondes Secdomas.
adamianebma SeiZleba uaryon testis qu-
lebis pesimisturi prognozi, rodesac
mizandasaxulobiT, warmosaxviT, imediT,
pirovnuli siamayiT da intensiuri Zalis-
xmeviT gaaumjobeseben TavianT monacemebs.
albaT, metad mniSvnelovania, gjerodeT
sakuTari Tavis, vidre _ testis Sedegebis.
Sejameba
miuxedavad imisa, rom fsiqologiuri tes-
tireba xSir SemTxvevaSi sasargebloa indivi-
disaTvis, jer kidev aris testebis upasuxis-
mgeblod gamoyenebis SemTxvevebi. kritikosebs
awuxebT iseTi sakiTxebi, rogoricaa testis
Sedegebze dafuZnebuli gadawyvetilebebis
samarTlianoba, testebis vargisianoba saganmanaT-
leblo praqtikis Sesafaseblad da testebis
Sedegebis gamoyeneba adamianTa garkveul kate-
goriebad daxarixebisaTvis.

sakvanZo
sakvanZo sakiTxebi

sakiTxebi
ra aris Sefaseba
fsiqologiur Sefasebas
xangrZlivi istoria aqvs
da dasabams antikuri
CineTidan iRebs. am sferoSi
mniSvnelovani wvlili
Seitana ser frensis gal-
tonma.
Sefasebis instrumenti unda
iyos sando, validuri da
standartizirebuli. sando
sazomi gvaZlevs Sesabamis
Sedegebs. validuri sazomi
afasebs im Tvisebebs, romelTa
gasazomadac Seiqmna testi.

395
 standartizirebuli testis
Catareba da Sedegebis Seja-
meba yovelTvis erTi da
igive gziT xdeba. normebis
arseboba saSualebas gvaZ-
levs, SevadaroT pirovnebis
qulebi igive asakis, sqesis
da kulturis individTa
saSualo maCvenebels.
inteleqtis Sefaseba
XX saukunis oTxmocda-
aTiani wlebis dasawyisSi
safrangeTSi alfred binem
safuZveli Cauyara inte-
leqtis obieqturi testi-
rebis ganviTarebas. qulebi
mocemuli iyo gonebrivi
asakis terminebiT da bav-
Svebis funqcionirebis ar-
sebul dones asaxavda.
aSS-Si termenma Seqmna sten-
ford-bines inteleqtis ska-
la da moaxdina IQ-is cnebis
popularizacia.
veqslerma Seqmna specia-
luri inteleqtis testebi
mozrdilebisTvis, skolam-
deli da saskolo asakis
bavSvebisaTvis.
inteleqtis Teoriebi
IQ-is fsiqometriulma ana-
lizma aCvena, rom zogierT
Tavi 10 / inteleqti da inteleqtis Sefaseba
ZiriTad unars, rogoricaa
inteleqtis fluiduri da
kristaluri aspeqti, gar-
kveuli wvlili Seaqvs IQ
qulebSi.
Tanamedrove Teoriebi Za-
lian farTod ganixilaven
da zomaven inteleqts,
msjeloben ra im unarebsa
da insaitebze, romelTac
adamianebi sxvadasxva amo-
canis gadasaWrelad iyene-
ben.
10.3 cxrilSi mocemuli anagramis gadawyveta
1. Laugh 6. Allow
2. Tempt 7. Drive
3. Short 8. Cough
4. Knight 9. Enter
396
396 5. Write 10. Basic
stenbergi ganasxvavebs inte-
leqtis komponentur, empi-
riul da konteqstualur
aspeqtebs.
gardnerma daadgina inte-
leqtis rva tipi, romelic
moicavs da scildeba kidec
standartuli IQ sazomebiT
gazomvad inteleqtis for-
mebs. Tanamedrove kvlevebi
fokusirebulia emociur in-
teleqtze.
inteleqtis politika
Tavdapirvelad inteleqtis
testebi eTnikuri da rasob-
rivi jgufebis Sesaxeb uar-
yofiTi gancxadebebis gasake-
Teblad gamoiyeneboda.
IQ-is maRali memkvidreo-
biTobis gamo zogierTi
mkvlevari garkveuli rasob-
rivi da kulturuli jgufe-
bis dabal Sedegebs maT
Tandayolil arasrulfa-
sovnebas miawers.
araxelsayreli garemo piro-
bebiT da stereotipuli muqa-
riT aixsneba zogierTi jgu-
fis dabali IQ qulebi. gamok-
vleva aCvenebs, rom jgufuri
gansxvavebebi SeiZleba ganpi-
robebuli iyos garemo faq-
torebiT.
SemoqmedebiToba
xSir SemTxvevaSi kreatulo-
bis Sefaseba divergentuli
azrovnebis testebis saSua-
lebiT xdeba.
gansakuTrebiT kreatuli ada-
mianebi midian riskze, gadian
momzadebas da uaRresad mo-
tivirebulni arian.
ar dadasturda kavSiri krea-
tulobasa da SeSlilobas
Soris.
Sefaseba da
sazogadoeba
miuxedavad imisa, rom teste-
bi xSirad sasargeblod
gamoiyeneba momavali Sesru-
lebis winaswarmetyvele-
bisaTvis, maTi Sedegebi ar
unda ganapirobebdes indi-
vidis ganviTarebisa da
cvlilebebis ganxorciele-
bis SesaZleblobis SezRud-
vas.
rodesac Sefasebis Sedegebi
momavalSi gavlenas axdens
individis cxovrebaze, gamo-
yenebuli teqnikebi unda
iyos sando da validuri
rogorc am individTan, ise
_ gamoyenebis mizanTan
mimarTebaSi.
ZiriTadi cnebebi
qronologiuri asaki
kreatuloba
kriteriumis validoba
kristalizebuli inteleqti
divergentuli azrovneba
emociuri inteleqtiQ
TvalsaCino validoba
fluiduri inteleqti
formaluri Sefaseba
memkvidreobiTobis
maCvenebeli
inteleqti
inteleqtis koeficienti (IQ)
Sinagani SeTanxmebuloba
gonebrivi asaki
gonebrivi CamorCeniloba
normebi
paraleluri formebi
prognozirebadi validuroba
fsiqologiuri Sefaseba
fsiqometria
sandooba
SuaSi gaxleCvis sandooba
standartizeba
stereotipuli muqara
test-retestuli sandooba
validoba
adamianis ganviTareba cxovrebis manZilze

11
ganviTarebis Seswavla da axsna
• ganviTarebis aRwera • ganvi-
Tarebis axsna
fizikuri ganviTareba cxovrebis
manZilze
• ganviTareba Canasaxisa da
adreuli bavSvobis periodSi
• fizikuri ganviTareba mozar-
dobaSi • fizikuri cvlile-
bebi mozrdilobaSi
kognituri ganviTareba cxovrebis
manZilze
• piaJes aRmoCenebi kognituri
ganviTarebis Sesaxeb • adre-
uli kognituri ganviTarebis
Tanamedrove midgomebi
• kognituri ganviTareba moz-
rdilobaSi
enis aTviseba
• sityvebisa da metyvelebis
aRqma • sityvebis mniSvnelo-
baTa daswavla • gramatikis
Seswavla
socialuri ganviTareba cxovrebis
manZilze
• eriksonis fsiqosocialuri
stadiebi • socialuri gan-
viTareba bavSvobaSi • soci-
aluri ganviTareba mozar-
dobaSi • socialuri ganvi-
Tareba mozrdilobaSi
fsiqologia Cvens cxovrebaSi: ra
gavlenas axdens baga-baRi bavSvis
ganviTarebaze
genderuli ganviTareba
• sqesi da genderi • genderuli
rolebis aTviseba
moraluri ganviTareba
• moraluri gansjis stadiebi
kolbergis mixedviT • gende-
robisa da kulturis gavlena
moralur gansjaze • viswav-
loT sworad da warmate-
bulad dabereba
sakvanZo sakiTxebi
• ZiriTadi cnebebi 397
 v fiqrob, rom Cemnair bavSvobas yve-
la inatrebda. mamaCemi eqimi iyo
da deda _ sadazRvevo agenti. Tan-
daTan finansuri mdgomareoba umjobesdeboda
da es yvelas moswonda, magram aravis rCeboda
dro ojaxisaTvis. gesmiT risi Tqma minda? mama
cdilobda eSova fuli da eyida dedasTvis
„mersedesi~, gvelis tyavis fexsacmeli da sxva
msgavsi ram, magram ojaxisTvis aravis ecala.
ase rom, Tqven warmoidgineT, me, ZiriTadad,
garemosgan vswavlobdi yvelafers. vswavlobdi
mezobeli bavSvebisagan.
vinaidan ojaxisTvis dro aravis hqonda, me
yvela araswori saqcielisaTvis visjebodi, mag-
ram arasodes viRebdi Seqebas kargi qcevis gamo.
es mudam ase iyo. maS, Caidine raime onavroba,
Tavi 11 / adamianis ganviTareba cxovrebis manZilze
es aris atlantaSi mcxovrebi 16 wlis afro-
amerikelis, derilis, sityvebi. aSkaraa, rom
movlenebma, romelTac misi warsuli ganapirobes,
misi samomavlo miswrafebebic ganapirobes (Good-
millie, 1993, gv. 28-29). rogor mivida derili aseT
daskvnamde? rogor viTardeboda misi azrovneba
wlebis ganmavlobaSi? me-11 TavSi Cven Sevec-
debiT, gaviazroT im ZalaTa moqmedeba, romlebic
individTa cxovrebas mTeli sicocxlis manZilze
ayalibeben.
warmoidgineT, rom xelSi axalSobili
giWiravT. ramdenad zustad SegiZliaT gansa-
zRvroT, rogori iqneba igi erTi wlis Semdeg?
xuTi wlis Semdeg? TxuTmetis? ormocdaaTis?
samocdaaTis? oTxmocdaaTis? Tqveni winaswar-
398 metyveleba, albaT, zogadisa da konkretulis
rom migtyepon. samagierod, yuradRebas mainc
miiqcev ramiT.
is, rac me minda, rom gavakeTo, Cemi sakuTari
skolis gaxsnaa. aTi wlis Semdeg Cems Tavs
skolaSi vxedav, magram ara Cveulebriv saklaso
oTaxSi, aramed skolaSi, romelSic ar iqneba
asaxuli Cveni politikuri da ekonomikuri siste-
mis mankierebani. es sistema xom viRacaze upi-
ratesobis mopovebas gulisxmobs.
Cemi skola ubralod Tanasworuflebiani
maswavleblebis skola iqneba _ TeTrkaniani,
Savkaniani, laTino-amerikeli, Cineli, nebis-
mieri, radgan es yvelaferi sulier aRzevebas
da Tavisuflebas emsaxureba. araviTari komer-
cia. fuliT SeiZleba iyido didi „mersedesi~
da vila, magram Tu Seni suli daukmayofilebe-
lia, Sen mainc ubeduri pirovneba xar.
nazavs daefuZneba. bavSvi, albaT, namdvilad
iswavlis enas, magram is SeiZleba iyos an ar
iyos niWieri mwerali. Tqveni winaswarmetyve-
leba, aseve, SeiZleba Tandayolilisa da garemo
pirobebis gaTvaliswinebas daefuZnos: Tu orive
mSobeli niWieri mwerali iyo, Tqven SeiZleba
ifiqroT, rom bavSvic, aseve, literaturuli
niWiT iqneba dajildoebuli. bavSvs rom ganaT-
leba mdidrul garemocvaSi hqonoda miRebuli,
Tqven SeiZleba gefiqraT, rom misi akademiuri
moswreba gadaaWarbebda mSoblebisas. am TavSi
Cven aRvwerT ganviTarebis fsiqologiis Teo-
riebs, romlebic saSualebas gvaZlevs, sistemu-
rad gaviazroT, Tu ra tipis prognozis gakeTeba
SegviZlia axalSobilis momavlis Sesaxeb.

cxrili
11.1
ganviTarebis safexurebi
safexuri asaki
Canasaxovani dabadebis wina periodi
(prenataluri)
Cvili bavSvoba dabadebidan 18 Tvemde
adreuli bavSvoba daaxloebiT 18 Tvidan 6 wlamde
gviani bavSvoba daaxloebiT 6 wlidan 13 wlamde
mozardoba daaxloebiT 13 wlidan 20 wlamde
axalgazrdoba 1 daaxloebiT 20 wlidan 30 wlamde
mowifuloba daaxloebiT 30 wlidan 65 wlamde
xnovani daaxloebiT 65 wlidan zeviT
ganviTarebis fsiqologia aris fsiqologiis
sfero, romelic Seiswavlis cvlilebebs adamia-
nis fizikur da fsiqologiur funqcionirebaSi
Casaxvidan sicocxlis bolomde. ganviTarebis
fsiqologebis amocanaa, gaarkvion, rogor da
ratom icvlebian organizmebi drois ganmav-
lobaSi da aRweron da axsnan es cvlilebebi.
mkvlevrebi swavloben drois periodebs, romelTa
ganmavlobaSic pirvelad iCens Tavs sxvadasxva
unarebi da funqciebi da akvirdebian, Tu rogor
icvleba es unarebi. ZiriTadi winapirobaa is,
rom adamianis fsiqikuri funqcionireba, socia-
luri urTierTobebi da sxva sasicocxlod au-
cilebeli aspeqtebi viTardeba da icvleba mTeli
cxovrebis ganmavlobaSi. cxrili 11.1 miaxloebiT
gviCvenebs sicocxlis ZiriTad periodebs.
am TavSi warmogidgenT, Tu rogor ikvleven
mkvlevrebi ganviTarebas da rogor warmoadgenen
im Teoriebs, romelTa saSualebiTac cdiloben
droTa ganmavlobaSi momxdari cvlilebebis
axsnas. Semdeg Tqvens cxovrebiseul gamocdi-
lebebs sxvadasxva sferoebad davyofT da
TiToeuli maTganis gaTvaliswinebiT ganvixi-
lavT ganviTarebas. Tavis dasawyisSi Cven yurad-
Rebas fizikur, kognitur da enobriv ganviTa-
rebaze SevaCerebT. Semdeg ki yuradRebas gavamax-
vilebT socialuri urTierTobebis cvalebad
1
cxrilSi mocemuli Semdegi sami kategoria erTian-
deba ufro did kategoriaSi da ewodeba mozrdiloba.
originaluri teqstis mixedviT aris: mozrdiloba,
sadac Sedis: (1) adreuli mozrdiloba _ aq: axal-
gazrdoba, (2) Suaxnis mozrdiloba _ aq: mowifuloba
da (3) gviani mozrdiloba _ aq: xnovani. (mTargmnelis
SeniSvna)
bunebaze sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi da, aseve, im
specifikur amocanebze, romelTa winaSec ada-
mianebi dgebian cxovrebis garkveul etapebze.
axla gavarkvioT, ras niSnavs ganviTarebis Ses-
wavla.
ganviTarebis Seswavla da
axsna
warmoidgineT, rom gTxoveT yvela im cvli-
lebis siis Sedgena, romelic, Tqveni azriT,
bolo erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi ganicadeT. ras
CawerdiT am siaSi? xom ar CaerTeT fizikuri
gajansaRebis axal programaSi? an xom ar
gankurnebulxarT raime daavadebisagan? xom ar
gagCeniaT raime axali hobi an interesi? megobar-
Ta axali wre xom ar SegiZeniaT? vinmes gansakuT-
rebiT xom ar dauaxlovdiT? rodesac ganviTa-
rebas aRvwerT, Cven mis konceptualizacias
cvlilebis terminebiT vaxdenT. Cven gTxoveT
sakuTar cxovrebaSi momxdar cvlilebebze
fiqri, raTa dagvenaxvebina, rom cvlileba TiT-
qmis yovelTvis niSnavs kompromiss. xSirad
adamianebi cxovrebas ganixilaven, rogorc, Zi-
riTadad, SeZenis process (ukeTesobisaken svlas)
bavSvobaSi da, piriqiT, dakargvis process (da-
nakargs, uaresobisaken svlas) xandazmul asakSi.
ganviTarebis Cveneuli perspeqtiva aqcents
imaze akeTebs, rom arCevanebi da, Sesabamisad,
mogebebi da danakargebi ganviTarebis yvela etaps
axasiaTebs (Dixon 1999; Uttal & Perlmutter, 1989).
magaliTad, rodesac adamianebi cxovrebis Tanam-
gzavrs irCeven, isini Tmoben farTo arCevanis
saSualebas, magram iZenen usafrTxoebas. rodesac ganviTarebis Seswavla da axsna
adamianebi berdebian da pensiaze gadian, isini
Tmoben statuss, magram iZenen Tavisufal dros.
agreTve, didi mniSvnaloba aqvs imas, rom
ganviTareba ar ganixiloT, rogorc pasiuri
procesi. Tqven dainaxavT, rom ganviTarebis bevri
cvlileba individisgan garemoSi aqtiur CarTvas
moiTxovs (Bronfenbenner, 1999; Bronfenbenner & Ceci,
1994).
ganviTarebis fsiqologia (Developmental psychol-
ogy) _ fsiqologiis dargi, romelic swavlobs
fizikuri da fsiqologiuri procesebis urTi-
erTqmedebas da ganviTarebis stadiebs mTeli
cxovrebis manZilze ganviTarebis poziciidan. 399
 axla, vnaxoT, rogor aRweren mkvlevrebi gan-
viTarebis cvlilebebs.
ganviTarebis aRwera
imisaTvis, rom aRvweroT cvlileba, pirveli
sasargeblo nabiji iqneba, davadginoT, Tu ras
warmoadgens da rogor gamoiyureba saSualo
adamiani garkveul asakSi garegnobis, gonebrivi
SesaZleblobebis da sxva faqtorebis mixedviT.
normatiuli kvlevebi cdiloben, aRweron konkre-
tuli asakis, an ganviTarebis konkretuli etapis
maxasiaTeblebi. sxvadasxva asakis individTa sis-
tematuri testirebis gziT, mkvlevrebi adgenen
ganviTarebis TvalSisacem Tvisebebs. bevr adami-
anze dakvirvebis safuZvelze es monacemebi uzrun-
velyofen normebs _ ganviTarebis, an miRwevis
standartul paternebs, romelic didi raode-
nobiT adamianebze dakvirvebiT aris miRebuli.
normatiuli standartebis saSualebiT fsiqo-
logebi erTmaneTisgan mijnaven qronologiur
asaks _ pirovnebis dabadebidan gasuli Tveebisa
Tu wlebis raodenobas da ganviTarebis asaks _
qronologiur asaks, rodesac adamianebis umrav-
lesoba avlens fizikuri da gonebrivi ganviTa-
rebis garkveul dones. sami wlis bavSvi, rome-
lic metyvelebs, rogorc saSualo 5 wlis bavSvi,
iTvleba, rom metyvelebis ganviTarebis mixedviT
Tavi 11 / adamianis ganviTareba cxovrebis manZilze
is 5 wlisaa. normebi uzrunvelyofs standartul
baziss, romlis safuZvelzec SesaZlebeli xdeba
individebisa da jgufebis urTierTSedareba.
cvlilebaTa SesaZlo meqanizmis gasagebad
ganviTarebis fsiqologebi kvlevis ramdenime
normatiuli kvleva (normative investigation) _
gulisxmobs gansazRvruli asakisa Tu ganvi-
Tarebis safexurisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli Tvi-
sebebis aRweras.
qronologiuri asaki (chronological age) _ indi-
vidis dabadebidan gasuli Tveebis an wlebis
raodenoba.
ganviTarebis asaki (developmental age) _ qrono-
logiuri asaki, romlis drosac bavSvebis umrav-
lesoba amJRavnebs fizikuri Tu gonebrivi
ganviTarebis garkveul dones.
longituduri meTodi (longitudinal design) _ kvle-
vis meTodi, romlis drosac erTsa da imave
cdis pirebze warmoebs ganmeorebiTi dakvirveba
droTa ganmavlobaSi, zogjer mravali wlis
400
manZilze.
models iyeneben. longituduri meTodis gamo-
yenebisas erTi da igive individebi mravali
wlis ganmavlobaSi sistematuri dakvirvebisa
da testirebis qveS imyofebian. magaliTad,
mkvlevrebs SeuZliaT ramdenime Tvis ganmav-
lobaSi kviraSi ramdenjerme ikvlion erTi da
igive bavSvebi, raTa, rac SeiZleba zustad
daafiqsiron is momenti, roca TiToeuli bavSvi
mza strategiis gamoyenebas daiwyebs ariTme-
tikuli amocanebis gadasawyvetad (Siegler & Crowley,
1991). cvlilebis momentis gamoyofiT mkvlevrebs
SeuZliaT ukeTesad dainaxon, Tu, kerZod, ra
uswrebs win ama Tu im cvlilebas. mkvlevrebi
longitudur meTods, aseve, xSirad iyeneben
individualuri gansxvavebebis Sesaswavlad.
sxvadasxva adamianis cxovrebis mimarTulebisa
da Sedegebis ukeT gasagebad mkvlevrebma SeiZ-
leba Seafason mTeli rigi SesaZlo mizezobrivi
faqtorebisa, romelic cxovrebis adreul
periodSi moqmedebs da naxon, ra gavlenas axdens
es faqtorebi calkeuli individis cxovrebaze.
grZelvadiani gamokvlevis upiratesoba isaa,
rom, vinaidan cdis pirebi, ZiriTadad, erTgvar
sicialur-ekonomikur pirobebSi erTsa da imave
socialur-ekonomikur periodSi cxovroben,
SevZlebT asakTan dakavSirebuli cvlilebebis
dafiqsirebas da isini ar agvereva socialuri
pirobebis cvalebadobaSi (Schaie, 1989). am meTodis
minusi ki isaa, rom ganzogadeba SeiZleba gakeT-
des mxolod imave kohortaze, anu kvlevaSi Car-
Tuli subieqtebis analogiur periodSi daba-
debul adamianebze. amasTanave, longituduri
kvlevebi Zviri jdeba, radgan Znelia cdis
pirebze dakvirveba drois xangrZlivi monakve-
Tebis manZilze da, Tanac, monacemebi advilad
SeiZleba daikargos cdis pirTa kvlevidan gas-
vlis an gauCinarebis gamo.
ganviTarebis kvlevaTa umravlesoba e. w. jva-
redini Seswavlis meTods iyenebs, sadac sxva-
dasxva qronologiuri asakis mqone cdis pirTa
jgufebze erTdroulad dakvirvebac xdeba da
urTierTSedarebac. Sedegad, mkvlevars SeuZlia
daaskvnas im qceviTi gansxvavebebis Taobaze,
romlebic, SesaZloa, dakavSirebuli iyos
asakobriv cvlilebebTan. magaliTad, mkvlevrebma
imis Sesaswavlad, Tu rogor uzrunvelyofen
erTmaneTisTvis megobrebi socialur mxarda-
Weras, maT SeiZleba erTnairi laboratoriuli
davalebebi miscen 11, 15 19 wlis mozardTa
 wyvilebs (Denton & Zarbatany, 1996). jvaredini
Seswavlis meTodis nakli momdinareobs iqidan,
rom erTmaneTs sxvadasxva qronologiuri asakis
individebi dardeba. asakobrivi cvlilebebis
Sefasebisas gaugebrobas qmnis sxvadasxva Taobaze
moqmedi gansxvavebuli socialur-politikuri
pirobebi. Sesabamisad, 10 da 18 wlis individTa
SerCevebis SedarebiTi Seswavlisas, romelic
axla tardeba, SeiZleba gairkves, rom es ada-
jvaredini Seswavlis meTodi (cross-sectional de-
sign) _ kvlevis meTodi, romelic gulisxmobs
sxvadasxva asakis adamianTa jgufebze dakvir-
vebasa da erTmaneTTan Sedarebas.
mianebi gansxvavdebian TavianTi Tanatolebisgan,
romlebic 1970-ian wlebSi gaizardnen, rogorc
epoqis, ise _ ganviTarebis stadiebis Tavisebu-
rebebiT.
TiToeuli meTodologia asakis matebasTan
dakavSirebuli cvlilebis aRweris saSualebas
iZleva, magram rogor xdeba cvlilebis mTliani
paternis axsna? axla am sakiTxs ganvixilavT.
ganviTarebis axsna
TiTqmis yvela bavSvi eufleba enas, Tumca,
TiToeuli bavSvi amas odnav gansxvavebulad
akeTebs. marTalia, mozardTa umravlesoba ufro
ganviTarebis Seswavla da axsna
401
 racionalurad azrovnebs, vidre maTze umcro-
sebi, magram gvxvdebian iseTebic, romlebic Ta-
vianT Tanatolebze ukeT azrovneben. ganviTare-
bis asaxsnelad aucilebelia rogorc cvli-
lebaTa universaluri, saerTo aspeqtebis, aseve,
TiToeuli individisTvis damaxasiaTebeli
specifikuri, unikaluri aspeqtebis gaTvalis-
wineba.
ganviTarebis Teoriebs Soris yvelaze mkveTri
gansvla bavSvobaSi mimdinare cvlilebebs ukav-
Sirdeba. sakiTxi isaa, Tu rogor jobia axal-
Sobilsa da, vTqvaT, 10 wlis bavSvs Soris ar-
sebuli mkveTri siRrmiseuli ganxvavebebis axsna:
ramdenad aris aseTi ganviTareba ganpirobebuli
memkvidreobiT (bunebiT) da ramdenad _ daswavlis
SedegiT (garemo)? didi xania, rac filosofosebi,
fsiqologebi da pedagogebi Tandayolili-
SeZenilis dapirispirebaze, memkvidreobiTobisa
da daswavlis fardobiT mniSvnelovnebaze
kamaToben. erT mxares arian isini, visac mianCia,
rom adamiani yovelgvari codnisa da SesaZ-
leblobebis gareSe ibadeba da rom gamocdileba,
daswavlis formiT, waruSlel kvals tovebs
axalSobilis Camouyalibebeli gonebis sufTa
dafaze (laTinurad tabula rasa). es mosazreba,
romelic britanelma filosofosma jon lokma
(John Locke) wamoayena, empirizmis saxeliT aris
cnobili. adamianis ganviTareba gamocdilebas
Tavi 11 / adamianis ganviTareba cxovrebis manZilze
miewereba. empiristebs miaCniaT, rom adamianis
ganviTarebas aRzrda warmarTavs. mecnierTa
Soric, vinc ar eTanxmeboda maT, iyo frangi
filosofosi Jan-Jak ruso (Jean-Jacques Rousseau).
is nativistur poziciaze idga da Tvlida, rom
buneba, anu evoluciuri memkvidreoba, romelsac
flobs TiToeuli bavSvi, misi ganviTarebis sqemas
ganapirobebs.
empiricistebsa da nativistebs Soris kamaTi
gamwvavda, rodesac 1798 wels safrangeTSi, sofel
aveironis maxloblad tyeSi ipoves, savaraudod,
cxovelebis gazrdili biWi. iTvleboda, rom am
12 wlis velur bavSvSi, romelic cnobili gaxda,
rogorc veluri biWi aveironidan, imaleboda
pasuxebi adamianis bunebis Sesaxeb arsebiT
kiTxvebze: SeeZlo ki am bavSvs mas Semdeg, rac
buneba-aRzrdis dapirispireba (nature-nurture con-
troversy) _ kamaTi qcevisa da ganviTarebis gan-
sazRvraSi Tandayolilisa (bunebis) da SeZenili
gamocdilebis (aRzrdis) fardobiTi mniSvne-
402 lovnebis Sesaxeb.
bavSvoba adamianTan kontaqtis gareSe gaatara,
namdvili adamiani gamxdariyo?
axalgazrda eqimma, Jan mark itardma (Jean Marc
Itard) rTuli amocanis Sesruleba daisaxa miznad
_ aRezarda da civilizaciisTvis eziarebina
veluri biWi, romelsac man viqtori daarqva.
Tavidan itardis intensiuri swavlebis programa
warmatebuli Canda. viqtori mosiyvarule da
zrdilobian bavSvad iqca da miTiTebebis
Sesrulebac iswavla. Tumca, xuTi wlis Semdeg
progresi SeCerda da itardi iZulebuli gaxda,
Seewyvita eqsperimenti (Itard, 1802/1962). ra gaxda
warumateblobis mizezi: buneba Tu aRzrda?
SesaZloa, Cvili viqtori imitom miatoves bedis
anabara, rom ar viTardeboda. Tu marTlac es
iyo mizezi, nebismieri varjiSi mxolod garkveul
farglebSi iqneboda Sedegiani. Tu es ase ar
iyo, daexmareboda Tu ara swavlebis Tanamedrove
meTodebi biWs ufro srulad ganviTarebaSi, vidre
es itardis meTodebma SeZlo (Harlen Lane, 1976,
1986)? erT-erTi specialisti, romelmac viqtoris
istoria Seiswavla, fiqrobs, rom es SemTxveva
naTlad gviCvenebs adreuli socialuri kontaq-
tebis gadamwyvet rols komunikaciur da gonebriv
ganviTarebaSi.
dResdReobiT mkvlevrebi bunebisa da aRzrdis
gavlenis Sesaswavlad mTel rig meTodebs floben
da aRar sWirdebaT bunebis iseTi samwuxaro
eqsperimentebis gamoyeneba, rogoric viqtoris
SemTxveva iyo. Cven viciT, rom lokisa da rusos
ukiduresi poziciebi usamarTloa adamianis
qcevis mravalferovnebis mimarT. TiTqmis nebis-
mieri rTuli qceva ganpirobebulia rogorc
individualuri biologiuri memkvidreobiT, ise
_ piradi gamocdilebiT. Cveni survilia, bunebisa
da aRzrdis urTierTqmedebas aseT WrilSi
SexedoT: memkvidreobiToba uzrunvelyofs poten-
cials; gamocdileba gansazRvravs am potencialis
ganxorcielebis mimarTulebas. wimandebare TavSi
davinaxavT, Tu rogor viTardeba da realizdeba
potenciali unikaluri adamianebis cxovrebaSi.
Sejameba
ganviTarebis fsiqologebi gvTavazoben Teo-
riebs, raTa axsnan, Tu rogor da ratom icvlebian
adamianebi cxovrebis ganmavlobaSi. calkeuli
asakisa da grZelvadiani ganviTarebis etapebis
Taviseburebebis aRsawerad mkvlevrebi normatiul
kvlevebs iyeneben. longituduri kvlevebi in-
dividebis erT garkveul jgufs xangrZlivi drois
manZilze Seiswavlian; jvaredini meTodebi sxva-
dasxva asakobriv jgufebs erTdroulad ikvleven.
filosofosebi da fsiqologebi odiTganve
kamaTobdnen ganviTarebis cvlilebebis gan-
sazRvraSi Tandayolilisa da SeZenilis far-
dobiT mniSvnelovnebaze. dResdReobiT mkvle-
varTa umravlesoba ganviTarebas ganixilavs,
rogorc bunebisa da aRzrdis urTierTqmedebas.
fizikuri ganviTareba
cxovrebis manZilze
ganviTarebis mravali tipi, romelsac am TavSi
aRvwerT, dasadgenad da gansasazRvrad garkveul
specialur codnas moiTxovs. magaliTad, Tqven
SeiZleba verc ki SegemCniaT socialuri
ganviTarebis mniSvnelovani momentebi manam, sanam
aq ar waikiTxavdiT maT Sesaxeb. Tumca, adamianis
ganviTarebaze saubars im sferos ganxilviT
daviwyebT, sadac cvlilebebi xSirad Zalze
TvalsaCinoa: esaa fizikuri ganviTareba. ueW-
velia, rom Tqven uzarmazari fizikuri cvli-
lebebi ganicadeT mas Semdeg, rac am qveyanas
moevlineT. es cvlilebebi Tqveni cxovrebis
bolomde gagrZeldeba. vinaidan fizikuri
cvlilebebi uamravia, Cven mxolod im cvlile-
bebze SevaCerebT yuradRebas, romlebic fsiqo-
logiur ganviTarebaze zemoqmedeben.
ganviTareba Canasaxisa da
adreuli bavSvobis periodSi
Tqven cxovrebas unikaluri genetikuri po-
tencialiT iwyebT: Casaxvis momentSi mamakacis
spermatozoidma gaanayofiera qalis kvercx-
ujredi da warmoiqmna erTi ujredi _ zigota;
Tqven dedisgan miiReT yvela normaluri ada-
mianis sxeulis ujredisTvis damaxasiaTebeli
46 qromosomis erTi naxevari, mamisagan ki _
meore naxevari. am qveTavSi detalurad ganvi-
xilavT fizikur ganviTarebas Canasaxovan
periodSi _ Casaxvis momentidan dabadebis momen-
tamde. agreTve, aRvwerT zogierT sensorul
ganviTarebasTan erTad, nayofis Tavis
tvini wuTSi axal 250 000 neirons
warmoSobs. ramdenad unda iyos Tavis
tvini ganviTarebuli bavSvis dabade-
bisas?
SesaZleblobas, romelsac bavSvi ker kidev
dabadebamde flobs. dasasrul, visaubrebT
bavSvobis asakis mniSvnelovan fizikur cvli-
lebebze.
fizikuri ganviTareba saSvilosnoSi
nebismieri bavSvis yvelaze adreuli funqcio-
nirebis formaa guliscema. guliscema iwyeba
Canasaxovan periodSi, dabadebamde, roca embrioni
3 kviris da 20 mm sigrZisaa. reaqcia stimulaciaze
6 kviris asakSi SeiniSneba, roca embrioni jer
ar aris 2,5 sm sigrZis. spontanuri moZraobebi
SeimCneva 8 kviris asakSi (Carmichael, 1970; Humprey,
1970).
fizikuri ganviTareba cxovrebis manZilze
8 kviris Semdeg ganviTarebad embrions nayofi
(fetusi) ewodeba. Casaxvidan daaxloebiT 16 kviris
Semdeg deda nayofis moZraobebs grZnobs. am
droisaTvis nayofi daaxloebiT 23 sm sigrZisaa
(dabadebisas saSualo sigrZe 50 sm-ia). vinaidan
Tavis tvini muclad yofnis dros izrdeba, is
wuTSi 250 000 axal neirons warmoqmnis.
dabadebis momentisaTvis maTi ricxvi 100
miliardze mets aRwevs (Cowan, 1979). adamianebSi
da sxva mraval ZuZumwovarSi ujredebis es
gavrceleba da neironebis migracia Sesabamisi
fizikuri ganviTareba (physical development) _
Casaxvidan mTeli cxovrebis manZilze mimdinare
sxeulebrivi cvlilebebi, momwifeba da zrda.
zigota (zygote) _ erTi ujredi, romelic
warmoiqmneba spermatozoidis mier kvercx-
ujredis ganayofierebis Sedegad.
403
 suraTi
11,1
adamianis tvinis
ganviTareba
cxra Tvis manZilze, ro-
melic dabadebas uswrebs
win, tvinSi srulad grov-
deba 100 miliard neironze
meti.
Tavi 11 / adamianis ganviTareba cxovrebis manZilze

adgilebisken swored Canasaxovan periodSi xdeba,

maSin, roca aqsonebisa da dendritebis gan-
totebis ganviTarebis procesebi, ZiriTadad,
dabadebis Semdeg iwyeba (Kolb, 1989). suraTi 11.1
gviCvenebs Tavis tvinis ganviTarebis Tanmim-
devrobas 25 dRidan 9 Tvemde.
orsulobis pirveli Tveebis ganmavlobaSi
iseT faqtorebs, rogoricaa araswori kveba,
infeqcia, radiacia an narkotikebis moxmareba,
bavSvis sxeulis struqturisa da organoebis
normaluri ganviTarebis darRveva SeiZleba
mohyves. magaliTad, rodesac Casaxvidan ori an
oTxi kviris Semdeg deda wiTuriT inficirdeba,
50%-ia imis albaToba, rom bavSvze es iseTi
uaryofiTi Sedegebis saxiT aisaxeba, rogoricaa
gonebrivi CamorCeniloba, mxedvelobis dazia-
neba, gulis defeqtebi, an siyrue. Tu inficireba
sxva dros xdeba, maSin arasasurveli efeqtis
albaToba mniSvnelovnad naklebia (22% _ meore
404 Tveze, 8% _ mesameze) (Murata, 1992). aseve, dedebi,
romlebic senzitiur periodSi, anu, rodesac
nayofi gansakuTrebiT mowyvladia, garkveul
nivTierebebs moixmaren, magaliTad, alkohols,
TavianT jer ardabadebul Svilebs tvinis da
sxva organoebis Tu sxeulis nawilebis dazia-
nebis riskis winaSe ayeneben (Goodlet & Johnson,
1999; Jacobson, 1993; Roebuck, 1999). magaliTad, saxis
anomaliebis ganviTareba yvelaze xSirad orsu-
lobis pirveli ori Tvis ganmavlobaSi dedis
mier alkoholis moxmarebis Sedegia (Coles, 1994).
garda amisa, sigaretis mweveli dedebic riskis
qveS ayeneben TavianT Svilebs, gansakuTrebiT
orsulobis meore naxevarSi. orsulobis dros
moweva zrdis mkvdrad Sobis, naadrevad mSobia-
robis da bavSvis nakluli woniT dabadebis
risks. faqtobrivad, im qalebs, romlebic orsu-
lobis dros iZulebulni arian, CaisunTqon
Tambaqos kvamli, aseve, SeiZleba hyavdeT
naklebwoniani bavSvebi (Dejin-Karllson et al., 1998).
orsulobisas zogierTma nivTierebam praqti-
kulad nebismier dros SeiZleba miayenos ziani
nayofs. magaliTad, kokaini placentaSi aRwevs biheviorizmis fuZemdebeli jon uotsoni aR-
da Canasaxis ganviTarebis Seferxeba SeuZlia. werda Cvils, rogorc „sicocxlisunarian,
mozrdilebSi kokaini sisxlZarRvebis Seviwro- mofarTxale xorcis naWers, romelsac ramdenime
vebas iwvevs. orsul qalebSi kokaini aferxebs martivi reaqciis ganxorcieleba SeuZlia~. Tu
placentaSi sisxlis moZraobas da nayofis es marTalia, albaT, gagikvirdebaT imis gageba,
JangbadiT momaragebas. Jangbadis seriozuli rom dabadebidan ramdenime wamSi axalSobili
SimSilis Sedegad SeiZleba gaskdes kidec na- grZnobis organoebiT informaciis miRebis da
yofis Tavis tvinis sisxlZarRvebi. aseTma pre- masze reagirebis gasaocar unars avlens. SeiZleba
natalurma insultebma SeiZleba samudamo fsi- iTqvas, rom bavSvebi momarTulebi arian ga-
qikuri arasrulfasovneba gamoiwvios (Chasnoff, darCenisaTvis~ da kargad arian adaptirebulni,
1998; Koren, 1998). kvleva aCvenebs, rom kokaini

fizikuri ganviTareba cxovrebis manZilze

yvelaze metad Tavis tvinis im sistemebs azianebs,
romlebic yuradRebis marTvaze ageben pasuxs:
bavSvebi, romlebmac muclad yofnisas kokainis
zemoqmedeba ganicades, SeiZleba mTeli cxov-
rebis manZilze uSedegod ewinaaRmdegebodnen
maTTvis uintereso mxedvelobiT da smeniT da
gamRizianeblebze yuradRebis gadatanas.
am magaliTebiT gvsurda, gveCvenebina, rom
sxeulsa da tvins bavSvis dabadebamdec ki
ayalibebs bunebisa da garemos urTierTqmedeba.
bavSvebi momarTulni arian
gadarCenisaTvis
ra SesaZleblobebia Cadebuli sxeulsa da
tvinSi dabadebisas? Cven miveCvieT azrs, rom
axalSobili sruliad umweo da ususuria.
raTa reagireba moaxdinon maTze mzrunvel
mozrdilebze da imoqmedon irgvliv myof
adamianebze.
magaliTad, Cvilebs dabadebamdec SeuZliaT
bgerebis gagoneba, Sesabamisad, isini mzad arian
dabadebis Semdeg garkveul bgerebze reagire-
bisTvis. axalSobilebs, sxva qalebis xmebze
metad, dedis xmis mosmena urCevniaT, rac
gvafiqrebinebs, rom muclad yofnisas isini
dedis xmis cnobas swavloben (Decasper & Fifer,
1980). mkvlevrebma isic daasabuTes, rom axalSo-
bilebi TavianTi dedebis imgvarad Secvlil
xmas cnoben, rogoric bunebrivad aRwevs
saSvilosnoSi, anu dedis sxeulis qsovilebis
gavlis Sedegad Secvlils (anu zogierTi
sixSiris bgerebi ifiltreba) (Spence & Decasper,
1987; Spence & Freeman, 1996). ase rom, axalSobilebi
cnoben im xmebs, romlebic axlosaa maT Cana- 405
 saxovan gamocdilebasTan. samwuxarod, maT
mamebisagan arasakmarisi bgeriTi gamocdileba
aqvT: axalSobilebi saerTod ar aqceven yurad-
Rebas mamis xmas (Decasper & Prescott, 1984). oTxi
Tvis asakSic ki, axalSobilebi mamis xmas ver
arCeven ucxo mamakacis xmisagan (Ward & Cooper,
1999).
Cvilebi TiTqmis dabadebisTanave iwyeben
mxedvelobiT sistemebis gamoyenebasac: daba-
debidan sul ramdenime wuTSi bavSvs ukve Ria
aqvs Tvalebi, Tavs abrunebs xmis mimarTulebiT
da cnobismoyvareobiT eZebs am xmis wyaros.
miuxedavad amisa, Cvilis mxedveloba sustadaa
ganviTarebuli, sxva SegrZnebebTan SedarebiT.
mozrdilTa mxedvelobis simaxvile daaxloebiT
40-jer ukeTesia, vidre axalSobilebisa (Sireteanu,
1999). mxedvelobis simaxvile swrafad umjobes-
deba bavSvis sicocxlis pirveli 6 Tvis gan-
mavlobaSi. axalSobilebi, agreTve, cudad
aRiqvamen samyaros sam ganzomilebaSi: mxolod
4 Tvis asakSi SeuZliaT maT orive TvaliT
miRebuli informaciis Sejereba da siRrmisa
da manZilis aRqma. kargi mxedveloba _ kontras-
tis aRqma, mxedvelobis simaxvile da ferebis
garCeva _ Tvalis receptoruli velis centrSi
uamravi fotoreceptoruli ujredis funqcioni-
rebas da Tvalis optikis saTanadod ganviTarebas
moiTxovs (ix. Tavi 4). mravali am komponentTagani
Tavi 11 / adamianis ganviTareba cxovrebis manZilze
mosamwifebelia Cvilis mxedvelobis sistemaSi.
kargi mxedvelobisaTvis, aseve, saWiroa, rom Tavis
tvinis vizualur qerqSi arsebul uamrav neirons
Soris urTierTqmedeba vizualur gamocdilebas
Seesabamebodes (Maurer, 1999). dabadebisas
neironebs Soris arasakmarisi urTierTqmedebaa.
bavSvebs kargi mxedvelobis gareSec SeuZliaT
garkveuli gamRizianeblebis erTmaneTisagan
garCeva. mkvlevarTa Soris erT-erTi pirvelTagani
_ robert fanci (Robert Fantz, 1963) akvirdeboda
rom 4 Tvis bavSvebs ukonturo obieqtebze metad
konturiani obieqtebis yureba erCivnaT, martiv
obieqtebze metad _ rTulis da arasworad
ganlagebuli nakvTebis mqone saxeebze metad _
mTliani, Cveulebrivi saxeebis. ufro gviandelma
kvlevebma cxadyo, rom bavSvebi dabadebidanve
adamianis saxeebs metad aniWeben upiratesobas,
vidre vizualurad msgavs gamosaxulebebs (Valenza
et al., 1996). faqtobrivad, 4 dRis asakSi
axalSobilebi cnoben dedis saxes.
406
saidan
viciT
axalSobilebi da maTi dedebis saxeebi
oTxi dRis Cvilebi moaTavses qafovani
masaliT damzadebul specialur savar-
ZelSi, romelic usafrTxod iWerda bavSvs
da, amasTan, Tavis aqeT-iqiT trialis
saSualebas aZlevda. savarZlebis win
moTavsebuli iyo nacrisferi ekrani, ro-
melzec amoWrili iyo ori sarkmeli.
eqsperimentis dros erT sarkmelSi dedis
saxe Canda, meoreSi ki _ ucnobi adamianis
(ucnobi qali ise iyo SerCeuli, rom
bundovnad hgavda dedas). dedasa da ucnob
qals eZleodaT instruqcia, rom See-
narCunebinaT saxis neitraluri gamome-
tyveleba da ar elaparakaT an emoZravaT.
aRmoCnda, rom cdis ganmavlobaSi bavSvebi
orjer met xans uyurebdnen TavianT dedebs,
vidre ucnobebs (Pascalis, 1995).
es Sedegi gviCvenebs, rom bavSvebi Zalze
adreul asakSive floben mniSvnelovan infor-
macias garemos Sesaxeb: es aris dedis saxis
nakvTebi. axla xedavT, Tu ratom vuwodeT Cvilebs
`gadarCenisaTvis momarTulebi~.
rogorc ki bavSvebi garemoSi moZraobas
daiwyeben, isini swrafad iZenen sxva perceptul
unarebs. magaliTad, eleonor gibsonisa (Eleanor
Gibson) da riCard uolqis (Richard Walk) kla-
sikurma kvlevam (1960) aCvena, Tu rogor
reagirebdnen bavSvebi siRrmis Sesaxeb infor-
maciaze. kvlevaSi gamoyenebuli iyo mowyobiloba,
romelsac vizualur ufskruls uwodeben. es
iyo gluvi SuSis zedapiris SuaSi moTavsebuli
gaumWvirvale sibrtye. didi da mcire siRrmeebis
Sesaqmnelad gamoiyeneboda kubokruli qsovili,
rogorc naCvenebia suraTze 11.2. Tavdapirvel
eqsperimentSi gibsonma da uolqma aCvenes, rom
bavSvebi yovelgvari yoymanis gareSe mixoxaven
SuSis SuaSi mdebare sibrtyidan mcire siRrmis
mimarTulebiT, magram uars amboben didi
siRrmisken wasvlaze.
Semdgomma kvlevebma aCvena, rom siRrmis SiSi
xoxvis gamocdilebidan momdinareobda: bavSvebs,
romelTac ukve dawyebuli hqondaT xoxva,
 suraTi
11.3
sicocxlis pirveli ori aTwleulis
ganmavlobaSi zrdis modeli
sicocxlis pirveli wlis ganmavlobaSi Zalian swra-
fad izrdeba neironTa raodenoba. es procesi bevrad
swrafad mimdinareobs, vidre zogadi fizikuri zrda.
amis sapirispirod, sqesobrivi momwifeba ar xdeba
mozardobis periodamde.

struqturisaTvis. Tqven, albaT, SegimCneviaT,

rom patarebi Tavkombalebs hgvanan. dabadebisas
bavSvis Tavi ukve mozrdilis Tavis zomis
TiTqmis 60%-s, xolo sakuTari sxeulis sigrZis
meoTxeds Seadgens (Bayley, 1956). dabadebidan eqvs

fizikuri ganviTareba cxovrebis manZilze

suraTi
11.2
vizualuri ufskruli
rodesac bavSvi mis irgvliv garemoSi xoxvis gamoc-
dilebas iRebs, igi ‚vizualuri ufskrulis~ Rrma
mxaris SiSs avlens.

eSinodaT siRrmis, xolo maT Tanatolebs, rom-

lebic jer ar xoxavdnen _ ar eSinodaT (Cam-
pos, 1992). amgvarad, simaRlis SiSi ar aris
sruliad Tandayolili, aramed viTardeba maSin,
rodesac bavSvi Tavad iwyebs garemos Seswavlas.

zrda da momwifeba bavSvobaSi

axalSobilebi saocrad swrafad icvlebian,
Tumca, rogorc 11.3 suraTzea naCvenebi, fizikuri
zrdis tempi erTnairi ar aris yvela fizikuri
407
 suraTi
11.4
moZraobis unars ganviTarebis Tanmimdevroba
siarulis unaris ganviTareba ar moiTxovs specialur swavlebas. is TavisiT viTardeba garkveuli
TanmimdevrobiT, rac Cveni saxeobis yvela fizikurad normalurad ganviTarebuli wevrebisTvisaa
damaxasiaTebeli. im kulturebSi, sadac bavSvebis stimulirebas adreul asakSi axdenen, patarebi
siaruls ufro adre iwyeben (Shirley, 1931).
Tavi 11 / adamianis ganviTareba cxovrebis manZilze

TveSi Cvilis sxeulis wona ormagdeba, xolo
erT weliwadSi _ sammagdeba. ori wlis asakSi
bavSvis tani misi saboloo (mozrdilobis dros
miRweuli) sigrZis naxevars udris. mozardobamde
genitaliebi mcireoden cvlilebas ganicdian
da Semdeg ki swrafad viTardebian zrdasrulis
proporciebamde.
bavSvTa umravlesobisaTvis fizikur zrdas
Tan sdevs motoruli unarebis momwifeba.
momwifeba aris maTTvis Cveul garemoSi saxeo-
bebis warmomadgenelTa tipuri zrdis procesi.
momwifebis Cveuli Tanmimdevroba, romelsac
axalSobili gadis, ganpirobebulia Tandayo-
lili biologiuri maxasiaTeblebisa da garemo
momwifeba (maturation) _ ganviTarebis ganmavlo-
baSi memkvidreobis uwyveti gavlena; saxeobe-
bisTvis damaxasiaTebeli, asakTan dakavSirebuli
fizikuri da qceviTi cvlilebebi.
faqtorebis urTierTqmedebiT. magaliTad, ro-
gorc 11.4 suraTzea mocemuli, gadaadgilebis
unaris ganviTarebisas bavSvi specialuri var-
jiSis gareSe swavlobs siaruls. es Tanmimdev-
roba saerToa bavSvebis umravlesobisTvis,
umciresobam ki SeiZleba gamotovos romelime
safexuri an sakuTari originaluri Tanmimdev-
robiT ganviTardes. miuxedavad amisa, im kultu-
rebSi, sadac naklebi fizikuri stimulacia
aqvT, bavSvebi siaruls SedarebiT gvian iwyeben.
magaliTad, amerikeli indielebi bavSvebs mWid-
rod Sekrul zurgze mosakidebeli artaxiT
atareben, romelic aferxebs siarulis swavlas,
Tumca, rogorc ki bavSvi ganTavisufldeba misgan,
igi lokomociis ganviTarebis zustad igive
safexurebs gaivlis. amrigad, SeiZleba vTqvaT,
rom yvela janmrTel axalSobils fizikuri
ganviTarebis erTnairi potenciali aqvs.

408

fizikuri ganviTareba
mozardobaSi
bavSvobis dasrulebis pirveli konkretuli
maCvenebelia pubertatis energiis mozRvaveba.
gogonebSi daaxloebiT 10 wlis asakisTvis da
biWebSi daaxloebiT 12 wlis asakisTvis zrdis
hormonebi sisxlSi gadasvlas iwyebs. ramdenime
wlis ganmavlobaSi mozardi SeiZleba weli-
wadSi 7-14-sm-iT gaizardos da sagrZnoblad moi-
matos wonaSi. mozardis sxeuli erTbaSad ar
aRwevs mozrdilis proporciebs. Tavdapirvelad
zrdasrulis zomamde izrdeba fexis terfebi
da xelis mtevnebi, Semdeg _ Tavad xelebi da
fexebi, xolo torsi yvelaze nela viTardeba.
amgvarad, individis sxeulis forma mozardobis
ganmavlobaSi ramdenjerme icvleba.
energiis mozRvavebis dawyebidan ori-sami
wlis Semdeg dgeba pubertati, anu sqesobrivi
simwife (laTinuri sityva pubertas niSnavs
„TmebiT dafaruls~ da miuTiTebs fexebsa da
xelebze, iRliebsa da genitalur areebSi Tmis
safaris ganviTarebaze). biWebisTvis sqesobrivi
momwifeba cocxali spermis warmoebiT, xolo
gogonebisTvis _ menarqeTi, anu menstruaciiT
iwyeba. aSS-Si menarqes saSualo asaki 12-13 welia,
Tumca, misi dawyeba normis farglebSi mosa-
lodnelia 11-dan 15 wlamde periodSi. biWebSi
cocxali spermis warmoeba pirvelad, saSualod,
12-14 wlis asakSi xdeba, Tumca, aqac SesaZlebelia
droSi variacia. am fizikur cvlilebebs xSirad
Tan sdevs sakuTari seqsualuri SegrZnebebis
gacnobiereba. seqsualuri motivaciis warmoqmnas
me-12 TavSi ganvixilavT.
sqesobriv momwifebasTan dakavSirebuli
fizikuri cvlilebebi gavlenas axdens mozardis
fsiqologiuri ganviTarebis sxva aspeqtebze. es
cvlilebebi xSirad ubiZgebs mas, rom didi
yuradReba dauTmos sakuTar garegnobas. uzar-
mazari fizikuri cvlilebebi da gaZlierebuli
aqcenti Tanatolebis mxridan aRiarebaze in-
dividis mier sakuTari sxeulis xatiT dainte-
resebas, sakuTari garegnobis subieqtur xedvas
aZlierebs. aTi sxvadasxva qveynis mozardebze
Catarebuli kvlevis monacemebma (maT Soris iyo
aSS, bangaladeSi, TurqeTi da taivani) cxadyo,
rom gogonebis 38% da biWebis 27% sakuTar Tavs
uSnod da aramimzidvelad Tvlis (Offer et al.,
1988). moWarbebulma wuxilma sakuTar garegnobasa
da socialuri me-s sxva aspetebze zogierTi
mozardi gogona SeiZleba TviTgvemamde miiyvanos
(Striegel-Moore & Cachelin, 1999). fizikur srulyofi-
lebaze TavianTi araswori warmodgenis Sesaba-
misi formebis miRwevis mcdelobiT mozardma
gogonebma SeiZleba seriozuli kvebiTi aSli-
loba ganiviTaron, rogoricaa anoreqsia, rac
SimSilobas gulisxmobs, da bulimia, romelic
sakvebis usazRvro raodenobiT STanTqmasa da
fizikuri ganviTareba cxovrebis manZilze
Semdeg kuW-nawlavis iZulebiT gawmendas ukavSir-
deba (me-12 TavSi ufro dawvrilebiT gavarCevT
kvebiT aSlilobebs). sabednierod, am problemaTa
gamwvavebis periodi adreul mozardobaSi mTavr-
deba. mozardebi TandaTanobiT eCvevian TavianT
garegnobas.
mozardobis periodis dasrulebis Semdeg
Tqveni sxeuli erTxel kidev aRwevs cxovrebis
pubertati (puberty) _ sqesobrivi momwifebis
miRweva. misi maCvenebeli gogonebTan aris
menarqes (pirveli menstruacia), xolo biWebTan
_ cocxali spermis warmoebisa da eakulaciis
unari.
menarqe (menarche) _ menstrualuri ciklis da-
wyeba.
sxeulis xati (body image) _ sakuTari sxeulis
409
garegnobis subieqturi aRqma.
 im xanas, rodesac biologiuri cvlilebebi talRis sigrZis ferebi _ iisferis, lurjisa
SedarebiT naklebad xdeba. Tqven SegiZliaT da mwvanis sxvadasxva elferi. brolis sixistem
Tavad imoqmedoT sakuTar sxeulze sxvadasxva SeiZleba gaaZnelos axlos myofi obieqtebis
saSualebebiT _ dietiTa da varjiSiT. cvli- danaxva. aseve, is gavlenas axdens sibnelesTan
lebebis Semdegi nakadi, romelic asakis moma- adaptaciaze, rac asakovan adamianebs RamiT xedvis
tebis Sedegia, mowifulobasa da xnovanobaze problemas uqmnis. mxedvelobis cvlilebebis
(anu zrdasrulobis Sua da bolo periodze) umravlesoba koreqtirdeba linzebiT.
modis.
smena
fizikuri cvlilebebi smenis dakargva gavrcelebuli movlenaa 60
mozrdilobaSi wlis da ufrosi asakis adamianebSi. Cveulebriv,
asakovan adamianebs uWirT maRali sixSiris bge-
asakis matebasTan dakavSirebuli yvelaze
rebis aRqma (Corso, 1977). es gauareseba, Cveulebriv,
SesamCnevi zogierTi cvlileba fizikur gareg-
mamakacebTan ufro metad vlindeba, vidre qa-
nobasa da SesaZleblobebs exeba. asakis moma-
lebTan. moxucebs SeiZleba didi dro dasWirdeT
tebasTan erTad kanze naoWebi Cndeba, Tma
sxvisi laparakis gasagebad, gansakuTrebiT
Txeldeba da WaRaravdeba, simaRle ki 2-5 sm-iT
maRali tonalobis xmis SemTxvevaSi. (ucnauria,
iklebs. aseve, mcirdeba SegrZnebis organoebis
magram asakis matebasTan erTad adamianis xma
mgrZnobeloba. es cvlilebebi moulodnelad
wvrildeba xmis iogebis gaxistebis Sedegad).
ar Cndeba 65 wlis asakSi. isini TandaTanobiT,
smenis Sesusteba SeiZleba TandaTanobiT da
axalgazrdobidanve viTardeba. sanam asakTan
individisTvis SeumCnevlad xdebodes, sanam
dakavSirebul zogad cvlilebebs aRvwerdeT,
ukidures formas ar miiRebs. amasTan, maSinac
ufro zogadi xasiaTis mosazrebas gamovTqvamT:
ki, rodesac adamianebi xvdebian, rom yruvdebian,
mravali fizikuri cvlileba ara asakis, aramed
maT SeiZleba uaryon es faqti, radgan smenis
umoqmedobis Sedegia; gamokvlevebi adasturebs
dakargva daberebis arasasurvel niSnad iTvleba.
sayovelTaod cnobil andazas: „Tu ar gamoiyeneb,
smenis dakargvis zogierTi fsiqologiuri as-
dakargav~. xanSiSesuli adamianebi, romlebic
peqtis daZleva sasmeni aparatis daxmarebiT SeiZ-
sistematurad varjiSoben (an iwyeben varjiSs),
Tavi 11 / adamianis ganviTareba cxovrebis manZilze

leba. agreTve, unda vicodeT, rom asakis mate-

SedarebiT nakleb siZneleebs awydebian, romel-
basTan erTad, an moxucebTan urTierTobisas
sac xSirad xnovanebis gardauval Sedegad miiC-
gvexmareba dabali toniT saubari, mkafiod
neven (aRsaniSnavia, rom Cven zustad imave
metyveleba da fonuri xmauris Semcireba.
daskvnamde mivalT mowifulobis da xnovanebis
kognituri da socialuri aspeqtebis ganxil-
visas). modiT, axla is, TiTqmis gardauvali, reproduqciuli da sqesobrivi
cvlilebebi ganvixiloT, romlebic xSirad funqcionireba
zemoqmedeben imaze, Tu ras da rogor fiqroben Cven vnaxeT, rom sqesobrivi simwife repro-
zrdasruli adamianebi sakuTar cxovrebaze. duqciuli funqcionirebis dasawyiss niSnavs.
Sua da xanSiSesul asakSi reproduqciis SesaZ-
mxedveloba lebloba iklebs. daaxloebiT 50 wlisTvis
qalebis umravlesobas menopauza, anu mestru-
65 wels gadacilebul adamianTa umravlesoba
aciisa da ovulaciis Sewyveta axasiaTebs.
grZnobs mxedvelobis funqciis garkveul
mamakacebi naklebad mkveTri cvlilebebiT
Sesustebas (Carter, 1982; Pitts, 1982). asakTan erTad
xasiaTdebian, Tumca, 40 wlis Semdeg sicocxlis-
adamianis Tvalis broli yviTldeba da naklebad
unariani spermis raodenoba mcirdeba, 60 wlis
elastiuri xdeba. iTvleba, rom brolis
Semdeg ki saTesle siTxis moculoba iklebs.
gayviTlebis gamo zogierT xanSiSesuls uWirs
ra Tqma unda, es cvlilebebi, ZiriTadad,
ferebis garCeva. zogierTi moxucisTvis
reproduqcias exeba. asakis momateba da fizikuri
gansakuTrebiT Znelad gasarCevi xdeba dabali
cvlilebebi aucileblobiT ar iwvevs seqsua-
410

luri gamocdilebis sxva aspeqtebis gauaresebas
(Levine, 1998; Levy, 1994). sinamdvileSi, seqsi cxov-
rebis erT-erTi jansaRi siamovnebaa, romelsac
SeuZlia asakovani adamianis cxovrebis xarisxis
gaumjobeseba, radgan is aRmgnebia, xels uwyobs
fizikur varjiSs, fantaziis stimulirebas ax-
dens da socialuri urTierTqmedebis sasico-
cxlo mniSvnelobis mqone formas warmoadgens.
Cven ukve mokled mimovixileT adamianis
fizikuri ganviTarebis ZiriTadi momentebi. axla
vnaxoT, rogor yalibdeba warmodgena gare
samyaros Sesaxeb.
Sejameba
bavSvebi amqveynad sensoruli unarebiT
ibadebian, rac maT informaciis miRebisa da
socialuri urTierTobebis ganviTarebis
saSualebas aZlevs. fizikur zrdas, Cveulebriv,
motoruli unarebis momwifeba axlavs Tan.
mozardobis periodSi individebi pubertatis
xanas gadian. isini xSirad zedmet yuradRebas
uTmoben sakuari sxeulis xats. zrdasrulobis
periodis zogierTi fizikuri cvlileba ara
daberebis fizikuri procesis, aramed funqciebis
gamouyeneblobis, umoqmedobis Sedegia. Tumca,
asakis matebasTan erTad, adamianTa umravlesobas
aReniSneba cvlilebebi mxedvelobaSi, smenasa
da sqesobriv funqciebSi.
kognituri ganviTareba
cxovrebis manZilze
rogor icvleba cxovrebis manZilze indi-
vidis mier fizikuri da socialuri garemos
gageba? kognituri ganviTareba Seiswavlis go-
nebriv procesebsa da produqtebs, romlebic
warmoiqmneba da icvleba droTa ganmavlobaSi.
vinaidan mkvlevrebi gansakuTrebiT aRfrTo-
vanebulni iyvnen kognituri SesaZleblobebis
Zalze adreuli ganviTarebiT, ZiriTad yurad-
Rebas kognituri ganviTarebis adreul stadiebs
davuTmobT, Tumca, zogierT im aRmoCenasac
aRvwerT, romelic mozrdilobis wlebs ukav-
Sirdeba.
kognituri ganviTarebis ganxilvas Sveica-
rieli fsiqologis _ Jan piaJes novatoruli
naSromis aRweriT daviwyebT.
piaJes aRmoCenebi kognituri
ganviTarebis Sesaxeb
TiTqmis 50 wlis ganmavlobaSi Jan piaJe (Jean
Piaget, 1929, 1954, 1977) aviTarebda Teoriebs imis
Sesaxeb, Tu rogor azrovneben, fiqroben da
wyveten amocanebs bavSvebi. piaJes interesi
kognituri ganviTarebisadmi, albaT, misma
kognituri ganviTareba (cognitive development) _
kognituri ganviTareba cxovrebis manZilze
Semecnebis procesis ganviTareba, romelic
moicavs warmosaxvas, aRqmas, azrovnebasa da
amocanis gadawyvetas.
sqemebi (schemes) _ piaJes termini im kognituri
struqturebis aRsaniSnad, romelic viTardeba
bavSvis mier samyaros interpretirebasa da
garemosadmi adaptaciasTan erTad.
asimilacia (assimilation) _ piaJes mixedviT, pro-
cesi, romlis drosac axali kognituri ele-
mentebi ergeba Zvel elementebs an modi-
ficirdeba, raTa ufro gamartivdes morgebis
procesi; asimilacia xorcieldeba akomoda-
ciasTan erTad.
akomodacia (accomodation) _ piaJes mixedviT, ukve
arsebuli kognituri struqturebis modifi-
cirebis an gadastruqturebis procesi, raTa
gaadvildes axali informaciis morgeba ukve
arsebulTan; akomodacia xorcieldeba asimila-
ciasTan erTad.
411
 sakuTarma inteleqtualurad aqtiurma bavSvobam
ganapiroba. man 10 wlis asakSi gamoaqveyna pir-
veli statia, 14 wlis asakSi ki muzeumis ku-
ratoris Tanamdeboba SesTavazes (Brainerd, 1996).
adreuli gonebrivi ganviTarebis Sesaxeb kom-
pleqsuri Teoriebis SesamuSaveblad piaJe sa-
kuTar SvilebTan da sxva bavSvebTan inter-
viuirebasa da martiv demonstraciebs iyenebda.
mas ainteresebda ara im informaciis moculoba,
romelsac bavSvebi flobdnen, aramed is, Tu
rogor azrovnebdnen isini da rogor icvleboda
fizikuri realobis Sinagani reprezentaciebi
ganviTarebis sxvadasxva stadiaze.
asakobrivi cvlilebebis elementebi
gonebriv struqturebs, romelTa saSualebi-
Tac adamiani samyaros interpretirebas axdens,
piaJem sqemebi uwoda. sqemebi asakobrivi cvli-
lebebis elementebi _ „samSeneblo agurebia~.
Cvilis pirvelad sqemebs piaJem sensomotoruli
inteleqti uwoda. es aris azrovnebis struq-
turebi da programebi, romlebic iseT sen-
somotorul Tanmimdevrobas warmarTavs, ro-
goricaa: wova, yureba, taceba, xelis kvra. praq-
tikasTan erTad, elementaruli sqemebi erTian-
deba, integrirdeba da nawildeba qcevis TandaTa-
nobiT garTulebad mravalferovan paternebSi.
Tavi 11 / adamianis ganviTareba cxovrebis manZilze
aseTi paternis magaliTia, rodesac sasurveli
sagnis xelSi asaRebad bavSvi xels kravs
arasasurvel sagans, romelic efarebas mas. piaJes
mixedviT, kognituri zrdisTvis aucilebelia
ori bazisuri procesis erToblivi muSaoba –
asimilacia da akomodacia. asimilaciiT xdeba
garemodan momdinare axali informaciis modifi-
cireba, raTa es ukanaskneli SesabamisobaSi
movides ukve nacnob gamocdilebasTan. Semosuli
sensoruli informaciis struqturizaciisTvis
bavSvi mimarTavs arsebul sqemebs. akomodaciis
SemTxvevaSi ki, piriqiT, axali informaciis ufro
srulad asaxsnelad gadastruqturdeba an
modificirdeba bavSvis ukve arsebuli sqemebi.
warmoidgineT, rogor unda SeZlos bavSvma
dedis ZuZus wovidan jer boTlis sawovaras
wovaze, Semdeg siTxis sawrupiT Sewovaze da
bolos finjnidan dalevaze gadasvla. Tavda-
pirveli woviTi reaqcia Tandayolili ref-
leqsia, magram is ise unda modificirdes, rom
412 bavSvis tuCebi moergos dedis kertis zomasa
da formas. boTlTan adaptaciis procesSi Cvili
jer kidev iyenebs ucvleli Tanmimdevrobis
mraval komponents (asimilacia), magram man,
adrindelTan SedarebiT, gansxvavebulad unda
moiqcios pirSi boTlis sawovara da ise Sei-
wovos sakvebi; amasTan, boTlis gansxvavebuli
kuTxiT daWerac unda iswavlos (akomodacia).
boTlidan sawrupze da Semdeg finjanze gadas-
vlis nabijebi ufro met akomodacias saWiroebs,
Tumca, kvlav eyrdnoba manamde SeZenil unarebs.
piaJe kognitur ganviTarebas asimilaciisa da
akomodaciis swored aseTi monacvleobis Se-
degad miiCnevs. asimilaciisa da akomodaciis
balansirebuli gamoyeneba saSualebas aZlevs
bavSvs, rom misi qceva da codna naklebad iyos
damokidebuli konkretul garegan realobaze
da metad daeyrdnos abstraqtul azrovnebas.
kognituri ganviTarebis stadiebi
piaJes miaCnda, rom bavSvis kognituri ganvi-
Tareba SeiZleba oTx Tanmimdevrul, calkeul
stadiad daiyos (ix. cxrili 11.2). iTvleba, rom
yvela bavSi erTi da igive TanmimdevrobiT gadis
am stadiebs, Tumca, zog bavSvs SeiZleba meti
dro dasWirdes romelime konkretuli stadiis
gasavlelad, zogs ki _ naklebi.
sensomotoruli stadia. sensomotoruli
stadia dabadebidan daaxloebiT 2 wlamde
grZeldeba. pirvel TveebSi Cvilis qcevis umetesi
nawili Tandayolil sqemaTa SezRudul erTob-
liobas efuZneba, rogoricaa: wova, yureba, taceba
da xelis kvra. pirveli wlis ganmavlobaSi
sensomotoruli unarebi umjobesdeba, kombi-
nirebuli, koordinirebuli xdeba da erTiandeba
(magaliTad, wova da taceba, yureba da mani-
pulireba). Cvilis mier sakuTari moqmedebis
garemoze asaxvis aRmoCenasTan erTad, es unarebi
TandaTan ufro mravalferovani xdeba.
Cvilobis periodis yvelaze mniSvnelovani
kognituri SenaZenia iseTi obieqtebis mentaluri
reprezentaciebis Seqmnis unari, romelTanac
bavSvs ar aqvs uSualo sensomotoruli kontaqti.
obieqtTa mudmivoba niSnavs bavSvis mier imis
gagebas, rom sagnebi arseboben da moqmedeben
misi qcevisa da mis mier maTi arsebobis gac-
nobierebisgan damoukideblad. sicocxlis
pirvel TveebSi bavSvebi sagnebs Tvals ayoleben,
magram, rodesac sagnebi maTi mxedvelobis

cxrili
11.1
piJes kognituri ganviTarebis
safexurebi
maxasiaTeblebi da
stadia/asaki
ZiriTadi miRwevebi
sensomotoruli (0-2) bavSvi cxovrebas iwyebs mcire
raodenobis sensomotoruli
TanmimdevrobiT. mas uviTardeba
obieqtis mudmivoba da
simboluri azrovnebis
sawyisebi.
operaciamdeli (2-7) bavSvis azrovneba xasiaTdeba
egocentrizmiTa da
centraciiT. mas uumjobesdeba
simboluri azrovnebis
gamoyenebis unari.
konkretuli bavSvi wvdeba konservaciis
operaciebis (7-11) gagebas. mas SeuZlia azrovneba
konkretul fizikur sagnebTan
mimarTebaSi.
formaluri bavSvs uviTardeba abstraq-
operaciebis (11’!) tuli da hipoTeturi
azrovnebis unari.
velidan qrebian, isini TiTqos bavSvis gonebi-
danac uCinardebian. Tumca, daaxloebiT 3 Tvis
asakSi bavSvebi im adgils isev uyureben, sadac
sagani gaqra. 8-dan 12 Tvemde bavSvebi iwyeben
gamqrali sagnis Zebnas. 2 wlis asakisaTvis
bavSvebi ukve darwmunebulni arian, rom sagnebi
maTi mxedvelobis velis miRmac arseboben (Flavell,
1985).
winaoperaciuli stadia. winaoperaciuli
stadia daaxloebiT 2-dan 7 wlis asakamde grZel-
deba. ganviTarebis am periodSi didi kognituri
winsvlaa fizikur mocemulobas moklebuli obi-
eqtebis gonebaSi warmodgenis gaumjobesebuli
unari. am SenaZenis gamoklebiT, winaoperaciul
stadias piaJe aRwers imis mixedviT, Tu risi
gakeTeba ar SeuZliaT bavSvebs. ase magaliTad,
piaJes miaCnda, rom patara bavSvebis winaopera-
ciuli azrovneba egocentrizmiT, anu bavSvis
mier sxva adamianis Tvalsazrisis gaziarebis
unaris arqoniT xasiaTdeba. Tqven, albaT,
SeginiSnavT egocentrizmis gamovlineba, Tu
gagonili gaqvT, rogor elaparakebian ori wlis
bavSvebi sxva bavSvebs. am asakis bavSvebi xSirad
sakuTar TavTan ufro laparakoben, vidre garSe-
momyofebTan.
garda amisa, winaoperaciul stadiaze bavSvebi
xasiaTdebian centraciiT – obieqtebis percep-
tulad gamokveTil Tvisebebze yuradRebis
miqcevis tendenciiT. centraciis TvalsaCino
magaliTia piaJes klasikuri eqsperimenti, sadac
man aCvena, rom bavSvs ar SeuZlia imis gageba,
rom siTxis moculoba ar icvleba WurWlis
zomisa da formis cvlasTan erTad.
saidan
viciT
piaJe gviCvenebs centracias
rodesac Tanabari moculobis limonaTs
asxamen or erTnair WiqaSi, 5 da 7 wlis
bavSvebi adastureben, rom Wiqebi Tanabari
odenobis siTxes Seicaven. Tumca, rodesac
limonaTs erT-erTi Wiqidan viwro, maRal
WurWelSi gadaasxamen, maTi azrebi gan-
sxvavebuli xdeba. 5 wlis bavSvebma ician,
rom maRal WiqaSi igive limonaTi asxia,
Tumca, amboben, rom is axla meti gaxda. 7
wlisani ki sworad amtkiceben, rom maT
raodenobebs Soris sxvaoba ar aris.
piaJe gviCvenebs, rom patara bavSvebi fokusi-
rebuli arian percepturad gamokveTil erT
Tvisebaze _ WiqaSi Casxmuli limonaTis doneze.
didi bavSvebi iTvaliswineben orives _ simaR-
les da siganes _ da sworad askvnian, rom
kognituri ganviTareba cxovrebis manZilze
rasac xedaven, ar aris realoba.
konkretuli operaciebis stadia. konkre-
tuli operaciebis stadia daaxloebiT 7-dan 11
obieqtTa mudmivoba (object permanence) _ mixvedra
imisa, rom sagnebi arseboben individis mier
amis gacnobierebisa da individis moqmedebisgan
damoukideblad; Cvilobis asakis mniSvnelovani
kognituri SenaZeni.
egocentrizmi (egocentrism) _ kognituri ganvi-
Tarebis winaoperaciul stadiaze patara bavSvis
mier sxva adamianis Tvalsazrisis gaziarebis
unaris arqona.
centracia (centration) _ kognituri ganviTarebis
winaoperaciuli stadiis dasawyisisaTvis dama-
xasiaTebeli azrovnebis paterni, romelic xa-
siaTdeba bavSvis mier erTdroulad ori per-
ceptuli faqtoris gaTvaliswinebis unaris ar-
qoniT.
413
 wlamde grZeldeba. am stadiaze bavSvs ukve
SeuZlia gonebrivi operaciebis _ gonebaSi
ganxorcielebuli moqmedebebis _ Sesruleba,
romlidanac saTaves iRebs logikuri azrovneba.
winaoperaciul da konkretuli operaciebis sta-
diebs xSirad upirispireben erTmaneTs, radganac
konkretuli operaciebis stadiaze bavSvebi
axerxeben imas, rasac ver axerxebdnen wina-
operaciul stadiaze. konkretuli operaciebi
bavSvs fizikuri moqmedebis gonebriviT Canac-
vlebis saSualebas aZlevs. magaliTad, Tu bavSvi
xedavs, rom adami lindaze maRalia, xolo
mogvianebiT xedavs, rom linda taniaze maRalia,
bavSvs SeuZlia daaskvnas, rom am samidan adami
yvelaze maRalia _ am sami individis fizikurad
datolebisa da gadawyobis gareSe. Tumca, bavSvs
jer kidev ar SeuZlia saTanado daskvnis
konservacia (conservation) _ piaJes mixedviT,
Tavi 11 / adamianis ganviTareba cxovrebis manZilze
gaazreba imisa, rom, Tu araferi emateba an
araferi akldeba, sagnis fizikuri Tvisebebi
ar icvleba maSinac ki, rodesac icvleba misi
garegnuli saxe.
414
gakeTeba („adami yvelaze maRalia~), Tu problema
mxolod sityvierad aris aRwerili. uSualo,
fizikuri dakvirvebis gareSe fardobiTi simaR-
lis gansazRvris (da msgavsi problemebis gada-
wyvetis) unaris arqona gvafiqrebinebs, rom
abstraqtuli azrovneba jer kidev momwifebis
stadiazea konkretuli operaciebis periodSi.
limonaTis eqsperimenti gviCvenebs konkre-
tuli operaciebis stadiis kidev erT maxasia-
Tebels. 7 wlis bavSvebs ukve aTvisebuli aqvT
is, rasac piaJe konservacias, anu Senaxvas uwo-
debs. maT ician, rom, Tu araferi emateba an
araferi akldeba, sagnis fizikuri Tvisebebi
ar icvleba maSinac ki, rodesac icvleba misi
garegnuli saxe. 11.5 suraTze mocemulia piaJes
cdis magaliTebi, romelic sxvadasxva ganzo-
milebaSi konservacias Seexeba. erT-erTi axlad
SeZenili operacia, romlis gamoyenebac SeuZ-
liaT bavSvebs konservaciaze amocanebis Ses-
rulebisas, aris Seqcevadoba. es aris bavSvis
mier imis gageba, rom fizikuri moqmedebebi da
gonebrivi operaciebi SeiZleba Seqcevadi iyos.
suraTi
11.3
konservaciis testi
bavSvma SeiZleba daaskvnas, rom raodenoba ver
Seicvleboda, radganac, Tu fizikur moqmedebas
SevaqcevT _ limonaTs ukan gadavasxamT sawyis
WurWelSi _ orive moculoba isev erTnairi
gamoCndeba.
formaluri operaciebis stadia. forma-
luri operaciebis stadia daaxloebiT 11 wlis
asakidan iwyeba. kognituri ganviTarebis am bolo
stadiaze bavSvis azrovneba abstraqtuli xdeba.
mozardebs SeuZliaT imis danaxva, rom maT mier
aRqmuli konkretuli realoba mxolod erT-
erTi variantia realobis ramdenime SesaZlo
warmosaxvidan da SeuZliaT WeSmaritebis, samar-
Tlianobisa da yofierebis siRrmiseul sakiTxeb-
ze fiqri da msjeloba. isini problemebs sis-
temurad wyveten: mas Semdeg, rac miaRweven
formaluri operaciebis stadias, bavSvebs,
kognituri ganviTareba cxovrebis manZilze
mecnieris msgavsad, SeuZliaT, Tanmimdevrulad
scadon TiToeuli SesaZlebloba. garda amisa,
maT ukve SeuZliaT gaumjobesebuli deduqciuri
azrovnebis im tipebis gamoyeneba, romelzec me-
9 TavSi visaubreT. TavianTi umcrosi da-
Zmebisgan gansxvavebiT, mozardebs SeuZliaT
abstraqtuli wanamZRvrebidan („Tu A, maSin B~
da „ara B~) msjelobiT mividnen logikur
daskvnamde („ara A~).
adreuli kognituri ganviTa-
rebis Tanamedrove midgomebi
piaJes Teoria kognituri ganviTarebis gagebis
klasikur aTvlis wertilad rCeba (Flavell, 1996;
Lourenco & Machado, 1996; Scholnik et al., 1999); Tumca,
Tanamedrove mkvlevrebma bavSvis kognituri una- 415
 rebis Seswavlis ufro moqnili meTodebi Seimu-
Saves. axla vnaxoT, Tu rogor daxvewes mra-
valferovanma axalma kreatulma meTodebma piaJes
daskvnebi bavSvis SesaZleblobebis Taobaze.
bavSvis ganviTarebis sensomotoruli
stadiis gadaxedva
piaJes Tanaxmad, obieqtTa mudmivobis gancdis
ganviTareba 2 wlis bavSvis umTavresi miRwevaa.
Tumca, kvlevis Tanamedrove meTodebi gva-
fiqrebinebs, rom 3 Tvis bavSvebs da, SesaZloa,
ufro patarebsac ki, ukve ganviTarebuli aqvT
am cnebis zogierTi aspeqti. rogorc Cans, maT
esmiT ZiriTadi principi _ erTi myari sagani
ver gaivlis meore myar saganSi. es mniSvnelovani
aRmoCena mkvlevar rene baiarJans ekuTvnis (Renée
Baillargeon, 1987a, 1987b; Baillargeon & DeVos, 1991). mis
erT-erT cdaSi Cvilma bavSvebma gakvirveba gamo-
xates, rodesac Tvali gaadevnes movlenaTa
SeuZlebel Tanmimdevrobas.
saidan
viciT
Cvilebi Tvals adevneben SeuZlebel
movlenebs
iweoda (ise, rom maT SeeZloT imis danaxva,
rom ekranis miRma araferi iyo) da isev
eSveboda. Semdeg daxril sibrtyeze gor-
deboda patara vagoni, sademonstracio
yuTis gavliT, siCqaris Semcirebis gareSe,
uCinardeboda ekranis ukan, Semdeg gamoC-
ndeboda ekranis meore mxridan da sabo-
lood gamodioda sademonstracio yuTis
marjvena mxares (ix. sur. 11.6).
mas Semdeg, rac Cvilebi mieCvivnen am
movlenas, maT naxes movlenaTa ganviTarebis
ori testuri, sacdeli varianti: miCvevaSi
aisaxeba reaqciis Sesusteba, rodesac sti-
muli mravaljer meordeba. orive sacdel
movlenaSi ekrani zemoT iweoda da sademon-
stracio yuTSi Cvilebi xedavdnen kubs,
amasTan, gansxvavdeboda misi adgilmdeba-
reoba. SesaZlebel movlenaSi kubi moTav-
sebuli iyo sademonstracio yuTis ukana
kedlisken, im bilikis miRma, sadac vagons
unda gaevlo; amitom vagons Tavisuflad
SeeZlo sademonstracio yuTis gavliT
gagoreba. SeuZlebel movlenaSi kubi
moTavsebuli iyo bilikis Sua nawilze
ise, rom momaval vagons gzas gadauRobavda.
miuxedavad amisa, movlenis ganviTarebisas
Cvilebi xedavdnen, rom vagoni daubrko-

Cvilebi isxdnen farTo sademonstracio

Tavi 11 / adamianis ganviTareba cxovrebis manZilze

yuTis1 win. pirdapir maT win moTavsebuli
iyo patara ekrani. am ekranis marcxniv
mdebareobda daxrili sibrtye. Cvilebi
xedavdnen Semdeg movlenas: ekrani zemoT
1
display box –zemodan gaxsnili da/an erTi kedlis
gareSe yuTi, romelic gamoiyeneba savaWro darbazSi
gasayidi nivTebis dasawyobad. SeiZleba iTargmnos,
rogorc „daxli~ (mTargmnelis SeniSvna).

suraTi
11.6
SeCvevisa da testuri
movlenebis sqematuri
reprezentacia
SeCvevis fazaze mcirdeba Cvilis
interesi movlenis mimarT. sacdel
SemTxvevaSi maTi interesi ganaxlda
SeuZlebeli movleniT.

416

leblad gadioda sadmonstracio yuTs.
isini „SeuZlebel~ movlenas SedarebiT
didxans adevnebdnen Tvals, rac gvafiqre-
binebs, rom is akvirvebda maT _ arRvevda
maTTvis ukve Cveul warmodgenas movlenis
mimdinareobis Sesaxeb (Baillargeon, 1986).
Cvili bavSvebis gakvirvebas ver miviCnevT
imis dasturad, rom maT srulad aiTvises
obieqtTa mudmivobis cneba. maT SeiZleba mxolod
icodnen, rom raRac ar aris wesrigSi, imis
codnis gareSe, Tu ra aris es raRac (Lourenço &
Machado, 1996). miuxedavad amisa, baiarJanis kvleva
gvafiqrebinebs, rom Zalze patara bavSvebic ki
floben fizikuri samyaros Sesaxeb mniSvnelovan
codnas.
bavSvis ganviTarebis winaoperaciuli
stadiis gadaxedva
gavixsenoT, rom piaJes azriT, winaoperaciul
stadiaze bavSvis azrovnebas egocentrizmi
axasiaTebs. Tumca, mkvlevrebma aCvenes, rom
bavSvebi SeiZleba saTanadod mgrZnobiareni
iyvnen sxvebis mimarT. magaliTad, bavSvebs sakmaod
kargad esmiT, ra ician maT da ra ician sxvebma.
saidan
viciT
patara bavSvebis codna sxvebis codnis
Sesaxeb
4-5 wlis bavSvebs sTxoves, SeefasebinaT
6 Tvis Cvilis (anas), 4 wlis bavSvisa
(maris) da mozrdilis (siuzenis) codna.
TiToeuli individis Sesaxeb bavSvebs
ekiTxebodnen: „icis Tu ara man, rogor
gamoiyureba cxoveli, romelsac spilos
eZaxian?~ da „icis Tu ara man, rogor
gamoiyureba cxoveli, romelsac lemurs
eZaxian?~ bavSvebi axerxebdnen, eTqvaT, vis
ra ecodineboda: Cvils ar ecodineboda
spilos Sesaxeb, magram bavSvs ecodineboda;
arc Cvils da arc bavSvs ar ecodinebodaT
lemuris Sesaxeb; mozrdils ki orives
Sesaxeb ecodineboda. am paternis mixedviT,
bavSvebi ar msjeloben mxolod sakuTari
codnis safuZvelze (magaliTad, is, rom
maT ician spilos Sesaxeb, magram ara _
lemuris Sesaxeb). isini aucileblobiT
ar azrovneben egocentrulad (Taylor et al.,
1991).
bavSvebs komunikaciis formis Secvlac SeuZ-
liaT msmenelis tipis mixedviT. 2 wlis bavSvTan
saTamaSos Sesaxeb saubrisas 4 wlis bavSvi ufro
mokle da martiv gamoTqmebs iyenebs, vidre
TanatolTan an mozrdilTan (Shatz & Gelman, 1973).
kognituri ganviTareba cxovrebis manZilze
aseTi tipis adaptacia kvlav migviTiTebs, rom
egocentrizms Tavisi sazRvrebi aqvs.
bavSvebis sayrdeni Teoriebi
piaJes Teoria im stadiebis irgvliv aris
agebuli, romlis drosac bavSvis azrovnebaSi
umniSvnelovanesi cvlilebebi xdeba. mogvianebiT
mkvlevrebma ganixiles idea imis Sesaxeb, rom
cvlilebebi ramdenime ZiriTadi sferodan TiTo-
eulSi gancalkevebulad, erTmaneTisgan damou-
kideblad xdeba, imis Sesabamisad, Tu ramdenad
aqvs bavSvs ganviTarebuli sayrdeni Teoriebi
_ sawyisi struqturebi, romliTac isini cdi-
loben samyarosTan urTierTobiT miRebuli
gamocdilebis axsnas (Carey, 1985; Wellman & Gelman,
1992; Wellman & Inagaki, 1997). magaliTad, isini
417
 sakuTar gamocdilebebs fsiqikuri mdgomare-
obebis Tvisebebis Sesaxeb gonebis TeoriaSi,
anu gulubryvilo fsiqologiaSi agroveben. ase
ukeT SeuZliaT sakuTari da sxvaTa azrovnebis
procesebis gageba.
mkvlevrebma Seiswavles zogadmecnieruli
warmodgenebis ganviTareba, magaliTad, rogor
gadaaqvT bavSvebs biologiuri Tvisebebi erTi
saxeobidan meoreze. rodesac 4 wlis bavSvebs
ekiTxebodnen, dasaxelebuli cxovelebidan
romels eZina, an hqonda Zvlebi, isini msjelobas
yvelaze xSirad adamianTan cxovelis msgavsebaze
afuZnebdnen (Carey, 1985). magaliTad, 4 wlis
bavSvebis umravlesobam es Tvisebebi („Zili~
da „Zvlebis qona~) ZaRls ufro miakuTvna, vidre
Tevzs, Tevzs ki _ ufro metad, vidre _ mwerebs.
droTa ganmavlobaSi bavSvebma adamianTan
msgavsebaze dafuZnebuli Teoria unda Secvalon
TeoriiT, romelic cxovelTa samyaroSi ufro
gamokveTilis struqturis arsebobas aRiarebs;
magaliTad, maT unda aiTvison formaluri
gansxvaveba xerxemlianTa da uxerxemloTa Soris,
raTa gansazRvron, ra tipis cxovelebs aqvT
Zvlebi. aseve, 3 da 4 wlis bavSvebs esmiT, rom
is, rac obieqtebis SigniTaa, zemoqmedebs maT
funqciaze, Tumca, maT jer zustad ar ician, ra
aris SigniT (Wellman & Gelman, 1991). amgvarad,
miuxedavad imisa, rom 3 da 4 wlis bavSvebma
Tavi 11 / adamianis ganviTareba cxovrebis manZilze
zustad ar ician, ra aris ZaRlSi, isini sru-
liad darwmunebulni arian, rom ZaRli Sewyvets
ZaRlad yofnas, Tu yvelafers amovacliT, rac
SigniT aqvs. Tu SevxedavT TiToeul sferoSi
dagrovil codnas, vnaxavT, rom bavSvebi qmnian
zogad Teorias da Semdeg maTi warmatebuli
daxvewisaTvis axali gamocdilebis farTo
diapazons iyeneben.
socialuri da kulturuli gavlena
kognitur ganviTarebaze
piaJes TeoriaSi kognituri ganviTareba,
ZiriTadad, bavSvis Sinagani momwifebis pro-
duqtia. garemo Zalze mcirediT zemoqmedebs
bavSvis kognituri unarebis ganviTarebaze. Tum-
ca, Tanamedrove mkvlevrebma daiwyes kongitur
ganviTarebaSi socialuri urTierTqmedebebis
rolis Seswavla. am kvlevaTa umravlesoba
saTaves iRebs rusi fsiqologis lev vigotskis
(Lev Vigotsky) Teoriebidan. vigotski Tvlida, rom
418
bavSvebi internalizaciis procesiT viTar-
debian: isini codnas socialuri garemodan is-
rutaven, romelic seriozurad aisaxeba maTi
kognituri unarebis ganviTarebaze.
socialurma Teoriam, romelic pirvelad
vigotskim SemogvTavaza, dadastureba pova ganvi-
Tarebis kros-kulturul kvlevebSi. vinaidan
piaJes Teoriam asakobrivi ganviTarebis saki-
TxebiT dakavebul fsiqologTa yuradReba miip-
yro, bevri maTgani cdilobda, rom piaJes mier
mofiqrebuli davalebebi gansxvavebul kultu-
rebSi bavSvebis kognituri ganviTarebis Sesas-
wavlad gamoeyenebina (Rogoff & Chavajay, 1995). am
kvlevebma TandaTanobiT eWvqveS daayena piaJes
mtkicebulebaTa universaluroba, ramdenadac,
magaliTad, mraval kulturaSi adamianebma ver
aCvenes, rom kognitur ganviTarebaSi miRweuli
hqondaT formaluri operaciebis stadiisTvis.
mogvianebiT piaJem Tavad gamoTqva mosazreba,
rom mis mier formalur operaciebad wodebuli
specifikuri miRwevebi, SesaZloa, bavSvis mier
miRebul garkveuli tipis mecnierul ganaT-
lebaze ufro metad aris damokidebuli, vidre
kognituri ganviTarebis biologiurad deter-
mirebuli stadiebis Tanmimdevrobaze (Lourenço
& Machado, 1996).
internalizaciis vigotskiseuli cneba im
gavlenis axsnaSi gvexmareba, romelsac kultu-
ruli garemo axdens adamianis kognitur gan-
viTarebaze. bavSvis SemecnebiTi unarebi ise
viTardeba, rom mas mocemul kulturaSi dafa-
sebuli funqciebis Sesruleba SeeZlos (Serpell
& Boykin, 1994; Serpell, 2000). piaJem, magaliTad, Seqmna
iseTi amocanebi, sadac asaxaulia misi sakuTari
warmodgena saTanado da sasargeblo kognitur
moqmedebebze. sxva kulturebs urCevniaT, rom
maTma bavSvebma sxva mimarTulebiT miaRwion
warmatebas. piaJes bavSvebi rom imis mixedviT
SeefasebinaT, Tu ramdenad kargad aiTvises maT
is rTuli kognituri unarebi, romelic Zafis
dasagrexad aris saWiro, isini, albaT, gonebrivad
sayrdeni Teoriebi (foundational theories) _ sawyisi
struqturebi, romliTac isini cdiloben
samyarosTan urTierTobiT miRebuli gamocdi-
lebis axsnas.
internalizacia (internalization) _ vigotskis mi-
xedviT, bavSvebis mier socialuri konteqstidan
codnas Sesrutvis, aTvisebis procesi.
CamorCenilebis STabeWdilebas datovebdnen,
gvatemalas maias tomis bavSvebTan SedarebiT
(Rogoff, 1990). kognituri ganviTarebis kros-kul-
turul kvlevebs araerTxel daudasturebia is
faqti, rom skola did rols asrulebs imaSi,
Tu rogor warmatebas miaRweven bavSvebi piaJes
amocanebis SesrulebaSi (Rogoff & Chavajay, 1995).
aseTi aRmoCenebi fsiqologebma kognitur gan-
viTarebaSi garemosa da bunebis rolis gansa-
sazRvrad unda gamoiyenon.
asakobrivi cvlilebebi, romelzec axlaxan
visaubreT, Zalze STambeWdavia. ioli SesamCnevia,
rom 12 wlis mozardi iseT kognitur SesaZ-
leblobebs flobs, razec erTi wlis pataras
warmodgenac ki ar aqvs. axla ki gadavinacvloT
SedarebiT naklebad SesamCnev cvlilebebze,
romlebic mozrdilobis periodisTvis aris
damaxasiaTebeli.
kognituri ganviTareba
mozrdilobaSi
rodesac vakvirdebodiT, rogor viTardeboda
kognituri unarebi bavSvobidan mozardobisken,
SevamCnieT, rom am dros mimdinare cvlilebebi,
Cveulebriv, „ukeTesobisken Secvlas~ niSnavda.
rodesac gviani mozrdilobis periods, anu
xnovanebas vaRwevT, kulturuli stereotipebi
migviTiTeben, rom „cvlileba~ „uaresisken Sec-
vlas~ gulisxmobs (Parr & Seigert, 1993). miuxedavad
imisa, rom adamianebs sjeraT, rom mowifulobas
da xnovanebas zogadi gauareseba moaqvs, isini
am periodisgan mainc moelian garkveuli saxis
dadebiT Zvrebs (Dixon, 1999). danakargebisa da
SenaZenebis urTierTmonacvleobis saCveneblad,
vnaxoT, ra TaviseburebebiT xasiaTdeba am pe-
riodSi inteleqti da mexsiereba.
inteleqti
naklebad moipoveba janmrTel xandazmulTa
zogadi kognituri unarebis gauaresebis Sesaxeb
mosazrebis damadasturebeli monacemebi. mosax-
leobis mxolod daaxloebiT 5%-s aReniSneba
kognituri funqcionirebis seriozuli gaua-
reseba. rodesac xnovanebis gamo xdeba kognituri
funqcionirebis gauareseba, es, rogorc wesi,
mxolod zogierT unars exeba. Tu inteleqts
komponentebad davyofT, romelic aerTianebs,
erTi mxriv, verbalur SesaZleblobebs (krista-
lizebuli inteleqti) da, meore mxriv, swrafad
da safuZvlianad swavlis unarebs (fluiduri
inteleqti), vnaxavT, rom fluiduri inteleqti
mniSvnelovnad uaresdeba asakTan erTad (Baltes
& Staudinger, 1993). es cvlileba, didwilad,
informaciis gadamuSavebis procesebis siswrafis
zogad Semcirebas ukavSirdeba: mniSvnelovnad
mcirdeba iseTi inteleqtualuri amocanebis
Sesrulebis unari drois mokle periodSi, ro-
melic mravali kognituri procesis monawile-
obas saWiroebs, asakovan adamianebs sagrZnoblad
uWirT (Salthouse, 1996).
magram yvela cvlileba ar aris mimarTuli
funqcionirebis gauaresebisken. magaliTad, dRes-
dReobiT fsiqologebi asakTan erTad SeZenili
sibrZnis _ cxovrebis ZiriTad sferoebSi
gamocdilebis _ Seswavlas cdiloben. sibrZne
gulisxmobs mdidari cxovrebiseuli gamocdi-
lebidan momdinare kompetenturobas cxovrebis
fundamentur sferoebSi (Baltes & Staudinger, 2000).
11.3 cxrilSi mocemulia codnis zogierTi tipi,
romelic sibrZnes gansazRvravs (Smith & Baltes,
1990). SegiZliaT, naxoT, rom codnis TiToeuli
es forma xangrZlivi da Sinaarsiani cxovrebis
manZilze grovdeba. garda amisa, sibereSi ada-
mianebi mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdebian erTmane-
Tisagan inteleqtualuri SesaZleblobebis
mixedviT. kvlevebi aCvenebs, rom xandazmulebi,
romlebic garemosgan Zlieri stimulaciisken
kognituri ganviTareba cxovrebis manZilze
iswrafvian, metad arian midrekilni kognituri
unarebis maRali donis SenarCunebisken.
11.3
cxrili
sibrZnis maxasiaTeblebi
mdidari faqtobrivi codna. cxovrebiseuli piro-
bebisa da situaciebis Sesaxeb zogadi da konkretuli
codna.
mdidari proceduruli codna. cxovrebiseuli sa-
kiTxebis Sesaxeb rCevebisa da gansjis strategiebis
zogadi da specifikuri codna.
cxovrebiseuli konteqstualizmi. cxovrebiseuli
situaciebis da droSi (ganviTarebaSi) ganfenili
urTierTobebis Sesaxeb codna.
ganusazRvreloba. cxovrebis SedarebiTi ganusazR-
vrelobisa da araprognozirebadobis da maTTan gam-
klavebis gzebis codna.
419
 saidan
viciT

rodesac profesorebi berdebian

kaliforniis berklis universitetis
60-dan 71 wlamde 22 asakovani profeso-
risagan Semdgari jgufi inteleqtualuri
funqcionirebis TvalsazrisiT Sedarda
axalgazrda kolegebis (30-dan 59 wlamde)
jgufs da maTive asakis xandazmulTa sakon-
trolo jgufs. profesorebma Seasrules
mTeli rigi gansxvavebuli testebisa, rom-
lebic kognituri funqcionirebis sxva-
dasxva aspeqts Seexeboda. zogierT testSi
(magaliTad, asociaciuri wyvilebis das-
wavlis testSi) xandazmulma profesorebma
asakTan dakavSirebuli gauaresebis tipuri
paterni aCvenes. Tumca, sxva testebi maT
iseve Seasrules, rogorc maTma axalgazrda
kolegebma. magaliTad, maT erTnairad
dakarge~ (an ivarjiSe mis ukan dasabruneblad)
SeZles audio-CanaweriT miwodebuli mo-
saTanado mowodebaa brZeni asakovani adamiani-
Txrobebis mosmena da maTi Sinaarsis aR-
saTvis.
dgena. asakovani individebis sakontrolo
rogor unda gaumklavdnen warmatebulad
jgufma am amocanis Sesrulebisas asakTan
xandazmuli adamianebi asakis matebis Tanmxleb
dakavSirebuli „tipuri~ gauareseba gamoav-
gardauval cvlilebebs? warmatebuli dabereba
lina. rogor SegviZlia avxsnaT asakovan
SeiZleba moiazrebdes SenaZenebidan maqsimaluri
profesorebTan SenarCunebuli kognituri
sargeblis miRebasa da xandazmulobis Tanmxle-
unarebis arseboba? mkvlevrebis azriT,
Tavi 11 / adamianis ganviTareba cxovrebis manZilze

bi gardauvali danakargebis zemoqmedebis SeZ-

profesorebis saqmianoba, romelic maTgan
intensiur gonebriv aqtivobas moiTxovs,
SesaZloa, icavdes maT siberisTvis tipuri
zogierTi danakargisgan (Shimamura et al., 1995).
kvlevis aseTma Sedegma profesoroba xom ar
mogandomaT? sxva kvlevebi aCvenebs, rom ar Rirs
aseT ukiduresobaSi gadavardna. mniSvnelovani
daskvna isaa, rom aucilebelia vamuSaoT da
vavarjiSoT goneba. uorner Saim (Warner Schaie)
da misma kolegebma aCvenes, rom gavarjiSebis
programebis saSualebiT xandazmul adamianebs
zogierTi kognituri unaris gauaresebis Tavidan
acilebac ki SeuZliaT (Schaie, 1994; Schaie & Willis,
1986). rogorc Cans, inteleqtualuri SesaZleb-
lobebis ukmarisoba, romelic ar aris dakav-
Sirebuli informaciis gadamuSavebis siswra-
fesTan, SesaZloa, ginpirobebuli iyos umoq-
medobiT da ara _ daberebiT (Hultsch et al., 1999).
420 kidev erTxel mivediT daskvnamde: „gamoiyene an
lebisdagvarad Semcirebas. warmatebuli dabe-
rebis es strategia, romelic fsiqologebma
pol baltesma (Paul Baltes) da margaret baltesma
(Margaret Baltes) SemogvTavazes, cnobilia saxel-
wodebiT seleqciuri optimizacia kompensaciiT
(Baltes et al., 1992; Freund & Baltes, 1998). seleqciuri
niSnavs, rom adamianebi Tavad amcireben dasaxuli
miznebis raodenobasa da diapazons. optimizacia
gulisxmobs adamianebis mier sakuTari unarebis
gavarjiSebasa da daxvewas maTTvis prioritetul
sferoebSi. kompensacia ki niSnavs individTa
mxridan danakargTan gamklavebis alternatuli
gzebis gamoyenebas: magaliTad, iseTi garemos
SerCeva, sadac xandazmulebs gulisxmierad
eqcevian. ganvixiloT Semdegi magaliTi:
rodesac pianist artur rubinSteins
satelevizio interviuSi hkiTxes, Tu
rogor moaxerxa man, rom aseT xandazmul
asakSic warmatebuli pianisti yofiliyo,
 man daasaxela sami strategia: (1) sibereSi
nakleb nawarmoebebs asrulebda. (2) Ti-
Toeul nawarmoebs ufro xSirad asrulebda
da (3) dakvrisas igi swrafi monakveTebis
win met ritardandos (tempis Senelebas)
akeTebda, raTa nawarmoebis swrafi mona-
kveTi imaze swrafad mosCveneboda msmenels,
vidre is realurad iyo. swored es aris
seleqciis (naklebi nawarmoebi), opti-
mizaciis (meti praqtika) da kompensaciis
(tempSi kontrastebis gamoyeneba) maga-
liTebi (Baltes, 1993, gv. 590).
mexsiereba
xandazmulebi xSirad uCivian mexsierebas _
veRar imaxsovreben adrindeliviT kargad. mex-
sierebis testebSi 60 wels gadacilebuli
adamianebi marTlac uares Sedegebs aCveneben,
vidre 20 wlis da metis mozrdilebi (Craik, 1994;
Hultsch et al., 1998). asakis matebasTan erTad mex-
sierebis daqveiTebas uaRresad ganaTlebuli
da sxva mxriv kargi gonebrivi SesaZleblobebis
mqone adamianebic ganicdian (Zelinski et al., 1993).
dabereba, rogorc Cans, ar aqveiTebs zogadi
codnisa da didi xnis win momxdari cxovre-
biseuli movlenebis Sesaxeb informaciis gax-
senebis unars. saxelebisa da saxeebis cnobis
kvlevaSi Suaxnis mozrdilebma SeZles Tanakla-
selebis 90%-is cnoba saskolo albomSi skolis
damTavrebidan 35 wlis Semdeg maSin, roca
skolis damTavrebidan 50 wlis Semdeg asakovan
individebs jer kidev SeeZloT Tanaklaselebis
70-80%-is cnoba (Craik, 1999; Giambra & Arenberg, 1993).
mkvlevrebs jerjerobiT ar SeuZliaT im
meqanizmebis amomwuravad da saTanadod aRwera,
romelic safuZvlad udevs asakovani adamianebis
mexsierebis daqveiTebas (Craik, 1999). TeoriaTa
erTi nawili aqcents axalgazrdebisa da xandaz-
mulebis mier informaciis organizebisa da
gadamuSavebis gzebis gansxvavebulobebze akeTebs.
meore nawili ki miuTiTebs xandazmulTa Sem-
cirebul unarze, yuradReba miaqcion infor-
macias. arsebobs Teoriebi, romlebic tvinSi
mimdinare im neirobiologiur cvlilebebs swav-
lobs, romlebic mexsierebaSi fizikur kvals
toveben. mkvlevrebi imasac fiqroben, rom
xandazmulTa mexsierebis muSaobas Tavad maTi
rwmena _ mexsierebis aucileblobiT gauarese-
bis Sesaxeb _ auaresebs (Hertzog et al., 1990; Levy &
Langer, 1994). mkvlevrebi agrZeleben TiToeuli
dasaxelebuli faqtoris fardobiTi wvlilis
Sefasebas.
mexsierebis gauaresebis zogierTi forma
calsaxad biologiuri warmoSobisaa. asakovani
adamianebi, romlebic alcheimeris daavadebiT
arian daavadebulni, TandaTanobiT kargaven
mexsierebas da pirovnebis degradaciiT xasiaT-
debian. es daavadeba 65 wels gadacilebul
amerikelTa daaxloebiT 10%-s aReniSneba, ro-
melTagan daaxloebiT naxevari 85 welze metisaa.
maT Sorisaa, rogorc cnobili gaxda 1994 wlis
noemberSi, amerikis yofili prezidenti ronald
reigani (Evans et al., 1989). alcheimeris daavadeba,
erTi SexedviT, TiTqosda uwyinrad iwyeba _
adreul stadiebze erTaderTi TvalsaCino
simptomi SeiZleba mexsierebis gauareseba iyos,
Tumca, mis ganviTarebas Tan axlavs pirovnebis
ganuxreli degradacia. daavadebis msxverpls
SeiZleba aReniSnebodes gradualuri pirovnuli
cvlilebebi, rogoricaa: apaTia, spontanurobis
dakargva da garSemomyofebTan urTierTobis
survilis arqona. Semdgom stadiebze alcheimeris
daavadebis mqone adamianebi SeiZleba sruliad
Caiketnon sakuTar TavSi da uyuradReboni
gaxdnen, maT SeiZleba sakuTari meuRlisa da
Svilebis saxelebic ki daaviwydeT. cxadia, rom
mexsierebis aseTi gauareseba gacilebiT safuZ-
vliani da tragikulia, vidre mexsierebis xan-
kognituri ganviTareba cxovrebis manZilze
dazmulobisTvis Cveuli gauareseba.
axla ki, zogadi kognituri ganviTarebidan
ufro konkretul sakiTxebze gadavinacvloT da
vnaxoT, rogorc xdeba enis aTviseba.
sibrZne (wisdom) _ mdidari cxovrebiseuli ga-
mocdilebidan momdinare kompetenturoba cxov-
rebis fundamentur sferoebSi.
seleqciuri optimizacia kompensaciiT (selec-
tive optimization with compensation) _ warmatebuli
daberebis strategia, romlis saSualebiTac
adamiani maqsimalurad zrdis SenaZens da
amcirebs asakTan dakavSirebul danakargs.
alchaimeris daavadeba (Alzheimer’s disease) _ Tavis
tvinis qronikuli organuli sindromi, romelic
xasiaTdeba mexsierebis TandaTanobiTi daqve-
iTebiT, inteleqtualuri unarebis SemcirebiT
da pirovnebis degradaciiT.
421
 Sejameba enis aTviseba
Jan piaJe Tvlida, rom bavSvebi garemodan
miRebuli informaciis asimilaciisa da akomo-
aRsaniSnavi faqtia, rom 6 wlis asakisaTvis
daciisTvis gonebriv struqturebs iyeneben,
bavSvebs ukve SeuZliaT metyvelebis danawevreba
romelTac man sqemebi uwoda. piaJem kognituri
mis Semadgenel bgeriT da mniSvnelobiT
ganviTarebis oTxi stadia gamoyo: senso-
erTeulebad; bgerebis sityvebad, sityvebis ki _
motoruli stadia, rodesac bavSvebi aRweven
azrian winadadebebad gaerTianebis wesebis
obieqtTa mudmivobis cnebas; winaoperaciuli
gamoyeneba, romlebic TviTonve aRmoaCines da
stadia, rodesac bavSvebis azrovnebas egocen-
aqtiuri monawileobis miReba Tanmimdevrul
trizmi da centracia axasiaTebs; konkretuli
saubarSi. bavSvebis SesaniSnavma enobrivma
operaciebis stadia, rodesac bavSvebs ukve
miRwevebma mkvlevarTa umravlesobas ubiZga, rom
SeuZliaT konkretuli gonebrivi operaciebis
daTanxmebuloyvnen mosazrebas _ enis swavlis
damaxsovreba da Sesruleba; formaluri opera-
unars biologiuri safuZveli aqvs (pinker, 1994).
ciebis stadia, rodesac bavSvebs SeuZliaT
Tumca, imisda mixedviT, Tu sad daibada bavSvi,
abstraqtulad da logikurad azrovneba.
mis mSobliur enad SeiZleba iqces msoflioSi
Tamanedrove mkvlevrebma daxvewes piaJes
arsebuli 4000 sxvadasxva enidan nebismieri.
Teoriis elementebi. magaliTad, obieqtTa mud-
amasTan, bavSvebi momzadebulni arian orive _
mivobis garkveul aspeqtebs bavSvebi sicocxlis
sametyvelo da Jestebis _ enis Sesaswavlad. es
pirveli Tveebidanve aRweven. winaoperaciul
niSnavs, rom enis swavlisken Tandayolili
stadiaze myofi bavSvebi aucileblobiT ar arian
midrekileba sakmaod Zlieri da, amasTanave,
egocentrulebi. mkvlevrebi, aseve, varaudoben,
moqnili unda iyos (Meier, 1991).
rom cvlilebebi ramdenime ZiriTadi sferodan
imis asaxsnelad, Tu rogor arian bavSvebi
TiToeulSi gancalkevebulad, erTmaneTisgan
aseTi gawafulebi enis aTvisebaSi, Cven aRvwerT
damoukideblad xdeba, imis Sesabamisad, Tu
faqts, romelic adasturebs mosazrebas enis
ramdenad aqvs bavSvs ganviTarebuli sayrdeni
aTvisebis unaris Tandayolilobis Sesaxeb.
Teoriebi _ sawyisi struqturebi, romliTac
amasTan, garemos rolzec visaubrebT _ bavSvebi
isini cdiloben samyarosTan urTierTobiT miRe-
xom im konkretul, mkacrad gansazRvrul enas
Tavi 11 / adamianis ganviTareba cxovrebis manZilze

buli gamocdilebis axsnas. dabolos, aucile-

belia piaJes Teoriis ganxilva kulturul kon-
teqstSi. mraval kulturaSi fasobs kognituri
unarebi, romlebic sruliad gansxvavdeba im
unarebisgan, romelTac Tanamedrove kognituri
ganviTarebis mkvlevrebi Seiswavlian.
kognituri unarebis gauareseba mozrdilebSi,
ZiriTadad, kognituri procesebis zogadi Se-
nelebiT aixsneba. Tumca, asakovanma adamianebma
SeiZleba am movlenis kompensacia im sibrZniTa
da gamocdilebiT moaxdinon, romelic maT
droTa ganmavlobaSi SeiZines. amasTan, kognituri
funqcionirebis maRali donis SenarCuneba maT
gonebrivi aqtiurobiTac SeuZliaT. asakovan
adamianTa umravlesoba ganicdis mexsierebis
gauaresebas, Tumca, aseTi danakargi umniSvneloa
iseT gauaresebasTan SedarebiT, rac alcheimeris
daavadebas axlavs.
swavloben, romelic maT irgvliv garemoSi
gamoiyeneba. cxrili 11.4 warmodgenas gviqmnis
sxvadasxva saxis codnaze, romelic bavSvebma
unda aiTvison salaparako Tu Jestebis enis
swavlisas. Tqven SegiZliaT gadaxedoT me-9 Tavis
qveTavs enis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb da gaixsenoT,
rogor iyeneben mozrdilebi codnis am tipebs
saubris dros.
sityvebisa da metyvelebis
aRqma
warmoidgineT, rom axalSobili xarT da
saSineli yayani da zuzuni gesmiT. rogor
daiwyebT imis gacnobierebas, rom zogierTi
maTgani relevanturia sxva adamianebTan urTier-
TobisTvis? bavSvis pirveli nabiji konkretuli
enis aTvisebisas bgerebs Soris im gansxvavebebis

422

cxrili
11.4
enis struqtura
SemCnevaa, romlebic azrianad gamoiyeneba am
enaSi (niSnebis enebis SemTxvevaSi bavSvma unda
SeamCnios gansxvavebebi, magaliTad, xelebis
poziciebs Soris). TiToeuli sametyvelo ena
Sedgeba mTeli rigi SesaZlebeli gansxvavebe-
bisagan, romelTa warmoqmna SeuZlia adamianis
vokalur traqts. arc erTi ena ar iyenebs yvela
im salaparako-bgeriT kontrasts, romelic
SeiZleba wamoiqmnas. enaSi mniSvnelobis mqone
minimalur erTeuls fonemas uwodeben. inglisur
1
originaluri varianti: bin _ pin
enaSi daaxloebiT 45 sxvadasxva calkeuli
fonemaa. warmoidgineT, rom gesmiT sityvebi right
(ufleba) da light (sinaTle). Tu inglisuri
TqvenTvis mSobliuri enaa, ar gagiWirdebaT
gansxvavebis gagoneba _ inglisur enaSi /r/ da /
l/ gansxvavebuli fonemebia, magram Tu Tqven
mxolod iaponur enaze saubrobT, ver gaigebT
gansxvavebas am or sityvas Soris, radgan /r/ da
/l/ ar aris gansxvavebuli fonemebi iaponur enaSi.
ismis kiTxva: inglisurad molaparakeni iZenen
am gansxvavebis gagebis unars Tu iaponurad
molaparakeni kargaven mas?
aseT kiTxvaze pasuxis gasacemad mkvlevrebs
iseTi meTodebis SemuSaveba dasWirdaT, rom-
liTac SesaZlebeli iqneboda enobrivi infor-
maciis miReba bavSvebisgan, romlebic jer ar
laparakoben.
saidan
viciT
SesaZlebelia Tu ara hindis aRqma
dabadebisTanave
me-7 TavSi aRwerili operantuli gan-
pirobebulobis principebis gamoyenebiT,
mkvlevrebi aswavlian Cvilebs xmis wya-
rosken Tavis Sebrunebas, rodesac isini
SeamCneven metyvelebis erTi bgeris Sec-
vlas meore bgeriT. waxaliseba (jildo),
romelic ganamtkicebs am qcevas, ganaTebul
yuTSi moTavsebuli patara saTamaSo cxo-
velia, romelic taSs ukravs da dolze
abraxunebs. cda isea mowyobili, rom cvli-
lebis SemCnevisTanave bavSvebma aucileb-
lad miabrunon Tavi xmis wyarosken. bavS-
vebis mier gansxvavebis aRqmis unaris gasa-
zomad, mkvlevrebi aRnusxavdnen, Tu ra
sixSiriT abrunebdnen isini Tavs cvli-
lebis SemTxvevaSi.
janet uerkeri da misi kolegebi (werker,
1991; werker & lalond, 1988) am meTodiT
enis aTviseba
fonemebi (phonemes) _ metyvelebis minimaluri
erTeuli nebismier enaSi, romelic azrobriv
gasxvavebas qmnis eqspresiuli da impresiuli
metyvelebisas; r da l ori gansxvavebuli
fonemaa inglisurSi da qarTulSi, Tumca, erTi
fonemis sxvadasxva variantia iaponurSi.
423

ikvlevdnen metyvelebis aRqmis unaris Tan-
dayolil safuZvels _ es aris /r/-/l/ saki-
Txis nairsaxeoba, romelic Cven zemoT
ganvixileT. uerkeri swavlobda bgeriT
gansxvavebebs, romlebic ixmareba hindiSi,
magram ara inglisurSi _ gansxvavebebs,
romlebic arTuleben hindis aTvisebas
inglisurad molaparake zrdasrulebis-
Tvis. uerkerma da misma kolegebma gazomes
Cvilebis, romlebic swavlobdnen ingli-
sursa da hindis, da, aseve, inglisurad da
hindize molaparake zrdasrulebis mier
hindis fonemebis gansxvavebis unari. maT
aRmoaCines, rom yvela Cvili 8 Tvis asa-
kamde, ganurCevlad imisa, Tu romel enas
swavlobda, amCnevda am gansxvavebebs. Tumca,
8 Tveze ufrosi asakis Cvilebis da mozr-
dilebis SemTxvevaSi mxolod maT SeeZloT
hindis bgeriTi kontraqtebis garCeva, vinc
swavlobda hindis an ukve laparakobda am
enaze.
aseTi kvleva dabejiTebiT gvafiqrebinebs,
rom cxovrebas salaparako enebisTvis mniS-
vnelovani bgeriTi kontrastebis aRqmis Tanda-
yolili unariT viwyebT, Tumca, maleve vkargavT
im zogierTi kontrastis aRqmis unars, romelic
Tavi 11 / adamianis ganviTareba cxovrebis manZilze
ar arsebobs enaSi, romlis swavlasac viwyebT
(werker & tees, 1999).
metyvelebis aRqmis am biologiurad ganpiro-
bebuli dasawyisis paralelurad, bevr bavSvs
garemoc uwyobs xels da dasawyisisTvis nakl-
ebad moiTxovs misgan gamarTul metyvelebas.
mraval kulturaSi mozrdilebi Cvil da patara
bavSvebTan saubrisas enis gansakuTrebul, moz-
rdilTa metyvelebisgan gansxvavebul formas
iyeneben. es aris xazgasmiT gamokveTilad da
maRali intonaciiT metyveleba, romelic for-
malurad cnobilia, rogorc bavSvze mimarTuli
metyveleba (child-directed speech). an naklebad ofi-
cialuri saxelwodebiT _ dedebis an mSoblebis
ena. bavSvze mimarTuli metyvelebisTvis dama-
bavSvze mimarTuli metyveleba (child-directed spe-
ech) _ metyvelebis gansakuTrebuli forma, xaz-
gasmiT gamokveTil da maRali intonaciiT, ro-
melsac mozrdilebi Cvil da patara bavSvebTan
saubrisas iyeneben
424
xasiaTebeli Taviseburebebi arsebobs bevr, magram
ara yvela kulturaSi (fernald & morikawa, 1993;
fernald et al. , 1989; ingram, 1995). bavSvze mimarTul
metyvelebas SeuZlia, daexmaros maT enis aT-
visebaSi, vinaidan misi saSualebiT bavSvebi
interesdebian da yuradRebas aqceven imas, rasac
mSoblebi eubnebian maT. garda amisa, aseTi
metyvelebis bgeriTi paterni xazs usvams emo-
ciur Sinaarss, rac xels uwyobs bavSvsa da
masze mzrunvel mozrdils Soris emociuri
kavSiris damyarebas (trainor et al., 2000).
ra asakidan SeuZliaT bavSvebs bgeraTa pater-
nebis _ sityvebis _ mravaljeradi gameorebis
SemCneva maTze mimarTul metyvelebis nakadSi?
es aris pirveli didi nabiji enis aTvisebisas:
Tqven ver iswavliT imas, rom sityva ZaRli
raRac kavSirSia im bewvian arsebasTan, romlis
gamoCenis drosac am sityvas amboben, vidre ar
daafiqsirebT, rom bgeraTa paterni ZaRli
gamoiyeneba maSin, roca saxezea bewviani arseba.
Cvilebi, saSualod, 6-7,5 Tvis asakidan avlenen
ganmeorebadi bgerebis mniSvnelobis wvdomis
unars (jusczyk & aslin, 1995), Tumca, erTi gansakuT-
rebuli sityvis aRqmis unari bavSvebs ori TviT
ufro adre, daaxloebiT 4,5 Tvis asakSi uCndebaT:
am droisaTvis isini aSkara upiratesobas aniWeben
sakuTar saxels (Mandel et al., 1995).
sityvebis mniSvnelobaTa
daswavla
rogorc ki SeZlebdiT bgerebis warmoqmnisa
da movlenebis Tanxvedris dafiqsirebas, Tqven
mzad iqnebodiT sityvebis mniSvnelobebis
asaTviseblad. udaoa, rom bavSvebi brwyinvaled
swavloben sityvebis mniSvnelobebs. daaxloebiT
18 Tvis asakSi maTi sityvebis maragi gasaocari
siswrafiT izrdeba. mkvlevrebi am periods
dasaxelebebis afeTqebis, anu dasaxelebaTa
raodenobis swrafi zrdis periods uwodeben,
radgan bavSvebi daCqarebuli tempiT iwyeben
axali sityvebis, gansakuTrebiT sagnebis dasa-
xelebebis aTvisebas (ix. suraTi 11.7). 6 wlis
asakisaTvis saSualod bavSvs daaxloebiT 14000
sityva esmis (Templin, 1957). Tu davuSvebT, rom am
sityvebis umravlesoba 18 Tvidan 6 wlamde
asakSia naswavli, miviRebT, rom bavSvi erT
dReSi cxra sityvas swavlobs, anu sifxizlis

suraTi
11.7
bavSvis leqsikonis gamdidreba
bavSvis mier gamoyenebuli sityvebis raodenoba
swrafad izrdeba wlinaxevridan 6 wlis asakamde.
mocemuli kvleva aCvenebs bavSvebis sityvaTa saSualo
marags 6-Tviani intervalebiT.
(wyaro: B.A. Moskowitz, 1978. The acquisition of language.
scientific American, Inc.)
yovel erT saaTSi _ TiTqmis erT sityvas (Carey,
1978). rogor aris es SesaZlebeli?
warmoidgineT situacia: bavSvi da misi mama
parkSi seirnoben, mama uTiTebs raRacaze da
ambobs: „es aris ZaRli~. bavSvma unda gada-
wyvitos, Tu samyaros romel nawils ekuTvnis
ZaRli. es ar aris ioli saqme (Quine, 1960). iqneb
ZaRli niSnavs „nebismier oTxfexa qmnilebas~,
„cxovelis qurqs~, „cxovelis tyavs~ an kidev
sxva uamrav mniSvnelobas, romelic marTali
iqneba yovel jerze, roca vinme ZaRlze miu-
TiTebs. yvela SesaZleblobis gaTvaliswinebiT,
rogor axerxeben bavSvebi TiToeuli sityvis
mniSvnelobis dadgenas?
Cven vvaraudobT, rom bavSvebi naturalistebis
msgavsad moqmedeben. isini ayalibeben hipoTezebs
imis Sesaxeb, Tu ras SeiZleba niSnavdes TiTo-
euli axali sityva. magaliTad, SegviZlia vnaxoT,
Tu rogor aqtiurad muSaobs maTi naturalisturi
goneba, rodesac isini Zalian afarToveben si-
tyvis mniSvnelobas _ erT sityvas iyeneben
obieqtTa farTo speqtris aRsaniSnad. maT SeuZ-
liaT sityva ZaRliT aRniSnon yvela cxoveli,
an sityviT mTvare _ yvela mrgvali obieqti,
saaTisa da monetebis CaTvliT. sxva SemTxvevebSi,
bavSvebs SeuZliaT Seaviwrovon sityvis mniS-
vneloba _ CaTvalon, magaliTad, rom ZaRli
mxolod maTi ojaxis ZaRls niSnavs.
Tumca, mosazreba imis Sesaxeb, rom bavSvebi
hipoTezebs qmnian, ar xsnis, Tu ratom arian
bavSvebi gacilebiT metad midrekilni imis
warmodgenisken, rom ZaRli Seesabameba mTlian
cxovels da ara, magaliTad, mis marcxena wina
TaTs. mkvlevrebi varaudoben, rom bavSvebis
hipoTezebi SezRudulia Tandayolili princi-
pebiT (Clark, 1987, 1993; Markman, 1989). ganvixiloT,
magaliTad, urTierTgamoricxvis principi, ro-
melic gulisxmobs, rom bavSvebi ise iqcevian,
TiTqos TiToeul sagans mxolod erTi dasa-
xeleba unda hqondes. rogor zRudavs es principi
bavSvebis hipoTezas? normalur pirobebSi
bavSvebi midrekilni arian, CaTvalon, rom axali
sityva aRniSnavs mTlian sagans. amavdroulad,
roca maT ukve ician raime mTliani sagnis
dasaxeleba, magaliTad, telefoni, isini iyeneben
urTierTgamoricxvas da aviTareben hipoTezas,
rom maTTvis ucnobi sityva, magaliTad, yurmili
unda aRniSnavdes sagnis romelime nawils (Liit-
schwager & Markman, 1994; Markman & Wachtel, 1988).
enis aTviseba
425
 bavSvis hipoTeza, umeteswilad, sworia xolme.
urTierTgamoricxva xsnis, Tu ratom brazdebian
2 wlis bavSvebi, roca maT saxanZro manqanas
deda saxanZro satvirTos uwodebs.
gramatikis Seswavla
bavSvebis mier mniSvnelobebis aTvisebis
asaxsnelad isini davaxasiaTeT, rogorc natura-
listebi, romelTa hipoTezebi SezRudulia
Tandayolili principebiT. igive analogiis
gamoyeneba SeiZleba bavSvebis mier wesebis,
romelTa meSveobiTac mniSvnelobebi erTiandeba
ufro did erTeulebad, anu gramatikis _ aTvi-
sebis aRsawerad. bavSvisTvis siZneles is qmnis,
rom sxvadasxva enebs sxvadasxva wesebi aqvT.
magaliTad, inglisurSi winadadebis tipuri wyo-
baa subieqti-zmna-obieqti, iaponurSi ki — subieq-
ti-obieqti-zmna. bavSvebma unda gaarkvion, ra
tipis wyoba gamoiyeneba im enaSi, romelic maT
irgvliv gamoiyeneba. rogor akeTeben isini amas?
dResdReobiT mkvlevarTa umravlesobas miaC-
nia, rom am kiTxvaze pasuxi, ZiriTadad, adamianis
genomSi unda veZioT. lingvisti noam xomski
(Noam Chomsky; 1965, 1975), magaliTad, amtkicebs,
rom bavSvebi ibadebian gonebrivi struqturebiT,
romelic aiolebs enis gagebas da am enis saSua-
lebiT azris gadmocemas. gramatikis aseTi bio-
Tavi 11 / adamianis ganviTareba cxovrebis manZilze
logiuri safuZvlis dasabuTebas uzrunvelyofen
bavSvebi, romlebic mkafiod Camoyalibebuli
gramatikuli wesebis auxsnelad srulad floben
enis gramatikul struqturas. magaliTad, mkvlev-
rebma Seiswavles yru bavSvebi, romelTa siyruec
imdenad mZime iyo, rom ar SeeZloT zepiri
metyvelebis aTviseba, mSoblebma ki ar uzrunvel-
yves maTTvis Jestebis enis srulad swavleba
(Goldin-Meadow & Mylander, 1990, 1998). am bavSvebma
sakuTari niSnebis enis gamogoneba daiwyes da
am Jestebis enam _ misTvis garemoSi sayrdenis
enis Seqmnis unari (language-making capacity) _
Tandayolili saxelmZRvanelo principebi, rom-
lebsac bavSvebi iyeneben enis Seswavlis amo-
canis Sesrulebisas.
hiperregularizacia (overregularization) _ grama-
tikuli Secdoma, romelic, Cveulebriv, vlin-
deba adreuli enobrivi ganviTarebis dros da
romlis drosac enis wesebi imdenad farTod
gamoiyeneba, rom xdeba araswori lingvisturi
formebis warmoeba.
426
ararsebobis miuxedavad _ gamarTuli gramati-
kuli struqtura SeiZina: „Camoyalibebuli enis,
rogorc orientiris, arsebobis an ararsebobis
pirobebSi, bavSvebi, rogorc Cans, „mzad~ arian
struqturebis ZiebisTvis, sul mcire, sityvis
da winadadebis doneze, rodesac aviTareben
informaciis gacvlis sistemebs~ (Goldin-Meadow
& Mylander, 190, gv. 351).
rogor unda gaarkvion mkvlevrebma, konkretu-
lad romeli codnaa Tandayolili? am sakiTxi-
sadmi yvelaze nayofieri midgomaa enis aTvisebis
Seswavla mravali enis masalaze dayrdnobiT
anu kros-linglisturad. imis garkveviT, Tu ra
uadvildebaT da ra uZneldebaT bavSvebs msof-
lios mravali enis aTvisebisas, mkvlevrebs SeuZ-
liaT gansazRvron, savaraudod, gramatikis ro-
meli nawilebi eyrdnoba yvelaze metad Sinagan
predispoziciebs.
aq vubrundebiT mosazrebas bavSvis, rogorc
naturalistis, Sesaxeb. bavSvebi konkretuli
enis Seswavlis amocanis Sesrulebisas Tandayo-
lil SezRudvebs iyeneben. den slobinma (Dan
Slobin) es warmmarTveli principebi gansazRvra,
rogorc saxelmZRvanelo principebis erTob-
lioba, romelic bavSvis enis Seqmnis unars
qmnis. slobinis Teoriis (1985) mixedviT, saxel-
mZRvanelo principebi bavSvisTvis mimarTulebis
mimcemis (direqtivebis) formas iRebs. magaliTad,
operaciuli principi, romelic bavSvs iseTi
sityvebis aRmoCenaSi exmareba, romlebic erTad
gamoiyeneba maTgan sityvaTSeTanxmebebis Sed-
genaSi, aseTia: „sityvaTa kategoriebisa da
funqcionaluri elementebis kategoriebis dad-
genili mimdevrobis, romlebic erTad Cndebian
konkretuli propoziciis tipis gamoxatvisas,
mocemuli propoziciis tipis aRmniSvnelTan
erTad mexsierebaSi Senaxva~ (gv. 1252). martivad
rom vTqvaT, es saxelmZRvanelo principi gveub-
neba, rom bavSvebma unda daicvan sityvebis
warmoTqmis Tanmimdevrobisa da maT mier gamo-
xatuli mniSvnelobebis urTierTmimarTeba.
slobinma saxelmZRvanelo principebi sxvadasxva
enis mravali mkvlevris mier mowodebuli mona-
cemebis Sejamebis safuZvelze gamoiyvana. imis
saCveneblad, Tu rogor muSaobs es principebi,
Cven inglisuri enis magaliTebs gamoviyenebT.
vnaxoT, ra SeuZliaT inglisur enaze mola-
parake bavSvebs daaxloebiT ori wlis asakSi,
orsityviani winadadebebis stadiaze, rodesac

isini sityvebis kombinaciebis gamoyenebas iwye-
ben. am TvalsazrisiT, bavSvebis metyveleba te-
legrafulia, radgan, ZiriTadad, arsebiTi saxe-
lebisa da zmnebisgan Sedgenil mokle, martivi
mimdevrobebis erTobliobas warmoadgens. teleg-
raful metyvelebas aklia iseTi damxmare si-
tyvebi, rogoricaa: the, andAda of (artikli, kav-
Siri da windebuli), romlebic sityvebsa da
ideebs Soris kavSiris gamoxatvaSi gvexmareba.
magaliTad, Allgone milk1 telegrafuli frazaa.
orsityviani gamonaTqvamebis gasagebad moz-
rdilebi im konteqsts unda icnobdnen, sadac
iTqva es sityvebi. „Tanya ball~ (tania burTi),
magaliTad, SeiZleba niSnavdes: „tanias unda
burTi~ an „tania isvris burTs~. miuxedavad amisa,
orsityviani winadadebebis stadiaze myofi bav-
Svebi amtkiceben, rom maT garkveulwilad aiTvises
inglisuri gramatika. saxelmZRvanelo principebi
saSualebas aZlevs maT, aRmoaCinon, rom ingli-
surSi mniSvneloba aqvs sityvebis wyobas da rom
sami aucilebeli elementia: moqmedi piri –
moqmedeba _ obieqti (subieqti-zmna-obieqti),
romlebic am mimdevrobiT aris dalagebuli. am
„aRmoCenis~ dasasturebaa, rodesac bavSvebi ara-
sworad igeben aseT winadadebas: `Mary was followed
by her little lamb to school~ (meris wayva misi patara
kravi skolaSi) maTi interpretaciaa: meri (moqmedi
1
Allgone milk – All milk is all gone – mTeli rZe (rac gvqonda)
gaTavda.
suraTi
11.8
gramatikis aTviseba
mravali bavSvi Tvlis, rom
‚Mary was followed by the lamb~
(meris gahyva kravi) da ‚ary
followed the lamb~ (meri gahyva
kravs) eri da igive mniS-
vnelobis mqone winadade-
bebia.
piri) wayva (moqmedeba) Tavis kravs (obieqti) (ix.
sur. 11.8). droTa ganmavlobaSi bavSvebma unda
gamoiyenon sxva saxelmZRvanelo principebi, raTa
aRmoaCinon, rom wesidan „moqmedi piri – moqmedeba
_ obieqti~ gamonaklisebic arsebobs.
axla ganvixiloT saxelmZRvanelo principi,
romelsac slobinma gavrcoba uwoda da romelic
moiTxovs, rom bavSvebma erTi da igive azrobrivi
erTeulis, anu morfemis gamoyeneba scadon erTi
da imave cnebis aRsaniSnad. aseTi cnebebis
magaliTebia kuTvnilebiTi brunva, warsuli dro
da mimdinare moqmedeba. inglisur enaSi TiTo-
euli dasaxelebuli forma gamoixateba sityvis
fuZeze iseTi gramatikuli morfemis damatebis
gziT, rogoricaa, magaliTad, -`s (maria’s), -ed (called)
da -ing (laughing). daakvirdiT, TiToeuli dasaxe-
lebuli bgeris damateba arsebiT saxelze an
zmnaze rogor cvlis mis mniSvnelobas.
bavSvebi gavrcobis msgavs saxelmZRvanelo
principebs am morfemebis funqcionirebis Sesaxeb
hipoTezebis Camosayalibeblad iyeneben. Tumca,
vinaidan es principi moiTxovs, rom bavSvma unda
scados yvela konkretuli SemTxvevis erTnairad
enis aTviseba
aRniSvna, is xSirad uSvebs Secdomas _ axdens
hiperregulacias. magaliTad, iswavlis ra bavSvi
inglisurSi warsuli drois warmoebas zmnaze
ed-is damatebiT, is amatebs ed-s yvela zmnas da
qmnis iseT sityvebs, rogoricaa doed da breaked
(arawesieri zmnebi, romelTa warsuli forma ed-
is damatebiT ar iwarmoeba). swavlobs ra bavSvi 427
 mravlobiTi ricxvis warmoebis wess (-s-is an -z-
is damateba sityvis bolos), is isev zedmetad
afarTovebs wess da qmnis iseT sityvebs, ro-
goricaa foots, mouses (gamonaklisi SemTxvevebi,
rodesac mravlobiTi ricxvi –s, an –z-is dama-
tebiT ar iwarmoeba). hiperregularizacia gan-
sakuTrebiT saintereso Secdomaa, radgan is,
Cveulebriv, vlindeba mas Semdeg, rac bavSvebs
ukve naswavli aqvT raRac da zmnebisa da
arsebiTi saxelebis swor formebs iyeneben.
bavSvebi jer zmnis swor formebs (magaliTad,
came da went) iyeneben, albaT, imitom, rom isini
swavloben maT, rogorc calkeul terminolo-
giur elementebs, magram, roca isini warsuli
drois (past-tense-is) ZiriTad wess swavloben,
isini mas im zmnebis mimarTac iyeneben, romlebic
wesidan gamonakliss warmoadgenen, anu im si-
tyvebis mimarT, romlebsac manamde sworad gamoT-
qvamdnen1. droTa ganmavlobaSi bavSvebi sxva
saxelmZRvanelo principebs iyeneben am droebiTi
gaugebrobis dasaZlevad.
bavSvebis mier enis aTviseba mniSvnelovan
gavlenas axdens maT socialur urTierTobebze.
es unda davimaxsovroT, vinaidan socialuri
ganviTarebis ganxilvas viwyebT, romelic mTeli
cxovrebis manZilze mimdinareobs.
Sejameba
Tavi 11 / adamianis ganviTareba cxovrebis manZilze
mkvlevarTa umravlesoba iziarebs mosazrebas,
rom bavSvebi enis Seswavlis biologiurad
ganpirobebuli unariT ibadebian. am ideis dama-
dasturebel monacemebs iZlevian eqsperimentebi,
romlebic aCveneben, rom bavSvebs aqvT fonemuri
kontrastebis aRqmis Tandayolili unari, maT
Soris iseTi kontrastebis, romelic ar gamoi-
yeneba maTi garemosTvis Cveul enaSi. 7,5 Tvis
asakisaTvis bavSvebi cnoben ganmeorebad bgerebs.
es unari saSualebas aZlevs maT, daiwyon sityvaTa
mniSvnelobebis aTviseba. mkvlevrebi Tvlian,
rom axali sityvebis mniSvnelobebs bavSvebi im
hipoTezebis SeqmniTa da gadasinjviT swavloben,
romlebic ganpirobebulia iseTi Tandayolili
principebiT, rogoricaa urTierTgamoricxva.
1
qarTulSi amis magaliTia, rodesac bavSvebi
amboben „sebobs~ da ara „arsebobs~, radgan maT ukve
naswavli aqvT, rom „ar~ uaryofis gamomxatvelia da
fiqroben, rom „ar~-is gamokleba uaryofiT mtkicebas
428 dadebiTad aqcevs (mTargmnelis SeniSvna).
kros-lingvisturi kvlevebi exmareba mkvlev-
rebs, gansazRvron, gramatikis romeli nawilebi
eyrdnoba yvelaze metad Sinagan predispoziciebs.
enis Seqmnis unari warmoadgens saxelmZRvanelo
principebis erTobliobas, romelic marTavs
bavSvebis mier maT garemocvisTvis Cveuli enis
gaanalizebis process.
socialuri ganviTareba
cxovrebis manZilze
Cven vnaxeT, rogor icvleba adamiani daba-
debidan xandazmulobamde fizikuri da kogni-
turi TvalsazrisiT. am qveTavSi ganvixilavT
socialur ganviTarebas: rogor icvleba indi-
vidis socialuri urTierTobebi da molodinebi
sicocxlis manZilze. Cven vnaxavT, rom socia-
luri da kulturuli garemo urTierTqmedebs
biologiur asakTan da cxovrebis TiToeul
periods misTvis damaxasiaTebeli gamowvevebiTa
da ganmtkicebebiT uzrunvelyofs.
socialuri ganviTarebis ganxilvisas gan-
sakuTrebulad mniSvnelovania imis codna, Tu
rogor zemoqmedebs kultura da garemo Cveni
cxovrebis garkveul aspeqtebze. magaliTad,
ekonomikuri gaWirvebis pirobebSi mcxovrebi
adamianebi eqvemdebarebian garkveuli tipis
stresebs, rac ar xdeba ganviTarebis „normalur~
pirobebSi (Crockett & Silbereisen, 2000; Leventhal &
Brooks-Gunn, 2000). aSS-sa da msoflios sxva
qveynebSi arsebuli tendenciebi ganviTarebis
fsiqologebs valdebuls xdis, gaiTvaliswinon
is gamorCeuli garemoebebi, sadac uwevs cxovreba
mraval bavSvs, mozardsa Tu mozrdils _
garemoebebi, romlebic mudmivad safrTxes uqmnis
maT fsiqikas, usafrTxoebas da sicocxles
(Dryfoss, 1990; Huston et al., 1994; Ladd & Cairns, 1996).
garda amisa, amerikuli kultura Tavs axvevs
cxovrebis sxvadasxva stils qalebsa da mama-
kacebs da umciresobaTa warmomadgenlebs. maga-
liTad, xandazmuli qalebi ufro xSirad imyo-
febian arasaxarbielo ekonomikur mdgomareobaSi,
socialuri ganviTareba (social development) _ gza,
romliTac icvleba individis socialuri
urTierTobebi da molodinebi cxovrebis
ganmavlobaSi.
vidre xandazmuli mamakacebi; xandazmuli afro-
amerikeli qalebi kidev ufro cud mdgomareobaSi
arian, vidre maTive asakis TeTrkaniani qalebi
(Carstensen & Rasupathi, 1993). es gansxvavebebi Tana-
medrove amerikul sazogadoebaSi arsebuli
struqturuli uTanasworobis uSualo Sedegia.
rodesac vaskvniT „saSualo~ cxovrebis mim-
dinareobis Taobaze, ar unda dagvaviwydes _
kultura karnaxobs zogierT individs, rom gan-
sxvavdebodes am normidan. rodesac aRvwerT im
fsiqologiur siZneleebs, romelsac „Cveuleb-
rivi~ individi awydeba, unda gaxsovdeT, rom
mravali individi gansakuTrebuli, iSviaTi gamo-
wvevebis winaSe dgas. mkvlevrebis daniSnulebaa,
aRweron Tanamedrove problemebis gavlena adami-
anze da SeimuSavon meTodebi, romliTac Seamsu-
buqeben yvelaze usiamovno Sedegebs. naTelia,
rom saWiroa seriozuli reformebis gatareba
ukeTesi janmrTelobis dacvis sistemis, socia-
luri uzrunvelyofis programebisa da socialu-
ri daxmarebis politikis asamoqmedeblad da
dasaregulireblad. fsiqologebi daxmarebas
gagviweven ojaxebisa da maTi bavSvebis saukeTeso
interesebis gansazRvraSi (Scarr & Eisenberg, 1993). TiToeuli stadia xasiaTdeba konkretuli kri-
socialuri ganviTarebis ganxilvisas saSualeba zisiTa Tu konfliqtiT. miuxedavad imisa, rom
gveqneba, davubrundeT kulturis gavlenis sa- arc erTi konfliqti ar amoiwureba bolomde,
kiTxs. aucilebelia, individma sakmarisad gadaWras
gaxsovdeT, rom ganvlili wlebi da kul- TiToeuli maTgani, raTa warmatebiT gaumklavdes
turiT ganpirobebuli socialuri gamocdileba Semdgomi stadiebis konfliqtebs.
erToblivad gansazRvraven adamianebis cxov- eriksonis mier aRwerili cxovrebiseuli
rebiseul amocanebs. socialuri ganviTarebis ciklis pirvel stadiaze Cvils, mzrunvel mozar-

socialuri ganviTareba cxovrebis manZilze

ganxilvas daviwyebT erik eriksonis cxovrebis
ciklis TeoriiT, romelic naTlad warmogviCens
im gamowvevebsa da SenaZenebs, romelsac cxov-
rebiseuli ciklis TiToeul did monakveTze
viRebT.
eriksonis fsiqosocialuri
stadiebi
erik eriksonma (Erik Erikson), zigmund froidis
qaliSvilis, ana froidis mowafem, SemogvTavaza
Teoria, romlis mixedviTac yovelma individma
warmatebiT unda gaiaros mTeli rigi fsiqo-
socialuri stadiebisa, romelTaganac TiToeuli
mas garkveuli konfliqtis, an krizisis winaSe
ayenebs. eriksonma cxovrebis ciklis rva sta-
dia gamoyo. rogorc naCvenebia cxrilSi 11.5,
debTan urTierTobaSi, unda Camouyalibdes
garemosadmi ndobis bazisuri grZnoba. ndoba
mSobelTan Zlieri mijaWvulobis bunebrivi maxa-
siaTebelia, romelic bavSvs sakvebiT, siTboTi
da fizikuri siaxloviT uzrunvelyofs. Tumca,
Tu ar aris dakmayofilebuli bavSvis bazisuri
moTxovnilebebi; Tu mas aklia movla, fizikuri
siaxlove, siTbo da, aseve, Tu is xSirad rCeba
masze mzrunvelis gareSe, SesaZloa, mas ganuvi-
fsiqosocialuri stadiebi (psychosocial stages)
_ erik eriksonis SemoTavazebuli ganviTarebis
Tanmimdevruli stadiebi, romelic fokusirdeba
sakuTar Tavsa da sxvebze individis orien-
taciaze; es stadiebi moicavs pirovnebis gan-
viTarebis sqesobriv da socialur aspeqtebs
da individisa da socialuri garemos urTier-
Tqmedebis Sedegad warmoqmnil socialur
konfliqtebs.
429
 cxrili
11.5
fsiqosocialuri ganviTarebis stadiebi eriksonis mixedviT
miaxloebiTi krizisi warmatebuli gadawyveta warumatebeli gadawyveta
asaki

0-1,5 ndoba undoblobis usafrTxoebis bazisuri gancda daucveloba, SfoTva

winaaRmdeg
1,5-3 avtonomia eWvis Tavis aRqma momqmedad, romelsac movlenebis kontrolis
winaaRmdeg xelewifeba sakuTari sxeulis SeuZleblobis gancda
kontroli da romelic flobs
situacias
3-6 iniciativa danaSaulis sakuTar TavSi, rogorc sakuTari Rirsebis gan-
grZnobis winaaRmdeg iniciatorsa da SemoqmedSi, cdis ararseboba
darwmunebuloba
6-pubertati kompetenturoba bazisuri socialuri da sakuTar TavSi daurwmu-
arasrulfasovnebis inteleqtualuri unarebis nebuloba, marcxis gancda
winaaRmdeg adekvaturoba
mozardoba ego-identuroba sakuTari Tavis, rogorc sakuTari pirovnebis
rolebis aRrevis pirovnebis, sasiamovno, danawevrebulobis gancda;
winaaRmdeg damakmayofilebeli gancda sakuTar me-ze cvalebadi
da bundovani warmodgena
axalgazrdoba intimuroba izolaciis meore adamianTan daaxloebisa da martoobis da
winaaRmdeg erTgulad darCenis unari gancalkevebis gancda;
axlo urTierTobis
saWiroebis uaryofa
saSualo asaki qmnadoba1 uZraobis2 sakuTari Tavis garda ojaxze, sakuTari survilebis
winaaRmdeg sazogadoebaze, momaval Taobaze damkayofilebaze zrunva;
zrunvis unari momavalze orientaciis
ararseboba
xandazmuloba mTlianoba3 saso- mTlianobis gancda, zogadi sicarielis, gamousade-
warkveTis winaaRmdeg kmayofileba cxovrebiT garobis gancda, imed-
gacrueba
Tavi 11 / adamianis ganviTareba cxovrebis manZilze

Tardes undoblobis, daucvelobisa da SfoTvis amocanebis miRwevisa da axali unarebis SeZenis

yovlismomcveli gancda.
fexis adgmasa da laparakis dawyebasTan erTad,
farTovdeba bavSvis mier gamokvleuli sivrce
da is intensiurad iwyebs obieqtebis (da xandaxan
adamianebis) Seswavlasa da manipulirebas (xe-
liT mosinjvas, datrialebas, gadmobrunebas).
am moqmedebebiT mas unda Camouyalibdes avto-
nomiis da sakuTari qmedunarianobisa da Rir-
seulobis gancda. am stadiaze zedmetma SezRudvam
da kritikulobam, SesaZloa, migviyvanos bavSvis
mier sakuTar ZalebSi daeWvebamde, xolo iseTma
moTxovnebma, romlebic mis SesaZleblobebs
aRemateba, rogoricaa, magaliTad, TviTmom-
saxurebis Cvevebis naadrevi da/an zedmetad
mkacri moTxovna, SesaZloa, mas daukargos axali
1
Generativity.
2
Stagnation
430 3
ego-integrity
xalisi. winasaskolo periodis dasasruls bav-
Svi, romelsac ukve ganviTarebuli aqvs ndobis
bazisuri grZnoba jer uaxloesi garemocvis,
Semdeg ki sakuTari Tavisadmi, SeZlebs inicia-
tivis gamoCenas rogorc gonebriv, ise moto-
rul aqtivobaSi. imisda mixedviT, Tu rogor
reagireben mSoblebi bavSvis mxridan aseTi
iniciativebis gamoCenaze, isini waaxaliseben
Tavisuflebisa da sakuTar TavSi darwmune-
bulobis SegrZnebas, rac aucilebelia ganvi-
Tarebis Semdegi safexurisTvis, an aRZraven
danaSaulis gancdas da mozrdilTa samyaroSi
„daupatiJebel stumrad~ agrZnobineben Tavs.
dawyebiTi skolis periodSi bavSvi, romelmac
warmatebiT daZlia wina stadiebis krizisebi,
mzad aris, rom gare samyaros SemTxveviTi
Ziebidan da gadasinjvidan gadavides kompeten-
turobisa da Sromisunarianobis sistematur
ganviTarebaze. skola da sporti _ inteleq-
tualuri da motoruli unarebis ganviTarebis,
TanatolebTan urTierToba ki socialuri una-
rebis ganviTarebis saSualebas iZleva. am mimar-
TulebebiT warmatebul mcdelobebs bavSvi
kompetenturobis gancdamde mihyavs. Tu am
stadiaze bavSvi Semsruleblis nacvlad mayu-
rebelis rolSi aRmoCndeba, an marcxs ganicdis,
SesaZloa, mas arasrulfasovnebis SegrZneba
ganuviTardes, rac, Tavis mxriv, amcirebs Sem-
dgomi cxovrebiseuli stadiebis moTxovnaTa
dakmayofilebis unars.
eriksons miaCnda, rom mozardobis ZiriTadi
krizisi sakuTari individualurobis, anu iden-
tobis aRmoCenaa, rasac sxvadasxva wreSi gansxva-
vebuli rolebis Sesrulebis aucileblobiT
gamowveuli gaurkvevloba abrkolebs. am krizisis
gadawyveta individs sakuTari pirovnebis mTlia-
nobis gancdis CamoyalibebaSi exmareba; waruma-
tebloba ki, Sesabamisad, sakuTar Tavze, rogorc
aramyari birTvis mqone pirovnebis Sesaxeb,
warmodgenis mizezi xdeba.
axalgazrdobis (adreuli mozrdilobis)
ZiriTadi krizisi intimurobasa da izolacias
Soris konfliqtis gadaWraa. am konfliqtis
warmatebuli gadawyvetis Sedegia sxva adami-
anebTan sruli emociuri, zneobrivi da seqsua-
luri urTierTobebis damyarebisa da SenarCune-
bis unaris ganviTareba. aseTi urTierTobebi
TavisTavad gulisxmobs zogierTi pirovnuli
prioritetis daTmobas, kompromiss, sakuTar
Tavze garkveuli pasuxismgeblobebis aRebas da
meore adamianis (partnioris) ganmartoebulobisa
da damoukideblobis garkveuli xarisxiT Senar-
Cunebas. am krizisis daZlevisas warumateblobas
individi izolaciamde da sxvebTan harmoniuri
urTierTobebis unaris arqonamde mihyavs.
socialuri zrdis Semdegi SesaZlebloba,
romelic, Cveulebriv, mowifulobaSi (Suaxnis
mozrdilobaSi) eZleva adamians, generaciuloba,
anu produqtulobaa. 30-40 wlis asakSi adamianebi
sakuTar Tavsa da sakuTar partniorze fiqris
sazRvrebs scdebian da zrunvas iwyeben ojaxis
wevrebze, samuSaoze, sazogadoebasa da momaval
Taobaze. isini, visac wina stadiebis krizisebi
ar aqvT daZleuli, kvlav sakuTari moTxovnile-
bebis dakmayofilebiT arian dakavebulni, eWvqveS
ayeneben warsulis miRwevebs da miRebul ga-
dawyvetilebebs da usafrTxoebis fasad inarCu-
neben Tavisuflebas.
xnovanebis (gviani mozrdilobis) krizisia
konfliqti pirovnul mTlianobasa da sasowar-
kveTas Soris. nebismieri ganvlili stadiis
krizisis gadawyveta xnier adamians amzadebs
imisaTvis, rom warsuls sinanulis gareSe Sexe-
dos da pirovnuli mTlianobis sasiamovno gan-
cda daeuflos. Tu adrindeli krizisebi gada-
uWrelia, xolo miswrafebebi ausrulebel sur-
vilebadve darCa, individs sasowarkveTileba,
ganvlili cxovrebis amaoebisa da sakuTari
gamousadegrobis SegrZneba eufleba.
socialuri ganviTareba
bavSvobaSi
bavSvis sicocxlis SenarCuneba damoki-
debulia sxva adamianebTan Sinaarsiani da
efeqtur urTierTobebis damyarebaze. socia-
lizacia mTeli cxovrebis manZilze mimdinare
procesia, rodesac individis qcevis paternebi,
Rirebulebebi, standartebi, unarebi, ganwyobebi
da motivebi iseT formas iReben, romelic
misaRebi iqneba mocemuli sazogadoebisTvis.
procesSi mravali adamiani (naTesavebi, megobrebi,
maswavleblebi) da instituciaa (skolebi, RvTis
msaxurebis adgilebi) CarTuli, romelTa ze-
gavlenis Sedegadac iTvisebs individi socia-
lurad misaReb Rirebulebebsa da qcevis sta-
ndartebs. Tumca, socializaciis yvelaze mniS-
vnelovani maregulirebeli da ganmapirobebeli
socialuri ganviTareba cxovrebis manZilze
Tavad ojaxia. ojaxis cneba icvleba, vinaidan
dResdReobiT mravali bavSvi izrdeba viTarebaSi,
romelic gansxvavdeba ojaxis standartuli _
deda, mama, da-Zmebi _ struqturisgan: zogierTi
bavSvi martoxela mSoblis ojaxSi izrdeba,
zogi ki _ mravali Taobisagan Semdgar ojaxSi.
ganurCevlad ojaxis konfiguraciisa, is exmareba
individs sxvebze reagirebis ZiriTadi paternebis
CamoyalibebaSi, romlebic, Tavis mxriv, sxva
adamianebTan damokidebulebis cxovrebiseuli
stilis safuZveli xdeba.
socializacia (socialization) _ cxovrebis manZil-
ze mimdinare procesi, romlis saSualebiTac
individis qcevis paternebi, Rirebulebebi, stan-
dartebi, unarebi da ganwyobebi iseT formas
iReben, romelic misaRebi iqneba mocemuli
431
sazogadoebisTvis.
 mijaWvuloba adamianebs bavSvisa da mozrdilis kavSiris
gasamyareblad ufro rTuli signalebi esaWiro-
socialuri ganviTareba bavSvsa da dedas,
ebaT. Cvilis mier gamocemuli miaxloeba-daSo-
mamas, an sxva mudmiv mzrunvels Soris mWidro
rebis signalebi _ rogoricaa: Rimili, tirili,
emociuri urTierTobis damyarebiT iwyeba. am
bgerebis gamocema _ rogorc Cans, Tandayolili
Zlier, xangrZliv, socialur-emociur urTier-
qcevebia, romliTac Cvili agebinebs sxvebs, rom
Tobas mijaWvuloba ewodeba. vinaidan bavSvebs
yuradReba miaqcion (Campos et al., 1991). magaliTad,
ar SeuZliaT Tavis gamokveba da dacva, mijaWvu-
cxra Tvis bavSvi SerCeviT uRimis maT, viszec
lobis yvelze adreuli funqcia bavSvisTvis
surs gavlenis moxdena (Jones et al., 1991). cxadia,
sicocxlis SenarCunebaa. cxovelTa samyaros
warmatebuli mijaWvuloba ara aris damoki-
zogierT saxeobaSi axalSobils avtomaturad
debuli mxolod Cvilis mier signalebis (ro-
ebeWdeba mexsierebaSi pirvelive moZrav obieqti,
goricaa, magaliTad, Rimili) gamocemis unarze,
romelsac is xedavs, an romlis xmac esmis
aramed _ mozrdilis mier am signalebis gar-
(Johnson & Gottlieb, 1981). amas imprintingi ewodeba.
Cevisa da maTze reagirebis unarzec. vis SeuZlia,
imprintingi swrafad xdeba ganviTarebis kriti-
rom winaaRmdegoba gauwios Cvilis Rimils?
kul periodSi da Znelia misi Secvla. imprin-
jon boulbis (John Bowlby, 1973), adamianTa Soris
tingis aseTi avtomaturoba zogjer SeiZleba
mijaWvulobis ganviTarebis gavleniani Teore-
problemuri iyos. eTologma konrad lorencma
tikosis, mixedviT, Cvilebi im individebs ejaW-
(Konrad Lorenz) aCvena, rom adamianis gazrdili
vebian, romlebic Tanmimdevrulad da saTanadod
batis Wukebi adamians miejaWvebian da ara
pasuxoben maT signalebs.
TavianTi saxeobis romelime warmomadgenels.
mijaWvulobis Sefasebis erT-erTi yvelaze
sabednierod, bunebriv pirobebSi batis Wukebi,
gavrcelebuli meTodia meri einsvorsisa (Mary
dabadebisTanave pirvelad, umetesad, sxva batebs
Ainsworth) da misi kolegebis SemuSavebuli
xedaven.
ucnobi situaciis testi (Ainsworth et al., 1978).
adamianis Svili naklebad aris damokidebuli
erT-erT pirvel standartul epizodSi bavSvi
instinqtur mijaWvulobaze, miuxedavad imisa,
saTamaSoebiT savse ucnob oTaxSi SehyavT. dedis
rom dResdReobiT mraval samSobiaro saxlSi
Tandaswrebis pirobebSi bavSvs saSualeba eZleva,
mijaWvulobis ganviTarebis waxalisebas axalSo-
ukeT Seiswavlos oTaxi da iTamaSos. ramdenime
bilis dedis mucelze moTavsebiT cdiloben.
Tavi 11 / adamianis ganviTareba cxovrebis manZilze

wuTis Semdeg oTaxSi ucnobi adamiani Semodis,

esaubreba dedas da uaxlovdeba bavSvs. Semdeg
deda tovebs oTaxs. xanmokle ganSorebis Semdeg
deda oTaxSi brundeba, deda da Svili xvdeba
erTmaneTs da ucnobi gadis. mkvlevrebma aR-
moaCines, rom am testze bavSvebis reaqciebi sam
ZiriTad kategoriad iyofa (Ainsworth et al., 1978):
• myarad mijaWvuli bavSvebi oTaxidan mSoblis
gasvlaze garkveuli distresiT reagireben.
misi dabrunebis Semdeg ki siaxlovisken,
komfortisken da kontaqtisken iswrafvian
da TandaTanobiT ubrundebian TamaSs.

mijaWvuloba (attachment) _ emociuri urTierToba

bavSvsa da masze regularulad mzrunvel
mozrdils Soris.
imprintingi (imprinting) _ daswavlis primitiuli
forma, rodesac axalSobili cxoveli ukan mis-
devs da ejaWveba pirvelive moZrav obieqts,
romelsac xedavs an romlis xmac esmis.
432
 • aramyarad mijaWvuli _ ganridebadi bavSvebi maTi aramyarad mijaWvuli Tanatolebi. adreul
indiferentulebi Canan da SeiZleba aqti- wlebSi mijaWvulobis xarisxisa da Semdgomi
urad aaridon Tavi mSobels, an misi ig- qcevis aseTive kavSiri gamovlinda 10 wlis
norireba moaxdinon. bavSvebsa (Urban et al., 1991) da mozardebSi (Weinfield
et al., 1997). es monacemebi gvafiqrebinebs, rom
• aramyarad mijaWvuli _ ambivalenturi/
mijaWvulobis xarisxs, romelic ucnobi situa-
rezistentuli bavSvebi brazdebian da Sfo-
ciebis testiT gamovlinda, namdvilad grZel-
Taven, roca mSobeli oTaxidan gadis; misi
vadiani Sedegebi aqvs. me-17 TavSi vnaxavT, rom
dabrunebisas veRar mSviddebian da ubraz-
mkvlevrebi mijaWvulobis sazomebs mozrdil-
debian da ewinaaRmdegebian mas, Tumca, masTan
Ta sasiyvarulo urTierTobebis prognozirebis-
kontaqtis survilsac gamoxataven.
Tvisac iyeneben.
Cven vnaxeT, rom mijaWvuloba sakmaod mniS-
aSS-is mosaxleobis saSualo fenebis ojaxe-
vnelovania axalgazrda sicocxlisaTvis. sando
bidan Semdgari SerCevevis gamokvlevam aCvena,
mijaWvuloba mozrdilTan, romelic sayrdensa
rom Cvili bavSvebis daaxloebiT 70% myarad
da socialur mxardaWeras sTavazobs bavSvs,
mijaWvulTa kategorias ganekuTvneba, aramyarad
mas prosocialur qcevaTa Seswavlis winapirobas
mijaWvuli bavSvebis daaxloebiT 20% moTavsda
uqmnis. is saSualebas aZlevs bavSvs, iswavlos
ganridebadis kategoriaSi, 10% ki _ rezisten-
gariskva, axal situaciebSi CarTva da Rrma
tulis kategoriaSi. aSS-isgan iseT gansxvavebul
pirovnuli urTierTobebis damyareba. axla ki
qveynebSi, rogoricaa: SvedeTi, israeli, iaponia
vnaxoT, risi gakeTeba SeuZliaT mSoblebs imi-
da CineTi, mijaWvulobis urTierTobebis kros-
saTvis, rom xeli Seuwyon am myari mijaWvulobis
kulturulma kvlevam mijaWvulobis konkretuli
erTob mniSvnelovani grZnobis Camoyalibebas.
tipebis sakmarisad mdgradi prevalireba gamoav-
lina (Van Ijzendoorn & Kroonenberg, 1988). TiToeul
qveyanaSi bavSvebis umetesoba myarad mijaWvulia. mSoblebis mier gamoyenebuli aRzrdis
kulturuli gansxvavebuloba yvelaze metad stilebi da dadgenili qcevis wesebi
arasando, aramyarad mijaWvulobis sxvadasxva
TiToeuli bavSvi sakuTari temperamentis
tipis prioritetulobaze aisaxa. garda amisa,
Sesabamisad iqceva mSoblebTan urTierTobisas:
mkvlevrebma gamoavlines maRali xarisxis SeTan-
mSoblebi, romelTac erTze meti Svili hyavT,
xmebuloba ucnobi situaciebis testiTa da
xSirad aRniSnaven, Tu ramdenad ganxvavdebodnen
bavSvebze da maT dedebze saxlis Cveul garemoSi
maTi Svilebi erTmaneTisgan adreuli asakidanve.
dakvirvebis Sedegebze dayrdnobiT Sedgenil

socialuri ganviTareba cxovrebis manZilze

bavSvis ama Tu im temperamentma mSoblebis
klasifikaciebs Soris (Pederson & Morgan, 1996).
saukeTeso (an uaresi) mcdelobebi SeiZleba mou-
ucnobi situaciebis testis monacemebze
dafuZnebuli kategoriebi prognostulad Rire-
buli aRmoCnda _ maT Zalze zustad SeeZloT
bavSvis Semdgomi qcevis prognozireba mTel
rig situaciebSi. es gansakuTrebiT exeboda im
sazRvars/gamyofs, romelic myarad da aramyarad
mijaWvul bavSvebs erTmaneTisgan mijnavda.
magaliTad, grZelvadianma kvlevebma aCvena, rom
bavSvebi, romlebic 15 Tvis asakSi ucnobi situa-
ciis testSi sando an arasando mijaWvulo-
bisTvis damaxasiaTebel qcevas axorcielebdnen,
skolaSi qcevis mixedviT mkveTrad gansxvav-
debodnen 8-9 wlis asakSi (Bohlin et al., 2000). 15
Tvis asakSi myarad mijaWvuli bavSvebi ufro
popularulebi iyvnen da naklebad SfoTavdnen
sazogadoebaSi TavianTi adgilis gamo, vidre
433
 suraTi
11.9
aRzrdis stilebis klasifikacia
aRzrdis stilebis klasificireba ori
ganzomilebis mixedviT SeiZleba, esaa: mom-
Txovneloba _ mSoblis survili, Seas-
rulos sazogadoebis warmomadgenlisa da
am sazogadoebaSi miRebuli normebis
bavSvisTvis gadamcemis roli; gulis-
xmiereba _ mSoblis mier bavSvis indivi-
dualobis aRiareba. avtoritetuli sti-
li yvelaze metad ayalibebs efeqtur
mSobel-Svilis kavSirs.
lodnel Sedegebamde miiyvanos. mkvlevrebi aRia-
reben, rom bavSvebis temperamenti da mSoblebis
qceva gavlenas axdenen erTmaneTze, rac, Tavis
mxriv, bavSvis ganviTarebaze aisaxeba, magaliTad,
mijaWvulobis xarisxis saxiT: ramdenadac mSob-
lebi zemoqmedeben Tavian Svilebze, imdenad
Svilebi zemoqmedeben maTze (Collins et al., 2000).
da mainc, temperamentuli sxvaobebis fonze,
mkvlevrebma daadgines mSoblebis mier gamoyene-
uli aRzrdis stili, romelic, Cveulebriv,
yvelaze met sargebels iZleva. mocemuli stili
ori ganzomilebis _ momTxovnelobisa da gulis-
xmierebis _ urTierTkveTis wertilSi mdebareobs
(Maccoby & Martin, 1983). „momTxovnelobaSi moiaz-
Tavi 11 / adamianis ganviTareba cxovrebis manZilze
reba mSoblis survili, Seasrulos sazoga-
doebis warmomadgenlisa da am sazogadoebSi
miRebuli normebis bavSvisTvis gadamcemis roli,
gulisxmierebaSi ki _ mSoblis mier bavSvis
individualobis aRiareba~ (Darling & Steinberg, 1993,
gv. 492). rogorc naCvenebia suraTze 11.9, avtori-
tetuli mSoblebi saTanado moTxovnebs uyeneben
TavianT Svilebs: isini maTgan moiTxoven qcevis
miRebuli normebisadmi Sesatyvisobas, magram
Tavadac gulisxmierad epyrobian maT _ isini
yovelTvis utoveben bavSvebs urTierTobis ini-
aRzrdis stili (parenting style) _ meTodi, rom-
liTac mSoblebi zrdian Svilebs; yvelaze efeq-
turad iTvleba avtoritetuli stili, romelic
Tanabrad moiazrebs momTxovnelobasa da
gulisxmierebas.
mSoblebis mier dadgenili qcevis wesebi (paren-
ting practices) _ konkretuli aRmzrdelobiTi
qceva, romelic konkretuli aRmzrdelobiTi
miznebis Sesabamisad yalibdeba.
434
cirebis SesaZleblobas, riTac xels uwyoben
TviTregulaciis unaris ganviTarebas (Gray &
Steinberg, 1999). aseTi avtoritetuli stili yve-
laze metad ayalibebs efeqtur mSobeli-Svilis
kavSirs. amis sapirispirod, rogorc mocemulia
suraTze 11.9, aRzrdis avtoritaruli stilis
SemTxvevaSi mSoblebi Tavisi Svilebisgan dis-
ciplinirebulobas iTxoven da naklebad uT-
moben yuradRebas maT damoukideblobas; momTmeni
stilis SemTxvevaSi _ gulisxmierebi arian Svi-
lebis mimarT, Tumca, ver axerxeben im sazo-
gadoebrivi wesebis struqturebis swavlebas,
romliTac unda icxovron maT; uyuradRebo stili
ki imiT gamoirCeva, rom mSoblebi arc discip-
linirebulobas iTxoven Svilebisgan da arc
maTi individualurobisadmi iCenen did interess.
erTnairi aRzrdis zogadi stilis mqone mSob-
lebic ki sxvadasxvagvar prioritets aniWeben
socializaciis miznebs, romelic mniSvnelovnad
miaCniaT TavianTi SvilebiTvis. mSoblebis mier
dadgenili qcevis wesebi momdinareobs mkafiod
dasaxuli miznebidan (Darling & Steinberg, 1993).
aqedan gamomdinare, avtoritetuli mSoblebi,
romelTac surT, rom bavSvebma kargad iswavlon
skolaSi, saxlSi iseT garemos qmnian, sadac
bavSvebi mixvdebian, Tu ratom eswrafvian mSob-
lebi amas. bavSvebi ecdebian, rom kargad iswav-
lon skolaSi, radgan isini efeqturad ganawyves
am miznisTvis; aCvenes, Tu rogor exmareba
adamians codna sazogadoebaSi cxovrebisas.
Tumca, vinaidan yvela avtoritetuli mSobeli
ar aris swavlaze orientirebuli, SeuZlebelia
bavSvis saskolo warmatebis prognozireba
mxolod mSoblis stilze dayrdnobiT (Steinberg
et al., 1992). mSoblebis zogadi ganwyobebi da maTi
konkretuli qcevebi mniSvnelovania maTi
Svilebis cxovrebis mimarTulebis gansazRvris-
Tvis.
mosiyvarule mozrdilebTan mWidro urTierT-
qmedeba bavSvis pirveli nabijia normaluri
socializaciisa da jansaRi fizikuri ganviTa-
rebisken. vinaidan pirveli momvlelisadmi Tav-
dapirveli mijaWvuloba mogvianebiT ganivrcoba
ojaxis sxva wevrebzec, es ukanasknelnic xdebian
bavSvisTvis misabaZi modelebi azrovnebisa da
qcevis axali meTodebis aTvisebis procesSi. am
adreuli mijaWvulobebidan bavSvebi aviTareben
sakuTar moTxovnilebebsa da sxva adamianebis
moTxovnilebebze reagirebis unars.
komforti kontaqtisas da socialuri
gamocdileba
ras iReben bavSvebi mijaWvulobis kavSiris-
gan? zigmund froidis da sxva fsiqologebis
Tanaxmad, bavSvebi imitom ejaWvebian mSoblebs,
rom isini maT sakvebiT uzrunvelyofen _ akma-
yofileben bavSvis upirveles bazisur moTxov-
nilebas. am mosazrebas mijaWvulobis SimSilis
Teorias uwodeben. es Teoria rom swori iyos,
bavSvebs keTildReobisTvis saTanadod gamokvebis
garda araferi dasWirdebodaT. gavs es simarTles?
hari harlous (Harry Harlow, 1965) ar sjeroda,
rom SimSilis Teoria xsnida mijaWvulobis
mniSvnelovnebas. am Teoriis Sesamowmeblad man
gamoTqva sakuTari hipoTeza, rom Cvilebi SeiZ-
ndeboda, makakebi stimulis gamosakvlevad
TandaTanobiT bedavdnen „dedisgan~ moSorebas
da kvlevis ganaxlebamde isev qsovilisgan
damzadebul „dedasTan~ brundebodnen.
harlousa da misi kolegebis Semdgomma kvle-
vebma aCvena, rom surogat dedasTan Zlieri
mijaWvulobis formireba maimunebSi arasakmarisi
iyo jansaRi socialuri ganviTarebisaTvis.
Tavdapirvelad eqsperimentatorebma ifiqres, rom
patara makakebi qsovilis surogat dedasTan
normalurad viTardebodnen, Tumca, Zalze gans-
xvavebuli suraTi miiRes, rodesac am pirobebSi
gazrdil mdedr maimunebs Tavad mouwiaT dedis
rolis Sesruleba. maimunebs, romelTac adreul
asakSi ar hqondaT sxva maimunebTan urTierTobis
saSualeba, gauWirdaT normaluri socialuri
da seqsualuri urTierTobebis damyareba moz-
rdilobaSi.
primatebis mkvlevarma stefen suomim (Stephen
Suomi, 1999; Champoux et al., 1995) aCvena, rom emo-
ciurad mowyvladi Cvili makakis mzrunvel deda-
ze gaSvileba arsebiTad cvlida mis cxovrebas.
suomi aRniSnavs, rom maimunebi, romlebsac
gansakuTrebiT mosiyvarule da mzrunveli dedebi
zrdian, maimunTa gundis daCagruli da ukana
planze gadaweuli wevrebidan Tamam, komuni-
kabelur mamr maimunebad izrdebian, romlebic

socialuri ganviTareba cxovrebis manZilze

leba imaTac miejaWvon, visTanac kontaqtisas
komfortulad igrZnoben Tavs (Harlow & Zimmerman,
1958). man makakebi dabadebisTanave moaSora dedebs
da moaTavsa galiebSi, sadac maT ori xelovnuri
„deda~ daxvdaT. erTi maTgani mavTulisgan iyo
damzadebuli, meore ki _ xaoiani qsovilisgan.
harloum aRmoaCina, rom patara makakebma qso-
vilis `dedasTan~ axlos daibudes da cota
dros atarebdnen mavTulis `dedasTan~. es
maSinac ki ase xdeboda, rodesac rZes maT mxo-
lod mavTulis `deda~ aZlevda. rodesac saSiSi
stimuli (magaliTad, dolze mobraxune saTamaSo
daTunia) gamoCndeboda, patara makakebi qso-
vilisgan damzadebul „dedasTan~ garbodnen.
rodesac axali saintereso stimuli gamoC-
komforti kontaqtisas (contact comfort) _ dedasTan
an sxva mzrunvelTan Cvilis fizikuri siaxlo-
vidan momdinare komforti.
435
 fsiqologia Cvens cxovrebaSi

ra gavlenas axdens baga-baRi bavSvis ganviTarebaze

rodesac fsiqologebma Cven ukve movxazeT is kon- lobas aZlevda (Burchinal et

pirvelad daiwyes socialuri
ganviTarebis Seswavla, im
Cvil bavSvTa umravlesoba,
romelTa qcevasac efuZneboda
maTi daskvnebi, mTeli dRe-
ebis manZilze dedebTan im-
yofebodnen TavianT saxlebSi.
Tumca, ukanaskneli ramdenime
aTwleulis manZilze sazo-
gadoebis moTxovnebi Seic-
vala da aucilebeli gaxda,
rom dedebis gacilebiT met
raodenobas emuSava saxlis
gareT. amis Sedegad bevri bav-
Svi mravali saaTis da zog-
jer TiTqmis mTeli adreuli
bavSvobis ganmavlobaSi ver
ganicdis mSoblebis gavlenas.
mkvlevrebma, am cvlilebidan
gamomdinare, ori SekiTxva
dasves: (1) ra dadebiT an uar-
yofiT gavlenas axdens baga-
baRi bavSvis ganviTarebaze?
(2) rogori unda iyos opti-
Tavi 11 / adamianis ganviTareba cxovrebis manZilze
teqsti, sadac SesaZlebelia
pirveli SekiTxvis interpreti-
reba: Tu bavSvsa da mSobels
Soris mijaWvulobas gadam-
wyveti mniSvneloba aqvs,
nebismieri movlena (rogori-
caa, magaliTad, baga-baRi), ro-
melic arRvevs am mijaWvulo-
bas, cudia Tu ara bavSvisTvis?
am kiTxvaze pasuxia: „yvelafris
gaTvaliswinebiT, ara~ (Scarr,
1998). am kiTxvaze pasuxis gasa-
cemad, mkvlevrebi, Cveulebriv,
erTmaneTs adarebdnen saxlSi
gazrdil da baga-baRSi gaz-
rdil bavSvebs gonebrivi da
socialuri ganviTarebis mixed-
viT. maT aRmoaCines, rom bav-
Svebi, romlebic baga-baRebSi
atarebdnen dros, xSirad upi-
rates mdgomareobaSi imyo-
febodnen am parametrebis mi-
xedviT, pirvel rigSi, imitom,
rom baga-baRebi maT ganvi-
al., 1997; Clarke-Stewart, 1991, 1993).
gonebriv ganviTarebas xels
uwyobs baga-baRebSi saganma-
naTleblo da TamaSis aqtio-
baTa farTo speqtri, socia-
lur ganviTarebas ki _ so-
cialuri urTierTqmedebebis
farTo arCevani, rasac mok-
lebulni arian saxlebSi
myofi bavSvebi.
Tumca, arsebobs ori mi-
zezi, ris gamoc pasuxs „ara~
unda daematos „yvelafris
gaTvaliswinebiT~. pirveli
isaa, rom bavSvebi gansxvav-
debian erTmaneTisgan saxlis
gareT zrunvaze reagirebis
mixedviT. meore, arsebobs
mravalgvari baga-baRi. aqedan
gamomdinare, kargisa da cu-
dis Ziebis nacvlad, mkvlev-
rebi dainteresdnen imiT, Tu
rogori unda iyos xarisxiani
aRzrda konkretuli bavSve-
bisTvis (Zaslow, 1991).

maluri baga-baRi? Tarebis ufro met SesaZleb-

momwifebis periodSi erT-erTi pirvelni toveben
gunds, raTa Tavad gaikvlion gza da sakuTari
adgili daimkvidron axal gundSi. aseTi jva-
redini aRzrda maT im informaciiTa da gadar-
Cenis unar-CvevebiT amaragebs, romelic auci-
lebelia sxva maimunebis mxardaWeris mosapo-
veblad da gundSi maRali socialuri statusis
SesanarCuneblad. axla vnaxoT, rogor aris
SesaZlebeli maimunebze Catarebuli eqsperi-
mentebidan miRebuli codnis gamoyeneba, rodesac
saqme adamianis deprivacias exeba.
socialuri deprivacia
samwuxarod, zogjer sazogadoebebi qmnian
pirobebs, sadac bavSvebi moklebulni arian
kontaqtis komforts. mravalma kvlevam aCvena,
436
rom adreul bavSvobaSi mWidro, Tbili urTier-
Tobebis nakleboba gavlenas axdens bavSvis
fizikur ganviTarebaze da sicocxlis Senar-
Cunebazec ki. 1915 wels jon hopkinisis hospi-
talSi eqimma daafiqsira, rom normaluri fizi-
kuri zrunvis miuxedavad, baltimoris upatrono
bavSvTa saxlebSi moxvedrili bavSvebis 90%
sicocxlis pirvelive wels gardaicvala. mom-
devno ocdaaTi wlis ganmavlobaSi hospita-
lizirebul bavSvebze Catarebulma kvlevebma
aCvena, rom normaluri kvebis miuxedavad, bavSvebi
xSirad avadmyofobdnen respiratoruli infeq-
ciebiT, ucnobi etiologiis cieb-cxelebiT, ver
imatebdnen wonaSi da fiziologiuri mdgo-
mareobis gauaresebis zogadi simptomebi aReniS-
nebodaT (Bowlby, 1969; Sherrod et al., 1978). aSS-isa
da kanadis upatrono bavSvTa saxlebSi myof
mcirewlovan bavSvebze Catarebulma sxva kvlevam
gamoavlina mwvave emociuri da fizikuri aS-
 baga-baRebis eqspertma
alison klark-stiuartma (Ali-
son Clarke-Sewart, 1993) Seajama
am sakiTxis Sesaxeb arsebuli
samecniero literatura da
mogvca principebi, romlis
mixedviTac unda vixelmZRva-
neloT baga-baRebis xaris-
xianobis gansazRvrisas. qve-
moT mocemuli zogierTi re-
komendacia bavSvebis fizikur
komforts exeba:
baga-baRi fizikurad kom-
fortuli da usafrTxo unda
iyos.
yovel eqvs an Svid bav-
Svze unda iyos, sul mcire,
erTi aRmzrdeli (meti 3
wlamde asakis bavSvebisTvis).
danarCeni rekomendaciebi
dRis zrunvis centrebis mu-
Saobis saganmanaTleblo da
fsiqologiur aspeqtebs See-
xeba.
bavSvebs unda hqondeT
TamaSebis Tavisuflad arCe-
vis saSualeba, romelsac
drodadro TvalsaCino da
cxadi gakveTilebi daerTveba
Tan.
bavSvebs unda aswav-
lidnen socialuri proble-
mebis gadawyvetis unar-Cvevebs.
garda amisa, klark-stiu-
artma SemogvTavaza, rom baga-
baRis aRmzrdelebs kargi
mSoblebis Tvisebebic unda
hqondeT.
aRmzrdelebi unda pasu-
xobdnen bavSvebis moTxov-
nilebebs da aqtiurad unda
iyvnen CarTulni maT saqmia-
nobebSi.
aRmzrdelebi gaumar-
Tleblad ar unda zRudav-
dnen bavSvebs.
aRmzrdelebs unda SeeZ-
loT bavSvebis individualur
moTxovnilebebs Soris gan-
sxvavebebis danaxva.
Tu es kriteriumebi dak-
mayofilebulia, baga-baRSi
nebismieri bavSvis miyvana
SeiZleba, romlis mSoblebi
saxlis gareT muSaoben. baga-
baRi marTlac efeqturi rom
gaxdes, sazogadoebis zogadi
damokidebuleba unda Seic-
valos. pirvel rigSi, ada-
mianebma unda miiRon arse-
buli realoba da aRiaron,
rom bavSvebis mzardi rao-
denoba izrdeba baga-baRebSi
da, Sesabamisad, sazogadoebam
energia am baRebis xarisxis
gaumjobesebisaken unda war-
marTos (Fuller et al., 1996; Scarr et
al., 1990). meore, adamianebma
Zalisxmeva ar unda daiSuron
„momuSave dedis~ da Tavad
baga-baRis mimarT araswori
damokidebulebis dasaZlevad
(Hoffman, 1989). Tuki fsiqo-
logebi gaavrceleben sazo-
gadoebaSi azrs imis Sesaxeb,
rom baga-baRi bavSvs arana-
irad ar vnebs, aramed, pir-
iqiT, SesaZloa, xelic ki Seu-
wyos mis ganviTarebas, mSob-
lebic naklebad inerviu-
loben imis gamo, rom uwevT
bavSvis baga-baRSi miyvana.
stresis aseTi Semcireba mxo-
lod gaaumjobesebs bavSvis
mTlian fsiqologiur ga-
remos.

socialuri ganviTareba cxovrebis manZilze

lilobebi da maRali sikvdilianoba, miuxedavad
kargi kvebisa da samedicino momsaxurebisa (Spitz
& Wolf, 1946).
socialur ganviTarebaze arasasurveli gare-
moc zemoqmedebs. 1-dan 3 wlamde asakis Zaladobis
aT msxverplze Catarebulma erT-erTma kvlevam
aCvena, rom bavSvebi saTanadod ar reagirebdnen
Tanatolis distresze. rodesac erTi bavSvi
ganawyenebulia da tiris, Cveulebriv, misi Tana-
tolebi wuxdebian da TanaugrZnoben mas, an
Tavadac sevdiandebian. amis sapirispirod, Zala-
dobis msxverpli bavSvebi ufro metad reagi-
rebdnen SiSiT, braziTa da fizikuri SetevebiT
(Main & George, 1985). sxva kvlevaSi Seiswavles
kavSiri bavSvobisdroindel fizikur da seqsua-
lur Zaladobasa da mozrdilobaSi fsiqikuri
janmrTelobis mdgomareobas Soris. 375 axal-
gazrda mozrdilisgan Semdgari SerCevidan 11%-
ma aRniSna, rom gamocdilebaSi hqonda romelime
tipis Zaladoba. am jgufidan daaxloebiT 80%-
s aReniSneboda erTi an meti fsiqiatriuli
aSlilobis simptomebi (Silverman et al., 1996).
bavSvze Zaladobis SemTxvevebis arseboba
fsiqologebs Zalze mniSvnelovani amocanis
winaSe ayenebs: unda ganisazRvros, rogori Careva
iqneba bavSvebisTvis saukeTeso. aSS-Si daaxlo-
ebiT 500 aTasi bavSvi da mozardi wamoyvanilia
ojaxidan da mTavrobis mier dafinansebul
garkveuli tipis garemoSi cxovrobs (magaliTad,
gaSvilebulia, an imyofeba mcire zomis bavSvTa
saxlSi) (Shealy, 1995). rogor ggoniaT, yovelTvis
uxariaT bavSvebs, roca moZalade ojaxebs aSo-
reben? am kiTxvaze pasuxis gacema Zalian rTulia,
vinaidan Zaladobis msxverpl bavSvebsac ki
axasiaTebT TavianTi mzrunvelebisadmi mijaW-
vulobis ganviTareba. bavSvebma SeiZleba Sei- 437
 narCunon erTguleba sakuTari biologiuri oja-
xisadmi da imedovnebdnen, rom yvelaferi mogvar-
deba, Tu ukan daabruneben (Poulin, 1985). swored
amitom dResdReobiT bevri mkvlevari cdilobs
Carevis iseTi programebis SemuSavebas, raTa
moxerxdes ojaxis SenarCuneba da bavSvis ojaxSi
dabruneba im garemoebebis Secvlis gziT,
romlebic iwveven Zaladobas (Gillespie et al., 1995;
Skibinski, 1995).
am TavSi vnaxeT, Tu ra gavlenas axdens
bavSvobis gamocdileba Semdgom socialur ganvi-
Tarebaze. axla ki gadavinacvloT cxovrebis
Semdgom periodis _ mozardobis ganxilvaze.
socialuri ganviTareba
mozardobaSi
am Tavis dasawyisSi mozardobisas mimdinare
fizikuri da kognituri cvlilebebis Sesaxeb
visaubreT. winamdebare qveTavSi vnaxavT, rom es
cvlilebebi fonad edeba socialur gamocdi-
lebas. vinaidan individma ukve miaRwia fizikuri
da gonebrivi simwifis garkveul dones, mis
winaSe axali socialuri da pirovnuli prob-
lemebi dgeba. pirvel rigSi, ganvixilavT, zoga-
dad, mozardobis gamocdilebas da Semdeg ki _
mozardis cvalebad socialur samyaros.
Tavi 11 / adamianis ganviTareba cxovrebis manZilze
mozardoba
mozardoba tradiciulad ganixileboda, ro-
gorc cxovrebis mSfoTvare periodi, romelic
ganwyobilebis ukiduresi cvlilebebiTa da
rTuli, araprognozirebadi qceviT – „qariS-
xliTa da stresiT~ _ xasiaTdeba. es mosazreba
me-19 saukunis dasasrulisa da me-20 saukunis
dasawyisis romantikos mwerlebTanac, maT Soris
goeTesTanac, gvxvdeba. mozardobis „qariSxliTa
da stresiT~ Teorias intensiurad icavda j.
stenli holi (G. Stenley Hall) _ Tanamedrove epoqis
pirveli fsiqologi, romelic dawvrilebiT
werda mozardebis ganviTarebaze (1904). holis
Semdeg am mosazrebis ZiriTadi damcvelebi iyvnen
fsiqoanalizis Teoretikosebi, romlebic froi-
dis tradiciis farglebSi muSaobdnen (maga-
liTad, Blos, 1965; Freud, 1946, 1958). zogierTi maT-
gani amtkicebda, rom aseTi vnebaTa qariSxali
mozardobis ara mxolod normaluri nawilia,
438 aramed misi ararseboba ganviTarebis Seferxebaze
miuTiTebs. ana froidi werda, rom „normaluroba
mozardobis periodSi TavisTavad aranorma-
luria~ (1958, p. 275).
kulturuli anTropologiis ori pioneri
margaret midi (Margaret Mead, 1928) da ruT
benediqti (Ruth Benedict, 1938) Tvlidnen, rom
„qariSxlisa da stresis~ Teoria gamousadegaria
mravali aradasavluri kulturisaTvis. maT
aRweres kulturebi, sadac bavSvebi TandaTa-
nobiT, yovelgvari araprognozirebadi stresuli
gardamavali periodisa da vnebaTaRelvis gareSe,
mozrdilebisTvis Cveul ufro da ufro met
pasuxismgeblobebs iReben sakuTar Tavze. mxo-
lod mas Semdeg daiwyes fsiqologebma vnebaTa-
Relvis Teoriis eWvqveS dayeneba, rac dasavluri
kulturis mozardebis farTomasStabiani kvle-
vebi Catarda. am kvlevebis Sedegebi adasturebda
Semdegs: _ mozardTa mcire raodenoba Tu ga-
nicdis im Sinagan mRelvarebasa da araprogno-
zirebad qcevas, romelTac maT miaweren (Offer &
Schonert-Reichl, 1992). cxrilSi 11.6 mocemulia 20
aTasze meti mozardis fsiqologiuri adaptaciis
kvlevis ZiriTadi Sedegebi (Offer et al., 1981a).
samwuxarod, im mozardebs, romlebic Znelad
eguebian cvalebad pirobebs, mosalodnelia, rom
mogvianebiT, mozrdilobaSic axasiaTebdeT
aseTive sirTuleebi (Offer et al., 1998; Stattin &
Magnusson, 1996). ganvixiloT gamokvleva, ro-
melmac aCvena Zlieri kavSiri mozardTa qceviT
problemebsa da mozrdilobaSi ganxorcielebul
kriminalur qcevas Soris.
cxrili
11.6
normaluri mozardis fsiqologiuri me
mozardTa procenti,
debuleba romelic eTanxmeba
TiToeul debulebas
normalur pirobebSi Tavs
mSvidad vgrZnob. 91
siamovnebas viReb cxovre-
bisagan. 90
Cveulebriv, Tavs vakon-
troleb. 90
Tavs janmrTelad da
86
Zlierad vgrZnob.
ZiriTadad, bednieri var. 85
kargi xumroba maSinac
maniWebs siamovnebas, roca
sevdiani, mowyenili var. 83
 saidan
viciT

mozardTa agresiulobis Sedegebi

farTomasStabian longitudur kvlevaSi
10-13 wlis mozardebs Seiswavlidnen, rom-
lebic SvedeTis tipuri qalaqis skolaSi
swavlobdnen. maT yofaqcevis daxasiaTebasa
(maswavleblebis daxasiaTebebis mixedviT)
da biologiur funqcionirebas adarebdnen
maT mier cxovrebis Semdgom periodSi (18-
26 wlis asakSi) kriminaluri qcevis, an
sxva saxis antisocialuri qmedebebis
ganxorcielebis albaTobas. im biWebTan,
romlebic adreul agresiulobasa da
suraTi
11.10
mousvenrobas (hiperaqtiurobas) avlendnen,
gacilebiT metad iyo mosalodneli iseT mozardobis agresiuloba da
mozrdilad Camoyalibeba, romelic sis-
mozrdilobis kriminaluri qceva
xlis samarTlis danaSauls Caidenda. gar- grafikze mocemulia individTa raodenoba,
romelTac 13 wlis asakSi agresiulobis sxva-
da amisa, adreuli adaptaciis problemebis
dasxva dones miaRwies da maT mier 18-26 wlis
ufro mZime paternebi korelirebda adap- asakSi kriminaluri qcevis Cadenis procenti.
taciis iseT problemebTan, rogoricaa lo- kriminaluri qceva seriozulad iqna miCneu-
Toba da fsiqiatriuli zedamxedvelobis li, Tu Sesabamisi samarTlebrivi sanqcia Sve-
deTis kanonebis mixedviT, sul mcire, erTi
qveS yofna. suraTi 11.10 gviCvenebs, Tu
TviT Tavisuflebis aRkveTas gulisxmobda.
ramdenad ukavSirdeba adreuli agresiu-
loba mozrdilis kriminalur qcevas
(Magnusson, 1987; Magnusson & Bergman, 1990). rebis rolebis Secvlaze fokusirdebian (Bukowski
et al., 1998; Paikoff, 1991). ukve vnaxeT, rom mozr-
dilebisadmi mijaWvuloba dabadebis Semdeg ma-
aqedan gamomdinare, mozardTa problemebi ar leve yalibdeba. aseve, bavSvebs adreuli asakidan
unda miewerebodes „qariSxlisa da stresis~
hyavT megobrebi. mozardoba pirveli periodia,

socialuri ganviTareba cxovrebis manZilze

miTs; es ar iqneboda swori. imis gaTvaliswi-
rodesac Tanatolebi ecilebian mSoblebs
nebiT, rom mozardebi suicidis maRali riskiT
pirovnebis ganwyobebisa da qcevebis formirebaSi.
xasiaTdebian, yvelam, vinc urTierTobs aseT
TanatolebTan urTierTobis procesSi mozardebi
mozardebTan, gulwrfeli yuradReba unda
TandaTanobiT sazRvraven TavianTi ganviTa-
miaqcios maT (Garland & Zigler, 1993).
rebadi identobebis socialur komponents _
mozardobis zogadi gamocdilebis ganxilvis
sazRvraven, rogor adamianebad surT yofna da
Semdeg gadavideT ufro konkretul sakiTxze –
rogori urTierTobebi surT, rom hqondeT (Berndt,
rogor mimdinareobs mozardobisas identobis
1992; Hartup, 1996). amitom mozardebi da maTi
(pirovnuli individualurobis) formireba. cxov-
megobrebi xSirad mWidrod Sekrul jgufebs
rebis ciklis eriksoniseul TeoriaSi mozar-
qmnian, magaliTad, rodesac saqme exeba narko-
dobis ZiriTadi amocanaa namdvili identobis
tikebis miRebas (Dinges & Oetting, 1993).
aRmoCena. Cven vnaxavT, Tu ra gavlenas axdens
vinaidan mozardobaSi Tanatolebis jgufi
socialuri urTierTobebi da momavlis miznebi
socialuri mxardaWeris mzardi mniSvnelovnebis
identobis gancdis formirebaSi.
wyarod iqceva, matulobs maTgan SesaZlo
uaryofiT gamowveuli SfoTvac. amis Sedegad
socialuri urTierTobebi viTardeba Tanatolebis faseulobebisadmi da
mozardTa socialuri ganviTarebis kvlevebSi qcevebisadmi damyoloba _ Tanatolebis zewola,
ojaxisa (an mozardze mzrunvelisa) da megob- romlisac ase eSiniaT mSoblebs da romelic 439
 Tavis piks daaxloebiT 12-13 wlis asakSi aRwevs
(Brown, 1989). Tanatolebis mxridan zewolis
SesaZleblobis gamo, mSoblebi xSirad ganicdian,
rom maT konkurencia unda gauwion sakuTari
Svilis megobrebs, raTa daicvan isini saziano
ganwyobebisa da qcevebis ganviTarebisgan. Tumca,
simarTlesTan ufro axlos dgas is faqti, rom
zogadad, mozardebi, cxovrebiseuli gamoc-
dilebis sxvadasxva kategoriis Sesaxeb saubroben
mSoblebTan da TanatolebTan. magaliTad,
mozardebi miuTiTeben, rom maT skolaSi miR-
weuli warmatebebis ganxilva gansakuTrebiT
urCevniaT mSoblebTan da ara _ megobrebTan,
Tumca, megobrebTan gacilebiT meti xalisiT
saubroben paemanze momxdar ambebsa da seqsze,
vidre _ mSoblebTan (Youniss & Smollar, 1985). amrigad,
Tavi 11 / adamianis ganviTareba cxovrebis manZilze
mSoblebma, romelTac surT sakuTari Svilebis
megobrebTan „Sejibri~ garkveul sferoebSi, unda
gamoZebnon saSualebebi, romliTac sakuTar
mozard Svilebs „megobrebis~ Temebze aalapa-
rakeben.
garda amisa, mSoblebisa da maTi mozardi
Svilebis urTierToba, romelSic mSobeli erTad-
erTi da upirobo avtoritetia, unda gadaizardos
iseT urTierTobaSi, romelSic mozards keTil-
gonierad eZleva damoukidebloba, anu avtonomia
mniSvnelovani gadawyvetilebebis miRebisas (Allen
& Land, 1999; Holmbeck & O’Donnell, 1991). aseTi
gadasvla Zneli iqneba im mSoblebisTvis, rom-
lebic, miuxedavad imisa, rom aRiareben maTi
Svilis mozrdil adamianad Camoyalibebas da
saSualebas aZleven mas, rom maTgan gansxvavebuli
mosazrebebi hqondes, mainc iZlevian araswori
nabijebis gadadgmis _ araswori gadawyveti-
lebebis miRebis uflebas, ramac SeiZleba arasa-
surveli gavlena iqonios mis momavalze.
440
saidan
viciT
mozardisa da mSoblebis konfliqtebi
hon-kongSi
erTnairia Tu ara sxvadasxva kulturaSi
mozardebis konfliqtebi mSoblebTan?
mkvlevrebi hon-kongSi mcxovrebi Cineli
mozardebis konfliqtebiT dainteresdnen,
vinaidan dasavlur kulturebTan SedarebiT,
Cinuri kultura nakleb aqcents akeTebs
avtonomiurobaze (Semdgom TavebSi ufro
dawvrilebiT visaubrebT kulturul gan-
sxvavebebze). meSvide, mecxre da meTormete
klaselebs sTxoves, SeedginaT mSoblebTan
arsebuli maTTvis aqtualuri konfliqtebis
sia da ganesazRvraT maTi simwvave da
sixSire. maT, aseve, sTxoves, gaemarTlebinaT
TavianTi qceva konfliqtur situaciaSi:
„ratom fiqrobT, rom SegiZliaT amis
gakeTeba (an argakeTeba)~? Cineli mozar-
debisTvis Cveuli iyo saSualo sixSirisa
da simwvavis konfliqtebi, ZiriTadad,
dedebTan, iseTi yoveldRiuri sakiTxebis
Taobaze, rogoricaa telefoniT laparaki
da televizoris yureba. amasTanave, maT
mier poziciis gamarTleba, ZiriTadad,
asaxavda damoukideblobis damkvidrebis
moTxovnilebas an sakuTari individualu-
robis gamokveTis mcdelobas sakuTari gada-
wyvetilebebis miRebis saSualebiT. amgva-
rad, im kulturebSic ki, sadac naklebad
aris aqcentirebuli mozardTa avtonomia,
mSoblebsa da mozardebs Soris kon-
fliqtebi xSirad mainc individualurobis
damkvidrebis survilis irgvliv fokusir-
deba (Yau & Smetana, 1996).
 winamdebare gamokvleva ganamtkicebs mosazre-
bas imis Taobaze, rom mozardobis periodSi
Svilisa da mSoblis urTierToba maSin icvleba,
rodesac Svili ufro naklebad xdeba damo-
kidebuli mSoblebis avtoritetze. miuxedavad
imisa, rom mozardobis wlebSi, garkveulwilad,
icvleba megobrebTan damokidebuleba (Shulman,
1993), es cvlilebebi mozardebis erTmaneTze
damokidebulebis momatebas ufro asaxavs, vidre
urTierTobaSi (Tanasworuflebianobis Tvalsaz-
risiT) poziciebis cvlilebas. amrigad, mSobeli-
Svilis urTierTobaSi konfliqtis ufro meti
potencialia Cadebuli, vidre _ Tanatolebis
urTierTobaSi.
identobis ganviTareba, saboloo jamSi, mozar-
disagan iseTi damoukidebeli Sexedulebebisa
da prioritetebis Camoyalibebas iTxovs, romel-
Sic gaTvaliswinebul iqneba mSoblebisa da
Tanatolebis poziciebi, Tumca, ar iqneba maTi
ubralo asaxva. mTavaria, rom mozardma garemoSi
socialuri mxardaWeris stabiluri wyaro
ipovos (Bacher et al., 1997; Fuligni, 1997). amgvari so-
cialuri mxardaWera mas momavlis dagegmvis
saSualebas miscems. swored am sakiTxs ganvi-
xilavT qvemoT.
momavlis miznebi
mozardoba aris periodi, rodesac individma
seriozulad unda gasces pasuxi maradiul
SekiTxvas: „vin unda iyo, roca gaizrdebi?~
albaT, gaxsovT, rom es Tavi 16 wlis biWis
fiqriT daviwyeT imis Taobaze, Tu ra eloda
mas momavalSi, warsulidan gamomdinare. kiTxva
„vin unda iyo~? TavisTavad asaxavs gavrcelebul
daSvebas, rom individebis identobas, nawi-
lobriv, maTi miznebi ganamtkicebs. momavali
profesiis arCeva, magaliTad, identobis formi-
rebis ZiriTad sakiTxebs moicavs: esaa individis
SesaZleblobebisa da interesebis Sefaseba,
realuri alternativebis moazrebisa da arCevanis
gakeTebis da misi realurad ganxorcielebis
unari. mozardebs sakuTari momavali piradi da
sazogadoebrivi TvalsazrisiT afiqrebs. isini
Relaven rogorc sakuTari saqmianobisa da
ojaxis, ise _ ekonomikuri kolafsis globaluri
safrTxis, an birTvuli omis gamo (Nurmi, 1991).
garda amisa, mozardebi mZafrad SeigrZnoben,
Tu rogor unda ganviTardes maTi cxovreba asakis
momatebasTan erTad: _ jer ganaTleba unda
miiRon, Semdeg profesias unda daeuflon, bolos
ki ojaxi unda Seqmnan. TiToeul dasaxelebul
etapze miznebis formireba genderuli rolebis,
ojaxuri garemosa da arsebuli resursebis
gaTvaliswinebiT xdeba.
cxadia, yvela mozardi erTsa da imaves ar
elodeba momavlisgan. mkvlevrebma Seiswavles
is socialuri da pirovnuli procesebi, rom-
liTac SesaZlebelia ganisazRvros, Tu rogor
isaxaven mozardebi miznebs.
saidan
viciT
miswrafebebisa da molodinebis
socialuri konteqsti
mkvlevrebis jgufma Seiswavla mcire
da saSualoSemosavliani ojaxebidan gamo-
suli biWebis profesiuli miswrafebebi
da molodinebi. miswrafebebi gulisxmobda
imas, Tu ra samuSaos airCevdnen biWebi
„nebismieri samuSaos arCeva rom SeeZloT~,
roca gaizrdebian; molodinebi ki _ iseT
samuSaos, romelsac „savaraudod miiReben~,
roca gaizrdebian. kvlevaSi monawileob-
dnen Raribi da mdidari ubnebis skolebis
meore, meoTxe, meeqvse da merveklaselebi.
suraTi 11.11 gviCvenebs miswrafebebsa da
molodinebs iseTi saqmianobebis mimarT,
socialuri ganviTareba cxovrebis manZilze
romelic ar gulisxobs fizikur Sromas
(magaliTad, mosamarTle an eqimi). Tumca,
ar aris gasakviri, rom Raribi ubnebis
bavSvebs naklebi molodinebi hqondaT.
yuradReba miaqcieT, rom am asakSi maT
miswrafebebis maCvenebelic dabali hqon-
daT. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, Raribi
ubnebidan gamosul bavSvebs azradac ki
ar mosdiodaT iseT samuSaoze ocneba, rom-
lis miRebis SesaZleblobaSi ar iyvnen
darwmunebulni (Cook et al., 1996).
cxadia, Tu mozardebs ar aqvT miswrafeba
samuSaosadmi, isini verc miiReben mas. ra unda
gakeTdes Raribi ubnebidan gamosuli bavSvebis
miswrafebebisa da molodinebis Sesacvlelad?
am kvlevis Sedegebi gvafiqrebinebs, rom bavSvebis
molodinebze gavlenas axdenda maTi molodini 441
 suraTi
11.11
profesiuli miswrafebebi da
molodinebi
Raribi da saSualo Semosavlis mqone
ojaxebidan gamosul biWebs hkiTxes,
Tu rogor samuSaos isurvebdnen isi-
ni momavalSi yvelaze metad (miswrafe-
bebi) da, maTi azriT, rogor samuSaos
iSovidnen (molodinebi) realurad.
Sedegebis mixedviT, Raribi ojaxebidan
gamosul biWebs ara mxolod mokrZa-
lebuli molodinebi, aramed nakle-
bad ambiciuri miswrafebebic aqvT.
ganaTlebasTan dakavSirebiT, anu molodini
imisa, Tu ramdenad hqondaT saganmanaTleblo
sarbielze winsvlis unari. Sesabamisad, Raribi
ubnebidan gamosuli bavSvebis mier momavlis
aRqmis Secvla, saboloo jamSi, saganmanaTleblo
reformas saWiroebs, romelic SesaZleblobas
miscems yvela moswavles, irwmunos swavlis
mniSvneloba da Sedegianoba.
mozardobis dasasruls arCeulma miznebma _
Tavi 11 / adamianis ganviTareba cxovrebis manZilze
rogori ganaTleba miiRos da ra profesias
daeuflos _ SeiZleba arsebiTi gavlena moax-
dinos mozardis momavalze. Tumca, identobis
yvela aspeqtis msgavsad, miznebis dasaxvis
gaazreba ukeTesi iqneba cxovrebis mTliani
ciklis konteqstSi. mozardobisas miRweuli
warmatebebi safuZvels umzadebs mozrdili
adamianis ganviTarebas.
socialuri ganviTareba
mozrdilobaSi
eriksonma mozrdilobis periodisTvis ori
mTavari amocana dasaxa: intimuroba da produq-
tuloba. froidma gansazRvra zrdasrulobis
moTxovnilebebi _ Lieben und Arbeiten _ siyvaruli
da samuSao. abraham masloum (1968, 1970) cxovrebis
am periodis moTxovnilebebi aRwera, rogorc
siyvaruli da mikuTvnebuloba, romelic dak-
442 mayofilebis SemTxvevaSi warmatebisa da pativis-
cemis moTxovnilebaSi gadaizrdeba. sxva
Teoretikosebi am moTxovnilebebs afiliaciis
an socialuri miRebis da miRwevis an kompeten-
turobis moTxovnilebas uwodeben. yvela es
Teoria iziarebs mosazrebas imis Sesaxeb, rom
mozrdiloba aris periodi, rodesac gansakuT-
rebulad mniSvnelovania socialuri urTierTo-
bebi da pirovnuli miRwevebi.
intimuroba
eriksoni intimurobas aRwerda, rogorc meore
adamianisadmi srul emociur, seqsualur da
moralur ndobas. intimurobisTvis, romelic
SeiZleba axasiaTebdes rogorc megobrul, ise
_ sasiyvarulo urTierTobebs, aucilebelia gax-
sniloba, gambedaoba, eTikuri Zala da, Cveu-
lebriv, meore adamianis survilebisadmi gar-
kveuli damyoloba. kvlevebi adasturebs erik-
sonis hipoTezas imis Taobaze, rom socialuri
intimuroba fsiqologiuri keTildReobis gan-
cdis winapirobaa mTeli mozrdili cxovrebis
manZilze (Ishii-Kuntz, 1990). suraTi 11.12 gviCvenebs,
rom am dros ojaxis wevrebTan da megobrebTan
urTierToba periodulad anacvlebs erTmaneTs,
rac adamianis mier sakuTari keTildReobis
sakmaod mdgrad gancdas ganapirobebs. mxardaWe-
intimuroba (intimacy) _ meore adamianisadmi sru-
lad _ emociurad, seqsualurad da moralurad
_ mindobis unari.

ris am wyaroebis urTierTmonacvleoba, nawi-
lobriv, asaxavs TiToeul asakobriv periodTan
dakavSirebul mniSvnelovan cxovrebiseul
movlenebs. vnaxoT, ra kavSirebia es.
axalgazrdoba aris periodi, rodesac mravali
adamiani qmnis ojaxs, an sxva saxis stabilur
urTierTobebs amyarebs. Sesabamisad, jgufi,
romelsac ojaxi hqvia, farTovdeba. istoriulad,
mozrdilTa urTierTobebisa da ojaxebis kvle-
vebis umravlesoba fokusirebuli iyo `standar-
tul~ konfiguraciaze: deda, mama da bavSvebiT
savse saxli. Tumca, vinaidan adamianebis ojaxebis
realoba icvleba, mkvlevrebi Seecadnen,
aReweraT da SeeswavlaT am cvlilebis Sedegebi
(Mason et al., 1998). magaliTad, dResdReobiT
kvlevebi fokusirdeba imaze, Tu rogor amyareben
suraTi
11.12
socialuri urTierTobe-
bis gavlena keTildRe-
obaze
mTeli cxovrebis manZilze oja-
xis wevrebTan da megobrebTan ur-
TierToba periodulad anacvlebs
erTmaneTs, rac ganapirobebs ada-
mianTa mier sakuTari keTildReo-
bis sakmaod mdgrad gancdas.
da inarCuneben xangrZliv urTierTobebs homoseq-
sualuri wyvilebi (James & Murphy, 1998). gamokvle-
vebis Tanaxmad, heteroseqsualTa da homo-
seqsualTa urTierTobebis SenarCunebis stra-
tegiebi sakmaod msgavsia: orive tipis wyvilebi,
magaliTad, siaxlovis SenarCunebas funqciebis
ganawilebiTa da erToblivi saqmianobiT cdilo-
ben (Haas & Stafford, 1998). Tumca, maTdami arakeTil-
ganwyobili sazogadoebisTvis winaaRmdegobis
gasawevad, homoseqsualur wyvilebs mTeli rigi
damatebiTi zomebis miReba uwevT, magaliTad,
sazogadoebaSi yofnisas sakuTari urTierTobis
dafarva. zogierT heteroseqsualur wyvilsac
mudmivad uwevs dausrulebeli dabrkolebebis
gadalaxva sazogadoebis mxridan aRiarebis
socialuri ganviTareba cxovrebis manZilze
mosapoveblad. gamokvlevebi aCvenebs, rom
intereTnikuri wyvilebic awydebian crurwmenebs,
rac uaryofiTad moqmedebs da amcirebs xan-
grZlivi urTierTobebis SenarCunebis SesaZleb-
lobas (Chan & Wethington, 1998; Wilson & Jacobson,
1995).
TiToeuli saxis aseTi urTierToba zrdis
ojaxis rols zrdasruli adamianebis socialur
cxovrebaSi. ojaxi maSinac farTovdeba, rodesac
wyvili Tavis cxovrebaSi bavSvebis CarTvas
gadawyvets. SeiZleba gagikvirdeT, magram bavSvis
dabadebam, SesaZloa, safrTxe Seuqmnas wyvilis
bednierebas. ratom unda iyos ase? mkvlevrebi
daakvirdnen, Tu rogor icvlebian qalebi da
mamakacebi bavSvis gaCenis Semdeg da rogor
iReben mSoblis rols (Cowan & Cowan, 1998, 2000).
warsulisgan gansxvavebiT, Tanamedrove dasavlur
sazogadoebaSi qorwineba, xSir SemTxvevaSi, 443
 qalisa da mamakacis Tanasworobis princips
efuZneba. Tumca, bavSvis dabadebam qals da mama-
kacs ufro tradiciuli genderuli rolebis
Sesrulebisken SeiZleba ubiZgos. cols SeiZleba
zedmet tvirTad daawves bavSvis movla, qmars ki
_ gazrdili ojaxis materialuri uzrunvelyo-
fa. sabolood, Sedegi SeiZleba is iyos, rom
bavSvis dabadebis Semdeg qorwineba arc ise sasi-
amovno aRmoCndes orive meuRlisTvis (Cowan et
al., 1985). miuxedavad imisa, rom naklebad aris
nakvlevi (orive sqesis) homoseqsualuri wyvi-
lebi, romlebic bavSvebs zrdian, arsebuli mona-
cemebis mixedviT, rogorc mosalodnelia, maT
naklebad awuxebT genderuli rolebis ganawi-
lebis sakiTxi mSoblis funqciebTan mimarTebaSi
da, Sesabamisad, naklebad aisaxeba kidec es maT
urTierTobaze.
bevri heteroseqsualuri wyvilisaTvis qorwi-
nebiT kmayofileba mcirdeba konfliqtebis gamo,
rodesac Svili an Svilebi mozardobis peri-
odSi imyofebian. kulturuli stereotipebis
miuxedavad, mSoblebi xSirad mouTmenlad
elodebian, rodesac umcrosi Svilic wava sax-
lidan da isini „cariel budeSi~ darCebian
(Lowenthal & Chiriboga, 1972). mSoblebi yvelaze met
siamovnebasa da sixaruls maSin iReben Svileb-
Tan urTierTobiT, rodesac isini erT WerqveS
aRar cxovroben (Levenson et al., 1993). xom ar
Tavi 11 / adamianis ganviTareba cxovrebis manZilze
gadaifiqreT bavSvebis gaCena? imedia, ara. Cveni
mizani, rogorc yovelTvis, im gamokvlevebis
Sedegebis Tqvenamde motanaa, romelic Tqveni
sakuTari cxovrebis mosalodneli paternebis
codnasa da interpretirebaSi dagexmarebaT. Tqven
SegiZliaT gaiazroT, Tu ra nabijebis gadadgma
SegiZliaT, raTa sanatrelma Svilma ar dagingri-
oT siamovneba, romelsac urTierTobiT iRebT.
Tuki, zogadad, qorwineba ufro metad
bednieri xdeba, rodesac col-qmari gviani
zrdasrulobis periodis miaRwevs, yvelam unda
ecados qorwinebis SenarCunebas am dromde?
mkvlevrebs surT, rom Tavidanve SeeZloT imis
garkveva, Tu romeli wyvili ar ewyoba erTmaneTs,
magaliTad, urTierTobis Camoyalibebuli
paternebis mixedviT, da romel wyvilebs SeuZ-
liaT im or mesamedSi moxvedrisTvis Tavis
arideba, romelic dResdReobiT ganqorwinebiT
mTavrdeba (Gottman, 1994; Karney & Bradbury 1995).
Tumca, erTi ram cxadia: aradamakmayofilebeli
444
qorwinebis SenarCunebis Sedegebi qalisTvis
ufro mZimea, vidre mamakacisTvis.
saidan
viciT
cudi qorwinebis Sedegebi
mkvlevrebma Seiswavles 82 Suaxnis wyvi-
li (sadac ufrosi meuRle 40-50 wlis
iyo), romlebic, sul mcire, 15 wlis daqor-
winebulni iyvnen da 74 asakovani wyvili
(sadac ufrosi meuRle 60-70 wlis iyo),
romlebic, sul mcire, 35 wlis daqor-
winebulni iyvnen. TiToeuli asakobrivi
jgufi or jgufad daiyo: qorwinebiT
kmayofilni da qorwinebiT ukmayofiloni.
mkvlevrebma Seiswavles maTi fsiqikuri
da fizikuri janmrTelobis mdgomareoba.
kvlevam aCvena, rom qorwinebiT kmayo-
fileba didad ar zemoqmedebda mamakacebze,
Tumca, qalebis SemTxvevaSi fizikuri da
fsiqikuri janmrTeloba SedarebiT gauare-
sebuli iyo qorwinebiT ukmayofiloTa
jgufSi (Levenson et al., 1985).
ratom aisaxeba cudi qorwineba ufro metad
qalebze? mkvlevrebi varaudoben, rom qalebi
ufro metad iReben sakuTar Tavze arajansaRi
qorwinebis gaumjobesebaze pasuxismgeblobas,
maSin, roca mamakacebi konfliqtidan ganze
gadgomas amjobineben. rogorc me-13 TavSi vnaxavT,
mudmivi winaaRmdegobiT gamowveulma stresma
SeiZleba seriozuli ziani miayenos janmrTe-
lobas. amasTan, yuradReba miaqcieT, rom qalebTan
ufro metia albaToba imisa, rom meuRleze
didxans icxovron, vidre mamakacTan. xSirad es
niSnavs, rom maT unda gaiaron ori periodi –
arajanmrTel moxucebul qmarze zrunvis da
glovisa da finansuri arastabilurobis (Carsten-
sen & Pasupathi., 1993). mozrdilTa ganviTarebis
sxva sakiTxebis msgavsad, mkvlevrebi mxolod
axla iwyeben xandazmulobaSi siaxlovis im
Taviseburebebis kvlevas, rac homoseqsualur
da sxva aranormatiul urTierTobebs axasiaTebs.
meuRlis an partnioris gardacvalebaze msje-
lobisas isev mivediT erT-erT mizezamde, rom-
liTac garSemomyofebTan urTierTobis aqcenti
cxovrebis bolosken ojaxidan megobrebze gadai-
nacvlebs (ix. suraTi 11.12). moxucebulobaze
stereotipuli mosazrebis mixedviT, xnovani
adamianebi ufro metad ganmartoebulebi xdebian.
miuxedavad imisa, rom isini SeiZleba marTlac
mcire raodenobis adamianebTan urTierTobdnen,
am urTierTobaTa buneba ise icvleba, rom sru-
liad akmayofilebs intimurobis moTxovnilebas.
am tendencias kargad asaxavs seleqciuri
socialuri urTierTobebis Teoria, romlis
mixedviTac, asakis momatebasTan erTad adamianebi
ufro seleqciurebi (SerCeviTni) xdebian im
socialuri partniorebis arCevisas, vinc maT
emociur moTxovnilebebs akamyofilebs. laura
karstensenis (Laura Carstensen, 1991, 1998) mixedviT,
SerCeviTi urTierToba, SesaZloa, emociuri
gamocdilebis regulirebisa da fizikuri
energiis dazogvis praqtikuli saSualeba iyos.
xandazmulebi aqtiurad arian CarTulni zo-
gierTi adamianis, kerZod, ojaxis wevrebisa da
didi xnis megobrebis cxovrebaSi.
modiT, es qveTavi imave mosazrebiT davas-
ruloT, romliTac daviwyeT: socialuri in-
timuroba, anu siaxlove fsiqologiuri keTil-
dReobis winapirobas warmoadgens. gadamwyveti
mniSvneloba aqvs socialuri urTierTobebis
xarisxs da ara raodenobas. xanSi SesvlasTan
erTad, adamianebi intimurobis moTxovnilebis
dacvas iseTi adamianebis arCeviT cdiloben,
romlebic saukeTesod SeZleben emociuri mxar-
daWeris uzrunvelyofas.
axla ganvixiloT mozrdilis ganviTarebis
meore aspeqti _ qmnadoba.
qmnadoba
adamianebs, romlebmac intimuri urTierTo-
bebis myari safuZveli Seqmnes, ufro metad
SeuZliaT yuradRebis warmarTva qmnadobaze, rac,
sakuTari Tavis garda, ojaxis, samsaxuris, sazo-
gadoebis Tu momavali Taobebis interesebisTvis
moRvaweobas da maTze zrunvas gulisxmobs.
rogorc wesi, qmnadoba Zalze mniSvnelovani
aspeqtia 30-40 wels miRweuli adamianis
ganviTarebis procesSi (McAdams & de St. Aubin,
1998). ufro didi masStabis miRwevebsa da nayo-
fierebaze orientacia adamianebs fsiqologiuri
keTildReobis gancdis damkvidrebis SesaZ-
leblobas aZlevs, rac ganvlili siymawvilis
bunebrivi nostalgiis anazRaurebaa.
saidan
viciT
cxovrebis Sedegebi da qmnadoba
XX saukunis ocdaaTiani wlebidan
jorj vailantma (George Vaillant) inter-
viuirebisa da dakvirvebis meTodiT Seis-
wavla 95 uaRresad inteleqtualuri mama-
kacis pirovnuli ganviTareba kolejis dam-
Tavrebidan 30 wlis ganmavlobaSi. droTa
ganmavlobaSi mravalma maTganma udidesi
cvlilebebi ganicada da maTi gviandeli
qceva xSirad sruliad gansxvavdeboda
kolejSi yofnis dros Cveuli qcevisgan.
interviu moicavda kiTxvebs fizikuri jan-
mrTelobis, socialuri urTierTobebis da
samsaxurebrivi miRwevebis Sesaxeb. 30wli-
ani periodis dasrulebis Semdeg SearCies
da erTmaneTs Seadares saukeTeso da uaresi
Sedegebis mqone mamakacTa 30-30 kaciani
ori jgufi (ix. cxrili 11.7). saukeTeso
miRwevebis mqone mamakacebi cxovrebis Sua
periodSi dakavebulni iyvnen qmnadobis
amocanebiT, iRebdnen ra sxvebze pasuxis-
mgeblobas da garkveuli wvlili Seh-
qondaT sazogadoebis ganviTarebaSi. maTi
pirovnuli momwifebuloba maTi Svilebis
socialuri ganviTareba cxovrebis manZilze
ganviTarebasac ukavSirdeboda – pirovnu-
lad metad momwifebul mamebs ukeT SeeZ-
loT TavianTi SvilebisTvis gare samya-
rosTan adaptaciaSi saTanado daxmarebis
gaweva (Vaillant, 1997).
seleqciuri socialuri urTierTobebis Teoria
(selective social interaction theory) _ mosazreba, rom-
lis mixedviTac, asakis matebasTan erTad ada-
mianebi ufro seleqciurebi (SerCeviTni) xdebian
im socialuri partniorebis arCevisas, vinc
maT emociur moTxovnilebebs akmayofilebs.
qmnadoba (generativity) _ sakuTari Tavis garda,
ojaxis, samsaxuris, sazogadoebis Tu momavali
Taobebis interesebisTvis moRvaweobas da maTze
zrunvas gulisxmobs. rogorc wesi, qmnadoba
Zalze mniSvnelovani aspeqtia 30-40 wels miR-
weuli adamianis ganviTarebis procesSi.
445
 cxrili
11.7
saukeTeso da uaresi miRwevebis mqone cdis pirebs Soris sxvaoba fsiqosocialuri
mowifulobis faqtorebis mixedviT
saukeTeso uaresi
miRwevebi miRwevebi
(30 piri) (30 piri)

pirovnebis mTlianobis gancda kolejSi, romelic kolejSi swavlis

dros qvemodan mexuTe procentils miekuTvneba 0% 33%
dedis dominireba zrdasrulobis periodSi 0% 40%
megobrobis/megobrebis nakleboba 50 wlis asakSi 0% 57%
dauqorwinebloba 30 wlis asakisaTvis 3% 37%
pesimizmi, sakuTar TavSi daurwmunebloba, pasiuroba da seqsis SiSi 50
wlis asakSi 3% 50%
bavSvobaSi Raribi garemo 17% 47%
samuSao, romelsac amJamad asrulebT, naklebad gulisxmobs
xelmZRvanelis movaleobebis Sesrulebas 20% 93%
cdis pirebi, romelTa profesiuli arCevani mamasTan idenTifikacias
asaxavs 60% 27%
Svilebis miRwevebi aRiwereba, rogorc kargi an saukeTeso. 66% 23%

es kvleva gviCvenebs qmnadobis winapirobebs: fliqti mTlianobasa da sasowarkveTas Soris.

saukeTeso miRwevebis mqone mamakacebs cxovrebis
sxva aspeqtebi sakmarisad stabiluri (mogva-
rebuli) unda hqonodaT, raTa maT TavianTi
resursebi gareT, momaval Taobebze miemarTaT.
Tavi 11 / adamianis ganviTareba cxovrebis manZilze
monacemebi saSualebas gvaZlevs, vTqvaT, rom
arc ise bevri xnovani adamiani uyurebs ganvlil
cxovrebas sasowarkveTiT. maT umravlesobaSi
ganvlili cxovreba da momavali mTlianobis

rodesac Suaxnis (saSualo asaki 52 weli) da gancdasa da kmayofilebas badebs.

xnier (saSualo asaki 74 weli) adamianebs hkiTxes,
Tu ras niSnavda cxovrebasTan kargad adapti-
rebuli pirovneba, orive jgufSi yvelaze xSiri
pasuxi iyo „sxvebze orientirebuli~ _ mzrun-
veli, TanamgrZnobi da kargi urTierTobebis
mqone (Ryff, 1989). es aris qmnadobis arsi.
modiT, isic aRvniSnoT, rom xanSi Sesul
adamianTa umravlesoba ganvlil cxovrebas
keTildReobis im gancdiT uyurebs, romelic
ucvlelad gamohyva axalgazrdobis wlebidan
(Carstensen & Freund, 1994). rogorc socialuri
urTierTobebis ganxilvisas vnaxeT, xnovanoba
is periodia, rodesac xdeba miznebis wanacvleba;
prioritetebi icvleba, roca naTelia, rom
momavali arc ise usazRvro da usasruloa. Tumca,
prioritetebis aseTi cvlis fonze xnovani
adamianebi inarCuneben TavianTi cxovrebis
faseulobis gancdas. mozrdilobis ukanaskneli
krizisi eriksonma gansazRvra, rogorc kon-
446
gviani mozrdilobis kulturuli
konteqsti
Cven mier ganxiluli kvlevebi, romlebic
axalgazrdobas, mowifulobasa da xnovanebas
Seexeboda, gviCvenebs, rom ganviTareba uwyveti
procesi ufroa, vidre wyvetili. ar arsebobs
konkretuli momenti, rodesac adamiani ucbad
moxucebulad iqceva. miuxedavad amisa, aSkaraa,
rom cxovrebis ukanaskneli periodis Sesaxeb
arsebobs kulturiT ganpirobebuli Zlieri
rwmenebi da molodinebi (Featherstone & Wernick,
1995). mkvlevrebma dokumenturad daafiqsires es
molodinebi. maT moagroves stereotipebi,
romlebic student-axalgazrdebs hqondaT
TavianTi bebiebisa da babuebis Taobis war-
momadgenlebis mimarT. am kvlevam aCvena, rom
axalgazrdebs araerTi stereotipi aqvT moxu-
cebis mimarT (Brewer et. al., 1981; Brewer & Lui, 1989).
moxucebisadmi damokidebuleba icvleba ste-
reotipidan stereotipamde. axalgazrda mozr-
dilebs SedarebiT dadebiTi damokidebuleba
aqvT „srulyofili bebiisadmi an babuisadmi~
da SedarebiT uaryofiTi _ „uRimRamo~ moxu-
cisadmi (Schmidt & Boland, 1986). miuxedavad amisa,
zogadi stereotipi uaryofiTia, gansakuTrebiT
fizikuri mimzidvelobisa da gonebrivi SesaZleb-
lobebis daqveiTebis mimarT (Kite & Johnson, 1988;
Sharps et al., 1998).
asakovani adamianebis mimarT uaryofiTi
stereotipis erT-erTi Sedegia konkretuli cru-
rwmena, romelsac asakis mixedviT diskriminacias
anu eijizms uwodeben. mas Tan sdevs xandazmulTa
diskriminacia, rac zRudavs maT SesaZleblobebs,
axdens maT izolirebas da xels uwyobs sakuTar
Tavze uaryofiTi warmodgenis Seqmnas. xSirad
fsiqologebi Tavad arian damnaSaveni aseTi
diskriminaciis gavrcelebaSi im terminologiis
gamo, romelsac isini iyeneben (Schaie, 1993).
ukanaskneli 40 wlis ganmavlobaSi dawerili
139 studenturi naSromis Seswavlam aCvena, rom
mravalma studentma arc ki CarTo masSi moxu-
cebulobis periodi an warmoadgina stereo-
tipuli mosazrebebi xanSiSesul adamianebze
(Whitbourne & Hulicka, 1990). asakis mixedviT
diskriminaciis ufro STambeWdavi da naTeli
magaliTia erT-erTi Jurnalistis piradi gamoc-
dileba, romelic mizanmimarTulad droebiT
„moxucad gadaiqca~.
saidan
viciT
asakis mixedviT diskriminaciis
gamocdileba
pet muri grimis daxmarebiT 85 wlis
qalbatonad iqca. man Semoiara aSS-is 100-
ze meti qalaqis quCebi imis gasarkvevad,
Tu ras niSnavda moxucebulad yofna ame-
rikaSi. bundovanma kontaqturma linzebma
da yuris sacobebma mas mxedveloba da
smena gauuaresa; erTmaneTze gadabmuli
fexebiT siaruli uWirda; misi TiTebi ki
zed daxveuli webovani lentis gamo
arTritian TiTebze odnav moqnili iyo.
es „patara moxuci qali~ gadarCenisaTvis
ibrZoda axalgazrdebis, Zlierebisa da
sicocxliT savseTaTvis Seqmnil sam-
yaroSi. mas ar SeeZlo qilis gaxsna,
saweri kalmis xelSi daWera, warwerebis
wakiTxva, avtobusis kibeze asvla. siswra-
fis, xmaurisa da Crdilebis samyaro aSineb-
da mas. rodesac daxmareba sWirdeboda,
iSviaTad Tu gauwodebda vinme xels; xSirad
dascinodnen moxucebulobis da mowyvla-
dobis gamo; igi mozardTa jgufis sastiki
Tavdasxmis msxverplic ki gaxda (Moore,
1990).
muris gamocdileba ganamtkicebs azrs, rom
sazogadoeba rogorc fizikuri, ise _ socialuri
TvalsazrisiT, xandazmulobis winaaRmdeg aris
momarTuli.
Cven cxovrebis mTliani cikli mimovixileT:
ganvixileT bavSvobis, mozardobisa da mozrdi-
lobis socialuri da pirovnuli aspeqtebi.
mocemuli Tavis dasasruls ganvixilavT or
calkeul sferos, sadac droTa ganmavlobaSi
icvleba miRebuli gamocdileba; esaa genderuli
ganviTareba da moraluri ganviTareba.
Sejameba
kulrutulma da istoriulma gansxvavebebma
socialuri ganviTareba cxovrebis manZilze
SeiZleba arsebiTi gavlena moaxdinos imaze,
Tu rogor aRiqvamen da gaiazreben adamianebi
TavianTi cxovrebis socialur aspeqtebs. erik
eriksonma SemogvTavaza cxovrebis ciklis,
rogorc krizisebis Tanmimdevrobis, koncefcia:
cxovrebis TiToeuli fazaze individi dgeba
dilemis winaSe, romelic man warmatebiT unda
gadaWras, raTa efeqtur gaumklavdes Semdgomi
fazebis konfliqtebs.
asakis mixedviT diskriminacia (ageism) _ cru-
rwmena asakovani adamianebis Sesaxeb, rasizmisa
da seqsizmis msgavsi uaryofiTi stereotipi
asakovani adamianebis mimarT.
sqesobrivi gansxvavebebi (sex differences) _ bio-
logiuri safuZvlis mqone maxasiaTeblebi,
romlebic mamrobiT sqess ganasxvavebs mded-
robiTi sqesisgan.
447
 mTeli cxovrebis manZilze mimdinare socia-
lizaciis procesi, umetesad, ojaxis wevrebTan genderuli ganviTareba
bavSvebis urTierTobiT iwyeba. patara bavSvebi
Zalian adreuli asakidan reagireben da ur-
is, rasac bavSvebis umravlesoba adreul
TierTqmedeben maTze mzrunvel adamianebTan.
asakSi igebs, isaa, rom maT socialur samyaroSi
ucnobi situaciebis testi Seiqmna mSoblebze
ori kategoriis adamianebi arian: mdedrobiTi
bavSvebis mijaWvulobis Sesafaseblad. myari
sqesis da mamrobiTi sqesis. aRsaniSnavia, rom
mijaWvulobis mqone bavSvebi Semdgomi socia-
pirveli gansxvaveba, rasac bavSvebi amCneven,
lurad ufro kompetenturebi arian. mSoblebis
mTlianad socialuria: isini anatomiis gacno-
mier gamoyenebuli aRzrdis stilebis kvlevis
bamde gacilebiT adre SeigrZnoben sqesobriv
mixedviT, aRzrdis avtoritetuli stili
gansxvavebebs. vinaidan Tqven mozrdili adamiani
mSobeli-Svilis kavSiris warmoqmnis yvelaze
xarT, romelmac anatomiac icis da isic esmis,
didi albaTobiT xasiaTdeba. mijaWvulobis
rom sqesobrivi ganxvavebebi fizikur gansxvave-
gamocdilebis arqona socialur ganviTarebaze
bulobaze metia, SegiZliaT, dafiqrdeT am
moqmedebs. hari harlous maimunebze Catarebulma
gansxvavebebis warmomavlobaze. romeli maTgania
eqsperimentebma aCvena, rom udedo maimunebs ar
biologiiT gaSualebuli Sedegi? romelia
hqondaT socialuri unar-Cvevebi. adamianis
socializaciis Sedegi? rogor igeben gogonebi
SemTxvevaSi, adreul asakSi mosiyvarule ur-
da biWebi im gansxvavebuli molodinebis Sesaxeb,
TierTobebis arqona zemoqmedebs fizikur da
romelTac maT TavianTi kultura da sazo-
socialur ganviTarebaze.
gadoeba uyenebs?
kros-kulturuli kvlevebis mixedviT, mozar-
doba aucileblobiT ar xasiaTdeba qariSxliTa
da stresiT. mozardobaSi Tanatolebis mosaz- sqesi da genderi
rebebi mravali sakiTxis Sesaxeb konkurencias
uwevs mSoblebis gavlenas. mozardebma unda biologiuri safuZvlis mqone maxasiaTeblebs,
daimkvidron avtonomia mSoblebis avtori- romlebic mamrobiT sqess ganasxvavebs mded-
tetisgan. isini Relaven TavianT momavalze robiTi sqesisgan, sqesobrivi gansxvavebebi
rogorc pirovnul, ise _ sazogadoebriv doneze. ewodeba. am maxasiaTeblebSi Sedis gansxvavebuli
reproduqciuli funqciebi, hormonaluri da ana-
Tavi 11 / adamianis ganviTareba cxovrebis manZilze

mozardebis miswrafebebsa da molodinebze

gavlenas axdens maTi cxovrebiseuli pirobebi.
mozrdiloba periodia, rodesac dRis
wesrigSi urTierTobebi da miRwevebi dgas.
intimuroba SeiZleba axasiaTebdes rogorc
megobrul, ise _ sasiyvarulo urTierTobebs.
adamianebi cxovrebis sxvadasxva etapze sxva-
dasxva TanafardobiT iReben socialur mxar-
daWeras ojaxisgan da megobrebisgan. xanSi
SesvlasTan erTad, adamianebi ufro seleqciurebi
xdebian urTierTobebis SerCevisas. zrda-
srulobis kidev erTi amocanaa qmnadoba – sxvaTa
keTildReobaze mimarTuli qceva. zogadad,
studenti-axalgazrdoba moxucebisadmi uaryo-
fiTi stereotipiT xasiaTdeba, ramac SeiZleba
saziano gavlena iqonios maT gamocdilebaze.
tomiuri sxvaobebi. es gansxvavebebi univer-
saluria, biologiurad aris ganpirobebuli da
ar eqvemdebareba socialur zegavlenas. droTa
ganmavlobaSi maT garkveuli tradiciuli
socialuri rolebis Camoyalibebac ganapirobes.
magaliTad, vinaidan qalebs SeeZloT bavSvebis
ZuZuTi gamokveba, preistoriul adamianebs
SeiZleba gadaewyvitaT, rom qali ojaxTan axlos
unda yofiliyo da Svilebze unda ezruna, ma-
makacs ki unda enadira ojaxisaTvis sakvebis
mosapoveblad (Rossi, 1984).
sqesobrivi gansxvavebebiT SeiZleba aixsnas
isic, rom Cvilobis Semdeg biWebi fizikurad
ufro aqtiurebi da agresiulebi arian, vidre
gogonebi. mTel msoflioSi biWebs ufro metad
axasiaTebT uxeSi TamaSebisken midrekileba, vidre

448

gogonebs. es gansxvaveba, nawilobriv, sqesobriv
hormonebs ukavSirdeba _ biologiurma
faqtorebma SeiZleba ganapirobos qceviTi
dispoziciebi (Collaer & Hines, 1995; Maccoby, 1980).
mkvlevrebma ician, rom sqesobrivi hormonebi
zemoqmedebs socialur TamaSze, radganac
axalgazrda mdedr da mamr virTxebsa da
maimunebze dakvirvebam igive qceviTi gansxvavebebi
gamoavlina, rac adamianebSi (Meany et al., 1988).
mamri cxovelebi fizikuri TamaSis energiul
formebs mimarTaven, rac msxvil motorul
aqtivobas gulisxmobs. mdedri cxovelebi ki
iseTi moqmedebebiT arian dakavebulni, romelic
wvril motorul unar-Cvevebs saWiroebs.
biologiuri sqesisgan gansxvavebiT, genderi
fsiqologiuri fenomenia da moiazrebs sqesTan
dakavSirebul daswavlil qcevebsa da ganwyobebs.
kulturebi gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisgan imiT,
Tu ramdenad Zlierad ukavSirdeba genderi
yoveldRiur saqmianobebs da ramdenad momTmenia
genderi (gender) _ fsiqologiuri fenomeni, ro-
melSic moiazreba mamakacebisa da qalebis sqes-
Tan dakavSirebuli daswavlili qcevebi da gan-
wyobebi.
genderuli identoba (gender identity) _ individis
mier sakuTar TavSi qaluri an mamakacuri sa-
wyisis gancda. is gulisxmobs sakuTari sqesis
miRebas da gacnobierebas.
genderuli rolebi (gender roles) _ qcevaTa da
ganwyobaTa erToblioba, romelsac sazogadoeba
ukavSirebs qalad an mamakacad yofnas da ro-
melsac Riad gamoxataven calkeuli individebi.
is kros-genderulad miCneuli qcevebis mimarT.
genderuli identifikacia aris individis mier
sakuTar TavSi qaluri, an mamakacuri sawyisis
gancda. is gulisxmobs sakuTari sqesis miRebas
da gacnobierebas. sqesis gacnobiereba sakmaod
adreul asakSi iwyeba. 10-dan 14 Tvemde asakis
bavSvebi ukve aniWeben upiratesobas im video-
Canawers, romelzec maTive sqesis bavSvis moZra-
obaa asaxuli (Kujawski & Bower, 1993). genderuli
rolebi qcevaTa paternebia, romelic mocemul
sazogadoebaSi misaRebad iTvleba mdedrobiTi
sqesis da mamrobiTi sqesis adamianebisaTvis.
ZiriTadad, isini gansazRvraven, Tu ra axasiaTebT
mamakacebs da ra _ qalebs.
mkvlevrebi, romlebic mdedrobiTi da mam-
robiTi sqesis warmomadgenelTa Soris arsebul
gansxvavebebs Seiswavlian, xSirad cdiloben,
gansazRvron, Tu romelia maTgan Tandayolili
da romeli _ SeZenili. sxva sityvebiT rom
vTqvaT, romeli maxasiaTeblebia biologiurad
ganpirobebuli da romeli _ mocemuli kulturis
farglebSi gogonebisa da biWebis sociali-
zaciis Sedegi. yuradReba miaqcieT, _ patara
bavSvebs Tavad miaCniaT, rom biologia gansa-
zRvravs beds.
saidan
viciT
rogor esmiT bavSvebs sqesobrivi
gansxvavebebi
4, 5, 8, 9 da 10 wlis bavSvebs sTxoves,
evaraudaT, Tu rogor moiqceoda 10 wlis
personaJi krisi an peti. yvela bavSvs
uTxres, rom es personaJi Caiyvanes lamaz
kunZulze, Tumca, zog maTgans uTxres,
rom krisi an peti am gancalkevebul
genderuli ganviTareba
kunZulze mxolod misive sqesis (magali-
Tad, krisi biWi iyo da yvela misi gam-
zrdeli mamrobiTi sqesis iyo) an mxolod
misi sawinaaRmdego sqesis adamianebma
gazardes (magaliTad, krisi biWi iyo da
yvela misi gamzrdeli ki _ mdedrobiTi
sqesis). ra gavlena moaxdina aRwerilma
pirobebma 4-10 wlis bavSvebis mier krisis
an petis sqesisTvis tipuri qcevis Sesaxeb
gamoTqmul varaudebze? 9 wlamde bavSvebs
449

miaCndaT, rom personaJi ganaxorcielebda
mocemuli sqesisTvis damaxasiaTebel
qcevas, ganurCevlad socialuri konteq-
stisa. magaliTad, umcrosi asakis bavSvebi
fiqrobdnen, rom miuxedavad imisa, Tu vin
iqneboda misi aRmzrdeli, erTnairad
endomeboda biWs kriss _ mexanZreoba da
gogona kriss ki _ eqTnoba. ufrosi bavSvebi
ki, piriqiT, msjelobisas iTvaliswi-
nebdnen im socialur garemos, sadac
gaizarda dasaxelebuli personaJi: (ro-
gorc gogona, ise _ biWi) krisis mier
profesiis arCevaze gavlenas axdenda aR-
mzrdelis sqesi da, amasTan, misi sakuTari
sqesic (Taylor, 1996).
es Sedegebi gviCvenebs, rom bavSvebi saTanadod
ver afaseben garemos gavlenas imaze, Tu rogor
yalibdeba biWebsa da gogonebs Soris gan-
sxvavebebi. amasTan, es Sedegebi Tanxvdeba aRmo-
Cenas, rom 2-dan 6 wlamde bavSvebi, rogorc
Cans, ufro mkveTrad da xistad aRiqvamen so-
cialur sqess, vidre mozrdilebi (Stern & Karraker,
1989). rodesac am asakis bavSvebs neitralurad
Cacmul Cvilebs aCveneben, umcrosi asakis
bavSvebis msjeloba, mozrdilebTan SedarebiT,
ucvlelad eyrdnoba SemTxveviT aRniSvnebs
„gogo~ Tu „biWi~. umcrosi bavSvebis mZafri
Tavi 11 / adamianis ganviTareba cxovrebis manZilze
reaqciebi, SesaZloa, ukavSirdebodes imas, rom
isini swored im asakSi imyofebian, rodesac
450
Tavad cdiloben sakuTari genderuli identobis
damkvidrebas, anu romelime socialuri sqe-
sisadmi sakuTari Tavis mikuTvnebas. mTlia-
nobaSi, rogorc Cans, isini ufro metad arian
momarTulni maTi sqesisTvis Sesatyvisi qcevis
„scenaris~ Sesasruleblad, vidre maTi ufrosi
da-Zmebi (Levy & Fivush, 1993).
Cven vTqviT, rom genderuli rolebis aTviseba
kulturul konteqstSi xdeba. axla ganvixiloT
is Zalebi, romelic dasabams aZlevs maT.
genderuli rolebis aTviseba
udidesi nawili imisa, rasac adamianebi
qalisTvis Tu mamakacisTvis damaxasiaTeblad
miiCneven, kulturis mier aris Seqmnili (Leaper,
2000). bevri mkvlevari Tvlis, rom genderuli
rolebis aTviseba dabadebidan iwyeba. erT-erT
kvlevaSi mSoblebi TavianT axalSobil gogonebs
iseTi sityvebiT aRwerdnen, rogoricaa: patara,
nazi, lamazi da susti. amis sapirispirod, axal-
Sobili biWebis aRsawerad mSoblebi iyenebdnen
iseT sityvebs, rogoricaa: magari, Zlieri, win-
daxeduli da koordinirebuli. sinamdvileSi
bavSvebi wonis, simaRlisa da janmrTelobis
mdgomareobis mixedviT arafriT gansxvavdebod-
nen erTmaneTisagan (Rubin et al., 1974). mSoblebi
TavianT vaJebsa da qaliSvilebs gansxvavebul
tansacmels acmeven, gansxvavebul saTamaSoebs
aZleven da gansxvavebulad epyrobian (Rheingold
& Cook, 1974). 18 Tvis bavSvebis mSoblebi mid-
rekilni arian, rom ufro dadebiTad upasuxon
Svilebs, roca isini sqesisTvis Cveuli saTa-
maSoTi TamaSoben. magaliTad, erT eqsperimentSi
mamebi nakleb dadebiT ukukavSirs aZlevdnen
biWebs, rodesac isini gogonebisTvis tipuri
saTamaSoebiT TamaSobdnen (Fagot & Hagan, 1991).
zogadad, bavSvebi mSoblebisgan waxalisebas
iReben, rom sqesisTvis Sesatyvisi TamaSebiT
dakavdnen (Lytton & Romney, 1991; Witt, 1997).
mSoblebi ar arian erTaderTni, romlebic
bavSvebs genderuli rolebis aTvisebaSi uwyoben
xels. eleonor makkobi (Eleanor Maccoby, 1998)
amtkicebs, magaliTad, rom mSoblebis mier
genderuli rolebis swavleba ar aris mxolod
saTanado qcevebisa da qcevis normebis gadacemis
procesi. man aRmoaCina imis mtkicebulebani,
rom TamaSis stili da prioritetebi saTamaSoe-
bis arCevisas, faqtobrivad, didad ar aris da-
mokidebuli mSoblebis prioritetebsa da ro-
lebze. umcrosi asakis bavSvebi segregacio-
nistebi arian, anu isini eZeben da pouloben
Tavisive sqesis Tanatolebs maSinac ki, rodesac
mSoblebi ar adevneben Tvals da maSinac, roca
maT gogonebisa da biWebisgan Semdgar jgufebSi
TamaSisken mouwodeben. makkobis miaCnia, rom
bavSvebis genderul qcevebs Soris mravali
gansxvaveba TanatolebTan urTierTobis Sedegia.
saidan
viciT
gogonebisa da biWebis TamaSis
struqtura
imis gasagebad, Tu rogor moqmedebs
TanatolebTan urTierToba da rogor xdeba
genderuli rolebis aTviseba, mkvlevrebma
daiwyes imis detaluri Seswavla, Tu riTi
gansxvavdeboda erTmaneTisgan gogonebisa
da biWebis TamaSebi. erT-erT gamokvlevaSi
Seiswavles, Tu rogor TamaSobdnen 4 da 6
wlis bavSvebi Tavisisve sqesis jgufebSi
meore bavSvTan, anu diadaSi, an mTel
jgufTan erTad. mkvlevrebma bavSvebis
TamaSebi videofirze Caiweres da Semdeg
yvela maTi interaqciis kategorizacia
moaxdines. aRmoCnda, rom gogonebi da biWebi
Tanabrad TamaSobdnen diadebSi, Tumca,
gogonebi TiToeul Tanatols ufro
didxans eTamaSebodnen, vidre biWebi (anu
biWebi ufro xSirad icvlidnen partniors),
SesaZloa imitom, rom gogonebs ufro met-
xans SeuZliaT yuradRebis koncentrireba.
am bavSvebidan mxolod 6 wlis biWebi
iyvnen dakavebulni iseTi TamaSebiT, sadac
mTeli jgufi iyo CarTuli (Benenson et al.,
1997).
mkvlevrebma ver axsnes srulad, Tu ratom
iwyeben 6 wlis biWebi jgufur TamaSebs, 6 wlis
gogonebi ki _ ara. rogorc yovelTvis, rTulia
garkveva, ra ganapirobebs amas _ biologia (sqe-
sobrivi gansxvaveba) Tu molodinebi, romelic
ufrosebs SeaqvT biWebisa da gogonebis TamaSSi
(genderuli gansxvaveba). maSinac ki, rodesac
gogonebi iwyeben jgufur TamaSs, es jgufebi
gansxvavdeba biWebis jgufebisgan. magaliTad,
biWebis jgufebi ufro dominanturobaze arian
mimarTulni _ vin visze Zlieria, vidre go-
gonebisgan Semdgari jgufebi. gogonebis jgufebi,
Cveulebriv, ufro dainteresebulni arian saerTo
TanxmobiT, vidre Zalauflebis damyarebiT. Sesa-
bamisad, gogonebi da biWebi sxvadasxva fsiqo-
logiur garemoSi izrdebian, rac ayalibebs
samyaros maTeul xedvasa da problemebTan
gamklavebis gzebs.
Cven mokled mimovixileT, Tu rogor da ratom
ganicdian gansxvavebulad gogonebi da biWebi
socialur ganviTarebas. Semdeg qveTavSi vnaxavT,
rom zogierTi mkvlevris mixedviT, genderi
moralur ganviTarebazec axdens gavlenas.
Sejameba
miuxedavad imisa, rom sqesobrivi gansxvavebebi
biologiuri fenomenia, kulturac ganapirobebs
genderul gansxvavebebs. informacias genderuli
gansxvavebebis Sesaxeb bavSvebi adreuli asakidan
iReben. genderuli rolebis zogierT aspeqts
adamianebi, nawilobriv, mSoblebisgan iZenen,
gansakuTrebiT maSin, rodesac mSoblebi bavSvis
aRzrdis tradiciul paternebs irCeven. garda
amisa, genderul rolebs bavSvebi Tavisive sqesis
Tanatolebis qcevis sxvadasxva normebis gada-
RebiT iTviseben.
moraluri ganviTareba
Cven ukve vnaxeT, Tu ramdenad mniSvnelovania
cxovrebis manZilze axlosocialuri urTier-
Tobebis damyareba. axla ganvixiloT kidev erTi
aspeqti, kerZod ki is, Tu ras niSnavs socialuri
jgufis nawilad yofna. xSir SemTxvevaSi Cveni
moraluri ganviTareba
sakuTari qceva ara piradi saWiroebebis, aramed
sazogadoebis moTxovnilebebis gaTvaliswinebiT
unda SevafasoT. es aris moraluri qcevis sa-
fuZveli. moraluroba aris rwmenaTa, faseu-
moraluroba (morality) _ rwmenaTa da faseulo-
baTa sistema, romelic iZleva garantias, rom
individi Seasrulebs Tavis valdebulebas sazo-
gadoebis sxva wevrebis winaSe da moiqceva ise,
rom winaaRmdegobaSi ar movides sxvaTa uf-
lebebTan da interesebTan.
451
 lobaTa da ZiriTad msjelobaTa sistema ada-
mianis moqmedebis sisworisa Tu mcdarobis Se-
saxeb. sazogadoebas sWirdeba, rom bavSvebi
Camoyalibdnen iseT mozrdilebad, romlebic
miiReben moralur faseulobaTa sistemas da
romelTa qcevas moraluri principebi warmar-
Tavs (Killen & Hart, 1999). Tumca, rogorc iciT, is,
rac moraluri Tu amoraluri qcevaa konkretul
situaciaSi, SeiZleba sazogadoebaSi gacxa-
rebuli kamaTis sagnad iqces. SesaZloa, swored
amitom ver vuwodebT SemTxveviTobas imas, rom
moraluri ganviTarebis Seswavlis Sedegad miRe-
buli monacemebic winaaRmdegobrivi aRmoCnda.
kamaTi lourens kolbergis fundamenturi gamok-
vleviT iwyeba.
moraluri gansjis stadiebi
kolbergis mixedviT
lourens kolbergma (Lawrence Kohlberg, 1964, 1981)
moraluri ganviTarebis Teoria moraluri gan-
sjis Seswavlaze aago. moraluri gansja aris
adamianTa msjeloba imis Sesaxeb, Tu garkveul
situaciaSi romeli moqmedebaa swori da romeli
_ araswori. kolbergis Teoria Camoyalibda
Jan piaJes (1965) adreuli mosazrebebis gavleniT,
romelic cdilobda moraluri gansjis gan-
viTarebis dakavSirebas bavSvis zogadkognitur
Tavi 11 / adamianis ganviTareba cxovrebis manZilze
ganviTarebasTan. piaJes azriT, imis mixedviT,
Tu kognituri zrdis romel stadiaze imyofeba,
bavSvi sxvadasxva wonas akuTvnebs moqmedebis
Sedegs da moqmedi piris ganzraxvas. magaliTad,
bavSvisTvis, romelic winaoperaciul stadiaze
imyofeba, is, visac uneburad gautydeba aTi
Wiqa, ufro „celqi da urCia~, vidre is, vinc
ganzrax daamsxvrevs erT Wiqas. bavSvis zrdasTan
erTad, moqmedi piris zraxvebi ufro mets iwonis
moralurobis Sesaxeb miseul gansjaSi.
saidan
viciT
kognituri ganviTareba da msjeloba
moralurobis Sesaxeb
3, 4 da 5 wlis bavSvebs sTxoves, mora-
luri TvalsazrisiT SeefasebinaT adamia-
nebis qceva, romelic sami parametris mixed-
452 viT varirebda: qmedebebi, Sedegebi da
ganzraxvebi. konkretul scenarSi (magali-
Tad, cxovelis mofereba da cxovelis cema)
qmedebebi ganisazRvreboda, rogorc da-
debiTi, an uaryofiTi; aseve ganisazRvre-
boda Sedegebic (magaliTad, cxoveli
tiroda, an cxoveli icinoda). ganzraxvebis
varirebisTvis mkvlevrebma zogierTi qceva
winaswar ganzraxulad warmoaCines, zogi-
erTi _ SemTxvevas miaweres (magaliTad,
moqmedma pirma cxovels ganzrax daarya,
an SemTxveviT mouvida es). bavSvebs sTxoves,
SeefasebinaT, Tu ramdenad iyo maTTvis
es qceva misaRebi. amisaTvis maT erT-erTi
unda aerCiaT mocemuli xuTi saxidan, ro-
melTagan TiToeuli aRniSnavda Sefasebas
„Zalian, Zalian cudidan~ „Zalian, Zalian
kargamde~. umcrosma bavSvebma qcevisadmi
mimReblobis Sefaseba TiTqmis mTlianad
Sedegze daafuZnes; mxolod 5 wlis
bavSvebma gaiTvaliswines ganzraxvebi. Tum-
ca, rodesac bavSvebs hkiTxes, unda das-
jiliyo Tu ara moqmedi piri, umcros bav-
SvTa umravlesobam gaiTvaliswina moqmedi
piris ganzraxvebi (Zelazo et al., 1996).
es monacemebi gvafiqrebinebs, rom kognituri
unarebis ganviTarebasTan erTad bavSvebs uvi-
TardebaT imis unari, rom yuradReba miaqcion
ara mxolod Sedegebs, aramed ganixilon orive
_ Sedegebica da ganzraxvebic. Tumca, qcevis
mimReblobis Sesaxeb msjelobisa da dasjis
aucileblobis Sesaxeb msjelobis gansxva-
vebuloba miuTiTebs imaze, rom umcrosi asakis
bavSvebs moraluri gansjis zogierTi tipi ufro
meti faqtoris gaTvaliswinebis saSualebas
aZlevs. rogorc wina TavSi vnaxeT, is, Tu ris
gakeTebas sTxoven bavSvebs, nawilobriv, gana-
pirobebs imas, Tu ramdenad „momwifebulebi~
Canan isini.
moraluri ganviTarebis stadiebis gansasa-
zRvrad, kolbergma ganavrco piaJes Tvalsazrisi.
TiToeul stadiaze moralurobis Sesaxeb
msjeloba gansxvavebul safuZvlze aigeba (ix.
cxrili 11.8). moraluri msjelobis umdablesi
done dafuZnebulia sakuTar interesebze maSin,
roca umaRlesi done mimarTulia socialur
sikeTeze, piradi sargeblisgan damoukideblad.
am stadiebis dasasabuTeblad kolbergma gamo-
 cxrili
11.8
fsiqosocialuri ganviTarebis stadiebi eriksonis mixedviT
doneebi da etapebi
1. pirobiTamdeli moraluroba
stadia 1: orientacia siamovnebaze/tkivilze
stadia 2: orientacia wageba-mogebaze;
urTierTsamarTlianoba _ Tvali Tvalis win
2. pirobiTi moraluroba
stadia 3: orientacia Seqebaze („kargi bavSvi“)
stadia 4: orientacia kanonsa da wesrigze
3. principuli moraluroba
stadia 5: orientacia socialur kontraqtze
stadia 6: orientacia eTikur principebze
etapi 7: orientacia globalur, msoflio principebze
iyena dilemaTa seria, sadac erTmaneTs sxvadasxva
moraluri principebi upirispirdeba.
erT dilemaSi mamakaci, saxelad hansi,
colisTvis garkveuli wamlis Sovnas
cdilobs, romelic mas kibosTan brZolaSi
daexmareba. unamuso gamyidveli hanss am
wamals mxolod im SemTxvevaSi mihyidis,
Tu igi aTjer met fuls gadauxdis, vidre
TviTon aqvs micemuli. es gacilebiT didi
Tanxaa, vidre hanss aqvs da vidre SeuZlia,
rom iSovos. sasowarkveTili hansi gamyid-
vlis maRaziaSi iWreba da colisaTvis
wamals iparavs. unda gaakeTos hansma es
Tu ara? ratom? interviueri azustebs, Tu
ra mizezebis gamo miiRo cdis pirma gada-
wyvetileba da Semdeg ajamebs da axarisxebs
miRebul pasuxebs.
daxarisxeba efuZneba im mizezebs, Tu ratom
miiRo pirovnebam aseTi gadawyvetileba da ara
TviTon gadawyvetilebas. magaliTad, is, vinc
Tqva, rom hanss unda moepara wamali, radgan is
valdebuli iyo momakvdavi colis winaSe, an ar
unda moepara, radgan is valdebuli iyo, daecva
kanoni (miuxedavad misi piradi grZnobebisa),
cdilobs, rom Seesabamebodes dadgenil val-
debulebebs da amitom ganviTarebis mixedviT
me-4 stadiaze imyofeba.
moraluri argumentacia
tkivilis acileba an gaqceva
jildoebis miReba
Seqebis damsaxurebis da gamtyunebis Tavidan
acilebawesebis dacva, mTavrobisgan gakicxvis acileba
sazogadoebis keTildReobis gaumjobesebisTvis
xelSewyoba
samarTlianobis miRweva da TviTgankicxvis acileba
iyo marTali universaluri principebis winaSe da Tavs
grZnobde samyaros nawilad, romelic scildeba
socialur normebs
kolbergis stadiuri modeli oTxi principiT
xelmZRvanelobs: (1) yovel mocemul momentSi
individi SeiZleba iyos ganviTarebis mxolod
romelime erT stadiaze; (2) yvela gaivlis am
stadiebs dadgenili TanmimdevrobiT; (3) yoveli
Semdegi stadia ufro mravlismomcveli da
rTulia, vidre wina; (4) igive stadiebi gvxvdeba
yvela kulturaSi. kolbergma stadiuri ganvi-
Tarebis aseTi filosofia piaJesgan aiRo.
faqtobrivad, ganviTareba 1-3 stadiebze Tanxvdeba
normaluri kognituri ganviTarebis stadiebs.
stadiebi Tanmimdevrulad mihyveba erTmaneTs
da yoveli Semdegi stadia ufro metad daxvewili
kognituri unarebiT xasiaTdeba, vidre wina.
TiTqmis yvela bavSvi aRwevs mesame stadias 13
wlis asakSi.
kolbergis Teoriis irgvliv kamaTi, Ziri-
Tadad, mesame stadiis Semdeg iwyeba. Tavdapir-
velad kolbergs miaCnda, rom adamianebi Tana-
moraluri ganviTareba
zomierad da ganuxrelad agrZeleben moralur
ganviTarebas mesame stadiis Semdeg, Tumca, yvela
maTgani ver aRwevs 4-7 stadiebs. faqtobrivad,
bevri mozrdili arasodes aRwevs mexuTe stadias
da mxolod zogierTebs xelewifebaT kidev ufro
win wasvla. kolbergis gviandeli stadiebis
Sinaarsi subieqturad gamoiyureba da Zneli
gasagebia, Tu rogor aris yoveli Semdgomi
stadia ufro mravlismomcveli da garTulebuli.
magaliTad, moraluri gansjis safuZveli meeqvse
453
 stadiaze _ „TviTgankicxvis acileba~, ar gamoi-
yureba calsaxad ufro rTulad, vidre moraluri
gansjis safuZveli mexuTe stadiaze _ „sazo-
gadoebis keTildReobis gaumjobesebisTvis xel-
Sewyoba~. garda amisa, ufro maRali stadiebi
ar aris yvela kulturaSi (Eckensberger & Zimba,
1997). axla mivubrundeT kolbergis Teoriis
vrcel Tanamedrove kritikas, romelic sqesisa
da kulturis ganxilvidan momdinareobs.
genderisa da kulturis
gavlena moralur gansjaze
kolbergis Teoriis kritikosTa umravlesoba
mis unikalurobas ar eTanxmeba. mis moRvaweobis
gviandeli etapebi gansakuTrebuli kritikis
obieqti xdeba, radgan mis imdroindel naS-
romebSi ar aris asaxuli faqti, rom zrdasruli
pirovnebis moraluri Sexedulebebi SesaZloa
asaxavdes gansxvavebul, magram mainc Zireul
moralur principebs. cnobil kritikul naS-
romSi qerol giliganma (Carol Gilligan, 1982)
miuTiTa, rom kolbergis originaluri naSromi
mxolod biWebze Catarebul dakvirvebas efuZ-
neboda. igi matkicebs, rom kvlevis amgvar mid-
gomaSi ugulebelyofilia potenciuri gansxva-
vebebi mamakacebisa da qalebis Cveulebriv mo-
ralur Sexedulebebs Soris. giligans miaCnia,
Tavi 11 / adamianis ganviTareba cxovrebis manZilze
sqesobrivi gansxvavebebi moralur msjelobaSi
(Baumrind, 1986; Walker, 1984, 1986; Woods, 1996).
miuxedavad imisa, rom qalebi da mamakacebi
SeiZleba sxvadasxva procesebis gavliT mividnen
moraluri ganviTarebis maRal stadiebamde,
mozrdilobaSi maT mier ganxorcielebuli
aqtualuri msjelobebi uaRresad msgavsia
(Boldizar et al., 1989). arsebobs versia, rom genderuli
gansxvavebebi marTlac mniSvnelovania gansakuT-
rebuli „wminda qaluri~ da „wminda mamakacuri~
socialuri situaciebisaTvis. Tumca, rodesac
qalebsa da mamakacebs erTi da igive moraluri
dilemebis gadawyvetis mizezebis Sesaxeb eki-
Txebian, isini zrunvasa da samarTlianobaze
dafuZnebul pasuxTa Zalze msgavs paternebs
iZlevian (Clopton & Sorell, 1993).
amrigad, Cven SegviZlia, rom mozardebis
msjeloba moraluri dilemebis Sesaxeb dava-
xasiaToT, rogorc samarTlianobis mosaz-
rebebisa da zrunvis mosazrebebis nazavi. es
nazavi SenarCundeba cxovrebis udidesi nawilis
manZilze. Tumca, rogorc mosalodnelia, mora-
lur gansjaze aisaxeba mozrdilis kognitur
sistemaSi momxdari cvlilebebi. erT-erTi
mniSvnelovani cvlileba gviani mozrdilobis
periodisTvis isaa, rom gansjisas individebs
aqcenti konkretuli situaciebis detalebidan
zogad principebze gadaaqvT. Sesabamisad, am

asakSi isini moralur gansjaze metad zogad

rom qalTa moraluri ganvitareba sxvebze
sazogadoebriv interesebs (magaliTad, „ras
zrunvis standarts efuZneba da TviTrealizaciis
ambobs kanoni?~) ufro iTvaliswineben, vidre
safexurisaken miiwevs, maSin, rodesac mamakacebi
konkretul dilemebs (magaliTad, „SeiZleba am
TavianT msjelobas samarTlianobis standartze
SemTxvevaSi gamonaklisis daSveba?~) (Pratt et al.,
dayrdnobiT ageben. amrigad, giliganis Teoria
1988).
afarToebs kolbergis mosazrebebs im moraluri
yuradReba miaqcieT, rom moralur argumenta-
Sexedulebebis arealze, romelic bavSvobis
ciaSi sqesobrivi gansxvavebebis Sesaxeb kamaTi,
Semdgomi moraluri Sexedulebebis relevanturi
ZiriTadad, isev dasavluri kulturebisTvis
SeiZleba iyos. miuxedavad imisa, rom Cven
damaxasiaTebeli moraluri argumentaciis
vafasebT mis wvlils, gamokvlevam gviCvena, rom
irgvliv mimdinareobs. kros-kulturulma kvle-
man arasworad gansazRvra moraluri Sexe-
vam am sakiTxis Sesaxeb arsebuli yvela mona-
dulebebis unikaluri stilebi mamakcebisa da
cemis seriozuli kritikis safuZveli Seqmna.
qalebisaTvis. ganvixiloT mtkicebuleba:
kulturaTa Sedarebam aCvena: SeuZlebelic ki
zogierTma kvlevam aCvena, rom qalebi ise
aris, rom universalurad gamovacxadoT situa-
axdenen moraluri gadawyvetilebebis for-
ciaTa erToblioba, sadac moraluri msjeloba
mirebas, rom SeinarCunon harmonia socialur
relevanturi iqneba. ganvixiloT aseTi situacia:
urTierTobebSi, mamakacebi ki ufro metad sa-
gzis napirze xedavT ucnobs, romelsac avto-
marTlianobis dacvas iTvaliswineben (Lyons,
manqanaze saburavi daeSva. unda gaCerdeT Tu
1983). miuxedavad amisa, mkvlevrebi agrZeleben
ara dasaxmareblad? davuSvaT, TvliT, rom „ara~.
kamaTs imis Taobaze, arsebobs Tu ara saerTod
454 amoraluria es? Tu Tqven aSS-Si gaizardeT,

albaT, ifiqrebdiT, rom aseT situaciaSi dax-
marebis gaweva adamianis pirovnuli arCevania _
yvelam Tavad unda gadawyvitos, amitom amaSi
araferia amoraluri. meore mxriv, Tu Tqven
indusad aRizardeT indoeTSi _ kulturaSi,
romelic gacilebiT met mniSvnelobas aniWebs
urTierTdamokidebulebas da urTierTdaxmarebas,
savaraudod, unda gefiqraT, rom daxmarebaze
uaris Tqma amoraluri iqneboda (Miller et al., 1990).
ganvixiloT kvleva, romelSic erTmaneTs
adarebdnen sxvadasxva kulturis moralur
msjelobebs.
saidan
viciT
kanoniereba pirovnebaTaSorisi
pasuxismgeblobis winaaRmdeg
moraluri gansjis kvlevisTvis cdis
pirebi moiwvies ori adgilidan: koneqti-
kutis Statis qalaq niu heivenidan (aSS)
da samxreT indoeTis qalaq misoridan.
dasavluri da indusuri kulturis am war-
momadgenlebs sTxoves, gamoexataT reaqcia
movlenaTa ganviTarebaze, sadac kanonis
dacva pirovnebaTSoris pasuxismgeblobas
upirispirdeboda. davuSvaT, Tqveni sauke-
Teso megobris qorwilSi saqorwino beW-
debis mitanis erTaderTi gza TqvenTvis
matareblis bileTis sayidlad fulis
moparva iyo. kanonierebis dacvis principi
gulisxmobs, rom ar unda moiparoT; pirov-
nebaTSorisi pasuxismgeblobis principi
ki moiTxovs, rom pativi unda sceT megob-
suraTi
11.13
kros-kulturuli pasuxebi
moraluri dilemebis magaliTebze
skolis moswavleebs da zrdasrulebs indoeTsa
da amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi hkiTxes, maTi
azriT, romel gzas airCevdnen personaJebi
moraluri dilemebis gadaWrisas. indoelma
monawileebma airCies is variantebi, sadac
(kanonierebis dacvaze metad) prioriteti
pirovnebaTSoris pasuxismgeblobas eniWeboda.
rul valdebulebebs. Tu Tqven dasavlur
kulturaSi gaizardeT, albaT, ar ifiqrebT
pirovnebaTSoris pasuxismgeblobaze mora-
luris kategoriebiT: saqorwino beWdebis
vermitana samwuxaro iqneboda, magram ara
_ amoraluri. Tumca, rogorc axlaxan aR-
vniSneT, indusTa kulturisTvis, zogadad,
meore adamianis winaSe valdebuleba mora-
luris kategoriebs miekuTvneba. amis gamo
mkvlevrebma iwinaswarmetyveles, rom indo-
eli respondentebi ufro met upiratesobas
mianiWebdnen pirovnebaTSoris pasuxismgeb-
lobas, vidre amerikelebi. rogorc 11.13
suraTze Cans, sami asakobrivi jgufis
indoeli respondentebi ufro metad
irCevdnen im variants, sadac upiratesoba
swored pirovnebaTSoris pasuxismgeblobas
eniWeboda (Miller & Bersoff, 1992).
am magaliTidan cxadi xdeba, Tu ra rols
asrulebs kultura moraluris da amoraluris
gansazRvraSi. Tu Tqven amerikis SeerTebul
StatebSi gaizardeT, SeiZleba gagikvirdeT, Tu
ramdenad Rrmad swamT indoelebs, rom megob-
moraluri ganviTareba
risTvis micemuli dapireba unda Sesruldes –
sjobs moiparo, vidre beWdebis gareSe mixvide
qorwilSi. yuradReba miaqcieT, rom kulturuli
normebis es gansxvaveba scildeba am ori qveynis,
indoeTisa da aSS-is, farglebs. rogorc Semdeg
TavebSi ufro vrclad vnaxavT, amerikis Seer-
Tebuli Statebi da indoeTi tipuri dasavluri
da aradasavluri qveynebia, romlebic mimar-
Tulni arian, Sesabamisad, calkeuli individebis
455
keTildReobasa da koleqtivis keTildReobaze.

Sejameba
piaJes msgavsad, kolbergma Camoayaliba mo-
raluri msjelobis stadiuri ganviTarebis
Teoria. giligani akritikebda kolbergis Teo-
rias imis gamo, rom is yuradRebis miRma tovebda
im faqts, rom moraluri msjeloba safuZvelSive
gansxvavebuli iyo qalebTan da mamakacebTan.
Tumca, ufro gviandelma kvlevebma cxadyo, rom
mozrdilTa umravlesoba samarTlianobisa da
zrunvis principebis nazaviT xelmZRvanelobs.
kros-kulturulma kvlevam aCvena, rom sxvadasxva
kulturaSi sxvadasxva standartebiT ganisazR-
vreba, Tu romeli situaciebi da qcevebia mo-
raluri Tu amoraluri.
viswavloT sworad da
warmatebulad dabereba
axla mokled mimovixiloT winamdebare TavSi
ganxiluli zogierTi sakiTxi, raTa SevadginoT
rekomendaciebi sworad da warmatebulad dabe-
rebisTvis. Tavis dasawyisSi girCieT, rom ganvi-
Tareba gangexilaT, rogorc cvlileba, romel-
sac yovelTvis axlavs SenaZenebi da danakargebi.
aseTi xedvis kuTxidan, cxovrebaSi keTil-
Tavi 11 / adamianis ganviTareba cxovrebis manZilze
daberebasTan, sinamdvileSi unarebis gamouye-
neblobis, umoqmedobis da ara maTi daqveiTebis
an gauaresebis Sedegia. Cveni pirveli rCevaa _
SeinarCuneT es unarebi!
Cven, agreTve, vTqviT, rom warmatebuli dabe-
rebis erT-erTi nawilia seleqciuri optimi-
zacia da kompensacia (baltes et al., 1992; freund &
baltes, 1998). albaT, gagaxsendaT, rom seleqciuri
niSnavs individis mier miRwevadi amocanebis
dasaxvas. optimizacia gulisxmobs individisTvis
prioritetul sferoebSi mis ganviTarebas da
gavarjiSebas. kompensacia niSnavs danakargebis
Sesamcireblad individis mier alternatiuli
xerxebis gamoyenebas. am TavSi vnaxeT, rom
asakovani adamianebi iseT megobrebs irCeven,
romlebic maTTvis emociuri mxardaWeris opti-
malur dones uzrunvelyofen; droTa ganmav-
lobaSi unda icvlebodes megobrebis SerCeva,
raTa kompensirebul iqnes sikvdiliT Tu sxva
mizeziT dakarguli megobrebi (carstensen, 1998;
lang & carstensen, 1994). miuxedavad imisa, rom
seleqciuri optimizacia daberebis procesis
Seswavlisas gaCnda, is kargi meTodia im gada-
wyvetilebebis amosarCevad, romelic cxovrebis
manZilze unda miiRoT. yovelTvis unda ecadoT
iseTi miznebis dasaxvas, romelic yvelaze metad
mniSvnelovania TqvenTvis; am miznebis gaTvalis-
winebiT moaxdinoT Tqveni qmedebebis opti-

mizacia da eZioT SemovliTi gzebi, Tu miznisken

dReobis miRwevis xerxia SenaZenebis gazrda da
mimaval gzaze dabrkolebebi gxvdebaT. es aris
danakargebis Semcireba. Cven vnaxeT, rom wesi
Cveni saboloo rCeva, romelic mTeli cxovrebis
„gamoiyene an dakarge~ exeba rogorc fizikur
manZilze ganviTarebas Seexeba. vimedovnebT, rom
formas, ise _ gonebriv SesaZleblobebs. mravali
brZnulad da warmatebiT daberdebiT.
cvlileba, romelic stereotipulad asocirdeba

sakvanZo
sakiTxebi
ganviTarebis Seswav-
la da axsna
cvlilebaTa aRsawerad
mkvlevrebi normatiuli,
longituduri da jvare-
dini kvlevebis monacemebs
iyeneben.
ganviTareba cxovrebis man-
456
456 Zilze damokidebulia ro-
gorc Tandayolil, ise _
SeZenil maxasiaTeblebze.
fizikuri ganviTareba
cxovrebis manZilze
garemos faqtorebs maSinac
ki SeuZliaT fizikur gan-
viTarebaze zemoqmedeba, ro-
desac bavSvi jer kidev dedis
mucelSi imyofeba.
axalSobilebi da Cvilebi Se-
saZleblobaTa sakmaod farTo
speqtrs floben: isini momar-
Tulebi arian gadarCenisaTvis.
sqesobrivi momwifebisas mozar-
debma SeiZleba gadaWarbebuli
yuradReba dauTmon TavianTi
sxeulis xats.
 gviani zrdasrulobis zo-
gierTi fizikuri cvlile-
ba gamouyeneblobis da ara
gardauvali daberebis Sede-
gia.
kognituri ganviTare-
ba cxovrebis
manZilze
piaJes ZiriTadi ideebi
kognituri ganviTarebis Se-
saxeb: sqemebis ganviTare-
ba, asimilacia, akomodacia
da wyvetili ganviTarebis
oTxstadiuri Teoria. es
oTxi stadiaa: sensomotor-
uli, winaoperaciuli, kon-
kretuli operaciebis da
formaluri operaciebis.
gviandelma originalurma
kvlevebma cxadyo, rom Cvi-
lebi da patara bavSvebi uf-
ro metad arian ganviTare-
buli, vidre amas piaJe varau-
dobda.
mkvlevrebi varaudoben, rom
bavSvebi aviTareben sayrden
Teoriebs, romliTac ori-
entireben sxvadasxva fsiqo-
logiur da fizikur sfer-
oSi da romelic droTa
ganmavlobaSi icvleba.
kros-kulturulma kvleveb-
ma kiTxvis niSnis qveS daay-
ena kognituri ganviTarebis
Teoriebis universaloba.
kognituri funqcionirebis
asakTan dakavSirebuli daq-
veiTeba, rogorc wesi, mxo-
lod zogierT unars exeba.
mkvlevrebis Tanaxmad, zo-
gierTi kognituri defici-
ti gamowveulia unaris ga-
mouyeneblobiT da ara gar-
dauvali daberebiT.
kognituri sistemis war-
matebulad daberebaze SeiZ-
leba saubari, rodesac ada-
mianebi axdenen funqcio-
nirebis optimizacias saq-
mianobis maTTvis yvelaze
prioritetuli sferos amor-
CeviTa da arsebuli resur-
sebiT danakargebis kompen-
sirebiT.
enis aTviseba
bevri mkvlevari darwmunebu-
lia, rom adamianebs aqvT
enis Seqmnis Tandayolili
unari. nebismier SemTxvevaSi,
enis aTvisebis procesis mniS-
vnelovani pirobaa zrda-
srul metyvel adamianebTan
urTierToba.
naturalistebis msgavsad,
bavSvebi aviTareben hipo-
Tezebs maTi enis mniSvnelo-
bebisa da gramatikis Sesaxeb.
es hipoTezebi xSirad gansa-
zRvrulia Tandayolili
principebiT.
socialuri ganviTareba
cxovrebis manZilze
socialuri ganviTareba kon-
kretul kulturul konteq-
stSi xdeba.
asakobrivi cvlilebebis Cve-
uli mimdinareobidan gadax-
veva xSirad kulturiT gan-
pirobebuli garemo pirobe-
bis Sedegia.
erik eriksonma cxovrebis
cikli gansazRvra, rogorc
krizisebis seria, romlebic
individma unda daZlios.
socializacia aris procesi,
rodesac bavSvebi iTviseben
im faseulobebsa da qcevebs,
romlebic mocemul sazo-
gadoebaSi sasurvelad iT-
vleba.
socializacia momvlelTan
Cvilis mijaWvulobis ganvi-
Tarebidan iwyeba.
mijaWvulobis ganuviTareb-
loba mravalricxovan fizi-
kur da fsiqologiur prob-
lemebs iwvevs.
bavSvobaSi aRmzrdelobiTi
zemoqmedebis ararsebobas
SeuZlia socialuri gan-
viTarebis Seferxeba.
gamokvlevebi aCvenebs, rom
mozardTa umravlesoba kmayo-
filia Tavisi cxovrebiT.
mozardebma unda ganaviTaron
pirovnuli indenturoba Ta-
natolebTan da mSoblebTan
komfortuli socialuri ur-
TierTobebis CamoyalibebiT
da samomavlo amocanebis
dasaxviT.
mozrdilobis ZiriTadi
amocanebi intimurobasa da
qmnadobis moTxovnilebebs
efuZneba.
adamianebi socialurad nak-
lebad aqtiurebi xdebian
asakSi Sesvlisas, radgan
SerCeviTad inarCuneben mxo-
lod im urTierTobebs, rom-
lebic emociurad metad
mniSvnelovania maTTvis.
adamianebi TavianT cxov-
rebas afaseben, nawilobriv,
sxvebis cxovrebaSi Ta-
vianTi dadebiTi wvlilis
Setanis unaris mixedviT.
xandazmul adamianTa mi-
marT uaryofiTi stereo-
tipebi asakis mixedviT dis-
kriminacias, anu eijizms
iwvevs.
genderuli ganviTa-
reba
genderi fsiqologiuri fe-
nomenia, romelic gulis-
xmobs biologiuri sqesiT
gansazRvruli qcevebisa da
ganwyobebis daswavlas.
genderuli rolebis aT-
viseba dabadebidanve iwyeba.
socializaciisTvis xelis-
Semwyobi mTeli rigi faqto-
rebi ganamtkiceben gende-
rul stereotipebs.
moraluri ganviTareba
kolbergma gansazRvra mo-
raluri ganviTarebis sta-
diebi.
moraluri argumentaciis
sakvanZo sakiTxebi
gviandel kvlevebSi gaT-
valiswinebul iqna sqesob-
rivi da kulturuli gan-
sxvavebani.
sxvadasxva kulturebi sxva-
dasxva standartebis mixed-
viT afaseben, Tu romeli
situaciebi da qcevebi CaiT-
valos moralurad Tu amo-
ralurad.
457
457
 enis Seqmnis unari seleqciuri socialuri
ZiriTadi cnebebi zigota urTierTobebis Teoria
imprintingi sibrZne
akomodacia internalizacia socializacia
alcheimeris daavadeba intimuroba socialuri ganviTareba
asimilacia kognituri ganviTareba sqemebi
mSoblebis mier konservacia genderi
dadgenili qcevis wesebi komforti kontaqtisas sqesobrivi gansxvavebebi
mSoblebis mier longituduri kvlevis genderuli identoba
gamoyenebuli aRzrdis meTodi genderuli rolebi
stilebi menarqe sqesobrivi simwife
bavSvze mimarTuli metyve- mijaWvuloba sxeulis xati
leba momwifeba fizikuri ganviTareba
buneba-aRzrdis dapiris- moraluroba fonemebi
pireba normatiuli kvlevebi fsiqosocialuri stadiebi
ganviTarebis asaki obieqtis mudmivoba qmnadoba
ganviTarebis fsiqologia sayrdeni Teoriebi qronologiuri asaki
egocentrizmi seleqciuri optimizacia centracia
asakis mixedviT diskrimi- kompensaciiT jvaredini Seswavlis meTodi
nacia, anu eijizmi hi perregularizacia
Tavi 11 / adamianis ganviTareba cxovrebis manZilze

458
458
motivacia

12
ra aris motivacia
• motivaciis koncef-
ciebis funqciebi
• motivaciis wyaroebi
kveba
• kvebis fiziologia
• kvebis fsiqologia
fsiqologia XXI
saukuneSi: genebi da
simsuqne
seqsualuri qceva
• cxovelebis seqsua-
luri qceva
• adamianis seqsualu-
ri agzneba da reaq-
ciebi
• seqsualuri qcevis
evolucia
• seqsualuri qcevis
normebi
• homoseqsualoba
pirovnuli miRwevis
motivacia
• miRwevis moTxov-
nileba
• warmatebisa da
marcxis atribucia
• Sromisa da orga-
nizaciuli fsiqo-
logia
fsiqologia Cvens
cxovrebaSi: SeuZlia Tu
ara fsiqologias kari-
eris arCevaSi daxmareba
moTxovnilebaTa
ierarqia
sakvanZo sakiTxebi
• ZiriTadi cnebebi
459
 J urnalisti rebeka stefensi (Rebe-
cca Stephens) everestze asvlas aR-
wers 1994 wels gamocemul wignSi,
,,msoflios mwvervalze~. wignis dasawyisSi
vrcladaa moTxrobili everestis dapyrobis
survilis Sesaxeb:
,,everestis romantika _ ai, ra mxiblavda
da mizidavda. mwvervalze rom avediT, sul
cota, orasi an samasi adamiani mainc
viyaviT _ sxvadasxva erovnebis, sarwmu-
noebis da rasis warmomadgeneli. TiToeul
Cvengans mwvervalze asvlis dauZleveli
survili amoZravebda. everesti yvelaze
maRali adgilia msoflioSi da uamravi
mizezi arsebobs, romelic misken iseve
izidavs adamianebs, rogorc CrdiloeT Tu
samxreT polusisken da okeanis siRr-
meebisken~.
mogvinebiaT, rodesac Tavs iCens mwvervalze
asvlisTvis damaxasiaTebeli daZabuloba da
safrTxe, am ,,romantikas~ pirquSi realoba cvlis.
miuxedavad amisa, avtori gasaocar daskvnamde
mas Semdeg midis, rac TiTi daiziana:
Tavi 12 / motivacia
Tqveni Tavi rebeka stefensis adgilze war-
moidgineT. warmogidgeniaT, ramdenad Zlierad
unda gindodeT miznis miRweva, rom gadawyvitoT:
,,iolad gaval nekis gareSec~. arsebobs raime
mizani, romlis gamoc sicocxles daTmobdiT?
sami adamiani daiRupa yinulis cicabo daRmar-
Tebze rebeka stefens mTaze asvlis dros... ratom
surT adamianebs ase gariskva? ra gansazRvravs
460 imas, Sewiravs Tu ara adamiani Tavs mTis mwver-
,,momdevno dilas gavogndi: _ iq, sadac adre
Cemi neka TiTi iyo, maxinji msuqani sosisi
moCanda, burTiviT gasiebuli da siTxiT savse,
TiTis meore saxsridan wveramde. ,,ra sisulele
iyo amis gakeTeba~, _ buzRuniT Tqva Tanamgzavr-
ma mTamsvlelma. rogor SemeZlo aseTi suleli,
daudevari da araseriozuli vyofiliyavi? es
iyo meore xarisxis moyinva...
me Cems karavSi wavbodialdi, pirquS martoo-
baSi msurda yofna. vcdilobdi, menugeSebina
sakuTari Tavi. ,,yvelaferi kargad iqneba,~ _
Tqva eqimma, magram rogor SemeZlo ar mefiqra,
rom TiTi axla romc momrCenoda, Semdeg mainc
ufro mgrZnobiare iqneboda. es ambavi 20 000
futis (7800 metris) simaRleze moxda. ra mox-
deboda 29 000 futze (11300 metrze), sadac ufro
yinavda? sadac Jangbadi da, Sesabamisad,
winaaRmdegobis gawevis unari naklebi iyo?
Rirda ki mwvervalis dapyroba aseT Zvir _
sakuTari TiTis dakargvis _ fasad? cota xans
davfiqrdi da sakmaod mSvidad, da Cemda
gasaocrad, davaskveni is, rasac verasodes
warmovidgendi, Tundac erTi Tvis win: TiTi
arc ise didi sazRauri iyo _ rogorme iolad
gaval nekis gareSec~ (gv.90-91).
valze asvlas? ra aris es _ gamarjveba Tu raime
sxva mizani? ra gaiZulebT, iyoT daJinebulni,
jiutni, Seupovarni miznis miRwevisas, miuxedavad
im didi Zalisxmevisa, tkivilisa da finansuri
danaxarjebisa, ris fasadac es Seupovroba jdeba?
dabolos, didxans ecdebiT sasurveli miznis
miRwevas, Tu maleve daanebebT mcdelobas Tavs?
Tqveni yoveldRiuri cxovreba savsea situaci-
ebiT, rodesac adamianebi motivaciur faqtorebs

mimarTaven im movlenaTa asaxsnelad, rac moxda,
an ar moxda. SeiZleba moisminoT, rogor eubneba
maRaziis ufrosi Tavis gamyidvelebs: ,,Tqven
unda SeecadoT, ufro bejiTad imuSavoT, rom
saqoneli gayidoT.~ megobari SeiZleba saidum-
lod gagendoT, rom gamocdaze imitom CaiWra,
rom profesori arasodes uqmnida mas sakmaris
motivacias. SeiZleba waikiTxoT deteqtiuri
moTxroba, SeecadoT danaSaulis motivis war-
modgenas da mkvlelis povniT daikmayofiloT
deteqtivis saidumlos amoxsnis survili. milio-
nobiT adamianis msgavsad, SeiZleba Tqvenc ver
SordebiT teleekrans da yoveldRe uyurebT
teleserialebs iseTi motivebis gamosavlenad,
rogoricaa siZunwe, Zalaufleba da gataceba.
fsiqologiis mkvlevarTa amocana motivaciis
aseTi magaliTebisTvis Teoriuli safuZvlis
uzrunvelyofaa. rogor SeuZlia motivaciur
mdgomareobas sportuli Sejibris Tu gamocdis
Sedegebze zemoqmedeba? ratom imatebs zogierTi
adamiani wonaSi da ratomaa, rom zogierTi lamis
sikvdilis piramde midis SimSiliT? gansazR-
vravs Tu ara Cven seqsualur qcevas genetikuri
memkvidreoba? am TavSi SeityobT, rom adamianis
moqmedebebi motivirebulia sxvadasxva moTxovni-
lebebiT _ dawyebuli iseTi fundamentaluri
fiziologiuri moTxovnilebebiT, rogoricaa
SimSili da wyurvili da damTavrebuli iseTi
fsiqologiuri moTxovnilebebiT, rogoricaa
pirovnuli miRweva. amasTanave, Tqven naxavT,
rom xSirad arc ise iolia fsiqologiisa da
fiziologiis erTmaneTisgan gamijvna. magali-
Tad, xandaxan iseTi biologiuri moTxovnileba,
rogoricaa SimSili, xSirad konkurencias uwevs
pirovnuli kontrolisa da garSemomyofTa sim-
patiis mopovebis moTxovnilebas, rac kvebiTi
paternis TaviseburebebiTacaa ganpirobebuli.
am Tavs im ZiriTadi sakiTxebis ganxilviT
daviwyebT, romlebic aucilebelia motivaciis
kvlevisa da bunebis gasagebad. meore qveTavSi
farTod mimovixilavT motivaciis sam tips,
romelTaganac TiToeuli sxvadasxvagvarad mniS-
vnelovania da icvleba im xarisxiT, ra xaris-
xiTac biologiuri da fsiqologiuri faqtorebi
moqmedeben maTze. motivaciis es sami tipia:
SimSili, seqsi da pirovnuli miRweva.
ra aris motivacia
motivacia warmoadgens yvela im procesis
ganzogadebul termins, romelic CarTulia fizi-
kuri da fsiqologiuri aqtivobebis dawyebaSi,
mimarTulebis micemasa da marTvaSi. sityva mo-
tivacia warmodgeba laTinuri sityvidan movere,
rac ,,moZraobas~ niSnavs. organizmebi moZraoben
garkveuli stimulebisa da aqtivobebis mimar-
TulebiT da gaurbian garkveul stimulebs, maTi
mimzidvelobis da saZulvelobis Sesabamisad.
motivaciis Teoriebi xsnis rogorc cxovelTa
TiToeuli saxeobis, adamianebis CaTvliT, ,,moZra-
obis~ zogad paternebs da gvawvdis informacias
TiToeuli saxeobis calkeuli wevrebis fun-
qcionirebasa da prioritetebze. motivaciis ana-
lizi im sxvadasxva gzebis ganxilviT daviwyoT,
romliTac motivacia, Cveulebriv, xsnis da winas-
warmetyvelebs individulur da saxeobriv qcevas.
motivaciis koncefciebis
funqciebi
fsiqologebi motivaciis koncefciebis xuT
ra aris motivacia
ZiriTad daniSnulebas gamoyofen:
 qcevis dakavSireba biologiasTan _ Tqven,
rogorc biologiuri organizmi, flobT rTul
motivacia (Motivation) _ fizikuri da fsiqikuri
aqtivobebis dawyebis, mimarTulebis micemis da
marTvis procesi; moicavs meqanizmebs, romlebic
CarTulia erTi aqtivobisaTvis meoresTan Se-
darebiT upiratesobis miniWebaSi da energiasa
da mdgradobas sZens reaqciebs. 461
 Sinagan meqanizmebs, romlebic aregulireben
Tqveni sxeulis funqcionirebas da sicocxlis
SenarCunebaSi gexmarebian. ratom adeqiT sawo-
lidan am dilas? Tqven, albaT, gSiodaT, gwyu-
rodaT an gciodaT. TiToeul am SemTxvevaSi
daukmayofileblobis Sinagani mdgomareoba
sxeuls moqmedebisken ubiZgebs, rac qmnis mo-
tivacias TqvenTvis, rom ganaxorcieloT qmedeba
Tqveni sxeulis balansis aRsadgenad.
 qcevis cvalebadobis axsna _ ratom asru-
lebT erTi da igive davalebas erT dRes kargad
da meore dRes cudad? ratomaa, rom erTi bavSvi
gacilebiT ukeT arTmevs Tavs sakonkurso
davalebas, vidre meore, romelsac igive unarebi
da codna gaaCnia? fsiqologebi maSin iyeneben
motivaciur axsnas, rodesac adamianis mier
davalebis an raime sxva moqmedebis Sesrulebis
cvalebedoba ucvlel situaciaSi ver aixsneba
unarebis, gamocdilebisa Tu praqtikis gansxva-
vebulobiT an SemTxveviTobiT. Tu Tqven dRes
diliT adre adeqiT damatebiT samecadinod,
xolo Tqveni megobari _ ara, es Tqveni da
Tqveni megobris gansxvavebul motivaciur
mdgomareobebs SeiZleba mivaweroT.
 subieqtis Sinagan mdgomareobaze daskvnis
gakeTeba imaze dayrdnobiT, Tu rogor iqceva
is sazogadoebaSi _ Tqven xedavT, rom viRac
skamze zis da icinis. rogor axsniT am qcevas?
rogorc profesionali fsiqologebi, ise _
specialuri fsiqologiuri ganaTlebis armqone
adamianebi erTnairad gadainacvleben qcevaze
dakvirvebidan mis gamomwvev Sinagan mizezebze
daskvnisken. adamianebi mudmivad axdenen qcevis
interpretacias savaraudo mizezebis terminebiT
_ ratom moxda es swored ise, rogorc moxda?
igive wesi ZalaSia Tqveni qcevis mimarTac. Tqven
xSirad cdilobT imis garkvevas, Tqveni qceva
garedanaa motivirebuli Tu Signidan.
 imis garkveva, Tu vis ekisreba moqmedebebze
Tavi 12 / motivacia
pasuxismgebloba _ pirovnuli pasuxismgeblobis
cneba ZiriTadia religiis, kanonisa da eTiki-
saTvis. pirovnuli pasuxismgebloba gulisxmobs
Sinagan motivacias da qmedebebis gakontrolebis
unars. adamianebi naklebad pasuxismgeblebi arian
sakuTar moqmedebebze, rodesac: (1) ar fiqroben,
rom maT qcevas uaryofiTi Sedegebi eqneba, (2)
eqsternaluri (garegani) Zalebi sakmaod Zlieria
462
mocemuli qcevis aRsaZvrelad, an (3) qcevaze
gavlenas axdens narkotikebi, alkoholi da in-
tensiuri emociebi. amrigad, motivaciis Teo-
rias qcevis potenciuri mizezebis erTmaneTisgan
gansxvaveba unda SeeZlos.
 araxelsayreli pirobebis miuxedavad miz-
nisken mimavali subieqtis Seupovrobisa da da-
Jinebulobis axsna _ gavixsenoT amonaridi rebeka
stefensis wignidan, romliTac daviwyeT winam-
debare Tavi. ratom xdeba, rom mZimed da sasik-
vdilod daWrili adamianebi xSirad mainc ag-
rZeleben mTaze asvlas? motivaciis Seswavlis
bolo mizezi imis axsnaa, Tu ratom axorcielebs
organizmi qcevas, rodesac gacilebiT martivi
iqneboda am qcevis ganxorcielebisgan Tavis
Sekaveba. motivacia gvexmareba, rom droulad
mivideT samsaxurSi an leqciaze maSinac ki,
rodesac amis Zala ukve aRar Segvwevs. motivacia
gvexmareba, rom mTeli ZaliT gavagrZeloT
TamaSi maSinac ki, roca vagebT da vacnobierebT,
rom mogeba SeuZlebelia.
axla ukve gaqvT zogadi warmodgena im
pirobebze, romelSic fsiqologebi qcevis
winaswarmetyvelebisa da axsnisaTvis motivaciis
cnebas mimarTaven. motivaciis konkretuli
sakiTxebis ganxilvamde, mis zogad wyaroebs
gavecnoT.
motivaciis wyaroebi
1999 wels velosipedistma lans armstrongma
(Lans Armstrong) „tur de franses~ Sejibri moigo.
sportis istoriaSi es sportsmenis profesiul
sportSi dabrunebis erT-erTi SesaniSnavi maga-
liTi iyo. 1996 wels mas testikularuli sim-
sivnis diagnozi dausves, romelic filtvebsa
da tvinze vrceldeboda. agresiuli qimioTe-
rapiis kursis dasrulebis Semdeg armstrongma
varjiSis ganaxleba gadawyvita. sam weliwadSi
man msoflios yvelaze prestiJul SejibrSi
gaimarjva; 2000 wels man kvlav moigo „tur de
franse~. cilismwameblebi ambobdnen, rom mar-
Sruti, romelzec armstrongma gaimarjva, arc
ise rTuli iyo. 2000 wlis gamarjvebam daamtkica,
rom lanss SeeZlo msoflios saukeTeso velom-
rbolelebis daZleva.
 Tqven SeZlebdiT imis gakeTebas, rac lans
armstrongma gaakeTa? SeZlebdiT seriozuli
avadmyofobis Semdeg dabrunebas da Tqveni
sxeulisTvis arcTu ise ioli amocanis dasaxvas?
xom ar fiqrobT, rom, rac ar unda yofiliyo
misi qcevis mamotivirebeli, is Tavad masSi
iyo? saWiroa Tu ara gansakuTrebuli cxov-
rebiseuli gamocdileba aseTi SeupovrobisaT-
vis, Tu es garegani, situaciuri faqtorebis
Sedegi iyo? moiqceva Tu ara adamianTa um-
ravlesoba aseve analogiur situaciaSi? aris
Tu ara misi qceva pirovnebisa da situaciis
maxasiaTeblebis urTierTqmedebis Sedegi? mo-
tivaciis wyaroebis ukeT gasarkvevad, vnaxoT,
ra gansxvavebaa internalur (Sinagan) da eqster-
nalur (garegan) Zalebs Soris. daviwyoT im
Teoriebis ganxilviT, romlebic qcevis garkveul
tipebs internaluri, biologiuri impulsebiT
xsnis.
ltolvebi da aRmZvrelebi
motivaciis zogierTi forma Zalze martivad
gamoiyureba: Tu SimSils grZnobT, WamT. Tu
gwyuriaT _ svamT. Teoria, romlis mixedviTad
mravali mniSvnelovani qceva motivirebulia
Sinagani ltolvebiT, yvelaze srulad klark
halma (Clark Hall, 1943, 1952) daamuSava. halis azriT,
ltolva Sinagani mdgomareobaa, romelic cxo-
velis fiziologiuri moTxovnilebis sapasuxod
aRmocendeba. organizmi iseTi biologiuri
maxasiaTeblebis wonasworobis, anu homeostazis
SenarCunebas cdilobs, rogoricaa: sxeulis tem-
peratura da energiis miwodeba (ix. Tavi 3).
ltolva aRmocendeba maSin, rodesac daukmayo-
filebloba Sinagan gauwonasworeblobas qmnis,
wonasworobas arRvevs, anu daZabulobas qmnis.
es ltolva organizms daZabulobis Semcire-
bisken, anu reduqciisken ubiZgebs. rodesac
ltolva dakmayofildeba an Semcirdeba, ho-
meostazi aRdgeba da organizmi wyvets moqmedebas.
amgvarad, halis mixedviT, rodesac cxovels
mravali saaTis ganmavlobaSi ar miewodeba
sakvebi, aRmocendeba SimSilis mdgomareoba, rac
sakvebis moZiebisa da gamokvebis qcevis mamo-
tivirebeli xdeba. cxovelis reaqcia, romelsac
sakvebis moZiebis mizani aqvs, ganmtkicdeba,
vinaidan is sakvebis miRebis Sedegad daZabulobis
Semcirebas ukavSirdeba.
SeuZlia Tu ara daZabulobis Semcirebis
Teorias yvela motivirebuli qcevis axsna?
cxadia, ara. warmovidginoT virTxebis jgufi,
romelsac ar awvdidnen sakvebs da wyals.
daZabulobis Semcirebis Teoriis mixedviT,
winaswar SeiZleba imis Tqma, rom isini pirveli
SesaZleblobisTanave daleven wyals an SeWamen
sakvebs. Tumca, rodesac aseTi virTxebi axal
garemoSi xvdebian, sadac uamravi saWmeli da
sasmelia, isini garemos gamokvlevasa da da-
zvervas amjobineben da maSinve ar garbian saW-
ra aris motivacia
ltolva (Drive) _ Sinagani mdgomareoba, romelic
aRmocendeba wonasworobis darRvevisas cxovelis
fiziologiuri moTxovnilebis sapasuxod.
homeostazi (Homeostasis) _ sxeulis Sinagani mdgo-
mareobis mudmivoba an wonasworoba.
aRmZvrelebi (incentives) _ eqsternaluri stimu-
lebi an waxaliseba, romlebic warmoadgenen
qcevis mamotivireblebs, miuxedavad imisa, rom
isini pirdapir ar ukavSirdebian biologiur
moTxovnilebebs.
463
 12.1
mlisa da sasmelisken, isini mxolod cnobis- cxrili
moyvareobis dakmayofilebis Semdeg iwyeben Wamas
da smas (Berlyne, 1960; Fewler, 1965; Zimbardo & metamotivaciuri mdgomareobebis oTxi
Montogomery, 1957). gamokvlevaTa sxva seriaSi axal- wyvilis ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebi
gazrda maimunebi did drosa da energias
xarjavdnen maT garemoSi arsebuli mowyobi- Telikuri paraTelikuri
lobebiTa da axali obieqtebiT manipulaciaze seriozuli mxiaruli
mizanze orientirebuli aqtivobaze orientirebuli
da, rogorc Canda, amas yovelgvari garegani wa- cxovrobs am momentiT
upiratesobas aniWebs
xalisebis gareSe, ,,garTobiT, maimunobiT~ winaswar dagegmvas
siamovnebis misaRebad akeTebdnen (Harlow et al., 1950). Tavs aridebs SfoTvas eZebs aRgznebas, aRfrTova-
nebas
es eqsperimentebi gviCvenebs, rom qceva ar surs progresi da surs mxiaruleba da
aris motivirebuli mxolod Sinagani ltolve- miRweva garToba

biT: qceva motivirebulia, aseve, aRmZvrelebiT konformisti negativisti

_ garegani stimulebiT an waxalisebiT, romelic damyoli meamboxe

surs wesebis dacva surs wesebis darRveva
pirdapir ar ukavSirdeba biologiur moTxovni- tradiciuli aratradiciuli
lebebs. rodesac maimunebi da virTxebi gare- sasiamovno gabrazebuli
surs morgeba surs damoukidebloba
moSi mocemul obieqtebze iyvnen momarTulni
da ara Sinagan mdgomareobebze, es gviCvenebda, mbrZanebloba TanagrZnoba (simpaTia)

rom maT qcevas aRmZvrelebi marTavda. asevea Zalauflebaze zrunvaze orientirebuli

orientirebuli
adamianis qcevis SemTxvevaSic _ mas mravalgvari cxovrebas brZolad cxovrebas TanamSromlobad
aRmZvreli akontrolebs. ratom daZvrebiT miiCnevs miiCnevs
mkacri azrovneba mgrZnobiare
internetSi RamiT tkbilad daZinebis nacvlad? kontrolze sikeTeze
ratom uyurebT films, romelic, iciT, rom Se- koncentrirebuli koncentrirebuli
surs dominantoba surs sinaze da mofereba
gaSinebT da aRgaSfoTebT? ratom miirTmevT tkbi-
leuls wveulebaze, roca ukve kargad danayre- auturi aloikuri

buli brZandebiT? TiToeul am SemTxvevSi ga- upiratesad sakuTar upiratesad sxvebze

remos elementebi aRmZvrelis rols asruleben,
romelic qcevis ganxorcielebisken gibiZgebT.
Tqven ukve iciT, rom qceva motivaciis garegani
da Sinagani wyaroebidan iRebs saTaves. miuxeda-
vad imisa, rom virTxebi SeiZleba sakvebis
miRebisa da wylis dalevis qcevis ganxorci-
elebis biologiur iZulebas ganicdidnen, isini
axali garemos gamokvlevis impulssac emor-
Cilebian. axla ganvixiloT motivaciisadmi Tana-
medrove midgoma _ reversiis Teoria, romelSic
gansakuTrebuli yuradReba konkurentuli
motivaciuri mdgomareobebis Seswavlas eTmoba.
Tavi 12 / motivacia
Tavzekoncentrirebuloba koncentrirebuloba
egocentruli sxvebTan identifikacia
sakuTar grZnobebze sxvebis grZnobebze
koncentracia koncentracia
lebs urTierTsapirispiro mdgomareobebi qmnian.
Teoriis mixedviT, drois nebismier mocemul
momentSi TiToeul wyvilSi gaerTianebuli ori
mdgomareobidan mxolod erTi SeiZleba ar-
sebobdes realurad. Tu gadaxedavT cxrils,
naxavT, rogor gansazRvravs TiToeuli wyvili
araTavsebad motivaciur mdgomareobebs. maga-
liTad, warmoidgineT nebismieri situacia,
romelic samsaxurs ukavSirdeba. ra gsurT mo-
cemul momentSi: situaciaze morgeba Tu damo-

reversiis, anu araTavsebadi ukidebloba? sakuTari grZnobebis mixedviT moq-

mdgomareobebis Teoria
ukanasknel wlebSi maikl afterma (Michael
Apter, 1989; aseve, ix. Frey, 1997) da misma kolegebma,
ganaviTares axali Teoria, romelic uaryofs
motivaciis, rogorc daZabulobis Semcirebis,
ideas. amis nacvlad, es Teoria uSvebs, rom
arsebobs metamotivaciuri mdgomareobis oTxi
464 wyvili. rogorc naCvenebia cxrilSi 12.1, wyvi-
medeba Tu sxvebis grZnobebze yuradRebis mip-
yroba? am Teorias reversiis anu araTavsebadi
mdgomareobebis Teoria ewodeba. is adamianuri
reversiis Teoria (Reversal theory) _ Teoria, ro-
melic xsnis adamianis motivacias erTi meta-
motivaciuri mgomareobidan meore, sapirispiro
mdgomareobaSi reversiis (gadasvlis) termi-
nebiT.
motivaciis axsnas erTi mdgomareobidan meore,
sawinaaRmdego mdgomareobaze reversiis (gadas-
vlis) terminebiT cdilobs. ganvixiloT para-
Telikuri da Telikuri kontrastuli mdgo-
mareobebi. Tqven paraTelikur mdgomareobaSi
xarT, rodesac iseT qcevebs axorcielebT, rom-
lebsac siamovnebis moniWebis garda sxva mizani
ar gaaCniaT, xolo Telikur mdgomareobaSi xarT,
rodesac iseT qceves axorcielebT, romlebic
mniSvnelovania TqvenTvis ara mxolod mocemul
momentSi. magaliTad, am konkretul mocemul
momentSi, albaT, Telikur mdgomareobaSi imyo-
febiT, radgan saxelmZRvanelos kiTxulobT _
Tqven gsurT masalis daswavla, raTa kargad
CaabaroT gamocda. Tu Tqven wasaxemseblad an
axali diskis mosasmenad SewyvetT mecadineobas,
amiT TiTqmis mTlianad gadaerTvebiT paraTe-
likur mdgomareobaSi. reversiis Teoria, faqtob-
rivad, gveubneba, rom Tqven yovelTvis imyofebiT
erT an meore mdgomareobaSi, magram ara _ ori-
veSi erTad.
drodadro Tqven SesaZloa Zalze naTlad
SeigrZnoT am TeoriiT nawinaswarmetyvelebi
reversiis tipebi. reversiis erTi gansakuTrebiT
TvalsaCino forma iseTi maRalriskiani aqti-
vobebiT dakavebul adamianebs axasiaTebT, ro-
goricaa paraSutiT xtoma. xedavT, rogor xsnis
reversiis Teoria paraSutistTa monaTxrobs?
saidan
viciT
SfoTvidan aRfrTovanebaze gadasvla
ratom xtebian adamianebi Tavisi nebiT
TviTmfrinavidan da amtkiceben, rom es
maT garTobisTvis gaakeTes? Zalian Znelia
am qcevis gageba daZabulobis Semcirebis
Teoriis gamoyenebiT, radgan TviTmfri-
navidan gadaxtomis molodini daZabu-
lobas ki ar amcirebs, aramed, piriqiT _
zrdis. reversiis Teoriis Tanaxmad, para-
SutiT gadaxtoma Telikuri mdgomareo-
bidan paraTelikur mdgomareobaSi ga-
dasvlis SemTxvevaa. gadaxtomamde, Telikur
mdgomareobaSi adamianis mier gancdili
aRgznebis maRali done SfoTvas badebs.
paraTelikur mdgomareobaSi ki Zlieri
aRgzneba ganicdeba, rogorc Zlieri aR-
frTovaneba. amgvarad, Telikuri mdgo-
mareobidan paraTelikurSi gadasvla ag-
znebis imave doneze iwvevs Zlieri SfoT-
vidan did siamovnebaze gadarTvas.Aamgvari
pirdapiri gadarTvis arsebobis Sesamow-
meblad mkvlevrebma monacemebi para-
SutistTa ori klubis wevrebisgan aag-
roves. klubis wevrebi aRniSnavdnen SfoT-
visa da aRfrTovanebis grZnobas gadax-
tomamde, xtomis manZilze da daSvebis
Semdeg. monacemebma aSkara reversia aCvena:
gadaxtomamde isini SfoTavdnen (magram ar
iyvnen aRfrTovanebulni). mas Semdeg, rac
paraSuti ixsneboda, isini aRfrTova-
nebulni iyvnen (magram aRar SfoTavdnen).
arsebuli aRgzneba ar qreboda _ is maSinve
iZenda sxva Sinaarss, rogorc ki paraSutis-
ti Telikuri mdgomareobidan paraTelikur
mdgomareobaSi gadadioda (Apter & Batler, 1997).
reversiis Teoria gvawvdis motivaciis sain-
tereso zogad midgomas. axla ganvixilavT moti-
vaciis kvlevis sxva tradicias, romelic kon-
centrirebulia biologiuri saxeobebisTvis
damaxasiaTebel instinqtur qcevaze.
instinqturi qceva da daswavla
ratom iqcevian organizmebi swored ase da
ara sxvagvarad? pasuxis erTi nawili isaa, rom
biologiuri saxeobis qcevis zogierT aspeqts
instinqtebi, anu winaswar daprogramebuli ten-
denciebi marTavs, romlebsac arsebiTi mniS-
vneloba aqvT saxeobis gadarCenisaTvis. instin-
qtebi uzrunvelyofen qcevis repertuars, ro-
melic TiToeuli cxovelis genetikuri memkvid-
reobis nawils warmoadgens. oraguli aTasobiT
mils zustad im nakadulSi dasabruneblad
ra aris motivacia
curavs, sadac daibada; is dinebis sawinaaRmdegod
micuravs, CanCqerebs axteba da zustad daniSnul
adgilze midis, sadac gadarCenili mdedri da
mamri oragulebi Sewyvilebis ritualur qcevas
asruleben, ganayofierebuli qviriTis dayris
Semdeg ki iRupebian. momavalSi, rodesac dro
instinqti (Instinct) _ winaswar daprogramebuli
tendencia, romelsac arsebiTi mniSvneloba aqvs
saxeobis gadarCenisaTvis.
465

dadgeba, axalgazrda Taoba dauyveba dinebas,
raTa icxovros okeaneSi manam, sanam ramdenime
wlis Semdeg am uwyvet dramaSi maTi monawilebis
dro ar mova. aseTive STambeWdavi moqmedebebi
SeiZleba vnaxoT cxovelTa mraval saxeobaSi.
futkari sakvebis adgilmdebareobis Sesaxeb
Setyobinebas sxva futkrebs gadascems; WianWve-
laTa armia sinqronizebulad dadis sanadirod,
Citebi budeebs aSeneben, obobebi zustad iseve
xlarTaven da qsoven rTul qselebs, rogorc
maTi mSoblebi da winaprebi akeTebdnen amas.
adamianis qcevis adreuli Teoriebi midre-
kilni iyvnen adamianisTvis instinqtebis mniS-
Tavi 12 / motivacia
vnelobis gadafasebisken. uiliam jemsi (William
James, 1890) gamoTqvamda mosazrebas, rom ada-
mianebi yvela sxva cxovelze metad eyrdnobian
instinqtur qcevas (Tumca, adamianis instinqtebi,
rogorc wesi, ar vlindeboda qcevaTa fiqsi-
rebuli paternebis saxiT). biologiuri instin-
qtebis garda, romlebic adamians cxovelebTan
saerTo aqvs, moqmedebaSi Semodis, agreTve, iseTi
466 ZiriTadi socialuri instinqtebi, rogorebicaa:
simpaTia, socialuroba, TavSekavebuloba da
siyvaruli. jemsisTvis orive _ rogorc cxo-
veluri, ise adamianuri _ instinqtebi miznobrivi
iyo. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, mniSvnelovan
miznebs emsaxurebodnen, anu mniSvnelovan
funqciebs asruleben organizmis garemosTan
adaptaciis procesSi.
zigmund froidma (Sigmund Freud, 1915) Semogv-
Tavaza mosazreba imis Taobaze, rom adamianis
gamocdilebaSi arsebuli ltolvebi aRmocendeba
sicocxlis (maT Soris seqsualuri) da sikv-
dilis (maT Soris agresiis) instinqtebidan.
mas miaCnda, rom instinqturi impulsebi war-
marTavs fsiqikur energias sxeulebrivi moTxov-
nilebebis dasakmayofileblad. daZabuloba
aRmocendeba maSin, rodesac energia ver
ganitvirTeba; es daZabuloba ubiZgebs adamians
aqtivobisken an/da obieqtisken, romelic
Seamcirebs mas. magaliTad, froidis azriT, sico-
cxlisa da sikvdilis instinqtebi moqmedeben
gacilebiT dabal doneze, vidre cnobierebis
donea (anu Rrmad aracnobierSi), Tumca, maTi
gavlena cnobier azrebze, grZnobebsa da qmede-
bebze Zalian Zlieria imis gamo, rom instinqtebi
mniSvnelovani cxovrebiseuli gadawyvetile-
bebis miRebisken ubiZgebdnen adamianebs (Cven am
mosazrebas vrclad ganvixilavT me-14 TavSi).
1920-ian wlebSi fsiqologebma Seadgines
adamianis 10 000 instinqtisgan Semdgari sia
(Bernard, 1924), Tumca, amave periodSi adamianuri
instinqtis, rogorc adamianis qcevis universa-
luri amxsnelis, cneba eWvis qveS dadga da
kritikis sagnadac iqca. kros-kulturulma
anTropologebma ruT benediqtma (Ruth Bendict,
1959) da margaret midma (Margaret Mead, 1939)
sxvadasxva kulturaSi uamravi qceviTi variacia
aRmoaCines. maTi dakvirveba ewinaaRmdegeboda
im Teoriebs, romlebic mxolod Tandayolili
instinqtebis universalurobaze saubrobdnen.
instinqtebis adreuli TeoriebisTvis yvela-
ze metad damangreveli iyo bihevioristebis
empiriuli demonstraciebi imisa, rom mniSvne-
lovani qcevebi da emociebi daswavlili ufro
iyo, vidre Tandayolili. aseT demonstraciebs
Tqven me-7 Tavidan icnobT, sadac naxeT, rom
adamianebi da cxovelebi erTnairad mgrZnobia-
reni arian imis mimarT, Tu rogor ukavSirdeba
erTmaneTs stimulebi da reaqciebi garemoSi.
Tu gsurT axsnaT, ratom axorcielebs zogierTi
cxoveli mocemul qcevas da zogierTi _ ara,
Tqven ar gesaWiroebaT sxva arafris codna,
garda imisa, rom erTi cxovelis qceva ganmtkicda,
xolo meoris _ ara. aseT pirobebSi saerTod
ar gWirdebaT calke motivaciis axsna (anu
Secdoma iqneboda gveTqva, rom erTi cxoveli
„motivirebulia~, xolo meore _ ara).
Tumca, gavixsenoT: me-7 TavSi isic vnaxeT,
rom qcevis tipebi, romelTac cxovelebi ufro
iolad daiswavlian, determinirebulia moce-
muli saxeobisTvis specifikuri instinqtebiT.
amitom TiToeuli cxoveli daswavlili da
instinqturi qcevebis kombinacias axorcielebs.
amrigad, Tu Tqven gTxoven cxovelis qcevis
axsnas an winaswarmetyvelebas, Tqven ori ramis
codna dagWirdebaT, kerZod, konkretuli moce-
muli cxovelis istoriidan unda icodeT: (1)
romeli adapturi qcevaa organizmis genetikuri
memkvidreobis nawili da (2) garemoSi arsebuli
asociaciebis rogori unikaluri erToblioba
aqvs organizms gamocdilebaSi? aseT SemTxve-
vebSi motivaciis funqcia im gavlenas eniWeba,
romelsac warsulis movlenebi axdenen mimdi-
nare qcevaze.
kidev erTxel gadavxedoT me-7 Tavs: Cven
vnaxeT, rom kogniturad orientirebulma mkvlev-
rebma eWvqveS daayenes mosazreba imis Taobaze,
rom instinqtebi da ganmtkicebebis istoria
sakmarisia cxovelis qcevis yvela detalis
asaxsnelad. axla vnaxoT, ra rols asruleben
motivaciaSi molodinebi da SemecnebiTi aqti-
vobebi.
molodinebi da kognituri midgomebi
motivaciisadmi
ganvixiloT ,,jadoqari ozis qveynidan~, ro-
gorc motivaciis fsiqologiuri kvleva. doroTi
da misi sami megobari kargad gaisarjnen
zurmuxtis qalaqamde misaRwevad: maT daZlies
barierebi da SeewinaaRmdegnen Tavs datexil
yvela ubedurebas. isini amas imis molodiniT
akeTebdnen, rom jadoqari maT imas miscemda,
rac akldaT. amis nacvlad saocarma (da brZenma)
jadoqarma daanaxa, rom Tavad maT, da ara
jadoqars, yovelTvis xelewifebodaT TavianTi
sanukvari survilebis asruleba. doroTisTvis
saxli ar warmoadgenda konkretul adgils; es
misTvis sayvarel adamianebTan yofniT miRebuli
usafrTxoebis da komfortis gancda iyo: saxli
iq iyo, sadac misi guli imyofeboda. simamace,
romelic loms surda; Wkua, romelsac safrTxo-
bela eswrafvoda da emociebi, romelzec rkinis
xis mWreli ocnebobda, is Tvisebebia, romelTac
isini ukve flobdnen. maT am Tvisebebze unda
ifiqron ara rogorc Sinagan mdgomareobebze,
aramed rogorc im dadebiT urTierTobebze,
romlebic ukve hqondaT sxvebTan. jadoqari ozis
qveynidan aSkarad erT-erTi pirveli kognitur
fsiqologia, vinaidan man aRiara adamianis
azrovnebis procesis mniSvnelovneba misi
miznebis da am miznebis misaRwevad ganxorci-
elebuli qcevis determinaciaSi.
Tanamedrove fsiqologebi iyeneben kognitur
analizs mTeli rigi pirovnuli da socialuri
qcevebis mamotivirebeli Zalebis Sesaswavlad.
isini iziareben jadoqris mosazrebas, rom ada-
mianis mniSvnelovani motivacia aRmocendeba
ara gare samyaros obieqturi realobidan, aramed
realobis subieqturi interpretaciebidan.
dajildovebis ganmamtkicebeli efeqti ikargeba,
Tu ver xedavT, rom Tqvenma qmedebam ganapiroba
es jildo. is, rasac axla akeTebT, xSirad
kontroldeba: (1) imiT, rac, Tqveni azriT, pa-
suxismgebeli iyo warsulSi gancdil warma-
tebasa da marcxze; (2) imiT, risi gakeTebac
gjeraT, rom SegiZliaT da (3) imiT, rasac
ganWvretT winaswar, anu Tqveni qmedebis Sedegis
danaxviT. kognituri midgoma xsnis, Tu ratom
arian adamianebi xSirad motivirebulni momavali
movlenebis molodinebiT.
qcevis motivirebaSi molodinebis mniSvne-
loba julian roterma (Julian Rotter, 1954) daamuSava
socialuri daswavlis TeoriaSi (Cven SevexeT
socialur daswavlas, rodesac me-7 TavSi
dakvirvebiT daswavlas ganvixilavdiT). rote-
risaTvis albaToba imisa, rom Tqven ganaxorcie-
lebT mocemuli qcevas (vTqvaT, gamocdisTvis
moemzadebiT da ar waxvalT wveulebaze) deter-
ra aris motivacia
minirebulia, anu ganpirobebulia im dasaxuli
miznis (kargi niSnis miRebis) miRwevis molo-
diniT, romelic am aqtivobas mohyveba da imiT,
Tu ra pirovnuli Rirebuleba aqvs am mizans
socialuri daswavlis Teoria (Social learning
theory) _ daswavlis Teoria, romelic xazs usvams
dakvirvebisa da sxvebis mier ganxorcielebuli
qcevis mibaZvis mniSvnelobas. 467
 TqvenTvis. molodinebsa da realobas Soris
Sejameba
gansvlam SeiZleba individs makoregirebeli
qcevis ganxorcielebisken ubiZgos (Festinger, 1957. fsiqologebi motivaciis koncefciebs imisaT-
Lewin, 1936). magaliTad, Tu aRmoaCenT, rom Tqveni vis iyeneben, rom erTmaneTTan daakavSiron bio-
qceva ar Seesabameba im jgufis standartebs, logia da qceva, axsnan qcevis cvalebadoba,
romelsac miekuTvnebiT, Tqven SesaZloa moti- daaskvnan zogadi qmedebebidan kerZo mdgoma-
virebuli iyoT Tqveni qcevis Secvlaze, raTa reobis Sesaxeb subieqtisTvis qcevaze pasu-
ukeT moergoT jgufs. xismgeblobis dasakisreblad da im Seupovrobisa
rogor ukavSirdeba molodinebi motivaciis da daJinebulobis asaxsnelad, romelsac ada-
garegan da Sinagan Zalebs? fric haiderma (Fritz mianebi iCenen miznis miRwevisas araxelsayreli
Heider, 1958) gamoTqva mosazreba, rom Tqveni qcevis garemo pirobebis miuxedavad. motivaciis Teo-
Sedegi (magaliTad, cudi niSani) SeiZleba iseT riebi cdiloben imis garkvevas, Tu romeli
motivaciuri Zala momdinareobs organizmSi
dispoziciur Zalebs mieweros, rogoricaa Zalis-
arsebuli Sinagani wyaroebidan da romeli _
xmevis arqona an arasakmari goniereba, anda
organizmis gareT arsebuli garegani wyaroebidan
iseT situaciur Zalebs, rogoricaa, magaliTad,
_ garemos an kulturuli faqtorebidan.
arasamarTliani gamocda anda tendenciuri
ltolvebis Teoria xazs usmevs motivaciaSi
maswavlebeli. amgvari atribucia gavlenas
daZabulobis Semcirebis mniSvnelobas. rogorc
axdens Tqvens momaval qcevaze. Tqven ufro
wesi, qceva garegani aRmZvrelebiTacaa moti-
bejiTad iSromebT, Tu CaTvliT, rom miRebuli
virebuli, romlebic ar ukavSirdeba fizio-
cudi niSani Zalisxmevis arqonis Sedegia, magram
logiur moTxovnilebebs. reversiis Teoriis
SeiZleba Tavi mianeboT yvelafers, Tu CaTvliT,
mixedviT, motivacia marTavs sapirispiro meta-
rom miRebuli cudi niSani usamarTlobis an
motivaciur mdgomareobebs. saxeobisaTvis speci-
SesaZleblobebis arqonis Sedegs warmoadgens
fikuri instinqturi qceva warmoiqmneba rogorc
(Dweck, 1975). amgvarad, motivaciis wyaros
Sinagani, aseve garegani faqtorebiT. motivaciis
identifikacia, rogorc gareganis an Sinaganis,
kognituri Teoria koncentrirebulia adamianis
SeiZleba, nawilobriv, damokidebuli iyos rea-
molodinebze da imaze, Tu rogor axdens adamiani
lobis sakuTar subieqtur interpretaciaze.
samyaros daxarisxebas dispoziciuri Tu situa-
kidev erTxel gadavxedoT motivaciis sxva-
ciuri Zalebis mixedviT.
dasxva wyaroebs. Cven daviwyeT dakvirvebidan,
rom mkvlevrebs SeuZliaT qcevis gamowvevis
Sinagani da garegani faqtorebis erTmaneTisgan
gamijvna. ltolvebi, instinqtebi da daswavlis kveba
istoriebi _ yvela warmoadgens motivaciis
Sinagan wyaros, romelic gavlenas axdens qce-
gaakeTeT prognozi Semdegi situaciis ganviTa-
vaze Sesabamisi garegani stimulis arsebobis
rebis Sesaxeb. fsiqologiis Sesaval kursze
pirobebSi. rodesac adamianebi sakuTari qcevis
Cawerili erT-erTi studentisTvis picis naWris
Sesaxeb iwyeben msjelobas, molodini imisa,
SeTavazebas vapirebT. rogor fiqrobT, ramdenad
Tu ra unda moxdes an SeiZleba moxdes, moti-
mosalodnelia, rom es studenti uars ar ityvis
vaciis uzrunvelyofas iwyebs. adamianma zogier-
Tavi 12 / motivacia

da miirTmevs picis naWers? ar gindaT, gamoic-

Ti motivacia SeiZleba sakuTar Tavs miaweros,
noT? Tqveni pasuxi, albaT, aseTi iqneba: ,,me
zogi ki _ gare samyaros.
mWirdeba ufro meti informacia~. bolo qveTavSi
Cven axla movxazeT ZiriTadi CarCo moti-
gaCveneT, Tu rogor unda moaxdinoT TqvenTvis
vaciis cnebis gagebisaTvis. winamdebare Tavis
saWiro damatebiTi informaciis miRebis organi-
danarCen nawilSi ganvixilavT qcevis sam tips,
zeba aseTi prognozis gamoTqmamde. Tqven dagWir-
romelzec gavlenas axdens motivaciebis ur-
debodaT Sinagani codna, anu informacia am
TierTqmedeba _ esaa kveba, seqsualuri qceva da
studentis Sesaxeb _ ramdeni aqvs ukve naWami
pirovnuli miRweva.

468
mas? cdilobs Tu ara dietis dacvas? Tqven,
aseve, dagWirdebodaT garegani codna, anu praq-
tikuli xasiaTis informacia. pica gemrielia
Tu ara? hyavs Tu ara students megobrebi, ro-
melTac gauyofs picas da Tan gaesaubreba?
rogorc xedavT, ukve, garkveulwilad, gavaana-
lizeT is Zalebi, romlebmac SeiZleba gavlena
moaxdinos iseT martiv Sedegzec ki, rogoricaa
studentis mier picis SeWma. daviwyoT zogierTi
fiziologiuri procesis ganxilviT, romliTac
evoluciam sakvebis miRebis samarTavad aRgvWurva.
kvebis fiziologia
rodis gaZlevT Tqveni sxeuli niSans, rom
Wamis droa? Tqven aRWurvili xarT meqanizmebis
mTeli rigiT, romlebic SimSilisa da simaZRris
fizikur gancdas qmnian (Logue, 1991). sakvebis
efeqturad misaRebad organizmi aRWurvili unda
iyos meqanizmebiT, romlebic asruleben oTx
amocanas: (1) sakvebis Sinagani moTxovnilebis
dafiqsireba; (2) kvebiTiO qcevis dawyeba da
organizeba; (3) miRebuli sakvebis xarisxisa da
raodenobis Semowmeba; (4) im momentis dafiqsireba,
rodesac sakmarisia miRebuli sakvebi da kvebis
Sewyveta. mkvlevrebma scades am procesebis axsna
maTi sxeulis sxvadasxva nawilis iseT perife-
riul meqanizmebTan dakavSirebiT, rogoricaa
kuWis SekumSva, anda tvinis iseT centralur
meqanizmebTan, rogorica hipoTalamusis funqcio-
nireba. ganvixiloT es procesebi ufro dawvri-
lebiT.
periferiuli reaqciebi
saidan modis SimSilis grZnoba? gvigzavnis
Tu ara kuWi ubedurebis signalebs imis misa-
TiTeblad, rom is carielia? pirveli fizio-
logi, vinc amis garkvevas Seecada, uolter
qenoni (Walter Canon, 1934) iyo. mas miaCnda, rom
carieli kuWis peristaltika SimSilis grZnobis
erTaderT safuZvels warmoadgenda. am hipoTezis
Sesamowmeblad qenonis erT-erTma gabedulma
studentma a. l. uoSbornma (A.L.Washburn) wi-
naswari gavarjiSebis Semdeg rezinis milze
mimagrebuli gasaberi buSti gadaylapa. milis
meore bolo uerTdeboda mowyobilobas, ro-
melic haeris wnevis cvlebadobas afiqsirebda.
Semdeg qenonma buSti studentis kuWSi gabera.
rodesac kuWi ikumSeboda, haeri amodioda buS-
tidan da gadaxrida mowyobilobis kalams. uoS-
bornis mier aRniSnuli, SimSiliT gamowveuli
tkivilis SegrZneba Seesabameboda kuWis Zlier
SekumSvebs, magram ara _ gafarToebebs. qenoni
fiqrobda, rom daamtkica SimSilis grZnobis
formirebaSi kuWis spazmebis monawileoba.
miuxedavad imisa, rom qenonisa da uoSbornis
procedura erTob gonebamaxviluri iyo, Sedgomma
kvlevebma aCvena, rom SimSilis SesagrZnobad
kuWis SekumSva ar warmoadgenda aucilebel
pirobas. carieli kuWis mqone cxovelis sisxlSi
Saqris SeyvaniT Cerdeba kuWis SekumSvebi, Tumca
amis Semdeg ar qreboda SimSilis grZnoba.
pacientebi, romlebsac mTlianad amokveTili
hqondaT kuWi, isev ganicdidnen SimSilis grZno-
basTan dakavSirebul tkivils (Janowitz & Grosman,
1950), xolo kuWis gareSe darCenili virTxebi
mainc daiswavlidnen labirinTs sakvebiT
dajildoebis pirobebSi (Penick et al., 1963). amrigad,
miuxedavad imisa, rom kuWSi gaCenili SegrZneba
SeiZleba garkveul rols asrulebdes adamianis
mier SimSilis gancdaSi, is amomwuravad mainc
ver xsnis, Tu rogor afiqsirebs sxeuli sakvebis
moTxovnilebas da rogor xdeba motivirebuli
sakvebis miRebisTvis.
carieli kuWi aucileblobiT ar SeigrZnobs
SimSils, magram wyvets Tu ara sakvebis miRebas
„savse~ kuWi? kvlevebma aCvena, rom sakvebiT
(magram ara gaberili buStiT) Sevsebis gamo
kuWis gafarToeba individs sakvebis miRebis
Sewyvetas aiZulebs (Logue, 1991). amrigad, orga-
nizmi mgrZnobiarea kuWis wnevis wyaros mimarT.
sakvebis piris RruSi yofnis SegrZneba, aseve,
warmoadgens simaZRris maniSneblebis perife-
riul wyaros. es maniSneblebi pirdapir ukavSir-
deba danayrebulobis, anu sisavsis gancdas.
SeiZleba SeginiSnavT, rom danayrebis Semdeg
naklebi enTuziazmiT aRiqvamT Tqveni sayvareli
kerZis gemosac ki. am fenomens sensorul-
specifikuri simaZRre ewodeba. kaloriuli da
cilebiT mdidari sakvebi ufro Zlier simaZRres
iwvevs, vidre naklebad kaloriuli da cilebis
naklebi Semcvelobis mqone sakvebi (Johnson &
Vicers, 1993; Vandewaters & Vickers, 1996). am tipis sakve-
kveba
bisadmi „swrafvis~ aseTi dauyovnebeli Semci-
reba SeiZleba organizmis mier sakvebis miRebis
regulirebis erT-erT saSualeba iyos. Tumca,
sityva ,,specifikuri~ sensorul-specifikur 469

simaZRreSi imaze miuTiTebs, rom simaZRre Zalze
uSualodaa damokidebuli im konkretul sakvebze,
romelsac iRebT. rodesac adamianebs mraval-
ferovani da sxvadasxva gemos mqone sakvebiT
kvebaven da ara erTi romelime konkretuliT,
romelsac erTi, Tundac maTi sayvareli, gemo
aqvs, isini ufro mets Wamen (Rolls et al., 1981).
Sesabamisad, sakvebis gemos mravalferovneba,
romelic ase damaxasiaTebelia trapezisTvis,
sadac ramdenime kerZi Tanmimdevrulad cvlis
erTmaneTs, SeiZleba dabrkolebad iqces sxva
sxeulebrivi signalebisTvis, romlebic atyobi-
neben organizms, rom man ukve sakmarisad miirTva.
axla gavecnoT Tavis tvinis im meqanizmebs,
romlebic CarTulia sakvebis miRebis qcevaSi
da sadac erTad iyris Tavs periferiuli
wyaroebidan wamosuli informacia.
centraluri reaqciebi
rogorc xSirad xdeba xolme, martivma
Teoriebma Tavis tvinis im centrebis Sesaxeb,
sadac iwyeba da mTavrdeba sakvebis miRebis
procesi, adgili dauTmo ufro rTul Teoriebs.
yvelaze adreuli Teoriebi, sadac saubari iyo
sakvebis miRebis marTvaSi tvinis rolze, la-
Tavi 12 / motivacia
teraluri hipoTalamusisa (lh) da ventrome-
dialuri hipoTalamusis (vmh) funqcionirebaze
dakvirvebis Sedegad miRebul monacemebze
(hipoTalamusis adgilmdebareoba naCvenebia
suraTze 3.10.) aigeboda. gamokvlevebma aCvena,
rom, Tu ventromedialuri hipoTalamusi dazia-
nebulia (an lateraluri hipoTalamusi sti-
mulirebulia), cxoveli met sakvebs moixmars,
470 magram, Tu Tanmimdevroba ise Sebrundeba, rom
lateraluri hipoTalamusi daziandeba (an
ventromedialuri hipoTalamusi stimulirdes),
cxoveli nakleb sakvebs moixmars. am dakvirvebam
ganapiroba orcentriani modelis aRmoceneba,
sadac lateraluri hipoTalamusi iTvleboda
,,SimSilis~ centrad, xolo ventromedialuri
hipoTalamusi _ ,,simaZRred~.
Tumca, droTa ganmavlobaSi dagrovili mona-
cemebiT ver dadasturda am Teoriis siswore
(Martin et al., 1991; Rolls, 1994). magaliTad, daziane-
buli vmh-is mqone virTxebi Warbad STanTqaven
mxolod im sakvebs, romelic gemrielad eCvene-
baT. isini intensiurad arideben Tavs ugemur
sakvebs. amrigad, vmh ver iqneba ubralod centri,
romelic gadascems signalebs: ,,kidev Wame~, an
,,aRar Wamo~, _ signali damokidebulia sakvebis
tipze. faqtobrivad, vmh-is rRvevam SeiZleba,
nawilobriv, gavlena moaxdinos sakvebze Cveu-
lebrivi refleqsuri reaqciis moWarbebaze
(Powley, 1977). Tu virTxebis Cveulebrivi refleq-
suri reaqcia gemriel sakvebze am sakvebis SeWmaa,
moWarbebuli refleqsuri reaqcia uzomod Wama
iqneba. Tu virTxa refleqsurad Tavs aridebs
ugemuri sakvebis miRebas daxrCobiT an RebinebiT,
moWarbebulma refleqsurma reaqciam mas SeiZleba
saerTod sakvebis miRebaze aTqmevinos uari.
yuradReba SevaCeroT imaze, Tu rogor asru-
leben vmh da lh tvinidan miRebul davalebas.
yvelaze mniSvnelovani informaciis nawili,
romelsac vmh da lh iyeneben sakvebis miRebis
regulaciaSi, maTTan sisxlis nakadTan erTad
midis (Woods et al., 1998) Saqari (romelic sisxlSi
glukozis saxiTaa warmodgenili) da cximebi
warmoadgens energiis wyaros metaboluri pro-
cesebisaTvis. sakvebis miRebis procesis dawyebis
ori ZiriTadi signali modis im receptorebidan,
romlebic Tval-yurs adevneben Saqrisa da
cximebis Semcvelobas sisxlSi. rodesac meta-
boluri procesebisaTvis saWiro glukozis
maragi mcirea an saerTod ar aris, RviZlis
ujredebis receptorebidan signali gadaecema
lh-s, sadac glukozis maZiebeli neironebi am
informaciis sapasuxod cvlian aqtivobas. sxva
hipoTalamurma neironebma SeiZleba aRmoaCinon
Tavisufali cximovani mJavebis an insulinis
donis cvlileba sisxlSi.EerTad es neironebi
ganapirobeben madis aRmZvreli sistemebis
gaaqtivebas hipoTalamusis lateralur zonaSi
da iwyeben SimSilis dakmayofilebze mimarTul
qcevas. imis signali, rom sisxlSi mravladaa
glukoza da cximovani mJavebi, vmh-isTvis
sakvebis miRebis qcevis Sewyvetis maniSnebelia.
amrigad, vnaxeT, rom sxeulSi gvaqvs sistemebi,
romlebic pasuxismgebelia imaze, rom Cven
daviwyoT da davasruloT sakvebis miReba. Tumca,
mdidari piradi gamocdilebidan TiTqmis
darwmunebiT gecodinebaT, rom Tqveni sakvebis
moTxovnileba ar aris damokidebuli mxolod
Tqveni sxeulidan wamosul signalebze. vnaxoT,
ra fsiqologiur faqtorebi gvibiZgeben, rom
bevri an cota mivirTvaT.
kvebis fsiqologia
Tqven iciT, rom Tqveni sxeuli aRWurvilia
mravali meqanizmiT, romlebic aregulireben
miRebuli sakvebis raodenobas, magram mxolod
maSin miirTmevT, roca gSiaT? Tqveni pasuxi,
albaT, iqneba: ,,ra Tqma unda, ara!~ Tu gadaxedavT
ukanasknel or dRes, SesaZloa, gaixsenoT
ramdenime SemTxveva, roca Tqven mier sakvebis
miRebas cota ram hqonda saerTo SimSilTan.
magaliTad, SeerTebul StatebSi miRebulia
dReSi samjer Wama, rac sakvebis miRebis
socialuri normebiT dadgenil dros ufro
Tanxvdeba, vidre sxeulidan wamosul signalebs.
metic, xSirad adamianebi misaReb sakvebs socia-
luri Tu kulturuli normebis gaTvaliswi-
nebiT irCeven. daTanxmdebiT Tu ara, rom sadilad
ufasod miirTvaT kiborCxala? Tqveni pasuxi,
albaT, damokidebuli iqneba, magaliTad, imaze,
morwmune ebraeli (am SemTxvevaSi uars ityodiT)
xarT Tu vegetarianeli (am SemTxvevaSi Tqveni
pasuxi isev damokidebuli iqneboda imaze, xarT
Tu ara iseTi vegetarianeli, romelic miirTmevs
zRvis produqtebs). es magaliTi gviCvenebs, Tu
ratom ar aris sakvebis miReba mxolod fizio-
logiur signalebze reagireba.
socialuri da kulturuli SezRudvebis
farglebs Tu gavcdebiT, kidev ratom SeiZleba,
rom sakvebis miReba ar ukavSirdebodes SimSilis
SegrZnebas? Tu adamianTa umravlesobas gavxarT,
albaT, ar iqnebodiT gulgrili imis mimarT,
Tu rogor moqmedebs Tqven mier miRebuli sakvebi
Tqveni sxeulis formasa da zomaze. kvebis fsi-
qologiaze saubrisas did yuradRebas davuTmobT
im viTarebebis ganxilvas, romelSic adamianebi
cdiloben miRebuli sakvebis raodenobisa da
ragvarobis kontrols, raTa Seicvalon sxeulis
formebi imis Sesabamisad, rasac isini pirovnul
Tu socialur idealad Tvlian.
wuxarT sakuTari wonis gamo? apirebT dietis
dacvas? Tu Tqven qalbatoni brZandebiT, albaT,
Tqveni pasuxi iqneba „diax~, Tumca, dResdReobiT
amerikel mamakacTa umravlesobac SfoTavs
sakuTari wonis gamo _ qalebis 52% da mamakacebis
37% uCivis zedmet wonas (Brownell & Robin, 1994),
sinamdvileSi ki qalebis daaxloebiT 24% da
mamakacebis 31% iTvleba zedmeti wonis matare-
belad, ase rom, isev Seusabamobaa (kerZod, kvlav
qalebis SemTxvevaSi) adamianebis realur wonasa
da am realobis maTeul aRqmas Soris. Semdeg
qveTavSi ganvixilavT simsuqnisa da dietis
mizezebsa da Sedegebs. Semdeg aRvwerT, Tu
rogor aris SesaZlebeli sxeulis wonasa da
xatze moWarbebuli zrunvis Sedegad, ukiduresi
reaqciis saxiT, kvebis darRvevebis ganviTareba.
simsuqne da dieta
ratom suqdeba zogierTi adamiani? kiTxulobT
ra „fsiqologia da cxovrebas~, albaT, TqvenTvis
ar unda iyos axali, rom pasuxi nawilobriv
bunebaSi da nawilobriv aRzrdaSi unda veZioT.
qveTavSi ,,fsiqologia XXI saukuneSi~ aRwerilia
SemTxveva, rodesac didi gavlena moaxdina
„bunebam~. zogierTi adamiani genetikurad aris
midrekili simsuqnisaken. Tumca, biologiuri
midrekilebac ki SeiZleba ar iyos sakmarisi
imisaTvis, rom konkretul adamians gasuqeba
,,aiZulo~. biologiis garda mniSvneloba aqvs
imas, Tu ras da rogor fiqrobs adamiani sakvebsa
da sakvebis miRebasTan dakavSirebul qcevaze.
simsuqnis fsiqologiuri aspeqtebis adreuli
kvlevebi mimarTuli iyo imis garkvevaze, Tu
ramdenad aqcevs msuqani adamiani yuradRebas
sxeulis Sinagan SimSils da ara _ garemoSi
mocemul sakvebs (Schachter, 1971a). arsebobda
mosazreba, rom, rodesac sakvebi xelmisawvdomi
da xilulia, msuqani adamiani ugulebelyofs
sakuTari sxeulidan momdinare signalebs. Tumca,
es Teoria aradamakmayofilebeli aRmoCnda,
ramdenadac Tavad simsuqneSi yovelTvis ar
kveba
moiazreba kvebiTi qcevis paternebi (Robin, 1981).
sxva sityvebiT, yvela Warbwoniani adamiani
fsiqologiurad erTnairad ar aRiqvams, Tu riTi
da rogor ikvebeba. vnaxoT, ratom. 471
 fsiqologia XXI saukuneSi
XXI saukune mecnierTa
STambeWdavi gancxadebiT
daiwyo. mkvlevrebma, rom-
lebic muSaobdnen proeqtSi
„adamianis genomi~, ganacxades,
rom isini Zalian axlos iy-
vnen adamianis genomis qimiuri
safuZvlis sawyisi suraTis
dadgenasTan. am proeqtis
saboloo mizani im genebis
sruli aRwera iyo, romliTac
genomi aigeba. am proeqtma
mecnierebs Semata rwmena imi-
sa, rom isini SeZlebdnen ada-
mianis sicocxlisa da keTil-
dReobisTvis saziano mTeli
rigi daavadebebis genetikuri
safuZvlis dadgenas.
erT-erTi darRveva, ro-
melsac genetikuri safuZveli
aqvs, simsuqnea. mkvlevrebma
mogvawodes uamravi sabuTi
imis dasadastureblad, rom
adamianebi ibadebian Tanda-
yolili midrekilebebiT me-
ti Tu naklebi wonisken. maga-
liTad, identuri tyupebis
Seswavlam gamoavlina didi
msgavseba maT wonas Soris
(Allison et al., 1994; Stunkard et al.,
1990). am msgavsebis nawili
SeiZleba aixsnas im aRmoCeniT,
rom ZiriTadi funqciebis
uzrunvelsayofad individis
sxeulis mier kaloriebis
dawvis intensioba, anu meta-
boluri procesebis inten-
Tavi 12 / motivacia
sioba mosvenebis mdgomareo-
baSi, aseve, bevrad aris damo-
kidebuli memkvidreobaze (Bou-
chard et al., 1989). amrigad, zogi-
erT adamians Cveulebrivi
yoveldRiuri saqmianobis
drosac ki didi raodenobiT
kaloriebis dawvis Tandayo-
lili predispozicia axasia-
472 Tebs, zogierTs ki _ ara. swo-
genebi da simsuqne
red es ukanasknelni xvdebian
wonis momatebis risk-jgufSi.
ukanasknel xanebSi mkvlev-
rebma aRmoaCines zogierTi
realuri genetikuri meqanizmi,
romlebic individis simsuq-
nisadmi midrekilebas ganapi-
robeben (Comuzzie & Allison, 1998;
Gura, 2000). magaliTad, identi-
ficirebul iqna geni, romelic
akontrolebs Tavis tvinSi
signalis gadacemas, rom sakve-
bis miRebis procesSi sakmarisi
raodenobiT cximebi iqna Se-
naxuli organizmSi _ individ-
ma unda Sewyvitos Wama (Zhang
et al., 1994). es geni, romelsac
leptini uwodes, Tu ar gaaq-
tiurdeba, individi gaagrZe-
lebs Wamas, amis potenciuri
Sedegi ki simsuqne iqneba.
faqtobrivad, mkvlevrebma aR-
moaCines, rom msuqan adamianTa
Zalian mcire raodenobas aRe-
niSneba am genis mutacia, ri-
Tac, rogorc Cans, SeiZleba
aixsnas kidec maTi Warbi wona
(Jackson et al., 1997; Montague et al.,
1997). vinaidan aseTi mutacia
Zalian iSviaTia, is ver axsnis
Warbi wonis uamrav sxvadasxva-
gvar SemTxvevas. miuxedavad
amisa, mtkicebulebam, rom
leptini garkveul rols as-
rulebs wonis regulaciaSi,
mkvlevrebs biZgi misca wonas-
Tan dakavSirebuli sxva genebis
moZiebisa da SeswavlisaTvis.
mocemuli genetikuri kvleva
imeds iZleva, rom moiZebneba
simsuqnis problemis axleburi
gadawyveta. magaliTad, mkvlev-
rebi imedovneben, rom genebsa
da wonis regulacias Soris
kavSiris aRmoCena maT axali
medikamenturi mkurnalobis
Seqmnis saSualebas miscems
(Campield et al., 1998). zogierTi
adre ganxorcielebuli mcde-
loba uSedego aRmoCnda.
kvlevis dros leptiniT
manipulirebam jer kidev ver
moaxdina mniSvnelovani gav-
lena wonaSi daklebaze. Tum-
ca, genetikuri kvlevebisa da
aRmoCenebis uwyveti win-
svlis procesSi mecnierebi
agrZeleben axali hipoTeze-
bis Seqmnas imis Taobaze, Tu
rogor SeiZleba wonis regu-
laciis fiziologiur meqa-
nizmebSi Careva (Gura, 2000).
yvelaze optimisturad gan-
wyobili mkvlevrebic ki
gvafrTxileben: ,,axali medi-
kamenturi preparatebi yvela-
ze Sedegiani maSin iqneba,
rodesac maT damxmare saSua-
lebad (da ara Camnacvl-
eblad) gamoviyenebT mZimewo-
niani adamianebis cxovrebis
stilis Sesacvlelad, raTa
gaumjobesdes maTi organiz-
mis metaboluri procesebi,
janmrTeloba da cxovrebis
xarisxi~ (Campfield et al., 1998,
gv. 1987). sxva sityvebiT rom
vTqvaT, imisgan damoukideb-
lad, Tu ramdenad SevZlebT
bunebis Secnobas, yovelTvis
unda gvaxsovdes, rom aRzrda
jer kidev asrulebs gadam-
wyvet rols Cveni cxovrebis
mimarTulebis gansazRvraSi.
veb-gverdebi:
www.ornl.gov/hgmis/ aSS-is
mTavrobis vrceli veb gver-
di, sadac mocemulia proeq-
tis, „adamianis genomi~, Sede-
gebi.
www.loop.com/~bkrentzman/
index.html am gverdze mocemu-
lia samecniero moxsenebebi
simsuqnesa da wonis kontro-
lis Sesaxeb.
 Janet polivim da piter hermanma (Janet Polivy
moadgenda. Semdeg orive jgufs sTxovdnen,
& Peter Herman) ivaraudes, rom gadamwyveti
rom eqsperimentis dawyebamde Seesrule-
ganzomileba, romelic safuZvlad udevs kvebis
binaT davaleba gemos aRqmis Sesamow-
fsiqologias, SezRuduloba-SeuzRudaobaa (Polivy
meblad. am cdis sastimulo masala iyo
& Herman, 1975). SezRuduli mWamelebi yovelTvis
maRaziaSi nayidi gemrieli namcxvrebi da
sazRvraven sakvebis raodenobas, romlis miRebis
„eqsperimentatoris bebiis gamomcxvari,
uflebac SeiZleba miscen Tavs. isini qroniku-
misi mtkicebis miuxedavad~ ugemuri nam-
lad dietaze arian da gamudmebiT wuxan sakvebis
cxvrebi (Polivy et al., 1994, gv. 507). cdis pirTa
gamo. miuxedavad imisa, rom msuqani adamianebi
gafrTxilebis gareSe, eqsperimentatorebi
SeiZleba ufro xSirad aRniSnavdnen aseTi
aRnusxavdnen, Tu romeli da ramdeni nam-
azrebisa da qcevebis arsebobas, individi SeiZ-
cxvari SeWama TiToeulma maTganma.
leba SezRuduli mWameli iyos misi sxeulis
gamokvlevis Sedegebi mocemulia cxril-
zomisgan damoukideblad. rogor imateben
Si 12.2. rodesac SeuzRudavi mWamelebi
adamianebi wonaSi, Tu gamudmebiT dietaze arian?
SfoTavdnen, isini orive tipis (gemrielsac
mkvlevrebi varaudoben, rom rodesac SezRudul
da ugemursac) namcxvrebs ufro cotas
mWamelebs aRaraferi akavebT _ rodesac
Wamdnen. rogorc Cans, SfoTva, garkveul-
cxovrebiseuli pirobebi aiZuleben SezRudvebis
wilad, Trgunavda maT SimSils. Tumca,
moxsnas, isini TavSeukavebelni xdebian da uars
mSfoTvare SezRuduli mWamelebi orive
ar amboben maRalkaloriuli sakvebiT savse suf-
tipis namcxvars ufro meti raodenobiT
rebze. TavSeukavebloba yvelaze xSiria maSin,
Wamdnen. amgvarad, am qalbatonebSi SfoTva
rodesac SezRuduli mWamelebi iseT stresul
zogad TavSeukaveblobas im namcxvrebis
mdgomareobaSi imyofebian, romelic maT SesaZ-
mimarTac ki iwvevda, romlebic arc ise
leblobebsa da TviTSefasebas uSualod exeba
gamrielad iyo miCneuli (polivy et al., 1994).
(Greeno & Wing, 1994; Tanofsky-kraff et al., 2000).

am eqsperimentSi mcireodeni gamowveva TviT-

SefasebisTvis _ mokle sityviT gamosvlis
saidan albaToba, romelic unda Sefasebuliyo, SezRu-
viciT dul mWamel qalebSi ufro meti sakvebis miRebas
iwvevda, vidre SeuzRudav mWamelebSi. am kvlevam
SfoTvis gavlena SezRudul da aCvena, rom, zogadad, SezRuduli mWamelebi
SuzRudav mWamelebze mxolod maSin iReben Warb sakvebs, rodesac
sakvebTan da dietasTan dakavSirebuli grZnoben, rom maT fsiqologiur keTildReobas
qcevisa da azrebis sakuTari Sefasebis safrTxe emuqreba, Tumca aRsaniSnavia, rom
mixedviT kolejis 96 studenti gogona
or jgufad gayves: SezRudul (42 cdis
piri) da SeuzRudav (54 cdis piri) mWa- cxrili
12.2
melebad. studentTa naxevars eubnebodnen,
rom maT orwuTiani improvizebuli si- SeWmuli namcxvrebis saSualo
tyviT gamosvla mouwevdaT, riTic Sefas- raodenoba
deboda, Tu ramdenad kargad metyvelebdnen. SeuzRudavi SezRuduli
gansxvaveba
davalebis Sesrulebis molodini maTSi mWamelebi mWamelebi
Zlier SfoTvas aRZravda. monawileTa meore
gemrieli namcxvrebi
nawilma icoda, rom monawileobdnen eqspe- sakontrolo jgufi 6.2 5.1 -1.1
rimentSi, romlis mizani iyo qsovilis 5.1 7.6 +2.5
kveba

mSfoTvare jgufi
aRqmis Semowmeba SexebiT, rac dabali ugemuri namcxvrebi
SfoTvis winapirobas qmnida. amitom cdis sakontrolo jgufi 3.0 2.6 -0.4
pirTa es nawili sakontrolo jgufs war- mSfoTvare jgufi 2.7 3.7 +1.0

473
 msgavsad ar moqmedebs fizikuri keTildReobis
darRvevis saSiSroeba (Heatherton et al., 1991). Warbi
sakvebis miRebis qceva saSualebas aZlevs
SezRudul mWamels, rom gadaerTos im Seura-
cxyofidan, romelic mis TviTSefasebas miayenes.
rodesac SezRudul mWamelebs eubnebodnen, rom
maT ver SeZles problemis gadaWris amocanis
Sesruleba, isini aRar Wamdnen zedmets; Tu maT
sakuTar qcevaze dakvirvebas aiZulebdnen _
ayurebinebdnen maTi warumatebeli mcdelobis
videoCanawers (Heatherton et al., 1993). rodesac am
cdis pirebs ar aiZulebdnen sakuTari waruma-
teblobis yurebas, isini Wamdnen orjer met
nayins, vidre videofiris yurebis dros. yurad-
Reba miaqcieT, rom SezRuduli kvebis gamokvle-
vaTa umravlesobaSi qalebi monawileoben. amitom
mcire ram aris cnobili mamakacTa kvebiTi
paternebis Sesaxeb (Greeno & Wing, 1994).
SezRuduli kvebis Teoria gvawvdis mosazre-
bebs imis Taobaze, Tu ratom uZneldebaT adamia-
nebs wonis dakleba mas Semdeg, rac ukve gaxdnen
Warbi wonis matarebelni. bevri Warbwoniani
adamiani aRniSnavs, rom mudmivad dietaze im-
Tavi 12 / motivacia
yofeba _ isini xSirad SezRuduli mWamelebi
arian. Tu maT cxovrebaSi stresuli movlena
moxdeba, rac TavSeukaveblobis winapirobas Seq-
mnis, uzomod kveba iolad gamoiwvevs wonis
momatebas. amrigad, paradoqsia, magram mudmivad
dietaze yofnas SeuZlia wonis momatebis gamow-
veva da ara _ dakleba. momdevno qveTavSi vnaxavT,
Tu rogor xdeba, rom igive fsiqologiur Zalebs
adamianebi janmrTelobisTvis da sicocxlisTvis
474
saSiS kvebiT aSlilobebamde mihyavs.
kvebiTi aSlilobebi da sxeulis xati
am qveTavs kvebis fsiqologiuri aspeqtebis
ganxilviT daviwyebT. unda aRiniSnos, rom im
adamianTa jgufi, romelic sakuTar Tavs Warbi
wonis matareblad Tvlis, ufro didia, vidre
im adamianTa jgufi, romelic marTlac Warbi
wonisaa. rodesac gansvla adamianis sakuTari
sxeulis aRqmasa da mis realur zomas Soris
sakmaod izrdeba, is SeiZleba kvebiTi aSli-
lobebis risk-jgufs miekuTvnebodes. anoreqsiis
diagnostireba xdeba maSin, rodesac individi
iwonis misi mosalodneli wonis 85%-ze naklebs,
magram mainc Zalian eSinia gasuqebis (DSM-IV,
1994). is adamianebi, romelTac bulimiis diag-
nozi aqvT, xasiaTdebian „Rormucelobis~ Sete-
vebiT _ sakvebis intensiuri da arakontro-
lirebadi STanTqmis periodebiT, romelsac Tan
sdevs Warbi kaloriebisgan sxeulis gawmenda _
TviTgamowveuli Rebineba, safaRaraTo saSuale-
bebis moxmareba, SimSiloba da a. S. (DSM-IV,
1994). anoreqsiis mqone adamianebs SeiZleba
bulimiis Setevebic axasiaTebdeT. maT SeiZleba
anoreqsia (Anorexia nevrosa) _ kvebiTi aSliloba,
romlis drosac inidividi iwonis misi mosa-
lodneli wonis 85%-ze naklebs, magram ganag-
rZobs sakvebis miRebis kontrols, radgan Tavs
Warbi wonis mqoned aRiqvams.
bulimia (Bulimia nevrosa) _ kvebiTi aSliloba,
romelic xasiaTdeba uzomo raodenobis sakve-
bis miRebiT, rasac Tan sdevs miRebuli kalori-
ebisagan organizmis gawmendis RonisZiebebi.
uzomod STanTqan sakvebi da Semdeg gaiwmindon
kuWi miRebuli kaloriebis Sewovis Sesam-
cireblad. ramdenadac organizmi sistematurad
SimSilobs da uZlurdeba, am orive sindroms
SeiZleba seriozuli samedicino Sedegebi moh-
yves. droTa ganmavlobaSi am diagnozebis mqone
adamianebi SeiZleba sikvdilamdec ki mividnen.
me-11 TavSi aRvniSneT, rom mozardi gogonebi
gansakuTrebiT eqvemdebarebian kvebiTi aSlilo-
bebis ganviTarebis risks (Striet-Moore & Cachelin,
1999). anoreqsia mozardobis dasasrulisa da
axalgazrda qalebis daaxloebiT 0.5-1.0%-s
aReniSneba (DSM-IV, 1994). amave asakobrivi jgufis
qalebis 1-3% buliimiT itanjeba (DSM-IV, 1994;
Rand & Kuldau, 1992). qalebSi orive daavadeba 10-
jer ufro xSiria, vidre mamakacebSi.
ratom iklaven Tavs adamianebi SimSiliT da
ratom aris maT Soris amdeni qali? arsebobs
garkveuli mtkicebulebebi imisa, rom kvebiTi
aSlilobebisadmi midrekileba SeiZleba gene-
tikurad gadaicemodes (Strober, 1992), Tumca, gamok-
vlevaTa didi nawili fokusirebulia idealuri
wonis Sesaxeb qalebis warmodgenaze, romelsac
sazogadoeba da media qmnis (Wertheim et al., 1997).
ase magaliTad, bevri Jurnali, romelic specia-
lurad qalebisTvis gamodis, udides mniSvnelobas
aniWebs wonis daklebas, rasac ver vityviT
mamakacebisTvis gankuTvnil Jurnalebze (Andersen
& DiDomenico, 19192). amrigad, qalebis warmodgenam,
rom isini Warbi wonis matarebelni arian, SeiZ-
leba ufro meti mxardaWera miiRos sazogado-
ebidan da kulturidan, vidre mamakacebma.
mosazreba imis Sesaxeb, rom kvebiTi aSlilobebi,
nawilobriv, kulturul stereotipebs sdevs Tan,
mTeli rigi kvlevebiT dadasturda, romlebSic
mniSvnelovani kulturuli gansxvavebebi gamov-
linda.
saidan
viciT
rogor aRiqvamen sxeulis zomas
sxvadasxva kulturebSi
vermontis universitetis 219 studenti
da hanis universitetis 349 studenti
gamokiTxes kvebasTan da dietis dacvasTan
dakavSirebuli Cvevebisa da qcevebis Sesaxeb.
am kvlevam aCvena, rom miuxedavad imisa,
rom orive qveynis kolejis asakis mamakacTa
TiTqmis Tanabari raodenoba erTxel mainc
yofila dietaze (aSS _ 5.3%; hana _ 6.1%),
amerikaSi mcxovrebi qalebis gacilebiT
didi nawili (43.5%) icavs dietas, vidre _
hanaSi mcxovrebi qalebis (13.3%). garda
amisa, studentebs sTxovdnen, rom 12.1
suraTze wardgenili figurebidan amoer-
CiaT is figura, romelsac isini idealurad
miiCnevdnen mamakacisa da qalisaTvis.
studentebis saSualo maCveneblebi war-
modgenilia suraTze 12.2, sadac SegiZliaT
naxoT, rom mamakacis sxeulebis maCveneblebi
SedarebiT ucvlelia imis miuxedavad, Tu
vin afasebda (kaci Tu qali) da romeli
qveynis warmomadgeneli iyo is. SeadareT
erTmaneTs 12.1. suraTze mocemuli saSualo
maCveneblebi: „idealuri~ mamakaci imyofeba
M5-sa da M6-s Soris, magram uaxlovdeba
M5-s, xolo idealuri qalis sxeuli,
rogorc wesi, icvleba erTi sruli quliT
imis mixedviT, Tu romeli qveynis warmomad-
genlebi afaseben. amerikeli studentebi-
sTvis idealuria F5-ze odnav ufro gam-
xdari, hanelebi ki _ irCeven F6-Tan axlos
myof figuras (Cogen et al., 1996).
rogor SeiZleba am gansxvavebebis axsna? mkvle-
varTa azriT, hanaSi, iseve rogorc sxva afrikul
qveynebSi, yvela ver miscems Tavs uflebas, rom
zedmeti wonis matarebeli iyos. ,,simsuqne iq
simdidresTan da Zalze uzrunvelyofilobasTan
asocirdeba~ (Cogan et al., 1996, gv. 98). rogorc 12.2.
suraTze xedavT, dadebiTi kavSiri sxeulis
zomasa da xelsayrel pirobebs Soris marTebu-
lia konkretulad qalebisTvis da konkretulad
haneli mamakacebis azriT.
amerikis SeerTebul Statebis farglebSic
iolia sxeulis zomaze msjelobis mixedviT
gansxvavebuli jgufebis povna. magaliTad,
mozardi gogonebis didi jgufis gamokvlevam
cxadyo, rom afroamerikeli gogonebi gacilebiT
komforulad grZnoben Tavs sakuTari sxeulis
kveba
zomebis gamo, vidre _ TeTrkanianebi (Parker et al.,
1995; Rand & Kuldau, 1990; Rucer & Cash, 1992). aseve,
rodesac kolejis Savkaniani da TeTrkaniani
studenti gogonebi afasebdnen gamxdari, saSualo
475
 suraTi
12.1

msjeloba sxeulis zomis Sesaxeb

Tqveni azriT, romeli suraTi warmoadgens
yvelaze zustad qalis ideals aSS-Si?
mamakacebis ideals?

da msuqani modelebis fotosuraTebs, mxolod da kidev erTi saboloo SeniSvna: Tqven

TeTri gogonebi aZlevdnen didi zomis modelebs
dabal Sefasebas (gamxdar da saSualo zomis
modelebTan SedarebiT) iseTi parametrebis mi-
xedviT, rogoricaa momxibvleloba, inteleqti
da popularoba (Hebl & Heatherton, 1998). aqedan
gamomdinare, Tqven, albaT, ar gagikvirdebaT,
roca SeityobT, rom TeTrkaniani qalbatonebi
ufro metad arian midrekilni kvebiTi aSli-
lobebisken, vidre afromerikelebi. miuxedavad
imisa, rom ar arsebobs zusti monacemebi, rome-
lic asaxavda am ori populaciis gamocdilebas
kvebiT aSlilobebTan mimarTebaSi, didi rao-
denobiT kvlevebis mimoxilva mowmobs, rom
afroamerikeli qalebi naklebad eqvemdebarebian
maT (Crago et al., 1996). kidev ufro cotaa iseTi
kvlevebi, sadac sxva rasobrivi da eTnikuri
Tavi 12 / motivacia
amJamad ukve xarT konkretuli kulturis war-
momadgeneli, romelic xels uwyobs kvebiTi
aSlilobebis ganviTarebas. umaRlesi skolis
da kolejis student gogonebs ufro metad aqvT
midrekileba bulimiisa da anoreqsiisadmi, vidre
maT, vinc ar arian studentebi. kolejSi swav-
lisas gogonebs SeuZliaT or survils Soris
_ gamoiyurebodnen momxiblavad da SeWamon da
dalion megobrebTan erTad _ warmoqmnili
daZabulobis ganmuxtva imiT, rom jer imxiaru-
lon wveulebaze megobrebTan erTad da Semdeg
„ganiwmindon~ _ ganTavisufldnen miRebuli
kaloriebisagan (Rand & Kuldau, 1992). Tqven unda
icodeT, rom kolejis cxovreba SeiZleba aseTi
safrTxis winaSe gayenebdeT.

jgufebia Seswavlili, Tumca arsebuli monace-

mebi aCvenebs, rom kvebiTi aSlilobebi kidev Sejameba
ufro naklebad gvxvdeba aziuri warmoSobis
SimSils gansazRvravs rogorc periferiuli
amerikelebTan (TeTrkanianebTan SedarebiT),
reaqciebi, rogoricaa sensorul-specifikuri
magram Tanabrad _ espanuri warmoSobis amerike-
simaZRre, aseve centraluri reaqciebi, rogo-
lebTan da TeTrkanianebTan. yoveli moZiebuli
ricaa hipoTalamusis aris aqtivacia. Warbi
SedegisTvis mkvlevrebi cdiloben, rom kul-
wonisadmi midrekilebaze gavlenas axdens mem-
turuli faseulobebi sxeulis zomasa da dietis
kvidreoba. fsiqologiuri faqtorebi, aseve,
476 dacvas daukavSiron.
suraTi
12.2
sxeulis zomis aRqma sxvadasxva kulturaSi
vermontis universitetis da hanas universitetis studentebma aRniSnes, Tu
romeli figura suraTze (12.1) miaCniaT mamakacis da qalis idealur sxeulad.
mniSvnelovan rols asruleben imis gansazR-
vraSi, Tu ramdens da rodis SeWams adamiani.
mkvlevrebi aRweren kvebiT qcevas, rogorc
SezRuduls da SeuzRudavs. SezRuduli mWameli
uzomo raodenobis sakvebis miRebis tendenciiT
xasiaTdeba, rodesac safrTxe emuqreba mis
fsiqologiur keTildReobas. kvebiTi aSli-
lobebi yvelaze metad mozard gogonebTan
gvxdeba. rogorc wesi, Sefasebaze, romelic
iwvevs mozardTan kvebiTi aSlilobis ganvi-
Tarebas, gavlenas axdens mis subkulturaSi
gavrcelebuli damokidebuleba sxeulis zomi-
sadmi. magaliTad, afroamerikeli qalbatonebi
naklebad wuxdebian sakuTari sxeulis zomis
gamo da isini ufro naklebad eqvemdebarebian
kvebiT aSlilobebs.
seqsualuri qceva
Tqveni sxeulis fiziologia gaiZulebT, rom
yovel dRe ifiqrobT kvebaze, magram ra SeiZleba
iTqvas seqsis Sesaxeb? martivia seqsis biolo-
giuri funqciis gansazRvra; es gamravlebaa (rep-
roduqciaa), magram ramdenad aixsneba am mizniT
is sixSire, ra sixSiriTac fiqrobT seqsualur
qcevaze? rodesac hkiTxes, Tu ra sixSiriT fiq-
robdnen seqsze, mamakacebis 54%-ma da qalebis
19%-ma aRniSna, rom, sul mcire, dReSi erTxel
mainc mosdiodaT TavSi seqsualuri xasiaTis
azrebi (Michel et al., 1994). rogor SegviZlia avxsnaT
seqsze fiqris aseTi sixSire? rogor ukavSirdeba
azrebi seqsis Sesaxeb seqsualur qcevas?
motivaciis sakiTxi am SemTxvevaSic rCeba
sakiTxad imis Sesaxeb, Tu ratom iwyeben ada-
mianebi garkveuli qcevebis ganxorcielebas.
rogorc ukve viciT, seqsualuri qceva biolo-
giurad mxolod gamravlebisTvisaa aucilebeli,
Tumca, Tu kveba arsebiTia individis gadarCe-
nisTvis, amas ver vityviT seqsze. zogierTi
cxoveli da adamiani mTeli cxovrebis manZilze
martoxela rCeba da es araviTar TvalsaCino
zians ar ayenebs mis yoveldRiur funqcionirebas;
Tumca, reproduqcia arsebiTia mTliani saxeobis
gadarCenisaTvis. STamomavlobis gaCenisTvis rom
seqsualuri qceva
namdvilad gaweuliyo Zalisxmeva, bunebam seq-
sualuri stimulacia gansakuTrebiT sasiamovno
gaxada. orgazmi uZlieresi ganmamtkicebelia
im energiis sazRaurad, romelic Sewyvilebis
dros ixarjeba.
siamovnebis miRebis es SesaZlebloba seqsua-
lur qcevas iseT motivaciur Zalas aniWebs,
romelic gacilebiT aRemateba Tavad reproduq- 477
 ciis moTxovnilebas. seqsualuri dakmayofilebis
misaRwevad individi mravalferovan qcevebs
axorcielebs. miuxedavavd amisa, seqsualur
motivacias garegani wyaroc aqvs. kultura adgens
misaRebi seqsualuri qcevis normebsa da stan-
dartebs. Tu adamianTa umravlesoba cdilobs
am normebis Sesabamisi qcevebis ganxorcielebas,
zogierTi adamiani seqsualur dakmayofilebas,
upiratesad, am normebis darRveviT aRwevs.
am qveTavSi Cven jer vnaxavT, Tu ra aris
cnobili seqsualuri ltolvebisa da dawyvi-
lebis qcevis Sesaxeb cxovelebSi, Semdeg ki
adamianis seqsualurobis Sesaxeb calkeul
sakiTxebze SevaCerebT Tqvens yuradRebas.
cxovelebis seqsualuri qceva
cxovelebis seqsualuri qcevis pirveladi
motivacia reproduqciaa. im saxeobebisTvis,
romlebic seqss reproduqciisTvis iyeneben,
evoluciam Seqmna ori saxis sqesi: mamrobiTi
da mdedrobiTi. mdedrebi gamoimuSaveben didi
zomis kvercxujredebs (romelic momaragebulia
embrionis zrdisTvis sakmarisi energiiT), mam-
rebi ki _ moZraobis unaris mqone (kvercxuj-
redSi gadaadgilebisTvis) spermatozoidebs.
orive sqesis individma ise unda moaxdinos
moqmedebebis sinqronizacia, rom spermatozoidi
da kvercxujredi saTanado pirobebSi Sexvdnen
erTmaneTs da moxdes Casaxva.
seqsualuri aRgzneba upiratesad fiziolo-
giuri procesebiT aris ganpirobebuli. cxove-
lebi, ZiriTadad, im hormonebis nakadis sapasuxod
emzadebian dasawyvileblad, romlebsac hipo-
fizis jirkvali akontrolebs da romlebsac
sasqeso jirkvlebi _ gonadebi gamoimuSavebs.
mamrebSi am hormons androgens uwodeben da is
uwyvetad gamomuSavdeba saWiro raodenobiT.
Sesabamisad, mamrebi hormonalurad TiTqmis
nebismier dros mzad arian SewyvilebisTvis.
Tavi 12 / motivacia
Tumca, mravali saxeobis mdedrSi sqesobrivi
hormoni estrogeni, rogorc wesi, dReebis an
Tveebis regularuli droiTi cikliT, an sezo-
nuri cvlilebebis mixedviT gamomuSavdeba. amas-
Tan, mdedrebi yovelTvis ar arian hormonalurad
mzad SewyvilebisTvis.
es hormonebi moqmedebs rogorc tvinis, ise
_ genitalur qsovilebze da xSirad safuZvlad
478
udevs stereotipuli seqsualuri qcevis prog-
nozirebad paterns mocemuli saxeobis yvela
wevrisaTvis. Tu, magaliTad, virTxebis erTi
wyvilis Sewyvilebis Tanmimdevroba naxeT, maSin
ukve iciT, Tu rogor iqcevian danarCenebi. mdedri
virTxa mkeTri moZraobiT midis mamris mimar-
TulebiT da mis yuradRebas iqcevs. Semdeg mamri
Tvals miadevnebs gaqceul mdedrs. mdedri
uecrad Cerdeba da zemoT wevs sxeulis ukana
nawils, mamri Sedis masSi, swrafad axorcielebs
friqciebs da gamodis. mdedri uecari moZraobiT
isev gaurbis mas da Tavidan iwyeba rbola,
romelic calkeuli intromisiebiT eakulaciamde
10-20-jer wydeba. amis Semdeg mamri cota xniT
isvenebs da mTeli seqsualuri cikli isev
Tavidan iwyeba. primatebic aseve xanmokled
(daaxloebiT 15 wamis ganmavlobaSi) wyvildebian.
siasamurebis dawyvileba neli da xangrZlivia
da daaxloebiT rva saaTi grZeldeba. mtaceblebs,
magaliTad, loms xangrZlivi dawyvilebis ri-
tualiT tkboba axasiaTebs: arc meti, arc nak-
lebi, yovel naxevar saaTSi erTxel oTxi Tan-
mimdevruli dRis manZilze, xolo maTi msxverp-
lis, magaliTad, antilopebis Sewyvileba mxo-
lod ramdenime wams grZldeba da Zalian xSirad
es sirbilis dros xdeba (Ford & Beach, 1951).
seqsualuri aRgzneba xSirad gare samyaroSi
arsebuli stimulebiT iwyeba. bevri saxeobisTvis
potenciuri partnioris mier ritualuri
qcevebis Wvreta da Tanmxlebis xmebis gagoneba
aucilebel pirobas warmoadgens seqsualuri
raeqciisTvis. metic, iseT sxvadasxvagvar saxeo-
bebSi, rogoricaa cxvari, xari da virTxa, axali
mdedri partnioris gamoCena gavlenas axdens
mamris seqsualur qcevaze. mamrma, romelmac ukve
miaRwia seqsualur dakmayofilebas erT mdedr
partniorTan, SeiZleba ganaaxlos seqsualuri
aqtivoba, roca mis win axali mdedri gamoCndeba
(Dewsbury, 1981). seqsualuri aRgznebisTvis Sexe-
ba, gemo da ynosva, aseve, garegani stimulis
rols asrulebs. rogorc me-4 TavSi iyo aRwe-
rili, zogierTi saxeoba qimiur signalebs _
feromonebs gamoyofs, romlebic, xandaxan didi
manZilidanac ki izidavs Tayvanismcemlebs (Farine
et al., 1996; Minckley et al., 1991). bevr saxeobaSi mdedri
maSin gamoyofs feromonebs, rodesac is yvelaze
metadaa ganayofierebisTvis mzad, hormonebis
koncentracia da seqsualuri interesi ki piks
aRwevs. amave saxeobis mamrebisTvis es gamoyo-

fili nivTierebebi upirobo gamRizianebelia
aRgznebisa da yuradRebis miqcevisTvis. maT
memkvidreobiT miiRes am stimulebiT aRgzne-
bisken midrekileba. rodesac datyvevebuli mamri
mamaka rezusi mezobel galiaSi myofi, Sewyvi-
lebisTvis momzadebuli mdedris suns iynosavs,
is mTeli rigi saTanado fiziologiuri cvli-
lebebiT, maT Soris saTesle jirkvlebis zomis
momatebiT, reagirebs, rac sqesobrivi aqtisTvis
mzaobaze miuTiTeben (Hopson, 1979).
miuxedavad imisa, rom seqsualuri reaqcia
cxovelebSi mniSvnelovanwilad Tandayolili
biologiuri ZalebiT aris ganpirobebuli, is
kvlav tovebs adgils ,,kulturuli~ aspeqte-
bisaTvis, romlebic gavlenas axdenen Sewyvi-
lebis arCevanze. magaliTisTvis ganvixiloT
Tevzebis erT-erTi saxeobis _ gupebis SemTxveva.
saidan
viciT
buneba da aRzrda mdedri gupebis
partnioris SerCevisas
umetes SemTxvevebSi mdedri gupebi
mdinare pariadan (trinidadSi) upirate-
sobas aniWeben mamrebs, romelTa Seferi-
mcxovrebi es uwyinari Tevzebi yuradRebas aq-
lobaSic narinjisferi Warbobs; Tumca,
ceven imas, Tu sxva Tevzi vis CaTvlis sasurvelad
rodesac ori mamri erTnairad narinjis-
an arasasurvelad? am eqsperimentma mogvimzada
fradaa Seferili, mdedri gupebi am oridan
safuZveli imisaTvis, rom adamianis seqsualobis
ufro xSirad irCeven imas, romelic sxva
Sesaxeb ganvagrZoT saubari. qvemoT vnaxavT, rom
suraTi
12.3
mdedri gupebis partnioris arCeva
mdedri gupebi, `eqsperimentul~ jgufSi
xedaven sxva mdedrs naklebad narinjisferi
mamri gupis axlos. mdedri gupebi `sakon-
trolo~ jgufSi ver akvirdebian sxva mded-
ris arCevans. monacemebi cxadyofs, rom
arsebobs kompromisi bunebasa da gawvrTnas
Soris. Seferilobis mixedviT naklebi gan-
sxvavebis SemTxvevaSi mdedri gupi irCevs
im mamrs, romelic sxva mdedrma ukve airCia.
Tumca, roca SeferilobaSi gansvla uki-
duresi xdeba (40%), mdedrebi cvlian
arCevans bunebis sasargeblod _ irCeven
narinjisfer mamrs.
mdedris siaxloves SeniSnes. sainteresoa,
ra xdeba maSin, roca buneba (,,metad
narinjisferi Tevzis arCeva~) da aRzrda
(,,sxva mdedris mier arCeulis arCeva~)
upirispirdeba erTmaneTs? am kiTxvaze pa-
suxis gasacemad mkvlevrebma iseTi mamri
gupebi gamozardes, romlebic erTmaneTi-
sgan gansxvavdebodnen mTliani narinjis-
feri Seferilobis 0%-dan 40%-mde. ,,eq-
sperimentuli~ jgufis mdedri gupebi uyu-
rebdnen sxva mdedr gupebs, romlebic
narinjisfrad naklebad Seferili mamri
gupebis gverdiT imyofebodnen, sakontro-
lo jgufis mdedrebi ki ver xedavdnen
Sewyvilebis qcevas. suraTi 12.3 gviCvenebs
bunebisa da aRzrdis dapirispirebis Se-
degs. Seferilobis mixedviT mcire gansxva-
vebis SemTxvevaSi mdedri gupebi im mewyvi-
les irCeven, romelic sxvis mier ukve
iqna arCeuli. Tumca, roca gansxvaveba gaci-
lebiT mkveTri xdeba (daaxloebiT 40%),
mdedrebi ,,bunebis~ sasargeblod cvlian
arCevans da ufro metad narinjisfer
seqsualuri qceva
partniors irCeven (Dugatkin, 1996).
gagikvirdaT, roca gaigeT, rom akvariumSi
479
 mkvlevrebi darwmunebulni arian, rom adamianis
seqsualur reaqcias (ganxiluli magaliTis
msgavsad) ayalibebs rogorc Cveni evoluciuri
ganviTarebis istoria, ise _ Cvens irgvliv myofi
adamianebis prioritetebi.
adamianis seqsualuri agzneba
da reaqciebi
hormonaluri aqtivoba, romelic esoden
mniSvnelovania biologiuri saxeobebis seqsua-
luri qcevis regulaciisas, Zalze mcirediT
moqmedebs mravali mamakacisa da qalis seqsua-
lur mzaobasa da sqesobrivi ltolvis dakmayo-
filebaze (Bancrft, 1978). qalebSi hormonebi mniS-
vnelovan rols asruleben ovulaciisa da
menstruaciis ciklis kontrolSi, Tumca, normis
farglebSi hormonTa SemcvelobaSi indivi-
dualuri gansxvavebebi ar gansazRvravs seqsu-
aluri aqtivobis sixSiresa da xarisxs. mamaka-
cebisTvis hormoni testosteroni aucilebelia
seqsualuri aRgznebisa da sqesobrivi aqtis
ganxorcielebisTvis. 18-dan, sul mcire, 60
wlamde janmrTel mamakacTa umravlesobas
sisxlSi imdeni testosteroni aqvs, ramdenic
sruliad sakmarisia normaluri seqsualuri
ltolvebis aRsaZravad. testosteronis raode-
nobis individualuri variacia normis fargleb-
Si ar ukavSirdeba imas, Tu rogor xorcieldeba
seqsualuri qcevebi.
adamianebSi seqsualuri agzneba aRelvebisa
da daZabulobis motivaciuri mdgomareobaa,
romelsac erotikul stimulze fiziologiuri
da kognituri reaqcia iwvevs. erotikuli sti-
muli, romelic SeiZleba iyos fizikuri an
fsiqologiuri, iwvevs seqsualur mRelvarebas
da vnebis gancdas. erotikuli stimulebiT
gamowveuli seqsualuri aRgzneba reducirdeba
seqsualuri aqtivobiT, romelsac individi
Tavi 12 / motivacia
damakmayofilebel moqmedebaTa erTobliobad
aRiqvams, gansakuTrebiT orgazmis miRwevis
SemTxvevaSi.
mkvlevrebi aTwleulebis manZilze swavloben
cxovelebis sqesobriv moqmedebebsa da seqsualur
seqsualuri agzneba (Sexual arousal) _ aRgznebisa
da daZabulobis motivaciuri mdgomareoba,
romlic aRmocendeba erotikul stimulebze
fiziologiuri da kognituri reaqciebiT.
480
reaqciebs, magram mravali wlis ganmavlobaSi
akrZaluli iyo adamianebis mier ganxorcie-
lebuli msgavsi qcevebis Seswavla. uiliam
mastersma da virjinia jonsonma (William Master
& Virjinia Johnson, 1966, 1970, 1976) daarRvies es
tradiciuli tabu. maT daamkvidres da daakanones
adamianis seqsualobis kvleva imiT, rom labo-
ratoriul pirobebSi uSualod akvirdebodnen
da aRricxavdnen im fiziologiur kanonzo-
mierebebs, romlebic Tan sdevda adamianebis
mier uwyvetad ganxorcielebul seqsualur
moqmedebebs. amiT isini ikvlevdnen ara imas,
Tu ras amboben adamianebi seqsis Sesaxeb, aramed
imas, Tu rogor reagireben da iqcevian isini
sinamdvileSi.
seqsualur stimulaciaze adamianebis reaq-
ciebis uSualod Sesaswavlad mastersma da
jonsonma ganaxorcieles sakontrolo labo-
ratoriuli dakvirveba aTasobiT moxalise
mamakacsa da qalze masturbaciisa da sqesobrivi
aqtis aTobiT aTasi seqsualuri reaqciis ciklis
dros. am kvlevebis Sedegad miiRes oTxi Zalze
mniSvnelovani daskvna: (1) mamakacebi da qalebi
seqsualuri reaqciebis msgavsi paternebiT
xasiaTdebian; (2) miuxedavad imisa, rom seqsualuri
reaqciis ciklis fazebis Tanmimdevroba orive
sqesSi msgavsia, qalebi ufro cvalebadni arian
_ isini midrekilni arian ufro neli, xSirad
ki _ ufro xangrZlivi reaqciisken; (3) drois
Tanabar periodebSi bevr qals SeuZlia
mravaljeradi orgazmis gancda maSin, roca
mamakacebTan es iSviaTad xdeba; (4) penisis zoma
aranairad ukavSirdeba seqsualur moqmedebebTan
asocirebul arc erT aspeqts (garda didi penisis
qonasTan Tavad mamakacis damokidebulebisa).
adamianis seqsualuri reaqciis ciklSi oTx
fazas gamoyofen, esenia: _ agzneba, plato, or-
gazmi da gadawyveta (ix. sur. 12.4).
agznebis anu ltolvis fazaSi (romelic
ramdenime wuTidan erT saaTamde da metxans
grZeldeba) menjis areSi mimdinareobs vaskula-
ruli (sisxlZarRvovani) cvlilebebi. penisi
magrdeba da swordeba, klitori ibereba; sisxli
da sxva siTxeebi avsebs sakvercxeebsa da vagi-
nas; sxeuli wiTldeba, anu Cndeba seqsualuri
siwiTle.

platos fazaSi miiRweva agznebis maqsima-
luri (Tumca, cvalebadi) done. swrafad izrdeba
guliscema da sisxlis wneva, xSirdeba sunTqva,
Zlierdeba jirkvlebis sekrecia, izrdeba
nebismieri da uneblie kunTuri daZabuloba
mTel sxeulSi. matulobs vaginaluri siTxis
gamoyofa da ibereba mkerdi.
orgazmis fazaSi mamakacebi da qalebi
ganicdian manamde mzardi seqsualuri daZabu-
lobis gantvirTvis Zalze intensiur sasiamovno
gancdas. orgazmi xasiaTdeba ritmuli SekumSve-
biT, romlebic warmoiqmneba daaxloebiT yovel
rva-aT wamSi erTxel genitalur areSi. rogorc
mamakacebSi, ise qalebSi sunTqvis sixSire da
sisxlis wneva Zalian maRalia, guliscema ki _
ormagdeba. mamakacebSi pulsirebadi SekumSvebi
iwvevs eakulacias, anu spermis amofrqvevas.
gadawyvetis, anu dasrulebis fazaSi sxeuli
TandaTanobiT ubrundeba normalur, aRgznebam-
del mdgomareobas, sisxlis wneva da guliscemis
suraTi
12.4
adamianis seqsualuri
reaqciebis fazebi
mamakacebsa da qalebs seqsualuri reaqciis
fazebis msgavsi paternebi aqvT. ZiriTadad
gansxvavebulia dro, romelic saWiroa
TiToeuli fazis misaRwevad, da didi al-
baToba imisa, rom qalebi miaRweven mraval-
jerad orgazms.
sixSire ecema. erTi orgazmis Semdeg mamakacTa
umravlesoba Sedis refleqtorul periodSi (anu
isini ar reagireben seqsualur stimulaciaze),
romelic ramdenime wuTidan ramdenime saaTamde
grZeldeba. am drois manZilze kidev erTi
orgazmis miRweva SeuZlebelia. mdgradi aR-
gznebis mqone zogierT qals SeuZlia mrava-
jeradi orgazmis gancda sakmaod swrafi Tanmim-
devrobiT.
miuxedavad imisa, rom mastersisa da jonsonis
kvleva seqsualuri reaqciebis fiziologiaze
fokusirdeboda, maTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani
aRmoCena, albaT, rogorc aRgznebaSi, ise _
dakmayofilebaSi fsiqologiuri procesebis
centraluri rolis dadgena iyo. maT aCvenes,
rom seqsualuri reaqciebis problemebs fsi-
qologiuri mizezebi ufro xSirad aqvs, vidre
fiziologiuri. Sesabamisad, SesaZlebelia maTi
modificireba an Terapiis saSualebiT daZleva.
gansakuTrebuli Civilis sagania seqsualuri
reaqciis ciklis dasrulebisa da dakmayo-
filebis miRwevis unaris arqona. xSirad am
uZlurebis wyaros warmoadgens pirovnuli
problemebiT datvirTuloba, SiSi seqsualuri
aqtivobis Sedegebis gamo; SfoTva imis gamo, Tu
rogor Seafasebs partniori individis seqsua-
lur moqmedebebs; aracnobieri danaSaulis gancda
anda uaryofiTi azrebi. Tumca, cudi kveba,
seqsualuri qceva
daRliloba, stresi da alkoholis didi rao-
denobiT gamoyeneba an narkotikebi, agreTve,
amcirebs seqsualur ltolvebsa da maTi dakma-
yofilebis unars.
Cven mimovixileT adamianis seqsualurobis
da seqsualuri aRgznebis zogierTi fizio-
logiuri aspeqti, magram jer ar gvisaubria im
Zalebze, romlebic ganapirobeben seqsualur
481
 qcevebSi arsebul gansxvavebebs. daviwyebT im
mosazrebiT, rom reproduqcia, rogorc mizani,
mamakacebisa da qalebisaTvis seqsualuri qcevis
gansxvavebul paternebs uzrunvelyofs.
seqsualuri qcevis evolucia
Cven ukve vnaxeT, rom cxovelebSi seqsualuri
qcevis paterni, ZiriTadad, evoluciiT aris
ganmtkicebuli. umTavresi mizania reproduqcia
_ saxeobis gadarCena da SenarCuneba, seqsualuri
qceva ki Zalze ritualizebuli da stereoti-
pulia. SeiZleba, rom igive vamtkicoT adamianis
seqsualuri qcevis zogadi paternebis Sesaxebac?
evoluciis sakiTxze momuSave fsiqologebma
Seamowmes mosazreba imis Sesaxeb, rom mamakacma
da qalma gamoimuSaves gansxvavebuli strate-
giebi, romelic safuZvlad udevs seqsualur
qcevas (Buss, 1999; Wright, 1994). am strategiebis
aRsawerad adamianis reproduqciis zogierTi
realiis gaxseneba dagvWirdeba. mamakacebi SeZ-
lebdnen weliwadSi asobiT reproduqciis aqtis
ganxorcielebas, Tu moZebnidnen Sewyvilebis
sakmarisi raodenobis mosurnes. bavSvis Casax-
visTvis maT mxolod erTi Cais kovzi sperma da
ramdenimewuTiani sqesobrivi kavSiri moeTxo-
vebaT. qalebs SeuZliaT weliwadSi mxolod
erTxel ganaxorcielon reproduqcia da Semdeg
TiToeul bavSvs auracxeli dro da energia
unda dauTmon (sxvaTa Soris, msoflio rekordi
imisa, Tu ramdenjer SeuZlia qals bavSvis gaCena,
aris 50, magram mamakacebSi es ricxvi gacilebiT
metia. morokanis despots, mefe ismail sisxlis-
mRvrels 7000 Svili hyavda, CineTis pirveli
imperatorze ki amboben, rom 3000 bavSvis mama
iyo. cxadia, orives didi haramxana hqonda).
amrigad, roca mizani reproduqciaa, kvercx-
ujredebis resursi SezRudulia da amitom
mamrebs konkurencia uwevT ganayofierebis
Tavi 12 / motivacia
SesaZleblobis mosapoveblad. mTavari problema,
romelic mamri cxovelis winaSe dgas, misi
STamomavlobis ricxvis SeZlebisdagvarad
gazrdaa, rac aseve didi raodenobis mdedrebTan
SewyvilebiT miiRweva, magram ZiriTadi problema,
mSobliuri zrunva da wvlili (Parental invest-
ment) _ dro da energia, romelic unda daxarjon
mSoblebma TavianTi STamomavlobis aRsazrde-
482 lad.
romelic mdedri cxovelis winaSe dgas, maRal-
xarisxiani mamris moZebnaa, raTa uzrunvelyos
saukeTeso, yvelaze janmrTeli STamomavloba
sakuTari SezRuduli raodenobis kvercxujre-
debidan. ufro metic, adamianis STamomavlobas
imdenad didi dro sWirdeba momwifebisaTvis
da imdenad umweoa, sanam izrdeba, rom saWiroebs
arsebiT wvlils da zrunvas mSoblebis mxridan
(Trivers, 1972; Wright, 1994). Tevzebisa da obobe-
bisagan gansxvavebiT, romlebic ubralod deben
kvercxebs da toveben maT, dedebma da mamebma
Svilebis gasazrdelad dro da energia unda
daxarjon. amgvarad, qals esaWiroeba ara mxolod
yvelaze didi, yvelaze Zlieri, yvelaze Wkviani,
yvelaze maRali statusis mqone da yvelaze
momxibvleli mewyvile, aramed mas, aseve, sWirdeba
yvelaze erTguli da yvelaze pasuxismgebliani
partniori, romelic mas maTi saerTo bavSvebis
gazrdaSi daexmareba.
erT-erTma evoluciurma fsiqologma, devid
bassma (David Buss, 1999; Buss & Schmitt, 1993) gamoTqva
mosazreba, rom mamakaci da qali sxvadasxva
strategiebs, emociebsa da motivaciebs aviTareben
moklevadiani da grZelvadiani Sewyvilebe-
bisTvis. mamakacTan cdunebisa da mitovebis
strategia, rac erTgulebisa da valdebulebis
Cvenebasa da Semdeg mitovebas gulisxmobs, mok-
levadiani kontaqtebisTvis gankuTvnili stra-
tegiaa; erTgulad darCenisa da STamomavlobaze
zrunvis strategia ki _ grZelvadiania. qalis
SemTxvevaSi im erTguli mamakacis moxibvlis
strategia, romelic masTan darCeba da bavSvebis
aRzdaSi daexmareba, grZelvadiani strategiaa.
bevrs kamaToben imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogoria
moklevadiani Sewyvilebis strategia qalTan.
erTni amtkiceben, rom mouwesrigebel, SemTxveviT
sqesobriv kavSirebs, evoluciuri TvalsazrisiT,
arasodes moutania qalebisTvis sargebeli _
isini SeiZleba dafexmZimdnen da, asaTan, ar
iyvnen darwmunebulni, rom mamakaci Semdgom
izrunebs masze da mis STamomavlobaze. qalebi,
rogorc Cans, ufro naklebad arian dainterese-
bulni SemTxveviTi seqsiT, vidre mamakacebi
(Buss& scmitt, 1993). meoreni amtkiceben, rom
moklevadiani kavSirebi mraval (gansakuTrebiT
ki xanSi Sesul da mdidar) mamakacTan dauyov-
nebeli dajildovebis sanacvlod nazRaurdeba
imiT, rom uzrunvelyofs moklevadian gadarCenas.
 mkvlevrebma evoluciuri Teoriis progno-
zebis mravali damadasturebeli sabuTi moipoves.
magaliTisTvis ganvixiloT kvlevebi, romelTa
saSualebiTac Seamowmes, Tu ra gavlenas axdenda
Casaxvis SesaZlebloba qalis msjelobaze
mamakacis saxis momxibvlelobis Sesaxeb.
saidan
viciT
qalebis mier mamakacis saxeebisadmi
upiratesobis miniWeba
mamakacis romel saxes CaTvlis konkre-
tuli qali mimzidvelad? mkvlevarTa jgu-
fma Camoayaliba hipoTeza, romlis mixed-
viTac am kiTxvaze pasuxi, nawilobriv, damo-
kidebulia qalis menstrualuri ciklis
fazaze (Penton-Voak et al., 1999; Penton-Voak &
Perrett, 2000). mamakacebis saxeebs, romlebic
eqsperimentSi gamoiyeneboda, kompiuteris
daxmarebiT ise cvlidnen, rom mieRoT
diapazoni SedarebiT maskulinuri saxidan
SedarebiT feminur saxemde. rodesac
qalebs „grZelvadiani urTierTobisTvis~
sTxovdnen yvelaze mimzidveli saxis
amorCevas, isini upiratesobas aniWebdnen
im saxes, romelsac SedarebiT feminuri
Sexeduleba hqonda: rogorc Canda, mamakacis
ufro metad feminuri saxe metyvelebda
imaze, rom is sando da saimedo partniori
iqneboda grZelvadian urTierTobaSi.
Tumca, arCevani „moklevadiani urTierTo-
bisTvis~ damokidebuli iyo qalis men-
strualur ciklis fazaze. is qalebi, rom-
lebic menstrualuri ciklis im fazaSi
imyofebodnen, rodesac yvelaze maRalia
dafexmZimebis riski, arCevans SedarebiT
maskulinur saxeze aCerebdnen. rogorc
Cans, dafexmZimebis SesaZleblobam gadaanac-
vla qalebis arCevani im saxidan, romelic
ityobineboda, rom misi mflobeli „kargi
mzrunveli~ iqneboda, im saxeze, romelic
metyvelebda, rom misi mflobels ,,kargi
genebi~ hqonda.
am gamokvlevaSi prioritetebs Seiswavlidnen
da ara realur seqsualur qcevas; Tumca, is
mainc gviCvenebs, Tu rogor SeiZleba warmar-
Tavdes Cveni evoluciuri istoria adamianis
cxovrebis mniSvnelovan aspeqtebs.
miuxedavad imisa, rom gamokvleva adasturebs
adamianis seqsualuri qcevis evoluciuri axsnis
mraval prognozs, sxva Teoretikosebi Tvlian,
rom aseT axsnaSi saTanadod ar aris Sefasebuli
kulturis roli (Angier, 1999). magaliTad, qalebi
ufro meti erotikuli plastikurobiT xasiaT-
debian, vidre mamakacebi: qalebi seqsualur
reaqciebsa da seqsualur qcevaSi met mravalfe-
rovnebas avlenen, vidre mamakacebi (Baumeister,
2000). es variaciebi, rogorc Cans, didwilad,
kulturuli SezRudvebis Sedegs warmoadgens
(Hyde & Dukik, 2000). gavixsenoT 1960-iani wlebis
„seqsualuri revolucia~. cvlilebebi seqsua-
lur qcevaSi mohyva qalTa mzard mzaobas _
daemyarebinaT SemTxveviTi seqsualuri kavSirebi.
cxadia, Seicvala ara qalebis evoluciuri
istoria, aramedEmaT mier seqsualuri ltolve-
bis gamoxatvisadmi sazogadoebis damokidebu-
leba.
miuxedavad imisa, rom evoluciuri midgoma
adamianis seqsualuri qcevis zogierT aspeqts
xsnis, kritikosebi mogviwodeben, rom yuradReba
mivaqcioT am qcevis kulturiT ganpirobebul
variabilurobas (cvalebadobas). seqsualuri
qcevis normebi Zalze mgrZnobiarea droisa da
adgilis mimarT. swored am normebze visaubrebT
qvemoT.
seqsualuri qcevis normebi
rogoria saSualo adamianis seqsualuri
cxovreba? adamianis seqsualuri qcevis mec-
nierul kvlevas, romelic 1940-ian wlebSi
daiwyo, pirveli mniSvnelovani biZgi alfred
kinsis da misi kolegebis naSromma misca (Alfred
Kinsey, 1948, 1953). maT daaxloebiT 17 aTasi
amerikeli gamokiTxes maTi seqsualuri qcevis
Taobaze da aRmoaCines sazogadoebisTvis gamaog-
seqsualuri qceva
nebeli faqti: garkveuli qcevebi, romlebic
manamde iSviaTad da paTologiuradac ki iT-
vleboda, realurad sakmaod farTod iyo gavr-
celebuli, an, sul mcire, fiqsirdeboda, rom
arsebobda. ukanasknel wlebSi mkvlevrebma Caa-
tares gamokiTxvaTa seria seqsualuri qcevis
Cveuli, didi regularobiT ganxorcielebadi
formebis Sesaxeb. miRebul Sedegebs farTod
da xmauriT aSuqebda masmedia. cxrilSi 12.3 483
 cxrili
12.3
seqsualuri aqtivoba mozrdil amerikelebSi, 1994*
seqsualuri partniorebis raodenoba 18 wlis asakidan
(TiToeuli kategoriaSi monacemi warmodgenilia procentebiT)

0 1 2-10 10 da meti
mamakacebi 3 26 44 33
qalebi 3 31 56 9
25-29 weli 2 25 53 19
55-59 weli 1 40 43 15
saSualo ganaTleba 3 30 49 17
kolejis ganaTleba 2 24 50 24

seqsualuri aqtiobis sixSire bolo 12 Tvis manZilze

(TiToeuli kategoriaSi monacemi warmodgenilia procentebiT)

arc erTi weliwadSi ramdenjerme TveSi ramdenjerme kviraSi orjer an metjer

mamakacebi 14 16 37 34
qalebi 10 18 36 37
mamakacebi
25-29 weli 7 15 31 47
55-59 weli 11 22 43 23
qalebi
25-29 weli 5 10 38 47
55-59 weli 30 22 35 13
mamakacebi
saSualo skola 10 15 34 41
koleji 9 18 38 35
qalebi
saSualo skola 11 16 38 36
koleji 14 17 37 33

*monacemebi efuZneba SemTxveviTad SerCeuli 18 wlis da zemoT asakis 3432 respondentisgan Semdgari SerCevis gamokiTxvas.

mocemulia erT-erTi farTomasStabiani gamoki-
TxviT miRebuli monacemebi (Michael et al., 1994).
mkvlevrebi mTel rig SekiTxvebs svamdnen.
cxrilSi pasuxebis mxolod mcire nawilia war-
modgenili. SegiZliaT miuTiToT saintereso
tendenciebze? magaliTad, Tqven SeiZleba sain-
teresod CaTvaloT, rom 55-59 wlis adamianebi
ufro xSirad aRniSnaven, rom 18 wlis asakidan
Tavi 12 / motivacia
kulturis wevri. Cven ukve vTqviT, rom seqsua-
luri qcevis zogierTi zogadi ,,qaluri~ da
,,mamakacuri~ aspeqti SeiZleba warmoadgendes
adamianTa modgmis evoluciis produqts. miu-
xadavad amisa, sxvadasxva kulturebi gansa-
zRvraven qcevaTa rigs, romelTac seqsualuri
impulsebis gamoxatvisaTvis saTanadod da
misaRebad miiCneven. seqsualuri qcevis scenarebi

erT partniorTan arian, vidre 25-29 wlis
adamianebi. aseTi Sedegi gvafiqrebinebs, rom
seqsualuri qcevis normebi Seicvala ukanaskneli
aTwleulebis manZilze.
seqsualuri qcevis es normebi imis nawilia,
rasac Tqven iTvisebT, rogorc garkveuli
seqsualuri qcevis scenarebi (Sexual scripts) _
seqsualuri pasuxismgeblobis socialurad
484 daswavlili programa.
seqsualuri reaqciebis ganxorcielebis socia-
lurad (sazogadoebaSi) daswavlili programebia,
romlebSic Sedis (rogorc wesi, uTqmeli)
miTiTebebi, Tu ra, rodis, sad da rogor unda
gakeTdes; visTan da riTi unda gakeTdes;
dabolos, ratom unda gakeTdes (Gegnon, 1977). am
scenarebis sxvadasxva aspeqtebi Sekrebilia
cxovrebis manZilze socialuri urTierTqme-
debebis procesSi. seqsualuri qcevis Cveneul
scenarebSi realizebuli ganwyobebi da faseu-
lobebi seqsualuri motivaciis garegan wyaros
warmoadgens: scenari gvTavazobs qcevis tipebs,
romelTa ganxorcieleba SesaZlebelia an
aucilebelia.
scenari warmoadgens socialuri normebidan
momdinare miTiTebebis (ra aris swori da
miRebuli), individualuri molodinebis da
warsulSi daswavlil qcevaTa prioritetuli
Tanmimdevrobis kombinacias. seqsualuri qcevis
Tqveneul scenarTa ricxvSi Sedis scenarebi
ara mxolod imis Sesaxeb, Tu, Tqveni azriT,
risi gakeTeba iqneboda misaRebi da drouli
Tqveni mxridan, aramed isic, Tu ras eliT
Tqveni seqsualuri partniorisgan. rodesac ar
aRiareben scenarebis arsebobas, ar ganixilaven
anda ar axdenen maT sinqronizacias, scenarebs
Soris gansxvavebam SeiZleba gaarTulos, da
problemuri gaxados partniorebis urTierT-
Segueba.
yuradReba SevaCeroT kolejis studentebi-
sTvis Cveul seqsualur qcevebze. mkvlevrebi
xSirad interesdebian imiT, Tu ratom axor-
cieleben individebi riskian seqsualur urTier-
Tobebs iseT pirobebSi, roca dafexmZimebis an
veneriuli daavadebis gadadebis safrTxe ar-
sebobs. evoluciisa da seqsualuri gansxvave-
bebis sakiTxebis ganxilvis fonze ar gagikvir-
debaT, Tu getyviT, rom mamakacebi ufro metad
axorcieleben riskian qcevas, vidre qalebi (Pop-
pen, 1995). kolejis studentebis erT SerCevaSi
ufro metma mamakacma, vidre qalma (Sesabamisad,
77% da 14%), ganacxada, rom isini barebSi sava-
raudo seqsualuri partnioris gacnobis mizniT
Sediodnen da maT hqoniaT seqsi axlad gacnobil
partniorTan (Sesabamisad, 47% da 24%). amasTan,
ufro metma mamakacma aRniSna, rom hqonia seqsi
yovelgvari kontracepciis gareSe (Sesabamisad,
78% da 64%).
kolejis studentebis seqsualuri qcevis
mkvlevrebma gamoavlines kidev erTi sfero,
romelSic mamakacebisa da qalebis seqsualuri
qcevis scenarebi mniSvnelovnad ewinaaRmdegeba
erTmaneTs. esaa paemanze gaupatiureba. paemanze
gaupatiurebas uwodeben iseT situaciebs, ro-
desac individs nacnobi adamiani aiZulebs
sqesobrivi kavSiris damyarebas. erT-erT gamo-
kiTxvaSi mkvlevrebi interesdebodnen, hqondaT
Tu ara respondentebs maTze mimarTuli seq-
sualuri agresiis gamocdileba. sul gamoikiTxa
341 qali, romelTa 78%-ma aRniSna, rom isini
yofilan seqsualuri agresiis garkveuli
formis msxverplni. daaxloebiT 15% aRniSnavs,
rom paemnis situaciam ubiZga maT seqsualuri
kavSiris damyarebisken (Muehlenhard & Linton, 1987).
rodesac mamakacebs hkiTxes, Tu vin aris damnaSave
paemnis situaciaSi momxdar Zaladobaze, maT,
qalebTan SedarebiT, metwilad msxverpli (anu
gaupatiurebuli qali) daasaxeles (Bell et al., 1994;
Ryckman et al., 1998).
paemanze Zaladobis kvlevebma aCvena, rom mama-
kacTa da qalTa seqsualuri scenarebi mniSvne-
lovnad gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisgan simboluri
winaaRmdegobis gamovlenis TvalsazrisiT. esaa
qalis mier gaweuli susti winaaRmdegoba seqsu-
alur Tavdasxmaze, sabolood jamSi sqesobrivi
kavSiris daSvebis ganzraxvis miuxedavad. Zalian
cota qali _ daaxloebiT 5% aRniSnavs, rom
gauweviaT simboluri winaaRmdegoba, Tumca,
mamakacTa 60% miuTiTebs, rom, sul mcire,
erTxel mainc Sexvedria simboluri winaaR-
mdegobaM(Marx & Gross, 1995). am or monacems Soris
arsebul gansxvavebaSi, rogorc Cans, paemanze
gaupatiurebis mravali SemTxveva aisaxeba.
mkvlevrebi varaudoben, rom zogierTi mamakaci
simbolur winaaRmdegobas seqsualuri TamaSis
seqsualuri qceva
nawilad miiCnevs da ar aRiqvams mas, rogorc
qalis realuri SeSfoTebis niSans. mniSvne-
lovania, rom mamakacebma gaigon _ sinamdvileSi
qalebi iSviaTad Tvlian amas TamaSad; maTi
winaaRmdegoba realuria.
gaupatiureba paemanze (Date rape) _ ewodeba iseT
situaciebs, rodesac individs nacnobi adamiani
aiZulebs sqesobrivi kavSiris damyarebas. 485
 seqsualuri motivaciis ganxilvisas Cveni
yuradRebis miRma darCa seqsualuri gamoc-
dilebis seriozuli da mniSvnelovani kategoria
_ homoseqsualizmi. seqsualuri motivaciis am
qveTavs homoseqsual qalebsa (lesboselebsa)
da mamakacebze saubriT davasrulebT. es kidev
erT saSualebas mogcemT, dainaxoT, Tu rogor
marTavs seqsualur qcevas Sinagan da garegan
motivaciur ZalTa urTierTqmedeba.
homoseqsualoba
Cven aqamde vsaubrobdiT motivaciaze, romlis
gamoc adamianebi garkveul farglebSi axor-
cieleben seqsualur qcevebs. am konteqstSive
SegviZlia ganvixiloT homoseqsualizmis ar-
seboba. homoseqsualizmis, rogorc heteroseq-
sualobidan gadaxriT „gamowveuli~ qcevebis
erTobliobad warmodgenis nacvlad, seqsualuri
motivaciis Cven mier warmoebulma ganxilvam
unda daganaxoT, rom yvela seqsualur qcevas
„iwvevs~ raRac. am TvalsazrisiT, homoseqsua-
lizmsa da heteroseqsualizms msgavsi moti-
vaciuri Zalebi ganapirobebs. arc erTi maTgani
ar warmoadgens motivirebul gadaxras meorisgan.
seqsualuri qcevebis kvlevaTa umravlesobaSi
homoseqsualizmis SemTxvevebis gamovlenaTa
zusti raodenobis miRebas cdilobdnen. Aadreul
kvlevebSi alfred kinsma aRmoaCina, rom misi
SerCevis mamakacTa 37%-s hqonda homoseqsualuri
gamocdilebis, sul mcire, erTi SemTxveva, xolo
4%-s _ mxolod homoseqsualuri gamocdileba
(procentuli maCveneblebi qalebisTvis mcire-
diT naklebi iyo). SedarebiT gviandel kvlevebSi
cdilobdnen, erTmaneTisgan ganerCiaT homoseq-
sualuri survilebi da maTi dakmayofilebisTvis
ganxorcielebuli qmedebebi. maiklma da misma
kolegebma (1994) aRmoaCines, rom maT SerCevaSi
qalebis daaxloebiT 4%-s seqsualurad izidavda
maTive sqesis warmomadgeneli, magram SerCevis
Tavi 12 / motivacia
mxolod 2%-s hqonda meore qalTan sqesobrivi
urTierToba uaxloesi erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi.
aseve, maT kvlevaSi monawile mamakacTa 6%-s
seqsualurad izidavda sxva mamakaci, magram kvlav
SerCevis mxolod 2% aRniSnavda, rom bolo
erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi hqonda realuri
seqsualuri kontaqti meore mamakacTan. ramdenad
marTalia es ricxvebi? sanam sazogadoeba mtru-
486 lad iqneba ganwyobili homoseqsualuri survi-
lebis dakmayofilebisadmi, albaT, verc iqneba
SesaZlebeli homoseqsualuri SemTxvevebis rao-
denobis zusti Sefaseba, radgan adamianebi
moeridebian mkvlevrebTan gulaxdilobas.
qvemoT homoseqsualizmisa da heteroseqsua-
lizmis wyaroebs ganvixilavT. aseve, mimovixi-
lavT gamokvlevas, romelic homoseqsualuri
qcevisadmi sazogadoebisa da pirovnul damo-
kidebulebas Seexeba.
homoseqsualizmi: buneba da aRzrda
evoluciisa da seqsualuri qcevis ganxilvis
Semdeg gasakviri ar unda iyos, Tu getyviT, rom
kvlevebis monacemebis mixedviT, seqsualuri
prioritetebi, nawilobriv genetikuradaa ganpi-
robebuli. rogorc xSirad xdeba, mkvlevrebma
es mosazreba im kvlevebze dayrdnobiT gamoTqves,
romelSic erTmaneTs adarebdnen monozigotur
(genetikurad identur) da dizigotur (romel-
Tac, da-Zmis msgavsad, genebis naxevari aqvT
identuri) tyupebs. rodesac orive tyupiscals
erTnairi orientacia aqvs _ homoseqsualuri
an heteroseqsualuri, maTi sqesobrivi qceva
Tanxvdeba erTmaneTs. Tu erT-erTi tyupiscali
homoseqsualia, meore ki _ heteroseqsuali, maTi
seqsualuri qcevac gansxvavebuli iqneba. homo-
seqsuali mamakacebisa da lesboseli qalebis
Seswavlam mniSvnelovnad meti Tanxvedra aCvena
monozigotur tyupebSi, vidre dizigotur
tyupebSi (Bailey & Pillard, 1991; Bailey et al., 1993). am
kvlevebSi eqsperimentatorebi tyupebidan
moiZiebdnen calkeul homoseqsual mamakacebsa
da qalebs da Semdeg maTgan iRebdnen infor-
macias maTi tyupiscalebis an da-Zmebis seqsua-
luri orientaciebis Sesaxeb. Sedegebi gamaog-
nebeli iyo. qalebSi monozigoturi tyupebis
48%-is orive tyupiscali lesboseli iyo, di-
zigoturis ki _ 16%-is orive tyupiscali (Bailey
et al., 1993). mamakacebSi monozigoturi tyupebis
52%-is orive tyupiscali homoseqsuali iyo,
dizigoturis ki _ 22%-is orive tyupiscali
(Bailey &Pillard, 1991). miuxedavad imisa, rom
monozigoturi tyupebi SeiZleba ufro metad
msgavs pirobebSi izrdebodnen, vidre dizigo-
turebi, mSoblebi, SesaZloa, orives erTnairad
epyrobodnen, rac seriozul safuZvels gvaZlevs
vifiqroT, rom seqsualuri orientacia SeiZleba,
nawilobriv, genetikurad iyos ganpirobebuli.

flobdnen ra aseT monacemebs, mkvlevrebma
daiwyes im genebis erTobliobis moZieba, rom-
lebic SeiZleba homoseqsualuri Tu hetero-
seqsualuri orientaciis warmoqmnas ganapiro-
bebdes (Baileyet al., 1999; Hamer et al., 1993; Rice et al.,
1999) amrigad, ganapirobebs Tu ara biologia
Tqvens seqsualur beds? Semdgomma kvlevebma
SeiZleba ganamtkicos an Seasustos gamoTqmuli
hipoTeza, magram naTlad Cans, rom homoseqsua-
lurobisa da heteroseqsualurobis zogierTi
aspeqti wmindad biologiuri faqtorebis
gavleniT warmoiqmneba (Glabue, 1994; LeVay, 1996).
socialurma fsiqologma deril bemma (Daryl
Bem, 1996; 2000) gamoTqva varaudi, rom biologia
pirdapir gavlenas ar axdens seqsualur prio-
ritetebze, Tumca, gaSualebulad moqmedebs
umcrosi asakis bavSvebis temperamentsa da
aqtiobebze. gavixsenoT me-11 Tavidan, rom
mkvlevrebis dakvirvebiT, gogonebi da biWebi
sxvadasxvagvarad TamaSoben. biWebs, magaliTad,
uxeSi da aqtiuri TamaSebi ufro metad izidavT.
bemis Teoriis Tanaxmad, imisda mixedviT, Tu
romel _ TavianTi sqesisTvis tipur Tu atipur
_ TamaSebSi monawileoben bavSvebi, isini
eCvevian Tavisive an sapirispiro sqesis Tanato-
lebisgan sakuTari gansxvavebulobis SegrZnebas.
bemis Teoriis mixedviT, ,,egzotikuri gadaiqceva
erotikulad~. sakuTari gansxvavebulobis gancda
emociur aRgznebas iwvevs. droTa ganmavlobaSi
es aRgzneba erotikulad gadaiqceva. magaliTad,
Tu patara gogona imitom grZnobs Tavs sxva
gogonebisgan gansxvavebulad, rom mas ar surs
gogonebisTvis tipuri saqmianoba, droTa gan-
mavlobaSi misi emociuri aRgzneba homoseqsua-
lur grZnobebad gadaiqceva. yuradReba miaqcieT,
rom bemis Teoria emxroba mosazrebas, rom
homoseqsualizmi da heteroseqsualizmi erTi
da igive mizezebidan momdinareobs: orive Sem-
TxvevaSi sqesi, romelsac bavSvi sakuTari sqe-
sisgan gansxvavebulad aRiqvams, droTa gan-
mavlobaSi erotikul mimzidvelobas iZens. miu-
xedavad imisa, rom Tavisi Teoriis sasargeblod
bems mravali monacemi moaqvs, is jerjerobiT
mainc axalia da ucnaurad gamoiyureba. momdevno
ramdenime weliwadSi vnaxavT, Tu rogor wari-
marTeba am Teoriis bedi, rodesac mkvlevrebi
Seafaseben masSi gamoTqmul sxvadasxva mosaz-
rebebs.
sazogadoeba da homoseqsualizmi
davuSvaT, bemi marTalia, rodesac ambobs,
rom bavSvobis gamocdilebas udidesi mniS-
vneloba aqvs. yvela adamiani bavSvobaSi ga-
nmtkicebuli midrekilebebis mixedviT moqme-
debs? is, rac yvelaze metad ganasxvavebs homo-
seqsualurobas heteroseqsualurobisgan, albaT,
sazogadoebis sxvadasxva wreebSi miRebuli
mudmivi mtrobaa homoseqsualurobis gamovline-
bebisadmi (Herek, 1998). 363 gamokiTxuli mozar-
didan 68% ,,aucileblad~ an ,,nawilobriv~ dae-
Tanxma debulebas _ ,,seqsi or mamakacs Soris
aSkara garyvnilebaa~. maTi 64% ,,aucileblad~
an ,,nawilobriv~ daeTanxma debulebas _ ,,seqsi
or qals Soris aSkara garyvnilebaa~ (Herek,
1994). homoseqsualebis mimarT Zalze uaryofiT
seqsualuri qceva
damokidebulebas mkvlevrebma homofobia uwodes.
bolodroindeli kvlevebi mowmobs, rom zogier-
Ti im mamakacTagani, romelic ukiduresi homo-
fobiuri ganwyobiT xasiaTdeba, faqtobrivad,
Tavad aRigzneba homoseqsualuri xasiaTis
masaliT.
487
 saidan
viciT
niRbavs Tu ara homofobia
homoseqsualur interess
kvlevaSi kolejis 64 mamakaci studenti
monawileobda, romelTagan TiToeuli sa-
kuTar Tavs afasebda, rogorc ,,calsaxad
heteroseqsuals~. studentebma 25 debule-
biani kiTxvari Seavses, romelic homofo-
biis xarisxs zomavda. am kiTxvaris mona-
cemebis mixedviT, 29 studenti arahomofo-
bikad, 35 studenti _ homofobikad miiCnies.
eqsperimentis Semdeg fazaSi studentebs
aCvenes heteroseqsualuri, lesbosuri da
mamakacTa homoseqsualuri aqtebis video-
Canawerebi. Canawerebze TiToeuli studen-
tis reaqcia izomeboda mowyobilobiT, ro-
melic afiqsirebda misi penisis garSemo-
werilobis cvlilebebs. monacemebis mi-
xedviT, ar gansxvavdeboda heteroseqsualur
da lesbosur aqtebze homofobikTa da
arahomofobikTa reaqciebi, Tumca, homofo-
bikur mamakacebs mniSvnelovnad meti aR-
gzneba aReniSnebodaT mamakacTa homoseq-
sualuri aqtebis yurebisas (Adams et al., 1996).
es kvleva gvafiqrebinebs, rom zogierTi
mamakacis Zalian Zlieri uaryofiTi damokide-
buleba homoseqsualurobis mimarT, nawilobriv,
SeiZleba momdinareobdes iqidan, rom maT ar
surT sxva mamakacebisadmi sakuTari seqsualuri
ltolvebis arsebobis aRiareba.
homoseqsualTa umravlesoba droTa ganmav-
lobaSi acnobierebs, rom isini eltvian Tavisive
sqesis warmomadgenlebs sazogadoebrivi homo-
fobiis, mtruli damokidebulebis pirobebSi,
aseTma pirobebma ki SeiZleba gaarTulos am
Tavi 12 / motivacia
garda amisa, homoseqsual individTa umravlesoba
SfoTavs ara Tavisi homoseqsualobis, aramed
imis gamo, rom mudmivad uxdebaT sakuTari seq-
sualuri identurobis gamovlena („saaSkaraoze
gamosvla~), an dafarva („sakuTar naWuWSi jdoma~)
sakuTar ojaxTan, megobrebTan da Tanam-
SromlebTan (D,Augelli, 1993). 1973 wels amerikis
fsiqiatriulma asociaciam xma misca homoseqsua-
lizmis fsiqologiur aSlilobaTa nusxidan
amoRebas; 1975 wels igive gaimeora amerikis
fsiqologiurma asociaciam (Morin & Rothblum, 1991).
aseTi naCqarevi nabiji im monacemebze day-
rdnobiT gadaidga, romelTa mixedviTac, homo-
seqsualTa umravlesoba bednieri, produqtuli
adamianebi iyvnen, romelTac sulac ar surdaT
sakuTari seqsualuri orientaciis Secvla im
SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu ,,magiuri abi~ SesaZlebels
gaxdida amas (Bell & Weinberg, 1978; Siegeman, 1972).
am monacemebis mixedviT, homoseqsualobasTan
dakavSirebuli stresi, umeteswilad, ganpi-
robebulia ara Tavad seqsualuri motivaciiT
_ homoseqsualebisTvis sruliad misaRebia
sakuTari orientacia, aramed seqsualuri mo-
tivaciis gamovlenaze sxva adamianebis reaqcie-
biT. rogorc mosalodneli iyo, homoseqsuali
mamakacebi da lesboseli qalebi iseve fiqroben
da zrunaven sasiyvarulo urTierTobebis dam-
yarebasa da SenarCunebaze, rogorc heteroseq-
sualebi (D’Augelli, 1993).
orive sqesis homoseqsualTa ,,saaSkaraoze
gamosvlisTvis~ mzaoba SeiZleba pirveli nabiji
gaxdes sazogadoebis mxridan maTdami mtrobis
Semcirebisken. gamokvlevebma aCvena, rom adamianTa
ganwyoba homoseqsuali adamianebis mimarT
gacilebiT naklebad uaryofiTia, Tu isini icno-
ben am jgufSi Semaval individebs. faqtobrivad,
rac ufro met homoseqsuals icnobs individi
saSualod, miT ufro keTilganwobilia misi
damokidebuleba maTdami (Herek & Capitanio, 1996)
(rodesac me-18 TavSi crurwmenebis Temas gan-

ltolvebis dakmayofileba. faqtobrivad, mra-

vixilavT, kvlav vnaxavT, Tu rogor mihyavs
vali homoseqsuali mamakaci da lesboseli qali
umciresobasTan urTierTobas adamiani maTdami
ganicdis imas, rasac SeZenili homofobia, anu
gacilebiT dadebiT ganwyobamde). icnobT
SeZenili homonegativizmi ewodeba (Allen & Oleson,
romelime homoseqsual mamakacs, lesbosels an
1999; Ross & Rosser, 1996; Shidlo, 1994). a s e T
biseqsuals? rogor Seicvala Tqveni ganwyobebi
SemTxvevebSi SeiZleba warmoiqmnas fsiqolo-
maTTan urTierTobis Sedegad? iqneb, Tqven Tavad
giuri distresi, radgan (orive sqesis) homoseq-
xarT homoseqsuali an biseqsuali? ra gavlena
sual individs SeZenili (interiorizebuli)
moaxdina an SeiZleba moaxdinos sxvebze imis
aqvs sazogadoebis uaryofiTi damokidebuleba.
488
codnam, rom Tqven homoseqsuali xarT?
 homoseqsualobis es mokle mimoxilva saSua-
lebas gvaZlevs ganvamtkicoT Cveni mTavari pirovnuli miRwevis
daskvna adamianis seqsualuri motivaciis Sesaxeb. motivacia
seqsualuri qcevis zogierTi impulsi Signidan
momdinareobs _ memkvidreobiT miRebuli genebi
da saxeobis evolucia uzrunvelgvyofs homo- ratom aRwevs zogierTi adamiani warmatebas,
seqsualuri da heteroseqsualuri qcevis Sinagani zogierTi ki warumatebelia? magaliTad, ratom
modelebiT; Tumca, garegani garemo1 aseve war- SeuZliaT zogierTebs lamanSis srutis gada-
moadgens seqsualuri motivaciis wyaros. Tqven curva, sxvebi ki sevdianad napiridan iqneven
daiswavliT, rom zogierTi stimuli gansakuT- xels? albaT, daapirebT, rom zogierTi es
rebiT mimzidvelia, xolo qcevis esa Tu is gansxvaveba iseTi genetikuri faqtorebiT axsnaT,
forma misaRebia socialuri kulturis far- rogoricaa sxeulis wyoba da Tqven marTali
glebSi. homoseqsualobis SemTxvevaSi garegani iqnebiT, magram Tqven isic iciT, rom zogierTi
sazogadoebrivi normebi SeiZleba Sinagani adamiani ubralod ufro metad aris dain-
bunebis karnaxis sapirispirod moqmedebdes. teresebuli lamanSis srutis gadacurviT, vidre
axla mniSvnelovani motivaciis mesame maga- sxvebi. amrigad, Cven vubrundebiT motivaciis
liTis ganxilvaze gadavideT. vnaxoT, ra Zalebi kvlevis erT-erT ZiriTad mizezs. amjerad
ganawyobs individs fardobiTi warmatebisTvis yuradReba im motivaciur Zalebze SevaCeroT,
an marcxisTvis. romlebic sxvadasxva adamianebs pirovnuli
miRwevis sxvadasxva donisken ubiZgeben.
dasawyisisTvis ganvixiloT konstruqti, romel-
sac miRwevis moTxovnileba ewodeba.
Sejameba
cxovelebis seqsualur qcevas, ZiriTadad,
hormonebi marTavs. miuxedavad amisa, mewyvilis miRwevis moTxovnileba
arCevanze gavlenas axdens garemos faqtorebi.
jer kidev 1938 wels henri mareim (Henry Murray)
mastersma da jonsonma pirvelebma ikvlies
ganacxada adamianTan miRwevis moTxovnilebis
adamianis seqsualuri reaqciebi, romlebic
arsebobis Sesaxeb. miRwevis moTxovnilebis Zala
SeiZleba Semdeg fazebad daiyos: agzneba, plato,
gansxvavebulia sxvadasxva adamianTan da gavlenas
orgazmi da gadawyveta. evoluciuri fsiqologebi
axdens maT mier warmatebis miRwevis da sakuTari
cdiloben mamakacebisa da qalebis seqsualuri
moRvaweobis Sefasebis tendenciaze. devid
qcevebis paternebis axsnas reproduqciis rea-
maklelandma da misma kolegebma (David McCLelland,
liebTan dakavSirebul, gansxvavebul strate-
1953) am moTxovnilebis siZlieris gazomvis
giebze dayrdnobiT. garkeuli tipis seqsualuri
meTodika SeimuSaves da sxvadasxva sazogadoebaSi
qcevebi kolejis studentebs riskis winaSe aye-
miRwevis motivaciis siZlieres, motivaciis
nebs. qalis an mamakacis seqsualuri scenarebis pirovnuli miRwevis motivacia
SeuTavseblobis erT-erTi Sedegi paemanze
gaupatiureba SeiZleba iyos. heteroseqsualobis
msgavsad, homoseqsualoba viTardeba rogorc
garegani, ise Sinagani motivaciuri Zalebis
gavlenis Sedegad. mravali homoseqsuali mama-
kacisa da lesboseli qalisTvis yvelaze mZime
tvirTs sazogadoebriv homofobiasTan gamklaveba
warmoadgens.

1
External environment – igulisxmeba yvelaferi is, rac
arsebobs adamianis gareT. amis sapirispiroa Sinagani
garemo, anu is, rac adamianis SigniTaa (mTargmnelis
SeniSvna),
489
 wamaxalisebel pirobebsa da samuSao pirobebSi
mis Sedegebs Soris kavSirs ikvlevdnen. miRwevis
moTxovnilebis siZlieris dasadgenad maklela-
ndi kvlevis monawileTa fantazias iyenebda.
monawileebs waredginebodaT e.w. Tematuri
apercepciis testis (Tat) bundovani suraTebis
seria da moeTxovebodaT maT mixedviT moTxro-
bebis Sedgena. maT unda aReweraT, Tu ra xdeboda
suraTze, savaraudod, rogor ganviTardeboda
movlenebi momavalSi da rogor dasruldeboda.
navaraudevi iyo, rom isini Seqmnil siuJetebSi
TavianTi faseulobebis, interesebisa da moti-
vebis proecirebas moaxdendnen. maklelandis
sityvebiT: „Tu gsurT, rom icodeT, ra xdeba
adamianis TavSi, ar hkiTxoT mas amis Sesaxeb,
radgan mas ar SeuZlia yovelTvis zustad
giTxraT. dainteresdiT misi fantaziebiT da
ocnebebiT. Tu amas garkveuli drois manZilze
gaakeTebT, aRmoaCenT im Temebs, romelsac misi
goneba kvlav da kvlav ubrundeba. am Temebis
gamoyeneba misi qmedebebis asaxsnelad SeiZleba~
(David McCLelland, 1971, gv.5).
im moTxrobebze dayrdnobiT, romelsac
monawileni yvebodnen wardgenili Tat-is
suraTebis mixedviT, maklelandma SeimuSava
gazomvis erTeulebi adamianis ramdenime moTxov-
nilebisTvis, maT Soris Zalauflebis, afila-
ciisa da miRwevis moTxovnilebebisTvis. miRwevis
moTxovnileba pirobiTad aRiniSneba, rogorc n
Ach2. is asaxavs individualur gansxvavebebs imaSi,
Tu ramdenad mniSvnelovania individisTvis miz-
nis dasaxva da mis misaRwevad Sroma. suraTze
12.5. mocemul magaliTSi warmodgenilia ori
siuJeti, romelic Tat-is erTi da imave suraTis
mixedviT Seqmnes miRwevis maRali da dabali
moTxovnilebebis mqone individebma. rogorc
laboratoriulma, ise realuri cxovrebiseuli
situaciebis kvlevebma daadastures am sazomis
validuroba.
magaliTad, n Ach maRali maCveneblebis mqone
Tavi 12 / motivacia
individebi ufro metad miiweven zemoT, vidre
dabali maCveneblebis mqoneni. n Ach-is maRali
maCveneblebis mqone vaJiSvilebi profesiul
asparezze metad aRweven TavianT mamebze ufro
maRal statuss, vidre is vaJiSvilebi, romlebic
n Ach-is dabali maCveneblebiT xasiaTdebian
(McLaland et al., 1976). n Ach-is maRali maCveneblebis
2 melic qmnis adamianis azrebisa da qcevebis
n Ach – n eed for Ach ievement.
490
suraTi
12.5
Tat-is suraTis alternatiuli
interpretaciebi
moTxroba, romelic miRwevis maRal
moTxovnilebaze miuTiTebs
am biWunam es-es aris daamTavra violinoze dakvris
gakveTili. is kmayofilia im SedegebiT, rasac ukve miaRwia
da mas ukve sjera, rom misi winsvla Rirs mis mier
gaRebul msxverplad. sakoncerto mevioline rom gaxdes,
man unda daTmos mravali Cveulebrivi adamianuri
saqmianoba, raTa yoveldRe ramdenime saaTi imecadinos.
miuxedavad imisa, rom man icis _ gacilebiT met fuls
iSovis mamamisis bizness Tu mihyofs xels, misTvis
gacilebiT sainteresoa, rom gaxdes didi mevioline da
siamovneba da sixaruli mianiWos adamianebs Tavisi musikiT.
is yovelTvis ganaaxlebs Tavis mcdelobas, radac ar
unda daujdes mas es.
moTxroba, romelic miRwevis dabal
moTxovnilebaze miuTiTebs
biWunas xelSi uWiravs Zmis violino da surs, rom
TviTonac icodes dakvra. magram icis, rom ar aqvs
gakveTilebisTvis saWiro dro, energia da fuli. is
wuxs Zmis gamo, radgan man uari Tqva uamrav gasarTobze,
raTa emecadina, emecadina da kvlav emecadina. Zalian
kargi iqneboda erT dres umaRlesi klasis musikosad
gaRviZeboda, magram es ase ar xdeba. realobaa mosawyeni
mecadineoba, yovelgvari mxiarulebis gareSe da didi
albaToba imisa, rom iyo kidev erTi Cveulebrivi
orkestranti, romelic erT-erT patara qalaqSi ukravs.
Tematuri apercepciis testi _ Tat (Thematic
Apperception Test – TAT) _ proeqciuli testi,
romelSic individs garkveuli TanmimdevrobiT
waredgineba suraTebi (romlebic mravalgvari
interpretaciis SesaZleblobas iZleva) da
moeTxoveba TiToeuli maTganis mixedviT
moTxrobis mofiqreba.
miRwevis moTxovnileba (Need for achievement – n
Ach) _ savaraudod, adamianis ZiriTadi moTxov-
nileba _ miznis miRwevisaken swrafvis _ ro-
farTo speqtris motivaciur safuZvels.
mqone qalebsa da mamakacebs 31 wlis asakSi
miRebasa da tualetiT sargeblobas. mak-
Sromis ufro maRali anazRaureba aqvT, vidre n
lelandma da francma CaTvales, rom bav-
Achh-is dabali maCveneblebis mqone adamianebs
Svebi ganicdidnen Zlier zewolas miznis
41 wlis asakSi (McLeland & Franz, 1992). migviTiTebs
miRwevisTvis im SemTxvevaSi, Tu maT
Tu ara es monacemebi imaze, rom maRali n Ach-
mSoblebi sakvebis miRebasa da tualetiT
is individebi yovelTvis mzad arian gulmodgine
sargeblobas mkacri wesebiT aswavlidnen.
SromisTvis? cxadia, ara. Tu maRali n Ach-is
mTlianobaSi aRiniSneboda dadebiTi
mqone individebs wardgenili amocana rTulad
korelacia miznis miRwevisTvis bavSvobaSi
eCvenebaT, isini maleve anebeben Tavs mis
gancdil Zlier zewolasa da Semdgom
gadawyvetas (Feather, 1961). is, rac namdvilad
mozrdilobaSi maRal n Ach-s Soris. garda
tipuri Cans maRali n Ach-is mqone individebi-
amisa, im bavSvebis wliuri Semosavali,
sTvis, efeqtianobis, Sedegianobis wyurvilia
romlebic miznis miRwevisTvis Zlier
_ igive Sedegis miReba naklebi ZalisxmeviT.
zewolas ganicdidnen, mozrdilobaSi
Tu ajobeben Tanatolebs da ukeTes Sedegebs
daaxloebiT $10.000-iT ufro mets Seadgenda,
aCveneben, es SeiZleba imitom moxdes, rom isini
vidre maTi Tanatolebis wliuri Semo-
Zalian afaseben gaweuli Zalisxmevis ukukav-
savali, romelTac ar hqondaT bavSvobaSi
Sirsac, romlis mixedviTac msjeloben sakuTari
aseTi gamocdileba.
warmatebulobis Sesaxeb. Sromis anazRaureba,
rogorc warmatebulobis xarisxis maCvenebeli,
sakmaod konkretuli sazomia (MacCleland, 161, es monacemebi gvafiqrebinebs, rom Tqveni
McLeland &Franz, 1992). miRwevis moTxovnilebis xarisxi SeiZleba Tqveni
rogor warmoiqmneba miRwevis maRali moTxov- cxovrebis pirvelive wlebSi Camoyalibebuliyo.
nileba? mkvlevrebi dainteresdnen imiT, Tu ram-
denad SesaZlebelia, rom mSoblebis mier gamo-
yenebulma aRzrdis stilma ganapirobos Svi-
lebSi miRwevis maRali Tu dabali moTxov-
warmatebisa da marcxis
nilebis ganviTareba. qvemoT warmodgenilia atribucia
bostoneli bavSvebis jgufis longituduri miRwevis moTxovnileba ar aris erTaderTi
analiziT miRebuli monacemebi. cvladi, romelic pirovnul warmatebaSi
dainteresebulobaze axdens gavlenas. rom
saidan vnaxoT, ratom, ganvixiloT hipoTeturi magaliTi.
warmoidgineT, rom gyavT ori megobari, romlebic
viciT erTsa da imave sagans swavloben. pirveli
semestris Sualedur gamocdaSi orivem miiRo
aRzrdis meTodebi da miRwevis
Sefaseba „C~. rogor fiqrobT, erTnairad iqnebian
moTxovnileba pirovnuli miRwevis motivacia
isini motivirebulni, rom bejiTad imecadinon
devid maklelandma da kerol francma
(Devid McLeland & Cakol Franz, 1992) erTmaneTs
Seadares, erTi mxriv, monacemebi aRzrdis
meTodebis Sesaxeb, romlebic 1951 wels
agrovda, rodesac kvlevaSi monawile
bavSvebi daaxloebiT 5 wlisani iyvnen
da, meore mxriv, monacemebi n Ach-isa da
Semosavlis Sesaxeb, romlebic 1987-1988
wlebSi agrovda, rodesac kvlevis mona-
wileni ukve 41 wlisani iyvnen. 1951 wels
mSoblebs sTxovdnen, aReniSnaT, Tu rogor
aswavlidnen TavianT Svilebs sakvebis
491

suraTi
12.6
qcevis Sedegebis mizezebis atribucia
oTxi SesaZlo Sedegi momdinareobs qcevis atribuciis
mxolod ori wyarodan: kontrolis lokusidan da im
situaciidan, romelSic qceva xorcieldeba. Se-
saZleblobiT atribucia ekuTvnis kombinacias Si-
nagani-ucvleli, ZalisxmeviT atribucia _ kombinacias
Sinagani-cvalebadi; rTuli amocana (testi) _ rodesac
uSveb garegani ucvleli Zalebis moqmedebas, iRbali
_ kombinacias garegani-cvalebadi.
meore semestris Sualeduri gamocdisTvis? am
kiTxvaze pasuxi, nawilobriv, damokidebulia
imaze, Tu rogor axsnas mouZebnis TiToeuli
maTgani miRebul Sefasebas.
magaliTad, ganvixiloT kontrolis lokusis
mniSvneloba (Rotter, 1954). orientacia kontrolis
lokusze, anu imaze, Tu sad mdebareobs momxdaris
mizezi _ aris warmodgena imis Sesaxeb, rom
Tqveni moqmedebebis Sedegebi damokidebulia
Tqven mierve ganxorcielebul qmedebebze
(orientacia internalur, anu Sinagan kontrol-
ze) Tu garemos faqtorebze (orientacia eqster-
nalur, anu garegan kontrolze). zemoT motanil
magaliTSi „C~-s miReba Tqvenma megobarma SeiZ-
leba miaweros garegan (Senobis gareT mimdinare
mSeneblobis xmurs gamocdis msvlelobisas) an
Sinagan (sust mexsierebas) mizezs. atribucia
aris msjeloba Sedegebis mizezebis Sesaxeb
Tavi 12 / motivacia
(atribuciis Teorias ufro vrclad me-17 TavSi
ganvixilavT.) mocemul SemTxvevaSi atribuciam
SeiZleba gavlena moaxdinos motivaciaze. Tu
Tqveni megobrebi darwmunebulni arian, rom
gamocdaze miRebuli niSani SeiZleba mSeneb-
lobis xmaurs mieweros, metad mosalodnelia,
atribucia (Attribution) _ msjeloba Sedegebis
492
mizezebis Sesaxeb.
rom isini bejiTad iSromeben momdevno gamoc-
disTvis, xolo, Tu isini warumateblobis atri-
bucias sust mexsierebaze axdenen, savaraudoa,
rom naklebad gulmodgineni iqnebian momavalSi.
kontrolis lokusi ar aris erTaderTi
ganzomileba, romelzec SeiZleba varirebdes
atribucia (Peterson & Selingman, 1984). Cven aseTi
kiTxvac SegviZlia davsvaT: ,,ramdenad ucvleli
(stabiluri) da mdgradia an cvalebadi (arasta-
biluri) da aramdgradia mizezobrivi faqtori
droTa ganmavlobaSi?~ pasuxi gvaZlevs ganzomi-
lebas ucvleli-cvalebadi (stabiluri-ara-
stabiluri); an SegviZlia vikiTxoT: ,,ramdenad
aris mizezobrivi faqtori Zalze konkretuli
(specifikuri) da SezRuduli mkafiod gansazRvru-
li amocaniT an situaciiT, anda zogadi
(globaluri) da farTod gamoyenebadi sxvadasxva
garemoebebisa da amocanebis SemTxvevaSi?~ pasuxi
gvaZlevs ganzomilebas zogadi-konkretuli
(globaluri-specifikuri).
12.6 suraTze mocemulia magaliTi imisa, Tu
rogor SeiZleba urTierTqmedebdes kontrolis
lokusi da stabiluroba. yuradReba SevaCeroT
gamocdaze miRebuli Sefasebis atribuciaze.
Tqvenma megobrebma miRebuli Sefasebebi SeiZ-
leba iseTi Sinagani faqtorebis Sedegad miiC-
nion, rogoricaa SesaZlebloba (ucvleli pirov-
nuli maxasiaTebeli) an Zalisxmeva (cvalebadi
pirovnuli Tviseba); anda miRebuli Sefaseba
maT SeiZleba iseTi garegani faqtorebiT
gamowveulad CaTvalon, rogoricaa: amocanis
sirTule, sxva adamianebis moqmedeba (ucvleli
situaciuri problema) an iRbali (cvalebadi
garegani maxasiaTebeli). imisda mixedviT, Tu
ra xasiaTis atribucia mouZebnes TavianT warma-
tebasa Tu marcxs, maTi emocia, savaraudod,
erT-erTi im emociaTagani iqneba, romelic
warmodgenilia cxrilSi 12.4. mniSvnelovani aq
isaa, rom interpretaciis tipi imoqmedebs
rogorc emociebze, ise Semdgom motivaciaze _
ufro bejiTad mecadineobaze, an SromisTvis
Tavis danebebaze _ warmatebisa Tu marcxis
realuri mizezisgan damoukideblad.
aqamde ganvixilavdiT im SesaZleblobas,
rodesac Tqveni orive megobari erTnairad xsnis
maT mier miRebul „C~ Sefasebas, magram Zalze
mosalodnelia, rom isini gansxvavebul axsnebs
mogvcemen. erT-erTma es SeiZleba raime garegans
(,,profesorma arasamarTlianad Caatara gamocda~)
 12.4
cxrili individs depresiis riskis winaSe ayenebs (da
depresiis erT-erTi simptomia Semcirebuli
atribuciaze damokidebuli emociuri motivacia). axla ki vnaxoT, rogor SeuZlia
reaqciebi axsnis stils, rom semestris bolos Tqvenma
erT-erTma megobarma „A~, meorem ki _ „F~ Sefaseba
Tqveni grZnobebi warmatebasa da marcxTan dakav-
SirebiT damokidebulia atribuciis im stilze, ro- miiRos. selingmeni da misi gundi cdilobdnen
melsac axdenT Sedegebis mizezebis mixedviT. ma- aexsnaT, Tu ratom SeuZlia erT adamians marcxis
galiTad, Tqven amayobT warmatebiT maSin, roca am sawinaaRmdegod moqmedeba, meores ki _ ara.
warmatebas sakuTar unarebs miawerT, da daTrgunuli
aRmoCnda, rom saidumlo ingredienti nacnobi
xarT, Tu marcxs SesaZleblobis arqonis Sedegad
aRiqvamT; anda ganicdiT madlierebis grZnobas, da, erTi SexedviT, martivi ram iyo _ optimizmi
rodesac Tqven mier miRweul warmatebas sxvaTa moq- da pesimizmi. aRsaniSnavia, rom samyaros xedvis
medebas miawerT da brazobT, roca sxvebi migaCniaT es ori gansxvavebuli gza gavlenas axdens moti-
Tqveni marcxis mizezad.
vaciaze, guneba-ganwyobasa da qcevaze.
emociuri reaqciebi
atribuciis pesimisturi stili mimarTulia
atribucia warmateba marcxi marcxis Sinagani warmoSobis mizezebze. garda
SesaZlebloba kompetenturoba arakompetenturoba amisa, cudi situacia da individis roli mis
darwmunebuloba brZolaze uaris gamowvevaSi ucvlelad da zogadad (stabilurad
siamaye Tqma da globalurad) miiCneva: ,,me amas ver Sevcvli
daTrgunuloba
da es gavlenas moaxdens yvelaferze.~ atribuciis
Zalisxmeva Semsubuqeba braleulobis
optimisturi stili marcxs garegani mizezebis
kmayofileba gancda
Sedegad ganixilavs: ,,testi arasamarTliani iyo~,
moduneba sircxvili
SiSi xolo movlenebi cvalebadi (arastabiluri) an
modificirebadia da konkretuli (specifikuri):
sxvaTa madliereba brazi
moqmedeba mrisxaneba ,,Tu met Zalisxmeva gavwev, momavalSi ukeTesad
gakvirveba
gavarTmev Tavs da es erTi warumatebloba
bedi gakvirveba
sindisis qenjna gaoceba gavlenas ver moaxdens imaze, Tu rogor Sevas-
ruleb CemTvis mniSvnelovan sxva davalebas~.
es mizezobrivi axsnebi sapirispirod brun-
miaweros, meorem ki _ raime Sinagans („ar var deba, rodesac warmatebaze vsaubrobT. optimisti
imdenad Wkviani, rom davZlio es sagani~). mkvlev- iRebs srul pirovnul Sinagan-ucvlel-zogad
rebma aCvenes, rom is, Tu rogor xsnian adamianebi pasuxismgeblobas warmatebaze, xolo pesimisti
maT cxovrebaSi mimdinare movlenebs _ banqoSi Tavis warmatebas garegan-cvalebad-zogad an
mogebidan dawyebuli paemnis SeTavazebaze uaris konkretul faqtorebs miawers. vinaidan is
TqmiT damTavrebuli _ SeiZleba maT cxovrebise- Tvlis, rom ganwirulia marcxisTvis, pesimisti
ul, Cveul atribuciul stilad iqces (Haines et ufro cudad asrulebs davalebas, vidre
al., 1999). Tqveni warmatebebisa da marcxebis axsnis mosalodnelia misi SesaZleblobebis obieqturi
pirovnuli miRwevis motivacia

stilma SeiZleba gavlena moaxdinos Tqvens sazomebidan gamomdinare. ZiriTadad, kvlevebi

motivaciaze, guneba-ganwyobilebasa da saTana-
dod moqmedebis unarzec ki. ramdenime wlis
manZilze mkvlevari martin selingmeni (Martin
Selingman) Seiswavlida, Tu rogor moqmedebs
adamianebis axsnis stili _ maTi optimizmisa
Tu pesimizmis xarisxi _ maT aqtiurobasa da
pasiurobaze da imazec, Seupovrad midian miz-
nisken isini Tu iolad nebdebian, riskaven Tu
frTxilad moqmedeben (Selingman, 1991).
me-15 TavSi vnaxavT, rom Sinagani-zogadi-
ucvleli (internaluri-globaluri-stabiluri)
axsnis stili (,,me arasodes viqcevi sworad~)
adastureben optimizmisa da pesimizmis Sesaxeb
aseTi ganzogadebis siswores. magaliTad, erT-
erT kvlevaSi zomavdnen 130 mamakacis axsnis
stils, romlebic Sesyidvebis agentebad muSaob-
dnen gaerTianebuli samefos wamyvan sadezRveo
kompaniaSi (Corr & GGray, 1996). aRmoCnda, rom is
mamakacebi, romlebic atribuciis SedarebiT
dadebiTi stiliT xasiaTdebodnen, ufro met
garigebebs debdnen. yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi
movlenebis interpretacia gavlenas axdens
optimistTa da pesimistTa samomavlo amocanebis
Sesrulebis motivaciis doneze. 493
 am qveTavis dasasruls ganvixiloT erT-erTi
kvleva, romelic gviCvenebs mizezobrivi atri-
buciis gavlenas saswavlo garemoSi.
saidan
viciT
atribuciis reorientacia profesiuli
moRvaweobis SesaZleblobebTan
mimarTebaSi
rodesac kolejs amTavrebT, SeZlebis-
dagvarad saukeTeso samuSaos miReba gsurT,
magram rogor fiqrobT, rogor moxdeba
es? karg samuSaoze mowyobas Tqveni sa-
kuTari ostatobiTa da iniciativianobiT
(Sinagani atribucia) apirebT, Tu SemTxve-
viTi pirobebisa da kargi iRblis wyalo-
biT (garegani atribucia)? mkvlevrebi vara-
udoben, rom is studentebi, romelTac
sjeraT, rom Tavad ganapirobeben sakuTar
profesiul warmatebas, ufro metad axor-
cieleben TavianT profesiul miswrafebebs.
am TvalsazrisiT, ra SeiZleba gakeTdes
studentebis wasaxaliseblad, rom maT
garegani atribucia SinaganiT Secvalon?
mkvlevarTa jgufma SeimuSava Carevis
meTodi, romelsac atribuciis reorien-
tacia uwoda. studentTa jgufs, romelTac
miaCndaT, rom maTze mcire ram iyo damo-
kidebuli karieraSi winsvlis Tvalsaz-
risiT, ayurebinebdnen videokasetas, romel-
zec Cawerili iyo maTi universitetis
kursdamTavrebuli qalisa da mamakacis dia-
logi. eqsperimentuli jgufisTvis gankuT-
vnili dialogi Seexeboda imas, Tu rogor
miiRes maT gadawyvetileba karieris Tao-
baze: ,,rac ufro vizrdebodi, metad vac-
nobierebdi, rom nebismieri ram, rac Cemi
karierisTvis mniSvnelovani da Rirebuli
Tavi 12 / motivacia
iqneboda, Cemgan bejiTad Sromasa da
Zalisxmevas moiTxovda~ (Luzzo et al., 1996,
gv. 417). sakontrolo jgufi ar iRebda
aseT informacias. am xanmokle Carevis
Semdeg eqsperimentuli jgufis wevrebma
gamoavlines ufro metad internaluri
kontrolis lokusi karieris arCevisas
da, aseve, Semdgom ufro metad CaerTvnen
494 saqmianobaSi, romelic profesiuli zrdis
SesaZleblobebs ukavSirdeboda. sakontro-
lo jgufs ar aReniSneboda aseTi cvli-
lebebi (Luzzo et al., 1996).
imis gamo, rom atribucia gavlenas
axdens motivaciaze, cotaodeni infor-
maciis miwodebam karieris arCevanis Sesaxeb
didi gavlena iqonia momavlis Sesaxeb
studentTa mosazrebebze.
Cven vTvliT, rom fsiqologiuri kvleva am
mimarTulebiT TqvenTvis sasargeblo aRmoCndeba.
Tqven SegiZliaT gamoimuSaoT Tqveni warmatebisa
da marcxis axsnis optimisturi stili. SegiZ-
liaT situaciaSi SesaZlo mizezebis moZiebiT
Tavidan aiciloT warumateblobebis uaryofiTi,
stabiluri dispoziciuri atribucia. dabolos,
nu miscemT droebiT Cavardnebs uflebas, rom
SegiryioT motivacia. Tqven SegiZliaT gamoi-
yenoT gamokvlevebze damyarebuli es rCeva Tqveni
cxovrebis gasaumjobeseblad _ rasac yovelTvis
SegaxseneT am wignSi.
Sromisa da organizaciuli
fsiqologia
warmovidginoT, rom Tqveni pozitiuri
filosofia dagexmaraT, did korporaciaSi
dagewyoT muSaoba. SegviZlia zustad viwinas-
warmetyveloT, ramdenad motivirebuli iqnebiT,
Tu gvecodineba Tqveni miRwevis moTxovnilebis
maCvenebeli an axsnis stili? Tqveni motivaciis
done, nawilobriv, damokidebuli iqneba im zogad
konteqstze _ wesebsa da adamianebze, sadac
muSaobT. aRiarebs ra im faqts, rom samuSao
garemo rTuli socialuri sistemaa, organizaci-
uli fsiqologi swavlobs adamianuri urTierTo-
bebis sxvadasxava aspeqtebs, rogoricaa: Tanam-
SromelTa Soris informaciis gacvla, momsaxure
organizaciis fsiqologi (Organizational psycholo-
gist) _ swavlobs adamianuri urTierTobebis
sxvadasxva aspeqtebs, rogoricaa: TanamSromel-
Ta Soris informaciis gacvla, momsaxure per-
sonalis socialuri da kulturuli adaptacia,
marTvis stili da unarebi, samuSaosadmi an/
da organizaciisadmi damokidebuleba da er-
Tguleba, samuSaoTi kmayofileba, stresi da
gamofitva da, aseve, samuSao pirobebSi mTli-
anad cxovrebis xarisxi.

personalis socialuri da kulturuli adap-
tacia, marTvis stili da unarebi, samuSaosadmi
an/da organizaciisadmi damokidebuleba da
erTguleba, samuSaoTi kmayofileba, stresi da
gamofitva da, aseve, samuSao pirobebSi mTlianad
cxovrebis xarisxi. rogorc biznes konsul-
tantebi, organizaciuli fsiqologebi daxmarebas
uweven organizaciebs momsaxure personalis
dasaqmebaSi, SerCevasa da momzadebaSi. garda
amisa, isini amuSaveben rekomendaciebs samuSaos
gadastruqturebis Sesaxeb, raTa SesaZlebeli
gaxdes calkeuli TanamSromlebisadmi misi ukeT
morgeba. samuSao garemos gaumjobesebis mizniT
organizaciuli fsiqologebi iyeneben marTvis,
gadawyvetilebis miRebisa da ganviTarebis
Teoriebs.
ganvixiloT ori Teoria, romelic organizaci-
ulma fsiqologebma SeimuSaves samuSao adgilze
arsebuli motivaciis gasagebad. samarTlianobis
Teoria da molodinis Teoria cdiloben axsnan
da iwinaswarmetyvelon, Tu rogor moiqcevian
adamianebi sxvadasxva samuSao pirobebSi. am
Teoriebis Tanaxmad, muSakebi dakavebulni arian
garkveuli SemecnebiTi saqmianobiT, rogoricaa
samarTlianobis Sefaseba sakuTari socialuri
mdgomareobis sxva muSakebis socialur mdgo-
mareobasTan Sedarebis gziT, an mosalodneli
waxalisebis Sefaseba, romelic maT mier
Sesrulebul samuSaos ukavSirdeba.
samarTlianobis Teoria gulisxmobs, rom mu-
Saki motivirebulia TanamSromlebTan samar-
Tliani an Tanasworuflebiani urTierTobis
SenarCunebaze (Adams, 1965). muSakebi aRniSnaven
maT mier samuSaosTvis gaRebul xarjebs (SromiT
saqmianobasa da fulad danaxarjs) da Semosa-
vals (rasac iReben samuSaos Sesrulebis Se-
degad), Semdeg ki adareben maT TanamSromelTa
xarjebsa da Semosavals. rodesac a muSakis
danaxarjisa da Semosavlis Tanafardoba
utoldeba b muSakis danaxarjisa da Semosavlis
Tanafardobas (danaxarji a ÷ Semosavali a =
danaxarji b ÷ Semosavali b), maSin a muSaki
dakmayofilebulia. ukmayofileba Cndeba maSin,
rodesac es proporcia irRveva. vinaidan
uTanasworobis am grZnobis atana Zalian Znelia,
muSakebi motivirebulni xdebian, rom aRadginon
es proporcia imiT, rom saTanadod Secvalon
danaxarjebi da Semosavali. es SeiZleba iyos
qceviTi cvlilebebi (magaliTad, danaxarjis
Semcireba SromiTi saqmianobis Semcirebis
xarjze da Semosavlis gazrda Sromis anazRa-
urebis momatebis moTxovniT) an fsiqologiuri
cvlilebebi (magaliTad, danaxarjis _ „Cemi
samuSao arcTu ise kargia,~ an Semosavlis _
„gamimarTla, rom yoveli kviris bolos viReb
xelfass, romlis imedzec SemiZlia viyo,~
Rirebulebis axleburi interpretacia).
SeginiSnavT usamarTlobis, an samarTlia-
nobis Sedegebi Tqvens samuSao situaciebSi?
ganvixiloT situacia, rodesac Tqveni Tanam-
Sromeli ukeTes samuSaoze gadadis. ras ganic-
diT am dros? samarTlianobis Teoriis mixedviT,
Tqven SeiZleba grZnobdeT, rom usamarTlod
dagtoves arasasurvel samuSaoze. faqtobrivad,
rodesac muSaki ise midis samsaxuridan, rom is
ukmayofilebas gamoxatavs am samuSaos mimarT,
darCenili TanamSromlebi midrekilni arian
naklebi produqtulobisken _ isini amcireben
Sromis nayofierebas, raTa aRadginon darRveuli
Tanasworoba da samarTlianoba (Sheeman, 1993).
pirovnuli miRwevis motivacia
Tu Tqven xelmZRvanelis Tanamdebobaze mogiwevT
muSaoba, unda ecadoT, rom Tavidan aiciloT
aseTi damokidebulebis damkvidreba imiT, rom
daakmayofiloT Tqveni TanamSromlebis samar-
Tlianobis fsiqologiuri moTxovnilebebi.
samarTlianobis Teoria (Equity theory) _ samuSao
motivaciis kognituri Teoria, romlis mixedviT,
muSaki motivirebulia TanamSromlebTan samar-
Tliani an Tanasworuflebiani urTierTobis
SenarCunebaze; agreTve, am Teoriis mixedviT,
samarTliania is urTierTobebi, rodesac mona-
wileTa danaxarji maTi Semosavlis propor-
ciulia.
495
 magaliTad, ar unda dagaviwydeT „saTanado
axsnis~ sargeblianoba.
molodinis Teoriis mixedviT, muSaki moti-
virebulia maSin, rodesac is elodeba, rom
misi Zalisxmeva da Sroma misTvis sasurvel
Sedegs gamoiRebs (Harder, 1991; Porte & Lawler, 1968;
Vroom, 1964). sxva sityvebiT, adamianebi Seasru-
leben im samuSaos, romelsac mimzidvelad
(romelsac Tan sdevs sasurveli Sedegebi) da
Sesrulebadad CaTvlian. molodinis TeoriaSi
aqcenti keTdeba sam komponentze, esenia: mo-
lodini, instrumentaluroba da valentoba. mo-
lodini asaxavs imis mosalodnel albaTobas,
rom muSakis Zalisxmevis Sedegi iqneba mis mier
samuSaos garkveuli xarisxiT Sesruleba.
instrumentaluroba niSnavs, rom samuSaos Ses-
ruleba gamoiRebs garkveul Sedegs, rogoricaa,
magaliTad, Sromis anazRaureba an jildo.
valentoba gulisxmobs konkretuli Sedegis
mimzidvelobas muSakisTvis. konkretul samuSao
situaciaSi am sami komponentisTvis sxvadasxva
kombinaciis warmodgena SegiZliaT. Tqven
SeiZleba gaqvT samuSao, sadac didia albaToba
imisa, rom dagajildoeben warmatebuli
muSaobisTvis (maRali instrumentaluroba),
magram naklebia albaToba imisa, rom samuSaos
warmatebulad SeasrulebT (dabali molodini),
an naklebia albaToba imisa, rom miRebuli
jildo Rirebuli iqneba (dabali valentoba).
molodinis Teoriis Tanaxmad, muSaki afasebs
am sami komponentis albaTobebs da aerTianebs
maT maTi calkeuli mniSvnelobebis gadamrav-
lebiT. yvelaze maRali donis motivacia gvaqvs
maSin, rodesac didia samive komponentis al-
baToba, xolo dabali motivacia miiReba maSin,
rodesac samidan erT-erTi komponentis albaToba
nulis tolia.
xedavT, rogor SeiZleba dagexmaroT molo-
dinis Teoriis analizi, Tu xelmZRvanelis Ta-
namdebobaze mogiwevT muSaoba? Tqven unda
Tavi 12 / motivacia
iswavloT molodinis, instrumentalurobisa da
valentobis naTlad warmodgena; aseve, unda
SegeZloT gansazRvra _ am suraTSi yvelaferi
molodinis Teoria (Expectancy theory) _ samuSao
motivaciis Teoria, romlis mixedviT, muSaki
motivirebulia maSin, roca elis, rom misi
Zalisxmeva da samuSaos Sesruleba sasurvel
Sedegs gamoiRebs.
496
wesrigSia Tu romelime nawili gaumarTavia.
magaliTad, davuSvaT, rom muSakebi mividnen im
daskvnamde, rom maT Zalisxmevasa da amisTvis
miRebul anazRaurebas Soris arasakmarisi Tana-
fardobaa. rogor SecvlidiT samuSao pirobebs,
raTa aRgedginaT instrumentalurobis maRali
Rirebuleba?
winamdebare qveTavis daskvnis saxiT gTava-
zobT gamafrTxilebel SeniSvnas samuSao ga-
remoSi miRwevisa da motivaciis Sesaxeb. rodesac
pirovnul gadawyvetilebas iRebT, Tu ramdenad
gulmodgined da dabejiTebiT SegiZliaT Sroma
Tqvens profesiul asparezze, yuradRebiT
gadaxedeT Tqveni cxovrebis sxva aspeqtebsac.
rogorc momdevno TavSi vnaxavT, agresiulma
swrafvam warmatebisken SeiZleba garkveulwilad
xeli SegiSaloT xangrZlivad da janmrTelad
cxovrebaSi.
Sejameba
fsiqologebi zomaven miRwevis moTxovnilebas,
raTa gamoTqvan varaudebi imis Sesaxeb, Tu
rogor warimarTeba adamianis cxovreba da ra
elis mas. motivaciaze gavlenas axdens mi-
zezobrivi atribucia, romelic SeiZleba moi-
cavdes konkretul an zogad, ucvlel an cvalebad
da Sinagan an garegan faqtorebs. mkvlevrebma
gansazRvres axsnis optimisturi da pesimisturi
stilebi, romelic gavlenas axdens imaze, Tu
rogor asruleben adamianebi dasaxul amocanebs
da ramdenad dabejiTebiT akeTeben amas. orga-
nizaciuli fsiqologebis interesTa sferoSi
Sedis samuSao adgilze moqmedi mamotivirebeli
faqtorebi. samarTlianobis da molodinis Te-
oriebi aRweren, Tu rogor moqmedebs muSakis
mosazrebebi samuSao situaciis Sesaxeb mis
motivaciasa da Sromis Sedegebze.
moTxovnilebaTa ierarqia
bolo sam qveTavSi motivaciis specifikur
tipebze da qcevis specifikur tipebze SevaCereT
Tqveni yuradReba. Tavis dasasruls isev da-
vubrundeT motivaciis ufro zogad mniSvne-
lobas. Cven gvsurs zogadi warmodgena SegiqmnaT
 fsiqologia Cvens cxovrebaSi
SeuZlia Tu ara fsiqologias karieris arCevaSi daxmareba
Tu Tqven odesme gqoniaT
iseTi samsaxuri, romelic ar
mogwondaT, albaT, bevri geco-
dinebaT imis Sesaxeb, Tu ras
niSnavs, itanjebodeT motiva-
ciis naklebobiT: autanelia
Tavad azri samsaxurSi misvlis
Sesaxeb; TiToeuli wuTi saaTad
geCvenebaT. warmatebuli kari-
eris erT-erTi mniSvnelovani
nawilia iseTi samuSao garemos
moZebna, sadac Sesasrulebeli
samuSao da misTvis miRebuli
anazRaureba Tqveni motivaciuri
moTxovnilebebis Sesatyvisi
iqneba. albaT, ar gagikvirdebaT,
rom mkvlevrebi swavlobdnen
profesiuli mowodebisa da
adamianebis pirovnuli Tvi-
sebebis, faseulobebsa da mo-
Txovnilebebis urTierTTan-
xvedris sakiTxebs.
profesiuli warmatebis miR-
wevis motivaciis SesanarCuneb-
lad Tqveni interesebisa da
TqvenTvis faseuli miznebis
Sesatyvisi samuSao unda gqon-
deT. profesiuli interesis
farTod gavrcelebuli sazomia
strongis profesiuli intere-
sebis kiTxvari, romelic eduard
strongs (Edward Strong) ekuTvnis.
testis Sesaqmnelad man gamoki-
Txa sxvadasxva profesiis ma-
makacTa jgufebi im saqmianobebs
Sesaxeb, romlebic maT mos-
wondaT, an ar moswondaT. Semdeg,
skalis misaRebad, im respo-
dentTa mier gacemuli pasuxebi,
romlebic warmatebulni iyven
konkretul profesiebSi, Sea-
dara Cveulebrivi respondenti
mamakacebis pasuxebs.
testis Semdeg versiebs (maT
Soris 1994 wels redaqti-
rebuls) daemata qalebisTvis
relevanturi skalebi da axali
profesiebi (Harmon et al., 1994).
strongis profesiuli intere-
sebis kiTxvari sakmaod warma-
tebiT adgens kavSirs adamianebis
mier mowonebul da armowonebul
saqmianobebsa da Sesabamis pro-
fesiebs Soris (Donnay &Borgen,
1996). Tu Tqven SeavsebT am tests,
profesiuli konsultanti SeZl-
ebs informaciis mowodebas im
samuSaoebis Sesaxeb, romlebic
tipuria Tqveni interesebis msgav-
si interesebis mqone adamianebis-
Tvis, radgan es is samuSaoa, ro-
melic namdvilad mogewonebaT.
davuSvaT, miiReT aseTi rCeva
imis Taobaze, Tu ra profesias
unda daeufloT. rogor unda
amoirCioT is konkretuli kom-
pania, sadac imuSavebT da rogor
unda SegarCioT man Tqven? bolo
periodSi kadrebis SerCevis fsi-
qologiis mkvlevrebma didi
yuradReba dauTmes pirovneba-
organizaciis morgebis cnebas,
romlis mizania adamianisa da
damqiravebeli organizaciis Tav-
sebadobis maqsimizacia (Borman et
al., 1997; Kristof, 1996; Van Vianen, 2000).
erT-erTi kvleva fokusirebuli
iyo TanamSromelTa pirovnuli
Taviseburebebisa da organiza-
ciis ,,kulturis~ morgebaze. ma-
galiTisTvis aviRoT pirovnuli
faqtori, romelsac Tanxmobi-
saTvis mzaoba ewodeba. masSi
moazrebuli kontiniumis ori uki-
duresobaa: ,,TanamgrZnobi, keTili
da mosiyvarule~ da ,,civi, kapasi
da sastiki~ (ix. Tavi 14). SevxedoT
organizaciebisTvis damaxasia-
Tebeli kulturebis kontinium-
sac mxardamWeridan da jgufze
orientirebulidan agresiul da
Sedegebze orientirebulamde.
xedavT rogor wrfivad lagdeba
es maxasiaTeblebi? mkvlevrebi
varaudoben, rom samuSos is ma-
Zieblebi, romelTac maRali maC-
venebeli aqvT TanxmobisaTvis
mzaobis mixedviT, amjobineben
organizaciebs, romlebic mxar-
damWeri da jgufze orienti-
rebuli kulturiT gamoirCe-
vian (Judge & Cable, 1997) am tipis
kvlevebi gvTavazoben imis ax-
snas, Tu ratom ar aris sakma-
risi martoden Cveni motiva-
ciuri mdgomareobebi, rodesac
profesiul warmatebas exeba
saqme. am dros, aseve, aranakleb
mniSvnelovania is, Tu ramdenad
Tanxvdeba erTmaneTs miznis
miRwevis Cveneuli meTodebi da
organizaciis prioritetebi.
sanam im samuSaoze fiqrobT,
romelic miznebis miRwevis
motivacias SegiqmniT, warmo-
gidgenT kidev erT gasaTvalis-
winebel faqtors: cxovrebis
sxva mravali aspeqtis msgav-
sad, profesiul interess, ro-
gorc Cans, genetikuri faqto-
ric gansazRvravs. erT-erT
kvlevaSi sxvadasxva ojaxSi
gazrdil identur da araiden-
tur tyupebs sTxoves, SeevsoT
(strongis profesiuli intere-
sebis kiTxvaris msgavsi) pro-
fesiuli interesebis ori ki-
Txvari (Moloney et al., 1991). am
kiTxvarebis monacemebis mixed-
viT, saSualo korelacia iden-
turi tyupebisTvis iyo 0,38 da
0,47; araidenturi tyupebisTvis
ki _ mxolod 0,05 da 0,06. gaiT-
valiswineT, rom es tyupebi ar
izrdebodnen erT ojaxSi! Tu
Tqven gadawyvetT, rom dedis
moTxovnilebaTa ierarqia
an mamis profesiul kvals
mihyveT, SeiZleba aRmoCndes,
rom es sulac ar aris mxolod
garemos Sedegi.
maS ase, romeli profesi-
uli gza SegiqmniT warmatebis
miRwevis motivacias? rogorc
mravalricxovani cxovrebise-
uli dilemis SemTxvevaSi, aqac
Caatares fsiqologebma kvle-
vebi, romlebic am mniSvnelo-
vani gadawyvetilebis miRebaSi
dagexmarebaT.
497
 transcendenturi
moTxovnilebebi
kosmiuri daniSnulebis
Secnobis sulieri
moTxovnilebebi

TviTaqtualizaciis
moTxovnileba
potencialis srulad
gamoyenebis moTxovnileba,
gansazRvruli mizenisken
swrafva

esTetikuri moTxovnilebebi
mSvenierebisa da
wesrigis moTxovnileba

SemecnebiTi moTxovnilebebi
codnis, gagebis,
siaxlis moTxovnilebebi

pativiscemis moTxovnileba
darwmunebulobis, sakuTari
Tavis faseulobisa da
kompetenturobis,
TviTpativiscemisa da sxvaTa
mxridan pativiscemis
moTxovnileba

mijaWvulobis moTxovnileba
Tanaziarobis, afilaciis
moTxovnileba; moTxovnileba
imisa, rom giyvardeT da
uyvardeT
usafrTxoebis moTxovnileba
usafrTxoebis, komfortis,
uSfoTvelobis, SiSisgan
Tavisuflebis moTxovnileba
biologiuri oTxovnilebebi
sakvebis, sasmelis, Jangbadis,
dasvenebis, seqsis, daZabulobis
moxsnis moTxovnilebebi
suraTi
12.7
maslous moTxovnilebaTa ierarqia
im Zalebze, romlebic, SesaZloa, warmarTavdnen
Tqvens cxovrebas.
humanist-fsiqologma abraham masloum (Abraham
Maslow, 1970) Seqmna Teoria, romlis mixedviTac
bazisuri motivebi qmnian moTxovnilebaTa ierar-
qias, sadac moTxovnilebebi dalagebulia marti-
vidan umaRlesisken, rogorc es naCvenebia su-
raTze 12.7. maslous mixedviT, unda dakma-
Tavi 12 / motivacia
nilebebi, raTa SesaZlebeli gaxdes momdevno
doneze gadasvla. am ierarqiis safuZvelSi mde-
bareobs iseTi biologiuri moTxovnilebebi,
rogoricaa: SimSili da wyurvili. sxva nebis-
mieri moTxovnilebis amoqmedebamde jer es
moTxovnilebebi unda dakmayofildes. rodesac
biologiuri moTxovnilebebi daJinebiT iTxoven
dakmayofilebas, sxva moTxovnilebebi SeCere-
bulia da isini veranairad aisaxebian Cvens
qcevaze. roca biologiuri moTxovnilebebi dak-
mayofilebulia, Tqvens motivacias Semdegi
donis moTxovnileba qmnis _ es aris usafr-
Txoebis moTxovnileba. rodesac aRar SfoTavT
SesaZlo safrTxis gamo, Tqveni motivaciis
ganmapirobebeli mijaWvulobis moTxovnileba
xdeba _ Tanaziarobis, afilaciis moTxovnileba;
moTxovnileba imisa, rom giyvardeT da uyvardeT.
Tu kargad gamokvebili xarT, Tavs usafrTxod
grZnobT da gaqvT socialuri mikuTvnebulobis
gancda, Tqven gadainacvlebT pativiscemis
moTxovnilebaze _ moTxovnileba sakuTari TavSi

yofildes ierarqiis TiToeuli donis moTxov- kompetenturi da efeqturi adamianis danaxvisa,

moTxovnilebebis ierarqia (Hierarchi of needs) _
maslous Sexeduleba, rom bazisuri adamianuri
motivebi qmnis ierarqias da, rom moTxovnileba
ierarqiis TiToeul doneze garkveuli in-
tensiobiT unda dakmayofildes, romlis Se-
degadac SesaZlebeli iqneba momdevno donis
miRweva. es moTxovnilebebi progresirdeba ba-
zisuri biologiuri moTxovnilebebidan tran-
498 scedenturobisaken.
romelsac SeuZlia imis gakeTeba, rac saWiroa
sxvaTa mxridan pativiscemis mosapoveblad.
adamianebi moazrovne arsebebi arian, rTuli
tviniT, romelic azris stimulacias saWiroebs.
Tqven Zlieri SemecnebiTi moTxovnilebebi
gamoZravebT: Tqveni warsulis codna, mimdinare
arsebobis Tavsatexis wvdoma da momavlis wi-
naswarganWvreta gsurT. swored am moTxovnile-
bebis Zala ubiZgebs mecnierebs, rom mTeli
TavianTi sicocxle siaxleebis aRmoCenas miu-
ZRvnan. maslous ierarqiis Semdeg doneze
mSvenierebisa da wesrigisken swrafva Tavsdeba,
romelic warmodgenilia esTetikuris moTxov-
nilebis saxiT, romelic adamianis SemoqmedebiTi
mxaris gamovlenis SesaZleblobas iZleva.
ierarqiis mwvervalze imyofebian adamianebi
_ gamokvebilni, safrTxisgan daculni, visac
uyvarT da vinc uyvarT, sakuTar ZalebSi dar-
wmunebulni, moazrovneni da Semoqmedni. es
adamianebi gascdnen elementaruli adamianuri
moTxovnilebebis farglebs sakuTari potencia-
lis sruli ganviTarebisken swrafvidan, anu
TviTaqtualizaciidan gamomdinare. aseTi TviT-
aqtualizebuli pirovneba, sxva dadebiTi
Tvisebebis garda, kargad icnobs, esmis sakuTari
Tavis da iseTad iRebs mas, rogoric aris;
socialurad gulisxmieria, SemoqmedebiTia, Ta-
visufalia, Riaa siaxleebisa da gamowvevebisadmi.
maslous ierarqiaSi kidev erTi safexuria,
romelic scildeba individualuri potencialis
sruli ganviTarebis farglebs; esaa transceden-
turis moTxovnileba, romelmac adamiani SeiZ-
leba cnobierebis umaRles mdgomareobebamde
da samyaroSi sakuTari daniSnulebis kosmiur
xedvamde miiyvanos. Zalze cota adamiani Tu
axerxebs sakuTari me-s sazRvris gadabijebas
da sulier ZalebTan aseTi erTianobis miRwevas.
maslous Teoria adamianis motivaciis gansa-
kuTrebiT popularul xedvas warmoadgens.
Teoriis ZiriTad birTvs warmoadgens mosazreba,
rom TiToeul adamians aqvs ganviTarebisa da
sakuTari potencialis maqsimalurad realizebis
moTxovnileba. yovelTvis SegviZlia aseTi
dadebiTi xedvis SenarCuneba? monacemebi cxad-
yofs, rom ara. maslous mier aRwerili moTxov-
nilebebis garda, Cven vxedavT, rom adamianebs
axasiaTebT Zalauflebis gamovlenis, dominan-
tobisa da agresiis gamoxatvis moTxovnilebebi.
garda amisa, Cveni sakuTari gamocdilebidan
viciT, rom maslous zusti, mkacri ierarqia
SeiZleba xSirad dairRves. magaliTad, SegviZlia,
rom yuradReba ar mivaqcioT SimSils maSin,
rodesac ufro maRali donis moTxovnilebis
dakmayofilebiT varT motivirebulni. Tumca,
aseTi SezRudvebis pirobebSic ki, vimedovnebT,
rom maslous sqema Tqveni mamotivirebeli
swrafvebis sxvadasxva aspeqtis garkveulwilad
mowesrigebaSi dagexmarebaT.
Cven grZeli gza ganvvleT mas Semdeg, rac
everestze rebeka stefensis usiamovnebebiT savse
asvla ganvixileT. Cven aRvwereT kvebis da
SimSilis fsiqologia da adamianis seqsualobis
evolucia da socialuri ganzomilebebi. Cven
gamovikvlieT individualuri gansxvavebebi
pirovnuli miRwevebis TvalsazrisiT, avxseniT
pirovnuli warmateba. am sakiTxebis ganxilvisas
Tqven naxeT, Tu ra rTulad urTierTqmedeben
buneba da aRzrda rogorc saxeobis, ise _
individualur doneze. am mTeli informaciis
gaTvaliswinebiT, ra axali ideebi da mosazre-
bebi gagiCndaT rebeka stefensis qcevis Sesaxeb?
xedavT Tu ara axla ufro srulad, Tu ratom
xdeba, rom zogierTi adamianisTvis neka TiTis
dakargva arc ise didi sazRauri SeiZleba iyos
sanukvari miznis miRwevisTvis?

sakvanZo
sakvanZo sakiTxebi

sakiTxebi
motivaciis cneba
motivacia dinamikuri
cnebaa, romelic gamoi-
yeneba qcevisaTvis mimar-
Tulebis mimcemi proce-
sebis aRsawerad.
motivaciuri analizi gvex-
mareba avxsnaT, Tu rogor
ukavSirdeba erTmaneTs bio-
logiuri da qceviTi pro-
cesebi da ratom iswrafvian
adamianebi miznebisken dab-
rkolebebisa da araxel-
sayreli pirobebis miuxedavad.
ltolvebis Teoria ayalibebs
motivaciis, rogorc daZabu-
lobis Semcirebis cnebas.
adamianebi motivirebulni arian
aRmZvrelebiT _ garegani sti-
mulebiT, romlebic ar ukavSir-
499
 · debian fiziologiur mo-
Txovnilebebs.
reversiis Teoria gamoyofs
metamotivaciuri mdgo-
mareobebis opoziciur wyvi-
lebs.
instinqtebis Teoriis mi-
xedviT, motivacia xSirad
e y r d n o b a Ta n d a y o l i l
stereotipul reaqciebs.
socialuri da kognituri
fsiqologebi xazs usvamen
individis mier situaciis
aRqmas, interpretaciasa da
masze reaqcias.
kveba
sxeuli flobs mTel rig
meqanizmebs kvebis procesis
dawyebisa da Sewyveti-
saTvis.
Tu msuqani adamiani SezRu-
duli mWameli xdeba, misma
dietam SeiZleba wonis
momateba ufro gamoiwvios,
vidre _ dakleba.
kvebiTi aSliloba jan-
m r Te l o b i s T v i s d a s i -
cocxlisaTvis saSiSi daa-
vadebaa, romelic SeiZleba
kulturuli gavlenisa da
sxeulis xatis darRveuli
aRqmis Sedegad aRmocendes.
seqsualuri qceva
evoluciuri Teoriidan
gamomdinare, seqsi STamo-
mavlobis producirebis
meqanizmia.
Tavi 12 / motivacia
396
500
cxovelebSi seqsualuri
ltolvebi mkacrad kon-
troldeba hormonebiT.
mastersisa da jonsonis
Sromam mogvawoda pirveli
monacemebi qalisa da ma-
makacis seqsualuri reaq-
ciebis ciklis Sesaxeb.
evoluciuri fsiqologebis
azriT, adamianTa seqsualuri
qceva asaxavs Sewyvilebis
sxvadasxva strategiebs qa-
lebisa da mamakacebisaTvis.
seqsualur scenarebSi gan-
sxvavebebma SeiZleba seri-
ozuli gaugebroba gamoiw-
vios da Zaladobamde mogvi-
yvanos.
homoseqsualizmi da hete-
roseqsualizmi determi-
nirebulia rogorc gene-
tikiT, ise pirovnuli da
socialuri garemoTi.
pirovnuli miRwevis
motivacia
adamianebs aqvT miRwevis
mravali moTxovnileba. miR-
wevis moTxovnileba gavle-
nas axdens imaze, Tu rogor
axdens adamiani warmatebisa
da marcxis interpretacias.
ori atribuciuri stili _
optimizmi da pesimizmi _
iwvevs gansxvavebul damo-
kidebulebebs miRwevisadmi
da gavlenas axdens moti-
vaciaze.
organizaciuli fsiqolo-
gebi swavloben samuSao ga-
remoSi adamianis funqcio-
nirebaze motivaciis gavlenas.
moTxovnilebebis
ierarqia
abraham maslous azriT, mo-
Txovnilebebi SeiZleba ier-
arqiulad dalagdes.
miuxedavad imisa, rom ada-
mianis motivacia ufro rTu-
lia, maslous Teoria gvawv-
dis samuSao CarCos motiva-
ciuri Zalebis dasajameblad.
ZiriTadi cnebebi
anoreqsia
atribucia
bulimia
gaupatiureba
ltolvebi
Tanasworobis Teoria
molodinis Teoria
moTxovnilebaTa ierarqia
homeostazi
aRmZvrelebi
instinqtebi
motivacia
miRwevis moTxovnileba
organizaciis fsiqologia
mSobliuri zrunva da
wvlili
reversiis Teoria
seqsualuri agzneba
seqsualuri scenarebi
socialuri daswavlis
Teoria
Tematuri apercepciis testi
emocia, stresi, da janmrTeloba

13
emociebi
• bazisuri emociebi da
kultura
• emociebis Teoriebi
• emociebis funqciebi
stresi Tqvens cxovrebaSi
• fiziologiri reaqciebi
stresze
• fsiqologiuri reaqciebi
stresze
• stresis daZleva
janmrTelobis fsiqologia
• janmrTelobis biofsiqo-
socialuri modeli
• janmrTelobis profilaq-
tika
• mkurnaloba
• `profesiuli gamofitva~ da
janmrTelobis dacvis
sistema
fsiqologia XXI saukuneSi:
janmrTeli adamianebi 2010
wlisaTvis

fsiqologia Cvens cxovrebaSi:

axdens Tu ara gavlenas pirovnuli
Tvisebebi janmrTelobaze

sakvanZo sakiTxebi
• ZiriTadi cnebebi
501
 6 wlis biWi, venesuelis varaos kul-
turis warmomadgeneli, maRali si-
cxiTa da sasunTqi gzebis anTebiT
gaxda avad. misma ojaxma es avadmyofoba
hebus _ sagvareulo sulebs daukavSira. bavSvis
sxeulidan hebus gansadevnad moiwvies mkurnali
Samani _ visidatu. visidatum Caatara xangrZlivi
rituali, romlis ZiriTad nawils ganmkurnebeli
simRera warmoadgenda. qvemoT mocemulia im
teqstis nawili, romelsac visidatu asrulebda:
Sen (hebu) CaeWide mas, CaeWide mas,
CaeWide mas TavSi,
Seni cieb-cxelebiT,
Seni cieb-cxelebiT,
Seni sneulebebiT, Seni ZaliT, romliTac
SegiZlia Wkuidan SeSalo adamiani.
me var is, vinc icis patara qvebis cieb-
cxeleba,
me var is, vinc Sen gicnobs,
Tavi 13 / emocia, stresi da janmrTeloba
Tu Tqven dasavlur kulturaSi gaizardeT,
TqvenTvis Zneli dasajerebeli iqneba, rom raime
kavSiri arsebobda ritualsa _ visidatus ur-
TierTobas hebus sulebTan _ da bavSvis gamo-
janmrTelebas Soris. Tumca, vimedovnebT, rom
am Tavis bolos SevZlebT amgvari skeptikuri
damokidebulebis Semcirebas. Cven gvinda
gavafarTovoT Tqveni warmodgenebi imis Sesaxeb,
Tu ra kavSirSi arian erTmaneTTan suli da
sxeuli. varaos gankurnebis ritualSi swored
im Temas vxvdebiT, romelsac am TavSi gamovyofT
da ganvixilavT: ra gziT SeuZlia iseT fsiqikur
mdgomareobas, rogoric Zlieri emociaa, gavlena
moaxdinos fizikuri janmrTelobis mdgoma-
502 reobaze.
me var is, vinc Sen dagamSvidebs,
me var is, vinc gagiSvebs aqedan.
me axlave CagWideb xels da mogaqcev Cems
mklavebSi.
me var is, vinc CagWidebs xels.
me CavWideb xels Sens sxeuls, me gagiSveb
aqedan,
me gagiSveb aqedan, me gagiSveb aqedan,
me gagiSveb aqedan, me gagiSveb mTeli kanidan,
me gagiSveb kanidan da xorcidan,
me gagiSveb xorcidan,
me var is, vinc gamoiyvans hebus,
me var is, vinc gamoiyvans hebus,
me var is, vinc gamoiyvans hebus,
me var is, vinc Sen gagiSvebs.
meore diliT bavSvs sicxem dauklo. ojaxi
darwmunebuli iyo, rom warumatebeli mkurna-
lobis SemTxvevaSi bavSvi daiRupeboda (Briggs,1996).
dasawyisisaTvis, gTxovT, warmoidginoT nak-
lebad damabneveli situacia. davuSvaT, zustad
am wuTs gekiTxebiT: „ras grZnobT?~ rogor
upasuxebdiT am SekiTxvas? arsebobs informaciis,
sul mcire, sami gansxvavebuli tipi, romlis
mowodebac SegiZliaT. pirveli, Tqven SegiZliaT
gagvimxiloT Tqveni guneba-ganwyobileba, anu
emociebi, romelsac ganicdiT: gixariaT, radgan
iciT, rom am Tavis wakiTxvas moaswrebT wveu-
lebaze wasvlamde; brazobT, radgan Tqvenma uf-
rosma axlaxan giyviraT telefonSi; meore,
SesaZloa, ufro zogadi pasuxi gagvceT gancdili
stresis siZlieris Sesaxeb: iseTi gancda gaqvT,
TiTqos yvela gasakeTebeli davalebis Ses-
rulebas moaxerxebT, Tu grZnobT, rom gadatvir-
Tuli xarT? mesame, Tqven SeiZleba gviamboT
Tqveni fsiqikuri an fizikuri janmrTelobis
Sesaxeb: grZnobT, rom avad xdebiT, Tu kargad
yofnis zogadi gancda geuflebaT?
am TavSi ganxilulia urTierTmimarTeba
pasuxis sam SesaZlo variants Soris SekiTxvaze
_ `rogor grZnobT Tavs?~ pasuxebi ukavSirdeba
emociebs, stress da janmrTelobas.
emociebi adamianis gamocdilebis qvakuTxedia.
isini adamianebTan urTierTobis process amdid-
reben, xolo mexsierebis Sinaarsebs Tvisob-
riobasa da mniSvnelobas aniWeben. am TavSi Cven
ganvixilavT emociebis gancdasa da maT fun-
qciebs, magram ra xdeba maSin, rodesac emociis
moTxovnebi biologiur da fsiqikur SesaZleb-
lobebs aRemateba? SesaZloa gadaitvirToT da
veRar moaxerxoT cxovrebiseul stresorebTan
gamklaveba. am TavSi aseve ganxilul iqneba, Tu
ra gavlenas axdens stresi adamianze da rogor
aris SesaZlebeli misi daZleva; dabolos, gava-
farTovebT Cvens fokuss da ganvixilavT fsiqo-
logiis wvlils janmrTelobisa da avadmyofobis
kvlevaSi. janmrTelobis fsiqologebi ikvleven,
Tu rogor axdens gavlenas avadmyofobis ganviTa-
rebaze garemo, socialuri da fsiqologiuri
procesebi.
janmrTelobis fsiqologebi, aseve, iyeneben
fsiqologiur procesebsa da principebs avad-
myofobis mkurnalobisa da prevenciisaTvis. amave
dros, SeimuSaveben pirovnuli keTildReobis
gaumjobesebis strategiebs. es gza _ emociebidan,
stresis gavliT, janmrTelobamde, Seqmnis
konteqsts, romelSic SesaZlebeli iqneba varaos
gankurnebis ritualis Zalis gageba.
daviwyoT emociebis Sinaarsisa da mniSvne-
lobis ganxilviT.
emociebi
warmoidgineT, rogori iqneboda Tqveni cxov-
reba, rom SegeZloT fiqri da moqmedeba, magram
ara _ grZnoba. mzad xarT, daTmoT SiSis gancdis
unari satrfos kocniT gamowveuli vnebis xar-
jze? daTmobdiT mowyenilobas mxiarulebis
xarjze? ra Tqma unda, es cudi garigeba iqneboda,
romelsac maleve inanebdiT. Cven vnaxavT, rom
emociebi mTel rig mniSvnelovan funqciebs
asruleben. daviwyoT imiT, rom SemogTavazebT
emociis gansazRvrebas da aRvwerT emociuri
gamocdilebis safuZvlebs.
Tqven, SesaZloa, emocia mxolod grZnobad
CaTvaloT: `me vgrZnob bednierebas~, an `vgrZnob
brazs,~ magram Cven am mniSvnelovani cnebis
ufro mravlismomcveli gansazRvreba gvWirdeba,
romelic moicavs rogorc sxeuls, ise suls.
Tanamedrove fsiqologebi emocias gansazRvraven,
rogorc sxeulebrivi da mentaluri cvlile-
bebis rTul paterns, romelic moicavs fizio-
logiur agznebas, grZnobebs, kognitur procesebsa
da qceviT reaqciebs, romlebic pirovnulad
mniSvnelovnad aRqmul situaciebze sapasuxod
Cndeba. imisaTvis, rom naTeli gaxdes, risTvis
aris saWiro yvela es komponenti, warmoidgineT
situacia, romelSic Tavs Zalian bednierad
grZnobT. Tqveni fiziologiuri agzneba gamoi-
emocia (emotion) – cvlilebaTa rTuli paterni,
romelic moicavs fiziologiur agznebas, grZno-
bebs, kognitur procesebsa da qcevas; warmoadgens
pasuxs situaciaze, romelic pirovnulad mniS-
vnelovnad aris aRqmuli.
emociebi
503
 xateba mSvid guliscemaSi. Tqveni grZnoba iqneba
dadebiTi. emociasTan dakavSirebuli kognituri
procesebi moicavs interpretaciebs, mogonebebsa
da molodinebs, romlebic saSualebas gaZleven,
gansazRvroT situacia, rogorc bednieri. Tqveni
TvalsaCino qceviTi reaqcia, SesaZloa, iyos
eqspresiuli (Rimili) an/da qcevaze orientire-
buli (sayvarel adamianTan Caxuteba). emociebis
Cveneul gagebaSi SevecdebiT, rom yvela es
komponenti _ agzneba, grZnobebi, azrebi da qceva
_ gavaerTianoT.
bazisuri emociebi da kultura
warmoidgineT, rom erT oTaxSi gansxvavebuli
kulturis warmomadgenlebi SekribeT. ra iqneba
saerTo maT mier emociebis gancdaSi? Tav-
dapirvelad pasuxisaTvis SegviZlia mivmarToT
Carlz darvinis wigns „emociebis gamoxatva
adamiansa da cxovelebSi” (1872/1965). darvini
Tvlida, rom emociebi ganviTarda adamianisaTvis
da ara mxolod adamianisaTvis, damaxasiaTebeli
struqturebisa da funqciebis sxva mniSvnelovani
aspeqtebis ganviTarebasTan erTad. mas ainte-
resebda emociebis adapturi funqcia, romelic,
misi azriT, warmoadgens ara gaurkvevel, ara-
prognozirebad pirovnul mdgomareobas, aramed
adamianis Tavis tvinis moqmedebis saxeobisaTvis
damaxasiaTebeli Zalian specifikuri, koordini-
rebuli moqmedebis formas. darvini emociebs
gansazRvravda TanSobil, specifikur mentalur
Tavi 13 / emocia, stresi da janmrTeloba
mdgomareobad, romelic garemoSi ganmeorebadi
situaciebis garkveul jgufTan gasamklaveblad
aris mowodebuli. saxeobis ganviTarebis isto-
riis manZilze adamianebs Tavs esxmodnen, uyvar-
debodaT, uCndebodaT Svilebi, isini ebrZodnen
erTmaneTs, awydebodnen partnioris Ralats,
iyvnen sayvareli adamianebis sikvdilis momswreni
– da es yvelaferi uTvalavjer momxdara. amrigad,
unda vivaraudoT, rom garkveuli tipis emociuri
reaqciebi adamianis saxeobis yvela wevrTan unda
aRmocenebuliyo. mkvlevrebma emociebis universa-
lobis Sesaxeb ganacxadi axalSobilebis emociur
reaqciebsa da sxvadasxva kulturebSi saxis
gamometyvelebis erTgvarovnebaze dakvirvebiT
Seamowmes.
504
aris Tu ara zogierTi emociuri reaqcia
Tandayolili
Tu sakiTxisadmi evoluciuri midgoma marTe-
bulia, savaraudoa, rom mTeli msoflios bav-
SvebSi emociuri reaqciebis erTi da igive pa-
ternebi gamovlindeba (Izard,1994). silvan tomkinsi
(Silvan Tomkins, 1962, 1981) erT-erTi pirveli fsi-
qologi iyo, romelmac xazi gausva uSualo,
TanSobili, aradaswavlili afeqturi (emociuri)
reaqciebis universalobas. man xazi gausva imas,
rom Cvilebi yovelgvari winaswari swavlis
gareSe Zlier xmaurs SiSiT, an sunTqvis garTu-
lebiT pasuxoben; isini TiTqos winaswar arian
mzad, rom garkveul stimulebs upasuxon emo-
ciuri reaqciiT, romelic imdenad zogadia, rom
pirobebis sakmaod farTo speqtrs Seesabameba.
kros-kulturulma gamokvlevebma daadastura
varaudi, rom zogierTi emociuri pasuxi sakmaod
msgavsia erTmaneTisagan Zalian gansxvavebuli
kulturebis bavSvebTan.
saidan
viciT
kros-kulturuli emociuri reaqciebi
CvilebTan
eqsperimenti Catarda 5 da 12 Tvis asakis
iaponel da amerikel bavSvebze. eqsperimen-
tatorebi cdis pirebs saxlebSi ewvivnen
da Semdegi procedura Cautares: bavSvebs
xels avlebdnen majebSi da xelebs jvare-
dinad abjendnen mucelze. eqsperimen-
tatorebi videofirze iwerdnen TiToeuli
bavSvis reaqcias. orive kulturis bavSvebi
saxis kunTebs erTnairi paterniT amoZra-
vebdnen, rac distresis Zalian msgavsi
gamoxatviT mTavrdeboda. amerikelma da
iaponelma bavSvebma gamoavlines, agreTve,
negatiuri vokalizaciisa da fizikuri
winaaRmdegobis erTnairi done (Carmas et
al.,1992).
marTalia, am eqsperimentiT dadasturda mniS-
vnelovani kros-kulturuli Sesabamisoba, magram
ufro axalma gamokvlevebma garkveuli gansxva-
vebebic gamoavlina. erT-erTi gamokvlevis mi-
xedviT, 11 Tvis Cineli bavSvebi emociurad ufro
nakleb eqspresiulebi iyvnen, vidre maTi iaponeli
da amerikeli Tanatolebi (Carmas et al.,1998). es
Sedegebi mowmobs, rom kultura sicocxlis ukve
Zalian adreul etapze iwyebs moqmedebas da
gavlenas axdens Tandayolil emociur reaqciebze.
yuradReba miaqcieT imas, rom Cvilebs, rogorc
Cans, aqvT sxvaTa saxis gamometyvelebis interpre-
taciis Tandayolili unaric. erT-erT eqsperi-
mentSi 4-dan 6 Tvemde bavSvebs ganmeorebiTi
prezentaciis gziT aCvevdnen garkveuli emociebis
gamomxatvel saxeebs. SeCvevis faqti imiT
dasturdeboda, rom bavSvebs TandaTan uqrebodaT
interesi am saxeebisadmi. es saxeebi SerCeul
iqna gaocebis, SiSisa da brazis gamomxatveli
suraTebis seriidan (ix. Tavi 11, SeCvevis proce-
durebis magaliTebi bavSvebSi). Semdeg, rodesac
bavSvebs gansxvavebuli emociis gamomxatvel fotos
aCvenebdnen, isini ganaxlebuli interesiT pasu-
xobdnen masze. savaraudoa, rom es eqspresiebi
maTTvis `ucnauri~ iyo da gaocebis, SiSisa da
brazis eqspresiebisagan `gansxvavebulad gamoiyu-
reboda~ aseT adreul asakSic ki (Serrano et al.,
1992). aseve, aRsaniSnavia, rom bavSvebi ufro
dadebiT qcevas avlenen (magaliTad, moaxloebis
moZraobebi da Rimili) mxiaruli eqspresiis
mimarT da ufro negatiur qcevas (magaliTad,
ganridebis moZraobebi da warbebis SeWmuxna)
brazis eqsperesiis mimarT. es gvaZlevs safuZ-
vels, vivaraudoT, rom bavSvebi ara marto cnoben
am gamometyvelebebs, aramed Zalian adreul asakSi
xvdebian maT `mniSvnelobas~ (Serrano et al., 1995).
universaluria Tu ara emociuri
eqspresiebi
rogorc vnaxeT, bavSvebi avlenen da aRiqvamen
standartul emociur eqspresiebs. Tu es asea,
maSin mosalodnelia, rom Zalian gansxvavebuli
kulturebis zrdasrul warmomadgenlebs hqondeT
msgavsi warmodgena imaze, Tu rogor xdeba
emociebis gadacema saxis gamometyvelebiT.
pol ekmanis (Paul Ekman) mixedviT, romelic
saxis eqspresiis bunebis wamyvan mkvlevrad iT-
vleba, yvela adamianis `saxis ena~ garkveul-
wilad emTxveva erTmaneTs (Ekman, 1984,1994). ekmanma
da misma TanamSromlebma daadastures is, rasac
jer kidev darvini varaudobda, rom emociuri
eqspresiebis garkveuli nawili adamianis saxeo-
bisaTvis universaluria, savaraudod, imitom,
rom es emociuri eqspresiebi Cveni evoluciuri
memkvidreobis Tandayolil Semadgenel nawilebs
warmoadgenen. sanam gaagrZelebdeT kiTxvas, daak-
virdiT 13.1 suraTs. naxeT, ramdenad zustad
SegiZliaT icnoT am Svidi universaluri emoci-
is gamoxatuleba (Ekman & Friesen, 1986).
arsebobs mniSvnelovani sabuTebi imisa, rom
am Svid eqspresias erTnairad cnoben da avlenen
mTel msoflioSi bednierebis, gaocebis, brazis,
zizRis, SiSis, sevdis da siZulvilis emociebze
sapasuxod. mkvlevrebi, romlebic kros-kulturul
gansxvavebebs ikvleven, sTxovdnen sxvadasxva
kulturis warmomadgenlebs, moexdinaT standar-
tul fotosuraTebze mocemul eqspresiebTan
suraTi
13.1
emociuri eqspresi-
ebis Sefasebebi
SeusabameT qvemoT CamoT-
vlili Svidi emociis aRmniS-
vneli termini aq naCveneb
saxeebs: _ SiSi, zizRi, bed-
niereba, gaoceba, siZulvili,
brazi da sevda.
emociebi
pasuxebi mocemulia am Tavis
bolos.
505
 dakavSirebuli emociebis identifikacia. adamia-
nebs zogadad SeuZliaT Svid emociasTan dakav-
Sirebuli eqspresiis identificireba.
saidan
viciT
saxis gamometyvelebis
kros-kulturuli aRqma
erT-erT gamokvlevaSi axali gvineis dam-
werlobis armqone kulturis (fores kul-
turis) warmomadgenlebi, romlebsac am
eqsperimentamde TiTqmis araviTari Sexeba
ar hqoniaT dasavlelebTan da dasavlur
kulturasTan, zustad axdendnen evropei-
duli saxeebis mier gamoxatuli emociebis
identifikacias (sur. 13.1). mocemuli cdis
pirebi amas eqspresiis im situaciebTan
dakavSirebiT axerxebdnen, romlebSic igive
emocia hqoniaT gancdili. magaliTad, me-
5 foto (SiSi), cdis pirebis pasuxebis
mixedviT, gamoxatavs situacias, rodesac
gareuli taxi mogdevs da Tan ara gaqvs
Subi, xolo me-6 foto (sevda) - Seni
Svilis sikvdils gaxsenebs. cdis pirebi
daabnia mxolod gaocebisa (me-2 foto) da
SiSis erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebam, radgan,
rogorc Cans, am xalxs, ZiriTadad, SiSi
eufleba, rodesac raime aocebT.
Semdeg mkvlevrebma igive kulturis sxva
Tavi 13 / emocia, stresi da janmrTeloba
warmomadgenlebs (romlebsac eqsperimentis
pirvel nawilSi ar miuRiaT monawileoba)
sTxoves im eqspresiebis modelireba, rom-
lebsac isini CamoTvlilTagan eqvsi (si-
Zulvili gamoricxes) emociis gadmosacemad
iyenebdnen. rodesac amerikel studentebs
aCvenes fores tomis warmomadgenlebis
saxis gamometyvelebebis videoCanawerebi,
maT zustad moaxerxes eqspresiebis iden-
tificireba _ erTi gamonaklisiT. ar aris
gasakviri, rom amerikelebs uWirdaT erTma-
neTisagan gaerCiaT fores aborigenebis
mier gansaxierebuli SiSi da gaoceba, anu
igive emociebi, romelic fores warmomad-
genlebs dasavlelebis eqspresiaSi abnevda
(Ekman & Friesen, 1971).
506
ufro gviandel gamokvlevebSi Seadares sxva-
dasxva kulturebis _ ungreTis, iaponiis, po-
loneTis, sumatras, amerikisa da vietnamis _
warmomadgenelTa mier saxis eqspresiebis Sefa-
sebebi. am gansxvavebul populaciebs Soris
dadasturda sakmaod didi Tanxvedra (Biehl et al.,
1997). aqedan zogadi daskvna isaa, rom adamianebi
mTel msoflioSi, miuxedavad kulturuli gan-
sxvavebebisa, rasis, sqesis, an ganaTlebisa, Zi-
riTad emociebs daaxloebiT erTnairad gamo-
xataven da aqvT unari, gamoicnon, Tu ra emociebs
ganicdian sxvebi, kiTxuloben ra amas maTi saxis
gamometyvelebaze.
gaiTvaliswineT, rom universalobis pretenzia
mxolod Svid ZiriTad emocias exeba. ekmani da
misi kolegebi ar amtkiceben, rom yvela saxis
emociis eqspresia universaluria, an, rom sxva-
dasxva kulturebSi yvela emocias erTnairad
gamoxataven (Ekman, 1994). ekmani (1972) Tavis
Sexedulebas universalobis Sesaxeb neiro-
kulturul Teorias uwodebs, raTa asaxos tvinisa
(evoluciis produqti) da kulturis erToblivi
wvlili emociis eqspresiaSi. tvini gansazRvravs,
romelma saxis kunTma unda imoZraos konkretuli
eqspresiis gamosavlenad, rodesac garkveuli
emocia aRmocendeba. Tumca, gansxvavebuli
kulturebi, universaluri biologiis miRma,
emociis eqspresias Tavis daRs asvamen. Cven
aRvniSneT kulturis garkveuli gavlena fores
tomis warmomadgenlebisa da aSS-is studentebis
pasuxebis urTierTSedarebis kvlevis aRwerisas.
zemoT aRniSnuli eqvsi qveynis warmomadgenlebze
Catarebulma SedarebiTma kvlevam, arsebuli
zogadi Sesabamisobis garda, garkveuli gansxva-
vebebi gamoavlina qveynebs Soris (Biehl et al., 1997).
magaliTad, iaponel mozrdilebs ufro cudad
SeeZloT brazis identifikacia, vidre ameri-
kelebs, ungrelebs, polonelebsa da vietnamel
cdis pirebs. vietnamelebs ki uWirdaT zizRis
identifikacia yvela sxva qveynis warmomad-
genelTan SedarebiT.
ratom unda Cndebodes es gansxvavebebi? axla
ganvixiloT kulturis gavlena emociurobaze.
rogor zemoqmedebs kultura emociur
eqspresiaze
adamianebs mTel msoflioSi SesaZloa hqondeT
erTnairi genetikuri memkvidreoba, rac gan-
sazRvravs emociuri eqspresiis garkveul erT-
gvarovnebas. magram, amave dros, sxvadasxva
kulturebs emociebis marTvis sxvadasxva stan-
dartebi aqvT. emociuri pasuxebis zogierTi
forma, saxis eqspresiebic ki, unikaluria TiTo-
euli kulturisaTvis. kultura awesebs socia-
lur wesebs, Tu rodis aqvT adamianebs garkveuli
emociebis gamovlenis ufleba da socialurad
ramdenad Sesaferisia garkveuli tipis emociis
gamovlena mocemuli kategoriis adamianisaTvis
konkretul viTarebaSi (Masquita & Frijda, 1992; Ratner,
2000). ganvixiloT sami kulturis magaliTi,
romelSic emociebis gamoxatva dasavluri nor-
mebisagan gansxvavebulad xdeba. daviwyoT
afrikuli kulturiT.
senegalis volofis tomis warmomadgenlebi
cxovroben sazogadoebaSi, sadac adamianebs
Soris statusisa da Zalauflebis mxriv gan-
sxvaveba Zalian mkacrad aris gansazRvruli. am
kulturis maRali kastis warmomadgenlebisagan
emociebis gamoxatvis Zlier Sekavebas elian;
dabali kastis warmomadgenlebisagan mosalod-
nelia emociaTa ufro meti cvalebadobis
gamovlena, kerZod, laparakia kastaze, romelsac
griotebi ewodeba. griotebi zogjer, faqtob-
rivad, iZulebulni arian, gamoxaton warCinebu-
lebisaTvis `Seuferebeli~ emociebi.
erT dRes qalebis jgufi (xuTi war-
Cinebuli da ori grioti) Seikribnen
qalaqis piras wyalsacavTan. am dros maT
Tvalwin viRac qali wyalSi gadaxta. yvela
qali Sezara aSkara TviTmkvlelobis
mcdelobis danaxvam. warCinebulebma
mdumared ganicades es ambavi, xolo
griotebi ki yvirodnen yvelas magivrad
(Irvine, 1990, gv.146).
warmoidgineT Tqveni Tavi, rogor moiqceodiT
msgavs situaciaSi? albaT, ufro gagiadvildebaT
Tqveni Tavis griotis adgilze dayeneba, vidre
warCinebuli qalebis adgilze. pasuxi, cxadia,
isaa, rom warCinebulma qalebma aiTvises emociuri
eqspresiis kulturuli normebi, romelic maTgan
nebismieri TvalsaCino reaqciis dafarvas
moiTxovs.
emociuri eqspresiis sferoSi kulturuli
gansxvavebebis meore magaliTs warmoadgens
SemTxveva, romelic am wignis erT-erTi avtoris
cxovrebaSi moxda. igi gaaoca warmoSobiT
sirieli amerikeli amxanagis panaSvidze qalebis
jgufma, romelic moTqma-godebas iwyebda
samZimarze misuli adamianis darbazSi Sesvlisas.
am adamianis gasvlisTanave isini umalve wyvet-
dnen tirils da jgufur godebas xelaxla iwyeb-
dnen, rodesac Semdegi momsvleli Semodioda.
rogor SeiZleba amgvari qcevis axsna? imis gamo,
rom gardacvlilis ojaxis wevrebisTvis Zalian
Znelia Zlieri emociuri daZabulobis Senar-
Cuneba panaSvidebis (sami dRe-Ramis) ganmavlobaSi,
isini profesional damtireblebs qiraoben,
romlebic maT nacvlad gamoxataven saTanado
Zlier emociebs yovel axlad mosulTan. es
emociebi
gavrcelebuli praqtikaa xmelTaSuazRvisa da
axlo aRmosavleTis kulturebis rig qveynebSi.
mesame magaliTisaTvis saWiroa, erTmaneTisagan
ganvasxvavoT individualisturi da koleqti-
visturi kulturebi. individualistur kultu-
rebSi wina planzea individis moTxovnilebebi,
507
 xolo koleqtivistur kulturaSi _ jgufis
moTxovnilebebi (Triandis, 1994, 1995). maSin, rodesac
individualistebi uSualo, gadaudebel pirov-
nul jildos, Tavisuflebas, Tanasworobas, pirov-
nul siamovnebasa da mravalferovan, amaRelvebel
cxovrebas eswrafvian, koleqtivistebi upirates
Rirebulebas aniWeben TviTdisciplinasa da
cxovrebaSi adgilis damkvidrebas, mSoblebisa
da sxva ufrosebis pativiscemas, imijis dacvasa
da Sromas Soreuli miznebisTvis, romliTac
mTeli jgufi isargeblebs. mkvlevrebi miiCneven,
rom es kulturuli orientacia gavlenas unda
axdendes emociis eqspresiaze.

saidan
viciT
emociis eqspresia individualistur da
koleqtivistur sazogadoebebSi
ra xdeba maSin, rodesac erTi adamiani
uaryofiT emocias avlens sxva adamianis
an adamianTa jgufis mimarT? xSirad
situacia socialurad sakmaod uxerxul
saxes iRebs. situacia nakleb problemuria,
Tu saqme individualisturi sazogadoebis
warmomadgenels exeba, romelic dasaSvebad
miiCnevs uaryofiTi emociebis gamovlenis
SesaZleblobas sakuTari damoukideblobis
dasacavad, magram Tu saqme gvaqvs koleqti-
visturi sazogadoebis warmomadgenelTan,
maSin, SesaZloa, man Tavi Seikavos uar-
Tavi 13 / emocia, stresi da janmrTeloba
suraTi
13.2
emociuri eqspresia sxvadasxva
kulturebSi
amerikel (individualisturi kultura) da kosta-
rikel (koleqtivisturi kultura) studentebs
sTxovdnen, aReniSnaT, ramdenad kargad igrZnobdnen
Tavs dadebiTi da uaryofiTi emociebis gamoxatvis
SemTxvevaSi im adamianis mimarT, romelic maTSi am
emocias gamoiwvevda. studentebi pasuxebs aRniS-
navdnen skalaze, romelic ranJirebuli iyo 0-dan
(Zalze arakomfortulad) 5-mde (Zalze komfor-
tulad). dadebiTi emociebis SemTxvevaSi aRmoCnda,
rom individualisturi kulturis warmomadgenlebi
uaryofiTi emociebis gamoxatvisas Tavs ukeT
grZnobdnen, vidre koleqtivisturi kulturis
warmomadgeneli studentebi.

yofiTi emociebis gamovlenisagan, raTa sakuTar mdgomareobas bevrad ufro kom-

Tavi aaridos jgufSi uTanxmoebis gamow- fortulad afasebdnen uaryofiTi emociebis
vevas. am msjelobis Sesamowmeblad mkvlev- gamoxatvis dros, vidre kosta-rikelebi
rebma SearCies studenti fsiqologebi (Stephan et al.,1996).
amerikisa (individualisturi kultura) da
kosta-rikis (koleqtivisturi kultura) Semdgom, rodesac uaryofiT emocias gamoxa-
universitetebidan. isini cdis pirebs tavT, magaliTad, brazs megobris mimarT, dafiq-
ekiTxebodnen, Tu ramdenad komfortulad rdiT, Tu ramdenad asaxavs Tqveni damokidebuleba
igrZnobdnen Tavs garkveuli dadebiTi da
am SemTxvevisadmi kulturul Rirebulebebs.
uaryofiTi emociebis gamoxatvis Semdeg
rodesac saqme emociuri paternebis tipebs
im adamianis mimarT, romelic `gamoiwvevda
exeba, romlebic, SesaZloa, adamianis arsebobis
maTSi am emocias~. 13.2 suraTze warmodgeni-
manZilze ganviTarda, yovelTvis unda gaxsovdeT,
lia Sedegebi. rogorc xedavT, kulturuli
rom ukanaskneli sityva kulturas ekuTvnis.
gansxvaveba ar gamovlenila dadebiTi
dasavluri warmodgenebi imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra
emociebis SemTxvevaSi, Tumca, rogorc mo-
aris aucilebeli, an gardauvali emociis
salodneli iyo, amerikeli studentebi
eqspresiaSi, daRdasmulia amerikuli kulturiT
508
iseve, rogorc sxva warmodgenebi sxva sazoga-
doebebis kulturebiT. rogorc xedavT, emociis
eqspresiis gansxvavebul standartebs sxvadasxva
kulturuli warmomavlobis adamianebs Soris
gaugebrobebis warmoqmna SeuZlia.
Cven vnaxeT, rom emociur situaciebze
garkveuli fiziologiuri pasuxebi, rogoricaa
Rimili da grimasa, SesaZloa Tandayolili iyos.
axla ganvixiloT Teoriebi, romlebic cdi-
loben, daakavSiron erTmaneTTan sxva fizio-
logiuri reaqciebi da maTi fsiqologiuri
interpretaciebi.
emociis Teoriebi
zogadad, emociis Teoriebi cdiloben, axsnan
urTierTmimarTeba emociis gancdis fiziolo-
giur da fsiqologiur aspeqtebs Soris. am Tavs
im reaqciebis ganxilviT viwyebT, romlebsac
sxeuli emociurad relevantur situaciebSi
iZleva. Semdeg mimovixilavT Teoriebs, romlebic
ikvleven, Tu rogor uwyoben xels es fiziolo-
giuri reaqciebi emociis fsiqologiur gancdas.
emociis fiziologia
ra xdeba, rodesac Zlier emocias ganicdiT?
guliscema xSirdeba, sunTqvis sixSire matulobs,
piri giSrebaT, kunTebi iZabeba da, SesaZloa,
agakankaloT kidec. garda am SesamCnevi cvli-
lebebisa, bevri sxva SeumCneveli cvlilebac
xdeba. yvela es reaqcia emsaxureba sxeulis
mobilizebas moqmedebisaTvis, raTa garkveuli
zomebi iqnes miRebuli emociis wyaros mimarT.
axla ganvixiloT maTi warmoSoba.
avtonomiuri nervuli sistema sxeuls emo-
ciuri reaqciebisaTvis amzadebs misi rogorc
simpatikuri, ise parasimpatikuri nawilebis
amoqmedebiT (ix. Tavi 3). am nawilebs Soris
balansi gamRizianeblis xarisxsa da intensi-
vobazea damokidebuli. susti, usiamovno stimu-
laciis SemTxvevaSi ufro aqtiuria simpatikuri
nawili; susti, sasiamovno stimulaciis dros _
parasimpatikuri nawili. nebismieri tipis ufro
Zlieri stimulaciis SemTxvevaSi orive nawili
ufro Zlierad aris CarTuli. fiziologiurad
Zlieri emociebi, rogoricaa SiSi an brazi
sxeulis saswrafo reagirebis sistemas aaqtiu-
rebs, romelic swrafad da SeumCnevlad amzadebs
sxeuls mosalodneli safrTxisaTvis. simpa-
tikuri nervuli sistema pasuxismgebelia adre-
nalinis gamommuSavebeli jirkvlebidan hor-
monebis (epinerfinisa da norepinerfinis) gamo-
yofaze, rac, Tavis mxriv, Sinagani organoebidan
sisxlis Saqris gamoyofas, sisxlis wnevis awevas
iwvevs da nerwyvisa da oflis gamoyofas aZli-
erebs. krizisis gadavlis Semdeg dasamSvideblad
parasimpatikuri nervuli sistema akavebs gamaaq-
tiurebeli hormonebis gamoyofas. agzneba grZel-
deba Zlieri emociuri aqtivaciis gancdis Semdeg
cota xnis ganmavlobaSic, radgan zogierTi
hormoni agrZelebs sisxlSi cirkulacias.
rogorc vnaxavT emociis konkretuli Teori-
ebis aRwerisas, mkvlevrebi ganixilaven sakiTxs:
_ `iwvevs Tu ara konkretuli emociuri gancda
avtonomiur nervul sistemaSi aqtivobis gan-
sxvavebul paternebs?~ kros-kulturuli gamok-
vlevebis mixedviT, pasuxi am SekiTxvaze dade-
biTia.
saidan
viciT
aqvT Tu ara sxvadasxva emociebs
avtonomiuri aqtivobis gansxvavebuli
paternebi
davuSvaT, grZnobT gaocebas, SiSs an
zizRs, magram ar gindaT amis gamxela.
SegviZlia Tu ara, rom gavzomoT avto-
nomiuri nervuli sistemis reaqcia da zus-
tad davaskvnaT, ras grZnobT? pol ekmanma
da misma kolegebma (1983) am SekiTxvaze
pasuxis gacema SeerTebuli Statebis
profesional msaxiobebze dakvirvebis gziT
gadawyvites. mkvlevrebi zomavdnen iseT
avtonomiur reaqciebs, rogoricaa gulis-
cema da kanis temperatura, rodesac msaxio-
bebi emociebsa da emociis eqspresiebs
TamaSobdnen. am gazomvebma sxvadasxva
emociisaTvis gansxvavebuli paternebi ga-
moavlines. magaliTad, mwuxareba xasiaT-
emociebi
deboda guliscemis gaxSirebiT maSin, roca
sixaruli, piriqiT, _ SemcirebiT; marTa-
lia, SiSic da brazic iwvevs guliscemis
gaxSirebas, magram brazis dros aRiniS-
neboda kanis maRali temperatura, xolo
509
 gamometyvelebis amsaxvel suraTebs uyureben,
SiSis SemTxvevaSi _ kanis dabali tempe-
marcxena amigdala (tvinis TiToeul nawils
ratura.
calke amigdala aqvs) gaZlierebul aqtivobas
ramdenad aris SesaZlebeli am mona-
avlens eqspresiis intensivobis zrdasTan erTad
cemebis sxvadasxva kulturebze ganzoga-
da, piriqiT, mxiaruli saxis gamometyveleba igive
deba? mkvlevarTa igive jgufma Caatara sxva
struqturis naklebad gaaqtiurebas iwvevs (Mor-
kvleva, romelSic amerikeli qalebi da
ris et al., 1996). ganvixiloT erTi qalbatonis, d.r-
kacebi Seadares minankabus kacebs dasavleT
is magaliTi, romelsac epilefsiuri gulyrebis
sumatradan. am kulturis warmomadgenle-
gakontrolebis mcdelobisas marcxena da mar-
bisTvis socialuri norma uaryofiTi
jvena amigdala dauzianes. operaciis Sedegi is
emociebis dafarvaa. mkvlevrebs aintereseb-
iyo, rom d.r-s Zalian uWirda SiSisa da brazis
daT, eqnebodaT Tu ara maTac iseTive
emociebis aRqma, rodesac es emociebi saxis
bazisuri avtonomiuri paterni negatiuri
gamometyvelebiT, an xmis intonaciiT gamoixa-
emociebisaTvis, rogoric amerikel mamaka-
teboda (Scott et al., 1997). warmoidgineT, rogori
cebs im SemTxvevaSic ki, rodesac Zalian
iqneboda Tqveni cxovreba, rom aRar SegeZloT
mcire gamocdileba hqondaT emociebis
adamianebis gageba, rodesac isini uaryofiTi
gamoxatvisa? miRebuli Sedegebis mixedviT,
emociebis gadmocemas cdiloben.
am or kulturas Soris msgavsebis maRali
emociur gancdaSi korteqsi Tavisi Sida
done gamovlinda. aman mkvlevrebi miiyvana
nervuli qselebiT da sxeulis sxva nawilebTan
im azramde, rom avtonomiuri aqtivobis
kavSirebiT monawileobs. korteqsi uzrunvelyofs
paternebi `Cveni saerTo biologiuri
asociaciebisa da mogonebebis gamowvevas da
memkvidreobis ganviTarebis mniSvnelovani
maTTvis mniSvnelobebis miniWebas, rac aerTianebs
nawilia~ (Levenson et al., 1992, gv. 986)
fsiqologiur gamocdilebasa da biologiur
pasuxebs. kvlevebSi, romlebSic tvinis skanirebis
am eqsperimentebis mixedviT, sxvadasxva teqnikas iyeneben, sxvadasxva emociebTan garkve-
kulturis warmomadgenlebi swavloben sxvadasxva uli reaqciebis dakavSireba daiwyes. magaliTad,
Ria reaqciebis SemuSavebas erTi da igive PET-skanireba (ix. Tavi 3) gamoyenebul iqna imis
bazisuri sxeulebrivi gamocdilebisaTvis _ sademonstraciod, rom sixaruli da mwuxareba
yviriT Tu Cumad itanjebiT, rodesac brazobT? ar aris korteqsis erTsa da imave nawilSi
axla avtonomiuri nervuli sistemidan cen- aRmocenebuli urTierTsapirispiro reaqciebi.
tralur nervul sistemaze gadavinacvloT. metic, es urTierTsapirispiro emociebi tvinis
agznebis orive (hormonaluri da nervuli) aspeqti gansxvavebul nawilebSi Zlier aqtivacias iwvevs
(George et al.,1995). PET-skanireba, aseve, gamoyenebul
Tavi 13 / emocia, stresi da janmrTeloba

hipoTalamusis da limburi sistemis mier

kontroldeba. isini warmoadgenen makontro- iqna emociuri gancdis Sedegad tvinSi mimdinare
lebel sistemebs emociebisa da Tavdasxmis,
Tavdacvisa da gaqcevis paternebisaTvis. neiro-
anatomiuri kvleva gansakuTrebiT fokusirebulia
amigdalaze, rogorc limburi sistemis nawilze,
romelic moqmedebs, rogorc emociebis karibWe
da rogorc mexsierebis filtri. amigdala yove-
live amas SegrZnebebis gziT miRebuli infor-
maciisaTvis mniSvnelobis miniWebiT akeTebs. is
gansakuTrebiT Zlierad moqmedebs uaryofiTi
gancdebisaTvis mniSvnelobis miniWebisas. maga-
liTad, rodesac adamianebi SeSinebuli saxis

amigdala (Amygdala) _ limburi sistemis nawili,

romelic akontrolebs emocias, agresiasa da
510
emociuri mexsierebis formirebas.

procesebis Sesaswavlad, romlebic Sinagan
stimulaciaze sapasuxod Cndeba (emociebiT
datvirTuli mogonebebis aqtivacia), garegani
stimulaciisagan gansxvavebiT (emociurad dat-
virTuli movlenebis Semcveli filmebis yureba)
(Reiman et al., 1997). skanirebis es meTodi mkvlevrebs
tvinis im ubnebis identificirebis saSualebas
aZlevs, romlebic emociuri stimulaciis wya-
rosagan damoukideblad aqtivirdeba, im gar-
kveuli ubnebisgan gansxvavebiT, romelTa aqti-
vacia mkacradaa SeWiduli konkretuli reaqciis
gamomwvev konkretuli tipis stimulTan. maga-
liTad, amigdalaSi ufro meti aqtivoba dadas-
turda filmisagan aRZruli emociebis SemTxve-
vaSi, vidre mogonebebiT aRZruli emociebisas.
mkvlevrebi dRemde cdiloben axsnan, Tu ratom
Cndeba es gansxvavebebi _ PET-skanirebis teqnika
uamrav faqts iZleva da es faqtebi gamaerTianebel
Teorias elian.
amrigad, vnaxeT, rom sxeuli uzrunvelyofs
reaqciebs situaciebze, romlebSic emociebi
relevanturia, magram saidan viciT, romeli
grZnoba romel fiziologiur reaqcias ukavSir-
deba? axla ganvixilavT sam Teorias, romelic
am SekiTxvaze pasuxis gacemas cdilobs.
jems-langes sxeulebrivi reaqciis Teoria
erTi SexedviT TiTqos aSkaraa da yvela
daeTanxmeboda im azrs, rom emociebi win uswrebs
reaqciebs: magaliTad, viRacas uyviriT (reaqcia),
radgan gabrazebuli xarT (emocia). 100-ze meti
wlis win uiliam jemsi (William James), xolo bev-
rad ufro adre aristotele amtkicebda, rom es
Tanmimdevroba sapirispiroa _ grZnoba Cndeba
sxeulis reaqciis Semdeg; jemsma es azri ase
Camoayaliba: `mowyenilebi varT, radgan vtiriT;
vbrazobT, radgan Tavs vesxmiT; SeSinebulni
varT, radgan vkankalebT~ (James, 1890/1950, gv. 450).
mosazreba imis Sesaxeb, rom emocia sxeulebrivi
ukukavSiris Sedegia, jems-langes emociis Teo-
riis saxelwodebiT gaxda cnobili (karl lange
iyo danieli mecnieri, romelmac, jemsis msgav-
sad, igive ideebi wamoayena imave wels). am Teoriis
mixedviT, stimulis aRqma iwvevs avtonomiur
fiziologiur agznebas da sxva sxeulebriv
reaqciebs, rasac specifikuri emociis gancdamde
mivyavarT (ix. suraTi 13.3). jems-langes Teoria
periferiul Teoriad iTvleba, radgan yvelaze
mniSvnelovan rols aniWebs emociis jaWvSi vis-
ceralur reaqciebs, anu avtonomiuri nervuli
sistemis aqtivobas, rac periferiulia centra-
lur nervul sistemasTan SedarebiT.
kenon-bardis centraluri nervuli
procesebis Teoria
fiziologma uolter kenonma (Walter Canon,
1927, 1929) uaryo periferiuli Teoria, centra-
luri nervuli sistemis moqmedebisadmi centra-
listuri midgomis sasargeblod. kenonma da sxva
kritikosebma wamoayenes mTeli rigi SeniSvnebisa
jems-langes Teoriis mimarT (Leventhal, 1980). isini
aRniSnavdnen, magaliTad, rom visceraluri moq-
medeba irelevanturia emociis gancdisaTvis:
eqsperimentSi cxovelebs (mas Semdeg, rac visceras
qirurgiulad acalkevebdnen centraluri ner-
vuli sistemisagan) SeeZloT gamRizianebelze
emociuri pasuxebis gacema. isini, aseve, amtkiceb-
dnen, rom avtonomiuri nervuli sistemis reaq-
ciebi, rogorc wesi, Zalian nelia imisaTvis,
rom wamis measedebSi swrafad aRmocenebuli
emociebis wyaros warmoadgendnen. kenonis mixed-
viT, emocia moiTxovs, rom tvinma iSuamdgomlos
Semosul stimulaciasa da masze miRebul
jems-langes emociis Teoria (Jame-Lange theory
emociebi
of emotion) _ emociis periferiuli ukukavSiris
Teoria, romlis Tanaxmad, gamRizianebeli iw-
vevs qceviT reaqcias, romelic agzavnis sxva-
dasxva sensorul da motorul ukukavSirs Tavis
tvinSi da am gziT qmnis specifikuri emociis
grZnobas.
511
 jems-langes kenon-bardis kognituri Sefasebis
Teoria Teoria Teoria

gamRizianebeli gamRizianebeli gamRizianebeli

tvinis aqtivacia da gadamuSaveba fiziologiuri

gaRizineba moqmedeba agzneba

aRqmuli agzneba, gaRizineba moqmedeba agznebisa da stimulis

moqmedebis Sefaseba situaciis
interpretacia konteqstis mixedviT
emociuri
gancda

emociuri
gancda emociuri
gancda

suraTi
13.3

sami Teoriis Sedareba

emociis klasikuri Teoriebi emociis sxvadasxva komponentebs exeba. am TeoriebSi, aseve, gansxvavebulad
ganixileba procesis mimdinareoba stimulidan emociis gancdamde. jems-langes TeoriaSi movlena
amoqmedebs rogorc avtonomiur agznebas, ise, bihevioralur aqtivobas, Semdeg xdeba maTi aRqma, rac
bolos specifikuri emociuri gancdis saxiT vlindeba. kenon-bardis TeoriaSi xdeba stimulis
gadamuSaveba tvinis sxvadasxva nawilebSi, rac Semdeg warmarTavs agznebis, qcevisa da emociuri
gamocdilebis simultanur reaqciebs. kognituri Sefasebis TeoriaSi rogorc sastimulo movlenebi,
ise fiziologiuri agzneba kogniturad fasdeba situaciis gasaRebisa da konteqstis faqtorebis
mixedviT. emociuri gancda aRmocendeba agznebis donisa da kognoturi Sefasebis xasaiTis
urTierTqmedebis safuZvelze.

reaqcias Soris. Talamusidan wamosuli signa- fiziologiur agznebasa da emociis gancdas,

lebi iyofa da miemarTeba korteqsis erT nawilSi romlebic erTmaneTs ar ganapirobeben (ix. suraTi
emociuri grZnobis, xolo meore nawilSi _ 13.3). Tu raime iwvevs TqvenSi gabrazebas, gulis-
Tavi 13 / emocia, stresi da janmrTeloba

emociuri eqspresiis aRmosaceneblad. cema gagixSirdebaT da, amave dros, Sesabamisi

kidev erTma fiziologma, filip bardma (Philip
Bard), aseve, daaskvna, rom visceraluri reaqciebi
ar uswrebs win emociis gancdas; ufro zustad,
emociis gamomwvev stimuls aqvs ori simultanuri
efeqti: erTi mxriv, is iwvevs sxeulebriv agznebas
simpatikuri nervuli sistemis gavliT da, meore
mxriv, dasabams aZlevs emociis subieqtur gancdas
korteqsis gavliT. am ori fiziologis Sexedu-
lebebi gaerTianda kenon-bardis emociis Teoriis
saxelwodebiT, romelic amtkicebs, rom emociis
stimuli iwvevs or gansxvavebul reaqcias _
kenon-bardis emociis Teoria (Cannon-Bard theory
on emotion) _ am Teoriis mixedviT, emociuri
stimuli iwvevs or erTdroul reaqcias _ ag-
znebasa da emociis gancdas, romlebic erTmaneTs
512 ar ganapirobeben.
azric giCndebaT _ `rogor gamabrazes!~ _ magram
sxeuli da goneba ar karnaxoben erTmaneTs, rogori
unda iyos TiToeuli maTganis reaqcia.
kenon-bardis Teoria sxeulebrivi da fsi-
qikuri reaqciebis erTmaneTisgan damoukideb-
lobaze saubrobs. qvemoT vnaxavT, rom emociis
Tanamedrove Teoriebi uaryofen debulebas imis
Sesaxeb, rom es reaqciebi aucileblad damouki-
debelia erTmaneTisagan.
emociis kognituri Sefasebis Teoriebi
imis gamo, rom agznebis simptomebi da Sinagani
mdgomareobebi bevri sxvadasxva emociisaTvis
msgavsia, arsebobs maTi aRrevis SesaZlebloba,
gansakuTrebiT maSin, rodesac maTi gancda
orazrovan, araerTmniSvnelovan, an axal situa-
ciaSi xdeba. stenli Saxteris (Stanley Schachter)
mixedviT (1971b), emociis gancda warmoadgens
fiziologiuri agznebisa da kognituri Sefasebis
erToblivi moqmedebis Sedegs. orive komponenti
aucilebelia emociis aRmocenebisaTvis. savarau-
doa, rom yvela agzneba zogadi, aradifer-
encirebuli da pirveli nabijia emociis mimdi-
nareobaSi. Cven vaxdenT fiziologiuri agznebis
Sefasebas, raTa ganvsazRvroT, Tu ras vgrZnobT,
romeli emociis iarliyia yvelaze Sesaferisi
da ras niSnavs Cveni reaqcia im konkretul
situaciaSi, romelSic agznebis gancda Cndeba.
riCard lazarusi (Richard Lazarus, 1991, 1995; Lazarus
& Lazarus, 1994) kognituri Sefasebis modelis
erT-erTi wamyvani avtori, amtkicebs, rom
`emociuri gancda SeuZlebelia gagebul iqnes,
rogorc mxolod pirovnebaSi, an Tavis tvinSi
mimdinare procesi. is moicavs mimdinare transaq-
ciebs garemosTan, romlis Sefasebac xdeba~
(Lazarus, 1984a, gv. 124). lazarusi, aseve, xazs
usvams imas, rom Sefaseba xSirad cnobieri
gaazrebis gareSe Cndeba. Tu arsebobs warsulis
gamocdileba, romelic emocias situaciasTan
akavSirebs (`isev es usiamovno tipi modis,
romelsac adrec Sevxvedrivar~), agznebis inter-
pretaciisaTvis aRar aris saWiro damatebiT
garegani pirobebis sagangebod Zebna. es Tvalsaz-
risi cnobili gaxda, rogorc emociis kognituri
Sefasebis Teoria (ix. suraTi 13.3).
am Teoriis Sesamowmeblad eqsperimentatorebi
qmnidnen situaciebs, romlebSic mocemuli iyo
miniSnebebi garemodan, romlebsac, Tavis mxriv,
unda uzrunveleyoT individis mier agznebis
etiketireba.
saidan
viciT
agzneba da mcdari emociuri
interpretacia
mkvlevari qali vankuverSi (kanada)
intervius iRebda mamakacebisgan, romlebmac
es-es iyo gaiares ori xididan erT-erTze.
erTi xidi usafrTxo da myari iyo, meore
_ saxifaTo da moryeuli. eqsperimentators
viTom ainteresebda peizaJis gavlena
kreatulobaze da xidis gadalaxvis Semdeg
cdis pir mamakacebs mokle moTxrobis
daweras sTxovda orazrovani suraTis Se-
saxeb, romelSic qali figurirebda. eqspe-
rimentatori damatebiT sTavazobda cdis
pirebs, Tu survili eqnebodaT, daerekaT
masTan gamokvlevis Sesaxeb ufro meti
informaciis misaRebad. cdis pirebi, rom-
lebmac saxifaTo xidze gaiares, ufro meti
seqsualuri saxeebis Semcvel moTxrobebs
werdnen da am jgufidan oTxjer meti cdis
piri urekavda eqsperimentators, meore
jgufis cdis pirebTan (anu, vinc usafrTxo
xidze gaiara) SedarebiT. imis saCveneblad,
rom agzneba damoukidebeli cvladi iyo,
romelic gavlenas axdenda mcdar emociur
interpretaciaze, mkvlevarTa jgufma gamoyo
mamrobiTi sqesis cdis pirebis kidev erTi
jgufi, romelsac saSiS xidze gavlidan
10 wT-is an meti drois Semdeg gasaubreba
utardeboda. es dro sakmarisia fizikuri
agznebis simptomebis Sesasusteblad. dam-
Svidebuli cdis pirebis es jgufi ar av-
lenda seqsualuri reaqciebis niSnebs, ag-
znebuli cdis pirebisagan gansxvavebiT
(Dutton & Aron, 1974).
am situaciaSi mamrobiTi sqesis cdis pirebi
midiodnen emociur daskvnamde (`me mainteresebs
es qali~), romelic emyareboda agznebis wyaros
mcdar atribucias (`aRmagznebs qali da ara
saxifaTo xidi~). msgavs eqsperimentSi studentebs
orwuTiani aerobikis varjiSis Semdeg unda
aReweraT sakuTari mdgomareoba. rodesac cdis
kognituri Sefaseba (Cognitive appraisal) _ emocieb-
Tan mimarTebaSi procesi, romlis meSveobiTac
fiziologiuri agzneba gaiazreba im konkretul
garemoebaTa mixedviT, romelSic is iyo gan-
cdili. agreTve, stresoris amocnoba da Sefa-
seba, raTa dadgindes safrTxis sidide da misi
daZlevisaTvis saWiro resursebi da Sesatyvisi
daZlevis strategiebi.
emociebi
emociis kognituri Sefasebis Teoria (Cognitive
appraisal theory of emotion) _ am Teoriis mixedviT,
emociis gancda warmoadgens fiziologiuri
agznebisa da kognituri Sefasebis erTobliv
Sedegs. kognituri Sefaseba emsaxureba imas,
Tu rogor moxdeba gaurkveveli, orazrovani
Sinagani mdgomareobis `etiketireba~. 513
 pirebi sakuTar mdgomareobas uSualod varjiSis
damTavrebis Semdeg aRwerdnen, naklebad aRniS-
navdnen Zlieri emociebis arsebobas. am SemTxve-
vaSi maT ufro advilad SeeZloT sakuTari agzneba
daekavSirebinaT da aexsnaT varjiSiT, vidre
emociuri mdgomareobiT, xolo, rodesac cdis
pirebi sakuTar emociur mdgomareobas varjiSis
damTavrebidan garkveuli drois gasvlis Semdeg
aRwerdnen, ris gamoc varjiSi naklebad relevan-
turad eCvenebodaT gaxangrZlivebul agznebasTan
mimarTebaSi, isini Zlieri emociebis arsebobas
aRniSnavdnen (Sinclair et al., 1994).
kognituri Sefasebis Teoriis zogierTi
aspeqti mecnierebma eWvis qveS daayenes. magaliTad,
Tqven zemoT SeityveT, rom agznebis mdgomareo-
bebi _ avtonomiuri nervuli sistemis aqtivoba
_ romelic Tan axlavs sxvadasxva emociebs,
erTmaneTis identuri ar aris (Levenson et al.,
1992). amrigad, zogierTi emociuri gancdisaTvis
interpretacia, SesaZloa, arc iyos aucilebeli;
garda amisa, Zlieri agznebis gancda yovelgvari
aSkara mizezis gareSe ar iwvevs neitralur,
aradiferencirebul mdgomareobas, rogorc es
Teoriis mixedviT iTvleba. erTi wamiT SeCerdiT
da warmoidgineT, rom zustad axla guliscema
uecrad gagixSirdaT, sunTqva zedapiruli da
xSiri gagixdaT, gulmkerdis kunTebi dageZabaT
da xelisgulebi gagiofliandaT. rogor inter-
pretacias gaukeTebdiT am simptomebs? SesaZloa,
ucnaurad mogeCvenoT, magram Turme adamianebi,
sazogadod, gaurkvevel fizikur agznebas xsnian,
rogorc uaryofiTs, rogorc niSans, rom raRac
Tavi 13 / emocia, stresi da janmrTeloba
ar aris wesrigSi. dabolos, adamianebis mxridan
amgvari axsnis mcdeloba mimarTulia imaze, rom
moxdes stimulis dadgena, romelic axsnis, an
daadasturebs am negatiur interpretacias (Mar-
shal & Zimbardo, 1979; Maslach, 1979).
kognituri Sefasebis Teoriis kidev erTi
kritika robert zaioncs (Robert Zajonc) ekuTvnis,
romelmac aRwera iseTi pirobebi, romelSic
SesaZlebelia raRacisTvis upiratesobis miniWeba
msjelobis gareSe da grZnobis gancda misi
mizezis gacnobierebis gareSe (Zajonc, 1980, 2000).
wamieri eqspoziciis efeqtis eqsperimentebis
seriaSi cdis pirebs aCvenebdnen sxvadasxva
stimuls, rogoricaa ucxo sityvebi, iaponuri
ieroglifebi, ricxvebis seriebi da ucxo saxeebi.
es stimulebi imdenad swrafad miewodebodaT
514 cdis pirebs, rom maTi cnobieri aRqma SeuZle-
beli iyo. cdis pirebs ki mainc SeeZloT upira-
tesobis miniWeba zogierTi stimulisaTvis, am
arCevanis mizezis gacnobierebis gareSe. stimu-
lebi, romlebsac yvelaze xSirad imeorebdnen
prezentaciis dros, met mowonebas imsaxurebda.
amrigad, naCveneb iqna, rom es gaZlierebuli
mowoneba Tavs iCenda stimulebis cnobieri
cnobis gareSe.
amrigad, umjobesi iqneba davaskvnaT, rom
kognituri Sefaseba emociuri gancdis mniSvne-
lovani, magram ara _ erTaderTi, procesia (Izard,
1993). mTel rig pirobebSi Tqven, SesaZloa, mar-
Tlac daakvirdeT garemos (aracnobierad mainc),
raTa axsnaT Tqveni grZnobebi. zog SemTxvevaSi
ki Tqveni emociuri gancda SesaZloa evoluciis
Sedegad Camoyalibebuli Sinagani kavSirebis
kontrols eqvemdebarebodes. fiziologiuri pa-
suxi, am SemTxvevaSi, ar saWiroebs interpretacias.
gansxvavebuli gzebis arseboba, romlebsac
emociur gancdamde mivyavarT, gvafiqrebinebs,
rom emociebi mTel rig funqciebs asruleben.
axla es funqciebi ganvixiloT.
emociis funqciebi
risTvis gvaqvs emociebi? ra funqcias asru-
leben emociebi CvenTvis? am SekiTxvaze pasuxis
gacemaSi, SesaZloa, dagvexmaros Cveni cxovre-
bidan erTi dRis gaxseneba da imis warmodgena,
Tu ramdenad gansxvavebuli iqneboda Cveni
cxovreba emociebis gancdis, an gagebis unaris
gareSe. axla ganvixiloT emociis zogierTi
funqcia, romelsac is, mkvlevarTa azriT, Cvens
cxovrebaSi asrulebs.
motivacia da agzneba
warmoidgineT aseTi SemTxveva: pirvelad Caic-
viT axali svitri da misi nakeri mxarze irRveva.
ratom mibrundebiT maRaziaSi da moiTxovT
kompensacias? me-12 Tavis Tanaxmad, es SemTxveva
unda ganvixiloT, rogorc sakiTxi motivaciis
Sesaxeb. Tu am moqmedebis Tqveneuli pasuxi iqneba:
`radgan me Zalian gavbrazdebi~, an `radgan saso-
warkveTa dameufleba~, aqedan naTeli xdeba, rom
emociebi xSirad iZlevian impulss moqmedebi-
saTvis; emociebs aqvT motivaciuri funqcia,
iwveven ra adamianSi moqmedebis ganxorcie-
lebisaken swrafvas garkveuli realurad gan-
cdili, an warmosaxuli movlenebis sapasuxod.
amis Semdeg emociebi warmarTaven qcevas gar-
kveuli miznebisaken. sxva adamianis siyvaruli-
saTvis, SesaZloa, gaakeToT yvelaferi, raTa mo-
xibloT, iyoT masTan axlos da daicvaT igi.
sakuTar principebs, an qveynis siyvaruls, Se-
saZloa, sicocxlec SeswiroT.
axla ganvixiloT SemTxvevebi, rodesac emo-
cias Tqvenze gabatoneba da gakontroleba xel-
ewifeba. yofilxarT odesme iseTi gabrazebuli,
rodesac gigrZvniaT, rom ar SegwevT raime
moqmedebis Sesrulebis unari? rogorc ukve
vnaxeT, emociur situaciebze fiziologiuri
agznebiT pasuxobT. mecnierebi varaudoben, rom
agznebasa da raime moqmedebis Sesrulebas Soris
mimarTeba gadmobrunebuli laTinuri U-s formis
funqcias (∩) mihyveba (Hebb, 1955). es mrudi
winaswarmetyvelebs, rom Zalian sustma, an Zalian
Zlierma agznebam SeiZleba daaqveiTos moqmedebis
Sesrulebis xarisxi. zedmetad susti fizio-
logiuri stimulaciis SemTxvevaSi, SesaZloa,
ver moaxerxoT Tqveni qcevis efeqturad organi-
zeba (Bexton et al., 1954). zedmetad Zlieri sti-
mulaciis dros, SesaZloa, emociam gadafaros
kognicia.
suraTze 13.4 naCvenebia mimarTeba agznebasa
da Sesrulebas Soris. suraTze, aseve, gansazRv-
rulia optimaluri agznebis donis cneba moqme-
debis saukeTeso SesrulebisaTvis. zogierTi da-
valeba ukeT sruldeba, rodesac agznebis maRali
done gvaqvs, zogierTi ki SedarebiT saSualo
dones saWiroebs. zogierTi amocanis SemTxvevaSi,
rodesac agzneba SedarebiT dabalia, davalebis
Sesruleba maqsimaluria, agznebis donis gasa-
Rebi amocanis sirTulea. Zneli an rTuli amoca-
nebis warmatebiT gadaWrisaTvis saWiro agznebis
optimaluri done kontiniumis dabal mxares
mdebareobs. sirTulis Semcirebasa da amocanis
gamartivebasTan erTad davalebis Sesrulebis
optimaluri done _ done, romelic saWiroa
yvelaze efeqturi SesrulebisaTvis _ matulobs.
am mimarTebas ierks-dodsonis kanoni (Yerkes-Dodson
Law) ewodeba, romlis mixedviTac, rTuli amo-
canebis Sesrulebis efeqturoba mcirdeba ag-
znebis matebasTan erTad maSin, roca martivi
amocanebis Sesrulebis efeqturoba izrdeba
agznebis matebasTan erTad (Yerkes & Dodson, 1908).
amrigad, emociis mniSvnelovan funqcias war-
moadgens moqmedebisTvis impulsis micema, rac
mniSvnelovani miznebisaken moZraobis dawyebas
niSnavs. fiziologiuri agzneba, romelsac emo-
ciuri situaciebi iwvevs, saWiroa optimaluri
Sesrulebis gansaxorcieleblad, magram sifrTxi-
ierks-dodsonis kanoni (Yerkes-Dodson law) _ ko-
relacia amocanis Sesrulebasa da agznebis
optimalur dones Soris.

suraTi
13.4
emociebi

ierks-dodsonis kanoni
Sesruleba varirebs agznebis donisa da amocanis sirTulis mixedviT. advili, an martivi amocanebis
SemTxvevaSi agznebis SedarebiT ufro maRali done zrdis Sesrulebis efeqturobas maSin, roca
rTuli da Zneli amocanebisaTvis agznebis ufro dabali done aris optimaluri. agznebis saSualo
done. zogadad, yvelaze ukeTesia saSualo sirTulis amocanebisaTvis. gadmobrunebuli laTinuri
U-s formis funqciebi gviCvenebs, rom Sesruleba yvelaze uaresia agznebis rogorc yvelaze dabal,
ise _ yvelaze maRal wertilebze. 515
 lea saWiro, raTa emociebs ar mivceT imdenad negatiur guneba-ganwyobilebas Txovnis formu-
gaZlierebis saSualeba, rom davalebis Sesruleba lirebaze.
mrudis qvemoT daSvebul mxareze moxvdes.

saidan
emociebis socialuri funqciebi
viciT
socialur doneze emociebi socialuri inte-
raqciebis regulatoris funqcias asruleben. guneba-ganwyobileba gavlenas axdens
rogorc dadebiTi socialuri makavSirebeli, metyvelebaze
isini gvaaxloeben zogierT adamianTan, xolo
eqsperimentis monawileebi uyurebdnen
rogorc uaryofiTi socialuri gamRizianeblebi,
moklemetraJian filmebs, romlebic maT
gvaSoreben zogierT adamians. Cven ganveridebiT
ayenebda mxiarul, neitralur an sevdian
mas, vinc ganrisxebulia; Cven vuaxlovdebiT ada-
guneba-ganwyobilebaze. mas Semdeg, rac
mians, romelic RimiliT, gafarToebuli gugebiT
guneba-ganwyobileba SeeqmnebodaT, eqspe-
da gamamxnevebeli mzeriT gvagrZnobinebs, rom
rimentatori TiToeul cdis pirs kvlevis
mzadaa Cven misaRebad. SesaZloa, davfaroT sxva
sastimulo masalis Canaweris motanas ava-
adamianis mimarT Zlieri negatiuri emociebi
lebda asistentisagan, romelic gverdiT
Tavi 13 / emocia, stresi da janmrTeloba

misi statusis, an Zalauflebis gamo. gavixsenoT

oTaxSi imyofeboda. iwerdnen mimarTvebs,
d.r., romelmac dakarga amigdalas funqcia da,
romlebsac cdis pirebi asistentisadmi
masTan erTad, brazisa da SiSis aRqmis unari
Txovnis Camosayalibeblad iyenebdnen.
(Scott et al., 1997). rodesac adre ganvixileT d.r-is
Semfaseblebi (romlebmac ar icodnen,
SemTxveva, gTxoveT, warmogedginaT, rogori
romeli cdis piri rogor gunebaze iyo)
iqneboda cxovreba, rom ar SegeZloT adamianebis
TiToeul Txovnas Tavazianobis mixedviT
gageba, rodesac isini uaryofiTi emociebis gad-
afasebdnen. rogorc 13.5 suraTzea naCvenebi,
mocemas cdiloben. magaliTad, ra moxdeba, rom
guneba-ganwyobilebas didi zegavlena hqon-
ar gqondeT sxvebisagan imis gagebis unari, rom
da Tavazianobaze _ mowyenili cdis pirebi
situacia saSiSia? an, rom Tqvenma qcevam sxvaSi
yvelaze Tavazianebi iyvnen; isini yvelaze
brazis reaqcia gamoiwvia? d.r-ma amigdalaSi
TavSekavebulebi aRmoCndnen sxvebis mimarT
garkveuli funqciis dakargvasTan erTad Tavis
kategoriuli (potenciurad araTavaziani)
socialur garemoSi srulyofilad funqcioni-
moTxovnebis wayenebaSi (Forgas, 1999).
rebis unaric dakarga.
gancdil emociebs Zlieri gavlena aqvs imaze,
Tu rogor moqmedebT socialur viTarebebSi. daakvirdiT Tqvens sakuTar cxovrebas: ufro
riskianebi xarT socialur situaciebSi, rodesac
516 ganvixiloT, ra gavlena aqvs pozitiur, an

suraTi
13.5
guneba-ganwyobilebis gavlena
Tavazianobaze
mxiarul, neitralur da cud gunebaze myofi
cdis pirebi TxovniT mimarTavdnen ucnobs.
Semfaseblebi adgenen TiToeuli Txovnis
Tavazianobis xarisxs 1-dan (araTavaziani) 7 _
(Tavaziani) safexurian skalaze. cud, mowyenil
gunebaze myofi cdis pirebis Txovna ufro
Tavaziani aRmoCnda (magaliTad: `fails xom
ver momcemdiT?~ da ara _ `stimulis faili
mWirdeba!~).
karg, mxiarul gunebaze xarT? ufro frTxilebi
xarT cud, mowyenil gunebaze?
mkvlevrebi emociis gavlenaze saubrisas
prosocialuri qcevis stimulirebazec miuTi-
Teben (Hoffman, 1986; Isen, 1984; Schroeder et al., 1995).
rodesac adamianebs Tavs kargad agrZnobineben,
maSin ufro mosalodnelia, rom isini CaerTon
sxvadasxva altruistul qcevaSi (Carlson et al.,
1988). rodesac erT-erT gamokvlevaSi cdis pirebs
garkveul danaSaulSi damnaSaved agrZnobinebdnen
Tavs, isini momavalSi daxmarebis gawevis mzaobas
gamoTqvamdnen, savaraudod, sakuTari danaSaulis
Sesamsubuqeblad (Carlsmit & Gross, 1969). amis
msgavsad, is, Tu rogor grZnobs Tavs adamiani,
damokidebulia imaze, Tu ramdenad prosocialuri
iyo misi qceva. magaliTad, rodesac adamianebi
ixsenebdnen iseT situaciebs, romelSic uari
uTxres sxvas daxmarebis gawevaze, maT guneba
ufuWdebodaT (Williamson et al., 1996). es, ZiriTadad,
maSin xdeboda, rodesac adamiani, romelsac uars
eubnebodnen, maTi kargi megobari, ojaxis wevri,
an romantikuli partniori iyo. is, Tu rogor
grZnobT Tavs, mniSvnelovanwilad damokidebulia
imaze, ramdenad SegiZliaT Tqveni socialuri
valdebulebebis Sesruleba.
emociebis gavlena kognitur aqtivobaze
emociebi kognitur funqciebs emsaxureba imiT,
rom gavlenas axdens Tqveni yuradRebis velSi
moxvedril nebismier obieqtsa Tu movlenaze;
imaze, Tu rogor aRiqvamT sakuTar Tavs da sxvebs
da rogor xsniT da ixsenebT cxovrebiseuli
situaciebis sxvadasxva Taviseburebebs. mkvlev-
rebma aCvenes, rom emociur mdgomareobebs swav-
laze, mexsierebaze, socialur msjelobaze, das-
kvnasa da kreatulobaze SeuZliaT zemoqmedeba
(Bredley 1994; Forgas, 1995, 2000). emociuri reaqciebi
mniSvnelovan rols asruleben cxovrebiseuli
gamocdilebis organizebasa da kategorizaciaSi.
informaciis gadamuSavebaSi emociebis rolis
kvleva gordon bauerma (Gordon Bower, 1981, 1991) da
misma studentebma daiwyes. baueris Teoriis
mixedviT, rodesac adamiani garkveul emocias
ganicdis garkveul situaciaSi, es emocia mexsie-
rebaSi inaxeba mis Tanmxleb sxva movlenebTan
erTad, rogorc imave konteqstis nawili. mexsie-
rebis reprezentaciis es paterni ganapirobebs
guneba-ganwyobilebis kongruentul gadamuSavebas
da masze damokidebul mexsierebas. guneba-gan-
wyobilebis Sesabamis (kongruentul) gadamu-
SavebasTan maSin gvaqvs saqme, rodesac adamiani
SerCeviTad mgrZnobiarea imis mimarT, rom
gadaamuSaos da aRadginos informacia, romelic
mis mimdinare guneba-ganwyobilebas Tanxvdeba.
masalas, romelic dominirebuli guneba-
ganwyobilebis Sesabamisia, ufro metad amCneven
da aqceven yuradRebas; ufro Rrmad da Sinaarsianad
gadaamuSaveben (Giligan & Bower, 1984). guneba-
ganwyobilebaze damokidebuli mexsiereba exeba
pirobebs, romelSic adamians uadvildeba infor-
maciis gaxseneba; rodesac misi guneba gaxsenebis
momentSi Tanxvdeba im gunebas, romelic mas
informaciis damaxsovrebis dros hqonda (Eich,
emociebi
1995; Eich & Macaulay, 2000).
axla ganvixiloT kvleva, romelSic mocemu-
lia rogorc guneba-ganwyobilebis Sesabamisi
gaxsenebis, ise masze damokidebuli damaxsovrebis
magaliTebi.
517
 saidan gaixseneT Cveni diskusia kodirebis Tavisebu-
rebebis Sesaxeb (me-8 Tavi). guneba-ganwyobi-
viciT
lebasTan dakavSirebul am monacemebs mivyavarT
guneba-ganwyobileba da im azramde, rom mogonebebis kodirebisaTvis
avtobiografiuli mexsiereba mniSvnelovan konteqstualur TvisebaTa nusxaSi
saWiroa emociebis damateba.
am kvlevaSi iyenebdnen ori tipis musikas
dabolos, ukanaskneli SeniSvna guneba-gan-
_ mxiarulsa da mowyenils _ sasiamovno
wyobilebasa da kognicias Soris urTierTmimar-
da usiamovno guneba-ganwyobilebis Sesaqmne-
TebasTan dakavSirebiT. mkvlevrebma Tanmimdev-
lad. mas Semdeg, rac cdis pirebs Sesabamis
rulad aCvenes, rom dadebiTi afeqti _ sasiamovno
gunebas Seuqmnidnen, maT awvdidnen 16 neit-
guneba-ganwyobileba _ azrovnebisa da problemis
ralur sityva-gamRizianebels da sTxov-
gadawyvetis met efeqturobasa da kreatulobas
dnen, rom am sityvebze sapasuxod gaexse-
ganapirobebs (Isen et al., 1987). ganvixiloT kvleva,
nebinaT SemTxvevebi sakuTari cxovrebidan.
romelSic eqimebs sTxovdnen problemebis
magaliTad, cdis pirs aCvenebdnen sityvas
gadaWras, rac kreatulobis garkveul dones moi-
`vardi~ da mas rac SeiZleba swrafad unda
Txovda. cdis pirebs, romlebic zomierad sasia-
gaexsenebina raime sakuTari cxovrebidan.
movno gunebaze daayenes (eqsperimentatori cdis
monacemebma aCvena guneba-ganwyobilebis
pir eqimebs kanfetebs Cuqnida), sagrZnoblad
Sesabamisi gaxsenebis arseboba: karg, sa-
ukeTesi Sedegi hqondaT kreatulobis testSi,
siamovno gunebaze myofi cdis pirebis
vidre sakontrolo jgufis eqimebs (anu maT,
mogonebebis 72% Sefasebul iqna, rogorc
vinc winaswar ar iRebda saCuqars) (Estrada et al.,
dadebiTi mogonebebi, xolo cud, usiamovno
1994). Tqven SegiZliaT am tipis aRmoCenebis uSua-
gunebaze myofi cdis pirebisa _ mxolod
lod gamoyeneba. Tqven ufro efeqturad da
52%.
kreatulad SegiZliaT saSinao davalebis Ses-
guneba-ganwyobilebaze damokidebuli
ruleba, Tu kargi guneba-ganwyobilebis Senar-
mexsierebis Sesaswavlad igive cdis pirebi
Cunebas SeZlebT. Tqven, SesaZloa, gagiCndeT
ori dRis Semdeg kvlav Sekribes labo-
azri: `rogor unda SevinarCuno kargi guneba-
ratoriaSi da isev musikiT Seuqmnes guneba-
ganwyobileba, roca amdeni saqme maqvs gasakeTe-
ganwyobileba. cdis pirTa erT nawils
beli?~ axla SevexebiT stress da imas, Tu rogor
eqsperimentis orive nawilSi erTnairi
SegviZlia masTan gamklaveba. agreTve, vnaxavT,
guneba-ganwyobileba Seuqmnes (magaliTad,
Tu rogor aris SesaZlebeli sakuTari grZnobebis
orive cdaSi sasiamovno gunebaze daayenes);
kontroli kogniciiT.
Tavi 13 / emocia, stresi da janmrTeloba

cdis pirTa meore nawils ki sxvadasxva

guneba-ganwyobilebas uqmnidnen (magaliTad,
pirvel cdaSi usiamovno gunebaze ayeneb-
dnen, meoreSi _ sasiamovnoze). Tu mexsiereba
marTlac guneba-ganwyobilebaze iyo damo-
kidebuli, cdis pirebi, romlebsac orive
cdaSi erTnair gunebas uqmnidnen, ufro
met informacias unda ixsenebdnen, vidre
cdis pirebi, romlebsac gansxvavebul gune-
bas uqmnidnen. miRebuli monacemebiT
swored aseTi paterni gamovlinda: cdis
pirebi, orive cdaSi erTnairi guneba-gan-
wyobilebiT, ixsenebdnen wina cdaSi gax-
senebulis 35%-s, xolo gansxvavebuli gu-
nebis mqone cdis pirebi _ wina cdis mogo-
nebebis mxolod 26%-s (Eich et al., 1994).
518
Sejameba
Carlz darvinma wamoayena idea, rom emociebi
garkveuli kategoriis ganmeorebad situaciebze
sapasuxod ganviTarda. kros-kulturulma gamok-
vlevebma ganamtkica evoluciuri midgoma, uz-
runvelyo ra is faqtebiT, rom saxis eqspresiebi
da maTi cnoba universaluria. miuxedavad amisa,
kulturebs aqvT gansxvavebuli normebi imis
Sesaxeb, Tu rogor da sad aris SesaZlebeli
emociebis gamovlena. avtonomiuri nervuli
sistema, limburi sistema da korteqsis nawilebi
garkveul rols TamaSoben emociis fiziolo-
giaSi. emociis Teoriebi cdiloben, gansazRvron
kauzaluri urTierTkavSiri fiziologiur
agznebasa da individis emociur gancdebs Soris.
Tanamedrove Teoriebi ufro da ufro xSirad
aRniSnaven, rom kognicia, Sefasebis saxiT, gar-
kveul rols TamaSobs grZnobebis interpreta-
ciaSi. emociebi xSirad adamianebis motivirebas
emsaxurebian; isini, aseve, asruleben garkveul
rols socialuri urTierTobebis regulaciasa
da kognituri procesebis Sinaarsisa da efeqtu-
robis gansazRvraSi.

stresi Tqvens cxovrebaSi

davuSvaT, gTxovT, gaixsenoT, rogor `grZnob-

diT Tavs~ dRis ganmavlobaSi. Tqven SeiZleba
gviTxraT, rom drodadro sixaruls, sevdas,
brazs, gakvirvebas da a.S. ganicdidiT; magram
aris kidev erTi grZnoba, romelsac adamianebi
xSirad adareben erTgvar xmaurs, romelic fonad
gasdevs maTi yoveldRiuri gancdebis umetesobas
da es aris stresi (Sapolsky, 1994). Tanamedrove
industriuli sazogadoeba cxovrebis swraf,
cvalebad temps amkvidrebs. adamianebi xSirad
iZulebulni arian, erTdroulad bevri ram
akeTon; isini wuxan, rom maTi momavali bun-
dovania da rom ojaxisa da garTobisaTvis dro
ar rCebaT. viqnebodiT ki ukeT stresis gareSe?
ustreso cxovreba gamowvevebs ar gvTavazobs _
arc dasaZlev sirTuleebs, arc dasapyrob didaturis wardgenas gTxoven. aseT SemTxvevebSi
sferoebs da arc raime saWiroebas, rom davxvewoT individis reaqcia cvlilebis ganxorcielebis
goneba da ganvaviTaroT Cveni SesaZleblobebi. moTxovnaze ramdenime doneze mimdinare _ fizio-
yoveli organizmi gare sinamdvilidan da sa- logiur, qceviT, emociur da kognitur _ reaqci-
kuTari moTxovnilebebidan momdinare gamowvevebs aTa sxvadasxva kombinaciiT iqmneba. rogori
awydeba. organizmma es problemebi aucileblad reaqcia SeiZleba gqondeT zemoT CamoTvlil
unda gadaWras, raTa gadarCes da ganviTardes. TiToeul stresorze?
stresi aris organizmis mier ganxorcielebul 13.6 suraTze mocemulia stresis mimdinare-
stresi Tqvens cxovrebaSi

reaqciaTa paterni im mastimulirebeli movlenis obis elementebi. am qveTavSi SevecdebiT, naTeli

mimarT, romelic urRvevs wonasworobas, gamoc-
das uwyobs mas, an aRemateba misi daZlevis
unars. mastimulirebeli movlenebi moicavs
mravalferovan garegan da Sinagan viTarebebs,
romelTa krebiTi saxelwodebaa stresorebi.
stresori aris mastimulirebeli movlena,
romelic organizmisgan garkveul adaptaciur
reaqcias moiTxovs. magaliTad, Tqveni manqanis
win velosipedisti zigzagebiT moZraobs, profe-
sorma semestruli gamocdis TariRi gadmogiwiaT,
klasis prezidentis arCevnebSi sakuTari kan-
wamodgena SegiqmnaT suraTze mocemul yvela
maxasiaTebelze. daviwyebT stresorebze zogadi
fiziologiuri reaqciebis ganxilviT; Semdeg
stresi (Stress) _ specifikuri da araspecifikuri
reaqciebis paterni, ganxorcielebuli organiz-
mis mier mastimulirebeli obieqtis mimarT,
romelic arRvevs mis wonasworobas, gamocdas
uwyobs, an aRemateba misi daZlevis unars.
stresori (Stressor)_ Sinagani an garegani mov-
lena an stimuli, romelic iwvevs stress.
519
 suraTi
13.6
stresis modeli
stresuli situaciis kognituri interpretacia-Sefaseba urTierTqmedebs stresorTan
da masTan dasapirispireblad arsebul fizikur, socialur da pirovnul resursebTan.
sxvadasxva safrTxeze individi gansxvavebul doneebze reagirebs: fiziologiur,
qceviT da kognitur doneebze. zogierTi reaqcia adaptaciuri bunebis mqonea, zogierTi
ki _ araadaptaciuri da xSirad momakvdinebelic ki SeiZleba aRmoCndes.

aRvwerT sxvadasxva kategoriis stresorTa cal- sakontrolo wera gaqvT? albaT, TqvenSi es
keul efeqtebs. dabolos, ganvixilavT sxvadasxva garkveul stress gamoiwvevs, magram ras unda
meTods, romelTa gamoyenebiTac SegiZliaT Tavi niSnavdes es Tqveni sxeulebrivi reaqciebisaT-
Tavi 13 / emocia, stresi da janmrTeloba

gaarTvaT stresebs Tqvens cxovrebaSi. vis? im fiziologiur reaqciaTagan, riTac emo-

fiziologiuri reaqciebi
stresze
rogori iqneba Tqveni reaqcia, rodesac Se-
dixarT klasSi da moulodnelad igebT, rom
mwvave stresi (Acute stress) _ agznebis gardamava-
li mdgomareoba, Cveulebriv, dawyebisa da
dasrulebis aSkarad gamoxatuli paternebiT.
qronikuli stresi (Chronic stress) _ agznebis
xangrZlivi mdgomareoba, romlis drosac in-
dividi aRiqvams, rom misadmi wayenebuli mo-
Txovnebi aRemateba Sinagan da garegan resur-
sebs, romlebsac igi flobs am movlenebTan
dasapirispireblad.
520
ciur situaciebs aRvwerT, bevri maTgani stresis
yoveldRiur magaliTebsac Seesabameba. agznebis
iseTi droebiTi mdgomareobebi, romlebic
naTlad gamoxatuli dasawyisiT da dasasruliT
xasiaTdeba, mwvave stresis magaliTebs warmoad-
gens. qronikuli stresi ki, piriqiT, agznebis
droSi ganfenili mdgomareobaa, sadac waye-
nebuli moTxovnebi, individis aRqmiT, aRemateba
mis xelT arsebul stresTan gasamklaveblad
saWiro Sinagan da garegan resursebs. qronikuli
stresis magaliTi SeiZleba iyos mudmivi frus-
tracia imis gamo, rom ver axerxebT gamonaxoT
dro, raTa gaakeToT yvelaferi is, rac gsurT.
modiT, vnaxoT, rogor reagirebs sxeuli am
gansxvavebuli tipis stresebze.
damxmare reaqciebi mwvave safrTxeze isaTvis. tiroTropuli hormoni (tTh) asti-
mulirebs farisebr jirkvals, romelic or-
1920-ian wlebSi uolter kenonma pirvelad
ganizms meti energiiT uzrunvelyofs; adreno-
aRwera mecnierulad, Tu rogor reagireben
kortikotrofuli hormoni (akth), romelic cno-
cxovelebi da adamianebi safrTxeze. man aRmoa-
bilia, rogorc `stresis Hhormoni”, astimulirebs
Cina, rom nervul qsovilebsa da jirkvlebSi
Tirkmelzeda jirkvlis garegan nawils, rasac
aqtivoba garkveuli TanmimdevrobiT xorciel-
mohyveba metaboluri procesebis makontrolebel
deba, raTa sxeuli moemzados garkveuli reaqcii-
hormonTa gamoyofa da Saqris gadasvla RviZlidan
saTvis _ TavdacvisaTvis da brZolisaTvis, an
sisxlSi. akth sxvadasxva organoebsac awvdis
usafrTxo adgilisken gaqcevisaTvis. kenonma am
signalebs, rom gamoiyos daaxloebiT 30 sxva-
ormag stresul reaqcias brZola an gaqcevis
dasxva dasaxelebis hormoni, romelTagan
reaqcia uwoda. am stresuli reaqciis centri
TiToeuli garkveul rols asrulebs sxeulis
hipoTalamusSi mdebareobs, romelic mraval
brZolisTvis momzadebaSi. sxeulis fiziolo-
emociur reaqciaSi monawileobs. hipoTalamuss
giuri reaqcia stresze naCvenebia 13.7 suraTze.
zogjer stresis centrad miiCneven sagangebo
janmrTelobis fsiqologiis warmomadgenlis
viTarebebSi Sesrulebuli ormagi funqciis gamo:
Seli teilorisa (Shelley Taylor) da misi kolegebis
_ (1) is akontrolebs avtonomiur nervul
bolodroindeli analizi (2000) aCvenebs, rom
sistemas (ans) da (2) axdens hipofizis jirkvlis
stresze fiziologiur reaqciebs, SesaZloa,
aqtivirebas.
gansxvavebuli Sedegebi hqondes mdedrobiTi da
ans sxeulis organoTa moqmedebas areguli-
mamrobiTi sqesis arsebebisaTvis. teilori da
rebs. stresul viTarebaSi sunTqva xSirdeba da
misi kolegebi gamoTqvamen varauds, rom qalebi
Rrmavdeba, guliscema xSirdeba, sisxlZarRvebi
ar ganicdian brZolas an gaqcevis reaqcias;
viwrovdeba da sisxlis wneva zemoT iwevs. am
metic, am mkvlevarTa Tanaxmad, ufro savaraudoa,
Sinagan cvlilebebTan erTad farTovdeba yelisa
rom stresorebi qalebs zrunvisa da movlis
da cxviris sasunTqi gzebi, raTa filtvebs meti
reaqciis gamovlenisaken ubiZgeben: stresis dros
haeri miewodos da, amave dros, saxeze Zlieri
qalebi uzrunvelyofen Tavisi Svilebis usafr-
emociis eqspresia Cndeba. gluv kunTebs miewodeba
Txoebas maTi moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebaze
signalebi zogierTi iseTi sxeulebrivi fun-
zrunviT; qalebi uvlian Tavisi socialuri
qciis SesaCereblad, rogoricaa, magaliTad,
jgufis wevrebs imave mizniT _ Semcirdes maTi
saWmlis moneleba, rogorc sagangebo viTare-
STamomavlobis mowyvladoba. albaT, SeamCnevT,
bisaTvis mzadebis situaciis Seusabamo moqmedeba.
rom stresze reagirebis sqesobrivi gansxvavebebis
avtonomiuri nervuli sistemis kidev erT
es analizi esadageba adamianis qcevis Cven mier
funqcias stresis dros adrenalinis gamoyofa
zemoT ganxilul evoluciur Tvalsazriss. maga-
warmoadgens. is signals awvdis Tirkmelzeda
liTad, rodesac me-12 TavSi adamianis seqsualur
jirkvlebis Sida nawils, adrenalur medulas
qcevas ganvixilavdiT, aRvniSneT, rom gansxvave-
(mogrZo tvini), romelic gamoyofs or hormons
_ epinefrinsa da norepinefrins, romlebic, Tavis
mxriv, signals awvdian mTel rig organoebs, brZola an gaqcevis reaqcia (Fight-or-flight respon-
stresi Tqvens cxovrebaSi

raTa Seasrulon sakuTari specializebuli se) _ Sinagan aqtivobaTa Tanmimdevroba, romelic

funqciebi. elenTa gamoimuSavebs ufro met wiTel
burTulebs (raTa Wrilobis SemTxvevaSi sisxlis
Sededebas Seuwyos xeli), xolo Zvlis tvini
stimulirdeba, gamoimuSavos ufro meti TeTri
burTulebi (raTa SeebrZolos SesaZlo infeq-
cias); RviZli stimulirdeba, gamoimuSavos meti
Saqari sxeulis energiiT mosamarageblad.
hipofizi hipoTalamusidan mosul signalebze
ori hormonis gamoyofiT reagirebs, romlebsac
sasicocxlo mniSvneloba aqvT stresze reaqci-
amoqmeddeba, rodesac organizmi safrTxis wi-
naSe aRmoCndeba; amzadebs sxeuls brZolisa
da SetevisaTvis an usafrTxo adgilas gaqce-
visaTvis. bolodroindeli monacemebis Tanax-
mad, es reaqcia mxolod mamrobiTi sqesisaTvis
aris damaxasiaTebeli.
dacvisa da zrunvis reaqcia (Tend-and-befriend
response) _ stresorze reaqcia, romelic, sava-
raudod, tipuria mdedrobiTi sqesisaTvis. stre-
sorebi ubiZgeben mdedrs daicvas Svilebi da
SeuerTdes socialur jgufebs mowyvladobis
Sesamcireblad.
521
 suraTi
13.7
sxeulis reaqcia stresze
stresi mTel rig fiziologiur cvlilebebs iwvevs Tqvens sxeulSi.
bulia qalisa da mamakacis dawyvilebis strate-
giebi, nawilobriv, im fardobiTi rolebis gamo,
rasac qalebi da mamakacebi evoluciis manZilze
bavSvis aRzrdaSi asrulebdnen. aq mocemuli
azric arsebiTad igivea _ Svilis aRzrdaSi
qalebisa da mamakacebis gansxvavebuli evolu-
Tavi 13 / emocia, stresi da janmrTeloba
ciuri rolebis gamo stresze pirveladi
fiziologiuri reaqciebi maTSi sruliad gan-
sxvavebul qcevas iwvevs.
samwuxarod, rogorc reaqcia `brZola an
gaqceva~, ise reaqcia _ `zrunva da movla~, nak-
lebad gamosadegia Tanamedrove cxovrebaSi.
mravali stresori, romlis zemoqmedebas yovel-
dRiurad ganicdian rogorc qalebi, ise kacebi,
stresze fiziologiur reaqcias sruliad ara-
adaptaciurs xdis. warmoidgineT, magaliTad, rom
rTul gamocdas abarebT da dro swrafad garbis.
garda gamaxvilebuli yuradRebisa, rac stresze
Tqveni reaqciebidan marTlac Rirebulia, sxva
danarCen fiziologiur cvlilebebs kargi
araferi moaqvs: ar arsebobs is, visac unda
SeebrZoloT, an viszec unda izrunoT da a.S.
522 reaqciebi, romlebic saxeobebs CamouyalibdaT
garedan wamosuli safrTxis dasaxvedrad, amJamad
ukve kontrproduqtulia, anu mavne Sedegebis
momtania mravali Tanamedrove tipis fsiqolo-
giuri stresorebis SemTxvevaSi. es marTlac
asea. rogorc Semdeg vnaxavT, bevri adamiani
cxovrebas qronikuli stresis pirobebSi atarebs.
zogadi adaptaciuri sindromi (zas) da
qronikuli stresi
pirveli Tanamedrove mkvlevari, romelmac
sxeulze xangrZlivi, Zlieri stresis moqmedebis
efeqtebi ikvlia, kanadeli endokrinologi hans
selie (Hans Selye) iyo. 1930-iani wlebis meore
naxevridan selie aRwerda laboratoriuli
cxovelebis rTul reaqciebs iseT mavne agentebze,
rogoricaa: baqteriuli infeqciebi, toqsinebi,
travma, moZraobis SezRudva, sicxe, sicive da
a.S. selies stresis Teoriis Tanaxmad, mraval
sxvadasxva saxis stresors SeuZlia erTnairi
reaqciis, anu zogadi sxeulebrivi reaqciis
gamowveva. yoveli stresori moiTxovs adaptacias
_ organizmma unda SeinarCunos, an aRidginos

integrirebuloba da janmrTeloba. stresorebze
reaqcia seliem aRwera, rogorc zogadi adap-
taciuri sindromi (zas), romelic moicavs sam
stadias: gangaSis reaqcias, winaaRmdegobis sta-
diasa da gamofitvis stadias (Selye, 1976a, 19976b).
gangaSis reaqciebi sxeulebrivi agznebis xan-
mokle periodebia, romlebic sxeuls energiuli
aqtivobisaTvis amzadeben. Tu stresori droSia
ganfenili, sxeuli gadadis winaaRmdegobis
stadiaze _ zomieri agznebis mdgomareobaSi.
winaaRmdegobis stadiis ganmavlobaSi organizms
SeuZlia erTxans kidev aitanos da winaaRmdegoba
gauwios gaWianurebuli stresorebis damangrevel
moqmedebas, magram Tu stresori sakmaod xan-
grZlivi da intensiuria, xdeba sxeulis resur-
sebis amowurva da organizmi gamofitvis sta-
diaze gadadis. es sami stadia gamosaxuli da
ganmartebulia 13.8 suraTze.
seliem daadgina ramdenime safrTxe, romelic
gamofitvis stadias ukavSirdeba. gavixsenoT,
zogadi adaptaciuri sindromi (General adapta-
tion syndrome - GAS) _ araspecifikur adaptaciur
fiziologiur meqanizmTa paterni, romelic
vlindeba TiTqmis yovelgvari seriozuli stre-
soris xangrZlivi muqaris sapasuxod.
fsiqosomaturi darRvevebi (Psychosomatic disor-
ders) _ fizikuri darRvevebi, romlebic mZafr-
deba, an imTaviTve miewereba xangrZliv moqmed
stress Tu sxva fsiqologiur mizezebs, an
Zlierdeba maTi zegavleniT.
magaliTad, rom akth monawileobs stresze
xanmokle reaqciaSi, magram xangrZlivi moqmedebis
pirobebSi is amcirebs bunebrivi mkvleli ujre-
debis unars, mospos kibos ujredebi da sico-
cxlisaTvis saSiSi sxva infeqciebi. roca sxeuli
qronikulad stresis mdgomareobaSia, `stresis
hormonebis~ Warbi gamomuSaveba safrTxes uqmnis
imunuri sistemis integrirebulobas. zogadi
adaptaciuri sindromis amgvari gageba Rirebuli
aRmoCnda fsiqosomaturi darRvevebis asaxsnelad
_ daavadebebisa, romlebic mxolod fizikuri
mizezebiT ver aixsneba, im eqimebis gasakvirad,
romlebic stress arasdros miiCnevdnen daava-
debis mizezad. is, rac kargad emsaxureba sxeuls
mwvave stresTan Sesagueblad, asustebs qronikul
stresze sxeulis reaqcias.
selies gamokvleva daavadebas warmogvidgens,
rogorc gardauval reaqcias stresze. Tumca,
mogvianebiT vnaxavT, rom Tqveni fsiqologiuri
interpretacia _ Tu ra aris stresuli da ra
ara, Tu rogor afasebT potenciurad stresul
movlenebs _ gavlenas axdens sxeulis fizio-
logiur reaqciaze. sxeulze stresis gavlenis
Sesaxeb sruli warmodgenis Sesaqmnelad saWiroa
selies fundamenturi fiziologiuri Teoriis
kombinireba fsiqologiuri faqtorebis Sesaxeb
mogvianebiT Catarebul gamokvlevebTan.
fsiqologiuri reaqciebi
stresze
fsiqologiuri reaqcia stresze avtomaturi,
winaswargansazRvruli, Tandayolili reaqciaa,
rac, Cveulebriv, ver kontroldeba cnobierad.
miuxedavad imisa, rom bevri fsiqologiuri
reaqcia naswavlia, an SeZenilia, isini damoki-
debulia samyaros aRqmasa da interpretaciaze.
stresi Tqvens cxovrebaSi
am qveTavSi ganvixilavT fsiqologiur pasuxebs
stresorebis iseT kategoriebze, rogoricaa:
mniSvnelovani cxovrebiseuli cvlilebebi da
travmatuli movlenebi.
umniSvnelovanesi cxovrebiseuli
movlenebi
cxovrebiseul situaciaSi momxdari umniSvne-
lovanesi cvlilebebi mravali adamianisaTvis
stresis safuZvels warmoadgens. iseTi sasurveli
movlenebic ki, rogoricaa, magaliTad, latariaSi 523
 suraTi
13.8
zogadi adaptaciuri sindromi
stresoris gamoCenis Semdeg sxeulis winaaRmdegoba mcirdeba, sanam gangaSis saTanado reaqciis
fiziologiuri cvlilebebi ar daabrunebs mas normalur doneze. Tu stresoris moqmedeba grZeldeba,
gangaSis reaqciis sxeulebrivi niSnebi, faqtobrivad qreba; konkretuli stresoris mimarT winaaRmdegoba
iwvevs normaze maRla, magram ecema sxva danarCeni stresorebis mimarT. es adaptaciuri winaaRmdegoba
sxeuls funqcionirebis normalur doneze abrunebs. stresoris xangrZlivi zemoqmedebis Semdeg adaptacia
irRveva, gangaSis niSnebi xelaxla iCens Tavs. stresorebis zegavlena Seuqcevadia da individi xdeba
avad da SeiZleba daiRupos kidec.
Tavi 13 / emocia, stresi da janmrTeloba

mogeba an samsaxurSi dawinaureba, SeiZleba

SiroT, saWiroa rogorc pozitiuri, ise negatiuri
cxovrebis Cveuli msvlelobis Zireul cvli-
cvlilebebis gaTvaliswineba.
lebas da axal moTxovnebTan adaptacias moi-
cxovrebiseuli movlenebis gavlena fsiqikur
Txovdes. gavixsenoT, ojaxuri bednierebis paterni,
da fizikur janmrTelobaze seriozuli kvlevis
romelic me-11 TavSi aRvwereT. marTalia, bavSvis
sagnad iqca. kvleva 1960-ian wlebSi daiwyo, ro-
dabadeba daqorwinebuli wyvilis cxovrebaSi erT-
desac socialuri readaptaciis Sefasebis skala
erTi yvelaze sasurveli cvlilebaa, magram,
_ SRRS (Social Readjustment Rating Scale) SeimuSaves.
amasTanave, es movlena Zlieri stresis wyarocaa,
esaa sakmaod martivi instrumenti adaptaciis
vinaidan, garkveulad, aqveiTebs qorwinebiT gamow-
donis Sesafaseblad, romelic moiTxovs adamianis
veul kmayofilebas (Cowan & Cowan, 1988; Levenson
cxovrebaSi momxdari sxvadasxvagvari _ rogorc
et al., 1993). amrigad, rodesac cdilobT, stresi
sasiamovno, ise usiamovno _ cvlilebebis ran-
Tqvens cxovrebaSi momxdar cvlilebebs daukav-
Jirebas. es skala SemuSavda sxvadasxva profesiis,
socialuri mdgomareobis da a.S. zrdasrul ada-
cxovrebiseuli cvlilebis erTeulebi (Life-
change units - LCUs) _ stresis gamokvlevebSi mianTa pasuxebis safuZvelze, romlebsac sTxoves,
gamoyenebuli stresis donis sazomi, romelsac mieTiTebinaT cxovrebiseul movlenaTa nusxidan
iwvevs drois mocemul monakveTSi gancdili romeli exeboda piradad maT. es mozrdili ada-
524 sxvadasxva tipis cvlileba. mianebi TiToeuli cvlilebisaTvis saWiro
 13.1
cxrili readaptaciis sidides afasebdnen qorwinebasTan
mimarTebaSi, romelsac pirobiTad mieniWa cxov-
stresis skala studentebisaTvis rebiseul cvlilebaTa 50 erTeuli. Semdeg mkvlev-
stresis skala studentebisaTvis warmoadgens Hholmsisa rebma gamoTvales individis mier gancdil cxov-
da raihis socialuri readaptaciis Sefasebis skalis rebiseul cvlilebaTa erTeulebis jami, rac
adaptirebul variants. yovel movlenas eniWeba qula,
romelic warmoadgens readaptaciis sidides, rac individis mier gancdili stresis odenobis
cxovrebiseuli cvlilebis sapasuxod unda ganaxor- sazomad gamoiyenes (Holms & Rahe, 1967). 1990-ian
cielos pirovnebam. isini, vinc 300 da met qulas wlebSi SRRS-ma modernizeba ganicada. mkvlevrebma
agroveben, janmrTelobis mxriv maRali riskis mqoneni
arian. 150-300 qulis mqoneTa Sansi _ ganicadon jan- gamoiyenes igive procedura: sTxoves monawileebs,
mrTelobis mdgomareobis seriozuli cvlileba ori SeefasebinaT cxovrebiseuli movlenebiT gamowve-
wlis ganmavlobaSi _ aris 50/50. uli stresi qorwinebasTan mimarTebaSi (Miller &
cxovrebiseuli Rahe, 1997). modernizebul variantSi LCU-is
movlena cvlilebis
Sefasebebi 45%-iT gaizarda Tavdapirvel maCveneb-
erTeulebi
lebTan SedarebiT, anu 1990-iani wlebis gamok-
ojaxis wevris sikvdili 100 vlevaTa monawileebi ambobdnen, rom mTlianobaSi
uaxloesi megobris sikvdili 73
mSobelTa ganqorwineba 65
isini ganicdidnen stresis gacilebiT maRal
patimroba 63 donebs, vidre 1960-iani wlebis gamokvlevaTa
sxeulis seriozuli dazianeba, an monawileebi. amave dros, 1990-iani wlebis gamok-
avadmyofoba 63
daqorwineba 58 vlevebSi monawile qalebi cxovrebaSi meti stre-
samsaxuridan daTxovna 50 sis gancdas aRniSnavdnen, vidre mamakacebi.
mniSvnelovan saganSi CaWra 47
ojaxis wevris janmrTelobis
cxrili 13.1 warmoadgens am skalis modifici-
mdgomareobis Secvla 45 rebul variants kolejis studentebisaTvis. sanam
orsuloba 45 mas waikiTxavdeT, SeCerdiT da SeamowmeT Tqveni
seqsualuri problemebi 44
seriozuli uTanxmoeba axlo stresis done studentebisaTvis gansazRvrul
megobarTan 40 stresis skalaze. rogoria Tqveni LCU-is qulebi.
finansuri statusis Secvla 39
specializaciis ZiriTadi sagnis
mkvlevrebma mravali xerxi aRmoaCines cxov-
Secvla 39 rebiseul movlenebsa da janmrTelobis mdgo-
problemebi mSoblebTan 39 mareobas Soris mimarTebis gamosavlenad. erT-
axali partniori _ `gerlfrend~, an
`boyfriend~ 38 erT gamokvlevaSi monawile moxaliseebi nebayo-
saswavlo datvirTvis gazrda 37 flobiT Tanxmdebodnen surdos gamomwvevi viru-
gansakuTrebuli piradi miRwevebi 36
pirveli kursis pirveli semestri
siT inficirebaze. is monawileebi, romlebsac
kolejSi 35 negatiur cxovrebiseul movlenaTa koeficienti
sacxovrebeli pirobebis Secvla 31 jgufis saSualosTan mimarTebaSi ufro maRali
seriozuli uTanxmoeba
maswavlebelTan 30 aRmoaCndaT, 10%-iT meti albaTobiT surdoTi
mosalodnelze dabali niSnebis marTlac avaddebodnen (Cohen et al., 1993). moifiqreT
miReba 29
Zilis Cvevebis Secvla 29
msgavsi kvleva, romelsac uSualo kavSiri eqneba
socialur aqtivobaTa Secvla 29 Tqven mier mecadineobis dagegmvis mizniT gake-
stresi Tqvens cxovrebaSi

kvebis Cvevebis Secvla 28 Tebul arCevanTan.

manqanasTan dakavSirebuli
qronikuli problemebi 26
ojaxuri Sexvedrebis sixSiris
Secvla 26 saidan
Zalian bevri gacdenili
mecadineoba 26 viciT
kolejis gamocvla 24
erTze meti Caubarebeli sagani 23 saqmis gadadebisaTvis janmrTelobiT
moZraobis wesebis umniSvnelo gadaxdili safasuri
darRvevebi 20
Cemi pirveli monacemi rodesac profesori sakurso naSroms
sul ................................... (TariRi)
gaZlevT, rac stresuli movlenaa yoveli
Cemi meore monacemi
sul .......................................... (TariRi) studentis cxovrebaSi, rogor iqceviT: _
Cemi mesame monacemi maSinve iwyebT mis Sesrulebaze zrunvas
sul .......................................... (TariRi) 525

Tu bolo wuTisaTvis gadadebT mas? fsi-
qologebma SeimuSaves sazomi instrumenti
_ saqmis gadadebis zogadi skala (Lay, 1986),
raTa ganesxvavebinaT erTmaneTisagan isini,
vinc, Cveulebriv, bolo wuTisaTvis moi-
toveben saqmes _ `saqmis gadamdeblebi~ da
vinc amas arasodes akeTebs _ `saqmis
argadamdeblebi~. mkvlevrebma es skala
studentebs Seavsebines, romlebic jan-
mrTelobis fsiqologiis kurss gadiodnen
da romlebsac sakurso naSromi unda war-
moedginaT semestris bolos. am studentebs
sTxoves, aReniSnaT, semestris dasawyisSi
da semestris bolos fizikuri daavadebis
ramden simptoms ganicdidnen. ar yofila
moulodneli, rom `saqmis gadamdeblebi~
Tavi 13 / emocia, stresi da janmrTeloba
abarebdnen Tavis naSroms ufro gvian, vidre
`saqmis argadamdeblebi~ da uares niSnebsac
iRebdnen. 13.9 suraTi asaxavs saqmis gada-
debis gavlenas fizikur janmrTelobaze.
rogorc vxedavT, `saqmis gadamdeblebi~
semestris dasawyisSi aRniSnavdnen avad-
myofobis nakleb, xolo semestris bolos
_ met simptoms, vidre maTi `saqmis
argadamdebeli~ Tanatolebi (Tice & Bau-
meister, 1997).
am gamokvlevidan Cans, rom yvela cxovrebi-
seuli movlena adamianebze erTnair zegavlenas
ar axdens. `saqmis argadamdeblebi~ saqmes
dauyovnebliv iwyeben da, amdenad, stress da
avadmyofobis simptomebs semestris dasawyisSi
526 ganicdian. magram `saqmis gadamdeblebis~ mier
suraTi
13.9
saqmis gadadebisaTvis janmrTe-
lobiT gaRebuli safasuri
mkvlevrebma daadgines, rom arsebobs stu-
dentTa ori kategoria: saqmis gadamdeblebi
da saqmis argadamdebeli studentebi. studen-
tebs sTxoves, ecnobebinaT, semestris dasa-
wyisSi da semestris bolos fizikuri daa-
vadebis ramdeni simptomi hqondaT. semestris
bolosaTvis yvela students simptomTa mateba
aReniSneboda, magram rogorc vvaraudobdiT,
saqmis gadadebis moyvarulebi aRniSnavdnen
gacilebiT met simptoms, vidre maTi saqmis
argadamdebi Tanatolebi.
semestris dasawyisSi stresisagan Tavis aridebas
semestris bolosaken fizikur daavadebaTa mkveT-
ri zrda mosdevs. gamodis, rom isini, savaraudod,
cudad grZnoben Tavs swored im momentSi, roca
janmrTelad yofna esaWiroebaT, raTa yvela
dawyebuli saqme warmatebiT daasrulon! kargad
daufiqrdiT am Sedegebs, rodesac TiToeuli
semestrisaTvis moqmedebis sakuTar gegmas
SeimuSavebT. Tu migaCniaT, rom saqmes, Cveulebriv,
bolosaTvis itovebT, sasurvelia, konsultacia
miiRoT fsiqologTan, an saswavleblis konsul-
tantTan, rom qceva SeicvaloT. Tqveni niSnebi
da janmrTeloba sasworze devs!
katastrofuli da travmuli movlenebi
movlena, romelic negatiuria da, amasTanave,
umarTavi, moulodneli da gaugebari, gansa-
kuTrebiT Zlier stress iwvevs. yvela es piroba
gansakuTrebiT TvalnaTliv Cans katastrofuli
movlenebis SemTxvevaSi. fil zimbardo ixsenebs,
rom igi 1989 wels beisbolSi msoflios Cempi-
onats eswreboda, rodesac katastrofuli mi-
wisZvra moxda:
`davikaveT Tu ara me da Cemma samma
Svilma adgilebi san-franciskos qen-
delstik parkSi, orkestrma dakvra daiwyo.
uecrad mTelma stadionma ryeva daiwyo,
sinaTle yvelgan gamoirTo da tablo
Cabnelda. 6 000 mayurebeli sruliad da-
dumda.
swored am wuTebSi Zlieri miwisZvra
moxda. Cvens gverdiT mjdom kacs por-
 tatuli televizori aRmoaCnda, romelSic
sxvadasxva adgilebSi gaCenil xanZars,
Cangreul xidebs, gzebze momxdar avariebs
da uamrav daRupul adamians aCvenebdnen.~
miwisZvridan sul mokle xanSi fsiqologTa
gundi Seudga imis Seswavlas, Tu rogor umklav-
deboda xalxi katastrofas.
san-franciskos katastrofaze adamianTa reaq-
ciebis ganzogadeba daexmara fsiqologebs axali
katastrofis _ oklahoma sitis dabombvis _
Sedegebis SemsubuqebaSi (Krug et al., 1996; Parson,
1995).
saidan
viciT
miwisZvris fsiqologiuri Sedegebi
gamokvlevisTvis daaxloebiT 800 res-
pondenti SemTxveviTobis principiT Sear-
Cies san-franciskos zonidan da ramdenime
moSorebuli qalaqidan. respondentebs in-
terviu utardebodaT miwisZvridan 1, 2, 3, 6,
8, 16, 28, an 50 kviris Semdeg. isini aTwuTian
satelefono gamokiTxvaSi saubrobdnen
sakuTari gancdebis, socialuri qcevisa
da janmrTelobis mdgomareobis Sesaxeb.
san-franciskos mkvidrTa Soris dadginda
stresze reaqciis sami gansxvavebuli faza:
sagangebo viTarebis fazaSi (pirveli sami-
oTxi kvira) socialuri kontaqti, SiSi
da miwisZvris Sesaxeb akviatebuli azrebi
gaizarda; Sekavebis faza (samidan rva
kviramde) xasiaTdeboda miwisZvris Sesaxeb
fiqrisa da laparakis uecari SemcirebiT,
magram, samagierod, xdeboda stresTan
dakavSirebuli iseTi arapirdapiri reaqci-
ebis gazrda, rogoricaa miwisZvrasTan
dakavSirebuli sizmrebi da uneblie azrebi;
adaptaciis fazaSi (ori Tve da meti) ka-
tastrofis fsiqologiurma efeqtma TiTqos
gadaiara adamianTa umravlesobaSi, Tumca,
san-franciskos mcxovrebTa 20%-ze meti
miwisZvridan erTi wlis Semdegac kvlav
distress ganicdida (Pennebaker & Harber,
1993).
gaupatiurebisa da incestis msxverplni, TviT-
mfrinavisa da seriozuli saavtomobilo katas-
trofebis dros gadarCenilebi, omis veteranebi
da sxvebi, romelTac matravmirebeli movlenebi
piradad ganicades, SeiZleba emociurad reagire-
bdnen posttravmuli stresis aSlilobiT (PTSD).
posttravmuli stresis aSliloba stresze reaq-
ciaa, romlis drosac individi itanjeba mat-
ravmirebeli movlenis mudmivi, akviatebuli gan-
cdiT, magaliTad, e.w. `fleSbekebis~, anu warsuli
mogonebebis uecari gacocxlebis, an Ramis koS-
marebis formiT (DSM-IV, 1994). es adamianebi emo-
ciurad indiferentulni xdebian yoveldRiur
movlenaTa da sxva adamianTa mimarT. sabolood,
am reaqciiT gamowveul emociur tkivils SeuZlia
gamoiwvios sxvadasxvagvar simptomTa mateba,
rogoricaa: Zilis problemebi, gadarCenis gamo
danaSaulis gancda, yuradRebis koncentraciis
daqveiTeba da Zalze Zlieri SekrTomis reaqcia.
seqsualuri Zaladobis msxverplni xSirad
avlenen posttravmuli stresis mraval niSans
(Acierno et al., 1999). gaupatiurebidan 2 kviris Semdeg
Catarebul gamokiTxvebSi gaupatiurebis msxver-
plTa 94%-s daesva posttravmuli stresis diag-
nozi; Zaladobidan 12 kviris Semdeg msxverplTa
51%-is mdgomareoba kvlav am diagnozs Seesaba-
meboda (Foa & Riggs, 1995). qvemoT mocemuli nawyveti
kolejis ori studentis saubridan gaupatiu-
rebis Semdgomi Sokis Sesaxeb metad Zlier da
xanier emociebs gvacnobs.
elisi: SokSi karga xnis manZilze viyavi,
SemeZlo laparaki faqtze, rom gaupati-
urebis msxverpli var, magram emociebma
Tavi mxolod erTi Tvis Semdeg iCina.
beTi: pirveli ori kviris manZilze CemTan
iyo xalxi, vinc SerCeuli myavda Cemi ambis
mosayolad da romlebmac Zalze, Zalze didi
mxardaWera aRmomiCines; ori kviris Semdeg
stresi Tqvens cxovrebaSi
ki maT TiTqos aseTi ram sTqves: `Zalian
kargi, is ukve gamovida mdgomareobidan da
Cven SegviZlia wavideT~, magram mere da
posttravmuli stresis aSliloba (Posttraumatic
stress disorder - PTSD) _ SfoTviTi aSliloba,
romelic xasiaTdeba matravmirebeli movlenis
mudmivad ganmeorebadi gancdiT _ Semawuxebeli
mogonebebis, sizmrebis, halucinaciebis da
disociaciuri `gamonaTebebis~ saxiT; viTardeba
gaupatiurebis, sicocxlisaTvis saSiSi mov-
lenebis, Zlieri dasaxiCrebis, an bunebrivi
527
katastrofebis pasuxad.
 mere grZnob, rom kidev ufro meti mxardaWera
gWirdeba, radgan drois gasvlasTan erTad
metad acnobiereb Sens emociebs da imasac,
rom saWiroa maTTan gamklaveba.
elisi: aris momenti, roca uaryof, rom
es moxda. Sen TiTqos mTlianad iviwyeb
amas.
beTi: es imdenad ararealuria, ar ginda
daijero, rom es marTla moxda, an, rom es
SeiZleba momxdariyo; Semdeg SiSis da
brazis xangrZlivi periodi modis.
elisi: Zalian meSinoda, rom kvlav
sirbili unda damewyo (elisi sirbilSi
varjiSis dros gaaupatiures). mas Semdeg,
rac gamaupatiures, sruliad Sevwyvite
yovelgvari fizikuri varjiSi. am meoTxedSi
isev daviwye, magram yovelTvis, roca
gavdivar sarbenad, SiSi ar mSordeba. gu-
liscema miormagdeba. cxadia, marto ukve
aRar davrbivar, magram SiSi dRemde mainc
mudmivad Tan mdevs.
beTi: kidev iseTi grZnoba gaqvs, TiTqos
yvela Senma megobarma giRalata. vnaxulob
xolme sizmars, rom Cemi oTaxis gareT
maupatiureben. sizmarSi yvelani iyurebian
TavianTi fanjrebidan. saxeebs Zalian
naTlad vxedav. yvela Cemi megobari
gamofenilia fanjaraSi sayureblad, zo-
gierTi Cemgan sul or nabijzea. yvela
xedavs ra xdeba, magram saqmeSi aravin ereva.
viRviZeb da usazRvro martoobas ganvicdi
(„Stanford Daily”, 1982).
Tavi 13 / emocia, stresi da janmrTeloba
posttravmuli stresis emociuri reaqciebi
SeiZleba mwvave formiT gamovlindes uSualod
katastrofis Semdeg da ramdenime TveSi Sem-
cirdes. am reaqciebma SeiZleba, aseve, ganagrZon
arseboba da Camoyalibdnen qronikul sindromad,
romelsac rezidualuri (narCeni) stresis
paterni ewodeba (Silver & Wortman, 1980). es SeiZleba
Tveebis da wlebis manZilzec gagrZeldes. kli-
nikosebi dResac xvdebian meore msoflio omisa
da koreis omis veteranebs, romlebsac narCeni,
anu rezidualuri posttravmuli stresis
rezidualuri (narCeni) stresis paterni (Re-
sidual stress pattern) _ qronokuli sindromi,
romelSic posttravmuli emociuri reaqciebi
grZeldeba xangrZlivi drois manZilze.
528
aSlilobebi aReniSnebaT (Zeiss & Dickman, 1989).
es monacemebi amtkicebs, rom zogierTi saxis
mwvave stresisgan yvela rodi `ikurneba~ (Wortman
& Silver, 1989; Wortman et al., 1993).
qronikuli stresorebi
stresze fiziologiuri reaqciebis ganxil-
visas gavmijneT, erTi mxriv, mwvave, mkveTrad
gamoxatuli dasawyisisa da dasasrulis mqone
da, meore mxriv, qronikuli, anu droSi ganfenili
stresorebi. rac Seexeba fsiqologiur stre-
sorebs, aq mkveTri zRvaris gavleba yovelTvis
ar aris ioli. warmoidgineT, magaliTad, rom
velosipedi mogpares. es namdvilad aris stresis
mwvave wyaro, magram Tu mudmivad daiwyebT
Relvas, rom axal velosipedsac mogparaven, am
movlenasTan dakavSirebuli stresi SeiZleba
qronikuli gaxdes. mkvlevrebma es paterni
daadgines adamianebTan, romlebic seriozuli
daavadebebiT, magaliTad, kiboTi arian avad
(Anderson et al., 1994). kibos diagnoziT da mkurna-
lobiT gamowveuli SfoTvis daZlevasTan dakavSi-
rebul qronikul stress SeuZlia janmrTelobis
ufro swrafad gauareseba, vidre sakuTriv daava-
debas.
mravali adamianisTvis qronikuli stresi
sazogadoebrivi viTarebebiT da garemo pirobe-
biTaa gamowveuli. ra kumulaciuri efeqti aqvs
Tqvenze mosaxleobis siWarbes, kriminals, eko-
nomikur pirobebs, haeris dabinZurebas, Sids-
isa da terorizmis safrTxes? rogor zemoqmedeben
aRniSnuli da garemos sxva stresorebi Tqvens
fsiqologiur kargad yofnaze? adamianTa
zogierTi jgufi Tavisi socialur-ekonomikuri
statusis an rasobrivi identobis gamo ganicdis
qronikul stress, rasac aSkara gavlena aqvs
zogadad kargad yofnaze (Contrada et al., 2000; Stone,
2000; Williams, 1999). afro-amerikelebs, magaliTad,
gul-sisxlZarRvTa daavadebebis gacilebiT ufro
maRali koeficienti aqvT, vidre TeTrkanian
amerikelebs. gamokvlevebi cxadyofs, rom amis
ZiriTadi mizezi ar aris genetikuri gansxva-
vebebi. sisxlis maRali wneva (hipertenzia) afro-
amerikelTa Soris, rogorc Cans, qronikuli stre-
sis Sedegia, romelsac iwvevs maT mimarT ar-
sebuli diskriminaciuli rasobrivi crurwmena
_ dabalstatusiani samuSao, SezRuduli ganaT-
leba, samuSaos uSedego Zebna da dabali so-
cialur-ekonomikuri statusi (Anderson et al.,1992;
Klag et al., 1991). hipertenziis mizezia frustraciebi,
romelic gamowveulia mniSvnelovani, ZiriTadi
cxovrebiseuli miznebis miRwevis fuWi mcde-
lobiT; is ar ukavSirdeba genetikur faqtors.
analogiurad, qronikuli stresi, romelsac
socialur-ekonomikurad araxelsayrel piro-
bebSi myofi qalebi ganicdian, Seicavs naadrevi
mSobiarobisa da mcirewoniani bavSvis gaCenis
safrTxes (Lobel, 1994; Lobel et al.,1992). amgvarad,
siRaribisa da rasobrivi crurwmenebis pirobebSi
dabadebuli bavSvebi, SesaZloa, cxovrebas gaci-
lebiT meti riskis pirobebSi iwyeben, vidre
maTi privilegirebuli Tanatolebi.
E efeqtebi fsiqologiur da kognitur fun-
saidan
viciT
xangrZlivi ekonomikuri siduxWiris
damangreveli Sedegebi
gamokvlevaTa did nawilSi, romelic
aCvenebs, rom dabali Semosavali dakav-
Sirebulia janmrTelobis cud mdgoma-
reobasTan, Semosavali mxolod erTxel
izomeboda. miRebuli korelaciebi, SesaZ-
loa, ver afiqsireben mravalwliani si-
Raribis kumulaciur efeqts da, aseve,
SeiZleba sapirispiro mizez-Sedegobriv
kavSirs asaxavdnen _ cudi janmrTeloba
iwvevs siRaribes. bolodroindelma gamok-
vlevam, romelSic ekonomikuri siduxWire
1000-ze met respondentTan sami aTeuli
wlis manZilze izomeboda, cxadad aCvena,
rom xangrZlivi ekonomikuri siduxWire
fizikuri, fsiqologiuri da kognituri
funqcionirebis gauaresebas iwvevs (Lynch
et al., 1997).
ekonomikuri siduxWire ganisazRvreba,
rogorc siRaribis federalur donesTan
SedarebiT 200%-ze naklebi ojaxis Semosav-
lis qona. 1994 wlis gamokvlevebiT dadgin-
da, rom ekonomikuri siduxWiris periodebi
mozrdilma adamianebma, ZiriTadad, 1965-
1983 wlebSi ganicades da rom yvelaze
meti problema maT yoveldRiuri cxovrebis
iseT ZiriTad aqtivobebTan hqondaT, ro-
goricaa: saWmlis momzadeba, sayidlebi da
fizikuri sisufTavis SenarCuneba. msgavsi
qcionirebaSic gamovlinda. ekonomikuri
siduxWiris periodis armqone adamianebTan
SedarebiT siRaribis mdgomareobaSi samjer
namyofi adamianebi samjer ufro xSirad
ganicdidnen klinikuri depresiis simpto-
mebs, xuTjer ufro xSirad fasdebodnen,
rogorc cinikurad mtrulad ganwyobilni
da optimizms moklebulebi da oTxjer
ufro xSirad uCiodnen sirTuleebs kogni-
stresi Tqvens cxovrebaSi
tur funqcionirebaSi. imis dasamtkiceblad,
rom es Sedegebi gamowveulia ekonomikuri
siduxWiriT da ara _ sawyisi cudi janmrTe-
lobiT, mkvlevrebma warmoadgines monace-
mebi im monawileTa Sesaxeb, romelTa
janmrTelobis mdgomareoba 1965 wlis
sawyisi gazomvebis dros Sefasebuli iyo,
rogorc kargi an Zalian kargi. mkvlevrebma
daaskvnes, rom bolodroindeli ekonomi-
kuri da politikuri strategia zrdis
araTanabar Semosavlebis ricxvs da sul
529

ufro met bavSvs aiZulebs, icxovros
xangrZliv siRaribeSi, rac tovebs `fi-
zikur, fsiqologiur da kognitur anabeWds,
riTac yoveldRiuri cxovrebis xarisxi
qveiTdeba~ (gv. 1895).
am gamokvlevis monacemTa gacnobis Semdeg
gakvirvebas aRar unda iwvevdes is, rom qronikul
stress SeuZlia bavSvis inteleqtualur ganviTa-
rebazec iqonios gavlena. ganvixiloT gamok-
vleva, romelSic adgendnen stresis dones 6-
dan 16 wlamde bavSvebis jgufSi da, amasTan,
zomavdnen maT inteleqts IQ testis meSveobiT
(ix. Tavi 10). monacemebis mixedviT, gamovlinda
uaryofiTi korelacia stressa da verbalur
gaazrebas Soris IQ testSi: saSualod, rac ufro
maRalia stresis done am bavSvebis cxovrebaSi,
miT uaresia maTi Sedegebi am parametris mixedviT
(Plante & Sykora, 1994). rogorc xedavT, qronikuli
stresis maRal dones mavne zegavlena aqvs
bavSvebis kognitur aqtivobaze. es monacemebi
imasac gvafiqrebinebs, rom stresis zogierTi
mavne efeqti socialuri gadawyvetilebebiT unda
ganeitraldes.
yoveldRiuri usiamovnebebi
dagveTanxmebiT, rom sayvarel adamianTan
urTierTobis gawyvetas, miwisZvras an diskri-
minaciul crurwmenas namdvilad SeuZlia
stresis gamowveva, magram ras ityviT ufro sust
stresorebze, romlebsac yoveldRiurad ganic-
Tavi 13 / emocia, stresi da janmrTeloba
diT? ra SegemTxvaT guSin? albaT, arc ganqor-
windiT da arc avtokatastrofaSi sikvdils
gadaurCiT. ufro savaraudoa, rom dagekargaT
rveulebi, an saxelmZRvanelo. SesaZloa, dagag-
viandaT mniSvnelovan Sexvedraze an dagajarimes
manqanis akrZalul adgilze dayenebisaTvis, an
kidev, xmaurianma mezobelma Zili dagifrTxoT.
es yvelaferi ganmeorebadi yoveldRiuri stre-
sorebia, romlebsac adamianTa umetesoba TiTqmis
mudmivad ganicdis.
dRiurebis gamokvlevam, romelSic saSualo
klasis warmomadgeneli saSualo asakis TeTrka-
niani qalebi da mamakacebi iniSnavdnen dRis
manZilze momxdar usiamovnebebs erTi wlis
ganmavlobaSi (Zireul cxovrebiseul cvlile-
baTa da fizikur simptomTa CanawerebTan erTad),
530 gamoavlina sruliad aSkara kavSiri usiamov-
nebebsa da janmrTelobis problemebs Soris:
rac ufro xSir da intensiur usiamovnebebs
aRniSnavdnen adamianebi, miT uaresi iyo maTi
fizikuri da fsiqikuri janmrTelobis mdgoma-
reoba (Lazarus,1981; 1984b). yoveldRiuri usiamov-
nebebis klebas kargad yofnis gancdis gaZliereba
mohyveba (Chamberlain & Zika, 1990). mkvlevrebma
aCvenes, rom yoveldRiuri usiamovnebebi
uaryofiT moqmedebas cxovrebis sakmaod adreuli
etapebidan iwyeben.
saidan
viciT
sabavSvo baRis aRsazrdelebis mier
gancdili yoveldRiuri usiamovnebebi
mkvlevrebma sTxoves sabavSvo baRis 74
aRsazrdels, aReweraT TavianTi yovel-
dRiuri usiamovnebebi. am informaciis
mosapoveblad mkvlevrebi ekiTxebodnen
bavSvebs, moxda Tu ara bolo erTi Tvis
manZilze iseTi ram maT cxovrebaSi, rogo-
ricaa `raRacis dakargva~, an `vinmeze
gabrazeba~. mas Semdeg, rac ganisazRvra,
moxda Tu ara TiToeuli es movlena,
bavSvebs ekiTxebodnen, imoqmeda Tu ara
maTze am movlenam cudad. ase rom, yovel-
dRiuri usiamovnebebis sazomSi aisaxeboda,
Tu ramdenad ganicdida bavSvi TiToeuli
am movlenisagan gamowveul stress. bav-
Svebze yoveldRiuri stresebis zegavlenis
dasadgenad, mkvlevrebma sTxoves bavSvebis
mSoblebs da aRmzrdelebs, daefiqsire-
binaT, Tu ramdenad cudad iqceodnen
bavSvebi. Sedegebma aCvena dadebiTi kore-
lacia yoveldRiur usiamovnebebsa da
qcevis problemebs Soris: saSualod, bav-
Svebi, romelTa cxovreba ufro metad iyo
datvirTuli usiamovnebebiT, qcevaSi ufro
met agresiasa da destruqcias avlendnen
(Creasey et al.,1995).
xSirad bavSvobas umankoebis xanad miviCnevT.
Tumca, es gamokvleva aCvenebs, rom zogierTi
bavSvi ukve ganicdis stresis garkveul dones,
rac uaryofiT SedegebTanaa dakavSirebuli.
stresorebis ganxilvisas fokusirebas, Ziri-
Tadad, yoveldRiur usiamovnebebze vaxdendiT,
magram isic unda iTqvas, rom mravali adamiani-
saTvis yoveldRiuri usiamovnebebi yoveldRiuri
dadebiTi gancdebiT balansirdeba (Lazarus &
Lazarus, 1994). dadebiTi da uaryofiTi gancdebis
fardobiTi balansi SeiZleba gavlenas axdendes
janmrTelobis mdgomareobaze. magaliTad, erT-
erT gamokvlevaSi 96 mamakacs pozitiuri da
negatiuri movlenebis yoveldRiur angariSs
sTxovdnen. am mamakacebs yoveldRiurad imunuri
reaqciis siZlieresac umowmebdnen. Sedegebma
aCvena, rom sasurveli cxovrebiseuli movlenebi
kavSirSi iyo ufro Zlier imunur reaqciasTan,
xolo arasasurveli movlenebi _ ufro sust
reaqciasTan (Stone et al., 1994). amrigad, Tu gvinda
cxovrebis Semdgomi mimdinareobis winaswar-
metyveleba, yoveldRiur usiamovnebebis gaTva-
liswineba araa sakmarisi; saWiroa, vicodeT is
yoveldRiuri siamovnebebic, rasac cxovreba
gvTavazobs.
Cven ukve mimovixileT adamianTa cxovrebaSi
stresis mravali wyaro. fsiqologebi sakmaod
didi xnis winaTac xvdebodnen, rom am sxvadasxva
tipis stresorTa gavlena, didwilad, damoki-
debulia imaze, Tu ramdenad efeqturad SeuZlia
adamians, Tavi gaarTvas maT. axla ganvixiloT,
ramdenad warmatebulad Tu warumateblad
umklavdebian adamianebi stress.
stresis daZleva
Tu cxovrebaSi stresebi gardauvalia da Tu
qronikul stress SeuZlia cxovrebis dangreva
da adamianis ganadgureba, aucilebelia, viswav-
loT stresis marTva. daZleva exeba garegan da
Sinagan moTxovnebTan gamklavebis process,
rodesac es moTxovnebi, individis aRqmis Tanax-
mad, eWvqveS ayeneben, an aRematebian mis resursebs
(Lazarus & Folkman, 1984). daZleva SeiZleba moicav-
des qceviT, emociur an motivaciur reaqciebsa
da azrebs. am qveTavs imis aRweriT daviwyebT,
Tu rogor zemoqmedebs kognituri Sefaseba imaze,
rac ganicdeba, rogorc stresori. Semdeg gan-
vixilavT daZlevis reaqciaTa tipebs; aRvwerT
rogorc daZlevis zogad principebs, ise spe-
daZleva (Coping) _ im garegan da Sinagan mo-
TxovnebTan gamklavebis procesi, romelic
aRiqmeba, rogorc safrTxis, an muqaris Semcve-
li, an dauZleveli.
cifikur intervenciebs. dabolos, ganvixilavT
zogierT individualur gansxvavebas stresTan
gamklavebis unarSi.
stresis Sefaseba
stresul situaciebTan gamklavebisas pirveli
nabijia imis gansazRvra, Tu ramdenad stresulni
arian isini sinamdvileSi. kognituri Sefaseba
stresoris kognituri interpretacia da raode-
nobrivi Sefasebaa. kognituri Sefaseba centra-
lur rols asrulebs situaciis gansazRvraSi:
ras moiTxovs is Cemgan, ramdenad didia safrTxe,
ra resursebs vflob masTan gasamklaveblad
(Lazarus,1993; Lazarus & Lazarus, 1994). zogierTi iseTi
stresori, rogoricaa, magaliTad, sxeulis da-
zianeba, sakuTari almodebuli saxlis naxva,
TiTqmis yvelas mier ganicdeba, rogorc safrTxe,
Tumca, bevri sxva stresori SesaZlebelia
sxvadasxvagvarad ganisazRvros, imisda mixedviT,
Tu rogoria Tqveni piradi cxovrebiseuli
viTareba, konkretuli moTxovnis mimarTeba Tqvens
ZiriTad miznebTan, moTxovnebTan gamklavebis
SesaZleblobebi da sakuTari SesaZleblobebis
Sefaseba. situacia, romelic mwvave distress iwvevs
erT adamianSi, SeiZleba sruliadECveulebrivi
ram iyos meorisaTvis. SeecadeT, miaqcioT yurad-
Reba da gaiazroT cxovrebiseuli movlenebi,
romlebsac gansxvavebulad xedavT Tqven da
Tqveni megobrebi da ojaxis wevrebi: zogierTi
situacia TqvenSi, magram ara Tqvens megobrebsa
da ojaxis wevrebSi, stress iwvevs. sxva movlenebi
maTSi iwvevs stress, TqvenSi ki ara. ratom?
riCard lazarusi, romlis kognituri Sefa-
sebis zogadi Teoria wavumZRvareT emociebis
ganxilvas, moTxovnaTa kognitur SefasebaSi or
stadias ganasxvavebs. pirveladi Sefaseba aRwers
moTxovnis seriozulobis sawyis Sefasebas. es
stresi Tqvens cxovrebaSi
Sefaseba iwyeba kiTxvebiT: _ `ra xdeba?~ da `es
CemTvis kargia, stresulia Tu CemTan araviTari
kavSiri aqvs?~ Tu pasuxi meore kiTxvaze aris
`stresulia~, Tqven afasebT stresoris poten-
ciur zemoqmedebas da arkvevT, ziani ukve
arsebobs, Tu is mxolod savaraudoa da saWiroa
Tu ara qcevis ganxorcieleba (ix. cxrili 13.2).
Tu gadawyvetT, rom raRac unda iRonoT, iwyeba
meoradi Sefaseba. afasebT stresul viTarebasTan
gasamklaveblad Tqvens xelT arsebul pirovnul
da socialur resursebs da gansazRvravT saWiro
531
 an fizikur stresorze. Tu karg fizikur formaSi
cxrili
13.2 xarT, maSin ukeT gaumklavdebiT stresors, vidre
maSin, roca ar xarT karg formaSi. SegiZliaT
mtkice gadawyvetilebis gamotanis/
naxoT, Tu ramdenad Seesabameba kognituri Se-
kognituri Sefasebis safexurebi
faseba Semamsubuqebeli cvladis gansazRvrebasac.
safexuri sakvanZo kiTxvebi is, Tu rogor SeafasebT stresors, momavalSi
1. gamowvevis Sefaseba riski seriozulia, gansazRvravs imas, Tu ra tipis daZlevis reaqci-
Tuki ar Sevicvlebi? ebis gamoyeneba dagWirdebaT. axla ganvixiloT
2. alternativebis es alternativa misa- daZlevis reaqciebis zogadi tipebi.
mimoxilva Rebi saSualebaa
gamowvevasTan
dasapirispireblad?
sakmarisad ganvixile
Cems xelT arsebuli daZlevis reaqciaTa tipebi
alternativebi?
3. alternativebis awon- romeli alternativaa warmoidgineT, rom mniSvnelovani gamocdis
dawona saukeTeso? dro axlovdeba. Tqven ifiqreT amis Sesaxeb,
akmayofilebs saukeTeso
alternativa arsebiT SeafaseT situacia da sruliad darwmunebuli
moTxovnebs? xarT, rom es stresuli situaciaa. risi gakeTeba
4. fiqri valdebulebis ganvaxorcielo SegiZliaT? mniSvnelovania imis aRniSvna, rom
aRebaze saukeTeso alternativa
da sxvebsac gavumxilo? daZleva SeiZleba win uswrebdes potenciurad
5. arCeul poziciaze riski seriozulia, stresul movlenas anticipatoruli daZlevis
myarad dgoma Tuki ar Sevicvlebi? formiT (Folkman, 1984). rogor unda gaumklavdeT
6. uaryofiTi ukukav- riski seriozulia,
Siris miuxedavad Tuki Sevicvlebi?
mosalodneli gamocdiT gamowveul stress?
rogor unda uTxraT mSoblebs, rom skolidan
gagricxes, an Seyvarebuls, rom igi aRar giyvarT?
moqmedebis SesaZleblobebs. Sefaseba grZeldeba stresuli situaciis anticipacia (anu winaswar
manam, sanam xdeba gamklavebis reaqciebis mo- warmosaxva) uamrav azrsa da grZnobas aRZravs,
sinjva. Tu pirveli reaqciebi araefeqturia da romelic Tavad SeiZleba iyos stresis gamomwvevi.
stresi narCundeba, iwyeba axali reaqciebi da ase xdeba intervius, sityviT gamosvlis, an ucnob
fasdeba maTi efeqturobac. adamianTan Sexvedrisas. saWiroa icodeT, rogor
kognituri Sefaseba stresis Semamsubuqebeli gaarTvaT Tavi stresul situacias.
cvladis magaliTia. stresis Semamsubuqebeli ganasxvaveben daZlevis or ZiriTad gzas imisda
cvladebi is cvladebia, romlebic cvlian mixedviT, Tu ra aris mizani: problemasTan
stresoris zemoqmedebas konkretuli tipis
Tavi 13 / emocia, stresi da janmrTeloba

uSaulo dapirispireba _ problemaze mimarTuli

stresul reaqciaze. Semamsubuqebeli cvladebi
filtravs, an saxes ucvlis stresorebis Cveul
zemoqmedebas individis reaqciebze. magaliTad,
Tqveni daRlilobis done da zogadi janmrTe-
lobis statusi Semamsubuqebeli cvladebia,
romlebic gavlenas axdenen imaze, Tu rogori
iqneba Tqveni reaqcia mocemul fsiqologiur
stresis Semamsubuqebeli cvladebi (Stress mod-
erator variables) _ cvladebi, romlebic cvlian
mimarTebas stresorsa da mocemuli tipis stre-
sul reaqcias Soris.
anticipatoruli daZleva (Anticipatory coping) _
potenciurad saSiS movlenamde ganxorciele-
buli mcdelobebi, gadailaxos, Semcirdes, an
asatani gaxdes Seusabamoba aRqmul moTxovnebsa
da xelT arsebul resursebs Soris.
532
daZleva Tu stresiT gamowveuli diskomfortis
Semcireba _ emociaze fokusirebuli daZleva
(Billings & Moos,1982; Lazarusrus & Folkman,1984). am ori
ZiriTadi midgomis ramdenime qvekategoria
mocemulia cxrilSi 13.3.
daviwyoT problemaze mimarTuli daZleviT.
`wavavloT xars rqebSi xeli,~ _ Cveulebriv,
ase aRiwereba problemuri situaciisTvis mzad-
yofnis strategia. es midgoma moicavs yvela
strategias, romelic gamiznulia stresorebTan
Ria qceviT uSualod dasapirispireblad; aseve,
problemis racionalurad gadaWris aqtivobebs.
xuligans an gaumklavdebiT, an gaeqceviT; ecdebiT
mis mosyidvas qrTamiT, an sxva ramiT; Tqven
koncentrirdebiT gadasawyvet problemaze, an
stresis gamomwvev faqtorze; Tqven acnobierebT,
cxrili
13.3
daZlevis strategiebis taqsonomia
daZlevis strategiis tipi
problemaze mimarTuli daZleva
stresoris Secvla, an misdami sakuTari
damokidebulebis Secvla uSualo
moqmedebebiT an/da problemis gadaWris
aqtivobebiT
emociaze mimarTuli daZleva
me-s cvlileba imgvari moqmedebebiT,
romlebic ukeT agrZnobinebs adamians Tavs
stresoris cvlilebis gareSe.
rom saWiroa moqmedeba, afasebT situacias da
sakuTar resursebs da axorcielebT reaqcias,
romelic adekvaturia muqaris gasaneitraleblad
an Sesamcireblad. problemis gadaWris amgvari
mcdelobebi sasargebloa kontrolirebadi
stresorebis, anu stresorebis samarTavad, rom-
elTa Secvla, an Semcireba SesaZlebelia aseTi
moqmedebiT. aseTi stresorebis magaliTebia
avtoritaruli ufrosi, an aradamakmayofilebeli
niSnebi.
emociaze fokusirebuli midgoma ukeTesia
arakontrolirebadi stresorebis zegavlenis
samarTavad. davuSvaT, pasuxismgebeli xarT
alcheimeriT daavadebuli mSoblis movlaze.
msgavs situaciaSi ar arsebobs `xuligani~, rom-
lis garemodan mocilebasac SeZlebdiT; Tqven
ver geqnebaT garegani stresuli situaciis Sec-
vlis gzebis povnis SesaZlebloba. amis nacvlad
SeecdebiT, SecvaloT Tqveni grZnobebi da azrebi
mis Sesaxeb imiT, rom alcheimeriT daavadebu-
lebze mzrunvelTa mxardaWeris jgufebSi gaer-
TiandebiT, an relaqsaciis teqnikas daeuflebiT.
es midgoma isev daZlevis strategias ganekuT-
vneba, radgan acnobierebT, rom Tqvens kargad
yofnas safrTxe emuqreba da am safrTxis Sem-
cirebas cdilobT.
daZleva aris viTareba, romelSic, rac ufro
met gansxvavebul strategias flobT, miT uke-
Tesia (Taylor & Clark, 1986). daZleva rom warmatebuli
iyos, Tqveni resursebi aRqmul moTxovnas unda
Seesabamebodes. amrigad, daZlevis mravalfe-
magaliTi
brZola (safrTxis ganadgureba, moSoreba, an
Sesusteba)gaqceva (safrTxisgan distancireba)brZolisa Tu
gaqcevis variantebis SerCvea (molaparakeba, garigeba,
kompromisi)momavali stresis prevencia (sakuTari
winaaRmdegobis gawevis unaris gazrda, an anticipirebuli
stresoris Zalis Semcireba).
somatikaze mimarTuli aqtivobebi (SfoTvis sawinaaRmdego
medikamentebis, relaqsaciis, bio-ukukavSiris
gamoyeneba)kognitur sferoze mimarTuli aqtivobebi
(dagegmili garTobebi, fantaziebi, fiqrebi sakuTar
Tavze)Terapia damatebiTi SiSis gamomwvevi cnobieri, an
aracnobieri procesebis dasaregulireblad.
rovani strategiebis floba adapturia, radgan,
savaraudod, ufro advilad moaxerxebT am
Sesabamisobis miRwevas da stresul movlenasTan
gamklavebas. metic, imis codna, rom daZlevis
sxvadasxvagvar strategiebs flobT, dagexma-
rebaT, gazardoT TqvenSi realuri unari, daak-
mayofiloT garemodan wamosuli moTxovnebi
(Bandura,1986). TviTdarwmunebas mravali streso-
ris Zlieri zegavlenisagan SeuZlia Tqveni dacva,
radgan rwmena imisa, rom mzadyofnaSi gaqvT
daZlevis resursebi, aRkveTs stresul, qaotur
reaqcias: _ `ra gavakeTo?!~
aqamde Cven stresorebis daZlevisadmi zogad
midgomebs ganvixilavdiT, axla ki warmatebuli
daZlevis specifikur kognitur da socialur
midgomebs gavecnobiT.
kognituri strategiebis modificireba
stresTan adaptaciis Zlieri saSualeba stre-
stresi Tqvens cxovrebaSi
sorebis Tqveneuli Sefasebebisa da maTi daZ-
levis Sesaxeb TavdacviTi kogniciebis Secvlaa.
Tqven sxvagvarad unda gaiazroT mocemuli
situacia, Tqveni roli masSi da is kauzaluri
atribuciebi, romlebsac arasasurveli Sedegis
asaxsnelad akeTebT. stresis fsiqikuri daZlevis
ori gza arsebobs: sakuTriv stresorTa bunebis
gadafaseba da stresze sakuTar reaqciaTa Sesaxeb
codnis restruqturireba.
Cven ukve visaubreT imis Sesaxeb, rom adamia-
nebi maT cxovrebaSi stresis gancdas, nawi-
533

lobriv, cxovrebiseuli movlenebis Sefasebis
Sesabamisad akontroleben (Lazarus & Lazarus, 1994).
garkveuli stresorebis Sesaxeb gansxvavebulad
fiqris swavla, maTTvis saxelis Secvla, an
maTi warmosaxva naklebad saSiS (an, Tundac,
sasacilo) konteqstSi warmoadgens kognituri
gadafasebis formas, rasac stresis Semcireba
SeuZlia. RelavT imis gamo, rom sityviT unda
gamoxvideT didi, mkacri auditoriis winaSe?
stresoris gadafasebis erT-erTi teqnika aseTia:
Tavi 13 / emocia, stresi da janmrTeloba
_ warmoidgineT, rom Tqveni potenciuri kritiko-
sebi darbazSi SiSvlebi sxedan, rac namdvilad
Seamcirebs maT SiSismomgvrel Zalas. SfoTavT
imis gamo, rom morcxvobas ver daZlevT wveu-
lebaze, romelsac aucileblad unda daeswroT?
xom ar mogeZebnaT vinme Tqvenze metad morcxvi
da saubris dawyebiT simorcxvis daZlevaSi
daxmarebodiT?
Tqven, aseve, SegiZliaT stresis marTva imiT,
rom SecvaloT is, rasac sakuTar Tavs eubnebiT
mis Sesaxeb da SecvaloT masTan mopyrobis xerxi.
kognitur-bihevioristma fsiqoTerapevtma donald
maiCenbaumma (Donald Meichenbaum, 1977,1985,1993)
SemogvTavaza samfaziani procesi, romelic amgvar
stresis inokulacias (acras) iTvaliswinebs. I
fazaSi adamianebi sakuTari realuri qcevis ukeT
534 gacnobierebas cdiloben: ra iwvevs mas da ra
Sedegebi moaqvs. amis gakeTebis saukeTeso xerxi
yoveldRiuri Canawerebis warmoebaa. es Canawerebi
adamianebs sakuTari problemebis mizezebisa da
Sedegebis terminebiT axlebur gaazrebaSi ex-
mareba da aZliereben maTi kontrolis gancdas.
SeiZleba aRmoaCinoT, magaliTad, rom Tqveni
niSnebi cudia (stresori), radgan yovelTvis
cota dros itovebT davalebis kargad Sesas-
ruleblad; II fazaSi adamianebi axali qcevebis
identificirebas iwyeben, romlebic aRkveTen
araadaptaciur, TviTdestruqciul qcevebs. albaT,
fiqsirebuli `samecadino dro~ unda gamoyoT,
an Ramis satelefono zarebi 10 wuTamde daiyvanoT;
III fazaSi, adapturi qcevebis ganxorcielebis
Semdeg, individebi afaseben TavianTi axali
qcevis Sedegebs, aqamde ganxorcielebuli da-
makninebeli Sinagani dialogis gareSe. nacvlad
imisa, rom uTxran sakuTar Tavs: `gamimarTla,
rom profesorma swored maSin gamiZaxa, roca
teqsti wakiTxuli mqonda~, isini amboben: `mixa-
ria, rom momzadebuli viyavi profesoris Seki-
TxvisaTvis. araCveulebrivia, rodesac mas Wkvia-
nurad SegiZlia upasuxo~.
es samfaziani midgoma reaqciebisa da sakuTari
Tavis Sesaxeb gamonaTqvamebis inicirebas gulis-
xmobs, romlebic SeuTavsebelia aqamde ganxor-
cielebul damakninebel azrebTan. am gzis arCevis
Semdeg adamianebi acnobiereben, rom icvlebian
da mxolod sakuTar Tavs unda umadlodnen am
cvlilebas, romelic momavali warmatebebis sa-
windaria.
13.4 cxrilSi mocemulia sakuTari Tavis Se-
saxeb axali tipis gamonaTqvamebis magaliTebi,
romlebic stresul situaciebTan gamklavebaSi
gvexmareba. stresis inokulaciis treningi war-
matebiT gamoiyeneba sxvadasxva sferoSi.
saidan
viciT
stresis inokulaciis treningi
tkivilis samarTavad
am gamokvlevaSi monawileoba 60 spor-
tsmenma mamakacma miiRo, romelTac spor-
tuli travmis gamo muxlis qirurgiuli
operacia CautardaT. sportsmenTa naxevari
samkurnalo jgufSi moxvda, sadac reabi-
 13.4
cxrili
sakuTari Tavisadmi mimarTvis
magaliTebi, romlebic xels uwyoben
stresis daZlevas
momzadeba
me SemiZlia SevimuSavo misi daZlevis gegma.
ubralod mosafiqrebelia, ra SemiZlia gavakeTo
amisaTvis. es nerviulobaze ukeTesi gamosavalia.
ar aris saWiro uaryofiTi mimarTva sakuTari
Tavisadmi, iazrovne racionalurad.
konfrontacia
erTbaSad erTi nabiji; me SemiZlia am situaciis
marTva.
es SfoTva aris is, rasac eqimi
miwinaswarmetyvelebda.
es aris Sexseneba Cemi daZlevis meqanizmebis
gasavarjiSeblad.
dawynardi; Tavs vakontroleb, nela, Rrmad isunTqe.
daZleva
rodesac SiSi geufleba, Seisvene.
yuradReba awmyoze SeaCere, ra maqvs gasakeTebeli?
nu ecdebi SiSis mTlianad gaqrobas, SeinarCune
marTvad doneze.
amaze uaresic SeiZleboda momxdariyo.
ubralod, sxva rameze ifiqre.
TviTganmtkiceba
gamomivida, me SevZeli amis gakeTeba.
iseTi cudic ar yofila, rogorsac movelodi.
marTla kmayofili var Cemi miRwevebiT.
litaciis Cveulebriv programas stresis
inokulaciis treningi daemata. treningi
fokusirebuli iyo gamojanmrTelebis peri-
odis SfoTvisa da tkivilis saxeobebze
da xels uwyobda mamakacebs zemoT aR-
werili kognituri restruqturizaciis
teqnikebis gamoyenebaSi. danarCenma ocda-
aTma mamakacma mxolod reabilitaciis
standartuli kursi gaiara. samocive mona-
wiles sTxoves, moewodebinaT tkivilis
gancdis subieqturi Sefasebebi mkurna-
lobis dawyebamde da Semdeg aTive fizio-
Terapiuli sesiis win. miuxedavad imisa,
rom samkurnalo da sakontrolo jgufebi
didad ar gansxvavdebodnen erTmaneTisgan
mkurnalobis dawyebamde an pirveli
testuri sesiis dros, danarCeni cxra Tera-
piuli sesiis ganmavlobaSi inokulaciis
jgufis cdis pirebi gacilebiT nakleb
tkivils aRniSnavdnen, vidre sakontrolo
jgufis cdis pirebi (Ross & Berger,1996).
me-4 Tavidan, albaT, gaxsovT, rogor aris
tkivilis gancda ganpirobebuli rogorc fizio-
logiuri, ise fsiqologiuri faqtorebiT. gankur-
nebis procesSi myof sportsmenebze Catarebuli
qvemoT mocemuli eqsperimenti gviCvenebs, Tu
rogor SeiZleba daZlevis teqnikebis gamoyeneba
tkivilis fsiqologiuri komponentebis zogi-
erTi aspeqtis gasakontroleblad.
warmatebuli daZlevis kidev erTi ZiriTadi
komponentia Tqven mier stresorze gacnobie-
rebuli kontrolis daweseba, rwmena imisa, rom
SegiZliaT cvlilebis Setana romelime mov-
lenis, an gancdis msvlelobaSi (Vaughan, 1993).
Tu gjeraT, rom SegiZliaT daavadebis mimdi-
nareobaze, an daavadebis yoveldRiur simptomebze
zemoqmedeba, albaT, kargad axerxebT am daava-
debasTan gamklavebas (Affleck et al., 1987), magram Tu
fiqrobT, rom stresis wyaro meore pirovnebaa,
romlis qcevaze gavlenas ver axdenT, an situa-
ciaa, romelsac ver SecvliT, izrdeba imis
albaToba, rom am qronikul viTarebas fsiqo-
logiurad ver gaumklavdebiT (Bulman & Wortman,
1977). individebi, romelTac SeuZliaT stresis
cnobieri kontroli iseTi fataluri daavadebis
SemTxvevaSic ki, rogoric Sidsia, amiT TavianT
fsiqikur da fizikur janmrTelobas argeben
(Thompson et al., 1994).
sanam samomavloT gamoyenebad kontrolis am
strategiebs daimaxsovrebT, stresis daZlevis
bolo aspeqti _ socialuri ganzomileba gan-
vixiloT.
socialuri mxardaWera, rogorc stresis
daZlevis resursi
socialuri mxardaWera sxvebisTvis gaweuli
daxmarebaa, romelic amcnobs adamians, rom igi
uyvarT, masze zrunaven, afaseben da rom igi
stresi Tqvens cxovrebaSi
sxva adamianebTan urTierTobisa da urTierT-
valdebulebebis qselSia CarTuli (Cohen & Syme,
1985).Dsocioemociuri mxardaWeris am formebis
garda garSemomyof adamianebs SeuZliaT
materialuri (fuli, transporti, bina) da
informaciuli mxardaWeris (rCeva, pirovnuli
gacnobierebuli kontroli (Perceived control) _
pirovnebis rwmena, rom SeuZlia movlenis, an
gancdis msvlelobis, an Sedegebis Secvla;
xSirad sasargebloa stresorebTan gamkla-
vebisas.
535
 arakatastrofuli qronikulad daavadebuli pacientebi mkvlevrebi cdiloben imis dadgenas, Tu ra
kiboTi daavadebuli pacienebi
tipis mxardaWeraa yvelaze sasargeblo sxvadasxva
specifikuri movlenis dros (Helgeson & Cohen,1996;
socialuri daxmarebis

60
yvelaze efeqturi

50 Kuijer et al., 2000).

40
%

30
20 saidan
10
0 viciT
emociuri informaciuli materialuri

mxardaWeris tipi
mxardaWeris wyaroebisa da tipebis
urTierTSedareba
suraTi
13.10 Seli teilori kolegebTan erTad Seis-
wavlida sxvadasxva tipis socialuri mxa-
socialuri mxardaWeris Rirebuleba
rdaWeris efeqturobas kiboTi daava-
aRqmuli socialuri mxardaWera, rogorc diagnozis
debulebTan (Dakof & Taylor, 1990; Taylor, 1986).
funqcia
(Martin, et. al., 1994, kiboTi daavadebuli pacientebis
avadmyofebi gansxvavebulad afasebdnen
monacemebi aRebulia Dakof&Taylor, 1990). sxvadasxva saxis mxardaWeris sargebli-
anobas. isini sasargeblod Tvlidnen mxo-
ukukavSiri, informacia) uzrunvelyofa. nebis-
lod meuRleebis, da ara eqimebis, an mom-
mieri adamiani, visTanac gaqvT mniSvnelovani
vlelebis `gverdiT yofnas~. meore mxriv,
socialuri urTierToba _ iqneba es ojaxis
avadmyofebisTvis mniSvnelovani iyo infor-
wevri, megobari, TanamSromeli Tu mezobeli _
maciis an rCevis miReba kiboTi daavadebuli
SesaZloa, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, Tqveni so-
sxva pacientebisagan, an eqimebisagan da
cialuri mxardaWeris qselis nawili iyos.
ara -_ ojaxisgan da megobrebisagan.
mravali gamokvleva miuTiTebs stresisadmi
ganurCevlad imisa, Tu visgan _ iqnebodnen
mowyvladobis SemcirebaSi socialuri mxar-
es eqimebi, megobrebi Tu ojaxis wevrebi _
daWeris Zalaze (Cohen & McKay, 1983). rodesac
modioda Tavsmoxveuli naZaladevi xalisi
adamianebs hyavT xalxi, visac SeuZliaT mimarTon,
da daavadebis simZimis daknineba, avadmyo-
isini ukeT axerxeben rogorc sakuTar yovel-
febi Tvlidnen, rom maT es arafers argebda.
dRiur problemebTan, ise samsaxurebriv stres-
ebTan, umuSevrobasTan, ojaxis rRvevasTan,
seriozul daavadebebTan da sxva katastrofebTan 13.10 suraTze mocemulia socialuri mxar-
gamklavebas (Gottlieb, 1981; Pilisuk & Parks, 1986). so-
Tavi 13 / emocia, stresi da janmrTeloba

daWeris tipebis Sedareba efeqturobis mixedviT

cialuri mxardaWeris pozitiuri efeqtebi kibos da iseTi arakatastrofuli daavadebebis
scildeba stresuli movlenebis daregulirebas; mqone pacientebTan, rogoricaa: qronikuli Tavis
maT SeuZliaT diagnostirebuli daavadebisagan tkivili an gaRizianebuli kuW-nawlavis sin-
gankurnebis gaumjobeseba da daavadebiT gamow- dromi (Martini et al., 1994). monacemebi kidev erTxel
veuli sikvdilis riskis Semcireba (House et al.,1988 mowmobs, rom socialuri mxardaWeris optimaluri
Kulik & Mahler, 1989). erT-erT gamokvlevaSi Tir- tipi stresis sxvadasxva wyarosTvis gansxva-
kmlis mZime daavadebis mqone avadmyofTa sikvdi- vebulia. SegiZliaT moifiqroT mizezebi, Tu
lianobis koeficienti Seiswavleboda (Christensen ratom unda iyos emociuri mxardaWera ufro
et al., 1994). miRebuli Sedegebis mixedviT, ojaxis sasargeblo kiboTi daavadebulTaTvis, vidre
mxardaWeris sazomze miRebuli qulis erTi arc ise mZime daavadebebis mqone avadmyofe-
erTeuliT mateba sikvdilis albaTobis 13%-ian bisaTvis?
klebas ukavSirdeba.Q mkvlevrebi, agreTve, cdiloben gansazRvron,
Tu rodis iwveven mxardaWeris wyaroebi realurad
socialuri mxardaWera (Social support) _ sxva
adamianebis mier pirovnebisTvis stresTan gam- SfoTvis gazrdas. magaliTad, Tu vinme daJinebiT
klavebis mizniT gaweuli materialuri, socio- gTavazobT eqimTan daniSnul Sexvedraze an
kolejSi gasaubrebaze wamoyolas maSin, roca
536
emociuri da informaciuli mxardaWera.
Tqven marto wasvla girCevniaT, amis gamo SeiZ-
leba damatebiTi SfoTva ganicadoT (Coyne et al.,
1988); aseve, mZime daavadebis mqone avadmyofebma,
SesaZloa, ver gaamarTlon maT socialur wreSi
Semavali adamianebis molodinebi.
saidan
viciT
molodinebi da qronikul
daavadebasTan adaptacia
mkvlevrebi amowmebdnen, Tu ra gavlenas
axdens avadmyofebis mier garSemomyof
adamianTa molodinebis aRqma daavadebasTan
maT adaptaciaze. avadmyofebs Tirkmlebis
daavadebis bolo stadia hqondaT, yvelas
sWirdeboda dializi. mkvlevrebi sTxovdnen
maT, rom skalaze (`srulebiT ar veTan-
xmebi~-dan `srulebiT veTanxmebi~-mde)
SeefasebinaT iseTi debulebebi, rogoricaa,
magaliTad, `xandaxan vgrZnob, rom Cemi
ojaxi da megobrebi moelian Cemgan, rom
gacilebiT ukeT moverevi Cems daavadebas,
vidre es realurad SemiZlia~ da `zogjer
vfiqrob, rom Cemi ojaxi da megobrebi
moelian Cemgan sakuTar mkurnalobaze meti
pasuxismgeblobis aRebas, vidre es rea-
lurad SemiZlia~. mkvlevrebi, aseve, zo-
mavdnen, Tu ramdenad kargad axerxebdnen
pacientebi avadmyofobis daZlevas. Sede-
gebma aCvena Zlieri dadebiTi korelacia
molodinebsa da distresis xarisxs Soris.
magaliTad, pacientebTan, romlebic sa-
kuTari ojaxisa da megobrebis molodinebs
aRiqvamdnen, rogorc gadaWarbebuls, ufro
mosalodneli iyo Civili depresiisa da
cxovrebis dabali xarisxis Sesaxeb (Hatchett
et al.,1997).
rogorc Cans, pacientebis megobrebi da ojaxis
wevrebi yvelafers akeTebdnen maTTvis mxar-
daWeris uzrunvelsayofad, Tumca, maTi molo-
dinebi pacientebisadmi zrdida am ukanasknelTa
distress.
efeqturi socialuri mxardaWeris qselis
nawilad yofna niSnavs Tqvens rwmenas, rom
saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi sxvebi Tqvens gverdiT
aRmoCndebian maSinac ki, Tu stresis gancdisas
faqtobrivad arc ki mimarTavT maT daxmare-
bisaTvis. erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani Setyo-
bineba `fsiqologia da cxovrebidan~ isaa, rom
yovelTvis unda imuSaoT, rogorc socialuri
mxardaWeris qselis Semadgenelma rgolma da
arasodes misceT Tavs ufleba, iyoT socialurad
izolirebuli.
stresze msjelobisas Cven araerTxel aRvniS-
neT stresis gavlena fizikur da fsiqologiur
keTildReobaze. axla uSualod ganvixilavT,
Tu rogor iyeneben fsiqologebi avadmyofobisa
da janmrTelobis sakiTxebis Sesaxeb gamokvle-
vebiT miRebul codnas.
Sejameba
stress iwvevs stresorebi _ stimulebi, rom-
lebic organizmisagan garkveul reaqcias mo-
iTxoven. stresi iwvevs fiziologiur pasuxebs,
romlebic amzadeben organizms moqmedebisaTvis.
rodesac amgvari pasuxebi zedmetia, safrTxe
eqmneba imunur sistemas, ramac SesaZloa gamoiw-
vios fsiqosomaturi daavadebebi. sxvadasxva saxis
stresors, rogoricaa: cxovrebiseuli cvli-
lebebi, yoveldRiuri usiamovnebebi, matravmi-
rebeli movlenebi, sxvadasxva saxis fsiqolo-
giuri efeqti aqvs.
stresis daZleva xSirad maSin iwyeba, rodesac
adamianebi moTxovnis gansazRvris mizniT
afaseben situacias. safrTxis mimarT adamianebi
iyeneben stresis daZlevis problemaze orien-
tirebul, an emociaze orientirebul gzebs. maT,
aseve, SeuZliaT, stresTan gamklaveba stresoris
xelaxali SefasebiT, an stresze reaqciebis
stresi Tqvens cxovrebaSi
Sesaxeb codnis restruqturizaciiT. stresis
inokulaciis (acris) treningi kogniciaTa res-
truqturizaciis erT-erTi programaa. adamianebi
ukeTesad axerxeben stresis daZlevas, rodesac
grZnoben, rom akontroleben situacias. socia-
luri mxardaWera saukeTesoa maSin, rodesac is
individis moTxovnebs Tanxvdeba. socialuri
interaqcia, SesaZloa, uaryofiTi iyos, rodesac
adamianebi grZnoben, rom maT ar SeuZliaT
arsebuli molodinebis gamarTleba.
537

janmrTelobis fsiqologia
ra wvlili SeaqvT fsiqikur procesebs cudad
da kargad yofnis gancdaSi? Cven ukve war-
mogidgineT sakmarisi sabuTi imisa, rom pasuxi
am kiTxvaze aris: _ `sakmaod didi~. janmrTelo-
bisaTvis fsiqologiuri da socialuri faqto-
rebis mniSvnelobis aRiarebam xeli Seuwyo axali
sferos _ janmrTelobis fsiqologiis _ gan-
viTarebas. janmrTelobis fsiqologia fsiqo-
logiis dargia, romelic mowodebulia imis
dasadgenad, Tu rogor inarCuneben adamianebi
janmrTelobas; ratom xdebian isini avad da
rogor reagireben avadmyofobaze (Taylor, 1986,1990).
janmrTeloba gulismobs sxeulisa da gonebis
zogad mdgomareobas, romelic aRiwereba
siZlierisa da energiulobis terminebiT. es ar
aris ubralod daavadebis an dazianebis arar-
seboba, aramed am SemTxvevaSi saqme imas ufro
exeba, Tu ramdenad kargad funqcionireben
sxeulis Semadgeneli nawilebi erTad. janmrTe-
lobis fsiqologiis Sesaxeb msjelobas davi-
wyebT imis aRweriT, Tu rogor scildeba avad-
myofobis tradiciul dasavlur models is
filosofiuri mimdinareoba, romelic safuZvlad
udevs mocemul sferos. Semdeg ganvixilavT
janmrTelobis fsiqologiis wvlils daavadebisa
da disfunqciis prevenciasa da mkurnalobaSi.
janmrTelobis
Tavi 13 / emocia, stresi da janmrTeloba
biofsiqosocialuri modeli
janmrTelobis fsiqologia janmrTelobis
biofsiqosocialuri modeliT xelmZRvanelobs.
am midgomis safuZvlebs mraval aradasavlur
kulturaSi vxvdebiT. sanam biofsiqosocialuri
modelis gansazRvrebas CamovayalibebdeT,
ganvixiloT zogierTi aradasavluri tradicia.
janmrTelobis dacvis tradiciuli
praqtika
fsiqologiuri principebi avadmyofobis
mkurnalobasa da janmrTelobis SenarCunebaSi
yvela droSi gamoiyeneboda. bevr kulturaSi
esmiT sazogadoebrivi janmrTelobisa da
538 relaqsaciis ritualebis mniSvneloba cxovrebis
xarisxis gaumjobesebisaTvis. winamdebare Tavi
venesuelis varaos kulturisTvis damaxasiaTe-
beli gankurnebis ritualis magaliTiT daviwyeT.
rogorc aRvwereT, mkurnali mowveuli iyo avad-
myofi biWis sxeulSi Casaxlebuli sulebis
gansadevnad. mkurnalma Seasrula tradiciuli
gankurnebis ceremonia. mSoblebma biWis gamoj-
anmrTeleba mkurnalis moqmedebebs miaweres
(Briggs,1996).
msgavsi rwmenis arsebobas SeiZleba sxva
kulturebSic SexvdeT. magaliTad, navajoSi
daavadebas, avadmyofobasa da kargad yofnas
socialur harmonias da gonebasa da sxeuls
Soris urTierTqmedebebs miawerdnen. huazos cneba
navajoSi niSnavs harmonias, sulier simSvides,
saTnoebas, idealur ojaxur urTierTobebs, mSve-
nierebas xelovnebasa da xelobaSi, sxeulisa
da sulis sijansaRes. avadmyofoba ganixileba,
rogorc borotebiT gamowveuli nebismieri
disharmoniis Sedegi, romelic isadgurebs
adamianSi tabus darRvevis, jadoqrobis, zedmeti
damyolobis, boroti ocnebebis gamo. tradici-
uli gankurnebis ceremonia gulisxmobs avad-
myofobis gandevnasa da janmrTelobis aRdgenas
ara marto Samanis mkurnalobiT, aramed ojaxis
yvela wevris erToblivi ZalisxmeviT, romlebic
avadmyofTan erTad cdiloben huazos mdgomare-
obis dabrunebas. tomis nebismieri wevri avad-
myofobas miiCnevs ara avadmyofis pirad pasuxis-
mgeblobad (da danaSaulad), aramed ganixilavs,
rogorc ufro zogadi disharmoniis niSans,
romelic unda aRikveTos Temuri gankurnebis
ritualebiT. es kulturuli orientacia garan-
tias iZleva, rom Zlieri socialuri mxardaWeris
qseli avtomaturad daexmareba pacients.
janmrTelobis fsiqologia (Health psychology)
_ fsiqologiis dargi, romelic mowodebulia
imis dasadgenad, Tu rogor inarCuneben ada-
mianebi janmrTelobas, ratom xdebian isini
avad da rogor reagireben avadmyofobaze.
janmrTeloba (Health) _ sxeulisa da gonebis
zogadi mdgomareoba, romelic aRiwereba sim-
tkicisa da energiulobis terminebiT. es ar
aris ubralod daavadebis, an dazianebis ar-
arseboba.
huazo (Hozho) _ navajos (Navajo) kulturaSi
arsebuli cneba, romelic niSnavs harmonias,
sulier simSvides, saTnoebas, idealur ojaxur
urTierTobebs, mSvenierebas xelovnebasa da
xelobaSi da sxeulisa da sulis sijansaRes.

biofsiqosocialuri modelisken
Cven axlaxan vnaxeT, rom aradasavlur kul-
turebSi gankurnebis praqtika xSirad sxeulsa
da gonebas Soris kavSiris arsebobas gulisxmobs.
amis sapirispirod, Tanamedrove mecnieruli
azrovneba, ZiriTadad, biosamedicino models
eyrdnoba, romelic sxeulisa da gonebis dua-
listuri koncefciiT xelmZRvanelobs. am mode-
lis Tanaxmad, medicina fizikur sxeuls suli-
sagan damoukideblad mkurnalobs. goneba mniS-
vnelovania mxolod emociebisa da rwmenebisaTvis
da cota ram Tu SeuZlia gaakeTos sxeulis
realobisaTvis; Tumca, droTa ganmavlobaSi
mecnierebma daiwyes urTierTqmedebaTa tipebis
aRnusxva, romelTa SemTxvevaSic ar muSaobs xisti
biosamedicino modeli. Tqven ukve naxeT
zogierTi maTgani: karg da cud cxovrebiseul
movlenebs SeuZliaT gavlena moaxdinon imunuri
sistemis funqcionirebaze; adamianebi met-
naklebad moqnilebi arian stresis uaryofiT
SedegebTan mimarTebaSi; adekvaturma socialurma
mxardaWeram SeiZleba Seamciros sikvdilis
albaToba. amgvari gaazrebis Sedegad Camoyalibda
biofsiqosocialuri modelis sami komponenti:
`bio~ miuTiTebs biologiuri avadmyofobis rea-
lur arsebobaze, `fsiqo~ da `socialuri~ ki _
janmrTelobis fsiqologiur da socialur
komponentebze.
biofsiqosocialuri modeli fizikur jan-
mrTelobas gonebis mdgomareobasa da garemom-
cvel samyarosTan akavSirebs. janmrTelobis
fsiqologi janmrTelobas ganixilavs, rogorc
dinamikur mravalganzomilebian movlenas.
optimaluri janmrTeloba, anu kargad yofna
(wellness) moicavs Tqveni cxovrebis fizikur,
inteleqtualur, emociur, sulier, socialur
da garemos aspeqtebs. rodesac daavadebis
prevenciis, an adreul etapze misi gamovlenis
mizniT garkveul qmedebebs axorcielebT, Tqven
janmrTelobis sakeTildReod iqceviT. janmrTe-
lobis fsiqologiis zogad mizans warmoadgens
fsiqologiuri codnis gamoyeneba kargad yofnasa
da janmrTelobasTan dakavSirebuli pozitiuri
qcevis xelSewyobisaTvis. ganvixiloT aRniSnul
mizanTan dakavSirebuli Teoriebi da kvlevebi.
janmrTelobis profilaqtika
cneba janmrTelobis profilaqtika niSnavs
zogadi strategiebisa da konkretuli taqtikis
ganviTarebas, romelic miznad isaxavs adamianTa
avad gaxdomis riskis gamoricxvas, an Semcirebas.
XXI saukuneSi avadmyofobis prevencia XX
saukunis dasawyisisgan gansxvavebul amocanebs
ayenebs (Matarazzo, 1984). 1900-ian wlebSi sikvdilis
upirveles mizezs infeqciuri daavadebebi
warmoadgenda. am periodSi praqtikosma eqimebma
wamoiwyes pirveli revolucia amerikul sazo-
gadoebrivi janmrTelobis dacvis sistemaSi.
kvlevebis, sazogadoebrivi ganaTlebis, vaqcinebis
ganviTarebisa da sazogadoebrivi janmrTelobis
standartebis cvlilebebis (rogoricaa narCe-
nebis kontroli da kanalizacia) saSualebiT
maT TandaTanobiT SeZles sikvdilianobis
biofsiqosocialuri modeli (Biopsychosocial mo-
del) _ janmrTelobisa da avadmyofobis modeli,
romlis mixedviT, nervuli sistemis, imunuri
janmrTelobis fsiqologia
sistemis, qceviTi stilis, kognituri pro-
cesebisa da garemo faqtorebis urTierTkavSirma
SeiZleba adamiani avad gaxdomis riskis winaSe
daayenos.
kargad yofna (Wellness) _ optimaluri janmrTe-
loba, romelic aerTianebs fizikur, inteleqtu-
alur, emociur, sulier, socialur da garemos
sxvadasxva sferoSi sruli da aqtiuri fun-
qcionirebis unars.
janmrTelobis profilaqtika (Health promotion)
_ zogadi strategiebisa da konkretuli taqtikis
ganviTareba, romelic miznad isaxavs adamianTa
avad gaxdomis riskis gamoricxvas, an Semcirebas.
539
 didi raodenobiT miReba, mgzavroba usafrTxo-
cxrili
13.5 ebis Rvedebis gareSe, stresebiT savse cxovreba
_ yvelaferi es garkveul rols asrulebs iseTi
sikvdilis ZiriTadi mizezebi aSS-Si,
daavadebebis CamoyalibebaSi, rogorebicaa: kibo,
1998 weli
gulis daavadebebi, dambla, agreTve, ubeduri
sikvdilis
sikvdili- SemTxvevebisa da TviTmkvlelobebisas. civili-
rangi sikvdilis mizezi mizezebis
anobis
xelSemwyobi zaciis aRniSnul daavadebebTan dakavSirebuli
procenti
faqtorebi
qcevebis SecvliT mravali daavadebisa da naad-
1 31.0 gulis daavadeba DS
revi sikvdilis prevencia gaxdeba SesaZlebeli.
2 23.2 kibo DS
3 6.8 dambla DS am codnaze dayrdnobiT advilia garkveuli
4 4.8 filtvebis obstruq-
rekomendaciebis mocema, magram ufro sasurvelia,
ciuli daavadebebi S
5 4.2 yvela saxis ubeduri rom janmrTeloba iseTi kargi Cvevebis Semu-
SemTxveva A SavebiT SeinarCunoT, romlebic CamoTvlilia
1.9 mxolod avtoavariebi A
6 3.9 pnevmonia da gripi S 13.6 cxrilSi. bevri maTgani, albaT, ukve nacnobia
7 2.8 diabeti D TqvenTvis. miuxedavad amisa, janmrTelobis
8 1.3 TviTmkvleloba A
9 1.1 Tirkmlebis daavadebebi fsiqologebi gamoiyeneben fsiqologiur prin-
10 1.1 RviZlis qronikuli cipebs imis albaTobis gasazrdelad, rom Tqven
daavadeba da cirozi A
marTla gaakeTebT imas, rac TqvenTvis kargia.
* D=kveba; S =moweva; A =alkoholi amis demonstrirebis mizniT axla ganvixiloT
ori konkretuli Tema: moweva da Sidsi.

mniSvnelovnad Semcireba iseTi daavadebebis

SemTxvevaSi, rogoricaa: gripi, tuberkulozi,
poliomieliti, wiTela da yvavili.
Tu mkvlevrebs cxovrebis xarisxis gaumjo-
besebSi surT wvlilis Setana, cxovrebis
stilTan dakavSirebuli faqtorebiT gamowveuli
sikvdilianobis Semcirebas unda ecadon (ix.
cxrili 13.5). sigaretis moweva, Warbi wona,
cximisa da qolesterinis didi raodenobiT
Semcveli sakvebisa da alkoholiani sasmelebis
Tavi 13 / emocia, stresi da janmrTeloba
moweva
SeuZlebelia imis warmodgena, rom nebismierma,
vinc ki waikiTxa es wigni, ar icoda, rom Tambaqos
moweva Zalian saxifaToa. yovelwliurad
daaxloebiT 400 000 adamiani kvdeba mowevasTan
dakavSirebuli daavadebebiT. aSS-Si yovel-
wliurad kiboTi gardacvalebis SemTxvevaTa 30%-
ze meti swored Tambaqos moxmarebiTaa gamowveuli
(Skaar et al., 1997). miuxedavad amisa, 60 milioni
adamiani aSS-Si jer kidev mwevelia. mwevelTa

70% ambobs, rom surs mowevisTvis Tavis danebeba,

cxrili
13.6
aTi nabiji pirovnuli keTildReobisaken
1. regularulad ivarjiSeT.
2. miiReT noyieri, balansirebuli sakvebi (mdidari
bostneuliT, xiliT, marcvleuliT, naklebi cximiTa
da qolesteriniT).
3. SeinarCuneT optimaluri wona.
4. iZineT 7-8 saaTi Ramis ganmavlobaSi, daisveneT
yoveldRe.
5. mgzavrobisas isargebleT usafrTxoebis RvedebiT
da velosipedis CafxutiT.
6. ar moswioT sigareti da ar miiRoT narkotikebi.
7. zomierad, an saerTod ar miiRoT alkoholi.
8. iqonieT mxolod daculi, usafrTxo sqesobrivi
urTierTobebi.
9. regularulad gaiareT samedicino-
stomatologiuri Semowmebebi; daicaviT samedicino
reJimi.
10. CamoiyalibeT optimisturi damokidebuleba da
SeiZineT megobrebi.
540
magram ver axerxebs (daavadebaTa kontrolisa
da prevenciis centri, 1997). janmrTelobis
fsiqologebs ainteresebT orive sakiTxi: (1)
ratom iwyeben adamianebi mowevas _ amiT
fsiqologebi SeZleben mis prevencias da (2)
rogor daexmaron adamianebs mowevisaTvis Tavis
danebebaSi _ riTic adamianebi SeZleben miiRon
`eqsmwevelad~ gadaqcevasTan dakavSirebuli
mniSvnelovani sargebeli.
analizi imisa, Tu ratom iwyebs zogierTi
adamiani Tambaqos mowevas, pirovnul Tvisebebsa
da socialur faqtorebze fokusirdeba. individTa
erT-erT tips, romelTanac Tambaqos moweva
asocirdeba SegrZnebaTa maZieblebi uwodes
(Zuckerman,1988); ufro mosalodnelia, rom aseTma
individebma sarisko qmedebebi ganaxorcielon.
erT-erT gamokvlevaSi qalebisa da mamakacebis
pirovnuli Tvisebebis Sefasebis monacemebi,
romlebic XX saukunis 60-ian wlebSi (1964-1967)
miiRes, Seadares XX saukunis 80-iani wlebis
bolos (1987-1991) maT `mweveli-aramwevelis~
qcevas. qalebi da mamakacebi, romlebic 60-ian
wlebSi sakuTar Tavs axasiaTebdnen, rogorc
SegrZnebebis maZieblebs, 20-25 wlis Semdeg ufro
mosalodneli iyo, rom mwevelebi yofiliyvnen
(Lipkus et al., 1994). savaraudoa, rom pirovnuli
faqtorebi mWidrod ukavSirdeba zogierTi
jgufis wevrebis Sefasebebs; anu, miuxedavad
imisa, an swored imitom, rom moweva mavnebelia
janmrTelobisaTvis, is `magaria~ (Leary et al., 1994).
es gansakuTrebiT mozardebSi SeiZleba iyos
ase. janmrTelobis fsiqologebi Tvlian, rom
mowevis warmatebuli prevencia mowevis Sefasebis
Secvlas _ `magaridan~ `cudisken~ _ gulisxmobs.
ukeTesia, Tu saerTod ar daiwyebT mowevas,
magram rogor SeiZleba daexmaros TambaqosaTvis
Tavis danebebis swavlaSi Catarebuli kvlevebi
maT, vinc ukve eweva? miuxedavad imisa, rom bevrma
adamianma uSedegod scada mowevisTvis Tavis
danebeba, daaxloebiT 35 milionma amerikelma
samudamod mainc daaneba Tavi mowevas. 90%-ma es
damoukideblad, specialuri samkurnalo prog-
ramebis gareSe SeZlo. mkvlevrebma gansazRvres
is etapebi, romelsac adamianebi gadian, rac
TambaqosaTvis Tavis danebebis mzard mzadyofnas
mowmobs (DiClemente et al., 1991; Prochaska et al., 1993):
gansjis wina periodi _ mweveli jer ar
fiqrobs mowevisTvis Tavis danebebaze;
gansja _ mweveli fiqrobs mowevisTvis
Tavis danebebaze, Tumca, jer ar axorcielebs
cvlilebebs qcevaSi;
momzadeba _ mweveli ukve mzad aris, rom
Tavi daanebos mowevas;
moqmedeba _ mweveli axorcielebs
gansazRvrul qmedebebs dasaxuli qceviTi
miznebis misaRwevad;
SenarCuneba _ axla mweveli ukve aramwe-
velia da cdilobs am mdgomareobis SenarCunebas.
mocemuli analizi gvafiqrebinebs, rom yvela
mweveli fsiqologiurad erTnairi ar aris mo-
wevisTvis Tavis danebebis sakiTxSi. intervencia
imgvarad unda iyos dagegmili, rom manamde
zrdides mwevelis mzadyofnis, sanam is fsiqo-
logiurad mzad iqneba janmrTelobis sakeTil-
dReo qcevis gansaxorcieleblad.
mowevis Sewyvetaze mimarTuli warmatebuli
mkurnaloba mwevelis rogorc fiziologiuri,
ise fsiqologiuri moTxovnilebebis dakmayofil-
ebas moiTxovs (Tsoh et al., 1997; U.S. Department of
health and Human Services, 2000). fiziologiur
doneze mwevelebi saukeTesod eqvemdebarebian
nikotinis Semcvleli Terapiis iseT efeqtur
formas, rogoricaa nikotinis plastiri da
nikotinis saReWi rezinebi. fsiqologiur doneze
mwevelebma unda gaiazron, rom arsebobs uamravi
eqsmweveli da rom TambaqosaTvis Tavis danebeba
SesaZlebelia. garda amisa, mwevelma unda
daiswavlos Zlieri ltolvis daZlevis stra-
tegiebi, romelic Tan axlavs TambaqosaTvis Tavis
danebebis mcdelobebs. mkurnaloba xSirad moi-
cavs Cven mier adre aRweril daZlevis kognitur
xerxebs, romlebic saSualebas aZleven adamians,
Seamsubuqos masze mravali stresoris zemoqme-
deba. mowevasTan dakavSirebiT adamianebs as-
wavlian, Tu rogor moZebnon Tavis daRwevis
gzebi situaciebidan, romlebmac SeiZleba kvlav
gauRviZon mowevis Jini.
Sidsi
Sidsi _ es aris SeZenili imunodeficitis
sindromi. miuxedavad imisa, rom aTasobiT
adamiani kvdeba am saSineli daavadebiT, mravali
adamiani cxovrobs aiv infeqciiT. aiv (adamianis
imunodeficitis virusi) aris virusi, romelic
anadgurebs sisxlis TeTr ujredebs (T limfo-
citebs), riTac azianebs imunur sistemas da
asustebs sxeulis unars, SeebrZolos sxva daava-
debebs. individi mowyvladi xdeba mTeli rigi
sxva virusuli da baqteriuli infeqciebis mi-
janmrTelobis fsiqologia
marT, ramac SeiZleba sicocxlisaTvis iseTi
saSiSi daavadebebi gamoiwvios, rogoricaa: kibo,
meningiti da pnevmonia. virusiT Tavdapirveli
Sidsi (AIDS) _ SeZenili imunodeficitis sin-
dromis abreviatura, sindromi gamowveulia
virusiT, romelic azianebs imunur sistemas da
asustebs organizmis unars, SeebrZolos infeq-
cias.
aiv (HIV)_ adamianis imunodeficitis virusi,
romelic azianebs sisxlis TeTr ujredebs
(limfocitebs), riTac asustebs organizmis
imunur sistemas; aiv infeqcia iwvevs Sidss.
541
 fsiqologia XXI saukuneSi
Tu Tqven aSS-Si cxovrobT,
Tqveni mTavroba momdevno aTi
wlis gegmas gTavazobT: aSS-is
janmrTelobisa da mosaxleobis
momsaxurebis departamentma
Seqmna programa saxelwodebiT
_ `janmrTeli adamianebi 2010~,
sadac mocemulia konkretuli
rekomendaciebi pirovnuli da
sazogadoebrivi janmrTelo-
bisaTvis aucilebeli qcevebis
Sesaxeb. programas ori zogadi
mizani aqvs: (1) gansxvavebebis
Semcireba janmrTelobis statu-
sebs Soris mosaxleobis sxva-
dasxva fenaSi _ moxucebSi,
umciresobebsa da bavSvebSi da
(2) janmrTeli cxovrebis xan-
grZlivobis gazrda. fsiqolo-
gebi orive miznis ganxorcie-
lebaSi Seitanen TavianT wvlils.
rac Seexeba pirvel mizans,
fsiqikuri janmrTeloba Seta-
nilia `janmrTelobis statusis~
kategoriaSi. ukve ramdenime we-
lia fsiqologebi did energias
xarjaven sazogadoebis sxva-
dasxva jgufebSi fsiqikuri jan-
mrTelobis dacvis gaumjobe-
Tavi 13 / emocia, stresi da janmrTeloba
sebaze. meore mizani uSualod
exeba kvalifikacias, rasac fsi-
qologebi janmrTelobis pro-
filaqtikis sagnad miiCneven.
programa `janmrTeli adamiane-
bi 2010~-is mizania, rom adamia-
nebma Secvalon janmrTelo-
basTan dakavSirebuli qcevebi.
rogorc vnaxeT, es janmrTe-
lobis fsiqologiis kvlevebis
mniSvnelovani sakiTxia.
es sakiTxi rom gavagrZeloT,
ganvixiloT ori konkretuli
mizani programidan `janmrTeli
adamianebi 2010~:
• samuSao saaTebSi fizikuri
aqtivobiT dakavebul mozrdi-
542
janmrTeli adamianebi 2010 wlisaTvis
lTa raodenobis Semcireba 40%-
dan 20%-mde;
• im mozrdilTa raodenobis
gazrda 15%-dan 30%-mde, rom-
lebic regularulad saSualo
xarisxis fizikuri aqtivobiT
arian dakavebulni (30 wuTi,
TiTqmis yoveldRe).
TqvenTvis, albaT, cnobilia,
Tu ratom girCevT es programa
regularulad varjiSs, anu jan-
mrTelobis mTavari gaumjobeseba
miiRweva iseTi varjiSebiT, ro-
goricaa: velosipediT siaruli,
curva, sirbili da Cqari sia-
rulic ki. es aqtivobebi iwveven
gulisa da respiratoruli sis-
temis mdgomareobis gaumjobese-
bas, kunTebis tonusis gaZlie-
rebas da bevri sxva sargebelic
moaqvT janmrTelobisaTvis.
rogor SeiZleba janmrTelo-
bis fsiqologiis codna daex-
maros adamians dadebiTi efeq-
tebis miRebaSi? mkvlevrebi swav-
loben, Tu vin da ratom mimarTavs
regularul varjiSs da cdi-
loben gansazRvron is prog-
ramebi Tu strategiebi, romlebic
yvelaze metad exmarebian adamia-
nebs varjiSis daiwyebasa da
gagrZelebaSi (Dishman & Buckworth,
1997). faqtobrivad, varjiSis
dawyebisTvis mzadyofnas igive
modeli miesadageba, romelic
mowevisaTvis Tavis danebebisTvis
mzadyofnis SemTxvevaSi moqme-
debs (Myers & Roth,1997). gansjis
wina etapze adamianTa yuradReba,
ZiriTadad, koncentrirebulia im
winaaRmdegobebze, romlebic
xels uSlian varjiSis dawyebas
(magaliTad, drois ukmarisoba,
varjiSisas partnioris ararse-
boba), vidre im sargeblobaze,
romelic moaqvs varjiSs (maga-
liTad, exmareba relaqsaciaSi,
aumjobesebs garegnobas). ro-
gorc ki individebi treningis
Semdgom _ gansjisa da Senar-
Cunebis _ etapebze gadadian,
yuradRebis koncentracia wi-
naaRmdegobidan sargeblobaze
gadainacvlebs.
rogor unda moaxerxoT
gansjis wina etapis daZleva,
Tu Tqven jer kidev ar var-
jiSobT regularulad?
mkvlevrebi miuTiTeben, rom
adamianebs SeuZliaT iseTi
strategiebis daswavla, rom-
lebic saSualebas miscemT maT,
daZlion varjiSis xelisSem-
Sleli dabrkolebebi (Simkin &
Gross, 1994). Tqven SegiZliaT
zustad iseve ganixiloT var-
jiSis dawyeba, rogorc nebis-
mieri sxva situacia, romelic
stresis dasaZlevad Tqvengan
kognitur Sefasebas moiTxovs.
ecadeT dagegmoT cxovreba ise,
rom varjiSi ganixilebodes,
rogorc jansaRi garToba.
Tqven, aseve, unda icodeT, rom
Tqveni kolejis bevr students
aqvs `Cavardnebi~ rogorc kve-
bis, ise varjiSis Tvalsaz-
risiT: rodesac akademiuri
stresis periodebi gaivlis,
isini cudi kvebidan da mini-
maluri varjiSidan jansaR
qcevas ubrundebian (Griffin et
al.,1993). rogor unda Camoa-
yaliboT Tqveni azrebi ise, rom
Tavi aaridoT amgvar paterns?
scadeT daexmaroT programas
`janmrTeli adamianebi 2010~
dasaxuli miznebis miRwevaSi.
www.health.gov/healthypeople
es `janmrTeli adamianebi
2010~-is veb-gverdis misamarTia,
sadac SegiZliaT gaecnoT
programis 467 konkretul mi-
zans.
inficirebidan simptomebis gamovlenamde periodi
(sainkubacio periodi) SeiZleba xuTi weliwadi
an meti iyos. miuxedavad imisa, rom aiv virusiT
inficirebulTa did nawils ar aqvs Sidsis
samedicino diagnozi, maT mudmivi stresis qveS
cxovreba uwevT, rom nebismier dros am saxifaTo
daavadebam SeiZleba uecrad iCinos Tavi.
dResdReobiT ukve arsebobs mkurnaloba, romelic
SesaZlebels xdis Sidsis sruli siZlieriT
Semotevis gadavadebas, magram ar arsebobs arc
Sidsisgan gankurnebis saSualeba da arc misi
gavrcelebis Tavidan asacilebeli vaqcina.
aiv virusiT inficireba ar xdeba haeriT.
inficirebisTvis aucilebelia sisxlTan uSua-
lo kontaqti. zogadad, aiv virusi erTi ada-
mianidan meores SeiZleba gadaedos ori gziT:
(1) sqesobrivi kontaqtis dros sisxlis an spermis
gacvliT da (2) wamlis ineqciisaTvis gankuT-
vnili intravenuli nemsebisa da Spricebis
saziarod sargeblobisas. virusi, aseve, SeiZleba
gadavides sisxlis gadasxmiT da im samedicino
procedurebiT, romlis drosac janmrTel
adamians SemTxveviT gadausxamen inficirebul
sisxls, an gadaunergaven organoebs. hemofiliiT
daavadebulma mravalma adamianma Sidsi swored
am gziT SeiZina, Tumca, yvela adamians emuqreba
SidsiT daavadebis safrTxe.
Sidsis virusiT inficirebisagan Tavis dacvis
erTaderTi gza im cxovrebiseuli Cvevebis
Secvlaa, romlebic riskis winaSe ayeneben
adamians. es niSnavs permanentuli cvlilebebis
Setanas seqsualuri qcevis paternebsa da
wamlebTan dakavSirebuli piradi moxmarebis
sagnebis gamoyenebaSi. janmrTelobis fsiqologi
tomas koatsi (Thomas Coates) im multidiscip-
linaruli kvlevis gundis wevria, romelic mTel
rig fsiqologiur principebs iyenebs Sidsis
Semdgomi gavrcelebis Tavidan asacileblad
(Catania et al,. 1994; Coates, 1990; Ekstrand&Coates, 1990;
Kegeles et a,,. 1996). gundis muSaoba moicavs
gamoyenebiTi fsiqologiis mraval iseT aspeqts,
rogoricaa: fsiqologiuri risk-faqtorebis
Sefaseba, bihevioraluri intervenciebis ganvi-
Tareba, Temis liderebis treningi adamianebis
ukeT ganaTlebis mizniT janmrTeli sqesobrivi
da wamlebis moxmarebis qcevasTan dakavSirebiT,
daxmareba sareklamo da sainformacio kampaniebis
SeqmnaSi da cvlilebebis sistematuri Sefaseba
Sesabamis damokidebulebebSi, Rirebulebebsa da
qcevebSi. Sidsis sawinaaRmdego warmatebuli
intervenciisaTvis saWiroa sami komponenti (Fisher
et al,. 1994, 1996; Yzer et al., 1998):
informacia _ adamianebs unda miewodebo-
deT informacia imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor gadadis
Sidsi da rogor SeiZleba misi Tavidan acileba;
maT unda miiRon konsultacia usafrTxo seqsis
(magaliTad, sqesobrivi kontaqtis dros pre-
zervativis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb) da steriluri
SpricebiT sargeblobis Taobaze;
motivacia _ adamianebi unda iyvnen moti-
virebulni Sidsis prevenciis ganxorciele-
bisaTvis;
qceviTi unar-Cvevebi _ adamianebs unda
aswavlon miRebuli codnis praqtikaSi gamo-
yeneba.
ratomaa aucilebeli samive komponenti?
adamianebi SeiZleba iyvnen Zlier motivirebulni,
magram ar iyvnen informirebulni da, piriqiT,
maT SeiZleba hqondeT sakmarisi codna da
motivacia, magram ar hqondeT saWiro unar-Cvevebi.
magaliTad, maT SeiZleba ar icodnen, rogor
daZlion socialuri barieri da mosTxovon
partniors prezervativis gamoyeneba (Leary et al.,
1994). fsiqologiurma Carevam SeiZleba adamians
roluri TamaSis gamocdileba, an sxva qceviTi
unar-Cvevebi SesZinos am barieris mniSvnelobis
Semcirebis mimarTulebiT.
mkurnaloba
mkurnaloba fokusirebulia avadmyofobis
daregulirebasa da gamojanmrTelebaSi adamianis
janmrTelobis fsiqologia
daxmarebaze. Cven ganvixilavT mkurnalobis sam
aspeqts. Tavdapirvelad ganvixilavT fsiqologis
rols pacientTa mxardaWeraSi, rac jandacvis
specialistis daniSnuli reJimis Sesrulebis
aucileblobaSi mis darwmunebas gulisxmobs.
Semdeg ganvixilavT im xerxebs, romlebic
saSualebas aZleven adamianebs, zustad gamoiyenon
fsiqologiuri teqnikebi sxeulis reaqciebis
gasakontroleblad. bolos ganvixilavT maga-
liTebs, romlebSic gonebas mniSvnelovani
wvlilis Setana SeuZlia sxeulis gankurnebaSi.
543
 pacientis mier samkurnalo reJimis dacva
pacientebs xSirad uniSnaven mkurnalobis
garkveul reJims. es SeiZleba moicavdes
samkurnalo kursebs, cvlilebebs kvebaSi, woliTi
reJimis periodebs da varjiSebs; aseve, iseT
damatebiT procedurebs, rogoricaa: ganmeorebiTi
Semowmeba, sareabilitacio treningi da qimio-
Terapia. mkurnalobis reJimis darRveva erT-erTi
seriozuli problemaa janmrTelobis dacvis
sferoSi (Clark & Becker, 1998). pacientTa daumor-
Cileblobis xarisxi mkurnalobis zogierTi
reJimis SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba 50%-s aWarbebdes.
Tanamedrove kvlevebi fokusirebulia im indivi-
dualuri gansxvavebebis dadgenaze, romelTac
zogierTi individi mihyavs mkurnalobis reJi-
misadmi morCilebamde, zogierTi ki _ ara.
saidan
viciT
pacientTa damyoloba hemodializi-
sadmi
mkvlevrebma Seiswavles, Tu ramdenad
mniSvnelovania yuradRebis makontrole-
beli stili pacientis mier reJimis
damyolobisTvis. avadmyofobisas zogierTi
adamiani gansakuTrebul yuradRebas aqcevs
avadmyofobis yvela aspeqts; aseT indi-
videbs Zlier makontroleblebs uwodeben,
romelTagan gansxvavebiT, susti makon-
troleblebi naklebad axdenen yuradRebis
Tavi 13 / emocia, stresi da janmrTeloba
fokusirebas avadmyofobaze. erTi SexedviT,
SesaZloa, saSiSad ar mogeCvenoT Zlier
makontroleblad yofna, Tumca, yuradRebis
fokusis Zlieri Seviwrovebis gamo, Zlier
makontroleblebs aqvT sakuTari avad-
myofobis gazviadebulad Sefasebis ten-
dencia. amis gamo maT sakuTar avadmyofo-
baze arasakmarisi kontrolis gancda aqvT,
ramac mkvlevrebis azriT, SeiZleba gaar-
Tulos maTi mkurnalobis reJimisadmi dam-
yoloba. aRniSnul kvlevaSi mkvlevrebi
afasebdnen pacientebs rogorc yuradRebis
makontrolebeli stilis, ise maT mier
aRqmuli kontrolisa da mkurnalobis re-
Jimisadmi damyolobis mixedviT. kvlevis
Sedegebi Seesabameboda mkvlevarTa mier
544
warmodgenil paterns. sust makontroleb-
lebTan SedarebiT, Zlier makontro-
leblebs sakuTar avadmyofobaze arasak-
marisi kontrolis gancda hqondaT da
naklebadac eqvemdebarebodnen eqimis mier
daniSnul mkurnalobis reJims (Christensen
et al., 1997).
am kvlevis wakiTxvamde SeiZleba fiqrobdiT,
rom is, vinc Zalian koncentrirebulia sakuTar
avadmyofobaze, ukeT mouvlis sakuTar Tavs. amis
nacvlad, miRebuli monacemebi gviCvenebs, rom
avadmyofobaze Zalian Zlieri fokusirebiT
adamians SeiZleba avadmyofoba ufro uaresad
eCvenebodes, vidre sinamdvileSia da, amdenad,
mkurnalobis uimedobis amgvari gancda saWiro
qmedebebis ganxorcielebis Zalas arTmevdes.
kvlevebma aCvena, rom janmrTelobis dacvis
specialistebs SeuZliaT zomebis miReba pa-
cientis reJimisadmi daqvemdebarebis gasaum-
jobeseblad. pacientebi ufro kmayofilebi arian
sakuTari janmrTelobis dacviT, roca sjeraT,
rom mkurnalobis efeqturoba aRemateba maT
safasurs; aseve, metia albaToba, rom individi
mihyveba mkurnalobis reJims, rodesac mkurnali
eqimi mas informacias gasagebad awvdis; rwmun-
deba, rom pacientma gaigo misi naTqvami, Tava-
zianad moqmedebs, mzrunvelobasa da mxardaWeras
avlens. garda amisa, janmrTelobis specia-
listebma unda gaiTvaliswinon kulturuli da
socialuri normebis roli mkurnalobis pro-
cesSi da, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, CarTon masSi
ojaxis wevrebi da megobrebi. zogierTi eqimi,
romelic kritikulad afasebs sakuTari pro-
fesiis moZvelebul damokidebulebas biosame-
dicino modelze, amtkicebs, rom eqimebs unda
aswavlon samedicino daxmarebis gaweva mkurna-
lobis mizniT (Siegel, 1988). fsiqologiur kvle-
vebze dayrdnobiT, pacientis damyolobis gan-
viTarebis strategiebi, aseve, gamoiyeneba eqimi-
pacientis TanamSromlobis deficitis dasaZ-
levad (Putnametal.,1994; Zimbardo & Leippe, 1991).
gonebis CarTva sxeulis gankurnvaSi
sul ufro xSirad mkurnaloba, romelsac
unda daeqvemdebaron pacientebi, fsiqologiur
komponentebs moicavs. axla ukve bevr mkvlevars
miaCnia, rom fsiqologiur strategiebs SeuZliaT

janmrTelobis gaumjobeseba. magaliTad, bevri
adamiani stresze daZabulobiT reagirebs, rac
kunTebis daZabvasa da sisxlis wnevis momatebas
iwvevs. sabednierod, mravali winaaRmdegoba
datvirTvaze SeiZleba gakontroldes iseTi
fsiqologiuri teqnikebiT, rogoricaa relaqsa-
cia da bioukukavSiri.
meditaciis saSualebiT relaqsacias uZvelesi
fesvebi aqvs msoflios mraval kulturaSi.
aRmosavlur kulturebSi saukuneebis manZilze
mimarTavdnen gonebis damSvidebisa da sxeulis
daZabulobis moxsnis xerxebs. dResdReobiT
iaponiidan da indoeTidan Semosuli Zenis dis-
ciplinisa (aq igulisxmeba cxovrebis Zeniseuli
wesi da ara Zeni, rogorc filosofiuri
moZRvreba an saswavlo disciplina) da iogas
varjiSebi yoveldRiuri cxovrebis nawils war-
moadgenen bevri adamianisaTvis rogorc am
qveynebSi, ise, gansakuTrebiT, dasavleTSi. sruli
relaqsacia Zliermoqmed antistresul reaqcias
warmoadgens. organizmis relaqsaciuri reaqcia
aris mdgomareoba, rodesac mcirdeba kunTebis
daZabuloba, Tavis tvinis qerqis aqtivoba,
guliscema da sisxlis wneva, neldeba sunTqva
(Benson & Stuart, 1992; Friedman et al., 1996), iklebs
eleqtruli aqtivoba tvinSi da mcirdeba
garemomcveli samyarodan centralur nervul
sistemaSi Semavali stimulebis raodenoba.
agznebadobis amgvari dabali donis dros xdeba
stresidan gamosvla. relaqsaciuri reaqciis
Sesaqmnelad aucilebelia oTxi piroba: (1) wynari
garemo, (2) daxuWuli Tvalebi, (3) komfortuli
poza da (4) raime sityvisa Tu frazis gonebaSi
mravaljeradi gameoreba. pirveli sami mdgomare-
oba amcirebs nervul sistemaSi Semaval sig-
nals, xolo meoTxe _ asustebs mis Sinagan
stimulacias.
bioukukavSiri TviTregulaciis teqnikaa, ro-
melic sxvadasxva daniSnulebiT gamoiyeneba,
magaliTad, sisxlis wnevis kontrolis, Sublis
kunTebis relaqsaciisa (wneviT gamowveuli Tavis
tkivilisas) da Zlieri gawiTlebis Semcirebis-
Tvisac ki. am teqnikis Semqmnelis, fsiqolog
nil mileris (Neal Miller, 1978) mixedviT, biouku-
kavSiri aris procedura, romliTac adamiani
igebs, Cveulebriv, sust an Sinagan reaqciebs
mkafio garegani signalebis mowodebiT. pacients
SesaZlebloba eZleva, `dainaxos~ sakuTari
sxeulis reaqciebi, romelTa monitoringi da
gaZliereba saTanado xelsawyoebiT xdeba. es
ukanasknelni sxeulis reaqciebs sxvadasxva inten-
sivobis sinaTlis an bgeriT signalebad gar-
daqmnian; amis Semdeg pacientis amocanas garegani
signalebis donis kontroli warmoadgens.
ganvixiloT bioukukavSiris gamoyenebis erT-
erTi magaliTi. odesme SegimCneviaT, rom,
rodesac modunebuli xarT, xelebi Tbili gaqvT,
xolo rodesac SfoTavT, xelebi gicivdebaT?
faqtobrivad, xelebis temperatura imis niSania,
rom sxeuli stresis zemoqmedebis qveSaa.
bioukukavSiris seansze kvlevis monawileebs
eZlevaT ukukavSiri xelis mtevnisa da TiTebis
temperaturis Sesaxeb da sTxoven, scadon misi
gazrda. magaliTad, erT kvlevaSi monawileebs
SeeZloT, daenaxaT TavianTi TiTebis tempera-
turis ricxobrivi maCvenebeli. bioukukavSiris
kursis Semdeg maT SeeZloT TiTis saSualo
temperaturis 79,8F-dan 87.4°F-mde (Roberts & McGrady,
1996) gazrda. ratom xdeba es? kvlevam aCvena, rom
kanis gaTbobis gamosawvev bioukukavSiris tre-
janmrTelobis fsiqologia
nings SeuZlia ganapirobos sisxlis wnevis
uwyveti Semcireba (Paron et al., 1996). mkvlevrebi
zustad ver gansazRvraven im fiziologiur
relaqsaciuri reaqcia (Relaxation response) _
mdgomareoba, rodesac mcirdeba kunTebis da-
Zabuloba, Tavis tvinis qerqis aqtivoba, gu-
liscema da sisxlis wneva, neldeba sunTqva.
bioukukavSiri (Biofeedback) _ TviTregulaciis
teqnika, romlis drosac individi aracnobieri
biologiuri procesebis nebismier kontrols
axorcielebs. 545

meqanizms, romlis saSualebiTac kanis tempera-
turis bioukukavSiris treningi amcirebs sis-
xlis wnevas. isini, aseve, ganagrZoben imis kvle-
vas, Tu ratom moqmedebs treningi zogierT
individze, zogierTze ki _ ara (Lal et al., 1998;
Roberts & McGrady, 1996). miuxedavad amisa, Tu maRali
wneva SegawuxebT, medikamentozur mkurnalobas-
Tan erTad bioukukavSiris kursis mosinjvac
SegiZliaT.
fsiqologiuri faqtorebis gavlena
janmrTelobaze
ramdenad SeuZlia fsiqologiur faqtorebs
_ sxeulze gonebis zegavlenas _ seriozul
daavadebaze zemoqmedeba? sabednierod, janmrTe-
lobis fsiqologiaSi Catarebuli kvlevebi
Tavi 13 / emocia, stresi da janmrTeloba
sakmaod optimistur suraTs gvaZleven. ganvixi-
loT klasikuri kvleva, romelic aCvenebs, Tu
ramdenad SeuZlia fsiqologiur procesebs kibos
mimdinareobis Semsubuqeba.
saidan
viciT
socialuri mxardaWera da kiboTi
daavadebul adamianTa sicocxlis
xangrZlivoba
mkerdis kiboTi daavadebul, metasta-
zebis mqone 86 pacients tradiciuli
mkurnaloba utardeboda, 50 aseTive avad-
myofisagan Semdgari eqsperimentuli jgufi
546 ki tradiciul mkurnalobasTan erTad, erTi
wlis ganmavlobaSi yovelkvireul mxar-
damWer Terapiul jgufSi monawileobda.
es pacientebi sakuTar gamocdilebaze, kibos
sxvadasxva aspeqtebis daZlevis Taobaze
sasaubrod ikribebodnen, sadac keTil-
ganwyobil garemoSi sakuTari SiSebisa da
sxva Zlieri emociebis daufaravad gamov-
lenis saSualeba hqondaT.
marTalia, aTi wlis Semdeg ganmeorebiTi
Sexvedrisas, mTeli SerCevidan mxolod
sami iyo cocxali, magram mniSvnelovani
gansxvaveba dadasturda sicocxlis xang-
rZlivobis TvalsazrisiT im pacientebs
Soris, romlebic damatebiT gadiodnen
fsiqologiur mkurnalobas da romlebic
mxolod samedicino daxmarebas iRebdnen.
jgufur TerapiaSi monawile pacientTa
sicocxlis saSualo xangrZlivoba 36.6 Tve
iyo, sakontrolo jgufis pacientebisaTvis
ki _ 18.9 Tve. kargad kontrolirebuli
kvlevis es Sedegebi gviCvenebs, rom
fsiqologiurma mkurnalobam SeiZleba
gavlena moaxdinos daavadebis mimdinareo-
basa da sicocxlis xangrZlivobaze (Spiegel
et al., 1989).
am saxis kvlevebi gvaZlevs imeds, rom mxar-
damWeri jgufebis garemos kiboTi daavadebuli
pacientebisaTvis sicocxlis gaxangrZliveba
SeuZlia (Walker et al., 1999). mniSvnelovani dak-
virveba am SemTxvevaSi isaa, rom mkurnalobis
fsiqologiuri da biologiuri midgomebi erTad
unda muSaobdnen. janmrTelobis bevr fsiqologs
miaCnia, rom samedicino mkurnaloba, tradiciul
mkurnalobasTan erTad, fsiqologiur daxmareba-
sac unda gulisxmobdes.
dabolos, kidev erTi SeniSvna mkurnalobasTan
dakavSirebiT. gqoniaT Tu ara odesme imdenad
samarcxvino saidumlo, rom veravisTvis gagim-
xeliaT? Tu es asea, Turme am saidumloze saubars
SeuZlia sagrZnoblad gaaumjobesos Tqveni
janmrTelobis mdgomareoba. es aris daskvna
janmrTelobis fsiqologis jeims penebakeris
(James Pennebaker, 1990,1997 et al., 1998) mravalricxo-
vani kvlevebidan. penebakerma aCvena, rom pi-
rovnul travmebTan, warumateblobebTan da
samarcxvino, an danaSaulis gancdis gamomwvev
gamocdilebasTan dakavSirebuli gandevnili az-
rebi da grZnobebi damangrevlad moqmedebs
adamianis fsiqikur da fizikur janmrTelobaze.
amgvari Sekaveba fsiqologiurad mZime gadasa-
muSavebelia da, droTa ganmavlobaSi, aryevs
sxeulis Tavdacvis unars, winaaRmdegoba gauwios
avadmyofobas. sxva adamianebisadmi ndoba aneit-
ralebs Sekavebis uaryofiT efeqts. Tavis nebaze
miSvebis gancdas Tan sdevs fizikuri da fsiqo-
logiuri janmrTelobis gaumjobeseba kvirebis
da Tveebis Semdeg. ganvixiloT emociuri gantvir-
Tvis zemoqmedeba revmatiuli arTritis mqone
adamianTa mdgomareobaze.

saidan
viciT

emociuri gantvirTvis dadebiTi

gavlena janmrTelobaze
kvlevaSi revmatiuli arTritiT daavade-
buli 72 adamiani monawileobda. es daava-
deba iwvevs periferiuli saxsrebis qroni-
kul anTebas, romelsac Tan axlavs tki-
vili da Sromis unaris dakargva. mkvlev-
rebi varaudobdnen, rom emociuri gantvir- gantvirTvis jgufis pacientebisaTvis Seda-
Tvis seansebs SeiZleboda xeli Seewyo am rebiT martivma moqmedebam grZnobebis gamosav-
daavadebasTan dakavSirebuli stresis Sem- lenad _ ganmartoebiT magnitofonTan, odnav
cirebisTvis da, aqedan gamomdinare, gaaumjobesa maTi fizikuri funqcionireba.
yoveldRiuri funqcionirebis zogierTi
problemis SemsubuqebisTvis. pacientebis
`profesiuli gamofitva~ da
naxevari gantvirTvis jgufs miakuTvnes;
isini yoveldRe, oTxi dRis ganmavlobaSi,
janmrTelobis dacvis sistema
15 wT-iT magnitifonze iwerdnen sakuTar, janmrTelobis fsiqologiis bolo amocanas
stresul movlenebTan dakavSirebul warmoadgens rekomendaciebis SemuSaveba, rom-
yvelaze Rrma grZnobebs. sakontrolo lebic janmrTelobis dacvis sitemis mowyobas
jgufi zustad igive dros andomebda neit- exeba. mkvlevrebma, magaliTad, Seiswavles jan-
raluri davalebis Sesrulebas _ mraval- mrTelobis dacvis muSakis saqmianobasTan dakav-
janmrTelobis fsiqologia

ferovani peizaJis aRweras. erTi SexedviT,
gantvirTvis jgufis pacientebi odnav
uaresad grZnobdnen Tavs _ davalebam
mravali uaryofiTi emocia aRZra. Tumca,
mkurnalobidan sami Tvis Semdeg, gan-
tvirTvis jgufis wevrebi, Sesabamisad,
ufro nakleb fizikur disfunqcias ganic-
didnen _ nakleb problemebs, magaliTad
siarulSi da saxsrebis moxvraSi, vidre
sakontrolo jgufis wevrebi (Kelley et
al.,1997).
Sirebuli stresi. janmrTelobis dacvis yvelaze
energiul TanamSromelsac ki uviTardeba
emociuri stresi mTeli rigi pirovnuli, fizi-
kuri da socialuri problemebis mqone uamrav
adamianTan intensiurad muSaobis Sedegad. emo-
ciuri stresis gansakuTrebul tips, romelsac
janmrTelobisa da socialuri dacvis muSakebi
ganicdian, kristina maslaCma (Christina Maslach), am
farTod gavrcelebuli problemis wamyvanma
mkvlevarma, gamofitva uwoda. profesiuli gamo-
fitva warmoadgens sindroms, romelic emociur
gamofitvas, depersonalizacias da pirovnuli
547
 fsiqologia Cvens cxovrebaSi

axdens Tu ara gavlenas pirovnuli Tvisebebi janmrTelobaze

SegxvedriaT warmatebaze domis SesaZleblobas, gansakuT- cebdnen, rom adamianebs, rom-

orientirebuli adamiani, ro-
melic arafrad agdebs dabrko-
lebebs? misi klaselebis
umravlesoba aRiarebs, rom
gulis Seteva mas 20 wlamde
daemarTeba. gavxarT am pirov-
nebas? rogorc iciT, zogi ada-
miani savse cxovrebiT cxov-
robs, sxvebi ufro nel temps
amjobineben. SeiZleba dagain-
teresoT, ramdenad zemoqmedebs
individualuri gansxvavebebi
janmrTelobaze. erTmniS -
vnelovnad mowmobs, rom pasuxi
am kiTxvaze dadebiTia. ganvi-
xiloT ramdenime maTgani.
1950-ian wlebSi maier frid-
mani (Meyer Friedman) da rei
rouzmeni (Ray Rosenman) miuTi-
Tebdnen imaze, rasac adamianebi
jer kidev antikuri xanidan
varaudobdnen: arsebobs kavSiri
pirovnuli maxasiaTeblebis
erTobliobasa da avad gax-
rebiT, gulis koronarul
daavadebebs Soris (Friedman &
Rosenman, 1974). am mkvlevrebma
daadgines ori qceviTi pater-
ni, romlebsac tipi A da tipi
B uwodes.
A tipis qceviTi paterni aris
qcevisa da emociebis rTuli
paterni, romelic ukidures
metoqeobas, agresiulobas,
mouTmenlobas, sulswrafobasa
da mtrul ganwyobas gulis-
xmobs. A tipis adamianebi xSi-
rad ukmayofiloni arian saku-
Tari cxovrebis ZiriTadi mxare-
ebiT, uaRresad konkurenciulni
da ambiciurni da, ZiriTadad,
martoxelebi arian; B tipis
qceviTi paterni aris yvelaferi
is, rac ar aris A tipi, anu am
tipis individebi naklebad
mtrulad ganwyobilni arian,
ar uyvarT konkurencia da a.S.
fridmani da rouzmeni amtki-
lebic A tipis qceviT paterns
avlenen, sxvebTan SedarebiT
gacilebiT ufro xSirad awu-
xebT gulis daavadebebi (Fried-
man & Rosenman, 1974; Jenkins,
1976).
gamokvlevebSi didi yurad-
Reba eTmoba individebs, rom-
lebic xasiaTdebian A tipis
qceviTi paterniT. gamokvle-
vebis mixedviT aRmoCnda, rom
A tipis qceva gulis daava-
debebTan erTad bevr sxva
Tanmdev avadmyofobasTanaa
dakavSirebuli (Suls & Marco,
1990; Vahtera et al., 2000). amJamad
kvlevebi A tipis qceviTi pa-
ternis im specifikuri ele-
mentebis gamovlenazea foku-
sirebuli, romlebic yvelaze
xSirad ayeneben adamianebs
safrTxis winaSe. pirovnuli
maxasiaTeblebidan yvelaze
meti `toqsikurobiT~ mtruli

realizaciis Semcirebas gulisxmobs, rasac romelTac moeTxovebaT Zalze intensiuri ur-

Tavi 13 / emocia, stresi da janmrTeloba

xSirad ganicdian im profesiis warmomadgenlebi, TierToba pacientebTan, klientebTan an sazoga-

A tipis qceviTi paterni (Type A behavior pattern) _
qcevisa da emociebis rTuli paterni, romelic
moicavs gadaWarbebulad gamoxatul Sejibrs,
agresias, mouTmenlobasa da mtrul damokide-
bulebas. mtruli damokidebuleba zrdis gulis
koronarul daavadebaTa risks.
B tipis qceviTi paterni (Type B behavior pattern) _AA
tipis qceviT paternTan SedarebiT, qcevisa da
emociaTa naklebad konkurenciuli, naklebad
agresiuli da naklebad mtruli paterni.
C tipis qceviTi paterni (Type C behavior pattern) _
qcevaTa erToblioba, romelic saSualebas
gvaZlevs viwinaswarmetyveloT, romel individebs
aqvT kiboTi daavadebis meti albaToba, an visTan
ufro swrafad ganviTardeba es avadmyofoba. es
qceviTi paterni gulisxmobs pasiur Seguebas da
TavSewirvas.
548
doebasTan. praqtikosi eqimebi TandaTanobiT
kargaven pacientebis mimarT mzrunvelobisa da
TanagrZnobis gancdis unars da maT SeiZleba
sakmaod ugulod da, zogjer, arahumanuradac ki
moeqcnen, ris gamoc Tavs cudad grZnoben da
ganicdian sakuTar warumateblobas. gamofitva
samsaxuris xSiri gacdeniTa da kadrebis dena-
dobiT, samuSaos Sesrulebis gauaresebiT, Tanam-
SromlebTan cudi urTierTobebiT, ojaxSi prob-
lemebiTa da janmrTelobis cudi mdgomareobiT
vlindeba (Leiter & Maslach, 1988; Maslach, 1982; Maslach
& Hlorian, 1988; Schaufeli et al., 1993). dRes muSa-mosam-
saxureTa Soris gamofitvis sindromma arnaxul
dones miaRwia, rac organizaciuli Semcirebis,
samuSaos restruqturizaciisa da fuladi moge-
bisadmi da ara _ TanamSromelTa motivaciisa
 ganwyoba gamoirCeva (Carmelli &
Swan, 1996; Fredrickson et al., 2000;
Smith, 1992). mtrulma ganwyobam
SeiZleba janmrTelobaze ze-
moqmedeba moaxdinos rogorc
fiziologiurad _ iwvevs ra
sxeulis stresuli reaqciebis
qronikul zeagznebadobas, ise
fsiqologiurad _ iwvevs ra
mtrulad ganwyobil adamianebSi
janmrTelobis mdgomareobis
gauaresebas da socialuri mxar-
daWerisagan Tavis aridebas.
sasixaruloa is faqti, rom
bihevioraluri Terapia A tipis
qceviTi paternis Sesasusteblad,
umravles SemTxvevaSi warmatebu-
li iyo (Friedman et al., 1986; Thoresen
& Powell,1992). Tu sakuTar TavSi
mtrul ganwyobas aRmoaCenT,
sakuTari janmrTelobis dasa-
cavad am tipis Carevas unda
mimarToT.
zemoT aRniSnuli tipi A da
misi sawinaaRmdego tipi B
mkvlevrebma qcevasa da gulis
koronarul daavadebebs Soris
kavSiris asaxsnelad Seqmnes.
cota xnis win mkvlevrebma
miuTiTes, rom kidev erTi, C ti-
pis qcevaTa paterni, saSualebas
mogvcems viwinaswarmetyveloT,
romel individebs aqvT kiboTi
daavadebis meti albaToba, an
visTan ufro swrafad ganviTar-
deba es avadmyofoba (Eysenck, 1994;
Temoshok & Dreher,1992). qcevis C tipi
gulisxmobs iseTi Tvisebebis
arsebobas, rogorebicaa: gulis-
xmiereba, simtkice, an sakuTari
Tavis msxverplad gaReba, Tanam-
Sromloba da sxvaTa gulis
mogeba, moridebuloba, moTmineba,
avtoritetebisadmi morCileba da
uaryofiTi emociebis, gansakuT-
rebiT, brazis argamovlena (Temo-
shok, 1990 p.209). C tipis qceviT
paterns ar Seesatyviseba `meb-
rZoli suli~, romelmac SeiZ-
leba xeli Seuwyos kibos, an sxva
romelime seriozuli avadmyo-
fobis mimdinareobis Senelebas.
`mebrZoli sulis~ zemoqmedeba
mkvlevrebma aRmoaCines SidsiT
daavadebul pacientebTan (Reed et
al., 1994). individebi, romlebic
sakuTari sikvdilis gardauva-
lobas ar eguebodnen, ufro
metxans cocxlobdnen, vidre
isini, vinc beds Seegua.
zogadad, C tipis individe-
bisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli `pa-
siuri miReba~ avadmyofo-
bisadmi saukeTeso midgoma ar
aris. davubrundeT optimizmis
cnebas, romelic me-12 TavSi
ganvixileT. Cven vnaxeT, rom
optimistebi warumateblobas
garegan mizezebsa da arasta-
bilur cvalebad movlenebs
miaweren (Seligman, 1991). daZ-
levis es stili Zlier gav-
lenas axdens optimistTa
keTildReobaze. mkvlevrebma
daamtkices optimizmis gavlena
imunuri sistemis moqmedebaze
(Segerstrom et al., 1998). optimist
adamianebs avadmyofobis
naklebi fizikuri simptomebi
aqvT, ufro swrafad axerxeben
garkveuli avadmyofobebisgan
gamojanmrTelebas, zogadad
ufro janmrTelebi arian da
ufro metxans cxovroben
(Peterson et al., 1998). dadebiTi
samomavlo perspeqtivebi sxe-
ulze qronikuli stresis
zemoqmedebis SemcirebaSi
dagexmarebaT da sasargeblo
qcevebis ganxorcielebis al-
baTobas gazrdis.

da erTgulebisadmi gansakuTrebuli daintere- gadatvirTva. am urTierTobis xarisxze moqmedi

sebis Sedegia. amdenad, gamofitva mxolod muSa-
mosamsaxureTa da janmrTelobaze mzrunvelTa
problema ar aris, is organizaciul gaumarTao-
bazec miuTiTebs, rac organizaciuli miznebis,
Rirebulebebis, samuSaos moculobis da waxa-
kidev erTi faqtoria pacientebTan uSualo
kontaqtis odenoba. pacientebTan mudmiv uSualo
kontaqtSi muSaobis xangrZlivobas ukavSirdeba
gamofitvis siZliere. es gansakuTrebiT exeba
SemTxvevebs, rodesac kontaqti rTuli da
janmrTelobis fsiqologia

damTrgunvelia, magaliTad, kontaqti momakvdav

lisebis struqturis gadasinjvas moiTxovs (Leiter
pacientebTan (Catalan et al., 1996). aseTi gaxan-
& Maslach, 2000; Maslach & Leiter, 1997).
grZlivebuli kontaqtebiT gamowveuli emociuri
ra rekomendaciebis mocema SeiZleba? gamo-
daZabulobis Semcireba mTeli rigi saSua-
fitvis gamovlenasa da xarisxze moqmedebs mTeli
lebebiTaa SesaZlebeli, anu eqimebs SeuZliaT,
rigi socialuri da situaciuri faqtorebisa,
ise Secvalon TavianTi samuSao ganrigi, rom
romlebic arapirdapirad moicaven misi Tavidan
droebiT ganeridon amgvar stresul situaciebs.
acilebisa an Semcirebis gzebsac (Leiter & Mas-
lach,2000; Prosser et al., 1997). magaliTad, eqimi-pa- profesiuli gamofitva (Job burnout) _ sindromi,
cientis urTierTobis xarisxze mniSvnelovnad romelic gulisxmobs emociur gamofitvas, de-
moqmedebs eqimis mier miRebul pacientTa personalizacias da pirovnuli realizaciis
Semcirebas, romelsac xSirad ganicdian isini,
raodenoba; rac ufro didia pacientTa raodenoba,
romlebic Zlieri stresis pirobebSi muSaoben.
miT metia kognituri, sensoruli da emociuri 549
 maT SeuZliaT individualur kontaqts jgufuri
daxmareba arCion da SeuZliaT yvela Sansis
gamoyeneba gaweuli ZalisxmevisaTvis pozitiuri
ukukavSiris misaRebad.
rCevebi janmrTelobasTan
dakavSirebiT
dadga saboloo rCevis mocemis dro. nacvlad
stresis an avadmyofobis molodinisa da Semdeg
masze reagirebisa, dasaxeT miznebi da dagegmeT
cxovreba ise, rom janmrTelobisaTvis mtkice
safuZveli SeqmnaT. cxra safexuri meti bedni-
erebisa da ukeTesi fsiqikuri janmrTelobisaken
dagexmarebaT ufro aqtiurad marToT sakuTari
cxovreba da SeqmnaT ufro pozitiuri fsiqo-
logiuri garemo rogorc TqvenTvis, ise sxve-
bisaTvis. aRniSnuli nabijebi warmoidgineT,
rogorc wlis ganmavlobaSi gansaxorcielebeli
programa:
1. arasodes TqvaT cudi sakuTar Tavze. iseT
faqtorebSi eZebeT Tqveni ubedurebis
mizezebi, romelTa Secvla SesaZlebelia
momavali moqmedebiT. sakuTar TavTan da
sxvebTan gamoiyeneT mxolod konstruqciuli
kritika _ Tu ra unda gakeTdes gansxvave-
bulad Semdeg sasurveli Sedegis misaRebad;
2. SeadareT sakuTari reaqciebi, azrebi da
grZnobebi Tqveni megobrebis, TanamSrom-
lebis da ojaxis wevrebisas, raTa SeamowmoT
sakuTari adeqvaturoba da pasuxebis rele-
Tavi 13 / emocia, stresi da janmrTeloba
vanturoba Sesabamisi socialuri normebis
mimarT;
3. gyavdeT ramdenime axlo megobari, romlebsac
sakuTar grZnobebs, sixaruls da mwuxarebas
gauziarebT. izruneT socialur mxardaWeris
qselTa SenarCunebasa da gafarToebaze;
4. SeimuSaveT drois balansirebuli gancda,
rac gagiadvilebT im moTxovnebze koncen-
tracias, romlebsac giyenebT davaleba,
situacia da sakuTari Tavi. iyaviT orien-
tirebuli momavalze, rodesac raRacis
gakeTebaa saWiro. iyaviT orientirebuli
awmyoze, rodesac mizani miRweulia da
siamovnebis miRebis droa da warsulze
orientirebuli imisaTvis, rom ar mowydeT
Tqvens fesvebs;
550
5. yovelTvis miiReT qeba miRwevebisa da war-
matebebisTvis (da gauziareT Tqveni dade-
biTi grZnobebi sxvebs). aRricxuli gqondeT
yvela is Tviseba, romelic erTaderTad da
ganumeoreblad gaqcevT da romelic SegiZ-
liaT SesTavazoT sxvebs. magaliTad, mor-
cxvma adamianma SeiZleba kargi samsaxuri
gauwios molaparakes, Tu misi yuradRebiani
msmeneli gaxdeba. gacnobierebuli gqondeT
Tqveni pirovnuli siZlieris wyaro da
Tqvens xelT arsebuli daZlevis saSua-
lebebi;
6. rodesac grZnobT, rom emociebze kontrols
kargavT, ganerideT situacias fizikuri
wasvliT; sakuTari Tavi sxvis adgilze war-
moidgineT konfliqtur situaciaSi. amJamad
gadaulaxavi problemebis gadaWris gzebis
aRmosaCenad warmosaxva momavlisken mimar-
TeT, an esaubreT gulisxmier mosaubres.
mieciT Tqvens Tavs emociebis gancdisa da
gamoxatvis saSualeba;
7. gaxsovdeT, zogjer warumatebloba da
imedgacrueba gicavT kidec siyalbisagan.
SeiZleba miganiSnebdnen, rom Tqveni miznebi
sazianoa TqvenTvis, an SeiZleba dagifaron
momavali dacemisagan. iswavleT Secdomebze.
miiReT warumatebloba aRiarebiT `me davuSvi
Secdoma~ da ganagrZeT gza. nebismieri
ubeduri SemTxveva, warumatebloba, an imedis
gacrueba, potenciurad, gardaqmnis, Secvlis
mSvenieri SesaZleblobaa.
8. Tu aRmoaCenT, rom ver exmarebiT sakuTar
Tavs, an sxvas sulier tanjvasTan gam-
klavebaSi, mimarTeT kvalificiuri specia-
listis rCevas. zogjer fsiqologiurad
miCneuli problema, sinamdvileSi, SeiZleba
fizikuri iyos da piriqiT;
9. danergeT jansaRi gasarTobebi. gamoyaviT
dro dasvenebisTvis, meditaciisaTvis,
masaJisaTvis, franis gaSvebisaTvis; iseTi
aqtivobebisaTvis, romlebic SegiZliaT
akeToT martom da romelTa saSualebiTac
SegiZliaT ukeT CawvdeT da daafasoT
sakuTari Tavi.
maS ase, rogor grZnobT Tavs? Tu arsebul
stresorebs cud gunebaze dayeneba SeuZliaT,
imedi gvaqvs, Tqven SeZlebT kognituri gada-
fasebis gamoyenebas maTi zemoqmedebis Semcirebis
mizniT. Tu avad xarT, imedi gvaqvs, SeZlebT
fsiqikis unaris gamoyenebas gankurnebis daCqare-
bis mizniT. yovelTvis saTanadod SeafaseT am
gansxvavebul `grZnobaTa~ Zala, raTa akontro-
loT sakuTari cxovreba. gamoiyeneT es Zala.
Sejameba
aradasavlur kulturebSi gonebaze fsiqo-
logiuri zemoqmedebis gamoyenebis xangrZlivi
tradicia arsebobs. janmrTelobis biofsiqoso-
cialur modelSi asaxulia samive komponentis
_ biologiuris, fsiqologiuris da socialuris
_ wvlili janmrTelobaSi. janmrTelobis fsi-
qologebi iseTi fsiqologiuri meTodebis
gamoyenebas cdiloben, romlebic adamianebs
daarwmuneben Tavi aaridon arajansaR qcevebs,
magaliTad, Tambaqos mowevas. mkvlevrebma, aseve,
ganaviTares SidsTan brZolis qceviTi cvlile-
bebis kompleqsuri programebi. mkurnalobisadmi
janmrTelobis fsiqologiis midgoma gulisxmobs
imis analizs, Tu ratom eqvemdebarebian, an ar
eqvemdebarebian adamianebi mkurnalobis reJims.
kvlevebiT, aseve, dadginda sxvadasxva xerxebi,
romliTac SeiZleba gonebis Zalis gamoyeneba
sxeulze zemoqmedebis mosaxdenad. janmrTelobis
dacvis samsaxuri iseTi unda iyos, rom eqimebma
SeZlon, Tavi aaridon gamofitvas da darCnen
sakuTari saqmiTa da klientebiT gatacebulni.

sakvanZo
sakiTxebi

emociebi asruleben mo- kognituri Sefaseba stresis

emocia
emocia aris cvlilebaTa
rTuli paterni, romelic
moicavs fiziologiur
agznebas, kognitur Sefa-
sebas da qceviT da eqs-
presiul reaqciebs.
rogorc evoluciis Se-
degi, bazisuri emociuri
reaqciebi yvela ada-
mianisTvis saerToa.
sxvadasxva kulturebs
emociebis gamoxatvis
marTebulobis gansxva-
vebuli standartebi aqvT.
klasikuri Teoriebi emo-
ciuri pasuxis iseT as-
peqtze amaxvileben yurad-
tivaciur, socialur da
kognitur funqciebs.
stresi Tqvens cxovre-
baSi
stresi SeiZleba gamoiwvios
uaryofiTma, an dadebiTma
movlenebma. stresTa umrav-
lesobis safuZvelia cvli-
leba da garemos biolo-
giur, fizikur da socialur
moTxovnebTan adaptaciis
saWiroeba.
fiziologiuri reaqciebi
stresze regulirdeba hi-
poTalamusis, hormonaluri
ZiriTadi Semamsubuqebeli
cvladia.
daZlevis strategiebi an
problemaze fokusirdebian
(uSualo moqmedebebiT), an
emociis daregulirebas
cdiloben (arapirdapiri
gziT, an Tavis aridebiT).
stresTan gasamklaveblad
SeiZleba kognituri gada-
fasebisa da gadastruq-
turebis gamoyeneba.
socialuri mxardaWera,
aseve, stresis mniSvnelo-
vani Semasustebelia manam,
sanam pirobebs Seesabameba.
sakvanZo sakiTxebi

Rebas, rogoricaa, maga- da nervuli sistemebis rTu- janmrTelobis fsiqo-

liTad, periferiuli sxe-
ulebrivi reaqciebi, an
centraluri nervuli
sistemis procesebi.
SedarebiT Tanamedrove
Teoriebi xazs usvamen
agznebis Sefasebas.
li urTierTqmedebiT.
stresoris tipisa da droSi
misi moqmedebis mixedviT,
stresma, SesaZloa, gamoiw-
vios msubuqi aSliloba, an
seriozuli problemebi Se-
uqmnas janmrTelobas.
logia
janmrTelobis fsiqologia
avadmyofobis mkurnalobasa
da prevencias eZRvneba.
janmrTelobisa da avad-
myofobis biofsiqosocia-
luri modeli adgens kav-
551
551
 Sirebs avadmyofobis fi- garemoSi saTanado si- posttravmuli stresis
zikur, emociur da garemo tuaciuri cvlilebebis aSliloba
faqtorebs Soris. ganxorcielebiT. rezidualuri (narCeni)
avadmyofobis prevencia stresis paterni
XXI saukuneSi mimarTulia daZleva
ZiriTadi cnebebi
stresis Semamsubuqebeli
cxovrebis wesis ganmsazR- emocia cvladebi
vrel iseT faqtorebze, amigdala anticipatoruli daZleva
rogorebicaa: moweva, kveba, jems-langes emociis gacnobierebuli
varjiSi da Sidsis ga- Teoria kontroli
dadebis safrTxe. kenon-bardis emociis socialuri mxardaWera
avadmyofobis fsiqosocia- Teoria janmrTelobis
luri mkurnaloba paci- kognituri Sefaseba fsiqologia
entis mkurnalobas sxva emociis kognituri janmrTeloba
ganzomilebas matebs. Sefasebis Teoria huazo
individebi, romlebic ierks-dodsonis kanoni biofsiqosocialuri
stresi modeli
xasiaTdebian, rogorc
stresori
tipi A, tipi B da tipi C, kargad yofna
mwvave stresi janmrTelobis
optimisturi qceviTi
qronikuli stresi profilaqtika
paterniT avadmyofobis brZola an gaqcevis Sidsi
albaTobas gansxvavebu- reaqcia aiv
lad ganicdian. dacvisa da zrunvis relaqsaciuri reaqcia
janmrTelobis dacvis reaqcia bioukukavSiri
TanamSromlebi gamofit- zogadi adaptaciuri profesiuli gamofitva
vis riskis qveS imyofe- sindromi A tipis qceviTi paterni
bian, rac SeiZleba Sem- fsiqosomaturi darRvevebi B tipis qceviTi paterni
cirdes maT mxardamWer cxovrebiseuli cvlilebis C tipis qceviTi paterni
erTeulebi
Tavi 13 / emocia, stresi da janmrTeloba

mW

552
552
pirovneba

14
pirovnebis tipisa da niSnis
Teoriebi
• tipebiT kategorizacia
• niSnebiT aRwera • niSnebi
da memkvidreoba • winaswar-
metyveleben Tu ara niSnebi
qcevas • pirovnebis tipisa
da niSnis Teoriebis Sefaseba
fsiqologia Cvens cxovrebaSi:
ratom aris zogi adamiani
morcxvi
fsiqodinamikuri Teoriebi
• froidis Teoriss fsiqoana-
lizi • froidis Teoriis
Sefaseba • post-froidis-
tuli Teoriebi
humanisturi Teoriebi
• humanisturi Teoriebis niS-
nebi • humanisturi Teori-
ebis Sefaseba
socialuri daswavlis da
kognituri Teoriebi
• miSelis kognitur-afeqturi
pirovnebis Teoria •banduras
kognitur-socialuri daswav-
lis Teoria •kentoris soci-
aluri inteleqtis Teoria
• socialuri daswavlisa da
kognituri Teoriebis Sefa-
seba
me-s (self) Teoriebi
• me-s koncefciaTa dinamikuri
aspeqtebi • TviTSefaseba da
TviTprezentacia • me-s kul-
turuli konstruqcia
• me-s Teoriebis Sefaseba
fsiqologia XXI saukuneSi: me
internetSi
pirovnebis Teoriebis Sedareba
pirovnebis Sefaseba
• obieqturi testebi • proeq-
ciuli testebi
sakvanZo sakiTxebi
• ZiriTadi cnebebi 553
 g ainteresebT, kargi mSobeli iqne-
biT Tu ara? Tqven rom freno-
logiis _ me-19 saukuneSi popula-
ruli erT-erTi Teoriis mimdevari
iyoT, nebismieri, visac SeeZleboda Tqveni Tavis
qalis moyvanilobis xeliT mosinjva, SeZlebda
am kiTxvaze pasuxis gacemas. im Teoriis mixedviT,
romelsac frenologia eyrdnoboda, tvinis
Zlierad ganviTarebuli organoebi Signidan
awvebian Tavis qalas da amozneqilobebs qmnian.
tvinis yovel organos ukavSirdeboda iseTi
niSnebi, rogoricaa: mSobliuri siyvaruli,
megobroba da brZolisunarianoba. am organoeb-
Tan asocirebuli kopis zomis SefasebiT
adamiani dauyovnebliv sakmaod bevrs Seityobda
sakuTari Tavisa Tu sxva adamianis Sesaxeb. qvemoT
mocemulia mSobliuri siyvarulis gamovlinebis
aRwera wignidan „rogor amovikiTxoT xasiaTi:
frenologiisa da fiziognomiis axali ilus-
trirebuli saxelmZRvanelo~ (saavtoro ufle- dakavSirebiT, gansakuTrebiT maSin, rodesac
bebi daculia samuel uelsis mier, 1869): isini Tqven gverdiT ar arian, xolo erT-erTi
mSobliuri siyvarulis anu filoprogeni- maTganis sikvdili TiTqmis gausaZlisi dartyma
tivobis organo moTavsebulia naTxemis Sua na- iqneboda TqvenTvis;
wilis (2. suraTi 23) da kefis gamozneqilobidan didi – Tqven gaqvT unari, Zalian giyvardeT
daaxloebiT erTi duimiT zemoT (gv. 42). Tqveni Svilebi, bevri gaakeToT da SeswiroT
maTi gulisaTvis, magram Tqven ar iqnebiT
ipoveT Sesabamisi adgili sakuTar Tavis gadaWarbebulad mzrunveli da, zogadad, ar
qalaze? rogoria is Tqveni megobrebis Tavis igrZnobT Svilebisadmi Tu Sinauri cxovele-
qalebTan SedarebiT? ai, ras ambobs zemoT bisadmi Zalian Zlier mizidulobas;
Tavi 14 / pirovneba

dasaxelebuli saxelmZRvanelo imaze, Tu rogo- saSualo zomis – Tqven sakmaod indiferen-

ri mSobeli iqnebiT Tqven, Tqveni mSobliuri
siyvarulis organos zomaze dayrdnobiT:
Zalian didi – Tqveni siyvaruli bavSvebisa
da Sinauri cxovelebis mimarT Rrmaa. rogorc
mSobeli, Tqven gaakerpebT Tqvens STamomavlobas
da, SesaZlebelia, gaaTamamoT kidevac ganebivre-
biTa da mavne waqezebiT, an dajerebis nacvlad
mbrZaneblobis uflebis micemiT. Tu Tqven
554 Svilebi gyavT, mudmiv SfoTvas ganicdiT maTTan
tuli xarT Tqveni sakuTari Svilebis mimarTac
ki, Tu saerTod gyavT isini, da civi yvela
sxvis mimarT; cotas atana SegiZliaT maTgan da
ar gaqvT miznad maTi siyvarulis mopoveba. Tqven
ar gaRelvebT Sinauri cxovelebi;
mcire zomis – Tqven midrekilni xarT, iyoT
civi da indiferentuli sakuTari Svilebis
mimarT da gamoxatoT aSkara antipatia sxvisi
Svilebis mimarT (gv. 160-161).
 Tu Tqven ver xvdebiT, ratom unda iyos
kavSiri Tqveni Tavis qalis formasa da mSob-
liuri siyvarulis unars Soris, maSin gagexar-
debaT imis gageba, rom frenologia savsebiT
diskreditirebul iqna, Tumca, is impulsi, rasac
is eyrdnoboda, dResac arsebobs da sakmaod
Zlieria. fsiqologebi eZeben martiv, magram
efeqtur gzebs adamianTa kategorizaciisaTvis;
maT surT, rom am kategorizaciebma maT imis
winaswarmetyvelebis saSualeba misces, Tu ro-
gori reaqcia eqnebaT da rogor moiqcevian es
adamianebi sxvadasxva situaciaSi. es aris pi-
rovnebis Teoriebis arsebiTi mizani – gansa-
zRvron adamianTa Soris gansxvavebebi, rac maT
cxovrebiseuli mimarTulebebis winaswarmetyve-
lebis saSualebas miscems.
mdidari cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebidan,
albaT, Zlieri intuicia gaqvT Camoyalibebuli
imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu rogor funqcionirebs
pirovneba. rogoria Tqveni pirovnebis Teoria?
gaixseneT vinme, visac WeSmaritad endobiT; axla turis, warmoSobisa da pirovnebasTan kavSirSi
_ is, visac piradad icnobT da TqvenTvis misabaZi myofi movlenebis gagebasa da (2) qcevisa da
magaliTia. warmoidgineT im adamianis Tvisebebi, cxovrebiseuli movlenebis winaswarmetyvele-
visTanac mTeli darCenili sicocxlis gatarebas baSi imaze dayrdnobiT, rac viciT pirovnebis
isurvebdiT da Semdeg imisa, visac dasanaxadac Sesaxeb. gansxvavebuli Teoriebi gansxvavebul
ver itanT. TiToeul SemTxvevaSi pirveli, rac winaswarmetyvelebebs akeTeben imis Taobaze, Tu
dauyovnebliv mogvdis TavSi, es iseTi pirovnuli rogor pasuxoben da rogor eguebian adamianebi
Tvisebebia, rogoricaa: patiosneba, sandooba, konkretul pirobebs.
keTilSobileba, agresiuloba, uxasiaToba an sanam zogierTi mTavari Teoriuli midgomis
pesimizmi. jer kidev bavSvobaSi, albaT, Seimu- ganxilvas SevudgebodeT, unda davsvaT kiTxva:
SaveT da iyenebdiT pirovnebis Sefasebis sakuTar _ ratom arsebobs amdeni gansxvavebuli (da
sistemas; cdilobdiT, gangesazRvraT, vin xSirad urTierTsawinaaRmdego) Teoria? pirov-
iqneboda axal klasSi Tqveni megobari Tu mteri; nebisadmi midgomebSi Teoretikosebi gansxvavde-

pirovnebis tipisa da niSnis Teoriebi

SeimuSavebdiT mSoblebTan da maswavleblebTan
gamklavebis teqnikebs imisda mixedviT, Tu rogor
amoikiTxavdiT maT pirovnebas.
fsiqologebi pirovnebas mravalnairad gansa-
zRvraven, magram yvela gansazRvrebisaTvis
saerToa ori ZiriTadi cneba: unikaloba da
qcevis maxasiaTebeli paternebi. Cven ganvsazR-
vravT pirovnebas, rogorc unikaluri fsiqolo-
giuri Tvisebebis rTul erTobliobas, romelic
gansxvavebul situaciebSi da sxvadasxva dros
gavlenas axdens individis qcevis damaxasiaTebel
paternebze. pirovnebis Teoriebi warmoadgenen
hipoTetur debulebebs individualuri pirov-
nebebis struqturisa da funqcionirebis Sesaxeb.
isini gvexmarebian fsiqologiis miznebidan ori
mTavari amocanis gadaWraSi: (1) pirovnebis struq-
bian amosavali wertilis da monacemTa wyaroebis
mixedviT, aseve imiT, Tu rogor cdiloben
gansxvavebuli saxis fenomenebis axsnas. zogi
dainteresebulia konkretuli pirovnebis struq-
turiT, zogi ki _ imiT, Tu rogor ganviTarda
es pirovneba da rogor gaagrZelebs igi zrdas.
zogs ainteresebs, ras akeTeben adamianebi, spe-
cifikur qcevebsa Tu mniSvnelovan cxovrebiseul
movlenebTan dakavSirebiT maSin, rodesac sxvebi
swavloben imas, Tu ras grZnoben adamianebi am
dros. dabolos, zogi Teoria cdilobs axsnas
pirovneba (Personality) _ individis unikaluri
fsiqologiuri Tvisebebi, romlebic droTa
ganmavlobaSi gavlenas axdens damaxasiaTebeli
qceviTi (rogorc Ria, ise faruli) paternebis
speqtrze gansxvavebul situaciebSi. 555
 fsiqologiuri problemebis mqone adamianebis
pirovneba, sxvebi ki yuradRebas janmrTel
individebze amaxvileben. ase rom, yoveli Teoria
raimes gvaswavlis pirovnebis Sesaxeb, erTad ki
maT bevris ramis moTxroba SeuZliaT adamianis
bunebis Sesaxeb.
am TavSi Cveni mizani iqneba, mogawodoT
zogadi midgoma, Tu rogor unda gesmodeT
pirovnebasTan Tqveni yoveldRiuri gamocdileba.
Tumca, sanam daviwyebdeT, daufiqrdiT Semdeg
kiTxvebs: Tqveni pirovnebis rogor portrets
Seqmnidnen fsiqologebi, Tqven rom SeeswavleT?
romel adreul gamocdilebas gamoyofdnen isini,
rogorc Tqvens dRevandel qcevasa da azrov-
nebaSi wvlilis Semtans? Tqveni awmyo cxovrebis
romeli pirobebi axdens Zlier gavlenas Tqvens
azrebsa da qcevaze? ra gansxvavebaa Tqvensa da
mraval sxva pirovnebas Soris, romlebic imave
situaciaSi xvdebian, rogorSic Tqven? es Tavi
dagexmarebaT am SekiTxvebze ufro zusti
pasuxebis formulirebaSi. fsiqologebma tipebsa da niSnebs Soris am
Semdgom ramdenime qveTavSi pirovnebisadmi gansxvavebaTa asaxvisaTvis Seqmnes.
Semdeg Teoriul midgomebs ganvixilavT: tipisa
da niSnis, fsiqodinamikurs, humanisturs, socia-
luri daswavlis, kognitursa da me-s (self-is) tipebis kategorizacia
analizs. am Tavs Sefasebis im zogierTi teqnikis Cven yovelTvis vaxdenT adamianebis katego-
aRweriT davasrulebT, romlebsac fsiqologebi rizacias ganmasxvavebeli maxasiaTeblebis mi-
pirovnebis gagebisa da aRwerisaTvis iyeneben. xedviT. esenia: kolejis klasi, akademiuri
specializacia, sqesi da rasa. pirovnebis zogi
Teoretikosi adamianebs gansxvavebul, ara-
pirovnebis tipisa da niSnis urTierTgadamfarav kategoriebad ajgufebs,
romlebsac pirovnebis tipebi ewodeba. pirov-
Teoriebi
nebis tipebi „sul an araferi~ fenomenebia da
ar gamoixateba ama Tu im xarisxiT: Tu adamiani
ori yvelaze Zveli mcdeloba pirovnebis erT tips miekuTvneba, is SeuZlebelia miekuT-
aRwerisa aris: adamianebis klasificireba cal- vnebodes nebismier sxva tips arsebul sistemaSi.
keuli tipebis SezRudul raodenobad da im bevr adamians moswons pirovnebis tipebis
xarisxis gazomva, ra xarisxiTac isini SeiZleba gamoyeneba yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi, radgan isini
aRiweros gansxvavebuli niSnebiT. rogorc Cans, gviadvileben sxva adamianebis Secnobis rTul
Tavi 14 / pirovneba

adamianebs aqvT bunebrivi tendencia, sakuTari process.

da sxvebis qceva sxvadasxva kategoriebs miakuT-
vnon. modiT, ganvixiloT Teoriebi, romlebic
pirovnebis tipebi (Personality types) _ pirovnuli
maxasiaTeblebis calkeuli paternebi, rom-
lebic gamoiyeneba adamianebis kategoriebisadmi
mikuTvnebisaTvis; ara xarisxobrivi, aramed
Tvisebrivi gansxvavebebi, romlebic adamianebis
556 gansasxvaveblad ixmareba.
erT-erTi yvelaze adreuli tipebis Teoria
Cvens welTaRricxvamde mexuTe saukunes ekuTvnis.
misi avtoria hipokrate, berZeni eqimi, romelmac
medicinas hipokrates fici SesZina. misi Teoriis
mixedviT, adamianis sxeuli Seicavs oTx ZiriTad
siTxes anu humors, romelTaganac TiToeuli
asocirebulia garkveul temperamentTan, emo-
ciebisa da qcevis paternTan. individis pirovneba
damokidebulia imaze, Tu romeli humori Warbobs
mis sxeulSi. hipokratem daawyvila sxeulis
humorebi pirovnebis temperamentebTan Semdegi
sqemis mixedviT:
sisxli _ sangvinikuri temperamenti: mxiaru-
li da aqtiuri;
flegma _ flegmaturi temperamenti: apaTiuri
da modunebuli;
Savi naRveli _ melanqoliuri temperamenti:
naRvliani da Sefiqrianebuli;
yviTeli naRveli _ qolerikuli tempera-
menti: gaRizianebadi da agznebadi.
hipokrates Teoriis saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi
sjerodaT, Sua saukuneebis CaTvliT, Tumca man
ver gauZlo Tanamedrove mecnierebis moTxovnebs
(miuxedavad amisa, Cven vnaxavT hipokrates tem-
peramentebis Tanamedrove gamoZaxils hans ai-
zenkis niSnis TeoriaSi).
Cvens droSi uiliam Seldonma (William Sheldon,
1942) Seqmna tipis Teoria, romelic sxeulis
agebulebas ukavSirebda temperaments; Teoria,
romelic jer kidev popularulia da popula-
rul sainformacio saSualebebSi aisaxeba. man
adamianebi sam kategoriad dayo maTi sxeulebrivi
agebulebis mixedviT. es kategoriebia: endo-
morfuli (msuqani, rbili, mrgvali), mezomor-
fuli (kunTiani, oTxkuTxedi, Zlieri) da
eqtomorfuli (gamxdari, grZeli, susti). Sel-
donis azriT, endomorfebi arian relaqsirebuli,
socialurni da uyvarT Wama. mezomorfebi arian
sxeulebrivad ganviTarebuli adamianebi, aRsavse
energiiT, gambedaobiT da axasiaTebT asertiuli1
tendenciebi. eqtomorfebi arian gonebrivad
ganviTarebuli, artistuli da introverti
adamianebi; maTTvis ufro damaxasiaTebelia
fiqri cxovrebis Sesaxeb, vidre cxovrebiT
sargebloba an masze aqtiuri zemoqmedeba.
garkveuli drois ganmavlobaSi Seldonis
Teoria imdenad gavleniani iyo, rom gadaRebul
iqna SeerTebuli Statebis ieilisa da ueslis
msgavsi kolejebis aTasobiT studentis SiSveli
„pozis~ foto, raTa mkvlevrebs SesaZlebloba
hqonodaT, SeeswavlaT sxeulis tipsa da cxov-
rebiseul faqtorebs Soris kavSiri. Tumca, hipok-
rates bevrad ufro adreuli Teoriis msgavsad,
Seldonis sxeulis tipebis Teoriac Zalian
dabali Rirebulebis aRmoCnda individis qcevis
winaswarmetyvelebis TvalsazrisiT (Tyler, 1965).
1
assertive – dadebiTi, Tavdajerebuli.
ufro mogvianebiT, frenk saloueim (Frank
Sulloway, 1996) SemogvTavaza dabadebis rigze
damyarebuli, Tanamedrove tipebis Teoria. Tqven
pirveli (an erTaderTi) Svili xarT Tqvens
ojaxSi Tu mogvianebiT dabadebuli? imdenad,
ramdenadac dabadebis rigis mixedviT adamians
mxolod erTi pozicia SeiZleba hqondes,
saloueis Teoria akmayofilebs tipis Teoriis
kriteriumebs (uCveulo ojaxuri kombinaciebis
mqone adamianebisaTvis – magaliTad, rodesac
or bavSvs Soris Zalian didi asakobrivi
sxvaobaa – salouei mainc gvawvdis individebis
kategorizaciis gzebs). dabadebis rigze damya-
rebul winaswarmetyvelebebSi salouei efuZneba
darvinis ideas, rom organizmebi xdebian gan-
sxvavebulni, raTa ipovon is niSa, romelic
maT gadarCenis saSualebas miscems. saloueis
mixedviT, pirvelad dabadebulebs ukve gamza-
debuli niSa aqvT _ maT Tavidanve aqvT Tavisi
mSoblebis siyvaruli da yuradReba; isini cdi-
loben amis SenarCunebas mSoblebTan identi-
fikaciisa da maTdami damorCilebis gziT. amis
sapirispirod, ufro gvian dabadebul bavSvebs
sWirdebaT gansxvavebuli niSis moZebna – iseTis,
sadac isini ase gamokveTilad ar mihyvebian
Tavisi mSoblebis magaliTs. amis Sedegad,
mogvianebiT dabadebulebs salouei axasiaTebs,
rogorc „ajanyebisaTvis dabadebulebs~; „isini
cdiloben, warmatebas miaRwion iseT sferoebSi,
sadac ufros debs Tu Zmebs ara aqvT ukve
mopovebuli upiratesoba. gvian dabadebulebi
tipurad aviTareben Riaobas gamocdilebisadmi
– gamosadeg strategias yvelasaTvis, visac surs
pirovnebis tipisa da niSnis Teoriebi
cxovrebaSi axali da warmatebuli niSis povna~.
(gv. 353). im winaswarmetyvelebis Sesamowmeblad,
rom gvian dabadebulni siaxleebs miesalmebian
maSin, rodesac pirvelebi status-qvos amjobi-
neben, saloueim Seiswavla mecnieruli, istori-
uli da kulturuli revoluciebi, Semdeg ki
gansazRvra im mravali istoriuli da Tanamed-
rove figuris dabadebis rigi, vinc mxars uWerda
Tu ewinaaRmdegeboda am revoluciebs. 14.1
suraTze naCvenebia, Tu ra xarisxiT uWerdnen
mxars mecnierebaSi arsebul 23 liberalur
Teorias pirvelad da mogvianebiT dabadebuli
mecnierebi. rogorc xedavT, yvela zomis ojaxis
SemTxvevaSi, mosalodneli iyo, rom gvian
dabadebulebi ufro dauWerdnen mxars inovaciur
Teorias, vidre pirvelad dabadebulni. gyavT 557
 suraTi
14.1

dabadebis rigi da mecnieruli

inovaciebis mxardaWera
frenk saloueim gamoikvlia 23 inovaciuri Teoria
da gansazRvra 1218 mecnieris dabadebis rigi,
romlebmac miiRes an uaryves es Teoriebi. nebis-
mieri zomis ojaxisaTvis, gvian dabadebulni
ufro iRebdnen inovaciur Teorias, vidre pir-
velad dabadebulni.

Tu ara Zmebi da debi? SegiZliaT Tu ara ipovoT niSnebiT aRwera

aseTi magaliTi Tqvens sakuTar ojaxSi?
tipis Teoriebis daSvebis mixedviT, adamianebi
icnobT Tu ara adamianebs, visac miakuTvneb-
Seesatyvisebian arsebul calkeul, wyvetil
diT garkveul „tips~? moicavs Tu ara „tipi~
kategoriebs. aseTi kategoriebia, magaliTad,
yvelafers, rac ki unda vicodeT pirovnebis
pirvelad da mogvianebiT dabadebulebi. amis
Sesaxeb? xSirad tipis Teoriebi TiTqos ugul-
sapirispirod, niSnis Teoriebi gvTavazoben
vebelyofen adamianTa pirovnebebis ufro faqiz
uwyvet ganzomilebebs, rogoricaa inteleqti,
aspeqtebs. modiT, gavecnoT Teoriebs, romlebic
an keTilganwyoba. niSnebi aris uwyveti Tvisebebi
ufro meti moqnilobis SesaZleblobas iZlevian,
an atributebi, romlebic winaswar ganawyoben
radgan adamianebs ganasxvaveben niSnebis da ara
individebs, rom isini Tanamimdevrulad moiqcnen
tipebis mixedviT.
gansxvavebul situaciebSi. magaliTad, SesaZle-
belia erT dRes Tqven patiosneba gamoamJRavnoT
niSani (Trait) _ myari pirovnuli Tvisebebi an
dakarguli safulis dabrunebiT da meore dRes
atributebi, romlebic gavlenas axdenen qcevaze
gansxvavebul situaciebSi. – imiT, rom ar moityuoT gamocdaze. niSnis
Tavi 14 / pirovneba

558

Teoriis zogierTi momxre niSnebs gansazRvravs,
rogorc predispoziciebs, romlebic qcevas
iwveven, Tumca ufro konservatiuli mecnierebi
niSnebs iyeneben mxolod rogorc aRweriT
ganzomilebebs, romlebic ubralod ajameben
dakvirvebis obieqtad arsebuli qcevis paternebs.
modiT, gavecnoT niSnis cnobil Teoriebs.
olportis niSnis Teoria
gordon olporti (Gordon Allport, 1937, 1961,
1966) ganixilavda niSnebs, rogorc pirovnebis
samSeneblo masalas da individualobis Camoya-
libebis wyaros. olportis mixedviT, niSnebi
uzrunvelyofen qcevis SeTanxmebulobas (koheren-
tulobas), radgan isini akavSireben da erT-
gvarovans xdian pirovnebis reaqciebs mraval-
gvarovan stimulebze. niSnebma SeiZleba imoq-
medon, rogorc intervenciulma cvladebma,
romlebic akavSireben erTi SexedviT erTmaneT-
Tan daukavSirebel stimulebsa da maTze
pasuxebis erTobliobas (ix. sur. 14.2).
olportma gamoyo sami saxis niSnebi: kardi-
naluri, centraluri da meoradi. kardinaluria
niSnebi, romelTa garSemoc agebs adamiani Tavis
cxovrebas. deda terezasaTvis kardinaluri
niSani sxvisi keTildReobisaTvis sakuTari Tavis
Sewirva iqneboda. yvela adamians ar uviTardeba
aseTi yovlismomcveli kardinaluri niSnebi,
samagierod, centraluri niSnebi, rogoricaa,
magaliTad, patiosneba an optimizmi, pirovnebis
mTavar maxasiaTeblebs warmoadgenen. meoradi
niSnebi specifiuri pirovnuli Tvisebebia,
romlebic individis qcevis winaswarmetyve-
lebaSi gvexmareba, magram naklebad gamosadegia
individis pirovnebis gagebisaTvis. meoradi
niSnebis magaliTebia is, Tu rogor sakvebsa da
tansacmels aniWebs adamiani upiratesobas.
olports ainteresebda am sami tipis niSnebis
unikaluri kombinaciebis aRmoCena, rac yovel
suraTi
14.2
morcxvoba rogorc niSani
niSnebma SeiZleba imoqmedon, rogorc
intervenciulma cvladebma, romlebic
akavSireben erTi SexedviT erTmaneTTan
daukavSirebel stimulebsa da maTze
pasuxebis erTobliobas.
adamians ganumeorebel mTlianobad aqcevda,
amitom igi mxars uWerda calkeul/erTeul
SemTxvevaTa Seswavlis meTodis gamoyenebas (case
study).
individis qcevis mTavar ganmsazRvrelad
olports pirovnebis struqtura ufro esaxeboda,
vidre garemo pirobebi. „erTi da igive cecxli
adnobs karaqs da xarSavs kvercxs~ – am frazas
igi iyenebda imis saCveneblad, rom erTsa da
imave stimuls gansxvavebuli moqmedeba aqvs
sxvadasxva individze. mravali Tanamedrove
niSnis Teoria olportiseul tradicias mihyveba.
universaluri niSnebis ganzomilebebis
gansazRvra
1936 wels gordon olportma da misma kolegam
h. s. odbertma Caatares leqsikonis kvleva da
inglisur enaSi individualuri gansxvavebebis
aRmweri 18 000-ze meti zedsarTavi saxeli
aRmoaCines. mas Semdeg mkvlevrebi cdiloben,
gansazRvron niSnebis aseTi usazRvro sityvaTa
maragis safuZvlad myofi Zireuli ganzomi-
lebebi. isini cdiloben, daadginon, Tu ramdeni
pirovnebis tipisa da niSnis Teoriebi
ganzomileba arsebobs da maTgan romlebi
miscemen fsiqologebs yvela individis gamosa-
degi, universaluri daxasiaTebis Seqmnis
saSualebas.
reimond ketelma (Raymond Cattell, 1979) niSanTa
bazisuri ganzomilebebis amomwuravi erToblio-
bis dadgena scada, risTvisac amosaval werti-
lad olportisa da odbertis zedsarTavi
saxelebis sia gamoiyena. kvlevis Sedegad ke-
telma ivarauda, rom pirovnebas gansazRvravs
16 faqtori da maT ganmsazRvreli niSnebi uwoda,
radgan, misi azriT, isini warmoadgenen im
ganmsazRvrel wyaros, romelic dgas zedapirze
arsebuli qcevebis ukan da romelsac Cven pirov-
nebad aRviqvamT. ketelis 16 faqtori moicavda
iseT mniSvnelovan qceviT dapirispirebebs
559

suraTi
14.3
pirovnebis aRweris wris oTxi
kvadrati aizenkis mixedviT
eqstraversiisa da neiroticizmis ori ganzomileba
gvaZlevs wriul gamosaxulebas. aizenkma am
gamosaxulebis yoveli kvadrati hipokrates mier
gansazRvruli oTxi pirovnebis tipisagan erTs
daukavSira. miuxedavad amisa, misi Teoria am
kategoriebis farglebSi individualuri varirebis
saSualebas iZleva.
(opoziciebs), rogoricaa, magaliTad, TavSekave-
buli _ komunikabeluri, mimndobi – eWviani,
modunebuli – daZabuli. miuxedavad amisa,
Tanamedrove niSnis Teoriis mimdevrebi amtki-
ceben, rom pirovnebebs Soris yvelaze mniSvne-
lovan gansxvavebebs 16-ze kidev ufro naklebi
ganzomileba asaxavs.
hans aizenkma (Hans Eysenck, 1973, 1990) pirovnebis
testirebis monacemebidan mxolod sami ZiriTadi,
moculobiTi ganzomileba gamoyo: eqstraversia
(SigniT orientirebuli gareT orientirebulis
Tavi 14 / pirovneba
sapirispirod), neiroticizmi (emociurad stabi-
luri emociurad labiluris sapirispirod) da
fsiqoticizmi (gulisxmieri da yuradRebiani
agresiulisa da antisocialuris sapirispirod).
rogorc naCvenebia suraTze 14.3, aizenkma
moaxdina ori ganzomilebis – eqstraversiisa
da neiroticizmis kombinireba, raTa maTi wreze
demonstracia SeZleboda. misi azriT, wris
560 TiToeuli seqtori warmoadgens hipokrates mier
dadgenili pirovnebis tipebisgan erT-erTs,
Tumca, aizenkis niSnis Teoria am kategoriebSi
individualuri varirebis saSualebas iZleva.
individi SeiZleba yvelgan aRmoCndes wreze,
Zalian introvertirebulidan Zalian eqstraver-
tirebulamde da Zalian labiluridan (nevro-
tulidan) Zalian stabiluramde. wreze CamoT-
vlili niSnebi adamianebs swored am ori
ganzomilebis kombinaciebiT aRweren. magaliTad,
Zalian eqstravertirebuli da met-naklebad
labiluri adamiani mosalodnelia, rom impul-
suri iyos.
xuTfaqtoriani modeli
kvlevebi TvalnaTliv adastureben aizenkis
Teoriis mraval aspeqts, Tumca, ukanasknel
wlebSi miRweul iqna konsensusi, rom pirovnebis
struqturas yvelaze kargad xuTi faqtori
axasiaTebs, romlebic arasrulad emTxveva
aizenkis sam ganzomilebas (Wiggins & Pincus, 1992).
miuxedavad imisa, rom pirovnebis yvela mkvle-
vari ar emxroba am xuT faqtors (Block, 1995;
Eysenck, 1992; Pervin, 1994), dResdReobiT swored
isini warmoadgenen kriteriums niSnis struqtu-
ris Sesaxeb diskusiaTa umravlesobaSi.
xuTfaqtoriani modelis Seqmna asaxavs
mcdelobas, aRmoCenil iqnes raime struqtura
niSanTa im did siaSi, romelic amoiRes leqsiko-
nidan olportma da odbertma (1996). niSnebi
dayvanil iqna sinonimebis daaxloebiT 200
klasteramde, romlebic gamoiyeneboda niSnebis
bipolaruli ganzomilebebis Sesaqmnelad;
ganzomilebebisa, romlebsac aqvT maRali da
dabali polusebi, rogoricaa pasuxismgebliani
da upasuxismgeblo. Semdeg adamianebs sTxovdnen,
SeefasebinaT sakuTari Tavi da sxva adamianebi
bipolarul ganzomilebebze da es Sefasebebi
statistikuri damuSavebis procedurebs eqvem-
debareboda imis gansasazRvrad, Tu rogor iyo
erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli sinonimuri klas-
terebi. am meTodis gamoyenebiT ramdenime
damoukidebeli kvleviTi jgufi erTsa da imave
daskvnamde mivida: im niSnebis safuZvlad,
romlebsac adamianebi gamoiyeneben sakuTari
Tavis da sxvebis aRsawerad, arsebobs mxolod
xuTi bazisuri ganzomileba (Norman, 1963, 1967;
Tupes & Christal, 1961).
 14.1
cxrili
xuTfaqtoriani modeli
faqtori bipolaruli gansazRvreba
eqstraversia laparakis moyvaruli, energiuli
da asertiuli wynaris,
TavSekavebulisa da morcxvis
sapirispirod
TanxmobisaTvis TanamgrZnobi, keTili da
mzaoba mosiyvarule civis, kapasisa da
sastikis sapirispirod
patiosneba organizebuli, pasuxismgebliani
da frTxili uyuradRebos,
frivolurisa da
upasuxismgeblos sapirispirod
neiroticizmi stabiluri, mSvidi da kmayofili
SfoTianis, arastabilurisa da
temperamentianis sapirispirod
gamocdilebisadmi kreatuli, inteleqtualuri da
Riaoba gonebagaxsnili martivis,
zedapirulisa da ugunuris
sapirispirod
xuTi ganzomileba Zalian farToa, radgan
TiToeuli erT did kategoriaSi aTavsebs bevr
niSans, romelTac unikaluri erTmniSvnelovani
konotacia, magram saerTo Tema aqvT. pirovnebis
am xuT ganzomilebas amJamad xuTfaqtoriani
modeli ewodeba, an, araformalurad, didi
xuTeuli (the Big Five) (McCrae & Costa, 1999). xuTi
faqtori Sejamebulia cxrilSi 14.1. Tqven er-
Txel kidev SeniSnavT, rom TiToeuli ganzomi-
leba bipolarulia _ ganzomilebis saxelwode-
bis mniSvnelobis tolfasi terminebi aRweren
maRal poluss, xolo misi sawinaaRmdego termi-
nebi ki _ dabals.
xuTfaqtoriani modelis ganzomilebebi 1960-
ian wlebSi Segrovebuli masalidan warmoiSva,
sadac gamoiyeneboda zedsarTavi saxelebis
ramdenime gansxvavebuli nakrebi, mravali gan-
sxvavebuli SerCeva da SefasebiTi davaleba.
mas Semdeg Zalian msgavsi ganzomilebebi
aRmoaCines pirovnebis kiTxvarebSi, intervius
kiTxvarebsa da sxva monacemebSi (Costa & McCrae,
1992a; Digman, 1990; Wiggins & Pincus, 1992).
xuTfaqtoriani modelis universalurobis demon-
xuTfaqtoriani modeli (Five-factor model) _
pirovnebis yovlismomcveli aRweriTi sistema,
romelic asaxavs urTierTobas zogad niSnebs,
Teoriul cnebebsa da pirovnebis skalebs Soris;
araformalurad ewodeba didi xuTeuli.
strirebisaTvis mkvlevrebi gascdnen Tavis kvle-
vebSi inglisur enas: xuTfaqtoriani struq-
tura gameorda ramdenime enaSi germanulis,
portugaliuris, ivriTis, Cinuris, koreulis
da iaponuris CaTvliT (McCrae & Costa, 1997). xuTi
faqtori ar aris mowodebuli, rom Seanacvlos
mravali specifikuri niSnis termini, romelsac
mniSvnelobis sakuTari niuansi da elferi aqvs.
ufro sworad rom vTqvaT, is gamokveTs taqso-
nomias _ klasifikaciis sistemas, romelic saSua-
lebas gvaZlevs, aRvweroT yvela Cveni nacnobi
adamiani ise, rom gamovxatoT is mniSvnelovani
ganzomilebebi, romlebiTac isini gansxvavdebian.
mniSvnelovania, xazi gavusvaT imas, rom
xuTfaqtoriani modeli, didwilad, aRweriTia.
faqtorebi Seiqmna niSnebis terminTa klaste-
rebis statistikuri analizis Sedegad da ara
Teoriis safuZvelze, romelic ambobda: „es aris
faqtorebi, romlebic unda arsebobdes~ (Ozer &
Reise, 1994). xuTfaqtoriani modelis momxreebma
daiwyes am Teoriuli dasabuTebis Zieba. maga-
liTad, maT scades, xuTi ganzomileba interaq-
ciaTa im Tanmimdevrul tipebTan daekavSirebinaT,
romlebic adamianebs hqondaT erTmaneTTan da
gare samyarosTan kacobriobis evoluciis
manZilze (Costa & McCrae, 1992a; McCrae et al., 2000).
evoluciuri safuZveli dagvexmareboda, agvexsna
xuTi faqtoris universaluroba gansxvavebul
kulturebSi. Tu es axsna sworia, SesaZlebelia,
evoluciis mier Camoyalibebuli adamianuri
gamocdilebis sxva aspeqtebis msgavsad, niSnebi
erTi Taobidan meores gadaeces. ganvixiloT es
debuleba.
pirovnebis tipisa da niSnis Teoriebi
niSnebi da memkvidreoba
Tqven, albaT, gagigiaT, rom adamianebi aseT
frazebs amboben xolme: „jimi artistulia,
Tavisi dedis msgavsad~, an, „meri misi babuasaviT
jiutia~, an, SesaZloa, frustrirebulad gig-
rZvniaT Tavi, radganac Tqvens da-ZmaSi gamaRi-
zianebeli Tvisebebi swored isinia, romlebis
gamosworebac sakuTar TavSi gsurT. modiT, gan-
vixiloT pirovnuli niSnebis memkvidreobiTobis
damadasturebeli TvalsaCino magaliTebi.
gaixseneT, rom bihevioristuli genetika aris
mecniereba, romelic Seiswvlis, Tu ra xarisxiT
gadaecema pirovnuli niSnebi da qceviTi pater-
nebi memkvidreobiT. pirovnebaze genetikis 561

gavlenis gansasazRvrad mkvlevrebi swavloben
pirovnul niSnebs erTi ojaxis wevrebisa, rom-
lebsac msgavsi genebis gansxvavebuli propor-
ciebi aqvT da erTsa da imave an gansxvavebul
garemoSi gaizardnen. magaliTad, Tu pirovnuli
niSani socialuroba genetikurad gadaecema,
maSin is ufro maRal korelaciaSi unda iyos
identur, monozigotur tyupebSi (romelTa
genebic 100%-iT emTxveva), vidre araidentur,
dizigotur tyupebSi an sxva da-ZmaSi (romelTa
genebic saSualod 50%-iT emTxveva).
memkvidreobiTobis kvlevebi gviCvenebs, rom
TiTqmis yvela pirovnuli niSani ganicdis
genetikuri faqtorebis gavlenas (Lehlin et al., 1998).
msgavs Sedegebs iZleva iseTi kvlevebic, sadac
mravali gansxvavebuli gazomvis teqnika gamoiye-
neba, miuxedavad imisa, zomaven isini ufro farTo
niSnebs, rogoricaa eqstraversia da neiroticiz-
mi, Tu specifikur niSnebs, rogoricaa TviTkon-
troli an socialuroba. ganvixiloT erTi
sanimuSo kvleva:
saidan
Tavi 14 / pirovneba
viciT
xuTi faqtoris memkvidreobiToba
Tqven axlaxan pirovnebis xuTfaqtorian
models gaecaniT. mkvlevrebma yuradReba
miaqcies sakiTxs: arsebobs Tu ara am
modeliT gansazRvruli faqtorebis gene-
562 tikuri safuZveli. erT-erT kvlevaSi mec-
nierTa jgufma germanidan da poloneTidan
Seagrova pirovnuli niSnebis monacemebi
660 monozigoturi da 304 dizigoturi
tyupis wyvilebze. monacemebi miRebul iqna
rogorc TviTangariSis (anu tyupebi av-
sebdnen im tipis pirovnebis kiTxvarebs,
romelTac mogvianebiT SevexebiT am TavSi),
ise axlobelTa Sefasebebis (anu megobrebi
da ojaxis wevrebi adgendnen erTi an meore
tyupiscalis Sefasebebs) meSveobiT. zo-
gadad, adrindel kvlevebSi mxolod
TviTangariSis monacemebs iyenebdnen. mem-
kvidreobiTobis kvlevebis kritikosebi
Tvlidnen, rom monozigotur da dizigotur
tyupebs SesaZlebelia hqondeT gadaxrebi,
rodesac isini sakuTar Tavs adareben Tavis
tyupiscals, an sxva individs. axlobelTa
Sefasebebis CarTva amcirebs imis alba-
Tobas, rom memkvidreobiTobis maRali
maCveneblebi tyupebis TviTangariSis
pirdapiri Sedegia. faqtobrivad, yvela
SemTxvevaSi monozigoturi tyupebis
pirovnebebi Sefasebul iqna, rogorc ufro
msgavsi, vidre dizigoturi tyupebisa.
TviTSefasebebma gamoavlina tyupTa Soris
korelaciebis aseTi maCveneblebi: 0.52
(monozigoturi) da 0.23 (dizigoturi).
rogorc TviTangariSis, ise axlobelTa
monacemebis gamoyenebiT mkvlevrebma aC-
venes mniSvnelovani memkvidreobiTi maCve-
neblebi xuTfaqtoriani modeliT gansazR-
vruli yoveli faqtoris mxriv (Remann et
al., 1997).
kvlav SexedeT cxrils 14.1. xuTi faqtoris
romeli polusebia TqvenTvis yvelaze Sesabamisi?
SegiZliaT ipovoT msgavseba Tqvensa da Tqvens
mSoblebs Soris?
mkvlevrebi kvlav muSaoben memkvidreobiTobis
kvlevebis gaumjobesebaze. magaliTad, radganac
tyupebi da sxva da-Zma, rogorc wesi, erTad
izrdebian, maT saerTo ojaxuri garemo aqvT,
ramac SesaZloa maTi pirovnebebis korelacia
gamoiwvios. naSvilebi bavSvebis kvlevebi ki
gamoiyeneba imisaTvis, rom gaizomos gansxvaveba
bavSvebis niSnebis korelaciebisa maTi biolo-
giuri mSoblebis niSnebTan da aRmzrdeli
mSoblebis niSnebTan. naSvilebi bavSvebis kvle-
vebis monacemebidan, aseve, naTelia is, Tu raoden
mniSvnelovania pirovnul niSnebSi genetikuri
faqtoris wvlili (Bouchard, 1994).
winaswarmetyveleben Tu ara
niSnebi qcevas
warmoidgineT, rom gTxoves, amoirCioT raime
pirovnuli niSnis aRmniSvneli termini, ro-
melic, Tqveni rwmeniT, gansakuTrebiT kargad
SegesabamebaT. magaliTad, Tqven SegiZliaT
gviTxraT, rom Tqven Zalian keTilganwyobili
xarT. ra viciT Cven axla? Tu pirovnebis Teoriebi
gvaZleven saSualebas, viwinaswarmetyveloT
qceva, ra prognozi SegviZlia gavakeToT im
codniT, rom Tqvens Tavs afasebT, rogorc
Zalian keTilganwyobils? rogor SegviZlia
ganvsazRvroT Tqveni mosazrebis validuroba?
modiT, gamovikvlioT es sakiTxi.
erTi idea, romelic SesaZloa gagiCndeT,
Semdegia: codna imisa, rom pirovneba SeiZleba
daxasiaTebul iqnes konkretuli niSniT, saSua-
lebas mogcemT, iwinaswarmetyveloT misi qceva
gansxvavebul situaciebSi. amgvarad, Cven Tqvengan
moveliT keTilganwyobil qcevas yvela si-
tuaciaSi, Tumca, 1920-ian wlebSi ramdenime
mkvlevari, romlebmac miznad daisaxes niSnebTan
dakavSirebul qcevaze dakvirveba gansxvavebul
situaciebSi, gancvifrebuli iyo, radgan mcire
TvalsaCinoeba aRmoaCines situaciebis mixedviT
qcevis konsistenturobis mxriv. magaliTad, sko-
lis moswavleebSi mxolod susti korelacia
iqna aRmoCenili patiosnebis niSanTan savarau-
dod dakavSirebul or iseT qcevas Soris,
rogoricaa tyuilis Tqma da TaRliToba
gamocdis Cabarebisas (Hartshorne & May, 1928).
msgavsi Sedegebi miiRes sxva mkvlevrebmac,
romlebic iseTi niSnebis kros-situaciur
Tanmimdevrulobas (konsistenturobas) swavlob-
dnen, rogorebicaa introversia an punqtualoba
(Dudycha, 1936; Newcomb, 1929).
Tu niSnebTan dakavSirebuli qceva ar aris
kros-situaciurad konsistenturi, anu, Tu ada-
mianebis qceva icvleba gansxvavebul situaciebSi,
ratom aRiqvamT Tqvens sakuTar da sxvebis
pirovnebebs, rogorc SedarebiT mdgrads? kidev
ufro damabnevelia, rom pirovnebis Sefaseba im
damkvirveblis mier, romelic individs erTi
situaciidan icnobs, korelaciaSia im damkvir-
veblis SefasebasTan, romelic icnobs mas sxva
situaciidan. movlenas, rodesac pirovnebis
Sefasebebi sxvadasxva dros da gansxvavebuli
damkvirveblebis mier konsistenturia, xolo
adamianis qcevis Sefasebebi sxvadasxva situa-
ciebSi ar aris konsistenturi, konsistentobis
paradoqss (Consistency paradox) uwodeben (Mischel,
1968).
konsistentobis paradoqsis aRmoCenas kvleva-
Ta didi raodenoba mohyva (mimoxilvisTvis ix.
Cervone & Shoda, 1999). droTa ganmavlobaSi
miRweul iqna konsensusi, rom qceviTi arakonsis-
tentoba gamovlinda didwilad imis gamo, rom
situaciebi arasworad iyo kategorizebuli:
paradoqsi qreba, rodesac mecnierebi marTebulad
daaxarisxeben situaciaTa fsiqologiur maxasia-
Teblebis (Mischel & Shoda, 1995, 1999). magaliTad,
dauSviT, rom Tqven gsurT qceviTi konsis-
tentobis Sefaseba imis gansazRvriT, iqceva Tu
ara Tqveni megobari umetesad erTnairad yvela
wveulebaze, romelsac igi eswreba. mosalod-
nelia, aRmoaCinoT, rom misi qceva mniSvnelovnad
cvalebadobs, Tu Tqveni analizis done mxolod
„wveulebebia~. saWiroa, gansazRvroT, Tu romeli
fsiqologiurad relevanturi maxasiaTeblebi
yofen wveulebebs gansxvavebul kategoriebad.
SesaZloa, Tqveni megobari uxerxulad grZnobs
Tavs iseT situaciebSi, sadac misgan ucxoebi-
saTvis piradi informaciis gaziarebas moelian.
Sedegad, zogierT wveulebaze (sadac misgan
piradi informaciis gaziarebas moelian) is
SeiZleba Zalian arakeTilganwyobilad gamoi-
pirovnebis tipisa da niSnis Teoriebi
yurebodes, xolo sxva wveulebebze (sadac amas
misgan ar moelian) _ sakmaod keTilganwyobilad.
amave dros, sxva iseTma situaciebma, romlebic
misgan gulaxdilobas moiTxovs, rogoricaa
interviu samsaxurSi miRebisas, SeiZleba, aseve,
gamoiwvion negatiuri qceva. amdenad, konsis-
tentoba gamoixateba imiT, Tu ra gziT gamoiwveven
situaciis maxasiaTeblebi adamianebis gansxva-
vebul reaqciebs.
konsistentobis paradoqsi (Consistency pradox) _
movlena, romlis drosac pirovnebis Sefasebebi
sxvadasxva dros da gansxvavebuli damkvir-
veblebis mier konsistenturia, maSin, rodesac
adamianis qcevis Sefasebebi sxvadasxva situ-
aciebSi ar aris konsistenturi.
563
 fsiqologia Cvens cxovrebaSi

ratom aris zogi adamiani morcxvi?

ukanaskneli drois kvle-
vebma gviCvena, rom kolejis
studentebis 50%-ze meti
sakuTar Tavs „amJamad morcxv~
individad miiCnevs (Carducci &
Zimbardo, 1995). maTi umetesoba
ambobs, rom morcxvoba aris
arasasurveli mdgomareoba,
romelsac uaryofiTi pirov-
nuli da socialuri Sedegebi
ufro meti aqvs, vidre dadebi-
Ti efeqtebi. studentebis sxva
jgufi ambobs, rom isini
„situaciurad morcxvebi~ ari-
an da ara „dispoziciurad
morcxvebi~, rogorc studente-
bis zemoxsenebuli umetesoba.
isini grZnoben, rom „TiTqos-
da~ morcxvoben garkveul
situaciebSi, romlebic axa-
lia, ucnauria an socialur
zewolas Seicavs. aseTi situa-
ciebia paemani ucnobTan, mar-
toxelebis barebi, aseve, ro-
desac adamians moeTxoveba,
sazogadoebis winaSe momza-
debis gareSe imoqmedos. simor-
cxvis mkvlevrebi gaocdnen,
rodesac zrdasrul adami-
anebSi aRmoaCines, rom „ara-
morcxvi~ adamiani iSviaTi,
araCveulebrivi saxeobaa Seer-
Tebul StatebSi da yvela sxva
gamokvleul qveyanaSi (Zim-
bardo, 1991).
simorcxve SeiZleba ganisa-
zRvros, rogorc diskomforti
da/an Sekaveba iseT interper-
sonalur situaciebSi, rom-
lebic xels uSlis adamianis
interpersonaluri an profe-
siuli miznebis miRwevas. mor-
cxvoba SeiZleba iyos qro-
nikuli da dispoziciuri, anu
warmoadgendes centralur
niSans adamianis TviTgansa-
zRvraSi. is SeiZleba iyos
mcire TavSekavebuloba da so-
cialuri ucnauroba, romelic
bevr CvenTagans ugrZvnia axal
situaciebSi, magram mas SeuZlia
gadaizardos ukiduresobaSi _
adamianebis mimarT sruliad
Semakavebel SiSSi (socialur
fobias me-15 TavSi ganvixilavT).
bevri morcxvi adamiani introve-
rtirebulicaa. isini upira-
tesobas aniWeben ganmarto-
vebul, arasocialur moqmede-
bebsa da garemos. arseboben
„morcxvi eqstravertebi~, rom-
lebic sazogadoebaSi komu-
nikabelurni, magram pirovnu-
lad morcxvebi arian, amjo-
bineben socialur aqtivobebSi
CarTvas, aqvT socialuri una-
rebi amis efeqturad ganxor-
cielebisaTvis, magram eWvi
eparebaT imaSi, rom namdvilad
imsaxureben sxvebis mowonebasa
da pativiscemas (Pilkonis & Zim-
bardo, 1979).
maS ratom aris zogi adami-
ani morcxvi maSin, rodesac
sxvebi ar arian? erTi SesaZ-
lebeli axsnaa buneba. kvle-
vebi mowmobs, rom bavSvebis
daaxloebiT 10% „ibadeba
morcxvi~ (Kagan, 1994). aseTi
bavSvebi dabadebidan uCve-
ulod frTxilni da Cake-
tilni arian ucxo xalxTan
da ucnob situaciebTan Seja-
xebis dros. Semavsebeli (kom-
plementaruli) axsna yurad-
Rebas aRzrdaze amaxvilebs.
bavSvobaSi zog adamians
dascinian, masxrad igdeben,
an raime Secdomis gamo isini
sazogadoebrivi gakicxvis
sagani xdebian; sxvebi izrde-
bian iseT ojaxebSi, sadac
„siyvarulis damsaxureba~ da-
mokidebulia imaze, miaRwevs
Tu ara bavSvi warmatebas
garegnobisa da kargi qcevis
SejibrSi. mesame axsna kul-
turas efuZneba.
Seswavlili cxra qveyni-
dan simorcxve yvelaze maRa-
lia zog aziur qveyanaSi, gan-
sakuTrebiT iaponiasa da tai-
vanSi, da yvelaze dabalia
israelSi (Zimbardo, 1991). es
gansxvaveba, garkveulwilad,
miewereba imas, rom am aziur

saidan
Tavi 14 / pirovneba

modiT, ganvixiloT kvleva, romelSic mra-

valferovani situaciebis fsiqologiur maxasia-
viciT
Teblebs swavlobdnen. kvlevaSi ganixileboda
is aqtivobebi, romlebsac bavSvebi sazafxulo konsistentoba verbalur agresiaSi
banakSi axorcieleben.
es kvleva Catarda 6-dan 12-wlamde
simorcxve (Shyness) _ individis diskomforti bavSvebis jgufze, romlebic socialuri
da/an Sekaveba iseT interpersonalur situa- adaptaciis problemebis mqone bavSvebisaTvis
ciebSi, romlebic xels uSlis interperso- mowyobil sazafxulo banakSi gaagzavnes.
naluri an profesiuli miznebis miRwevas.
mkvlevrebs surdaT enaxaT, Tu ramdenad
564
qveynebSi kultura ganapi-
robebs avtoritetisadmi da-
morCilebas da sircxvilis
gancdas, Tu adamianma socia-
luri Secdoma dauSva; xolo
israelSi, amis sapirispi-
rod, Tu adamiani riskze mi-
dis, es kulturulad waxa-
lisebulia da danaSaulis
gancda eqsternalizire-
bulia (Pines & Zimbardo, 1978).
meoTxe axsna nawilobriv ex-
maureba bolo dros Seer-
Tebul StatebSi simorcxvis
prevalentobis zrdas: axal-
gazrdebi intensiurad arian
CarTulni eleqtronul teq-
nologiebTan muSaobaSi. di-
di drois gatareba, rogorc
wesi, simartoveSi, televiz-
oris yurebaSi, videoTa-
maSebSi, internetis Tvali-
erebasa da eleqtronuli
fostis gzavnaSi socialur
izolacias iwvevs da am-
cirebs yoveldRiur piris-
pir kontaqts. internetis
intensiur gamoyenebas aqvs
potenciali, adamianebs Tavi
agrZnobinos martoxelad,
izolirebulad da ufro
morcxvad (Kraut et al., 1998; Nie
& Erbring, 2000).
rodesac simorcxve sul
ufro Zlierdeba, is adamia-
nis cxovrebis axal da axal
luri diskomforti da izo-
lacia. arsebobs ramdenime
martivi koncefcia da taq-
tika, romelTa Sesaxeb fiq-
rsa da gamoyenebis cdasac
v Ta v a z o b T m o r c x v s t u -
dentebs (ix. Zimbardo, 1991):
gaacnobiereT, rom mar-
to Tqven ar xarT morcxvi;
yvela sxva adamiani Tavisi
morcxvobiT ufro Tqveni
msgavsia, vidre Tqvengan gan-
sxvavebuli;
simorcxve SeiZleba ma-
Sinac ki Seicvalos, rodesac
masSi genetikuri komponentia
CarTuli, magram es moiTxovs
Tavdadebasa da Secvlis
ganzraxvas iseve, rogorc ne-
bismieri xangrZlivad ar-
sebuli Cveva, romlis Sec-
vlac gsurT;
ivarjiSeT gaRimebaSi da
mxedvelobiTi kontaqtis dam-
yarebaSi adamianTa umravle-
sobasTan, visac xvdebiT;
ilaparakeT laRad, xma-
maRali da mkafio xmiT, gan-
sakuTrebiT maSin, rodesac
Tqvens saxels eubnebiT vinmes
an informaciis miReba gsurT;
iyaviT pirveli, vinc Se-
kiTxvas dasvams an komentars
gaakeTebs axal socialur
situaciaSi. saTqmelad mom-
zadebuli gqondeT raime
aRaravin ifiqrebs, rom Tqven
morcxvi xarT;
nu daimdablebT Tavs,
aramed ifiqreT imaze, Tu ra
SeiZleba gaakeToT Semdeg,
rom TqvenTvis sasurveli
Sedegi miiRoT;
yuradReba gaamaxvileT
i m a z e , r o m s x v e b s Ta v i
komfortulad agrZnobinoT.
gansakuTrebiT swored is
sxva morcxvi adamianebi mo-
ZebneT. es Seamcirebs Tqvens
TviTcnobirebas, rogorc
morcxvi pirovnebis;
gaivarjiSeT meditaci-
aSi, relaqsaciasa da idea-
luri scenaris gonebriv vi-
zualizaciaSi, sanam aRmoC-
ndebiT situaciaSi, rome-
lic, Cveulebriv, aZlierebs
Tqvens simorcxves.
Tu Tqven morcxvi xarT,
vimedovnebT, rom gaiziarebT
am rCevebs. studentebi, rom-
lebmac gaiTvaliswines es
rCevebi, ganTavisufldnen
morcxvobis tyveobidan da
„axali TavisuflebebiT~
savse cxovrebaSi Seabijes.
es aris martivi fsiqolo-
giis cxovrebaSi gamoyenebis
erT-erTi upiratesoba. Tuki
Tqven morcxvi ar xarT,
SegiZliaT waaxalisoT Tqve-
ni morcxvi megobrebi da
ojaxis wevrebi, raTa maT am

pirovnebis tipisa da niSnis Teoriebi

aspeqtebSi iWreba, amcirebs saintereso da TqviT es pir- gziT Secvalon Tavisi cxov-
socialur siamovnebebs da velma; yvela afasebs adamians, reba (Henderson & Zimbardo,
maqsimumamde mihyavs socia- vinc „yinuls gaalRobs~, da 1998).

zustad SeeZloT maT im situaciaTa Txovs frustraciis atanis unars), fizikuri

winaswarmetyveleba, romlebSic calkeuli
bavSvebi agresiul qcevas gamoavlendnen.
am winaswarmetyvelebaTa `gasakeTeblad~
mkvlevrebma Seagroves monacemebi banakis
sxvadasxva situaciebis arsebiTi maxasiaTeb-
lebis Sesaxeb, moTxovnis im tipebis
mixedviT, romlebsac isini bavSvs uyenebdnen:
kognituri (moiTxovs logikuri azrovnebis
unars), socialuri (moiTxovs sxvebis winaSe
saubris unars), TviTregulatoruli (moi-
siZliere (moiTxovs fizikur siZlieres,
amtanobas) da motoruli koordinacia
(moiTxovs xelisa da sxeulis moZraobebis
koordinaciis unars). magaliTad, curva
moiTxovs fizikur siZlieresa da koor-
dinacias, magram SedarebiT mcire TviTregu-
lacias. amis sapirispirod, Tevzaoba moto-
rul koordinaciasTan erTad moiTxovs
maRali donis TviTregulacias.
565
 yuradReba miaqcieT im erTeulebs, sadamdec
mividnen mkvlevrebi, raTa situaciebis rele-
vanturi maxasiaTeblebi gamoeyvanaT. aseTi
taqsonomia maT aZlevs iseTi gansxvavebebis
gamovlenis saSualebas, rogoricaa „sonias uWirs
gamklaveba iseT situaciebTan, romlebsac
maRali kognituri moTxovna aqvT. swored amitom
xdeba is verbalurad agresiuli aseT situa-
ciebSi~. Cven aRmovaCenT konsistentobas, rodesac
pirovnebis („is ver umklavdeba kognitur
moTxovnebs~) da situaciis („es situacia Seicavs
kognitur moTxovnas~) swori aRwera gvaqvs.
debatebma konsistentobis Sesaxeb aiZula
niSnis Teoretikosebi, ufro zustad ganesa-
zRvraT niSnebi _ dazustebiT gamoeyoT, Tu
qcevis romeli jgufebi unda iyos dakavSirebuli
pirovnul niSnebTan da romel situaciebSi.
niSani SeiZleba gamoxatul iqnes gansxvavebuli
qcevis meSveobiT gansxvavebul situaciebSi da
gansxvavebul asakSi, magram, ramdenadac niSnis
Teoria winaswarmetyvelebs imas, Tu ra gziT
iwvevs situaciebis fsiqologiuri maxasiaTeb-
Tavi 14 / pirovneba
lebi qceviT gamovlinebebs, es paterni logi-
kurad gamarTulia. amgvarad, Tu Tqven aRwerT
sakuTar Tavs, rogorc Zalian keTilganwyobil
pirovnebas, es ar niSnavs imas, rom Tqvengan
„keTilganwyobil~ qcevas unda velodoT Tqveni
cxovrebis yvela momentSi. Cveni molodiniT,
Tqveni keTilganwyobileba gansxvavebuli iqneba
sxvadasxvagvar situaciebSi maTi fsiqologiuri
maxasiaTeblebis mixedviT. magaliTad, Tqven,
566 SesaZloa, Zalian Tbili iyoT axloblebis
mimarT, magram oficialuri _ Tqveni profeso-
rebis mimarT.
tipisa da niSnis Teoriebis
Sefaseba
Cven vnaxeT, rom tipisa da niSnis Teoriebi
mkvlevrebs SesaZleblobas aZlevs, mogvcen
gansxvavebuli pirovnebebis lakonuri aRwera,
Tumca, es Teoriebi gakritikebul iqna, radgan
isini zogadad ar xsnian imas, Tu rogor war-
moiqmneba qceva an rogor viTardeba pirovneba.
isini mxolod gansazRvraven da aRweren maxa-
siaTeblebs, romlebic korelaciaSia qcevasTan.
miuxedavad imisa, rom Tanamedrove niSnis
Teoriis warmomadgenlebi cdiloben, Seexon am
sakiTxebs, niSnis Teoriebi, rogorc wesi, aR-
weren amJamad arsebuli pirovnebis struqturis
statikur, an, ukidures SemTxvevaSi, sta-
bilizebul xats. amis sapirispirod, pirovnebis
fsiqodinamikuri Teoriebi, romlebsac Cven axla
ganvixilavT, xazs usvamen individis SigniT
arsebul konfliqtur Zalebs, romlebic ada-
mianis cvlilebasa da ganviTarebas iwveven.
Sejameba
tipis Teoriebi adamianebs aragadamfarav
kategoriebad (rogoricaa pirvelad dabadebulni
da Semdeg dabadebulni) yofen, raTa gakeTdes
winaswarmetyveleba maTi pirovnebebis Sesaxeb.
amis sapirispirod, niSnis Teoriebi axdenen
pirovnebis konceptualizacias uwyveti ganzo-
milebebis Sesabamisad. Tanamedrove mecnierebis
azriT, arsebobs xuTi universaluri faqtori,
romelic kros-kulturulad asaxavs pirovnebis
ZiriTad ganzomilebebs: eqstraversia, Tanxmo-
bisaTvis mzaoba, patiosneba, neiroticizmi da
gamocdilebisadmi Riaoba. qceviTi genetikis
kvlevis mixedviT, pirovnuli niSnebi maRali
xarisxis memkvidreobiTobiT xasiaTdeba. dRes-
dReobiT mecnierebi aRiareben, rom qcevis
konsistentobis kvleva moiTxovs rogorc pirov-
nebis, aseve situaciis fsiqologiuri maxa-
siaTeblebis zust aRweras.
fsiqodinamikuri Teoriebi
pirovnebis yvela fsiqodinamikuri Teoriis-
aTvis saerToa daSveba, rom Zlieri Sinagani
Zalebi ayalibeben pirovnebas da qcevis moti-
virebas axdenen. zigmund froids (Sigmund Freud),
fsiqodinamikuri Teoriebis fuZemdebels, misi
biografi ernest jonsi „fsiqikis darvins~ uwo-
debs (1953). froidis pirovnebis Teoria gabe-
dulad cdilobs axsnas pirovnebis ganviTarebis
sawyisi wyaroebi da mimarTuleba, fsiqikis bu-
neba, paTologiuri pirovneba da Terapiis meS-
veobiT pirovnebis Secvlis gzebi. aq yuradRebas
mxolod normalur pirovnebaze gavamaxvilebT.
froidis Sexedulebebi fsiqopaTologiasa da
mkurnalobaze me-15 da me-16 TavebSi iqneba
ganxiluli, ris Semdegac am Teoriebis kritikasa
da gadamuSavebis mcdelobebs aRvwerT.
froidis fsiqoanalizi
fsiqoanalitikuri Teoriis mixedviT, pirov-
nebis birTvs adamianis fsiqikaSi arsebuli
movlenebi (intrafsiqikuri movlenebi) qmnis,
romlebic qcevis motivs warmoadgenen. xSirad
adamianebi acnobiereben am motivebs, Tumca, zogi
pirovnebis fsiqodinamikuri Teoriebi (Psycho-
dynamic personality theories) _ pirovnebis Teoriebi,
romlebic iziareben daSvebas, rom pirovnebis
formireba da misi qcevis motivireba xdeba
Zlieri Sinagani Zalebis mier.
motivacia aracnobier donezec moqmedebs. am
midgomis fsiqodinamikuri buneba momdinareobs
misi aqcentidan qcevis am Sida wyaroebze, iseve,
rogorc am Sida Zalebs Soris konfliqtebze.
froidisaTvis yovelgvar qcevas aqvs motivi,
mas ar iwvevs SemTxveviTi movlenebi; yvela
moqmedeba gansazRvrulia motivebiT. nebismier
adamianur moqmedebas aqvs mizezi da mizani,
romelic SeiZleba aRmoCenil iqnes azrebis
asociaciebis, sizmrebis, Secdomebisa da Sinagan
vnebebze metyveli sxva qceviTi miniSnebebis
analizis Sedegad. pirovnebis Sesaxeb froidis
hipoTezebis pirveladi monacemebi miRebul iqna
Terapiis procesSi myof individualur pacien-
tebze warmoebuli klinikuri dakvirvebebidan
da SemTxvevebis siRrmiseuli Seswavlidan.
fsiqikuri aSlilobebis mqone adamianebis in-
tensiuri Seswavlis Sedegad man ganaviTara
normaluri pirovnebis Teoria. modiT, ganvi-
xiloT froidis Teoriis zogierTi yvelaze
mniSvnelovani aspeqti.
fsiqodinamikuri Teoriebi
ltolvebi da fsiqoseqsualuri
ganviTareba
nevrologiaSi samedicino praqtikam froidi
miiyvana Teoriul daSvebamde, rom im qcevebs,
romelTac is Tavis pacientebSi akvirdeboda,
saerTo biologiuri safuZveli hqondaT. adamia-
nuri moqmedebebis motivaciis wyarod man yvela
individSi arsebuli fsiqikuri energia miiCnia.
man dauSva, rom yvela adamians unda hqonoda
567
Tandayolili instinqtebi anu ltolvebi (drives),
 romlebic warmoadgenda sxeulSi arsebuli
organoebis mier Seqmnil daZabulobis sistemebs.
aqtivaciis dros energiis es wyaroebi SeiZleba
gamovlindes mravali gansxvavebuli gziT.
froidma Tavdapirvelad ori bazisuri ltol-
vis arseboba dauSva. erTi, misi azriT, dakavSi-
rebuli iyo TviTSenaxvasTan (iseT moTxovni-
lebebTan, rogoricaa SimSili da wyurvili);
meores man uwoda erosi, Zala, dakavSirebuli
seqsualur impulsebTan da saxeobis Senar-
CunebasTan. am ori ltolvidan froids ufro
metad seqsualuri impulsebi ainteresebda. man
Zalze gaafarTova adamianis seqsualuri survi-
lebis cneba da Sig CarTo ara marto seqsualuri
kavSiris survili, aramed yvela sxva siamovnebis
miRebis an sxvebTan fizikuri kontaqtis dam-
yarebis mcdelobac. igi iyenebda termins li-
bido (libido) seqsualuri impulsebis energiis
wyaros gansasazRvrad. libido aris fsiqikuri
energia, romelic migvmarTavs yvela saxis Seg-
rZnebiTi (sensualuri) siamovnebisaken. seqsua-
luri impulsebi dauyovnebliv dakmayofilebas
moiTxoven, iqneba es pirdapiri moqmedebebis
Tu fantaziebisa da sizmrebis msgavsi arapir-
dapiri saSualebebis gziT.
froidis mixedviT, erosi, rogorc farTod
gansazRvruli seqsualuri ltolva, ar Cndeba
libido (Libido) _ fsiqikuri energia, romelic
mimarTavs individs yvela tipis SegrZnebiTi,
gansakuTrebiT ki, seqsualuri siamovnebisaken
moulodnelad pubertatis (sqesobrivi momwife-
bis) dros, aramed moqmedebs dabadebidan. igi
amtkicebda, rom erosi TvalsaCinod vlindeba
im siamovnebaSi, romelsac Cvilebi iReben
genitaliebis da sxva mgrZnobiare areebis, anu
erogenuli zonebis fizikuri stimulaciiT.
froidis fsiqoseqsualuri ganviTarebis xuTi
safexuri moyvanilia cxrilSi 14.2. is Tvlida,
rom seqsualuri siamovnebis fizikuri wyaro
icvleba am mowesrigebuli progresiiT. fsiqo-
seqsualuri ganviTarebis erT-erTi mTavari
winaaRmdegoba, yovel SemTxvevaSi biWebisaTvis,
aRmocendeba falosur stadiaze, 4-5 wlis asakSi,
rodesac bavSvma unda gadalaxos oidiposis
kompleqsi. froidma am kompleqss miTiuri
personaJis, oidiposis saxelwodeba misca,
romelmac SemTxveviT mokla sakuTari mama da
colad SeirTo sakuTari deda. froidis azriT,
yvela patara biWs aqvs Tandayolili impulsi,
ganixilos mama, rogorc seqsualuri metoqe
dedis yuradRebisaTvis brZolaSi. radgan patara
biWs ar ZaluZs mamis Secvla, oidiposis kom-
pleqsi zogadad gadawydeba, rodesac bavSvi
axdens identifikacias mamis siZlieresTan
(froidi araTanmimdevruli iyo patara gogonebis
gamocdilebis Teoriul axsnaSi).
froidis mixedviT, rogorc zedmeti dajil-
doeba, ise zedmeti frustracia fsiqoseqsualuri
ganviTarebis romelime adreul stadiaze, fiq-
sacias _ ganviTarebis momdevno stadiaze nor-
malurad gadasvlis uunarobas iwvevs. rogorc

cxrili
14.2
ffsiqoseqsualuri ganviTarebis stadiebi froidis mixedviT

stadia asaki erogenuli mTavari ganviTarebadi mizani am stadiaze fiqsirebuli bavSvebis

zonebi (konfliqtis potenciuri wyaro) zogierTi maxasiaTebeli zrdasrulobaSi
oraluri 0-1 piri, tuCebi, ZuZuTi kvebis Sewyveta oraluri qceva, rogoricaa moweva, zedmeti
ena kveba, inertuloba da miamitoba
Tavi 14 / pirovneba

analuri 2-3 anusi tualetis varjiSi/ qoTanze akuratuloba (meToduroba), Zunwoba,

miCveva jiutoba, an sapirispiro

falosuri 4-5 genitaliebi oidiposis kompleqsi pativmoyvareoba, ugunuroba, an sapirispiro

latenturi 6-12 ar arsebobs dacviTi meqanizmebis arc erTi: Cveulebriv, fiqsacia am

specifikuri ganviTareba safexurze ar xdeba
are
genitaluri 13-18 genitaliebi mowifuli seqsualuri zrdasrulebma, vinc normalurad moaxdina
urTierToba adreuli stadiebis integrireba, unda
ganaviTaron sxvebis mimarT gulwrfeli
interesi da mowifuli seqsualoba.
568
naCvenebia cxrilSi 14.2, sxvadasxva stadiebze
fiqsaciam zrdasrulobaSi SeiZleba warmoqmnas
mravalferovani pirovnuli maxasiaTeblebi.
fiqsaciis cneba xsnis imas, Tu ratom aniWebda
froidi adreul gamocdilebebs aseT mniSvne-
lobas pirovnebis mTlianobaSi. igi Tvlida,
rom fsiqoseqsualuri ganviTarebis adreul
safexurebze miRebul gamocdilebas udidesi
gavlena hqonda pirovnebis Camoyalibebaze da
zrdasrulis qceviT paternebze.
fsiqikuri determinizmi
fiqsaciis cneba pirvel warmodgenas gviqmnis
froidis mosazrebaze, rom adreuli konfliq-
tebi Semdgomi qcevis gansazRvras uwyobs xels.
fsiqikuri determinizmi warmoadgens daSvebas,
rom yvela fsiqikuri da qceviTi reaqcia
(simptomi) gansazRvrulia adreuli gamocdile-
biT. froidis azriT, simptomebi ar aris Sem-
TxveviTi movlenebi, piriqiT, isini mniSvnelov-
nad aris dakavSirebuli cxovrebis mniSvnelovan
movlenebTan.
fsiqikuri determinizmis rwmenam miiyvana
froidi iqamde, rom man gansakuTrebiT gamoyo
aracnobieri _ sacavi informaciisa, romelic
xelmiuwvdomelia cnobierebisaTvis. sxva avto-
rebs ganxiluli hqondaT aracnobieris kon-
struqti, magram froidma adamianuri fiqrebis,
grZnobebis da moqmedebebis aracnobieri
determinantis cneba adamianis cxovrebis
centrSi moaTavsa. misi azriT, qceva SeiZleba
motivirebul iqnes ltolvebiT, romelTa
Sesaxebac adamianma araferi icis. Tqven SeiZleba
moqmedebdeT mizezis codnis gareSe, an Tqveni
moqmedebebis WeSmariti mizezis wvdomis
SesaZleblobis gareSe. arsebobs Tqveni qcevis
manifestirebuli Sinaarsi _ ras ambobT, ras
fiqsacia (Fixation) _ mdgomareoba, rodesac
adamiani rCeba mijaWvuli iseT obieqtebsa Tu
moqmedebebze, romlebic fsiqoseqsualuri
ganviTarebis adreul safexurs ufro Seesabameba.
fsiqikuri determinizmi (Psychic determinism) _
daSveba, rom fsiqikuri da qceviTi reaqciebi
gansazRvrulia adrindeli gamocdilebiT.
aracnobieri (Unconscious) _ fsiqikis sfero,
sadac inaxeba cnobierebidan gandevnili, rep-
resirebuli survilebi da primitiuli impul-
sebi
akeTebT da ras aRiqvamT, romlis Sesaxebac
Tqven sruli codna gaqvT, magram arsebobs, aseve,
faruli, latenturi Sinaarsic. nevrotuli
(SfoTviT gamowveuli) simptomebis, sizmrebis,
werilobiTi da metyvelebiTi mcdari qmedebebis
mniSvneloba azrovnebisa da informaciis
gadamuSavebis aracnobier doneze unda veZioT.
dRes bevri fsiqologi aracnobieris am cnebas
froidis yvelaze mniSvnelovan wvlilad miiC-
nevs fsiqologiis mecnierebaSi. agreTve, Tana-
medrove literaturisa da dramaturgiis bevri
nimuSi ikvlevs aracnobieri procesebis gavlenas
adamianis qcevaze.
froidis mixedviT, CvenSi arsebuli impul-
sebi, romlebic CvenTvis miuRebelia, mainc
cdiloben gamoxatvis gzis povnas. froidiseuli
mcdari qmedeba xdeba, rodesac Cveni saubari an
qceva gascems aracnobier survils. magaliTad,
am wignis erT-erTi avtori valdebuli iyo,
samadlobelo baraTi daewera, Tumca is ar iyo
didad kmayofili megobris saxlSi gatarebuli
SabaT-kviriT; igi apirebda, daewera: „mixaria,
rom aseTi magari dro gavatareT erTad~.
miuxedavad amisa, sakmaod usiamovno satelefono
saubris dros megobarma Seatyobina, rom
sinamdvileSi mas dauweria: „mixaria, rom aseTi
nagavi dro gavatareT erTad~.2 xedavT, Tu rogor
SeuZlia „magari~-s „nagavi~-T Secvlas aracno-
bieri survili gamoxatos? aracnobieri moti-
vaciis cneba axal ganzomilebas matebs pi-
rovnebas, ramdenadac uSvebs fsiqikuri funqci-
onirebis ufro did sirTules.
Cven ganvixileT froidis Teoriis zogierTi
ZiriTadi aspeqti. axla vnaxoT, Tu ra wvlili
SeaqvT maT pirovnebis struqturaSi.
pirovnebis struqtura
fsiqodinamikuri Teoriebi
froidis TeoriaSi pirovnuli gansxvavebebi
im gansxvavebuli gzebidan warmoiqmneba,
romlebiTac adamianebi umklavdebian Tavis
ZiriTad ltolvebs. am gansxvavebebis asaxsnelad
froidma warmogvidgina uwyveti brZola
pirovnebis or antagonistur nawils _ idsa da
superegos _ Soris, romelsac aSualebs me-s
mesame aspeqti _ ego. miuxedavad imisa, rom am
sam aspeqts ise ganvixilavT, TiTqos isini
2
`I ’m glad we got to spend a junk of time together~ nacvlad
`I’m glad we got to spend a chunk of time together~. 569
 gancalkevebuli arsebebi iyvnen, gaxsovdeT, rom
froidisTvis isini mxolod gansxvavebul fsi-
qikur procesebs warmoadgendnen; igi ar gan-
sazRvravda gansakuTrebul mdebareobebs tvinSi
idisaTvis, egosaTvis da superegosaTvis.
idi aris ZiriTadi ltolvebis sacavi. is
iracionalurad operirebs, moqmedebs impul-
surad da ubiZgebs gamoxatvisaken da dauyov-
nebeli siamovnebisaken imis gaTvaliswinebis
gareSe, aris Tu ara is, rac mas surs realurad
SesaZlebeli, socialurad sasurveli anda
moralurad misaRebi. ids marTavs siamovnebis
principi, siamovnebis umarTavi Zieba, gansa-
kuTrebiT seqsualuri, fizikuri da emociuri
siamovnebisa, romelic unda iyos gancdili aq
da amJamad, Semdgom Sedegebze zrunvis gareSe.
superego warmoadgens individis mier sazo-
gadoebisagan naswavli Rirebulebebis sacavs,
moraluri damokidebulebebis CaTvliT. super-
ego, uxeSad rom vTqvaT, sindisis zogad cnebas
Seesabameba. is viTardeba, rodesac bavSvi
sakuTar Rirebulebebad iRebs mSoblebis da
sxva ufrosebis akrZalvebs socialurad arasa-
survel qcevasTan dakavSirebiT. es aris unda-s
da ar unda-s Sinagani xma. superego, aseve, moicavs
egos ideals, individis warmodgenas iseT
pirovnebaze, rogoradac Camoyalibebas igi unda
cdilobdes. amdenad, superego xSirad kon-
fliqtSia idTan. ids unda imis gakeTeba, rac
idi (Id) _ pirovnebis primitiuli, aracnobieri
nawili, romelic iracionalurad funqcio-
nirebs da impulsurad moqmedebs siamovnebis
misaRwevad.
superego (Superego) _ pirovnebis aspeqti, rom-
elic warmoadgens sazogadoebrivi Rirebule-
bebis, standartebisa da moralis internali-
zacias.
ego (Ego) _ pirovnebis aspeqti, romelic monawi-
leobs TviTdacvaSi da mimarTavs instinqtur
ltolvebsa da impulsebs Sesabamis arxebSi.
Tavi 14 / pirovneba
represia anu gandevna (Repression) _ ZiriTadi
dacvis meqanizmi, romliTac mtkivneuli an
danaSaulis gancdis gamomwvevi azrebi, grZno-
bebi an mogonebebi ganidevneba cnobierebidan.
egos dacvis meqanizmebi (Ego defence mechanisms)
_ fsiqikuri strategiebi (cnobieri an ara-
cnobieri), romlebsac ego iyenebs cxovrebis
normaluri mimdinareobisas gancdili kon-
fliqtebisagan TavdacvisaTvis.
570
siamovnebas mianiWebs maSin, rodesac superego
daJinebiT iTxovs imis gakeTebas, rac sworia.
ego aris me-s realobaze dafuZnebuli aspeqti,
romelic gansjis, agvarebs konfliqtebs idis
impulsebsa da superegos moTxovnebs Soris.
ego warmoadgens individis pirad Sexedulebebs
fizikur da socialur realobaze, mis cnobier
warmodgenebs qcevis mizezebsa da Sedegebze.
egos saqmianobis nawilia iseTi moqmedebebis
arCeva, romlebic daakmayofilebs idis impulsebs
arasasurveli samomavlo Sedegebis gamowvevis
gareSe. egos marTavs realobis principi, ro-
melic racionalur arCevans siamovnebis miRebis
moTxovnebze maRla ayenebs. amgvarad, ego
Seakavebs gamocdaze motyuebis impulss, am
tyuilSi gamoWeris SemTxvevaSi samomavlo
Sedegze zrunvis gamo, da is Caanacvlebs am
impulss momavalSi ufro kargad swavlis, an
maswavleblis simpaTiis gamowvevis gadawyve-
tilebiT. rodesac idi da superego konfliqtSi
imyofebian, ego iseT kompromiss poulobs,
romelic nawilobriv daakmayofilebs orives;
Tumca, rodesac idis da superegos zewola
Zlierdeba, egosaTvis ufro Zneli xdeba
optimaluri kompromisebis gamoZebna.
represia (gandevna) da egos dacva
xandaxan idsa da superegos Soris kompromisi
idis gegmebis srul CaSlas gulisxmobs. uki-
duresi, eqstremaluri survilebi ganidevnebian
cnobieridan aracnobierSi. represia, anu gan-
devna fsiqologiuri procesia, romelic icavs
individs gamoxatvisaTvis miuRebeli da/an
saxifaTo impulsebis, ideebisa Tu mogonebebis
gamo gancdilis ukiduresi SfoTvisa an
danaSaulis gancdisagan. egom araferi icis
rogorc gandevnili fsiqikuri Sinaarsis, aseve
im procesis Sesaxeb, romliTac represia inaxavs
informacias cnobieris farglebs gareT. rep-
resia ganixileba erT-erT ZiriTad saSualebad
im mravalTa Soris, romlebiTac ego icavs Tavs
muqaris Semcveli impulsebisa da ideebis
mozRvavebisagan.
egos dacvis meqanizmebi aris fsiqikuri
strategiebi, romlebsac ego idis gamoxatvis
maZiebel impulsebsa da superegos mier am
impulsebis uaryofis moTxovnebs Soris arsebuli
yoveldRiuri konfliqtebisagan Tavis dasacavad
iyenebs (ix. cxrili 14.3). fsiqoanalitikur
TeoriaSi iTvleba, rom am meqanizmebs sasi-
cocxlo mniSvneloba aqvT individis fsiqolo-
giur gamklavebaSi Zlier Sinagan konfliq-
tebTan. maTi gamoyenebiT pirovnebas SeuZlia
SeinarCunos sakuTari me-s sasiamovno, mosaxer-
xebeli xati da, aseve, misaRebi socialuri xati.
magaliTad, Tu bavSvs Zlieri siZulvilis
grZnoba aqvs mamis mimarT, romelic, Tu
gamoxatvis gzas naxavs, saxifaTo iqneba, gandevna
moagvarebs amas, SeiZleba sZlios mas. Semdgom
es mtruli impulsi cnobierad aRar iTxovs
dakmayofilebas da misi arsebobac ki ar aris
aRiarebuli. Tumca, miuxedavad imisa, rom
impulsi ar Cans da misi xmac ar ismis, is ar
gaqra; es grZnobebi kvlavac TamaSoben rols
pirovnebis funqcionirebaSi. magaliTad, mamasTan
Zlieri identifikaciiT bavSvma SeiZleba aimaR-
los TviTRirebulebis gancda da Seamciros
aracnobieri SiSi, rom masSi mtrul ganzraxvas
aRmoaCenen.
froidis TeoriaSi SfoTva aris intensiuri
emociuri pasuxi, aRZruli maSin, rodesac
gandevnili konfliqti apirebs cnobierSi
amosvlas. SfoTva xifaTis niSania: _ gandevna
ar muSaobs! inTeba wiTeli Suqi! saWiroa meti
dacva! droa, amoqmeddes dacvis meore xazi, egos
erTi an meti dacvis meqanizmi, romlebic
Seamcireben SfoTvas da gandevnian arasasiamovno
impulsebs ukan aracnobierSi. magaliTad, dedam,
romelsac ar moswons Tavisi vaJiSvili da ar
surs masze zrunva, SeiZleba gamoiyenos reaqciis
formacia, romelic mis miuRebel impulss
sawinaaRmdegoSi gadaiyvans: „me ar mZuls Cemi
bavSvi~ gaxdeba „me miyvars Cemi bavSvi. xedavT,
rogori siyvaruliT vzrunav masze?~ dacvis
aseTi xerxebi SfoTvis SemsubuqebaSi gadamwyvet,
gamklavebis funqcias asruleben.
Tu dacviTi meqanizmebi gvicaven SfoTvisagan,
ratom aris, rom maT mainc SeiZleba uaryofiTi
Sedegebi mogvitanon? ramdenad gamosadegic ar
unda iyvnen isini, egos dacvis meqanizmebi
imTaviTve Tavis motyuebaa. maTi gadaWarbebuli
gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi isini ufro met prob-
lemebs iwveven, vidre wyveten. fsiqologiurad
arajansaRia didi droisa da fsiqikuri energiis
daxarjva miuRebeli impulsebis lavirebaSi,
dafarvasa da sxva arxisken warmarTvaSi SfoTvis
SfoTva (Anxiety) _ intensiuri emociuri reaqcia,
gamowveuli winarecnobieri aRqmiT imisa, rom
represirebuli konfliqti apirebs cnobie-
rebaSi amosvlas.

cxrili
14.3
egos dacvis mTavari meqanizmi
realobis uaryofa me-s dacva arasasiamovno realobisagan mis aRqmaze uaris TqmiT
Canacvleba Sekavebuli grZnobebis (rogoricaa, magaliTad, mtruloba) gadatana imaze nakleb saxifaTo
obieqtze, romelmac Tavidan gamoiwvia emocia;
fantazia frustrirebuli survilebis dakmayofileba warmosaxul miRwevebSi (gavrcelebuli
formaa „ocneba~);
identifikacia TviTRirebulebis grZnobis gaZliereba sxva (cnobil) adamianTan an sazogadoebasTan
identifikaciiT;
izolacia saziano situaciidan emociuri muxtis moSoreba an SeuTavsebeli damokidebulebis
fsiqodinamikuri Teoriebi

danawevreba logikurad dakavSirebul nawilebad (SeCereba konfliqturi

damokidebulebebisa, romlebic arasodes warmogvidgeboda, rogorc erTdrouli an
erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli). aseve uwodeben danawevrebas;
proeqcia sakuTari sirTuleebisaTvis bralis sxvebze gadatana an sakuTari „akrZaluli~
survilebis sxvebisaTvis mikuTvneba;
racionalizacia imis damtkicebis mcdeloba, rom sakuTari qceva „racionaluria~ da gamarTlebadi da,
amdenad, sakuTarsa da sxvebis mowonebas imsaxurebs;
reaqciis formacia saxifaTo survilebis gamoxatvis SeCereba sawinaaRmdego damokidebulebisa da qcevis
tipebis ganxorcielebiT da maTi rogorc `barierebis~ gamoyenebiT;
regresia ganviTarebis adreul doneze dabruneba, rac gulisxmobs ufro bavSvur pasuxebsa da,
rogorc wesi, aspiraciis ufro dabal dones;
represia mtkivneuli an saxifaTo azrebis gandevna cnobieridan, maTi aracnobierSi Senaxva. es
iTvleba yvelaze Zireul dacvis meqanizmad;
sublimacia frustrirebuli seqsualuri survilebis dakmayofileba an maTgan ganTavisufleba
kulturaSi socialurad miRebuli CanacvlebiTi araseqsualuri moqmedebebiT.
571
 Semcirebis mizniT. aseTi qmedeba cota energias
tovebs produqtuli cxovrebisaTvis da damak-
mayofilebeli adamianuri urTierTobebisTvis.
zogierTi fsiqikuri daavadeba SfoTvis Sem-
cirebisaTvis dacvis meqnizmebis gadaWarbebuli
gamoyenebis Sedegia, rogorc fsiqikuri aSli-
lobebisadmi miZRvnil TavSi vnaxavT.
froidis Teoriis Sefaseba
Cven didi adgili davuTmeT fsiqoanali-
tikuri Teoriis aRweras, radgan froidis ideebs
uzarmazari gavlena hqonda imaze, Tu ras
fiqrobs mravali fsiqologi pirovnebis nor-
maluri da paTologiuri aspeqtebis Sesaxeb,
Tumca, froidis cnebebs ufro meti kritikosi
hyavs fsiqologTa Soris, vidre momxre. ras
efuZneba maTi kritika?
pirvel rigSi, fsiqoanalitikuri cnebebi
bundovania da ar aris operaciulad gansazRvru-
li; rTulia Teoriis didi nawilis mecnieru-
lad Sefaseba, radgan SeuZlebelia zogierTi
misi centraluri hipoTezis uaryofa da, amdenad,
froidis Teoria saeWvo xdeba. rogor unda iyos
pirdapiri gziT Seswavlili cnebebi libido,
pirovnebis struqtura da infantiluri seqsua-
luri impulsebis represia?
meore, amave sakiTxTan dakavSirebuli kritika
isaa, rom froidis Teoria warmoadgens karg
monaTxrobs, magram cud mecnierebas. is sandod
ver winaswarmetyvelebs, ra moxdeba; is retros-
peqtulad gamoiyeneba mas Semdeg, rac movlenebi
moxda. pirovnebis gagebisaTvis fsiqoanaliti-
kuri Teoriis gamoyeneba, rogorc wesi, moicavs
istoriul rekonstruqcias da ara _ SesaZlebeli
moqmedebebis da winaswarmetyvelebadi Sedegebis
mecnierul konstruqcias. garda amisa, mimdinare
qcevis istoriuli warmoSobis gadaWarbebuli
xazgasmiT es Teoria ar uTmobs yuradRebas
Tavi 14 / pirovneba
amJamindel stimulebs, romlebic SeiZleba
iwvevdnen da inarCunebdnen qcevas.
arsebobs froidis Teoriis kidev sami mTavari
kritika: pirveli _ is ganviTarebis Teoriaa,
magram arasodes moicavda bavSvebze dakvirvebebsa
da kvlevebs; meore _ travmatuli gamocdilebis
(rogoricaa bavSvebis Seuracxyofa) Sesaxeb
mogonebebis reinterpretaciiT da maTTvis fanta-
ziebis darqmeviT (rac efuZneba bavSvis mSobel-
572
Tan seqsualuri kontaqtis survils) mas mini-
mumamde dahyavs am gamocdilebis mniSvneloba;
mesame _ am Teorias androcentruli (mamakacze-
centrirebuli) gadaxra aqvs, radganac is normad
kacis models iyenebs da arc ki cdilobs,
gansazRvros, Tu ra gansxvaveba SeiZleba arse-
bobdes qalebis SemTxvevaSi.
miuxedavad zemoTqmulisa, froidis Teoriis
zogierTi aspeqti axlac aRiarebulia, ramdena-
dac isini modificirda da gaumjobesda empiri-
uli kvlevebis Sedegad. magaliTad, me-6 TavSi
vnaxeT, rom Tanamedrove mecnierebi sistematurad
ikvleven aracnobieris cnebas (Baars & McGovern,
1996; Westen, 1998). es kvlevebi aCvenebs, rom
Cveni yoveldRiuri gamocdilebis did nawils
Cveni cnobierebis miRma myofi procesebi
ayalibeben. es Sedegebi adasturebs froidis
zogad koncefcias, magram asustebs kavSirs
aracnobier procesebsa da fsiqopaTologias
Soris: _ aracnobieri codna sulac ar gamoiw-
vevs SfoTvas an tanjvas. aseve, mkvlevrebma
daadastures fsiqikis zogierTi Cvevis arseboba,
romlebsac froidma dacvis meqanizmebi uwoda
(Hentschel et al., 1993; Singer, 1990).
saidan
viciT
individualuri gansxvavebebi dacvis
meqanizmebis gamoyenebaSi
zemoT davuSviT, rom mosalodnelia,
individebma gamoiyenon dacvis meqanizmebi
maSin, rodesac isini SfoTvas ganicdian.
mkvlevrebma es hipoTeza mravalferovani
meTodebiT Seamowmes. erT-erTi mkvlevari
swavlobda im xarisxs, romliTac axal-
gazrda mozrdili (23 wlis) adamianebis
jgufma miaRwia zrdasrulobis stabilur
identobas (gaixseneT me-11 Tavidan, rom
erik eriksonis mixedviT, identobis gan-
sazRvra aris „krizisi~, romelic adamia-
nebma mozardobis dasrulebisaTvis unda
gadalaxon). am jgufis zogierT individs
miRweuli hqonda identuroba, zogi ki jer
kidev krizisis mdgomareobaSi iyo. Tu es
krizisi SfoTvas iwvevs, Cveni molodini
unda yofiliyo, rom krizisSi myofi jgufi
ufro xSirad gamoiyenebda dacvis meqaniz-

mebs. am hipoTezis Sesamowmeblad, mkvlevari
sTxovda axalgazrdebs, SeeTxzaT moTxro-
bebi Tematuri apercefciis testis bara-
Tebze dayrdnobiT (ix. Tavi 12). cdis pirTa
monaTxrobebi gaaanalizes iseTi dacvis
meqanizmebis aRmosaCenad, rogoricaa uar-
yofa da proeqcia (ix. cxrili 14.3). ana-
lizma daadastura hipoTeza: _ im indi-
videbis SemTxvevaSi, visac jer miRweuli
ar hqonda identoba, TvalsaCino iyo meti
midrekileba dacvis meqanizmebis gamoyene-
bisaken (Cramer, 1997).
me-13 TavSi aRwerili stresis daZlevis zo-
gierTi stili dacvis meqanizmebis zogad
kategoriaSi xvdeba. Tqven SeiZleba gaixsenoT,
rom pirovnul travmebTan, danaSaulis an
sircxvilis gamocdilebasTan dakavSirebuli
azrebisa da grZnobebis Sekavebam SeiZleba gama-
nadgurebeli zemoqmedeba moaxdinos fsiqikur
da fizikur janmrTelobaze (Pennebaker, 1990; Petrie
et al., 1998). es aRmoCenebi exmaureba froidis
mosazrebebs, rom represirebul fsiqikur
masalas SeuZlia fsiqikuri distresis gamowveva.
froidis Teoria normaluri da paTologiuri
pirovnebis funqcionirebis Sesaxeb yvelaze ufro
rTuli, yovlismomcveli da daumarcxebeli
xedvaa maSinac ki, rodesac misi winaswarmetyve-
lebebi mcdaria. yvela sxva Teoriis msgavsad,
froidis Teorias saukeTesod epyrobian, rogorc
Teorias, romelic unda dadasturdes, an ar
dadasturdes misi Semadgeneli elementebis
mixedviT. froidi inarCunebs gavlenas Tana-
medrove fsiqologiaze, radgan zogi misi idea
farTodaa miRebuli, sxvebi ki uaryofil iqna.
misi Teoriis zogierTi adreuli revizia misi
studentebis wreSi daiwyo. vnaxoT, Tu rogor
cdilobdnen isini froidis mosazrebebis Ses-
worebas.
post-froidistuli Teoriebi
zogierTma maTganma, vinc froidis Semdeg
movida kvleviT asparezze, SeinarCuna pirovnebis
miseuli xedva, rogorc brZolis velisa, ro-
melzec aracnobieri sawyisi impulsebi ebrZvian
socialur Rirebulebebs, Tumca, froidis inte-
leqtualuri STamomavlebidan bevrma Seitana
koreqtivebi pirovnebis fsiqoanalitikur
xedvaSi. zogadad, am post-froidianelebma
Semdegi cvlilebebi Semoitanes:
maT meti aqcenti gaakeTes egos funqciebze,
egos dacvebis, me-s ganviTarebis, cnobieri
azrovnebis procesebisa da pirovnebis Zalauf-
lebis CaTvliT;
maTi azriT, socialuri cvladebi (kul-
tura, ojaxi da Tanatolebi) ufro did rols
TamaSoben pirovnebis CamoyalibebaSi;
isini nakleb aqcents akeTeben zogadi seq-
sualuri impulsebis, anu libidos energiis
mniSvnelobaze;
maT pirovnebis ganviTareba bavSvobis miRma
mTeli sicocxlis manZilze ganavrces.
Cven mimovixilavT alfred adleris, karen
hornis da karl iungis Teoriebis sakvanZo
debulebebs.
alfred adlerma (Alfred Adler, 1929) uaryo
erosisa da siamovnebis principis mniSvneloba.
adleris azriT, umweo, sxvebze damokidebuli
patara bavSvis msgavsad, yvela adamiani ganicdis
inferiorobis (anu arasrulfasovnebis) grZno-
bas. is amtkicebda, rom yvelas cxovrebaSi domi-
nirebs am grZnobis daZlevis gzebis Zieba. ada-
mianebi axdenen am grZnobis kompensacias adek-
vaturobis grZnobis miRweviT an, ufro xSirad,
gadaWarbebiT kompensacias superiorobis (anu
Warbi TviTSefasebis) miRwevis mcdelobiT.
pirovneba struqturirebulia am miswrafebis
irgvliv; adamianebi cxovrebis stils inferio-
robis bazisuri, yovlismomcveli grZnobis daZ-
levis konkretul gzebze dayrdnobiT aviTareben.
pirovnebis konfliqti Cndeba eqsternaluri
garemoebebis zewolasa da adekvaturobisaken
internalur miswrafebas Soris SeuTavseblobis
fsiqodinamikuri Teoriebi
gamo da ara adamianis SigniT SejibrebaSi myofi
impulsebis gamo.
karen horni (Karen Horney) fsiqoanalitikur
skolaSi aRizarda, magram ramdenime mimarTule-
biT ganudga orTodoqsul froidistul Teorias.
igi daupirispirda froidis falocentristul
aqcents penisis mniSvnelobaze da Seqmna Teoria,
romlis mixedviTac mamakacuri Suri orsulobis,
dedobis, mkerdisa da ZuZuTi kvebis mimarT
biWebisa da kacebis aracnobieris dinamikur
Zalas warmoadgens. am „saSvilosnos Surs~ mih-
yavs mamakacebi qalebis gaufasurebisken da
573

kreatul muSaobaze mimarTuli aracnobieri
impulsebiT gadaWarbebuli kompensaciisaken.
hornim, aseve, froidze metad gausva xazi kul-
turul faqtorebs da yuradReba gaamaxvila
amJamindeli xasiaTis struqturaze da ara _
infantilur seqsualobaze (Horney, 1937, 1939).
vinaidan hornim humanisturi Teoriebis ganviTa-
rebazec moaxdina gavlena, mis ideebs Semdeg
qveTavSi davubrundebiT.
karl iungma (Carl Jung, 1959) didad gaafarTova
aracnobieris cneba. misTvis aracnobieri ar
iyo SezRuduli individis unikaluri cxov-
rebiseuli gamocdilebiT, aramed, aseve, aRsav-
se iyo Zireuli fsiqologiuri WeSmaritebebiT,
romelsac mTeli adamianuri rasa iziarebs,
koleqtiuri aracnobieriT. koleqtiuri aracno-
bieri xsnis Tqven mier primitiuli miTebis,
koleqtiuri aracnobieri (Collective unconscious)
Tavi 14 / pirovneba
_ individis aracnobieris nawili, romelic
Tandayolilia, evoluciuradaa Camoyalibebuli
da saerToa saxeobis yvela warmomadgenlisaTvis.
arqetipi (Archetype) _ konkretuli gamocdile-
bisa Tu obieqtis universaluri, Tandayolili,
primitiuli da simboluri warmodgena.
analitikuri fsiqologia (Analytic pshycology) _
fsiqologiis mimarTuleba, romelic pirovnebas
ganixilavs, rogorc dinamikur balansSi myofi
574 kompensatoruli Sinagani Zalebis konstelacias.
xelovnebis formebisa da simboloebis intuitur
gagebas, romlebic yofis universalur arqetipebs
warmoadgenen. arqetipi aris konkretuli gamoc-
dilebis an obieqtis primitiuli simboluri
warmodgena, reprezentacia. yoveli arqetipi
asocirebulia mis Sesaxeb grZnobisa da fiqris,
an misi gansakuTrebuli gziT gancdis instin-
qtur tendenciasTan. iungma mravali arqetipi
moiyvana istoriidan da miTologiidan: mze Rmer-
Ti, gmiri, dedamiwa. animusi iyo mamrobiTi arqe-
tipi maSin, rodesac anima _ mdedrobiTi da
yvela qali da kaci ganicdida orive arqetips
gansxvavebuli xarisxiT. me-s arqetipia mandala,
anu jadosnuri wre, romelic simbolurad asa-
xavs erTianobisa da mTlianobisken swrafvas
(Jung, 1973).
iungs janmrTeli, integrirebuli pirovneba
warmoedgina, rogorc iseTi urTierTsawinaaR-
mdego Zalebis balansireba, rogoricaa masku-
linuri agresia da femininuri mgrZnobiaroba.
pirovnebis, rogorc dinamikur balansSi myofi
kompensatoruli Sinagani Zalebis konstelaciis,
xedvas analitikuri fsiqologia ewoda. garda
amisa, iungma uaryo libidos pirveladi mniS-
vneloba, romelic esoden centraluri iyo
froidis TeoriisaTvis. man daamata ori Tanabrad
Zlieri aracnobieri instinqti: qmnis, kreatu-
lobis moTxovnileba da koherentul, mTlian
individad Camoyalibebis moTxovnileba. Semdeg
qveTavSi humanisturi Teoriebis Sesaxeb vnaxavT
am meore moTxovnilebis paralels TviTaqtuali-
zaciis cnebaSi.
Sejameba
froidis fsiqoanalitikuri Teoria yuradRe-
bas amaxvilebs ideaze, rom yvela qceva motivire-
bulia da motivacia xSirad aracnobier doneze
operirebs. libido warmoadgens motivaciis
mniSvnelovan wyaros. pirovnebis ganviTarebasTan
erTad seqsualuri energia gamoixateba eroge-
nuli zonebis TanmimdevrobiT. im pacientebis
SeswavliT, romelTa simptomebi adreuli
cxovrebis movlenebs asaxavdnen, froidma
Camoayaliba fsiqikuri determinizmis Teoria.
misi Teoriis mixedviT, superegos moraluri
winamZRoloba da egos realuri bazisi cdi-
loben, Seamciron idis Seupovari miswrafeba
seqsualuri, emociuri da fizikuri siamovne-
bisaken. egos dacvis meqanizmebi SesaZleblobas
aZleven pirovnebas, daZlios Zlieri Sinagani
konfliqtebiT gamowveuli SfoTva. miuxedavad
imisa, rom froidis Teoriis bevrma aspeqtma
ver gauZlo kritikas, aracnobierisa da dacvis
meqanizmebis msgavsma cnebebma aRiareba pova
mraval fsiqologs Soris. froidis mimdevrebma,
rogorebic arian: adleri, horni da iungi, misi
Teoriis ramdenime Sesworeba da damateba
SemogvTavazes.
humanisturi Teoriebi
pirovnebisadmi humanisturi midgoma xasiaT-
deba individis piradi da cnobieri gamoc-
dilebis integraciisa da zrdis potencialis
mimarT interesiT. yvela humanisturi Teoriis
ZiriTadi niSania yuradRebis gamaxvileba TviT-
aqtualizaciisaken swrafvaze; TviTaqtualizacia
ki mudmivi swrafvaa sakuTari arsebuli poten-
cialis realizaciisaken _ unarebis da niWis
srulad ganviTarebisaken. am qveTavSi naxavT,
Tu rogor Camoayalibes humanisturi Teoriis
mimdevrebma TviTaqtualizaciis es cneba. garda
amisa, TqvenTvis naTeli gaxdeba, Tu ra damate-
biTi niSnebi ganasxvaveben humanistur Teoriebs
pirovnebis Teoriebis sxva tipebisagan.
humanisturi Teoriebis niSnebi
pirovnebis humanisturi Teoriis mimdevrebis
azriT, rogorebic arian karl rojersi, abraham
maslou da karen horni, qcevis motivacia
momdinareobs pirovnebis unikaluri (rogorc
Tandayolili, ise SeZenili) tendenciebidan,
ganviTardes da Seicvalos TviTaqtualizaciis
miznisaken mimavali dadebiTi mimarTulebebiT.
gaixseneT me-12 Tavidan, rom masloum TviTaq-
tualizacia Tavisi moTxovnilebebis ierarqiis
kenweroSi moaTavsa. TviTganxorcielebisaken
swrafva konstruqtuli warmmarTveli Zalaa,
romelic zogadad yovel adamians dadebiTi
qcevisaken da me-s srulyofisaken mimarTavs.
TviTaqtualizaciisken swrafva xandaxan
konfliqtSi modis sakuTari da sxvebis mowonebis
moTxovnilebasTan, gansakuTrebiT maSin, ro-
desac adamiani grZnobs, rom mowonebis damsa-
xurebisTvis garkveul movaleobebsa Tu pirobebs
unda akmayofilebdes. magaliTad, karl rojersi
(Carl Rogers, 1947, 1951, 1977) xazs usvams upirobo
dadebiTi ganwyobis mniSvnelobas bavSvebis
aRzrdis dros. igi Tvlida, rom bavSvebma unda
igrZnon, rom isini yovelTvis eyvarebaT da
moewonebaT, miuxedavad maTi Secdomebisa da
cudi qcevisa; rom maT ar sWirdebaT Tavisi
mSoblebis siyvarulis damsaxureba. misi reko-
mendaciiT, rodesac bavSvi cudad iqceva, mSob-
lebma xazi unda gausvan, rom maT qceva ar
moswonT da ara _ TviTon bavSvi. upirobo
dadebiTi ganwyoba mniSvnelovania zrdasrul
asakSic, radganac nerviuloba imis Sesaxeb,
movwonvarT sxvebs Tu ara, xels uSlis TviTa-
qtualizacias. rogorc mozrdil adamians, Tqven
gWirdebaT gasceT da miiRoT upirobo dadebiTi
ganwyoba im adamianebisagan, visTanac axlos
xarT. rac yvelaze mniSvnelovania, saWiroa
grZnobdeT upirobo dadebiT TviTpativiscemas,
anu sakuTari Tavis mimReblobas, miuxedavad im
sisusteebisa, romelTa Secvlas SeiZleba cdi-
lobT.
miuxedavad imisa, rom mas xSirad ar miageben
saTanado pativs, karen horni kidev erTi cen-
traluri Teoretikosia, romlis ideebmac gana-
piroba humanisturi fsiqologiis dafuZneba
(Frager & Fadiman, 1998). horni darwmunda, rom
adamianebs aqvT „namdvili me~, romelic aqtuali-
zaciisaTvis xelSemwyob iseT garemo pirobebs
moiTxovs, rogoricaa: siTbos atmosfero, sxvebis
keTilganwyoba da mSoblebis siyvaruli bavSvis,
rogorc „konkretuli individis~ mimarT (Horney,
1945, 1950). rodesac ar arsebobs aRzrdis aseTi
xelSemwyobi pirobebi, bavSvi aviTarebs bazisur
SfoTvas, romelic akavebs realuri grZnobebis
gamoxatvis spontanurobas da xels uSlis
sxvebTan efeqtur urTierTobas. Tavisi bazisuri
humanisturi Teoriebi
TviTaqtualizacia (Self-actualization) _ pirovnebis
fsiqologiis cneba, romelic exeba adamianis
mudmiv swrafvas sakuTari potencialis reali-
zaciisaken da Tandayolili niWisa da unarebis
ganviTarebisaken.
upirobo dadebiTi ganwyoba (Unconditional posi-
tive regard) _ individis sruli siyvaruli da
mimRebloba sxva adamianis mier, magaliTad,
bavSvisa mSoblis mier, yvelanairi pirobis
gareSe.
575
 SfoTvis dasaZlevad individebi interper-
sonaluri an intrafsiqikur dacvebs mimarTaven.
interpersonaluri dacvebi warmoqmnian moZra-
obas sxvebisken (rac gamoixateba gadaWarbebuli
TanxmobisaTvis mzaobisa da TviTSekavebiTi
moqmedebebis meSveobiT), sxvebis winaaRmdeg (rac
gamoixateba agresiuli, ampartavani, an narcisis-
tuli gadawyvetilebebiT) an sxvebisagan (rac
gamoixateba gankerZoebulobis meSveobiT). in-
trafsiqikuri dacvebi muSaoben, raTa Camoaya-
libon ararealuri idealizebuli me-s xati,
romelsac Sedegad mosdevs „didebis Zieba~ am
xatis gasamarTleblad da siamayis sistema,
romelic eqvemdebareba qcevis rigidul wesebs,
raTa Seesabamebodes am grandiozul TviTSefa-
sebas. aseTi adamianebi xSirad „unda-s tiraniis~
qveS cxovroben da sakuTari Tavis mimarT
wayenebuli aqvT iseTi movaleobebi, rogoricaa:
„me srulyofili, keTilSobili, mimzidveli,
mamaci unda viyo~ da a.S. hornis azriT, humanis-
turi Terapiis mizani iyo, daxmareboda individs
TviTrealizaciis miRwevaSi da xeli Seewyo
adamianis bunebaSi Tandayolili konstruqciuli
ZalebisaTvis, romlebic exmarebian TviTgan-
xorcielebisaken swrafvas.
TviTaqtualizacia, anu namdvili me-s mimar-
TulebiT progresis aqcentireba warmoadgens
maslous, rojersisa da hornis Teoriebis mniS-
vnelovan aspeqts. garda amisa, humanisturi
Teoriebi aRweril iqna, rogorc holisturi,
dispoziciuri, fenomenologiuri da egzistencia-
luri. vnaxoT, ra aris amis mizezi.
humanisturi Teoriebi holisturia, radgan
adamianebis calkeul qmedebebs mTliani pirov-
nebebis terminebiT xsnian. adamianebi ar ganixi-
lebian, rogorc jami calkeuli niSnebisa, rom-
lebic saTiTaod axdenen sxvadasxvagvar gavlenas
qcevaze. maslous azriT, adamianebi arsebiTad
motivirebulni arian moTxovnilebebis ierarqiis
Tavi 14 / pirovneba
ufro maRali doneebisaken (rac ganxilul iqna
me-12 TavSi), Tu ufro dabal doneze aRmoce-
nebulma defeqtebma ar CamoqaCes isini dabla.
humanisturi Teoriebi dispoziciuria, radgan
isini adamianis Tandayolil Tvisebebze fokusir-
deba, romlebic mTavar gavlenas axdenen qcevis
mimarTulebaze. situaciuri faqtorebi ganixi-
leba, rogorc sirTuleebi da barierebi (rogorc
Zafebi, romlebic qvemoT aCereben mibmul buS-
576 tebs). rodesac aqtualizaciis tendencia
gaTavisufldeba uaryofiTi situaciuri pirobe-
bisagan, man aqtiurad unda warmarTos adamianebi
sasargeblo, dadebiTad moqmedi situaciebis
arCevisaken. Tumca, humanisturi Teoriebi ar aris
dispoziciuri im gagebiT, romliTac _ niSnis
anda fsiqodinamikuri Teoriebi. am ukanaskneli
Sexedulebebis mixedviT, pirovnuli dispoziciebi
qcevaSi kvlav da kvlav warmoCenili ganmeorebadi
Temebia. humanisturi dispoziciebi specifikurad
mimarTulia kreatulobisa da zrdisaken. yovel
jerze, rodesac humanisturi dispozicia
xorcieldeba, pirovneba odnav icvleba, ase rom,
dispozicia arasodes gamoixateba orjer, erTi
da imave saxiT. droTa ganmavlobaSi humanistur
dispoziciebs mihyavT individi TviTaqtuali-
zaciisaken, am motivebis yvelaze wminda gamo-
humanisturi Teoriebi fenomenologiuria, radgan
isini xazs usvamen individis Tvalsazriss da
realobis subieqtur xedvas da ara damkvirveb-
lisa Tu Terapevtis obieqtur mosazrebas. ase
rom, humanisturi fsiqologi yovelTvis cdilobs
yoveli adamianis unikaluri Sexedulebis danax-
vas. es xedva awmyoze orientirebuli xedvacaa;
warsuli gavlenebi mniSvnelovania mxolod im
TvalsazrisiT, rom maT adamiani dRevandel
situaciamde moiyvanes, xolo momavali warmoad-
gens misaRwev miznebs. amdenad, fsiqodinamikuri
Teoriebisgan gansxvavebiT, humanisturi Teoriebi
ar Tvlian, rom adamianebis awmyo qcevas
aracnobierad warmarTavs warsuli gamocdileba.
dabolos, iseTi mecnieris azriT, rogoricaa
rolo mei (Rollo May, 1975), humanistur Teoriebs
aqvT egzistencialuri aspeqti; isini yuradRebas
amaxvileben maRal fsiqikur procesebze, rom-
lebic xsnian mimdinare gamocdilebas da sa-
Sualebas aZleven individs Seesabamebodes, an
daTrgunul iqnes yofierebis yoveldRiuri
problemebiT. es egzistencialuri perspeqtiva
momdinareobs rogorc literaturuli, ise
filosofiuri tradiciebidan, romlebic mas
farTo mimzidvelobas aniWeben mravali Tanamed-
rove mecnierisa da klinicistisTvis (Schneider
& May, 1995).
pirovnebis optimisturi humanisturi xedva
sasiamovno siaxle iyo mravali fsiqologisaT-
vis, romlebic froidiseuli medicinis „momwaro
dietaze~ aRizardnen. humanisturi midgomebi
fokusirdeba gaumjobesebaze an imaze, rom cxov-
reba ufro advilad mosanelebeli, misaRebi
gaxdes, da ara mtkivneuli mogonebebis gamoqeq-
vaze, romlebic xandaxan umjobesia gandevnili
darCes. humanisturi Tvalsazrisi xazs usvams
yoveli adamianis SesaZleblobas, moaxdinos
Tavisi sruli potencialis realizacia.
humanisturi Teoriebis
Sefaseba
froidis Teorias xSirad akritikebdnen zed-
metad pesimisturi SexedulebisaTvis, rom ada-
mianis buneba viTardeba konfliqtebidan, travme-
bidan da SfoTvebidan. humanisturi Teoriebi
jansaRi pirovnebis gansadideblad gaCnda,
romelic bednierebisaken da TviTaqtuali-
zaciisaken miiltvis. Znelia, gaakritiko Teo-
riebi, romlebic waaxaliseben da afaseben ada-
mianebs, Tundac maTi Secdomebis gamo. da mainc,
kritikosebi Civian, rom humanisturi Teoriebi
bundovani da Znelad misawvdomia kvlevisaTvis.
isini svamen kiTxvas: „dazustebiT ra aris TviT-
aqtualizacia? es Tandayolili tendenciaa Tu
kulturuli konteqstiTaa Seqmnili?~ humanis-
turi Teoriebi ar amaxvileben yuradRebas indi-
videbis konkretul maxasiaTeblebze; isini ufro
metad warmoadgenen Teoriebs adamianis bunebis
da im Tvisebebis Sesaxeb, romlebic yvela
adamianisTvis saerToa, vidre Teoriebs individu-
aluri pirovnebis Sesaxeb, an adamianTa Soris
gansxvavebebis safuZvlebis Sesaxeb. sxva fsiqo-
logebi aRniSnaven, rom me-s, rogorc gamocdi-
lebisa da qmedebis wyaros, rolis xazgasmiT
humanisturi Teoriebi uaryofen garemos mniSvne-
lovan cvladebs, romlebic aseve axdenen qcevaze
gavlenas.
am SezRudvebis miuxedavad, humanisturi
tradiciidan nawilobriv momdinareobs Tanamed-
rove kvlevis erTi tipi, romelic uSualod
koncentrirdeba individualur moTxrobebze, anu
cxovrebis istoriebze (Baumeister, 1994; McAdams,
1996; Rosenwald & Ochberg, 1992). fsiqobiografiis
Sesadgenad individis cxovrebis detalebis
gagebaSi fsiqologiuri Teoriis gamoyenebis
tradiciis sawyiss SeiZleba froidis mier leo-
nardo da vinCis analizSi mivakvlioT (Freud,
1910/957; ix. Elms, 1988, froidis naSromis kriti-
kisaTvis). fsiqobiografia ganisazRvreba, ro-
gorc „fsiqologiuri (gansakuTrebiT, pirov-
nebis) Teoriis sistematuri gamoyeneba cxovrebis
Tanmimdevrul da gasageb ambad gardaqmnisaTvis~
(McAdams, 1988, gv. 2). ganvixiloT didi mxatvris,
pablo pikasos Sesaxeb arsebuli informacia:
pikasom bavSvobaSi ramdenime travma ganicada,
seriozuli miwisZvrisa da umcrosi dis sikvdi-
lis CaTvliT. fsiqobiografiam SeiZleba pikasos
udidesi mxatvruli Semoqmedebis garkveuli
nawilis axna scados, rogorc am adreul trav-
mebze misi pasuxebis samudamo danaleqi (Gardner,
1993).
rodesac ganTqmuli an istoriuli figura
fsiqobiografiis sagani xdeba, mkvlevarma SeiZ-
leba gamoqveynebul Sromebs, dRiurebs da
werilebs mimarTos, rogorc sando monacemebis
wyaroebs. ufro Cveulebrivi individebis Sem-
TxvevaSi, mkvlevrebma SeiZleba pirdapir gamo-
kiTxon cxovrebis gamocdilebebis Sesaxeb;
magaliTad, cdis pirs SeiZleba sTxovon, isa-
ubros ukanaskneli Zlieri gamocdilebis Sesaxeb:
„ras fiqrobdiT da grZnobdiT? ra SeuZlia am
epizods mogviTxros imis Sesaxeb, Tu vin xarT
Tqven, vin iyaviT, vin SeiZleba iyoT, an rogor
ganviTardiT droTa ganmavlobaSi?~ (McAdams &
de St. Aubin, 1992, gv. 1010). damaxasiaTebeli Temebi,
romlebic TxrobiTi angariSebis seriebSi
vlindeba, mxars uWers adreuli humanistebis
mier wamoyenebul pirovnebis holistur da
fenomenologiur versiebs _ adamianebi Tavis
identobas calkeuli moTxrobebis cxovrebis
ambad gaerTianebis gziT ageben. piradi angariSebi
fanjaraa, romlidanac SeiZleba davinaxoT, Tu
ra warmodgena aqvT adamianebs sakuTari Tavisa
da interpersonaluri urTierTobebis Sesaxeb
(Harvey et al., 1990; Shotter, 1984).
humanisturi Teoriebis mimdevrebi aqcents
akeTebdnen TiToeuli individis swrafvaze TviT-
aqtualizaciisaken, Tumca, aRiarebdnen, rom
adamianebis warmateba am miznis miRwevaSi, nawi-
humanisturi Teoriebi
lobriv, gansazRvrulia maTi garemos realiebiT.
axla ganvixilavT Teoriebs, romlebic uSualod
exebian individebis qcevas, romelic maTi
garemos gavleniT yalibdeba.
fsiqobiografia (Psychobiography) _ fsiqolo-
giuri (gansakuTrebiT pirovnebis) Teoriis ga-
moyeneba individis cxovrebiseuli mimarTu-
lebis aRwerisa da axsnisaTvis.
577

Sejameba
humanisturi Teoriis mimdevrebi, rogorebic
arian maslou, rojersi da horni, Tvlidnen,
rom qceva motivirebulia pozitiuri gziT
ganviTarebisa da cvlilebis bazisuri surviliT,
rac TviTaqtualizaciisaken moZraobas gulis-
xmobs. pirovnebis humanisturi Teoriebi ho-
listuria, dispoziciuri, fenomenologiuri da
egzistencialuri. kritikosebis azriT, humanis-
turi Teoriebis zogi centraluri cneba cudad
aris gansazRvruli; es Teoriebi ar iTvalis-
winebs adamianebis cxovrebaze garemos gavlenas.
Tanamedrove mecnierebi agrZeleben humanistur
tradicias im xerxebze fokusirebiT, romlebi-
Tac individebi qmnian Tanmimdevrul mTlian
suraTs Tavisi cxovrebis mravali epizodisagan.
socialuri daswavlis da
kognituri Teoriebi
Cven mier aqamde ganxiluli yvela Teorii-
saTvis saerToa aqcenti hipoTetur Sinagan
meqanizmebze _ niSnebze, instinqtebze, impulseb-
ze, TviTaqtualizaciisaken swrafvaze, romlebic
biZgs aZleven qcevas da warmoqmnian funqcionire-
badi pirovnebis baziss. miuxedavad amisa, rac
aklia am Teoriebis umetesobas, esaa myari kavSiri
pirovnebasa da konkretul qcevas Soris. maga-
liTad, fsiqodinamikuri da humanisturi Teo-
riebi gvawvdian monacemebs mTliani pirovnebis
Sesaxeb, magram ar winaswarmetyveleben speci-
fikur qmedebebs. pirovnebis Teoriis kidev erTi
mimarTuleba imis safuZvelze warmoiSva, rom
yuradReba gamaxvilda qcevaSi individualur
gansxvavebebze. gaixseneT me-7 Tavidan, rom ada-
mianis qcevis didi nawili SeiZleba garemos
Tavi 14 / pirovneba
ganvixiloT pirovnebis bihevioristuli kon-
cefcia, romelic ielis universitetis fsiqo-
logebis gundma Seqmna jon dolardisa da nil
mileris meTaurobiT (John Dollard, Neal Miller, 1950).
dolardma da milerma Semoitanes iseTi cnebebi,
rogorebicaa: daswavlili ltolvebi, pasuxebis
Sekaveba da daswavlili qcevis paternebi.
froidis msgavsad, maT xazi gausves daZabulobis
da daZabulobis Semcirebis ganmamtkicebeli
(siamovnebis momgvreli) Sedegebis motivaciuri
Zalebis rols. organizmebi moqmedeben, raTa
Seamciron daukmayofilebeli moTxovnilebebiT
gamowveuli daZabuloba. is qceva, romelic
warmatebiT amcirebs aseT daZabulobebs, meor-
deba da droTa ganmavlobaSi daswavlil Cvevad
gadaiqceva, romelic ganmtkicebulia ganmeo-
rebiTi daZabulobis SemcirebiT. dolardma da
milerma, aseve, aCvenes, rom adamianma SeiZleba
iswavlos socialuri imitaciis (mibaZvis) gziT,
anu sxvebis qcevaze dakvirvebiT ise, rom sapasuxo
qmedebis faqtobrivad ganxorcielebis auci-
lebloba ar iqmneba. warmoidgineT, rom patara
biWi xedavs, rom mis ufros das kanfets aZleven,
rodesac is mirbis saxlSi dabrunebuli mamis
Sesaxvedrad; umcrosma Zmam SeiZleba imave qcevis
ganxorcieleba daiwyos. imitaciis ideam gaafar-
Tova is gzebi, romlebiTac, fsiqologebis war-
modgeniT, daiswavleba efeqturi an destruqci-
uli qceva. pirovneba warmogvidgeba, rogorc am
daswavlil qcevaTa jami.
Tanamedrove socialuri daswavlisa da
kognituri Teoriebi xSirad iziareben dolar-

pirobebze dayrdnobiT viwinaswarmetyveloT.

daswavlis Teoriis mimdevari fsiqologebi miu-
TiTeben garemos pirobebze, romlebic akontro-
leben qcevas. pirovneba ganixileba, rogorc
Ria da faruli pasuxebis jami, romlebic didi
albaTobiT gamowveulia individis moqmedebaTa
ganmtkicebebis istoriiT. daswavlis Teoriis
mixedviT, adamianebi gansxvavdebian, radgan maT
578 gansxvavebuli ganmtkicebebis istoria aqvT.
disa da mileris mosazrebas, rom qcevaze gav-
lenas axdens garemos pirobebi, Tumca, es
Teoriebi erTi nabijiT win midian da xazs
usvamen kognituri da bihevioraluri procesebis
mniSvnelobas, riTic moqmed sxeuls moazrovne
gonebas, fsiqikas ubruneben. isini, vinc pirov-
nebis kognituri Teoriebi Seqmna, aRniSnaven,
rom arsebobs mniSvnelovani individualuri
gansxvavebebi imaSi, Tu rogor fiqroben da
gansazRvraven adamianebi nebismier eqsternalur
(garegan) situacias. kognituri Teoriebi yurad-
Rebas amaxvileben im fsiqikur procesebze,
romelTa meSveobiTac adamianebi Tavis Seg-
rZnebebs da aRqmebs realobis Sesaxeb organi-
zebul STabeWdilebad gardaqmnian. humanisturi
Teoriebis msgavsad, kognituri Teoriebi xazs
usvamen, rom Tqven monawileobT sakuTari pirov-
nebis SeqmnaSi. magaliTad, Tqven, ZiriTadad,
aqtiurad irCevT Tqvens garemos da ara mxolod
pasiurad reagirebT masze. Tqven afasebT alter-
nativebs da irCevT iseT garemos, romelSic
moqmedebT da Tqvenze moqmedeben; Tqven irCevT
situaciebs, romlebisganac moeliT, rom isini
TqvenTvis ganmamtkicebeli iqneba da cdilobT,
Tavidan aiciloT isini, romlebic ar gakmayo-
fileben da bundovania. magaliTad, Tqven xSirad
arCevT, kidev erTxel mixvideT im restoranSi,
sadac adre gemrieli kerZi miirTviT da yovel-
Tvis ar cdilobT axali adgilis mosinjvas.
modiT, axla davaxasiaToT am midgomis ufro
konkretuli magaliTebi. Cven ganvixilavT
uolter miSelis, albert bandurasa da nensi
kentoris Teoriebs.
miSelis kognitur-afeqturi
pirovnebis Teoria
uolter miSelma (Walter Mischel) ganaviTara
pirovnebis kognituri bazisis gavlenis Teoria.
miSeli aRniSnavs, rom adamianebi aqtiurad
monawileoben garemosTan Tavisi interaqciebis
kognitur organizaciaSi. misi midgoma xazs
usvams imas, Tu ramdenad mniSvnelovania imis
gageba, rogor Cndeba qceva, rogorc adamianebsa
da situaciebs Soris interaqciebis funqcia
(Mischel & Shoda, 1995, 1999). ganvixiloT magaliTi:
jonis pirovnebis unikaloba yvelaze
naTlad SeiZleba davinaxoT imaSi, rom
is yovelTvis Zalian keTilganwyobilia,
rodesac vinmes pirvelad xvdeba da, aseve,
imaSic, rom savaraudoa, is sakmaod uxeSi
da arakeTilganwyobili gaxdes, rodesac
am adamianTan meti drois gatareba uwevs.
meore mxriv, jimi unikaluria imiT, rom
is, rogorc wesi, morcxvi da mSvidia im
adamianebTan, visac kargad ar icnobs,
magram Zalian komunikabeluri xdeba,
rogorc ki maT kargad gaicnobs (Shoda et
al., 1993a, gv. 1023).
Cven rom gvecada jonisa da jimis keTilgan-
wyobis gaSualeba, albaT, daaxloebiT msgavs
maCveneblebs miviRebdiT am niSnis mixedviT,
magram am SemTxvevaSi ver daviWerdiT mniSvne-
lovan gansxvavebas maT qcevaSi. miSelis mixedviT
(1973; Mischel & Shoda, 1995), is, Tu rogor vpasu-
xobT garemos specifikur movlenaze, damokide-
bulia 14.4 cxrilSi gansazRvrul cvladebze.
xedavT, Tu ra gavlena eqneboda yovel CamoT-
vlil cvlads imaze, Tu ra gziT imoqmedebda
adamiani konkretul situaciaSi? Cven mogawodeT
magaliTebi TiToeul cvladze. scadeT, warmoid-
ginoT situacia, romelSic Tqven cxrilSi
moyvanili personaJebisgan gansxvavebulad moiq-
ceodiT, radgan Tqven maTgan erTi konkretuli
cvladis mixedviT gansxvavdebiT. SeiZleba
gainteresebT, Tu ra gansazRvravs am cvladebis
bunebas konkretuli individisTvis. miSelis
socialuri daswavlis da kognituri Teoriebi
azriT, isini warmoadgenen am adamianis dakvirve-
bebis, aseve misi sxva adamianebTan da fizikuri
garemos usulo aspeqtebTan interaqciebis isto-
riis Sedegs (Mischel, 1973).
saidan
viciT
qcevis paternebi
am proeqtis erTi kvleva qcevis konsis-
tentobis ganxilvisas aRvwereT. kidev erTi
kvleva Seiswavlis bavSvebis reaqciebs
gansxvavebul fsiqologiur situaciebze.
es situaciebia: (1) sxva bavSvis mier
dadebiTi socialuri kontaqtis wamowyeba,
an (2) ufrosis mier gafrTxileba raime
moqmedebis Sewyvetis Taobaze. bavSvebis
reaqciebi kodirebul iqna iseT kategori- 579
 cxrili
14.4
pirovnebis cvladebi miSelis pirovnebis kognitur-afeqtur TeoriaSi
cvladi gansazRvreba magaliTi

kodirebebi is gza, romliTac Tqven axdenT Tqveni Tavis,
sxva adamianebis, movlenebis da situaciebis
Sesaxeb informaciis kategorizacias.
molodinebi da Tqveni rwmenebi socialuri samyaros Sesaxeb da
rwmenebi konkretul situaciebSi mocemuli qmedebebis
mosalodneli Sedegebis Sesaxeb. Tqveni
Sexeduleba imis Sesaxeb, Tu ramdenad gaqvT
raime Sedegebis miRebis unari.
afeqtebi Tqveni grZnobebi da emociebi, fiziologiuri
pasuxebis CaTvliT.
miznebi da Sedegebi da afeqturi mdgomareobebi, romlebic
Rirebulebebi TqvenTvis Rirebulia, an ar aris Rirebuli;
Tqveni miznebi da cxovrebis gegmebi.
rogorc ki bobi vinmes Sexvdeba, is
cdilobs, daadginos, ramdenad
mdidaria es adamiani.
gregi patiJebs megobrebs kinoSi, magram
arasodes elis, rom isini `ki~-s
ityvian.
sindi Zalian advilad wiTldeba.
piters surs, kolejSi Tavisi klasis
prezidenti iyos.

kompetenciebi qcevebi, romelTa Sesruleba Tqven SegiZliaT iani laparakobs inglisurad,

da TviTregula- da gegmebi kognituri da qceviTi Sedegebis frangulad, rusulad da iaponurad da
toruli gegmebi misaRebad. varaudobs, rom gaeroSi imuSavebs.

ebad, rogoricaa: „prosocialurad lapa-

rakobda~, an „daemorCila, an dauTmo~.
garda amisa, zafxulis bolos banakis
konsultantebs sTxoves, bavSvebi daexa-
siTebinaT, rogorc „agresiuli~, „Caketi-
li~, an „keTilganwyobili~. ra infor-
macia gamoiyenes maT am Sefasebebis gasake-
Teblad? magaliTisaTvis, ganvixiloT
damorCilebis an daTmobis qceva. bavSvebi,
romlebic banakidan wamosvlisas daaxa-
siaTes, rogorc keTilganwyobili, morCi-
lebi iyvnen im situaciaSi, rodesac maT
ufrosi aZlevda gafrTxilebas, xolo
bavSvebi, romlebic banakidan wamosvlisas
daaxasiaTes, rogorc Caketili, morCilebi
iyvnen im situaciaSi, rodesac maT Tanato-
lebi aRizianebdnen, an dascinodnen (Shoda
Cveni warmodgenebi sxva adamianebis pirovnuli
et al., 1993b).
maxasiaTeblebis Sesaxeb modis ara saSualos
aRebidan, aramed dakvirvebidan, Tu rogor iwvevs
miSelma da misma kolegebma gvaCvenes qcevis gansxvavebuli situaciebi gansxvavebul qcevas
Tavi 14 / pirovneba

paternebis mniSvneloba sazafxulo banakSi bav- (Shoda & Mischel, 1993).

Svebis gamocdilebebis savele kvlevebiT. am
Sedegebidan gamomdinare, bavSvebis damorCilebis
saSualo maCveneblebis codna bevrs verafers
gvetyvis maTi pirovnebis Sesaxeb. Tqven unda
icodeT, ra situaciaSi moxda damorCileba imi-
saTvis, rom gaigoT, Tu ratom miiRo erTma
bavSvma keTilganwyobilis Sefaseba da meorem
_ Caketilis. miSeli xazgasmiT aRniSnavs, rom
580
banduras kognitur-socialuri
daswavlis Teoria
pirovnebisadmi socialuri daswavlis midgo-
mis wamyvani mkvlevaria albert bandura (Albert
Bandura, 1986, 1999). is cnobilia Teoriuli naSro-
mebiTa da bavSvebisa da zrdasrulebis farTo

suraTi
14.4
reciprokuli determinizmi
reciprokuli determinizmis mixedviT individi,
misi qceva da garemo erTmaneTTan urTierTqmedeben,
raTa gavlena moaxdinon da Secvalon sxva kompo-
nentebi.
kvlevebiT (gaixseneT me-7 Tavidan bavSvebis
agresiuli qcevis kvlevebi). am midgomaSi
gaerTianebulia daswavlis principebi da soci-
alur garemoSi adamianur interaqciebze aqcenti.
socialuri daswavlis kuTxiT adamianebs ar
marTavs Sinagani Zalebi, magram, amave dros, isini
arc garemos gavlenis qveS myofi ususuri mari-
onetebi arian. socialuri daswavlis midgoma
xazs usvams kognitur procesebs, romlebic
CarTulia qcevis sxvadasxva paternebis Camo-
yalibebaSi da, Sesabamisad, pirovnuli Tvise-
bebis SeZenasa da maTi SenarCunebis procesSi.
banduras Teoria miuTiTebs individualuri
faqtorebis, qcevis da garemos stimulebis rTul
urTierTqmedebaze. yovel maTgans SeuZlia sxvebze
zemoqmedeba an maTi Secvla. cvlilebis mimar-
Tuleba iSviaTad aris calmxrivi _ is recipro-
kulia. Tqvens qcevaze SeiZleba gavlena moaxdinos
Tqvenma damokidebulebebma (atitudebma), rwmenebma,
Sexedulebebma an ganmtkicebebis winamorbedma
istoriam, iseve, rogorc garemoSi arsebulma
stimulebma. iman, rasac Tqven akeTebT, SeiZleba
gavlena moaxdinos garemoze, xolo garemom da
Tqvens qcevaze mowodebulma ukukavSirma SeiZleba
Tqveni pirovnebis mniSvnelovan aspeqtebze
imoqmedos. es mniSvnelovani cneba _ reciprokuli
determinizmi _ gulisxmobs, rom Tqven unda
gamoikvlioT yvela komponenti, Tu gsurT mTli-
anad gaigoT adamianis qceva, pirovneba da socia-
luri ekologia (Bandura, 1999; ix. sur. 14.4). am-
gvarad, magaliTad, Tu Tqven Warbi wona gaqvT,
SeiZleba ar airCioT msubuqi aTletikiT dakaveba,
magram, Tu sacurao auzis maxloblad cxovrobT,
SeiZleba curva arCioT; Tu Tqven komunikabeluri
xarT, gaesaubrebiT auzTan myof adamianebs da
amiT ufro socialur atmosferos SeqmniT, rac,
Tavis mxriv, garemos ufro sasiamovnos gaxdis.
es erTi magaliTia adamians, adgilsa da qcevas
Soris reciprokuli determinizmisa.
me-7 Tavidan SeiZleba gagaxsendeT, rom ban-
duras socialuri daswavlis Teoria xazs usvams
dakvirvebiT swavlas, rogorc process, romliTac
adamiani cvlis Tavis qcevas sxva adamianis qcevaze
dakvirvebis safuZvelze. dakvirvebiT swavlis
meSveobiT bavSvebi da mozrdilebi Tavisi
socialuri garemos Sesaxeb informaciis udides
speqtrs iZenen. dakvirvebiT swavlis meSveobiT
Tqven swavlobT, Tu ra aris Sesabamisi, adek-
vaturi, ra jildovdeba da ras mohyveba dasja
an ignorireba. vinaidan Tqven SegiZliaT mex-
sierebis gamoyeneba da garegan movlenebze fiqri,
Tqven SegiZliaT, iwinaswarmetyveloT Tqveni
qmedebebis SesaZlebeli Sedegebi maTi realurad
ganxorcielebis gareSe. Tqven SegiZliaT SeiZi-
noT unarebi, damokidebulebebi da rwmenebi ub-
ralod imaze dakvirvebiT, Tu ras akeTeben sxvebi
da ra Sedegebi mohyveba amas.
socialuri daswavlis da kognituri Teoriebi
banduras Teoriis Camoyalibebis procesSi
(1997) misi erT-erTi centraluri cneba TviT-
efeqturoba gaxda. TviTefeqturoba aris rwmena
imisa, rom adamians SeuZlia konkretul situa-
ciaSi adekvaturad moqceva. Tqveni TviTefeqtu-
robis SegrZneba mravalgzis axdens gavlenas
Tqvens aRqmebze, motivaciasa da qcevaze. Tqven
arc ki cdilobT raimes gakeTebas an SesaZleb-
lobis gamoyenebas, rodesac elodebiT, rom
reciprokuli determinizmi (Reciprocal determin-
ism) _ albert banduras socialuri daswavlis
Teoriis cneba, romelic ukavSirdeba mosaz-
rebas, rom individs, mis qcevas da garemos
stimulebs Soris arsebobs rTuli recip-
rokuli urTierTqmedeba da rom TiToeuli am
komponentebidan moqmedebs sxvebze.
TviTefeqturoba (Self-efficacy) _ rwmenebis (mosaz-
rebebis) erToblioba, rom adamians SeuZlia
adekvaturad moqceva konkretul situaciaSi.
581
 araefeqturi iqnebiT. Tqven eridebiT situaciebs,
rodesac Tavs adekvaturad ar grZnobT. maSinac
ki, rodesac, realobaSi Tqven gaqvT unari da
survilic, SeiZleba ar SeasruloT moTxovnili
qmedeba, an ar gaagrZeloT davalebis warmatebiT
Sesrulebis mcdeloba, Tu fiqrobT, rom gakliaT
is, rac amisaTvis saWiroa.
faqtobrivi Sesrulebebis miRma TviTefeqtu-
robis SefasebisaTvis arsebobs informaciis
kidev sami wyaro:
sxvisi gamocdileba _ Tqveni dakvirveba
sxvebis moqmedebaze;
darwmuneba _ sxvebma SeiZleba dagarwmunon,
rom Tqven SegiZliaT raimes gakeTeba, an Tqven
SeiZleba sakuTari Tavi daarwmunoT amaSi;
Tqveni emociuri agznebis monitoringi,
rodesac fiqrobT davalebis Sesaxeb an rodesac
iwyebT mis Sesrulebas; magaliTad, SfoTva
migvaniSnebs efeqturobis dabal molodinze;
Relva migvaniSnebs warmatebis molodinze.
TviTefeqturobis Sefaseba gavlenas axdens
imaze, Tu ra Zalisxmevas xarjavT da ramden
xans cdilobT warmatebis miRwevas, Tu cxov-
rebiseuli situaciebis farTo speqtrSi sirTu-
leebi aRmocendeba (Bandura, 1997; Cervone, 2000;
Schwarzer, 1992). magaliTad, is, Tu ramdenad
energiulad da Seupovrad swavlobT am Tavs,
SeiZleba ufro metad damokidebuli iyos Tqveni
TviTefeqturobis gancdaze, vidre realur unar-
ze (Zimmerman et al., 1992). warmatebis an waru-
mateblobis molodinebze SeiZleba imoqmedos
ganxorcielebuli qcevis efeqturobis Sesaxeb
mowodebulma ukukavSirma, magram am molodinebs,
aseve, SeuZliaT Seqmnan winaswargansazRvruli
ukukavSiri da amdenad iqcnen TviTSesrulebad
winaswarmetyvelebad. modiT, es aRmoCena aka-
demiur miRwevas mivusadagoT.
Tavi 14 / pirovneba
saidan
viciT
TviTefeqturoba da bavSvebis
akademiuri miRwevebi
banduram da misma kolegebma (1996) ik-
vlies 11-dan 14 wlamde 279 bavSvi romis
maxloblad dasaxlebuli punqtidan. am
582 kvlevis mizani iyo, eCvenebina rogorc
bavSvebis, ise maTi mSoblebis TviTefeq-
turobis donis gavlena bavSvebis akade-
miur miRwevebze. TviTefeqturobis gasa-
zomad bavSvebic da mSoblebic aR-
niSnavdnen Tavis Tanxmobas debulebaTa
seriebze. bavSvebisaTvis debulebebi exe-
boda maT mosazrebebs saskolo muSaobasTan
gamklavebis sakuTari unarebis Sesaxeb;
aseve, maT mosazrebebs, Tu ramdenad aqvT
unari, moaxdinon TavianTi garemos struq-
turireba swavlis gasaadvileblad, magali-
Tad, „ramdenad kargad gamogdiT maswavleb-
lebisTvis daxmarebis Txovna, rodesac
saskolo samuSaos Sesruleba giZnel-
debaT?~ mozrdilebisTvis debulebebi
ukavSirdeboda maT unarebs, moexdinaT
TavianT bavSvebSi saskolo samuSaosadmi
interesisa da misi Sesrulebis motivacia,
magaliTad, „ra SegiZliaT gaakeToT, raTa
daexmaroT Tqvens bavSvebs saskolo
samuSaoze bejiTad muSaobaSi?~ mkvlevrebs
bavSvebis maswavleblebma maTi akademiuri
miRwevebis Sefaseba miawodes. Sedegebma
aCvena rogorc mSoblebis, ise bavSvebis
TviTefeqturobis rwmenebis mniSvnelovani
gavlena miRwevebze. kerZod, mSoblebis
rwmenas, rom maT aqvT unari, SeunarCunon
bavSvebs mimarTuleba, wvlili Sehqonda
bavSvebis rwmenaSi, rom maT didi miRwevebi
eqnebodaT; Tavis mxriv, bavSvebis rwmenebi
zusti aRmoCnda _ TviTefeqturobis Zlieri
rwmenebi korelaciaSi iyo faqtobriv
maRal miRwevebTan.
am kvlevidan Cans, Tu ramdenad mniSvnelo-
vania gvjerodes, rom SegviZlia warmatebis
miRweva. kerZod, Tu Tqven gegmavT, gaxdeT
mSobeli, an Tu ukve gyavT Svilebi, unda ifiqroT
imaze, Tu rogor ganaviTaroT Tqvens SvilebSi
gancda, rom maT efeqturi kontroli aqvT
sakuTar swavlaze.
banduras TviTefeqturobis Teoria, aseve,
aRiarebs garemos mniSvnelobas. warumateblobis
Tu warmatebis molodinebi da Sesatyvisi
gadawyvetilebebi mcdelobis Sewyvetis Tu
Seupovrad gagrZelebis Sesaxeb SeiZleba efuZ-
nebodes imis aRqmas, Tu rogoria garemo _
xelSemwyobi Tu araxelSemwyobi da, aseve,

sakuTari adekvaturobis Tu araadekvaturobis
aRqmas. aseT molodinebs Sedegze dafuZnebul
molodinebs uwodeben. suraTi 14.5 gviCvenebs,
Tu rogor eTanxmeba erTmaneTs banduras Teoriis
nawilebi. qceviTi Sedegebi damokidebulia adami-
anebis mier rogorc sakuTari unarebis, aseve
garemos aRqmaze.
kentoris socialuri
inteleqtis Teoria
winamorbed kognitur da socialur Teoriebze
dayrdnobiT nensi kentorma (Nancy Cantor) da
misma kolegebma pirovnebis socialuri inte-
leqtis Teoria Camoayalibes (Cantor & Kihlstrom,
1987; Kihlstrom & Cantor, 2000). socialuri inteleqti
exeba im gamocdilebas, romelic adamianebs
SemoaqvT cxovrebiseuli amocanebis sakuTar
gancdaSi. Teoria gansazRvravs individualuri
gansxvavebebis sam tips:
cxovrebiseuli miznebis arCevani. adamianebi
gasxvavdebian imisda mixedviT, Tu cxovrebis
romeli miznebi Tu amocanebia maTTvis yvelaze
mniSvnelovani. magaliTad, kolejis studentebi
xSirad Relaven „kargi niSnebis miRebis~, an
„megobrebis SeZenis da SenarCunebis~ Sesaxeb.
aris Tu ara am miznebidan erT-erTi TqvenTvis
ufro mniSvnelovani, vidre meore? adamianebis
miznebi droTa ganmavlobaSi SeiZleba Seic-
valos. Tqveni aTi wlis winandeli miznebi,
albaT, gansxvavdeba rogorc dRevandeli, ise
momavali miznebisagan;
socialuri interaqciebis Sesabamisi
codna. adamianebi gansxvavdebian imis mixedviT,
suraTi
14.5
banduras TviTefeqturobis modeli
am modelis mixedviT, efeqturobis molodinebi
moTavsebulia adamiansa da mis qcevas Soris,
Sedegis molodinebi ki _ qcevasa da mis mosa-
lodnel Sedegebs Soris.
Tu ra gamocdileba SemoaqvT socialuri da
pirovnuli problemebis gadawyvetis amocanebSi;
miznebis ganxorcielebis strategiebi.
adamianebs aqvT problemebis gadawyvetis
gansxvavebuli damaxasiaTebeli strategiebi.
xedavT, Tu rogor urTierTqmedebs es sami
ganzomileba, raTa warmoiqmnas qcevis gan-
sxvavebuli paternebi, romelTac Tqven aRiqvamT,
rogorc pirovnebas? Tqven SeiZleba icnobT
or adamians, romelTac erTnairi zogadi cxov-
rebis mizani aqvT _ SeiZleba orivesTvis Rire-
bulebas warmoadgens kargi niSnebis miReba,
magram imis mixedviT, Tu ra ician maT da rogor
SeuZliaT am codnis gamoyeneba, maTi myisieri
gadawyvetilebebi qcevis Sesaxeb SeiZleba Zalian
gansxvavebuli iyos. erT maTgans, SesaZloa,
socialuri daswavlis da kognituri Teoriebi
swavlis naTeli (eqsplicituri) strategiebi
aswavles, meore ki Zlivs axerxebs amas spe-
cialuri daxmarebis gareSe. socialuri in-
teleqtis Teoria axal xedvas gvawvdis imis
Sesaxeb, Tu rogor winaswargansazRvravs pirov-
neba konsistentobas: drois mocemul periodSi
konsistentoba SeiZleba aRmovaCinoT adamianebis
miznebSi, codnasa da strategiebSi.
modiT, ganvixiloT konkretuli garemoebebi,
romlebSic adamianebis gansxvavebuli miznebi
iwveven gansxvavebul Sedegebs: _ mkvlevrebma
aCvenes, rom siaxlovis miznebs gavlena aqvT
urTierTobebisgan miRebul dakmayofilebaze.
socialuri inteleqti (Social intelligence) _ pirov-
nebis Teoria, romelic exeba im gamocdilebas,
romelic adamianebs SemoaqvT cxovrebiseuli
amocanebis sakuTar gancdaSi.
583
 saidan
viciT
siaxlovis miznebi sasiyvarulo
urTierTobebSi
rodesac zogi adamiani sasiyvarulo
urTierTobas iwyebs, misi umTavresi miza-
nia siaxlovis Seqmna _ maT surT, aRmoC-
ndnen iseT garemoSi, sadac SeZleben
urTierTdamokidebulebis gamovlenas da
TviTgaxsnas; sxva adamianebi ki daintere-
sebulni arian imiT, rom hqondeT urTi-
erTobebi, magram maTTvis es urTierTobebi
sasurveli moqmedebebisken (magaliTad,
wveulebebisken, sqesobrivi urTierTo-
bebisken) mimaval gzas ufro warmoadgens,
vidre siaxlovisken. siaxlovis miznis
siZliereSi am gansxvavebebis Sesafaseblad
mkvlevrebma sTxoves 60 students, epasuxaT
iseTi debulebebisTvis, rogoricaa:
„sasiyvarulo urTierTobaSi vcdilob Cemi
yvelaze siRrmiseuli azrebisa da grZnob-
ebis gaziarebas~ (Sanderson & Cantor, 1997).
studentebma iseTi faqtebic aRniSnes, ro-
goricaa, magaliTad, dro, romelsac isini
realurad atarebdnen Tavis partniorebTan
gansxvavebul situaciebSi, iseve, rogorc
sakuTari dakmayofileba urTierTobebiT.
monacemebma naTeli suraTi aCvena: im ada-
mianebis dakmayofileba urTierTobebisgan,
romlebsac ufro Zlieri siaxlovis miz-
nebi hqondaT, naklebad iyo damokidebuli
im drois xangrZlivobaze, romlis gata-
rebac maT realurad SeeZloT Tavis par-
tniorebTan. maTi Sefaseba urTierTo-
bebisgan miRebuli dakmayofilebisa Seda-
rebiT maRali iyo, miuxedavad imisa, bevr
dros atarebdnen isini erTad Tu cotas.
SedarebisaTvis, ufro susti siaxlovis
Tavi 14 / pirovneba
miznebis mqone individebis dakmayofileba
urTierTobebisagan SedarebiT dabali iyo,
rodesac isini cota dros atarebdnen
partniorebTan.
xedavT, rogor gamomdinareobs es paterni
individis miznebisagan? ufro Zlieri siaxlovis
miznebis mqone adamianebi Zlierad motivi-
584
rebulni arian, rom rac SeiZleba meti miiRon
im droisgan, romlis gatarebac SeuZliaT Tavis
partniorebTan. SedarebisaTvis, ufro susti
siaxlovis miznebis mqoneT, SesaZloa, ar
SeeZloT sakmarisi koncentracia, raTa uxvi
interaqciebis gareSe SeenarCunebinaT damakmayo-
filebeli urTierToba. am SemTxvevaSi, Tqven
SegiZliaT amoicnoT pirovneba im konsisten-
turobiT, romliTac adamianebi axlo urTierTo-
bebSi iqcevian.
socialuri daswavlisa da
kognituri Teoriebis Sefaseba
socialuri daswavlisa da kognituri Teori-
ebis winaaRmdeg gamoTqmuli kritikis erT-erTi
Tvalsazrisi isaa, rom isini xSirad ugulebel-
yofen emociebs, rogorc pirovnebis mniSvnelovan
komponents. fsiqodinamikur TeoriebSi SfoTvis
msgavsi emociebi centralur rols TamaSoben.
socialuri daswavlisa da kognitur TeoriebSi
emociebi ganixileba mxolod, rogorc azrebisa
da qcevis Tanmdevi produqti, an ubralod gaer-
Tianebulia sxva tipis azrebTan, nacvlad imisa,
rom maT damoukidebeli mniSvneloba mieweros.
maTTvis, visi azriTac emociebi centraluria
pirovnebis funqcionirebaSi, es seriozuli nak-
lia. kognitur Teoriebs imis gamoc akritikeben,
rom isini srulad ar aRiareben aracnobieri
motivaciis gavlenas qcevasa da emociebze.
kritikis meore Tvalsazrisi pirovnuli kon-
struqtebisa da kompetenciebis Seqmnis gzis
axsnebis bundovanebazea fokusirebuli. kogni-
turi Teoriis mimdevrebs xSirad bevri araferi
hqondaT saTqmeli zrdasruli pirovnebis ganvi-
TarebiTi warmomavlobis Sesaxeb; maTi aqcenti
individis mier qcevis awmyo garemoebebis aRqmaze
Crdilavs individis istorias. es kritika kelis
(Kelly) Teoriazea mimarTuli, romelic aRweril
iqna ufro, rogorc konceptualuri sistema,
vidre, rogorc Teoria, radgan is fokusirebulia
struqturaze da procesebze da TiTqmis arafers
ambobs pirovnuli konstruqtebis Sinaarsze.
am kritikis miuxedavad, pirovnebis kognitur
Teoriebs mTavari wvlili ekuTvniT Tanamedrove
azrovnebaSi: kelis Teoriam gavlena moaxdina
didi raodenobiT kognitur Terapevtebze.
miSelis mier situaciis maxasiaTeblebis gac-
nobierebam moitana ori komponentis interaqciis
ukeTesi gageba: imisa, Tu ra Semoaqvs adamians
qceviT garemoSi imasTan, rasac iwvevs adamianSi
qceviTi garemo; banduras ideebma gamoiwvia
maswavleblebis mier moswavleebis ganaTlebis
gaumjobeseba da daexmara maT warmatebisaTvis
mieRwiaT janmrTelobis, biznesis da sportis
sferoSi; dabolos, kentoris Teoriam pirovnebis
konsistentobis Zieba cxovrebiseuli miznebisa
da socialuri strategiebis doneze gadaiyvana.
mogawodaT Tu ara pirovnebis am kogniturma
Teoriebma axali ideebi Tqveni sakuTari pi-
rovnebis da qcevis Sesaxeb? Tqven nel-nela
naxavT, Tu rogor daiwyebT sakuTari Tavis
gansazRvras nawilobriv garemosTan interaq-
ciebze dayrdnobiT. axla SevudgebiT im Teo-
riebis ganxilvas, romlebic kidev ufro Sors
wagiyvanen Tqveni Tavis gansazRvraSi.
Sejameba
socialuri daswavlis da kognituri Teori-
ebi iziareben mosazrebas, rom adamianebis
moqmedebebze gavlenas axdenen garemos SemTxve-
viTi maxasiaTeblebi: uolter miSelis azriT,
garemos specifikur movlenebs adamianebi pasu-
xoben sakuTar kodirebebze, molodinebze da
Sexedulebebze, emociebze, miznebsa da Rirebu-
lebebze, unarebsa da TviTmaregulirebel geg-
mebze dayrdnobiT; albert banduram warmoadgina
adamianis, garemos da qcevis reciprokuli ur-
TierTqmedebis Teoria. TviTefeqturoba udides
rols TamaSobs adamianebis mier ganxorciele-
buli qcevebis gansazRvraSi; nensi kentoris
Teoriis mixedviT, adamianebi gansxvavdebian
cxovrebis miznebis arCevis, Tavisi codnisa da
im strategiebis mixedviT, romlebsac TavianTi
miznebis misaRwevad iyeneben.
me-s (SELF) Teoriebi
mivadeqiT pirovnebis Teoriebs, romlebic
yvelaze metad uSualod pirovnulia: isini pir-
dapir exebian imas, Tu rogor marTavs TiToeuli
individi mis me-s. ra aris Tqveni me-s koncefcia?
ras fiqrobT, Tanmimdevrulad reagirebs Tu
ara samyaroze Tqveni me? cdilobT Tu ara Tqveni
megobrebisaTvis da ojaxisaTvis konsistenturi,
myari me-s warmoCenas? ra gavlena aqvs dadebiT
da uaryofiT gamocdilebas imaze, Tu ras
fiqrobT sakuTari me-s Sesaxeb? am kiTxvebis
ganxilvas mokle istoriuli mimoxilviT davi-
wyebT.
me-s analizis Tavgamodebuli adreuli damcve-
lia uiliam jemsi (William James, 1890). jemsma me-
gamocdilebis sami komponenti gamoyo: materia-
luri me (sxeulebrivi me, garSemomyofi fizikuri
sagnebis darad), socialuri me (Tqveni codna
imis Sesaxeb Tu rogor gxedaven sxvebi) da
sulieri me (me, romelic Tvalyurs adevnebs
pirad azrebsa da grZnobebs). jemss sjeroda,
rom yvelaferi, rasac adamiani ukavSirebs Tavis
identobas, garkveuli azriT misi me-s nawili
xdeba. amiT aixsneba, Tu ratom aqvT adamianebs
TavdacviTi reaqcia, rodesac akritikeben maT
megobrebs an ojaxis wevrebs _ maTi me-s nawilebs.
me-s koncefcia, aseve, centraluri iyo fsiqodina-
mikuri TeoriebisaTvis. me-insaiti fsiqoanali-
tikuri mkurnalobis mniSvnelovani nawili iyo
froidis TeoriaSi; iungi ki xazs usvamda imas,
rom me-s srulyofili ganviTarebisaTvis adamianma
misi cnobieri da aracnobieri cxovrebis yvela
aspeqtis miReba da integracia unda moaxdinos.
rogor ganixilaven me-s Tanamedrove TeoriaSi?
Cven jer aRvwerT me-s kognitur aspeqtebs: me-s
koncefciebs da SesaZlebel me-ebs; Semdeg
ganvixilavT, Tu ra gzebiT warudgenen ada-
mianebi samyaros Tavis me-s; dabolos, SevexebiT
mniSvnelovan sakiTxs, Tu rogor gansxvavdeba
me-ze Sexedulebebi kulturebis mixedviT.
me-s koncefciaTa dinamikuri
aspeqtebi
me-s koncefcia warmoadgens dinamikur fsiqi-
kur struqturas, romelic axdens intraperso-
me-s (SELF) Teotiebi
naluri da interpersonaluri qcevebisa da
procesebis motivirebas, interpretirebas, orga-
nizebas, mediacias da regulacias. me-s koncefcia
mraval komponents moicavs. maT Sorisaa: _ Tqveni
mogonebebi sakuTari Tavis Sesaxeb; mosazrebebi
Tqveni niSan-Tvisebebis, motivebis, Rirebule-
me-s koncefcia (Self-concept) _ adamianis una-
rebis da atributebis Sesaxeb misi fsiqikuri
585
modeli.
 bebis da unarebis Sesaxeb; idealuri me, rogoric
rogoradac gaxdomisa gveSinia~ (Markus & Nurius,
yvelaze metad gsurT, rom gaxdeT; SesaZlebeli
1986, gv. 954). SesaZlebel me-ebs wvlili SeaqvT
me-ebi, rogoradac gaxdomas SesaZleblad ga-
qcevis motivirebaSi _ isini biZgs aZleven moq-
nixilavT; Tqveni Tavis dadebiTi, an uaryofiTi
medebas da, amave dros, iZlevian imis ganxilvis
Sefasebebi (TviTSefaseba) da warmodgenebi imis
SesaZleblobas, Tu ra mimarTulebebi SeuZlia
Sesaxeb, Tu ras fiqroben Tqvenze sxvebi (Brown,
aiRos Tqvenma me-m _ ukeTesi Tu uaresi.
1009; McGuire & McGuire, 1988). me-8 TavSi ganvixileT
ganvixiloT individebis mosazrebebi mSob-
sqemebi, rogorc „codnis paketebi~, romlebic
lobisaTvis mzaobis Sesaxeb.
garemos struqturis Sesaxeb kompleqsur gan-
zogadebebs ganasaxiereben. Tqveni me-s koncefcia
Seicavs sqemebs me-s Sesaxeb _ me-sqemebs, rom- saidan
lebic saSualebas gaZlevT, sakuTari Tavis viciT
Sesaxeb informaciis organizeba moaxdinoT,
iseve, rogorc sxva sqemebi gaZleven saSualebas, SesaZlebeli me, rogorc mSobeli
marToT Tqveni gamocdilebis sxva aspeqtebi
mkvlevrebis jgufma Seqmna Sefasebis
(Markus, 1977), Tumca, me-sqemebi ara mxolod imaze
instrumenti, romelic gamiznuli iyo im
axdenen gavlenas, Tu rogor gadaamuSavebT
xarisxis gazomvisaTvis, romliTac axal-
sakuTari Tavis Sesaxeb informacias. kvleva gvi-
gazrda mozrdil adamianebs SeeZloT
Cvenebs, rom es sqemebi, romlebsac xSirad iye-
sakuTari Tavis mSoblad warmodgena (Bloom,
nebT sakuTari qcevis interpretaciisaTvis,
et al., 1999). kvlevaSi monawile 683-ma kole-
imazec axdens gavlenas, Tu rogor gadaamuSavebT
jis studentma gasca pasuxi „srulebiT
sxva adamianebis Sesaxeb informacias (Cantor &
ar Semesabameba - Zalian Semesabameba~
Kihlstrom, 1987; Markus & Smith, 1981). amgvarad, sxva
skalis mixedviT iseT debulebebs, rogo-
adamianebis moqmedebebis interpretacias Tqven
ricaa „momavalSi iseT adamianad vxedav
imis safuZvelze axdenT, rac iciT da risic
Tavs, romelic SesaZloa daqorwindes,
gjeraT sakuTari Tavis Sesaxeb.
magram ar moisurvebs Svilebis yolas~.
me-s kognituri aRqmis kidev erTi mniSvne-
im mizniT, rom studentebi ver mimxvda-
lovani komponenti SeiZleba iyos sxva SesaZle-
riyvnen kvlevis mizans, mSoblobis Sesa-
beli me-ebi, romlebsac Tqvens amJamindel me-s
bamisi debulebebi gabneuli iyo ufro
koncefcias adarebT. hezel markusma (Hazel Markus)
Tavi 14 / pirovneba

grZel kiTxvarSi. kiTxvaris Sevsebis Sem-

da misma kolegebma SesaZlebeli me-ebi gan-
deg TiToeul students eniWeboda mSoblis
sazRvres, rogorc „idealuri me-ebi, rogorebic
SesaZlebeli me-s qula (parent possible-self
Zalian gvinda gavxdeT. esenia, aseve, me-ebi,
score - PPS). saSualod, qalebi da mamakacebi
rogorebic SegviZlia, rom gavxdeT da me-ebi,
ar gasxvavdebodnen am qulebis mixedviT,
SesaZlebeli me-ebi (Possible selves) _ idealuri Tumca, mkvlevrebma gamoyves rogorc
me-ebi, rogoric adamians surs gaxdes, me-ebi, qalebis, ise mamakacebis qvejgufebi, rom-
rogorebic adamians SeuZlia gaxdes da me-ebi, lebmac gansakuTrebiT maRali da gansakuT-
rogoradac gaxdomis adamians eSinia; me-s rebiT dabali qulebi miiRes. am qvejgu-
586
kognituri aRqmis komponentebi.
 febis adamianebma Sefasebebi misces bav-
Svebis videoCanawerebs, sadac bavSvebis
qceva bednieridan nerviulamde icvleboda.
maRali PPS-is mqone studentebma, Sesaba-
misad, ufro dadebiTad Seafases bavSvebi,
vidre dabali PPS-is mqone studentebma.
SegiZliaT gamoZebnoT mizezebi, ris gamoc
adamianis unars, warmoidginos Tavisi Tavi mSob-
lad, SesaZlebelia gavlena hqondes am adamianis
mier bavSvis qcevis interpretaciaze?
TviTSefaseba da TviTprezen-
tacia
Cven ukve aRvniSneT, rom zogierT adamians
uaryofiTi me-s koncefcia aqvs, romelic
SeiZleba aseve davaxasiaToT, rogorc dabali
TviTSefaseba. adamianis TviTSefaseba warmoad-
gens me-s generalizebul Sefasebas. TviTSef-
asebas SeuZlia Zlieri gavlenis moxdena azreb-
ze, guneba-ganwyobilebasa da qcevaze. dabali
TviTSefaseba, nawilobriv, SeiZleba daxasiaTdes,
rogorc me-s Sesaxeb naklebi darwmunebuloba.
rodesac maRali da dabali TviTSefasebis mqone
individebs sTxoves, SeefasebinaT sakuTari Tavi
ramdenime niSnis ganzomilebebis mixedviT (maga-
liTad, logikuri, inteleqtualuri da mimzid-
veli), rogorc mosalodneli iyo, dabali TviT-
Sefasebis mqone individebma sakuTar Tavs mTli-
anobaSi ufro dabali Sefasebebi misces (Baum-
gardner, 1990), Tumca, rodesac maT Tavisi Sefa-
sebebis zeda da qveda sazRvrebis Camoyalibebac
sTxoves, dabali TviTSefasebis monawileebma
ufro farTo diapazoni miuTiTes _ maT me-s
naklebad zusti gancda hqondaT, vidre maRali
TviTSefasebis mqone monawileebs. ase rom,
dabali TviTSefasebis fenomenis nawili SesaZ-
lebelia iyos grZnoba, rom Tqven ubralod
bevri ar iciT Tqveni me-s Sesaxeb, rac aZnelebs
imis winaswarmetyvelebas, miaRwevs Tu ara ada-
miani warmatebas cxovrebiseul miswrafebebSi.
TviTSefaseba (Self-esteem) _ me-s mimarT ganzoga-
debuli SefasebiTi damokidebuleba, romelic
gavlenas axdens rogorc guneba-ganwyobilebaze,
aseve qcevaze da romelic Zlier zemoqmedebs
individualuri da socialuri qcevebis speqtrze.
TvalsaCinoa, rom adamianebis umetesoba
Zalian cdilobs TviTSefasebis da me-s kon-
cefciis integrirebulobis SenarCunebas (Steele,
1988). adamianebi TviTgaumjobesebis mraval
formas mimarTaven (Banaji & Prentice, 1994). magali-
Tad, rodesac Tqven eWvi geparebaT davalebis
Sesrulebis sakuTar unarSi, SesaZlebelia, TviT-
uunarobis (self-handicapping) qcevas mimarToT.
Tqven Segnebulad uwevT sabotaJs sakuTar
qmedebas! am strategiis mizania, warumateblobis
SemTxvevaSi gqondeT gamzadebuli sapatio mi-
zezi, romelic ar gulisxmobs unaris naklebobas
(Higgins et al., 1990; Jones & Berglas, 1978). ase rom, Tu
geSiniaT imis gageba, iciT Tu ara is, rac
saWiroa mniSvnelovani gamocdis CabarebisaTvis,
SeiZleba mecadineobis nacvlad megobrebTan
gaataroT dro. am gziT Tu Tqven warmatebas ar
miaRwevT, SegeZlebaT amis mcire Zalisxmevaze
gadabraleba, imis gamorkvevis gareSe, gqondaT
Tu ara sinamdvileSi warmatebis miRwevis unari.
saidan
me-s (SELF) Teotiebi
viciT
TviTuunaroba kolejis studentebSi
orma mkvlevarma sTxova kolejis stu-
dentebs, daefiqsirebinaT TavianTi pozicia
(„veTanxmebi/ar veTanxmebi~) TviTuunarobis
gamzomvel debulebebTan mimarTebaSi: _
„me bevrad mets gavakeTebdi, Tu mets
vecdebodi~; „mgoni, ufro metad xasiaTs 587
 daqvemdebarebuli adamiani var, vidre sxve-
bis umetesoba~; „vcdilob, saqmeebi ukanas-
knel wuTamde gadavdo~. pirveli gamocdis
win studentebs hkiTxes, Tu ra niSani
iqneboda maTTvis sasurveli. gamocdis
Semdeg maT mcdari pasuxebi _ „sasurvelze~
naxevari quliT ufro dabali niSani _
Seatyobines (magaliTad, Tu maT „4" isurves,
uTxres, rom maT „4_~ miiRes). am momentSi
mkvlevrebma Seafases studentebis TviT-
Sefaseba. Tu TviTuunaroba icavs TviTSe-
fasebas, unda gvqonoda molodini, rom
maRali TviTuunarobis mqone adamianebis
TviTSefaseba nakleb zians ganicdida,
rodesac maT aradamakmayofilebeli niS-
nebi miiRes. es zustad is paternia, rome-
lic gamoavlines kvlevis mamrobiTi sqesis
minawileebma: maRali TviTuunaroba dakav-
Sirebuli iyo maRal TviTSefasebasTan,
Tumca, qal studentebSi ar gamovlinda
raime korelacia TviTuunarobasa da TviT-
Sefasebas Soris. mkvlevrebis mosazrebiT,
mamakacebs me-s xifaTisagan dacvis ufro
Zlieri tendencia aqvT (Rhodewalt & Hill, 1995).
ganixileT am kvlevis Sedegebi Tqvens saku-
Tar qcevasTan mimarTebaSi. mimarTavT Tu ara
Tqven TviTuunarobas? im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu
es icavs Tqvens TviTSefasebas (gansakuTrebiT
Tu Tqven mamakaci xarT), es mainc aisaxeba Tqvens
niSnebze (sxvaTa Soris, mas Semdeg, rac kvleva
dasrulda, mkvlevrebi dawvrilebiT gaesaubrnen
monawileebs, rac motyuebis miznis axsnasa da
namdvili niSnebis miwodebas moicavda).
TviTuunarobis fenomeni, aseve, migviTiTebs,
rom TviTSefasebis mniSvnelovani aspeqtebi
TviTprezentaciasTanaa dakavSirebuli. TviTuu-
naroba ufro metad aris mosalodneli maSin,
rodesac adamianebma ician, rom Sedegebi sajarod
xelmisawvdomi iqneba (Self, 1990). asea Tu ise,
Tavi 14 / pirovneba
rogor unda ifiqros vinmem cudad Tqven Sesaxeb,
rodesac winaaRmdegoba, romelic Tqven SegxvdaT,
esoden TvalsaCinoa? TviTprezentaciis msgavsi
TviTuunaroba (self-handicapping) _ warumateblo-
bis molodinis SemTxvevaSi iseTi qceviTi
reaqciebisa da qcevis axsnis ganviTarebis pro-
cesi, romlebic minimumde daiyvans unarebis
deficits, rogorc warumateblobis SesaZlebel
588 mizezs.
cxrili
14.5
varjiSis saSualo xangrZlivoba
maRali da dabali TviTSefasebis
mqone adamianebisaTvis
TviTSefaseba sajarod damkvirveblis gareSe
maRali 123 448
dabali 257 387
-134 +61
SeniSvna: xangrZlivoba gazomilia wamebSi.
sakiTxebi gvexmareba, avxsnaT maRali da dabali
TviTSefasebis mqone individebs Soris qceviTi
gansxvavebebi (Baumeister et al., 1989). maRali TviT-
Sefasebis adamianebi samyaros sakuTar Tavs
warudgenen, rogorc ambiciur, agresiul, riskze
wamsvlel adamians; dabali TviTSefasebis
adamianebi ki _ rogorc frTxils da windaxe-
duls. mniSvnelovania, rom es pozicia gankuT-
vnilia sajarod wardgenisTvis, anu misi e.w.
„momxmarebeli~ sazogadoeba unda iyos.
saidan
viciT
TviTSefasebis sajaro saxe
maRali da dabali TviTSefasebis mona-
wileebs TamaSSi gavarjiSebis SesaZleb-
loba imdeni xniT miecaT, ramdenic maT
surdaT. amis Semdeg maT ori wuTis
ganmavlobaSi unda eTamaSaT. monawileebis
nawili eqsperimentatoris dakvirvebis qveS
varjiSobda, meore nawili ki _ damkvirveb-
lis gareSe. orive SemTxvevaSi gaizoma
dro, romelic maT gavarjiSebaSi gaatares
(gazomva moxda Riad eqsperimentatoris
daswrebis SemTxvevaSi da SeumCnevlad _
misi aryofnis SemTxvevaSi). Sedegebi naC-
venebia cxrilSi 14.5. sajaroobis Sem-
TxvevaSi, maRali TviTSefasebis individebi
daaxloebiT imis naxevar dros varji-
Sobdnen, rasac dabali TviTSefasebis
mqone monawileebi. damkvirveblis gareSe
varjiSis SemTxvevaSi Sedegi Sebrunebuli
iyo _ isini ufro didxans varjiSobdnen,
vidre dabali TviTSefasebis individebi
(Tice & Baumeister, 1990).
 es Sedegi gasagebia TviTprezentaciis Tval-
sazrisiT. maRali TviTSefasebis adamianebs SeiZ-
leba surdeT ise gamoCndnen, TiTqos warmatebas
Zalian mcire momzadebis Sedegadac ki aRweven
(„Cemnair adamians ar sWirdeba varjiSi!~) da
Tuki isini warmatebas ver miaRweven, SeiZleba
kvlavac mimarTon TviTuunarobas („Tqven xom
naxeT, ra cota vivarjiSe!~).
me-s kulturuli konstruqcia
aqamde Cveni msjeloba me-s relevantur
konstruqtebs exeboda, rogoricaa TviTSefaseba
da SesaZlebeli me-ebi, romlebic sakmaod farTod
gamoiyeneba adamianebSi. me-s mkvlevrebma imis
Seswavlac daiwyes, Tu ra gavlenas axdens me-s
koncefciasa da me-s ganviTarebaze gansxvavebuli
kulturuli zewola. Tu Tqven dasavlur kul-
turaSi gaizardeT, Cven mier aqamde ganxiluli
kvleva ar SegiqmnidaT diskomforts: Teoriebi
da konstruqtebi Seesabameba imas, Tu rogor
moiazreben dasavluri kulturebi me-s, Tumca,
im tipis kultura, saidanac aRmocendeba dasav-
luri me _ individualisturi kultura _ umci-
resobas warmoadgens msoflios mosaxleobis
gaTvaliswinebiT, romlis daaxloebiT 70%
koleqtivistur kulturebs moicavs. individua-
listuri kulturebi xazs usvamen individis
moTxovnilebebs maSin, rodesac koleqtivisturi
kulturebi jgufis moTxovnilebebzea fokusire-
buli (Triandis, 1994, 1995). es yovlismomcveli
aqcenti mniSvnelovnad moqmedebs imaze, Tu
rogor moiazrebs am kulturebis yoveli wevri
Tavis me-s. hezel markusi da Sinobu kitaiama
(1991; Kitayama et al., 1995; Markus et al., 1997) amtki-
cebdnen, rom yoveli kultura me-s gansxvavebul
gagebas (construals) aZlevs safuZvels:
individualisturi kulturebi mxars uWeren
damoukidebeli me-s gagebas _ „damoukideblobis
kulturuli miznis miRweva moiTxovs sakuTari
Tavis ganmartebas, rogorc individisa, romlis
qceva organizebulia da, ZiriTadad, adamianis
sakuTar, da ara sxvebis, azrebTan, grZnobebTan
da qmedebebTan mimarTebaSi xdeba mniSvnelovani~
(Markus & Kitayama, 1991, gv. 226).
koleqtivisturi kulturebi mxars uWeren
urTierTdamokidebuli me-s gagebas _ „urTierT-
damokidebulebis gancda iwvevs sakuTari Tavis
danaxvas, rogorc garemomcveli socialuri
urTierTobis nawilisa da imis aRiarebas, rom
adamianis qceva gansazRvrulia, damokidebulia
da didwilad organizebulia imiT, Tu ras
aRiqvams moqmedi piri sxvebis azrebad, grZno-
bebad da moqmedebebad~ (Markus & Kitayama, 1991,
gv. 227).
mkvlevrebma mravalgzis daadastures am
gansxvavebebis realuroba da Sedegebi.
me-s erT-erT kros-kulturul kvlevaSi
gamoiyenes gazomvis instrumenti saxelwodebiT
oci debulebis testi (Twenty Statements Test - TST)
(Kuhn & McPartland, 1954). am testis Catarebisas
monawileebs sTxoven 20 gansxvavebuli pasuxi
gascen SekiTxvas _ „vin var me?~ rogorc
naCvenebia cxrilSi 14.6, am SekiTxvaze pasuxebi,
rogorc wesi, eqvs gansxvavebul kategoriad
iyofa. cxrilSi, aseve, warmodgenilia kvlevis
damoukidebeli me-s gageba (Independent construals
of self) _ me-s konceptualizacia, rogorc in-
dividisa, romlis qceva, upirveles yovlisa,
organizebulia adamianis sakuTar, da ara sxvebis,
me-s (SELF) Teotiebi
azrebTan, grZnobebTan da qmedebebTan mimar-
TebaSi.
urTierTdamokidebuli me-s gageba (Interdepen-
dent construals of self) _ me-s konceptualizacia,
rogorc garemomcveli socialuri urTierTobis
nawilisa; imis aRiareba, rom adamianis qceva
gansazRvrulia, damokidebulia da didwilad
organizebulia imiT, Tu ras aRiqvams moqmedi
piri sxvebis azrebad, grZnobebad da moqme-
debebad.
589
 cxrili
14.6
oci debulebis testis (TST) pasuxebis kros-kulturuli Sedareba _ pasuxebis
procenti TiToeul kategoriaSi
indielebi amerikelebi
kategoria magaliTi mamr. mdedr. mamr. mdedr.
socialuri identoba me var studentime var Svili
34 28 26 26
ideologiuri rwmenebi me mjera, rom yvela adamiani kargia
me mwams RmerTis 2 2 2 1
interesebi me miyvars fortepianoze dakvrame siamovnebas
maniWebs axali adgilebis monaxuleba 7 16 6 5
ambiciebi me minda gavxde eqimime minda meti viswavlo
fsiqologiaSi 11 15 2 2
me-Sefasebebi me patiosani da Sromismoyvare var
me maRali adamiani var 35 33 64 65
me vRelav momavlis Taobaze
sxva me xmauriani megobrebi myavs 11 6 1 0
me myavs ZaRli

Sedegebi, sadac TST-s Sesrulebas sTxovdnen es kvlevebi gviCvenebs, rom kulturebi,

daaxloebiT 300 students SeerTebuli State-
bidan da indoeTidan (Dhawan et al., 1995). udidesi
gansxvavebaa cxrilSi im raodenobis mixedviT,
romliTac adamianebi me-Sefasebebs akeTebdnen.
amerikelebi ufro xSirad akeTebdnen amas, rac
Seesabameba maTi me-s damoukidebel gancdas;
indoelma studentebma gamoTqves bevrad ufro
naklebi me-Sefasebebi da, Tavisi urTierTdamo-
kidebuli me-s gancdis Sesabamisad, airCies
ramdenadme ufro meti debulebebi socialuri
identobis Sesaxeb. miaqcieT yuradReba, rom
qalebsa da mamakacebs Soris gansxvavebebi jamSi
sakmaod mcirea _ kultura ufro metad mniS-
vnelovania. daufiqrdiT, Tu rogor moqmedebs
koleqtivisturi kulturebis me-s koncefciebze
dasavluri kulturis Semotana. erT kvlevaSi
Sedarebulia kenielebis TST-s pasuxebi, romlebic
praqtikulad ar ganicdian dasavluri kulturis
gavlenas _ samburus da maasais mwyemsebis tomebis
warmomadgenlebis _ im kenielebis pasuxebTan,
Tavi 14 / pirovneba
romlebsac adamianebi miekuTvnebian, did
gavlenas axdens imaze, Tu rogor esmiT maT
Tavisi me. Tqven ukve waikiTxeT am gagebis
Sedegebis Sesaxeb zemoT moyvanil TavebSi.
magaliTad, me-11 Tavidan gaigeT, rom kultura
gavlenas axdens moralur msjelobebze (Miller &
Bersoff, 1992), me-13 Tavidan ki is, rom kultura
zemoqmedebas axdens emociur gamoxatulebebze
(Stephan et al., 1996). Tqven mogvianebiT kvlav
SexvdebiT am gansxvavebas amave saxelmZRva-
neloSi, rodesac SevexebiT sakiTxs, moqmedebs
Tu ara me-s gageba siyvarulis Sesaxeb mosaz-
rebebze (ix. me-17 Tavi). axla ki gaecaniT kvlevas,
romelic gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania me-s
Sesaxeb TeoriebTan dakavSirebiT.
saidan
viciT
kultura, TviTgaumjobeseba da

vinc gadasaxlda dasavluri tipis dedaqalaq

nairobiSi. aRmoCnda, rom tomis wevrTa pasuxebis
daaxloebiT 82%, nairobiSi momuSaveTa pasuxebis
mxolod 58% da nairobis universitetis studen-
tTa pasuxebSi mxolod 17% TST-ze socialur
pasuxebs warmoadgenda (Ma & Schoeneman, 1997). am
paternidan gamomdinare, rodesac qveyanas Se-
moaqvs dasavluri produqtebi, man SeiZleba me-
s dasavluri gagebac Semoitanos.
590
TviTkritika
zemoT movitaneT magaliTi, rom ada-
mianebi dasavlur kulturebSi TviTgau-
mjobesebas _ TviTSefasebaSi dadebiTi
cvlilebebis Setanas cdiloben, Tumca
es, rogorc wesi, ar Sedis koleqtivisturi
kulturis warmomadgenlis dRis wesrigSi.
amis nacvlad, urTierTdamokidebuli me-s
gagebis arseboba SeiZleba dakavSirebul
iqnes TviTkritikasTan. individi cdilobs
koleqtivis gaumjobesebas sakuTari indivi-
dualuri miRwevebis mimarT kritikuli
damokidebulebiT. am ideebis Sesamowmeblad
mkvlevrebis jgufma sTxova iaponel
studentebs _ koleqtivisturi kulturis
warmomadgenlebs da amerikel studentebs
_ individualisturi kulturis warmomad-
genlebs, aReweraT rac SeiZleba meti si-
tuacia, rodesac maTi TviTSefaseba gaizar-
da an Semcirda. warmatebis situaciebi
aRwerili iyo iseTi debulebebiT, rogo-
ricaa: „rodesac gamocdaSi an diplomis
dacvisas saukeTeso Sefaseba miviRe~; wa-
rumateblobis situaciebs ki iseTi debu-
lebebi aRwerdnen, rogoricaa: „rodesac
beisbolis Cems sayvarel gunds an msaxiobs
sajarod akritikeben~. momdevno fazaSi
studentebis sam axal jgufs _ 63 iaponel
students kiotodan da 88 iaponel stu-
dents, romlebic droebiT swavloben
oregonis universitetSi (iujini) da 102
kavkasiuri TeTri rasis students oregonis
universitetidan _ sTxoves, waekiTxaT
situaciebis aRwerebi da ecadaT sakuTari
Tavis am situaciebSi warmodgena; Semdeg
ki mieTiTebinaT, imoqmedebda Tu ara si-
tuacia maT TviTSefasebaze da Tu ki, ra
mimarTulebiT (anu Semcirdeboda, Tu
gaizrdeboda). Semdeg maT es moqmedebis
xarisxi oTxsafexurian skalaze (romelzec
1 niSnavda „sustad~, xolo 4 _ „Zlierad~)
unda SeefasebinaT.
eqsperimentis Sedegebi warmodgenilia
suraTze 14.6. pirvel rigSi, miaqcieT yurad-
Reba, rom iaponeli studentebi rogorc
iaponiaSi, ise amerikaSi ufro metad aR-
niSnavdnen TviTSefasebis Semcirebas. es
aRmoCena Seesatyviseba im gansxvavebas,
romelic damoukidebeli me-s da urTierT-
damokidebuli me-s gagebebs Soris gavakeTeT.
meore, TviTkritikis efeqti ufro didia
iaponel studentebSi, xolo TviTgaum-
jobesebisa _ amerikel studentebSi maSin,
rodesac situacia warmoiqneba anu, rogorc
mkvlevrebi amboben, situacia „damzade-
bulia~ maT mSobliur qveyanaSi. es niSnavs,
rom proeqtis pirvel fazaSi amerikeli
studentebis mier aRwerili situaciebi
yvelaze kargad uwyobda xels amerikelebis
TviTgaumjobesebas; analogiurad, iaponeli
studentebis mier aRwerili situaciebi
yvelaze kargad uwyobda xels iaponelebis
TviTkritikas. dabolos, SeerTebul State-
bSi mcxovrebi iaponeli studentebi ram-
denadme nakleb TviTkritikulni iyvnen,
vidre maTi iaponiaSi mcxovrebi Tanamema-
muleebi. aq SeiZleba aisaxebodes amerikuli
kulturis gavlena iaponelebze maTi ame-
rikaSi yofnis dros an im studentebis
TviTSerCeva, romlebic fiqrobdnen, rom
SesabamisobaSi movidodnen amerikis kul-
turasTan aSS-Si yofnis dros (Kitayama et
al., 1997).
damzadebulia iaponiaSi
damzadebulia aSS-Si
0.6
T vi T S ef as eb i s S ed ar eb i T i
0.4
0.2
zrda
0
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
iaponia (kioto) iaponia (iujini) aSS (iujini)
respondentis kultura
suraTi
14.6
kultura TviTgaumjobeseba da
TviTkritika
proeqtis pirvel fazaSi amerikelma da iaponelma
studentebma aRweres warmatebis da warumateblobis
situaciebi. TiToeul kulturaSi warmoSobil situa-
ciebs uwodes `amerikaSi damzadebuli~ da `iaponiaSi
damzadebuli~ situaciebi. meore fazaSi studentebma
orive kulturidan, iseve, rogorc studentebma iapo-
niidan, romlebic imyofebian amerikaSi, Seafases, Tu
rogor imoqmedebda maT TviTSefasebaze am situaciebSi
moxvedra. saSualod, iaponeli studentebi ufro ori-
me-s (SELF) Teotiebi
entirebulni iyvnen TviTkritikaze, TviTSefasebaSi
uaryofiTi cvlilebebiT, maSin, rodesac amerikeli
studentebi ufro orientirebulni iyvnen TviTgaum-
jobesebaze, TviTSefasebaSi dadebiTi cvlilebebiT. Se-
degebi, ufro mniSvnelovani iyo, rodesac situaciebi
Sesabamis qveyanaSi warmoiSoboda. svetebSi moyvanili
ricxvebi warmoadgenen im studentebis procents, rom-
lebmac dominanturi tendencia gamoavlines (magaliTad,
iaponeli studentebis 86%-ma gamoavlina TviTkritika,
rodesac pasuxobda `iaponiaSi damzadebul~ situaciebs
maSin, rodesac amerikeli studentebis 87%-ma gamoavlina
TviTgaumjobeseba, rodesac `amerikaSi damzadebul~
situaciebs pasuxobda). 591
 fsiqologia XXI saukuneSi
yvelaze rTuli SekiTxva,
romelsac adamianebi sakuTar
Tavs usvamen internetSi Ses-
vlis win, Semdegia _ vin unda
viyo me dRes? internetSi
cxovrebis erT-erTi yvelaze
kargad dokumentirebuli as-
peqtia is, rom adaminebi Ta-
visTvis axal identobebs
igoneben ( McKenna & Bargh,
2000; Reid, 1998) . r o d e s a c
adamiani CeTis oTaxSi Sedis,
man SeiZleba gadawyvitos, rom
urCevnia kaci iyos da ara
_qali, Savkaniani da ara _
TeTri, 40 wlis da ara _ 18-
is, an warmatebuli aRmasru-
lebeli struqturis muSaki
da ara _ kolejis meorekur-
seli studenti. mravali
adamianis cxovrebaSi inter-
nets Zalian naTlad Semoaqvs
SesaZlebeli me-ebis koncef-
cia. modiT, yuradReba gavama-
xviloT am internetis me-ebis
zogierT dadebiT Sedegze.
mravali adamiani Tvlis,
rom „realur~ cxovrebaSi
sakmaod SezRudulia TviT-
gamoxatvaSi: ganmeorebadi
interaqciebi ojaxTan, megob-
rebTan, ufrosebTan da Tanam-
SromlebTan moiTxovs misgan
konsistenturi iyos, rac SeiZ-
leba ar Seesabamebodes im
pirovnebas, romelic mas surs,
Tavi 14 / pirovneba
rom iyos. adamianebisaTvis
sakmaod Znelia gamocdilebis
axal sferoebSi gadasvla,
maTi yoveldRiuri socia-
luri konteqstis zewolis
gaTvaliswinebiT. interneti
asustebs am socialur kon-
teqsts (McKenna & Bargh, 2000).
adamianebs SeuZliaT inter-
592
me internetSi
netis anonimurobis gamoyeneba,
r a Ta gamoxaton axali
interesebi an gamoikvlion axa-
li ideebi im SiSis gareSe,
romelic realuri samyarosaT-
vis damaxasiaTebeli SedegebiT
aris gamowveuli. radikaluri
cvlilebebis gareSe (magali-
Tad, imis gancxadebis gareSe,
rom igi qalia da ara mamakaci)
adamians SeuZlia, gamocados
SesaZlebeli me-ebi, romlebic
SeiZleba ufro axlos iyos
mis idealur me-sTan. metic,
internetis anonimuroba SesaZ-
leblobas aZlevs adamianebs,
ufro meti gamoamJRavnon
sakuTari me-s Sesaxeb, vidre
isini sxva pirobebSi moisur-
vebdnen. gaixseneT me-13 Ta-
vidan, rom adamianebi dadebiT
Sedegebs iReben janmrTelobis
TvalsazrisiT, rodesac isini
emociurad ixsnebian (Penne-
baker, 1990). interneti aseTi
gamomJRavnebebis farTo SesaZ-
leblobebs gvTavazobs. ada-
mianebs SeuZliaT ipovon spe-
cializebuli CeTis oTaxebi
an jgufebi, romlebic Riad
marTaven forumebs, sadac Tavi-
sufladaa SesaZlebeli sa-
kuTari Tavis nebismierad war-
moCena da socialur mxarda-
Weris miRebac.
mkvlevrebma faqtobrivad
daadastures is, rom adamianebis
unars, gamoxaton sakuTari Tavis
faruli aspeqtebi, SeuZlia
gamoiwvios TviTmimReblobis
gazrda. erT kvlevaSi moiZies
informacia adamianebisgan,
romlebic internetis iseT
jgufebSi monawileobdnen,
romlebic gaTvaliswinebuli
iyo marginalizebuli seqsua-
luri identobis
pirebisaTvis, rogorebic ari-
an homoseqsualebi. mkvlev-
rebma moaxerxes anonimuri
monacemebis Segroveba am
jgufebis aqtiuri
monawileebisagan (McKenna &
Bargh, 1998). monacemebidan
gamomdinare, am jgufebSi
monawileobam gazarda TviT-
mimRebloba. faqtobrivad,
respondentebis 37%-ma jguf-
Si monawileobis Sedegad
sxvebs marginalizebuli
identobis saidumloeba
gauziares.
Cven yuradRebas vamaxvi-
lebdiT internetis dadebiT
aspeqtebze: adamianebis unar-
ze, gaaRrmavon me-s gaazreba
da CaerTon TviTgaxsnaSi,
rasac janmrTelobasTan da
TviTmimReblobasTan dakav-
Sirebuli Sedegebi mohyveba,
magram, ra Tqma unda, ar-
sebobs garkveuli saSiS-
roebebic. anonimurobam SeiZ-
leba adamianebi sakuTari
cxovrebis iseT fragmen-
taciamde miiyvanos, romelic
disadaptaciis qcevas gamoiw-
vevs (Reid, 1998). Cven adrec
aRvniSneT, rom zogi mkvle-
vari morcxvobis prevalen-
tobis zrdas internetis
xelmisawvdomobas miawers da
mainc, imedia, rom adamianebis
umetesoba sargebels naxavs
im SesaZleblobebisgan, rom-
lebsac, gazviadebis gareSe,
iZleva interneti TviTga-
mokvlevis TvalsazrisiT.
 Tu Tqven dasavlur kulturaSi gaizardeT,
SeiZleba es Sedegebi TqvenTvis Znelad gasagebi
iyos. ratom unda iyos adamianebisaTvis sakuTari
TviTSefasebis gakritikeba ufro bunebrivi,
vidre gaumjobeseba? pasuxi, ra Tqma unda, isaa,
rom me am TviTSefasebaSi ar aris imave mniS-
vneblobis matarebeli. koleqtivisturi kultu-
ris warmomadgenlebisTvis mniSvnelovania is,
Tu rogor ukavSirdeba me koleqtivs. momdevno
ramdenime dReSi Tqven SegiZliaT SeecadoT
ganicadoT me-s orive gageba, Tu daakvirdebiT
imas, rogor moqmedebs Tqvens garSemo mimdinare
movlenebi Tqvens me-ze, rogorc individze da
Tqvens me-ze, rogorc ufro farTo socialuri
struqturis wevrze.
me-s Teoriebis Sefaseba
me-s Teoriebi warmatebiT afiqsireben adamia-
nebis koncefciebs sakuTari pirovnebis Sesaxeb
da imas, Tu rogor surT maT sxvebis mier iyvnen
aRqmuli. ufro metic, me-s kros-kulturul
gagebaTa kvlevam didi gavlena iqonia imaze,
Tu rogor afaseben fsiqologebi Tavisi Teorie-
bis universalobas. miuxedavad amisa, is, vinc
akritikebs me-s Teoriis pirovnebisadmi midgomas,
gmobs imas, rom am midgomas sazRvrebi ar aqvs.
ramdenadac amdeni ram aris me-s da me-s kon-
cefciis relevanturi, yovelTvis ar aris na-
Teli, romeli faqtorebia yvelaze mniSvnelo-
vani qcevis winaswarmetyvelebisaTvis. garda
amisa, me-s xazgasma, rogorc socialuri
konstruqtisa, srulad ar Seesabameba im faqts,
rom pirovnebis zogierTi aspeqti SeiZleba
memkvidreobiT gadaeces. iseve, rogorc Cven mier
aRweril sxva TeoriebSi, me-s Teoriebi aRweren
mxolod zogierT rames, magram ara yvelafers
iqidan, rac Tqven pirovnebad gesaxebaT.
Sejameba
me-s koncefciebi warmoadgens mexsierebis
struqturebs, romlebic moicaven sqemebs me-s
Sesaxeb da marTaven imas, Tu rogor gadaamuSaveben
adamianebi informacias sakuTari Tavis da sxvebis
Sesaxeb. rogorc Cans, adamianebs TviTSemowmeba
urCevniaT maSinac ki, rodesac Semowmebuli me-s
koncefcia uaryofiTia. adamianebi iyeneben
SesaZlebel me-ebs, raTa Seadaron, rogorebi
arian axla da rogorebi SeiZleba iyvnen
momavalSi. TviTSefaseba warmoadgens me-s zogad
Sefasebas; mas SeuZlia Zlierad imoqmedos
azrebze, guneba-ganwobilebasa da qcevaze. ada-
mianebi TviTuunarobas TviTSefasebis dasacavad
mimarTaven. kros-kulturul kvlevaSiAyuradReba
gamaxvilda imaze, Tu rogor ubiZgebs individu-
alisturi da koleqtivisturi kulturebi me-s
gansxvavebuli gagebis warmoqmnas. individua-
listuri kulturebis warmomadgenlebs axa-
siaTebT damoukidebeli me-s, xolo koleqti-
visturi kulturebis warmomadgenlebs _ ur-
TierTdamokidebuli me-s gageba. es gagebebi
moqmedeben imaze, Tu rogor afaseben Tavis Tavs
adamianebi da rogor aregulireben Tavis TviT-
Sefasebas. me-s Teoriebis kritikosebis azriT,
isini yovelTvis ar iZlevian qcevis winaswar-
metyvelebis SesaZleblobas da sakmarisad ar
aRiareben pirovnebis genetikur aspeqtebs.
pirovnebis Teoriebis
Sedareba
ar arsebobs pirovnebis erTiani, unifici-
rebuli Teoria, romelsac fsiqologebis ume-
tesoba daeTanxmeboda. mravalferovani Teoriebis
ganxilvisas araerTxel gamovlinda maT Soris
ramdenime gansxvaveba, rac ZiriTad daSvebebSi
mdgomareobs. sasargeblo iqneboda Segvejamebina
xuTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani gansxvaveba
pirovnebis Sesaxeb daSvebebSi da is midgomebi,
romlebic safuZvlad udevs yovel am daSvebas: pirovnebis Teoriebis Sedareba
1. memkvidreoba Tu garemo. rogorc naxeT qveTavSi
fsiqologia da cxovreba, am gansxvavebas, aseve,
buneba Tu aRzrda ewodeba. ra ufro mniSvne-
lovania pirovnebis ganviTarebisaTvis: gene-
tikuri da biologiuri faqtorebi Tu garemos
gavlenebi? pirovnebis niSnis Teoriebi
iyofoda am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT. froidis
Teoria Zlieradaa damokidebuli memkvidreo-
biTobaze; humanisturi, socialuri daswavlis,
kognituri da me-s Teoriebi xazs usvamen
garemos, rogorc qcevis determinants, an
garemosTan urTierTqmedebas, rogorc pirov-
593
 nebis ganviTarebisa da pirovnebaTa Soris dinamikuri Teoriebi amateben Zlier Zravas da
gansxvavebebis wyaros; sawvavs, raTa es manqana amuSavdes. humanisturi
Teoriebi adamians mZRolis adgilze aTavseben.
2. daswavlis procesebi Tu qcevis Tandayolili
socialuri daswavlis Teoriebi uzrunvelyofen
wesebi. romel mosazrebas unda mieniWos
saWes, mimarTulebis signalebsa da sxva sare-
upiratesoba: imas, rom pirovneba icvleba
gulacio mowyobilobas. kognituri Teoriebi
daswavlis gziT, Tu rom pirovnebis ganvi-
amateben Sexsenebebs, rom fsiqikuri ruka, romel-
Tareba mihyveba Sinagan gegmas? pirovnebis
sac mZRoli irCevs mogzaurobisaTvis, gavlenas
niSnis Teoriebi kvlav sxvadasxva azrs
axdens imaze, Tu rogor aris dagegmili, orga-
emxroba am kiTxvasTan dakavSirebiT. froidis
nizebuli da damaxsovrebuli mogzauroba. dabo-
Teoria mxars uWers Sinagani determinaciis
los, me-s Teoriebi axseneben mZRols, rom
Tvalsazriss maSin, rodesac humanistebi
gaiTvaliswinos is STabeWdileba, romelsac misi
ayalibeben optimistur azrs, rom gamocdi-
manqanis tarebis unari gavlenas axdens mis
leba cvlis adamianebs. socialuri das-
mgzavrebsa da fexiT mosiaruleebze.
wavlis, kognituri da me-s Teoriebi aSkarad
imisTvis, rom davasruloT pirovnebis Sesaxeb
mxars uWeren im Tvalsazriss, rom qceva da
mimoxilva, axla ganvixiloT is, Tu rogor xdeba
pirovneba icvleba daswavlili gamocdilebis
pirovnebis Sefaseba. Cven aRvwerT zogierT gzas,
Sedegad;
romliTac fsiqologebi iZieben informacias
3. aqcenti warsulze, awmyosa Tu momavalze. pirovnebis im maxasiaTeblebis speqtris Sesaxeb,
pirovnebis niSnis Teoriebi xazs usvamen war- romelic yovel individs unikalobas aniWebs.
sul mizezebs, Tandayolilsa Tu daswavlils;
froidis Teoria aqcents akeTebs adreul
bavSvobaSi momxdar warsul movlenebze; Sejameba
socialuri daswavlis Teoriebi fokusire-
pirovnebis Teoriebi gansxvavdeba imiT, Tu
bulia warsul ganmtkicebebze da awmyo Sem-
rogor aqcents akeTeben isini memkvidreobiTobaze
TxveviTobebze; humanisturi Teoriebi mniS-
garemosTan SedarebiT; daswavlis procesebze
vnelobas aniWebs awmyo realobas an momavlis
qcevis Tandayolil wesebTan SedarebiT; warsul
miznebs, xolo kognituri da me-s Teoriebi
mizezebze, awmyo qcevaze Tu momaval miznebze;
fokusirebulia warsulsa da awmyoze (da
cnobierebaze aracnobierTan SedarebiT da
momavalzec, Tu CarTulia miznis dadgena).
dispoziciebze situaciebTan SedarebiT. yoveli
4. cnobieri Tu aracnobieri. froidis Teoria Teoria gansxvavebul midgomas iZleva pirovnebis
mniSvnelobas aniWebs aracnobier procesebs, Secnobis TvalsazrisiT.
humanisturi, socialuri dawavlis da
kognituri Teoriebi ki _ cnobier procesebs.
pirovnebis niSnis Teoria mcire yuradRebas pirovnebis Sefaseba
uTmobs am gansxvavebas, me-s Teoriebs ki am
mxriv gamokveTili pozicia ar gaaCniaT;
dafiqrdiT im maxasiaTeblebze, romlebiTac
5. Sinagani dispozicia Tu garemos situacia.
Tavi 14 / pirovneba

Tqveni saukeTeso megobrebisgan gansxvavdebiT.

socialuri daswavlis Teoriebi xazs usvamen
situaciur faqtorebs; niSnis Teoriebi win
wamosweven dispoziciur faqtorebs, xolo
sxvebi uSveben interaqcias pirovnebiseul
da situaciur cvladebs Soris.
pirovnebis Teoriis yovel tips gansxvavebuli
wvlili Seaqvs pirovnebis SemecnebaSi. niSnis
Teoriebi gvawvdian nusxas, romelic aRwers
594 pirovnebis nawilebsa da struqturebs. fsiqo-
fsiqologebs ainteresebT gansxvavebuli Tvi-
sebebi, romlebic axasiaTebs erT individs,
asxvavebs erT adamians sxvebisagan an asxvavebs
erT jgufSi myof adamianebs sxva jgufis
wevrebisagan (magaliTad, morcxv adamians
Tamamisagan anda paranoiduls _ normalurisagan).
pirovnebis gagebisa da aRweris am mcdelobebs
safuZvlad ori daSveba udevs: pirveli is, rom
arsebobs individebis pirovnuli maxasiaTeblebi,
romlebic maT qcevas koherentulobas aniWebs yeneba Cveulebriv, praqtikulad janmrTel mosax-
da, meore, rom es maxasiaTeblebi SeiZleba Se- leobasTan muSaobisas.
fasdes an gaizomos. es daSvebebi xorcSesxmulia
pirovnebis testebSi, romlebic SeiZleba MMPI
obieqtur da subieqtur testebad davyoT.
MMPI Seiqmna minesotas universitetSi 1930-
ian wlebSi fsiqolog starke heTeueisa da
obieqturi testebi fsiqiatr j. r. makkinlis mier (Hathaway &
McKinley, 1940, 1943). misi ZiriTadi mizania indi-
pirovnebis obieqtur testebSi Sefasebis
videbis diagnostireba fsiqiatriuli kategorie-
micema (qulebis miniWeba) da maTi gamoyeneba
bis mixedviT. pirveli testi 550 debulebisagan
SedarebiT martivia da kargad gansazRvrul
Sedgeboda, romelTac individebi axarisxebdnen,
wesebs emorCileba. zogierT obieqtur testSi
rogorc maTTvis marTebuls an mcdars, an
Sefaseba da interpretaciac ki kompiuteruli
pasuxobdnen _ `ar SemiZlia pasuxis gacema~. am
programebiT xorcieldeba. saboloo Sefaseba,
debulebaTa erTobliobidan SemuSavda skalebi,
rogorc wesi, erTniSna ricxvia, romelic
romlebic fsiqiatriul dawesebulebebSi pacien-
erTaderTi ganzomilebis gaswvriv (rogoricaa
tebis mier gamovlenili problemebis saxeobebs
adaptacia-disadaptacia) Tavsdeba, an sxvadasxva
Seesabameboda.
niSnebis qulaTa erTobliobis gaswvriv (rogo-
MMPI-s skalebi ar hgavda sxva arsebul pirov-
ricaa: impulsuroba, damokidebuleba an eq-
nebis testebs, radganac isini empiriuli stra-
straversia). es monacemebi SedarebaSi mohyavT
tegiis gamoyenebiT SemuSavda da ara intuitiuri,
normatiuli SerCevis monacemebTan.
Teoriuli midgomiT, romelic im dros domi-
TviTangariSis kiTxvari aris obieqturi
nirebda (gaixseneT Cveni adrindeli diskusia
testi, romelSic individebi pasuxoben kiTxvaTa
testis Teoriuli da empiriuli konstruqciis
seriebs maTi azrebis, grZnobebisa da moqmede-
Sesaxeb). debulebebi mxolod im SemTxvevaSi
bebis Sesaxeb. erT-erTi pirveli TviTangariSis
rCeboda skalaze, Tu isini aSkarad ganasxva-
kiTxvari, vudvorTsis pirovnuli monacemebis
vebdnen or jgufs, magaliTad, Sizofreniul
furceli _ Woodworth Personal Data Sheet (Seqmnili
pacientebs da normalur sakontrolo jgufs.
1917 wels) Seicavda amis msgavs kiTxvebs: „RamiT
TiToeul debulebas unda eCvenebina misi
xSirad geSiniaT xolme?~ (DuBois, 1970). dResdRe-
validuroba imiT, rom mas TiToeuli jgufis
obiT pirovnebis kiTxvaris Sevsebisas adamiani
wevrebi erTnairad upasuxebdnen, xolo ori
kiTxulobs debulebaTa seriebs da aRniSnavs,
jgufis wevrebi _ gansxvavebulad. amgvarad,
Tu ramdenad Seesabameba, an ramdenad damaxasia-
debulebebi SerCeuli iyo ara Teoriul safuZ-
Tebelia misTvis TiToeuli maTgani.
velze (imis mixedviT, Tu rogor mniSvnelobas
yvelaze xSirad gamoiyeneba minesotas multi-
atarebdnen isini eqspertebisTvis), aramed empi-
fazuri pirovnebis kiTxvari _ Minnesota Multipha-
riul safuZvelze (imis mixedviT, ganasxvavebdnen
sic Personality Inventory, anu MMPI (Dahlstrom et al.,
Tu ara isini or jgufs).
1975). is mraval klinikur dawesebulebaSi gamoi-
MMPI-is aqvs 10 klinikuri skala. TiToeuli
yeneba pacientebis diagnostirebis damxmare
Seqmnilia imisTvis, rom gansakuTrebuli klini-
instrumentad da maTi mkurnalobis mimarTu-
kuri jgufebi (rogoricaa SizofreniiT daava-
pirovnebis Sefaseba

lebis misacemad. am kiTxvaris maxasiaTeblebisa

da misi gamoyenebis ganxilvis Semdeg mokled
SevexebiT NEO pirovnebis kiTxvars (NEO Person-
ality Inventory - NEO-PI), romelic farTod gamoi-
pirovnebis kiTxvari (Personality inventory) – TviT-
angariSis meTodika, romelic gamoiyeneba pirov-
nebis Sesafaseblad da moicavs debulebaTa
CamonaTvals pirovnebis azrebis, grZnobebisa
da qcevebis Sesaxeb.
debuli individebi) ganvasxvavoT normaluri
sakontrolo jgufisagan. testi, aseve, Seicavs
validurobis skalebs, romlebic gamoavlens
iseT saeWvo pasuxebs, rogoricaa: aSkara sicrue,
uyuradReboba, Tavdacva, anda aragulwrfeloba.
MMPI-is interpretaciisas, is, vinc tests ata-
rebs, pirvel rigSi, amowmebs validurobis
skalebs, raTa darwmundes, rom testze miRebuli
pasuxebi validuria da Semdeg uyurebs danarCen
595
 cxrili
14.6
MMPI- 2 klinikuri skalebi
ipoqondria (Hs): paTologiuri SfoTva sxeulebrivi
funqciebis Sesaxeb
depresia (D): pesimizmi, uimedoba, moqmedebisa da
azrovnebis Seneleba
konversiuli isteria (Hy): mentaluri problemebis
aracnobieri gamoyeneba konfliqtebisa Tu
pasuxismgeblobis Tavidan acilebis mizniT
asocialuri fsiqopaTia (Pd): socialuri normebis
ignorireba; zedapiruli emociebi;
gamocdilebidan sargeblis miRebis unaris
arqona
maskulinoba-feminuroba (Mf): mamakacebsa da qalebs
Soris gansxvavebebi
paranoiduloba (Pa): iWvneuloba, gandidebis an devnis
mania
fsiqasTenia (Pt): obsesiebi; kompulsiebi; SiSebi;
danaSaulis gancda; gadauwyveteloba
Sizofrenia (Sc): ucnauroba, uCveuli azrebi an qceva;
sakuTar TavSi Caketva; halucinaciebi; iluziebi
hipomania (Ma): emociuri agznebuloba; ideebis
araTanmimdevruloba; moWarbebuli aqtivoba
maCveneblebs. maCveneblebis paterni _ romelia
yvelaze maRali, rogor gansxvavdeba isini
erTmaneTisgan _ qmnis „MMPI-is profils~.
individualuri profilebi dardeba konkretuli
jgufebisaTvis damaxasiaTebel iseT profilebs,
rogoricaa, magaliTad, kriminalebi da azartuli
moTamaSeebi.
1980-ian wlebSi MMPI Zireulad gadasijes
da axla mas MMPI-2 ewodeba (Butcher et al., 1989;
Butcher & Williams, 1992; Greene, 1991). MMPI-2-s
axasiaTebs ganaxlebuli ena, misi Sinaarsi uke-
Tesad asaxavs Tanamedrove problemebs da
monacemebi normebisaTvis axal populaciebSi
Segrovda. garda amisa, MMPI-2-Si damatebulia
Tavi 14 / pirovneba
15 axali Sinaarsobrivi skala, romelic gamoi-
yvanes, nawilobriv, Teoriuli meTodis gamoye-
nebiT. 15 klinikurad relevanturi Temidan
(rogoricaa SfoTva an ojaxuri problemebi)
TiToeulisaTvis debulebebi SeirCa or safuZ-
velze dayrdnobiT _ iyo Tu ara isini Teori-
ulad dakavSirebuli TemasTan da qmnidnen Tu
ara statistikurad homogenur skalas, rac
niSnavda imas, rom TiToeuli skala zomavs
596 erTaderT, unificirebul cnebas. MMPI-2-is
klinikuri da Sinaarsobrivi skalebi mocemulia
cxrilebSi 14.7 da 14.8. Tqven SeamCnevT, rom
klinikuri skalebis umetesoba zomavs ramdenime
urTierTdakavSirebul cnebas da rom Sinaarso-
brivi skalebis saxelwodebebi martivi da
naTelia.
MMPI-2-is upiratesobebia misi Catarebis
simartive, ekonomiuroba da misi vargisianoba
fsiqopaTologiis diagnostirebisas (Butcher &
Rouse, 1996). garda amisa, debulebaTa erToblioba
mravali mizniT SeiZleba iqnes gamoyenebuli.
magaliTad, Tqven SegiZliaT SeadginoT krea-
tulobis skala individebis kreatuli da ara-
kreatuli jgufebis moZebniTa da MMPI-dan im
debulebebis gansazRvriT, romlebsac maT
gansxvavebulad upasuxes. wlebis ganmavlobaSi
fsiqologebma am gziT asobiT specialuri
daniSnulebis skala Seadgines da gansazRvres
maTi validuroba. mkvlevrebisaTvis MMPI-is erT-
erTi yvelaze mimzidveli maxasiaTebelia misi
profilebis uzarmazari arqivi, Segrovebuli
50-ze meti wlis manZilze. radganac yvela es
adamiani standartizebulad iqna Semowmebuli
erTsa da imave debulebebze, isini SeiZleba
SevadaroT rogorc tradiciuli klinikuri
skalebis mixedviT, ise specialuri daniSnulebis
skalebis mixedviT (Cveni axali „kreatulobis~
skalis msgavsad). MMPI-is es arqivebi mkvlevrebs
saSualebas aZlevs, Seamowmon hipoTezebi MMPI-
ze, romlebic mravali wliT adre iyo Cata-
cxrili
14.8
MMPI- 2 Sinaarsobrivi skalebi
SfoTva antisocialuri qmedebebi
SiSebi tipi A (adamiani, romelic
uzomod bevrs muSaobs)
obsesiuroba dabali TviTSefaseba/
(akviatebuli azrebi) TviTpativiscema
depresia socialuri diskomforti
janmrTelobasTan ojaxuri problemebi
dakavSirebuli
sazrunavebi
ucnauri azrebi muSaobis dros
winaaRmdegobebi
gabrazeba /risxva mkurnalobis uaryofiTi
indikatorebi (uaryofiTi
damokidebuleba eqimebisa da
mkurnalobis mimarT)
cinizmi antisocialuri qmedebebi
rebuli, SesaZloa, bevrad adre, vidre gaCndeboda
warmodgena gasazomi konstruqtis Sesaxeb.
MMPI-2-sac aqvs Tavisi kritika. magaliTad,
misi klinikuri skalebi heterogenurobis gamo
(isini erTdroulad ramdenime parametrs zomaven)
gaakritikes. aseve, mkvlevrebi Tvlian, rom
cvlilebebi, romlebic Sevida Sesworebul
MMPI-2-Si sawyis MMPI-sTan SedarebiT, ar aris
sakmarisi pirovnebis Teoriis winsvlis asax-
visaTvis; testi kvlav axlos dgas Tavis empi-
riul warmoSobasTan (Helmes & Reddon, 1993).
SesaZlebelia, MMPI-2 gaakritikon im SemTxve-
vaSic, rodesac adamianebi sxvadasxva mizniT
cdiloben mis gamoyenebas. magaliTad, MMPI-2-
is depresiis skala aRwevs validurobis misaReb
dones (Boone, 1994); amis sapirispirod, wamalda-
mokidebulebis (substance abuse) winaswarmetyve-
lebisadmi miZRvnili skalebi ar aris iseTi
validuri, rogorc ufro specifikuri Sefasebis
instrumentebi (Svanum et al., 1994). rogorc nebis-
mieri Sefasebis instrumentis SemTxvevaSi,
mkvlevrebma didi sifrTxiliT unda Seafason
MMPI-isa da MMPI-2-is gamoyenebis sandooba da
validuroba yovel konkretul SemTxvevaSi
(Greene et al., 1997).
pirovnebis es kiTxvarebi Seqmnili iyo kli-
nikuri problemebis mqone individebis Sefa-
sebisaTvis. momdevno or qveTavSi Cven aRvwerT
zogadad pirovnebis (ara pacientebis) Sefa-
sebisaTvis ufro Sesabamis instrumentebs.
NEO PI
NEO pirovnebis kiTxvari (NEO Personality Inven-
tory _ NEO PI) aseve Seiqmna pirovnebis maxasia-
Teblebis Sesafaseblad araklinikuri mozrdi-
lebis populaciaSi. is zomavs pirovnebis xuT-
faqtorian models, romelic zemoT ganvixileT.
Tu NEO PI CagitardaT, Tqven miiRebdiT profilis
furcels, romelic giCvenebdaT Tqvens standar-
tizebul maCveneblebs did normatiul SerCe-
vasTan mimarTebaSi xuTi ZiriTadi ganzomile-
bidan TiToeulze: neiroticizmi, eqstraversia,
Riaoba, TanxmobisaTvis mzaoba da patiosneba
(Costa & McCrae, 1985). NEO PI-is gadasinjuli
versia afasebs 30 calkeul niSans, romelic
organizebulia xuTi ZiriTadi faqtoris mixed-
viT (Costa & McCrae, 1992b). magaliTad, neiroti-
cizmis ganzomileba dayofilia eqvs calkeul
skalad: SfoTva, mtruloba, depresia, morcxvoba,
impulsuroba da mowyvladoba. bevrma kvlevam
aCvena, rom NEO PI-is ganzomilebebi homogenuria,
axasiaTebT maRali sandooba da kargi konstruq-
tuli da kriteriumis mixedviT validoba (Costa
& McCrae, 1992a; Furnham et al., 1997). NEO PI
gamoiyeneba cxovrebis manZilze pirovnebis
stabilobisa da cvalebadobis Sesaswavlad
iseve, rogorc pirovnuli maxasiaTeblebis mimar-
Tebis sakvlevad fizikur janmrTelobasTan da
mravalferovan cxovrebiseul movlenebTan,
rogoricaa warmatebuli kariera, anda adreuli
gasvla pensiaze.
xuTfaqtorian modelze dafuZnebuli axali
kiTxvari, didi xuTeulis kiTxvari _ Big Five
Questionnaire (BFQ) Seiqmna im mizniT, rom gansxva-
vebul kulturebs Soris validuroba yofiliyo.
skala italiaSi SeimuSaves, magram mas msgavsi
fsiqometruli maCveneblebi aqvs amerikuli da
espanuri populaciebisaTvis da Sesabamisi
normebi franguli, germanuli, Cexuri, ungruli
da polonuri TargmanebisaTvisac dgindeba
(Barbaranelli et al., 1997; Caprara et al., 1993). miuxedavad
imisa, rom BFQ maRal korelaciaSia NEO PI-sTan,
is mniSvnelovanwilad gansxvavdeba misgan.
faqtori 1 masSi figurirebs, rogorc „energia~
an „aqtivoba~ da ara „eqstraversia~ (damTmobobis
socialur aspeqtebTan gadafarvis Sesamci-
reblad). BFQ Seicavs skalebs imis Sesamowmeb-
lad, xom ar ixreba respondentis pasuxebi
socialurad sasurveli pasuxebisaken. is NEO
PI-ze martivia, radganac mxolod ori calkeuli
skala aqvs TiToeuli faqtorisaTvis. magaliTad,
„energia~ Sedgeba „dinamizmisa~’ da „dominan-
tobis~ skalebisagan; pirveli intrapersona-
luria, meore ki _ interpersonaluri. ramdena-
dac fsiqologia sul ufro globaluri xdeba,
Sefasebis aseTi instrumentebi, romlebic erTna-
irad kargad muSaoben enobrivi da erovnuli
barierebis miuxedavad, arsebiTia mniSvnelovani
pirovnebis Sefaseba
kros-kulturuli kvlevebis warmoebisaTvis
pirovnebisa da socialur fsiqologiaSi.
proeqciuli testebi
rodesme Tu SegixedavT RrublisaTvis da
saxe an cxovelis konturi daginaxavT? Tu Tqvens
megobrebs sTxovdiT, SeexedaT, maT SeiZleba
daenaxaT dayrdnobili SiSveli figura an 597
 drakoni. msgavs fenomens eyrdnobian fsiqolo-
gebi pirovnebis SefasebisaTvis proeqciuli
testebis gamoyenebisas.
rogorc axlaxan vnaxeT, obieqtur testebs
oridan erTi forma aqvT: isini an respondentebs
debulebebis seriebs sTavazoben da sTxoven
maT, martivi pasuxi gascen (rogoricaa „WeS-
maritia~, „mcdaria~, an „ar SemiZlia pasuxis
gacema~), an sakuTari Tavis Sefasebas sTxoven
garkveuli ganzomilebebis mixedviT (rogoricaa
„mSfoTvare-mSvidi~). amgvarad, respondenti iZu-
lebulia, airCios winaswargansazRvruli pasuxe-
bidan erT-erTi. amis sapirispirod, proeqciuli
testebi ar Seicaven pasuxebis winaswargan-
sazRvrul diapazons. proeqciul testSi pirov-
nebas warudgenen stimulebis seriebs, romlebic
ganzrax bundovani/orazrovania. aseTia, maga-
liTad, abstraqtuli nimuSebi, dausrulebeli
suraTebi, an naxatebi, romelTa interpretaciac
mravalnairad aris SesaZlebeli. adamians SeiZ-
leba sTxovon, aRweros abstraqciebi, daas-
rulos suraTebi an moyves naxatebis Sesaxeb
istoriebi. proeqciuli testebi pirvelad fsi-
qoanalitikosebma gamoiyenes, romlebic ime-
dovnebdnen, rom aseTi testebi maTi pacientebis
aracnobier pirovnul dinamikas gamoavlendnen.
vinaidan stimulebi bundovania/orazrovania,
maTze gacemuli pasuxebi, nawilobriv, gansa-
zRvrulia imiT, rac adamians Semoaqvs situa-
ciaSi, saxeldobr, Sinagani grZnobebi, piradi
motivebi da konfliqtebi cxovrebis gamocdi-
lebidan. es pirovnuli, idiosinkratuli
(damaxasiaTebeli, ganmasxvavebeli) aspeqtebi, rom-
lebic proecirebulia stimulebze, pirovnebis
Semfasebels mravalferovani interpretaciis
gakeTebis saSualebas aZlevs.
proeqciuli testebi Sefasebis im instru-
mentTa ricxvs miekuTvneba, romlebsac yvelaze
xSirad iyeneben praqtikosi fsiqologebi (Butcher
& Rouse, 1996; Lubin et al., 1984; Piotrowski et al., 1985);
Tavi 14 / pirovneba
aseve, isini ufro xSirad gamoiyeneba SeerTebuli
Statebis farglebs gareT, magaliTad, holan-
proeqciuli testi (Projective tests) _ pirovnebis
Sefasebis meTodi, romelSic individs uCveneben
orazrovani/abstraqtuli stimulebis erTob-
liobas da sTxoven maTi mniSvnelobis inter-
pretacias; iTvleba, rom individis pasuxebi
avlens mis Sinagan grZnobebs, motivebsa da
598
konfliqtebs.
diaSi, hong-kongsa da iaponiaSi, vidre MMPI-is
msgavsi obieqturi testebi (Piotrowski et al., 1993).
xSirad ver xerxdeba obieqturi testebis
adekvaturi Targmani da adekvaturi standar-
tizeba araamerikul populaciebze. proeqciuli
testebi naklebad mgrZnobiarea enobrivi
cvlilebebis mimarT, Tumca, radganac isini
ase gavrcelebulia, kritikosebi xSirad eWvoben,
rom maT aravalidurad gamoiyeneben. ori yvelaze
metad gavrcelebuli testis _ rorSaxis testisa
(Rorschach test) da Tematuri apercefciis testis
(Thematic Apperception Test -TAT) ganxilvisas Cven
validurobis am sakiTxebs SevexebiT.
rorSaxis testi
rorSaxis testSi, romelic 1921 wels Seimu-
Sava Sveicarelma fsiqiatrma herman rorSaxma
(Hermann Rorschach) bundovani stimulebi war-
modgenilia simetriuli melnis laqebis saxiT
(Rorschach, 1942). zogi maTgani Sav-TeTria da
zogi _ feradi (ix. sur. 14.7). testis msvlelo-
bisas respondents uCveneben laqas da ekiTxebian:
„ra SeiZleba es iyos~? respondentebs arwmuneben,
rom ar arsebobs swori an mcdari pasuxebi
(Exner, 1974). mkvlevrebi zedmiwevniT afiqsireben,
ras amboben adamianebi, ramdeni dro sWirdebaT
pasuxis gasacemad, mTlianad ra dro exarjeba
respondents TiTo laqaze da rogor uWiravs
mas baraTi. Semdeg, meore fazaSi, romelsac
gamokiTxva ewodeba, respondents axseneben wina
pasuxebs da sTxoven, detalurad daamuSavos
isini.
suraTi
14.7
melnis laqa, msgavsi imisa,
romelsac iyeneben rorSaxis
testSi
ras xedavT? am laqis Tqveneburi interpre-
tacia asaxavs Tu ara raimes Tqveni xasiaTidan?
 pasuxebi sami ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblis mixedviT
fasdeba: (1) lokacia, anu pasuxSi aRniSnuli
baraTis nawili _ mTlian stimuls exeba res-
pondenti Tu mis nawils da aRniSnuli deta-
lebis zomebi; (2) pasuxis Sinaarsi _ danaxuli
obieqtis da moqmedebebis buneba da (3) deter-
minantebi _ baraTis romelma aspeqtebma (rogo-
ricaa, feri da Crdilebi) misca biZgi pasuxs.
Semfaseblebma, aseve, SeiZleba aRniSnon, rogori
iyo pasuxebi: originaluri da unikaluri, Tu
popularuli da konformuli.
Tqven SesaZlebelia ifiqroT, rom melnis
bundovani laqebi biZgs miscemen iseTi pasuxebis
mravalferovnebas, romlebic interpretacias
ar eqvemdebarebian. sinamdvileSi, mkvlevrebma
Seqmnes rorSaxis pasuxebis yovlismomcveli
Sefasebis sistema, romelic gansxvavebul tes-
tis Camtareblebs Soris mniSvnelovani Sedarebis
gakeTebis saSualebas iZleva (Exner, 1991, 1993;
Exner & Weiner, 1994). Sefasebis es sistema azustebs
suraTi
14.8
Sinaarsobrivi pasuxebis iseT zogad kategoriebs,
rogoricaa mTliani adamiani (pasuxi moicavs, Tat testis nimuSi
an gulisxmobs adamianis figuris formas) da
sisxli (pasuxi moicavs adamianis, an cxovelis rilia adamianebi, romlebic cxovrobdnen mova-
sisxls). pasuxebis nimuSebi warmatebiT daukav- leobebis mixedviT da Tu ambebi moyolil iqna
Sires rogorc normaluri pirovnebis maxasia- seriozulad da dalagebulad. gaixseneT me-12
Teblebs, fsiqopaTologias. da mainc, Sefasebis Tavidan, rom TAT xSirad gamoiyeneboda indi-
sistemasTan da rorSaxis testTan dakavSirebiT vidualuri gansxvavebebis gamosavlenad iseT
mainc rCeba garkveuli winaaRmdegoba (Exner, 1996; dominantur moTxovnilebebSi, rogoricaa Zala-
Meyer, 2000; Wood et al., 1996a, 1996b). uflebis, afilaciis da miRwevis moTxovnileba
(McClelland, 1961). kvlevis aTwleulebis ganmav-
lobaSi TAT damkvidrda, rogorc miRwevis
TAT (Thematic Apperception Test) – Tematuri
moTxovnilebis validuri sazomi (Sprangler, 1992).
apercefciis testi
Cven SemogTavazebT ramdenime daskvniT
henri mareis (Henry Murrey) mier 1938 wels SeniSvnas pirovnebis Sefasebis sakiTxTan dakav-
Seqmnil Tematuri apercefciis testSi respon- SirebiT. dainaxeT Tu ara kavSiri am pirovnebis
dentebs uCveneben orazrovani scenebis suraTebs Sefasebis instrumentebsa da zemoT ganxilul
da sTxoven, Seqmnan am scenebis Sesaxeb istoriebi, pirovnebis Teoriebs Soris? Cveni daskvna iyo,
romlebic aRwers, Tu ra adamianebi moqmedeben rom Teoriebis TiToeuli tipi saukeTesod
da fiqroben am scenebSi, ram gamoiwvia TiTo-
pirovnebis Sefaseba

aSuqebda adamianuri gamocdilebis gansxvavebul

euli movlena da rogor dasruldeba yoveli
situacia (ix. sur. 14.8). pirovneba, romelic
atarebs TAT-s, afasebs rogorc istoriebis
struqturasa da Sinaarss, ise ambis momyoli
individis qcevas, raTa aRmoaCinos respondentis
zogierTi ZiriTadi problema, motivacia da
pirovnuli maxasiaTebeli. magaliTad, eqsperi-
mentatorma SesaZloa Seafasos pirovneba, rogorc
patiosani, Tu mis mier moyolil ambavSi aRwe-
aspeqtebs. pirovnebis testebis Sesaxebac msgavsi
daskvnis gamotana SegviZlia _ yovel maTgans
aqvs potenciali, mogvawodos individis pi-
rovnebaSi unikaluri Cawvdomis SesaZlebloba.
klinicistebi pirovnebis Sefasebisas yvelaze
xSirad testebis kombinacias iyeneben; rorSaxi
da MMPI, magaliTad, SeiZleba komplementarulad
ganvixiloT (Butcher & Rouse, 1996; Lubin et al., 1984;
Piotrowski et al., 1985). xSirad pirobebi iseTia, 599
 rom profilebi, romlebic miiReba obieqtur,
kompiuterul analizze dayrdnobiTac ki, saSua-
lebas iZleva, gakeTdes specifikuri Sedegebis
zusti winaswarmetyveleba. sxva pirobebSi kli-
nikurma eqspertizam da daxelovnebulma intu-
iciam unda Seavson obieqturi normebi. praqti-
kaSi saukeTeso winaswarmetyveleba maSin xdeba,
rodesac kombinirebulia sxvadasxva midgomis
Zlieri mxareebi.
Tavis dasawyisSi vTqviT, rom pirovnebas ver
gavzomavT mis Tavze gamoburculobebis Seg-
rZnebiT, Tumca, Cven, aseve, gTxoveT, gefiqraT
garkveul sakiTxebze: Tu fsiqologebi Tqven
Segiswavlidnen, Tqveni pirovnebis rogor por-
trets daxatavdnen isini? romel adreul gamoc-
dilebebs gamoyofdnen, rogorc Tqvens qcevasa
da fiqrebze gavlenis mqones? ra pirobebi ze-
moqmedebs Zlierad Tqvens azrebsa da qcevaze
amJamindel cxovrebaSi? ra gangasxvavebT sxva
individebisgan, romlebic mraval Tqvens msgavs
situaciaSi funqcionireben? axla xvdebiT, rom
pirovnebis Teoriebis yoveli tipi iZleva zogad
CarCos, romlis farglebSic SegiZliaT am ki-
Txvebze pasuxebis Camoyalibeba. dauSviT, rom
axla marTlac dadga is dro, rodesac Tqveni
fsiqologiuri portreti unda daxatoT. saidan
daiwyebdiT?
Sejameba
pirovnebis obieqturi testebi moicaven
Catarebisa da Sefasebis SedarebiT standartul
da gansazRvrul teqnikas. MMPI-2-s Tanamedrove
ena da Sinaarsi axasiaTebs, rac klinikuri
Teoriisa da Sefasebis winsvlas asaxavs. NEO-PI
da BFQ zomaven normaluri pirovnebis funqci-
onirebis aspeqtebs. proeqciuli testebi indi-
videbs warudgenen bundovan stimulebs, raTa
gamoavlinon Sinagani gancdebi, motivebi da
konfliqtebi. mkvlevrebma gamoimuSaves rorSaxis
melnis laqebze pasuxebis Sefasebis yovlismom-
cveli sistema. TAT warmoadgens miRwevis mo-
Txovnilebis validur sazoms.

sakvanZo
sakiTxebi
pirovnebis tipis da
pirovnebis niSnis
Teoriebi
zogierTi mecnieri axdens
adamianebis kategoriza-
cias „sul an araferi~
tipebis mixedviT, romle-
bic konkretul damaxasia-
Tebel qcevas ukavSirdeba.
sxva mecnierebi pirovnebis
Tavi 14 / pirovneba
Teoriul koncefciebsa da
pirovnebis skalebs Soris.
tyupebisa da naSvilebi
bavSvebis kvlevebi naTel-
yofen, rom pirovnuli niS-
nebi nawilobriv memkvidre-
obiTia.
adamianebi amJRavneben qce-
viT konsistentobas, rode-
sac situaciebi ganisazR-
vreba relevanturi fsiqo-
froidis Teoriis bazisuri
cnebebi moicavs fsiqikur
energias, rogorc qcevis-
Tvis biZgis mimcems da war-
mmarTvels; adreul gamoc-
dilebebs, rogorc pirov-
nebis mTavar msazRvrelebs
mTeli sicocxlis manZilze;
fsiqikur determinizms da
Zlier aracnobier proce-
sebs.

Semadgenel agurebad miiC- logiuri maxasiaTeblebis pirovnebis struqtura Sed-

neven pirovnul niSnebs _
uwyveti ganzomilebebis
gaswvriv arsebul maxasia-
Teblebs.
xuTfaqtoriani modeli
warmoadgens pirovnebis
aRweriT sistemas, rome-
lic asaxavs urTierTobas
600
600 zogad pirovnul niSnebs,
mixedviT.
fsiqodinamikuri
Teoriebi
froidis fsiqodinamikuri
Teoria adamianuri motiva-
ciis wyarod instinqtur
biologiur energias miiC-
nevs.
geba idisagan, superegosagan
da maTi Semarigebeli ego-
sagan.
miuRebeli impulsebi rep-
resirdeba da viTardeba
egos dacvis meqanizmebi
SfoTvis Sesamcireblad da
TviTSefasebis SesanarCu-
neblad.
 postfroidistebma, rogo-
rebic arian adleri, horni
da iungi, ufro metad gaa-
maxviles yuradReba egos
funqcionirebaze da soci-
alur cvladebze da nak-
lebad _ seqsualur ltol-
vebze. maT pirovnebis gan-
viTareba mTeli cxovrebis
manZilze mimdinare pro-
cesad miaCniaT.
humanisturi Teoriebi
humanisturi Teoriebi
fokusirebulia TviTaq-
tualizaciaze _ individis
potencialis zrdaze.
es Teoriebi holisturi,
dispozociuri, fenomeno-
logiuri da egzistencia-
luria.
humanisturi tradiciis
Tanamedrove Teoriebi fo-
kusirebulia individis
cxovrebiseul ambebze.
socialuri daswavlis
da kognituri Teoriebi
socialuri daswavlis
Teoriis mimdevrebi qcevaSi
da pirovnebebs Soris in-
dividualur gansxvavebebs
ganixilaven, rogorc gan-
sxvavebuli ganmtkicebebis
gamocdilebis Sedegs.
kognituri Teoriis mim-
devrebi xazs usvamen aRqmasa
da garemos subieqtur inter-
pretaciaSi individualur
gansxvavebebs.
uolter miSelma ikvlia
qcevis safuZvlebi, rogorc
adamianebsa da situaciebs
Soris urTierTobebi.
albert banduram aRwera
reciprokuli determinizmi
adamianebs, garemos da qcevas
Soris.
nensi kentoris Teoriam xa-
zi gausva miznebis, codnis
da strategiebis gavlenas
adamianebis qcevaze.
me-s (self-is) Teoriebi
me-s Teoriebi fokusirebulia
me-s koncefciis mniSvne-
lobaze pirovnebis sruli
SecnobisaTvis.
me-s koncefcia aris dina-
mikuri mentaluri struqtu-
ra, romelic axdens pirovnu-
li da interpersonaluri
qcevisa da procesebis mo-
tivacias, interpretacias,
organizebas, mediacias da
regulacias.
mravali individualuri
gansxvaveba aisaxeba Cveul
xerxebSi, romlebiTac ada-
ZiriTadi cnebebi
mianebi warmoadgenen sakuTar
Tavs socialur situaciebSi.
kros-kulturuli kvlevidan
gamomdinare, individua -
listuri kulturebi xels
uwyoben damoukidebeli me-s
gagebas, xolo koleqtivis-
turi kulturebi _ urTierT-
damokidebuli me-s gagebas.
pirovnebis Teoriebis
Sedareba
pirovnebis Teoriebi SeiZ-
leba erTmaneTs davupiris-
piroT im mxriv, Tu rogor
aqcents akeTeben isini mem-
kvidreobiTobaze garemosTan
SedarebiT; daswavlis pro-
cesebze qcevis Tandayolil
wesebTan SedarebiT; warsul
mizezebze, awmyo qcevaze Tu
momaval miznebze; cnobi-
erebze aracnobierTan Seda-
rebiT da dispoziciebze
situaciebTan SedarebiT.
TiToeul Teorias gansxva-
vebuli wvlili Seaqvs pi-
rovnebis SecnobaSi.
pirovnebis Sefaseba
pirovnebis maxasiaTeblebi
fasdeba rogorc obieqturi,
ise _ proeqciuli testebiT.
yvelaze gavrcelebuli
obieqturi testi, MMPI-2,
klinikuri problemebis
diagnostikisaTvis gamoi-
yeneba.
NEO-PI da BFQ pirovnebis
ufro axali obieqturi
testebia, romlebic zomaven
pirovnebis xuT ZiriTad
ganzomilebas.
pirovnebis proeqciul tes-
tebSi adamianebs sTxoven,
upasuxon bundovan stimu-
lebs.
ori mniSvnelovani pro-
eqciuli testia rorSaxis
testi da TAT.
analitikuri fsiqologia
SfoTva
arqetipi
koleqtiuri aracnobieri
konsistentobis paradoqsi
ego
egos dacvis meqanizmebi
xuTfaqtoriani modeli
fiqsacia
idi
damoukidebeli me-s gageba
urTierTdamokidebuli me-s
gageba
libido
pirovneba
pirovnebis kiTxvari
pirovnebis tipebi
SesaZlebeli me-ebi
proeqciuli testi
fsiqikuri determinizmi
fsiqobiografia
pirovnebis
fsiqodina-mikuri Teoriebi
reciprokuli determinizmi
represia
TviTaqtualizacia
me-s koncefcia
sakvanZo sakiTxebi
TviTefeqturoba
TviTpativiscema
TviTmavnebloba
morcxvoba
socialuri inteleqti
superego
niSnebi
upirobo dadebiTi
pativiscema
aracnobieri
601
601
 fsiqologiuri aSlilobebi

15
fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis
buneba
• ra aris paTologiuri
• obieqturobis problema
• istoriuli perspeqtivebi
• fsiqopaTologiis
etiologia
fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis
klasifikacia
• klasifikaciis miznebi
• DSM-IV-TR
fsiqologia Cvens cxovrebaSi:
marTla gvicavs Tu ara
Seuracxadoba
fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis
ZiriTadi tipebi
• SfoTviTi aSlilobebi
• SfoTviTi aSlilobebi:
mizezebi
• guneba-ganwyobilebis
aSlilobebi
• guneba-ganwyobilebis
aSlilobebi: mizezebi
• depresia: sqesTa Soris
gansxvavebani
• suicidi
• pirovnuli aSlilobebi
• disociaciuri
aSlilobebi
fsiqologia XXI saukuneSi:
marTla arsebobs Tu ara
internetomania
Sizofreniuli aSlilobebi
• Sizofreniis ZiriTadi
tipebi
• Sizofreniis mizezebi
fsiqikuri daavadebis daRi
(stigma)
sakvanZo sakiTxebi
• ZiriTadi cnebebi
602
 m
adamianebs.
inda mogiTxroT, Tu rogoria Cvens
droSi funqcionalur Sizofreni-
kad yofna da rasTan uxdebaT Se-
jaxeba Cemnairi fsiqikuri daavadebis mqone
me 30 wlis var, marto vcxovrob da naxevar
ganakveTze vmuSaob, radganac Tan kolejSi
vswavlob. Cemi avadmyofobis gamo, ar maqvs meddad
muSaobis ufleba, miuxedavad imisa, rom kolejSi
vswavlob da pacientebis movlis gamocdilebac
maqvs. kolejSi momsaxurebis sferoSi vspecia-
lizdebi, raTa sxvebs problemebis mogvarebaSi
davexmaro, radganac, rodesac pirvelad gavxdi
avad, Zalian cudad viyavi da amitomac kargad
vici, ra aris es, rogori tanjvaa es.
sakmaod normalurad vcxovrob da veravin
amCnevs, rom fsiqikurad var avad, sanam me TviTon
ar vityvi xolme amis Sesaxeb... Cemi dac (ara
tyupiscali) ukve 12 weliwadia avad aris da
uars ambobs wamlebis miRebaze, radgan uaryofs,
rom es daavadeba aqvs. me 5 welia avad var.
avadmyofobis pirvel wels, rodesac vkiTxulobdi
wigns „arasodes Segpirebivar vardebis baRnars~,
davrwmundi, rom marTlac avad viyavi. Semdeg
gamovkeTdi antifsiqoturi medikamentebis wya-
lobiT. Cemi azriT, pacientsac da sazogadoebasac
ganaTleba sWirdeba fsiqikur daavadebebSi,
radganac adamianebi dagvcinian da arasworad
ra reaqcia gqondaT axalgazrda qalis
sityvebs rom kiTxulobdiT winamdebare saxel-
mZRvanelos avtorebisadmi miwerili werilidan?
Tu Tqveni reaqcia Cvensas hgavs, maSin es misi
mdgomareobiT gamowveuli sevdis, fsiqikuri
daavadebiT gamowveul mraval problemasTan
gamklavebis misi dabejiTebuli surviliT
gveqcevian, zogjer arasworadac esmiT Cveni
gadamwyvet momentebSi. aseve reagireben ojaxi,
meuRle, megobrebi Tu socialuri samsaxurebi
Cvennairi adamianebis maTTvis jer kidev ucnob
Taviseburebebze. zogierT Cvenganze wamlebi
kargad moqmedebs.
SemiZlia mogiyveT im gansxvavebis Sesaxeb,
romelic arsebobs Cemi avadmyofobis gamo xmaursa
da realur xmaurs Soris, radganac me vkiTxu-
lobdi amis Sesaxeb da Seviswavle Cemi Tavi.
viyeneb saRi azris wess. Zalian vcdilob, rom
davimaxsovro, Tu rogorebi arian adamianebi da
rogoria samyaro realurad, sinamdvileSi. avad-
myofoba amokrefs xolme Zalze sulelur da
momabezrebel absurdebs. wamlebi Zlierad
moqmedebs Cemze da Cems organizmze, amitom ar
maqvs ise bevri Semawuxebeli avadmyofuri sim-
ptomebi...
wamlebis miRebamde halucinaciebi da absur-
debi nebismier sferos SeiZleboda miswvdomoda
da survilisamebr Seecvala isini. wamlebis
moqmedebis dawyebamde vgrZnobdi, rom es mTel
fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis buneba
tvins eufleboda da vyvirodi, vtirodi da
mindoda Cemi gonebisa da cxovrebis dabruneba...
nebismiers, visac cxovrebaSi raimes miRweva
surs, sakuTari Tavis damkvidrebis SesaZlebloba
esaWiroeba. avadmyofi adamianis garda, me pirov-
nebac var.
aRtacebis, risxvis, vinc mas avadmyofis iarliys
awebebs imis gamo, rom xandaxan gansxvavebul
qcevas axorcielebs, da mdgomareobis gasaumjo-
besebeli medikamentebisa da Terapiis arsebobiT
gamowveuli imedis narevi iqneboda. es mxolod
mwiri CamonaTvalia im emociebisa, romelic
euflebaT klinikaSi da kvlevebiT dakavebul 603
 fsiqologebsa da fsiqiatrebs, rodesac isini
fsiqikuri aSlilobebis bunebis Secnobasa da
mkurnalobas cdiloben.
winamdebare Tavi fsiqologiuri aSlilobe-
bis bunebasa da mizezebs Seexeba: ras warmoad-
gens fsiqologiuri aSliloba, ratom viTardeba
da rogor aris SesaZlebeli misi ganviTarebis
mizezebis axsna. Semdegi Tavi am codnazea
agebuli da masSi aRwerilia is strategiebi,
romelic gamoiyeneba fsiqikuri daavadebebis
mkurnalobisa da profilaqtikisTvis. kvleva
aCvenebs, rom aSS-Si axalgazrdebisa da Suaxnis
moqalaqeTa 50%-s mTeli cxovrebis manZilze
erTxel mainc aReniSneba fsiqologiuri
aSliloba (Kessler et al., 1994). amrigad, mravali
Tqvengani, vinc waikiTxavs am wigns, sasargeblo
codnas miiRebs fsiqopaTologiis Sesaxeb, Tumca,
calkeuli faqtebiT SeuZlebelia im seriozuli
zegavlenis aRwera, romelsac fsiqologiuri
aSliloba individebisa da ojaxebis yovel-
dRiur cxovrebaze axdens. mocemul TavSi,
ganvixilavT ra fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis
kategoriebs, SevecdebiT im realuri adamianebis
aRweras, romelTac yoveldRe uwevT am aSli-
lobiT cxovreba; gagiziarebT maT sityvebsa da
gamocdilebas, rogorc es Tavis dasawyisSi
gavakeTeT. daviwyoT paTologiis cnebis ganxi-
lviT.
fsiqologiuri
aSlilobebis buneba
Tavi 15 / fsiqologiuri aSlilobebi
rodesme ginerviuliaT zedmetad? yofilxarT
daTrgunuli an SeSfoTebuli yovelgvari rea-
luri mizezis gareSe? SegSinebiaT iseTi ramis,
ris Sesaxebac danamdvilebiT icodiT, rom ar
iyo saSiSi? gifiqriaT TviTmkvlelobaze? migima-
rTavT alkoholisTvis an narkotikebisTvis prob-
lemisgan Tavis dasaRwevad? TiTqmis yvela
Cvengani erT-erT kiTxvaze mainc gascemda dadebiT
pasuxs, rac imaze miuTiTebs, rom TiTqmis yvela
Cvengans ganucdia fsiqologiuri aSlilobis
simptomebi. winamdebare Tavi Seexeba fsiqolo-
1
Abnormal Psychology – iTargmna, rogorc „paTofsi-
qologia~, romelSic moiazreba fsiqologiuri aSli-
604 lobebi da qcevis darRvevebi (mTargmnelis SeniSvna).
giuri funqcionirebis im diapazons, romelic
ganixileba, rogorc arajanmrTeli, an paTolo-
giuri da romelsac xSirad fsiqopaTologias
an fsiqologiur aSlilobas uwodeben. fsiqo-
paTologiuri funqcionireba moicavs emociuri,
qceviTi, an azrovnebiTi procesebis darRvevebs,
rasac Tan sdevs pirovnuli distresi, an rac
blokavs, aferxebs mniSvnelovani miznebis miR-
wevis SesaZleblobas. paTofsiqologia1 fsiqo-
logiuri kvlevebis is sferoa, romelic yvelaze
uSualod Seexeba azrovnebis, ganwyobilebisa
da qcevis individualuri paTologiebis bunebis
Secnobas.
am qveTavs „paTologiuri~-s gansazRvrebis
ufro detaluri ganxilviT daviwyebT, Semdeg
ki obieqturobis problemas SevexebiT. bolos
ki Tvals gavadevnebT, Tu rogor viTardeboda
es gansazRvreba kacobriobis istoriis aswleu-
lebis manZilze.
ra aris paTologiuri
ras niSnavs, rodesac vambobT, rom mocemuli
pirovneba paTologiuria, anu fsiqologiuri
aSlilobisgan itanjeba? rogor wyveten fsi-
qologebi da klinikaSi momuSave sxva praqti-
kosebi, Tu ra aris paTologiuri? aris ki yovel-
Tvis naTeli, Tu rodis, ra momentSi gadainac-
vlebs qceva normaluris kategoriidan paTolo-
giuris kategoriaSi? mocemuli individis fsi-
qologiuri aSlilobis Sesaxeb daskvna, Cveule-
bisamebr, individis qcevis Sefasebas efuZneba.
am daskvnas garkveuli specialuri avtoritetisa
da Zalauflebis mqone adamianebi akeTeben. am
fenomenis aRsawerad gamoyenebuli terminebi,
rogoricaa fsiqikuri aSliloba, fsiqikuri daa-
vadeba Tu paTologia, damokidebulia konkretul
Tvalsazrisze, Semfaseblis codnasa da mis
kulturul gamocdilebaze, situaciasa da im
fsiqopaTologiuri funqcionireba (Psychopato-
logical functioning) _ darRvevebi emociur, qceviT
an azrovnebis procesebSi, rasac Tan sdevs
pirovnuli distresi an mniSvnelovani miznebis
miRwevis SesaZleblobebis blokireba.
paTofsiqologia (Abnormal psychology) _ fsiqo-
logiuri kvlevis sfero, romelic fokusirdeba
gonebis, guneba-ganwyobilebisa da qcevis in-
dividualuri paTologiebis bunebis Secnobaze.

pirovnebis statusze, romlis Sesaxebac keTdeba
daskvna.
ganvixiloT Svidi kriteriumi, romelic qce-
visaTvis „paTologiuris~ statusis misaniWeblad
SeiZleba gamoviyenoT (DSM-IV-TR, 2000; Rosenhan
& Seligman, 1989).
1. distresi an uunaroba. individi ganicdis
pirovnul distress, an axorcielebs usar-
geblo qcevas, rasac Tan sdevs fizikuri an
fsiqologiuri gauaresebis riski, an qcevis
Tavisuflad, nebismierad ganxorcielebis
SesaZleblobis dakargva. magaliTad, mamakacs,
romelic ver gadis saxlidan oflis mosvlis
gareSe, ar SeeZleba mimdinare cxovrebiseuli
miznebis miRweva;
2. araadekvaturoba. individis qceva abrkolebs
miznis miRwevas, ar emsaxureba pirovnul ke-
TildReobas, an Zalian aferxebs sxvaTa miz-
nebsa da sazogadoebis moTxovnilebebs. in-
dividi, romelic imdenad svams, rom ar SeuZ-
lia samuSaos SenarCuneba, an romelic safr-
Txis winaSe ayenebs sxvebs Tavisi problemiT,
araadekvatur qcevas axorcielebs;
3. araracionaluroba/iracionaluroba. individi
moqmedebs an laparakobs sxvebisTvis gaugeb-
rad, an araracionalurad. adamiani, romelic
pasuxobs obieqtur realobaSi ararsebul
xmebs, araracionalurad, anu iracionalurad
iqceva;
4. araprognozirebadoba. individi araprogno-
zirebadad, an araTanmimdevrulad iqceva si-
tuaciidan situaciaSi, TiTqos kontroli
ekargebodes qcevaze. bavSvi, romelic yovel-
gvari TvalsaCino mizezis gareSe muSts ur-
tyams fanjaras, araprognozirebad qcevas
axorcielebs;
5. araSablonuroba da statistikuri iSviaToba.
individis mier ganxorcielebuli qceva sta-
tistikur iSviaTobas warmoadgens da misaRebi
an sasurveli qcevis socialur standartebs
arRvevs. Tumca, mxolod statistikur uCve-
ulobas ar mivyavarT paTologiuris fsi-
qologiur daskvnamde. magaliTad, geniosebis
inteleqtis done ukiduresad iSviaTia, magram
es sasurveladac aris miCneuli. meore mxriv,
ukiduresad dabali inteleqti, aseve, iSvia-
Tobaa, magram es arasasurvelad iTvleba;
amitom xSirad mas paTologiuris kategorias
miakuTvneben;
6. damkvirveblis diskomforti. individi dis-
komforts uqmnis sxvebs imiT, rom garkveulad
afrTxobs an distress badebs maTSi. Sua
quCaSi mimavali, sakuTar TavTan xmamaRal
kamaTSi CarTuli qali damkvirveblis
diskomforts iwvevs mZRolSi, romelic
misTvis gverdis avlas cdilobs;
7. zneobrivi da idealuri standartebis rRveva.
individi arRvevs molodins imis Taobaze,
Tu rogor unda moiqces socialuri normebis
gaTvaliswinebiT. am kriteriumis mixedviT,
adamianebs SeiZleba paTologiuri vuwodoT,
Tu maT ar surT muSaoba anda ar swamT
RmerTis. paTologiuris es kriteriumi rele-
vanturia samarTlebriv situaciebSic. am
Temas eZRvneba CanarTi „fsiqologia Cvens
cxovrebaSi~.
SegiZliaT dainaxoT, Tu ratom ar aris paTo-
logiuris es kriteriumebi myisierad aSkara yve-
la damkvirveblisTvis? ganvixiloT mxolod
bolo kriteriumi. fsiqikurad avad xarT, Tu ar
gsurT muSaoba maSinac ki, rodesac es paTolo-
giurad iTvleba sazogadoebis normebis mixedviT?
an ganvixiloT ufro seriozuli simptomi. Cvens
kulturaSi „cudia~, Tu halucinaciebi gvaqvs,
radganac isini fsiqikuri darRvevis niSnebad
aRiqmeba, magram es „kargia~ im kulturebSi, sadac
halucinaciebi interpretirdeba, rogorc spiri-
tualuri Zalebdan momdinare mistikuri xilvebi.
sworia es daskvna? winamdebare Tavis bolos
605
 optimaluri
fsiqikuri
janmrTeloba
individualuri, jgufuri da
garemos faqtorebi erTad
efeqturad muSaobs da
uzrunvelyofs:
• subieqtur kargad yofnas;
• optimalur ganviTarebas da
gonebrivi SesaZleblobebis
gamoyenebas;
• marTlmsajulebasTan
Tavsebadi miznebis miRwevas;
• fundamenturi Tanasworobis
mdgomareobebs.
suraTi
15.1
fsiqikuri janmrTelobis kontiniumi
vinaidan normasa da paTologias Soris gansxvaveba fardobiTi ufroa, vidre absoluturi, sasargebloa
fsiqikuri janmrTelobis, rogorc kontiniumis ganxilva. erT boloSi moTavsebulia qcevebi, romlebic
gansazRvravs optimalur fsiqikur janmrTelobas; meore boloSi ki _ qcevebi, romlebic minimalur
fsiqikur janmrTelobas aRweren. maT Soris moTavsebulia TandaTanobiT mzardi araadapturi
qcevebi.
ganvixilavT zogierT uaryofiT Sedegsa da
safrTxes, romelic aseTi sazogadoebis mier
regulirebad msjelobebsa da maTze dafuZnebul
gadawyvetilebebs ukavSirdeba.
Cven ufro meti darwmunebulobiT mivakuT-
vnebT qcevas paTologiuris kategorias, rodesac
gvaqvs da dasabuTebulia erTze meti indikatori.
rac ufro ukiduresad da mkveTrad aris gamo-
xatuli indikatorebi, miT ufro metad dar-
wmunebulni SeiZleba viyoT, rom isini paTo-
logiur mdgomareobaze miuTiTeben. arc erTi am
kriteriumTagani ar aris aucilebeli piroba,
romelic saerTo iqneboda paTologiuris yvela
SemTxvevisTvis. magaliTad, saqmis ganxilvisas,
romelic stenfordis damamTavrebeli kursis
studentis mier Cadenil mkvlelobas Seexeboda,
aRweraSi ar iyo arc danaSaulis grZnoba da
arc sindisis qenjna; am studentma ki CaquCiT
mokla maTematikis profesori da Semdeg misi
kabinetis karze gaakeTa warwera: „dRes ar aris
606 miRebis saaTebi~. pirovnuli tanjvis ararsebo-
minimaluri
fsiqikuri
janmrTeloba
individualuri, jgufuri da
garemos faqtorebi erTmaneTTan
konfliqtSi modian da iwveven:
• subieqtur distress;
• gonebrivi SesaZleblobebis
gauaresebas an arasakmaris
ganviTarebas;
• warumateblobas miznis
miRwevaSi;
• destruqciul qcevas;
• usamarTlobis ganmtkicebas.
bisda miuxedavad, ar unda viyoymanoT, rodesac
am ukidures qcevas paTologiuris kategoriaSi
movaTavsebT. isic marTalia, rom arc erTi calke
aRebuli kriteriumi TavisTavad ar aris sakma-
risi piroba imisaTvis, rom paTologiuri qcevis
yvela SemTxveva ganvasxvavoT normis farglebSi
arsebuli qcevis variaciebisgan. normalursa da
paTologiurs Soris gansxvaveba ar aris imdenad
qcevis or damoukidebel tips Soris arsebuli
gansvla (gansxvaveba), ramdenadac is xarisxi, ra
xarisxiTac pirovnebis qmedeba Tanxvdeba
paTologiuris SeTanxmebul kriteriumTa
erTobliobas. umjobesia, fsiqikuri aSliloba
ganvixiloT, rogorc kontiniumi fsiqikur jan-
mrTelobasa da fsiqikur daavadebas Soris, ro-
gorc naCvenebia suraTze 15.1.
ramdenad misaRebia TqvenTvis paTologiuris
Sesaxeb es mosazrebebi? miuxedavad imisa, rom
kriteriumebi sakmarisad mkafiodaa gamokveTili,
fsiqologebs mainc afiqrebT obieqturobis prob-
lema.
obieqturobis problema
gadawyvetileba imis Sesaxeb, rom mocemul
individs fsiqologiurad aSlili, an paTolo-
giuri vuwodoT, yovelTvis qcevis Sesaxeb
msjelobas warmoadgens. mravali mkvlevris
mizania am msjelobebisTvis obieqturobis mini-
Weba, yovelgvari mikerZoebis gareSe. zogierTi
fsiqologiuri aSlilobisaTvis, rogoricaa,
magaliTad, depresia an Sizofrenia, diagnozi
xSirad akmayofilebs obieqturobis standartebs.
sxva SemTxvevebi ufro metad problemuria.
rogorc vnaxeT fsiqologiis Seswavlisas, qcevis
mniSvneloba erTdroulad ganpirobebulia misi
SinaarsiTa da misi konteqstiT. erTi da igive
moqmedeba sxvadasxva garemoSi sruliad

15.2
gansxvavebuli mniSvnelobebis matarebelia. suraTi
vTqvaT, mamakaci kocnis mamakacs. es SeiZleba
iyos homoseqsualistTa urTierTobis maniS-
nebeli aSS-Si, misalmebis rituali safrangeTSi
an mafiis „sasikvdilo kocna~ siciliaze. qcevis
mniSvneloba yovelTvis damokidebulia kon-
teqstze. raTa saTanadod emkurnalaT daavadebisaTvis
vnaxoT, ratom aris obieqturoba aseTi mniS-
(Chorever, 1891).
vnelovani sakiTxi. istoria savsea iseTi situ- SedarebiT axlo warsulSi sabWoTa kavSiris
aciebis magaliTebiT, romelSic paTologiuris liderebs wesad hqondaT politikuri disiden-
Sesaxeb daskvna individTa moraluri, an poli-
tebis, maTi miuRebeli devianturi ideologiis
tikuri Zalauflebis SenarCunebas emsaxureboda. gamo (sur. 15.2) fsiqikurad aSlilad gamocxadeba
magaliTisaTvis ganvixiloT 1851 wels samedi- da maTi moSorebul fsiqiatriul saavadmyo-
cino JurnalSi gamoqveynebuli statia „negroi-
foebSi xangrZlivi periodiT gagzavna.
duli rasis daavadebebi da fizikuri Tavise- Tu individs erTxel miawebeben „paTolo-
burebebi~. doqtori samuel qarTraiTi (Dr. Samuel giuris~ iarliys, adamianebs aqvT tendencia,
Cartwright) luizianas samedicino asociaciis mier
rom Semdgom mis mier ganxorcielebul qcevasac

fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis buneba

iyo daniSnuli afrikuli warmoSobis amerikeli
monebis „ucnauri~ praqtikis kvlevis komitetis
Tavmjdomared. kvlevis Sedegad dagrovil iqna
monobis praqtikis gasamarTlebeli „utyuari
mecnieruli mtkicebulebani~. aRmoCenil iqna
zogierTi „daavadeba~, romelic manamde ucnobi
iyo TeTrkanianTa rasisaTvis. erT-erTi aRmoCena
is iyo, rom Savkanianebi TiTqosda daavadebulni
iyvnen sensoruli daavadebiT, rac maT „dasjisas
tkivilisadmi ugrZnobs xdida~ (amitom ar unda
daezogaT isini). komitetma, aseve, aRmoaCina
daavadeba drapetomania (drapetomania), anu Tavi-
suflebis Ziebis mania _ fsiqikuri aSliloba,
romelic batonisgan gaqcevas aiZulebda zo-
gierT monas. saWiro iyo gaqceuli monebis daWera,
am daskvnis Sesabamisi interpretacia miscen.
devid rozenhanma (David Rozenhan) da misma
kolegebma aCvenes, rom SeiZleba SeuZlebeli
iyos „Seracxadad~ yofna „Seuracxad adgilze~.
saidan
viciT
Seracxadad darCena „Seuracxad~
adgilze
rozenhanma da Svidma Seracxadma ada-
mianma sxvadasxva fsiqiatriul saavadmyo-
foSi moaxerxes pacientis statusiT mox-
vedra erTi simptomis _ halucinaciebis
607
 _ simulirebiT. rvave fsevdopacients mi-
Rebisas paranoiduli Sizofreniis an mani-
akalur-depresiuli aSlilobis diagnozi
dausves. miRebis Semdeg isini sruliad
normalurad iqceodnen, Tumca, rozenhanis
dakvirvebis mixedviT, rodesac Seracxadi
adamiani Seuracxad adgilze xvdeba, ufro
metad mosalodnelia, rom isic Seuracxa-
dad miiCnion; misi nebismieri qcevis xela-
xali interpretireba konteqstis Sesaba-
misad xdeba. fsevdopacientebi raciona-
lurad rom uxsnidnen saavadmyofos Tanam-
Sromlebs TavianT situacias, maT „inte-
leqtualuri~ dacvis gamoyenebas miawer-
dnen, dakvirvebebis Canawerebis warmoebas
ki „Caweris sindromad~ miiCnevdnen. fsev-
dopacientebma TiTqmis sami kvira gaatares
palatebSi da arc erTi CauTvliaT saavad-
myofos TanamSromlebs Seracxadad. ro-
desac maT sabolood daixsnes Tavi (mxo-
lod meuRleebisa da kolegebis daxma-
rebiT), saavadmyofodan gawerisas maTi
diagnozi isev „Sizofrenia~ iyo, Tumca,
„remisiis periodSi~; amrigad, maTi simpto-
mebi aRar iyo aqtualuri.
rozenhanis kvlevebma aCvena, Tu rogoraa
damokidebuli paTologiebis Sesaxeb mosazreba
Tavad qcevis miRma arsebul faqtorebze.
fsiqiatr tomas szaszis (Thomas Szasz) Tval-
sazrisiT, fsiqikuri daavadeba arc ki arsebobs
_ es „miTia~ (1961, 1977, 1995). igi amtkicebs, rom
Tavi 15 / fsiqologiuri aSlilobebi
fsiqikuri daavadebis arsebobis damadastu-
reblad gamoyenebuli simptomebi mxolod da
mxolod samedicino iarliyebia, romelic soci-
alur problemebSi _ devianturi (normidan ga-
daxrili) adamianebis mier socialuri normebis
darRvevaSi _ profesiuli Carevis sanqcias
iZleva. erTxel daasvamen ra daRs, am adamianebs
maTi „gansxvavebulobis~ problemis gamo an
rbilad da Tbilad eqcevian, an uxeSad da
sastikad, arsebuli „status-qvos~ darRvevis
safrTxis gareSe.
klinicistTa mcire jgufi Tu midis ase Sors,
ZiriTadad, imitom, rom kvlevaTa da mkurnalo-
baTa didi nawili pirovnuli distresis gagebasa
da Semsubuqebaze fokusirdeba. winamdebare TavSi
608 aRweril aSlilobaTa umetesobis SemTxvevaSi
individebi TavianT qcevas paTologiurad, an
garemosadmi mcired Seguebulad miiCneven.
amgvarad, am msjelobas mivyavarT mosazrebamde,
rom SeuZlebelia arsebobdes paTologiuris
sruliad obieqturi Sefaseba. fsiqologiuri
aSlilobis TiToeuli tipis aRwerisas unda
SeecadoT imis gagebas, Tu ratom sjeraT
klinicistebs, rom simptomTa erToblioba, rom-
liTac warmodgenilia qceviTi paterni, indi-
vidisTvis ufro seriozuli movlenaa, vidre
ubralod socialuri normebis darRveva.
fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis konteqstze
Seqmnili warmodgenis dasasruleblad axla
paTologiuris cnebisa da paTologiuri qcevis
mkurnalobis zogierT istoriul moments
SevexebiT. amis Semdeg ki im zogad mizezobriv
faqtorebs mivubrundebiT, romelTac mkvlevrebi
paTologiuris gamomwvev Zalebad miiCneven.
istoriuli perspeqtivebi
istoriis manZilze adamianebs eSinodaT
fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis, radgan eSmaks
ukavSirebdnen maT. am SiSis gamo isini agresi-
ulad epyrobodnen avadmyofebs da gadamwyvet
zomebs iRebdnen yvela im qcevis aRmosafxvre-
lad, romelsac ucnaurad, an paTologiurad
miiCnevdnen. adamianebi, romlebic aseT qcevebs
axorcielebdnen, sapyrobileebSi xvdebodnen da
ganwirulni iyvnen radikaluri samedicino mkur-
nalobisTvis. fsiqikur avadmyofobasa da eSmaks
Soris kavSiris arsebobis Sesaxeb crurwmenebi
iseTive Zvelia, rogorc kacobriobis istoria.
arqeologebs aRmoCenili aqvT preistoriuli
gaxvretili Tavis qalebi. es aRmoCenebi,
SesaZloa, miuTiTebdes Cvens winaprebSi arse-
bul rwmenaze, rom aseTi naxvretebi individSi
Casaxlebul demonebs gaqcevis saSualebas
aZlevda.
Semdgom, Sua saukuneebSi arsebuli Selocvebi
mowodebuli iyo isteriis Sesamsubuqeblad, rom-
lis simptomebi iyo paralizeba an tkivilebi,
Tavbrusxvevebi, koWloba da sibrmave. Tavdapir-
velad fiqrobdnen, rom isteriiT mxolod qalebi
avaddebodnen, daavadebis mizezs ki eSmakis kon-
trolis, zegavlenis qveS moqceuli moxetiale
saSvilosno warmoadgenda (Veith, 1965). miaqcieT
yuradReba, rogor Cans qvemoT warmodgenil Se-
locvaSi rwmena fsiqologiur aSlilobebSi
demonuri Zalebis rolis Sesaxeb.
o, saSov, saSov, saSov, cilindrulo
saSov, wiTelo saSov, TeTro saSov, msuqano
saSov, sisxlmdeno saSov, farTo saSov,
gaberilo saSov, o, demonuro... mogiwodeb
Sen, o, saSov, wminda samebis saxeliT
dabrunde im adgilze, saidanac arc unda
daiZra da arc waxvide... da dabrunde
risxvis gareSe im adgilze, sadac Tavda-
pirvelad dagafuZna maRalma RmerTma
(Zilboorg and Henry, 1941, citirebulia Nietzel
et al.-Si, 1991, gv.19).
1692 wels salemis kolonia masaCusetSi mra-
val axalgazrda qals aReniSneboda konvulsiebi,
pirRebineba da sisuste. isini aRwerdnen Sebo-
Wilobis, Cxvletisa da dakbenilobis SegrZne-
bebs. mravali maTgani droebiT dabrmavda an
dayruvda; zogierTebi haerSi frenis xilvebsa
da SegrZnebebs aRwerdnen. aseTma ucnaurma
simptomebma axsnis farTomasStabian Ziebas STa-
beres suli. mravali adamiani Tvlida, rom
simptomebi eSmakis moqmedebis Sedegs warmoad-
genda, rasac is miwieri grZneulebis Zalisxme-
viT axalgazrda qalebis gonebasa da sxeulze
zemoqmedebiT aRwevda. am Teoriebs jadoqrobis
panika da grZneulebad wodebuli 20-ze meti
qalis egzekucia mohyva.
XVIII saukunemde dasavlur sazogadoebebSi
fsiqikurad daavadebul adamianebs ugono qmnile-
bebad miiCnevdnen, romelTa gakontroleba mxo-
lod jaWvebiTa da fizikuri discipliniT iyo
SesaZlebeli. saavadmyofoebSi zrunvis nacvlad
maT damnaSaveebTan erTad amyofebdnen sapyrobi-
leebSi. axla vnaxoT, rogor daiwyo am mdgomare-
obis Secvla.
samedicino modelis warmoqmna
XVIII saukunis meore naxevarSi paTologiuri
qcevis mimarT axali damokidebuleba gaCnda _
adamianebma fsiqologiuri problemebis mqone
individTa avadmyofebad, daavadebiT datanju-
lebad ufro daiwyes aRqma, vidre Sepyrobilebad
an uzneoebad. amis Sedegad TandaTanobiT
SeuracxadebisTvis keTilganwyobili pirobebis
Sesaqmnelad mTeli rigi reformebi ganxorci-
elda. filip pineli (Philippe Pinel, 1745-1826) erT-
erTi pirveli klinicisti iyo, romelmac am
ideebis gamoyenebiT fsiqologiuri sirTuleebis
klasifikaciis sistemis ganviTarebis mcdeloba
ganaxorciela da sayrdenad aiRo mosazreba imis
Sesaxeb, rom azrovnebis, guneba-ganwyobilebisa
da qcevis aSlilobebi bevrad hgavs fizikur,
fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis buneba
organul daavadebebs. aseTi sistemis mixedviT,
TiToeul daavadebas gaaCnia damaxasiaTebel
simptomTa erToblioba, romelic ganasxvavebs
mas sxva aSlilobisgan da janmrTeli funqci-
onirebisgan. aSlilobebi klasificirebulia
dakvirvebadi simptomebis paternebis, darRvevis
dasawyisisTvis arsebuli pirobebis, aSlilobis
bunebrivi mimdinareobisa da mkurnalobisadmi
daqvemdebarebulobis mixedviT. aseTma saklasifi-
kacio sistemebma, bunebismetyvelTa mier gamoyene-
buli biologiuri saklasifikacio sistemebis
Seqmnis Semdeg, modelireba ganicada da mo-
wodebuli iyo klinicistebisTvis gavrcelebu-
li aSlilobebis gacilebiT iolad amocnobaSi
daxmarebis gasawevad.
609
 1896 wels germanelma fsiqiatrma emil kre-
pelinma (Emil Kraepelin, 1855-1926) Seqmna fsiqolo-
giuri aSlilobebis pirveli realurad amomwu-
ravi klasifikacia. vinaidan swamda, rom fsi-
qologiur problemebs fizikuri safuZveli
hqonda, man samedicino diagnozis suliskveTebiT
aRwera fsiqologiuri diagnostirebisa da
klasifikaciis procesi; im suliskveTebiT, rome-
lic dResdReobiTac arsebobs (Rosenhan &
Seligman, 1989). misi Sexedulebebi yvelaze iolad
da swrafad damkvidrda fsiqiatrebis terminolo-
giaSi _ saubaria fsiqikur daavadebaze da
fsiqikurad daavadebuli pacientebis mkurnalo-
baze maTi daavadebuli tvinebis gankurnebis
imediT.
Tavi 15 / fsiqologiuri aSlilobebi
fsiqologiuri modelebis warmoqmna
samedicino midgomis alternatiuli mimdina-
reoba paTologiuri qcevis fsiqologiur
mizezebsa da mkurnalobaze fokusirdeba. es
mosazreba kargad gamoikveTa XVIII saukunis
dasasrulisaTvis, rasac xeli Seuwyo franc
mesmeris (Franz Mesmer, 1734-1815) STambeWdavma
Sromebma. mesmers miaCnda, rom mraval aSlilo-
bas, maT Soris isteriasac, mis mier cxovelur
magnetizmad wodebuli idumalebiT moculi
Zalis nakadSi gaCenili darRvevebi iwvevda.
man aRmoaCina cxoveluri magnetizmis Seswavlis
ramdenime axali teqnika, maT Soris erT-erTi
TandaTanobiT cnobili gaxda, rogorc hipnotiz-
610 mi, rac, Tavdapirvelad, mesmerizmad moixsenie-
boda misi aRmomCenis sapativcemulod (Darnton,
1968; Pattie, 1994).
miuxedavad imisa, rom mesmeris zogadi Teoria
cxoveluri magnetizmis Sesaxeb diskrediti-
rebul iqna, hipnozis miseuli teqnika mravalma
mkvlevarma gadaiRo da aiTvisa. maT Soris iyo
cnobili frangi nevrologi Jan Sarko (Jean
Charcot, 1825-1893). Sarkom aRmoaCina, rom isteriis
zogierTi simptomis likvidireba, rogoricaa,
magaliTad, kidurebis paralizeba, SesaZlebelia,
rodesac pacienti hipnoturi zemoqmedebis qveS
imyofeba. hipnozs janmrTel individebSi
isteriis simptomebis gamowvevac ki SeuZlia,
riTac kargad aCvenebs fsiqologiuri faqtorebis
rols im problemebis warmoqmnaSi, romelTac
mxolod fizikuri safuZvlis mqoned miiCnevdnen.
Sarkos erT-erTma studentma, zigmund
froidma ganagrZo hipnoziT eqsperimentireba.
igi am eqsperimentebs pirovnebisa da paTologiis
Sesaxeb Tavisi fsiqodinamikuri Teoriis Semu-
SavebisTvis iyenebda, romelic, aseve, axdens
zegavlenas fsiqopaTologiis bunebisa da mize-
zebis Sesaxeb Tanamedrove Teoriebze (man Semdgom
Sewyvita praqtikaSi hipnoTerapiis gamoyeneba
da xeli mihyo fsiqoanalizs, rogorc fsiqo-
logiuri aSlilobebis mkurnalobis meTods).
paTologiuris Sesaxeb Tanamedrove mosazre-
bebi, umravles SemTxvevaSi, fsiqikuri daava-
debebis samedicino da fsiqologiuri mode-
lebis aspeqtTa kombinirebul variants warmoad-
gens. qvemoT swored paTologiuris mizezebis
axsnis am ZiriTad saxeebze visaubrebT.

fsiqopaTologiis etiologia
etiologia exeba fsiqologiuri da samedici-
no problemebis ganviTarebis mizezebsa da
xelSemwyob faqtorebs. Tu viciT, ratom Cndeba
aSliloba, saidan momdinareobs is da ra zegav-
lenas axdens azrovnebaze, emociebsa da qceviT
procesebze, SesaZlebeli xdeba mkurnalobis
da, saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi, misi prevenciis axali
gzebis povna. TiToeuli aSlilobis ganxilvisas
mniSvnelovani sakiTxi iqneba mizezebis analizi.
qvemoT mizezobrivi faqtorebis or did
kategoriaze _ biologiursa da fsiqologiurze
_ visaubrebT.
biologiuri midgomebi
samedicino modelis tradiciebze Camoyali-
bebuli Tanamedrove biologiuri midgomis
daSvebis Tanaxmad, fsiqologiuri darRvevebi
gamowveulia bazisuri biologiuri faqtorebiT.
biologi mkvlevrebi da klinicistebi xSirad
ikvleven Tavis tvinis struqturul anomaliebs,
biologiur procesebsa da genetikur zegavle-
nebs.
Tavis tvini rTuli organoa, romlis ur-
TierTdakavSirebuli elementebi myife balansSi
imyofebian erTmaneTTan. mis qimiur gadamtanebSi
_ neirogadamtanebSi, an mis qsovilSi momxdar
mcireoden cvlilebasac ki SeiZleba mniSvne-
lovani Sedegi mohyves. am cvlilebebis mizezi
mravali ram SeiZleba iyos, maT Soris genetikuri
faqtorebi, Tavis tvinis dazianeba da infeqcia.
wina TavebSi vnaxeT, rom Tanamedrove teqno-
logia fsiqikuri janmrTelobis profesiona-
lebs, qirurgiuli Carevis gareSe, cocxali
individebis Tavis tvinis struqturisa da spe-
cifikuri bioqimiuri procesebis dakvirvebis
saSualebas aZlevs. am teqnikis gamoyenebiT
biologiurad orientirebuli mkvlevrebi axal
kavSirebs ikvleven fsiqologiur aSlilobebsa
da Tavis tvinis specifikur anomaliebs Soris.
amasTanave, qceviTi genetikis sferoSi mimdinare
miRwevebma gaaumjobesa specifikur genebsa da
fsiqologiur aSlilobebs Soris kavSirebis
dadgenis SesaZlebloba. SevecdebiT ra paTolo-
giuris sxvadasxva formebis bunebis Secnobas,
winamdebare TavSi biologiuri axsnis sxvadasxva
tips mimovixilavT.
fsiqologiuri midgomebi
fsiqologiuri midgomebi fsiqopaTologiis
ganviTarebaSi fsiqologiuri da socialuri
faqtorebis rolze fokusirdeba. am midgomebSi
fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis safuZvlad pirov-
nul gamocdilebas, travmebs, konfliqtebsa da
garemos faqtorebs miiCneven. Cven ganvixilavT
paTologiis sam ZiriTad fsiqologiur mod-
els: fsiqodinamikurs, bihevioralursa da kog-
niturs.
fsiqodinamikuri modeli. biologiuri midgo-
mis msgavsad, fsiqodinamikuri modelis mixedviT,
fsiqopaTologiis mizezebi pirovnebis SigniTaa
lokalizebuli, Tumca, zigmund froidis (am
modelis avtoris) mixedviT, Sinagani faqtorebi
fsiqologiuri ufroa, vidre biologiuri.
rogorc wina TavebSi aRvniSneT, froids miaCnda,
rom mravali fsiqologiuri aSliloba yvela
adamianisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli fsiqikuri kon-
fliqtebisa da egos dacviTi reaqciebis „nor-
maluri~ procesebis gamZafrebis Sedegia. fsiqo-
dinamikuri modelis mixedviT, adreuli bavSvobis
gamocdileba orives ayalibebs _ normalur
da paTologiur qcevasac.
fsiqodinamikuri modelis Tanaxmad, qceva
xSir SemTxvevebSi gaucnobierebeli ltolvebiTa
da survilebiTaa motivirebuli. fsiqopaTo-
logiis simptomebi gaucnobierebeli konfliqte-
bidan da azrebidan iRebs saTaves. Tu aracnobieri
konfliqtur mdgomareobaSi imyofeba da savsea
daZabulobiT, pirovnebas SfoTva da sxva
aSlilobebi Seawuxebs. am fsiqikur konfliqtTa
umravlesoba idis araracionaluri, siamovnebis
fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis buneba
maZiebeli impulsebisa da superegodan momdinare
internalizebuli socialuri iZulebebis ur-
TierTdapirispirebis Sedegad warmoiqmneba.
Cveulebisamebr, am dapirispirebaSi momrigeblis
rols ego asrulebs, Tumca, bavSvobaSi paTo-
logiis ganviTarebam SeiZleba Seasustos mis
mier am funqciis Sesrulebis SesaZlebloba.
erTmaneTTan konfliqtSi myofi motivebisTvis
da SfoTvisTvis Tavis aridebas individebi
dacvis iseTi meqanizmebis SemuSavebiT cdiloben,
rogoricaa, magaliTad, gandevna, an uaryofa.
dacvis meqanizmebis moWarbebulad gamoyenebas
Tan sdevs realobis damaxinjeba, an TviTdaman-
etiologia (Etiology) _ aSlilobis ganviTarebis
mizezebi, an masTan dakavSirebuli faqtorebi.
611
 greveli qcevebi. individma SeiZleba imdenad
didi raodenobis fsiqikuri energia daxarjos
SfoTvisa da konfliqtisgan Tavis dasacavad,
rom mcireodeni energiaRa darCes nayofieri da
komfortuli cxovrebisTvis.
bihevioraluri modeli. xazs usvamen ra
dakvirvebad reaqciebs, bihevioristebi naklebad
saubroben hipoTetur fsiqodinamikur proce-
sebze. maT miaCniaT, rom paTologiuri qcevis
SeZena janmrTeli qcevis msgavsad _ daswavlisa
da ganmtkicebis meSveobiT _ xdeba. isini
yuradRebis miRma toveben Sinagan fsiqologiur
fenomenebsa da adreuli bavSvobis gamocdilebas,
Tumca, xazs usvamen mimdinare qcevasa da mimdi-
nare mdgomareobebs da im ganmamtkiceblebs,
romlebic inarCuneben qcevas. fsiqologiuri
aSlilobebis simptomebi individebis mier TviT-
damangreveli an araefeqturi qcevebis daswavlis
Sedegad warmoiqmneba. nebismieri arasasurveli,
paTologiuri qcevis garemoSi arsebuli Sem-
TxveviTi ganmamtkiceblebis moZiebiT mkvlev-
rebs, an klinicistebs SeuZliaT maT Secvlaze
mimarTuli mkurnalobis gzebis dasaxva da
arasasurveli qcevis Caqroba. araadapturi qceviT
gamowveuli procesebis kvlevisas bihevioristebi
klasikuri da operantuli ganpirobebis mode-
lebs eyrdnobian (ix. Tavi 7).
kognituri modeli. fsiqopaTologiisadmi kog-
nitur midgomas xSirad bihevioralur Tvalsaz-
risTan erTad iyeneben. kognituri midgomis mixed-
viT, fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis saTaveebs
yovelTvis ver aRmovaCenT obieqturad arsebuli
garemos stimulebSi, ganmamtkiceblebsa da
TvalsaCino reaqciebSi. mniSvneloba aqvs imas,
Tavi 15 / fsiqologiuri aSlilobebi
Tu rogor aRiqvamen adamianebi sakuTar Tavsa da
garemos da ras fiqroben maT Sesaxeb. kognitur
cvladebs Soris, romelTac SeiZleba sworad an
arasworad warmarTon adapturi qceva, aris
pirovnebis mier mniSvnelovani ganmamtkiceblebis
gakontrolebis xarisxis subieqturi aRqma, sa-
frTxis momtan movlenebTan gamklavebis SesaZ-
leblobis pirovnuli rwmena da movlenebis
interpretacia situaciuri Tu pirovnuli faqto-
rebis terminebiT. kognituri midgomis mixedviT,
fsiqologiuri problemebi realuri situaciis
aRqmis damaxinjebis, mcdari msjelobebis, an
problemis gadawyvetis uSedego mcdelobebis
Sedegia.
sociokulturuli midgoma. fsiqopaTologiis
612 Sesaxeb sociokulturuli mosazreba xazs usvams
kulturis rols paTologiuri qcevis gansazR-
vrasa da etiologiaSi. Cven ukve SevexeT diagnos-
tirebaze kulturis zegavlenas, rodesac obieq-
turobis problemaze vsaubrobdiT. Cven vTqviT,
rom sxvadasxva kulturaSi erTsa da imave qcevas
sxvadasxva interpretacia SeiZleba hqondes:
zRurbli, romelzec garkveuli qcevis tipi
individisTvis adaptaciaSi problemebis Semqmne-
li gaxdeba, nawilobriv, mis kulturul konteq-
stzea damokidebuli. rac Seexeba etiologias,
gansakuTrebuli kulturuli garemo pirobebi,
sadac cxovroben adamianebi, SeiZleba gansazR-
vravdes im pirobebs, romlebic xels uwyoben
fsiqopaTologiis calkeuli tipebis an qveti-
pebis gamoyofas. Cven mogvianebiT, klasifikaciis
Sesaxeb qveTavSi, visaubrebT aseT, kulturasTan
SeWidul sindromebze.
axla ukve SegiqmeniT zogadi warmodgena im
ZiriTad midgomebze, romlebsac mkvlevrebi
fsiqikuri daavadebis warmoqmnis Sesaxeb gvTava-
zoben. unda aRiniSnos, rom, miaCniaT ra fsiqopa-
Tologia mTeli rigi biologiuri da fsiqolo-
giuri faqtorebis rTuli urTierTqmedebis
Sedegad, Tanamedrove mkvlevrebi ufro da ufro
metad ikaveben interaqcionistul pozicias. ase
magaliTad, genetikurma predispoziciam neiro-
gadamtanebis, an hormonebis doneze zemoqmedebiT
SeiZleba mowyvladi gaxados pirovneba fsiqolo-
giuri aSlilobisadmi, magram aSlilobis sru-
lad ganviTarebisTvis fsiqologiuri an socia-
luri stresi, an daswavlili qceva iyos saWiro.
Semdeg nawilSi im mcdelobebze gveqneba
saubari, romelic ganxorcielda aSlilobebis
sxvadasxva kategoriebis klasificirebisa da
aRwerisaTvis.
Sejameba
paTologia ganisazRvreba mTeli rigi krite-
riumebis gaTvaliswinebiT: distresi, an uuna-
roba, araadapturoba, araracionaluroba, ara-
prognozirebadoba, araSablonuroba da statis-
tikuri iSviaToba, damkvirveblis doskomforti
da zneobrivi da idealuri standartebis rRveva.
arc erTi am kriteriumTagani ar aris aucile-
beli da sakmarisi piroba fsiqikuri daavadebis
gansazRvrisaTvis. mkvlevrebis upirvelesi
mizania fsiqologiuri aSlilobebisadmi
obieqturi mosazrebebis Camoyalibeba; es mizani
rTulia, radganac paTologiuris Sesaxeb das-
kvnebi xSirad aris damokidebuli konteqstze.
kacobriobis TiTqmis mTeli istoriis manZilze
fsiqikurad daavadebul adamianebs arasworad
epyrobodnen, anda sapyrobileebSi amwyvdevdnen.
mas Semdeg ganviTarda maTdami midgomis Seda-
rebiT adamianuri meTodebi, rac iseTma adamia-
nebma, rogorebic iyvnen pineli, mesmeri da
krepelini, am aSlilobebis daavadebebad gan-
xilva daiwyes. es daavadebebi kategorizaciasa
da mkurnalobas eqvemdebarebodnen. fsiqikuri
daavadebis etiologiis asaxsnelad Tanamedrove
mkvlevrebi, Cveulebisamebr, biologiuri da
fsiqologiuri faqtorebis interaqciul mod-
els mimarTaven xolme.
fsiqologiuri
aSlilobebis klasifikacia
ratom aris sasargeblo fsiqologiuri aSli-
lobebis klasifikaciis sistemis arseboba? ra
upiratesobebs iZleva paTologiuris amomwuravi
Sefasebis gziT misi sxvadasxva tipebis erTmane-
Tisgan gamijvna? fsiqologiuri diagnozi aris
paTologiurisTvis dakvirvebadi qcevis paternis
klasificirebisa da kategorizaciis Sedegad
micemuli iarliyi garkveuli diagnostikuri
sistemis farglebSi. aseTi diagnozis miReba
gacilebiT ufro rTulia, vidre samedicino
diagnozis. samedicino konteqstSi diagnosti-
rebisas eqims iseT fizikur monacemebze SeuZlia
dayrdnoba, rogoricaa, magaliTad, rentgenis
suraTi, sisxlis analizi da biofsia. fsiqolo-
giuri aSlilobebis SemTxvevaSi diagnozisTvis
saWiro monacemebs individis moqmedebis inter-
pretaciidan viRebT. klinikosTa maqsimaluri
SeTanxmebulobisa (konsistenturobis) da maT
diagnostikur Sefasebebs Soris Tanmimdevru-
lobis misaRwevad, fsiqologebma diagnosti-
rebisa da klasifikaciis sistema ganaviTares,
romelic uzrunvelyofs simptomebis detalur,
fsiqologiuri diagnozi (Psychological diagnosis)
_ fsiqologiuri paTologiisTvis dakvirvebuli
qcevis paternis klasificirebisa da katego-
rizaciis Sedegad micemuli iarliyi garkveuli
diagnostikuri sistemis farglebSi.
zedmiwevniT aRweras imdenad, ramdenadac sxva
kriteriumebi exmareba praqtikosebs imis gada-
wyvetaSi, aris Tu ara pirovnebis qceva gar-
kveuli aSlilobis maniSnebeli.
klasifikaciis miznebi
imisaTvis, rom maqsimalurad sasargeblo
iyos, diagnostikuri sistema Semdeg sam sarge-
bels unda iZleodes:
 saerTo stenografiuli ena. klinikosTa
da fsiqopaTologiis sferoSi momuSave mkvlevar-
Ta Soris swrafi da gasagebi urTierTobisTvis
praqtikosebi sayovelTaod SeTanxmebuli mniS-
vnelobebis mqone terminebs eZeben. diagnos-
tikuri kategoria, rogoricaa depresia, didi
raodenobis kompleqsur informacias aerTianebs,
romelSic Sedis damaxasiaTebeli simptomebi
da aSlilobis tipuri mimdinareoba. klinikur
garemoSi, rogoricaa, klinikebi da saavadmyo-
foebi, diagnostikuri sistema fsiqikuri jan-
mrTelobis profesionalebs ufro efeqturi ko-
munikaciis saSualebas aZlevs im adamianebis
Sesaxeb, visac exmarebian. fsiqopaTologiis
sxvadasxva aspeqtebis kvlevisas an mkurnalobis
programebis Sefasebisas mkvlevrebi unda SeTan-
xmdnen dasakvirvebeli aSlilobis Taobaze.
 etiologiis gageba. idealur SemTxvevaSi,
konkretuli aSlilobis diagnozma naTeli unda
mohfinos simptomebis gamomwvev mizezebs.
fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis klasifikacia
samwuxarod, mravali fsiqologiuri aSlilobis
etiologiis Sesaxeb arsebiTi uTanxmoebis an
sakmarisi informaciis uqonlobis gamo Znelia
am miznis miRweva.
 mkurnalobis dagegmva. diagnozma, aseve,
unda gvikarnaxos, Tu mkurnalobis ra tipebi
unda gamoviyenoT konkretuli aSlilobisaTvis.
mkvlevrebma da klinikosebma aRmoaCines, rom
garkveuli mkurnaloba an Terapia ufro efeqtu-
rad moqmedebs garkveuli tipis fsiqologiur
aSlilobebze. magaliTad, Sizofreniis dros
sakmaod efeqturi medikamentebi sruliad
usargebloa da zogjer ufro amZimebs kidec
mdgomareobas depresiis SemTxvevaSi. mkurnalo-
bebis efeqturobisa da specifikurobis Sesaxeb
codnis Semdgomi gaRrmaveba daaCqarebs da ufro
sandos gaxdis diagnostirebis process, rac
metad mniSvnelovania. 613
 DSM-IV-TR DSM-is pirveli versia, romelic 1952 wels
gamoCnda (DSM-I), ramdenime aTeul fsiqikur daa-
amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi yvelaze far-
vadebas moicavda. 1968 wels gamosuli, gada-
Tod miRebuli saklasifikacio sqema amerikis
sinjuli DSM-II ufro metad Seesatyviseboda
fsiqiatriul asociacias ekuTvnis. mas fsiqikuri
meore popularul sistemas _ msoflio janmrTe-
aSlilobebis diagnostikuri da statistikuri
lobis organizaciis daavadebaTa internaciona-
saxelmZRvanelo ewodeba. meoTxe gamocemis (DSM-
lur klasifikacias (ICD _ International Classifica-
IV, 1994) „teqsturi gadasinjva~ 2000 wels gamoq-
tion of Diseases). DSM-is meoTxe gamocema (DSM-IV,
veynda da mas klinikosebi da mkvlevrebi DSM-
1994) komitetebisa da mecnierebis ramdenime-
IV-TR-is saxeliT icnoben. masSi klasifici-
wliani intensiuri muSaobis Semdeg gamovida.
rebulia, gansazRvrulia da aRwerilia 200-ze
cvlilebebis gansaxorcieleblad (1987 wels
meti fsiqikuri aSliloba.
gamosul DSM-III-R-Si) am komitetebma dawvrile-
fsiqologiuri aSlilobebisadmi midgomebis
biT ganixiles fsiqopaTologiaSi dagrovili
mravalferovnebiT gamowveuli diagnostikuri
gamokvlevebis uzarmazari raodenoba da, aseve,
sirTuleebis Sesamcireblad DSM-IV-TR-Si yurad-
Seamowmes, Tu ramdenad muSaobda SemoTavazebuli
Reba simptomTa paternebis aRwerasa da aSli-
cvlilebebi realur klinikur pirobebSi. DSM-
lobebis mimdinareobebze ufro metad aris
IV, aseve, srulad Seesabameba ACD-is meaTe
gamaxvilebuli, vidre etiologiur Teoriebsa
gamocemas. DSM-IV-TR-Si (2000), DSM-IV-is teqstur
da mkurnalobis strategiebze. wmindad aRweriTi
gadasinjvaSi, axali kvlevebis Sedegebic aris
xasiaTis terminebi klinikosebsa da mkvlevrebs
mocemuli, Tumca, saerTod ar aris Secvlili
problemebis aRsawerad sayovelTao, saerTo enis
DSM-IV-is klasifikaciis struqtura.
gamoyenebis saSualebas aZlevs nacvlad imisa,
fsiqologiur aSlilobasTan SesaZlo kavSir-
rom SeTanxmebis miuRwevlad datovon Sexvedrebi
Si myofi fsiqologiuri, socialuri da fizikuri
da ikvlion, Tu romeli Teoriuli modeli
faqtorebis ganxilvisas klinikosebis dasax-
ukeT xsnis arsebul problemebs.
mareblad DSM-IV-TR ganzomilebebs, anu RerZebs
DSM-IV-TR _ amerikis fsiqiatriuli asociaciis iyenebs, romlebzec mocemulia informacia yvela
amJamad momqmedi diagnostikuri da statistikuri am faqtoris Sesaxeb (ix. cxrili 15.1).
saxelmZRvanelo, romelSic klasificirebulia, ZiriTad klinikur aSlilobaTa umravlesoba
ganmartebulia da aRwerilia fsiqikuri aSli-
I RerZzea moTavsebuli. aq Sedis yvela aSli-
lobebi.
loba, gonebrivi CamorCenilobis garda, romelic

cxrili
15.1
Tavi 15 / fsiqologiuri aSlilobebi

DSM-IV-TR-is xuTi RerZi

RerZebi informaciis klasi aRwera
RerZi I klinikuri aSlilobebi es fsiqikuri aSlilobebi warmoadgens qceviTi an
fsiqologiuri problemebis simptomebs, an paternebs, romelic,
rogorc wesi, mtkivneulia da auaresebs funqcionirebas
romelime sferoSi. aq Setanilia aSlilobebi, romlebic Tavs
iCens Cvilobis, bavSvobis an Wabukobis periodSi.
RerZi II (a) pirovnuli aSlilobebi samyaros aRqmisa da masze reagirebis disfunqcionaluri
(b) gonebrivi CamorCeniloba paternebi.
RerZi III zogadi samedicino am RerZze warmodgenilia fizikuri problemebi, romelic
mdgomareobebi ukavSirdeba I da II RerZebze aRwerili fsiqologiuri
aSlilobebis gagebas, an mkurnalobas.
RerZi IV fsiqosocialuri da garemos am RerZze warmodgenilia is fsiqosocialuri da garemos
problemebi stresorebi, romelmac SeiZleba zegavlena moaxdinos
aSlilobis diagnostirebasa da mkurnalobaze da
gamojanmrTelebis albaTobaze.
RerZi V funqcionirebis mTlianobiTi am RerZze warmodgenilia fsiqologiur, socialur da
Sefaseba profesionalur sferoebSi individis mimdinare funqcionirebis
erTiani done.
614
bavSvobaSi iCens Tavs. II RerZze mocemulia
rogorc gonebrivi CamorCeniloba, aseve, pirov-
nuli aSlilobebi. es problemebi SeiZleba Tan
sdevdes I RerZis aSlilobebs. III RerZi moicavs
informacias zogadi samedicino mdgomareobis
Sesaxeb, rogoricaa, magaliTad, diabeti, rac
SeiZleba relevanturi iyos I an II RerZze gan-
Tavsebuli aSlilobis gagebisas, an mkurna-
lobisas. IV da V RerZebi uzrunvelyofs dama-
tebiT informacias, romelic SeiZleba sasargeb-
lo iyos konkretuli individisTvis mkurnalo-
bis kursis dagegmvisas, an prognozis Sefasebisas
(momavali cvlilebebis winaswar ganWvretisas).
IV RerZi afasebs fsiqosocialur da garemodan
momdinare problemebs, romlebmac SeiZleba
axsnas pacientis stresuli reaqciebi, an stres-
Tan misi gamklavebis resursebi. V RerZze kli-
nikosebi afaseben individis funqcionirebis
saerTo, zogad dones. DSM-IV-TR-is sistemis
sruli diagnozi TiToeuli RerZis ganxilvas
unda moicavdes.
diagnostikuri kategoriebis
ganviTareba
diagnostikuri kategoriebi da maTi organize-
bisa da warmodgenisTvis gamoyenebuli meTodebi
DSM-is yovel gadanisjvaSi icvleboda. es
cvlilebebi fsiqikuri janmrTelobis eqsperte-
bis umravlesobis mosazrebaTa cvlilebebs
asaxavs imis Taobaze, Tu konkretulad risgan
Sedgeba fsiqologiuri aSliloba da sad unda
gaiaros zRvarma aSlilobaTa sxvadasxva tipebs
Soris. aseve, maTSi asaxulia sazogadoebaSi
paTologiuris Sesaxeb arsebuli mosazrebebis
cvlilebebi.
TiToeuli DSM-is gadasinjvis procesSi
gamoiricxa zogierTi diagnostikuri kategoria,
zogierTi ki, piriqiT, daemata kidec. magaliTad,
DSM-III-is (1980w.) SesavalSi amoRebulia nevro-
tul da fsiqotur aSlilobebs Soris gansxva-
vebis tradiciuli ganmarteba. nevrotuli aSli-
lobebi, anu nevrozebi Tavdapirvelad gaigeboda,
rogorc SedarebiT zogadi fsiqologiuri
problemebi, romlis drosac pirovnebas ar aRe-
niSneboda tvinis paTologiis niSnebi, Warbad
araracionaluri azrovneba da ar arRvevda
ZiriTad normebs, Tumca, ganicdida subieqtur
distress, an xasiaTdeboda TviTdamangreveli
an daZlevis araadekvaturi strategiebiT. fsi-
qoturi aSlilobebi, anu fsiqozebi nevrotuli
problemebisgan gansxvavebulad moiazreboda
rogorc xarisxis, ise _ simwvavis mixedviT.
miaCndaT, rom fsiqoturi qceva mniSvnelovan-
wilad gadis socialuri normebis farglebidan
da mas Tan axlavs racionaluri azrovnebisa
da zogadad emociur da azrovnebis procesebSi
arsebiTi, Rrma darRvevebi. DSM-III-is sakonsul-
tacio komitetebi xvdebodnen, rom terminebi
nevrotuli aSlilobebi da fsiqoturi aSlilo-
bebi Zalze ganzogadda Sinaarsis TvalsazrisiT
da usargeblo gaxda, rogorc diagnostikuri
kategoria (Tumca, am terminebs mravali fsiqiat-
ri da fsiqologi isev iyenebs pirovnebis darRve-
vebis zogadi donis aRsawerad).
DSM-is gamocemebis manZilze calkeuli
diagnozebic erTveboda da akldeboda CamonaT-
vals. amis erT-erTi saukeTeso magaliTia homo-
seqsualoba. SegiZliaT gaixsenoT XII Tavidan,
rom 1973 wels amerikis fsiqiatriulma asociaciam
xma misca fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis nusxidan
homoseqsualurobis amoRebas. im dromde homo-
seqsualoba DSM-Si Setanili iyo, rogorc
fsiqikuri daavadeba.
fsiqiatri eqspertebis mosazrebebis Secvla
kvlevebis Sedegebma gamoiwvia, romelmac aCvena
homoseqsuali mamakacebisa da lesboseli
qalebis, zogadad, fsiqikuri janmrTeloba.
dResdReobiT homoseqsualobas ubralod
seqsualuri TviTgamoxatvis erT-erT variantad
miiCneven. is mxolod maSin Tanxvdeba DSM-IV-
fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis klasifikacia
TR-is diagnozs, rodesac individs aReniSneba
„mdgradi da SesamCnevi distresi seqsualur
orientaciasTan dakavSirebiT~ (DSM-IV-TR, 2000,
nevrotuli aSliloba (Neurotic disorder) _ fsi-
qikuri aSliloba, romlis drosac pirovnebas
ar aReniSneba Tavis tvinis paTologiebi da ar
avlens moWarbebul, mkveTrad gamoxatul
iracionalur azrovnebas, an ar arRvevs qcevis
ZiriTad normebs, Tumca, ganicdis subieqtur
distress. es kategoria gadmotanilia DSM-III-
dan.
fsiqoturi aSliloba (Psychotic disorder) _ mwvave
fsiqikuri aSliloba, rodesac uaresdeba indi-
vidis mier realobis aRqma, rac vlindeba azrov-
nebis, emociebisa da aRqmis sferoSi warmoqmnil
sirTuleebSi; aRar gamoiyeneba, rogorc
diagnostikuri kategoria DSM-III-is Semdeg. 615
 fsiqologia Cvens cxovrebaSi

marTla gvicavs Tu ara Seuracxadoba

1981 wlis 30 marts msof-
lio SeZra aSS-is prezidentis
_ ronald reiganis mkvle-
lobis TiTqmis warmatebulma
mcdelobam, romelic jon
hiklim ganaxorciela. 1982
wlis ivnisSi, Sokma yvela
zRvars gadaaWarba, rodesac
naficma msajulebma hinkli
„udanaSaulod cnes Seura-
cxadobis gamo~. ramdenad misa-
Rebi iyo es? ras niSnavs, rom
viRac Seuracxadia?
Seuracxadoba ar aris gan-
martebuli DSM-IV-TR-Si; ar
arsebobs misi sayovelTao
klinikuri gansazRvreba. me-
tic, Seuracxadoba popula-
ruli kulturisa da samar-
Tlebrivi sistemis cnebaa.
samarTalSi Seuracxadobis
gaTvaliswinebis praqtika 1843
wlidan iRebs saTaves, rode-
sac inglisSi deniel mak-
naTeni (Daniel M`Naghten) mkvle-
lobaSi udanaSaulod cnes
Seuracxadobis mizeziT. misi
savaraudo msxverpli brita-
neTis premier ministri iyo.
maknaTens swamda, rom mas Rmer-
Tma Caagona mkvleloba (man
SemTxveviT premier ministris
nacvlad misi mdivani mokla).
bodvebis gamo igi cixis nacv-
lad fsiqiatriul saavadmyo-
foSi moaTavses. am verdiqtis
Tanmdevma risxvam biZgi misca
lordTa palatas, rom gamoe-
kveTa mimarTuleba, e.w. makna-
Tenis wesi, romelic gansazR-
vravda Seuracxadobis far-
glebs. am wesis mixedviT, dam-
naSave ver unda „xvdebodes mis
mier ganxorcielebuli qmede-
bebis xasiaTsa da kategorias;
anda Tu xvdeba, ar unda ico-
des, rom rasac akeTebs, ar aris
swori.~
aris ki maknaTenis wesi
damnaSaveobis an udanaSaulo-
bis samarTliani sazomi? fsi-
qikuri daavadebebis gagebaSi
winsvlasTan erTad, mkvlev-
rebma ufro meti ician im
garemoebebis Sesaxeb, romel-
Sic damnaSave SesaZloa ansxva-
vebdes swors mcdarisgan _
damnaSavem SesaZloa icodes,
rom mis mier ganxorciele-
buli qmedeba arasamarTleb-
rivi an arazneobrivi iyo,
magram mainc ver SeZlos moqme-
debis daTrgunva da misgan
Tavis Sekaveba (disociaciis am
tipis Sesaxeb SfoTviTi aSli-
lobebis ganxilvisas visaub-
rebT). xSirad, magaliTad,
fobiebis mqone adamianebma
ician, rom oboba maT arafers
dauSavebs, magram ar xelewi-
febaT misi danaxvisas panikuri
qcevisagan Tavis Sekaveba.

gv.582). diagnostikuri kriteriumi, cxadia, gamo- is garkveul diagnostikur kategorias~ (DSM-

iyeneba im homoseqsualebis mimarT, visac awuxebs IV-TR, 2000, gv.898). qvemoT moyvanilia ramdenime
es problema. magaliTi:
dabolos, DSM-is adreuli gamocemebis kri-  Boufee delirante. „aJitirebuli da agresi-
Tavi 15 / fsiqologiuri aSlilobebi

tikosebs afiqrebdaT is faqti, rom fsiqo-
logiuri aSlilobebis SemTxvevebSi yuradRebis
miRma rCeboda kulturuli variaciebi. DSM-IV-
TR-Si aSlilobaTa umravlesobis aRwera moicavs
informacias „specifikuri kulturuli maxasia-
Teblebis~ Sesaxeb. metic, danarTSi aRwerilia
daaxloebiT 25-mde kulturasTan SeWiduli
sindromi: „ganmeorebiTi, normidan gadaxrili
qcevis adgilobrivad specifikuri paternebi
da Semawuxebeli gamocdileba, romelic SeiZleba
ukavSirdebodes, an ar ukavSirdebodes DSM-IV-
Seuracxadoba (Insanity) _ samarTlebrivi (ara
klinikuri) aRniSvna im mdgomareobisa, romlis
drosac individi ganixileba, rogorc iuri-
diulad Seuracxadi, an araqmediTi, arakom-
616 petenturi.
uli qcevis moulodneli amofrqveva, SesamCnevi
dabneuloba da fsiqologiuri agzneba~ (gv.899);
aRniSnulia dasavleT afrikaSi, taitze;
 Koro. „moulodneli da intensiuri SfoTva
imis Taobaze, rom penisi (an, qalebis SemTxvevaSi,
sasqeso bageebi da sarZeve jirkvlebi) mowydeba
sxeuls, ramac SesaZloa sikvdili gamoiwvios~
(gv. 900); aRniSnulia samxreT da aRmosavleT
aziaSi;
 Taijin Kyofusho. „individis intensiuri
SiSi imis Taobaze, rom individis sxeuli, sxeu-
lis nawilebi an funqciebi arasasiamovno, samar-
cxvino, an Seuracxmyofelia sxva adamianebi-
saTvis Tavisi garegnobiT, suniT, saxis gamo-
 fsiqikuri daavadebis Se-
saxeb aseTi mosazreba samar-
Tlebriv standartebSic iqna
CarTuli, ramac imoqmeda
hinklis SemTxvevaSi. mis
nafic msajulebs miaCndaT,
rom hinkli ar akontrolebda
Tavis qcevas, romelic msaxiob
judi fosteris akviatebidan
momdinareobda.
gaanTavisufles Tu ara
hinkli? _ araviTar SemTxv-
evaSi. igi vaSingtonis olqis
wm. elizabetis fsiqiatriul
klinikaSi moaTavses da 2001
wlamde iq imyofeboda.
faqtobrivad, Seuracxadobis,
rogorc dacvis, sazoga-
doebaSi arsebuli erT-erTi
ZiriTadi araswori gageba
m k v l e l e b s Ta v i s u f l a d
darCenis saSualebas aZlevs
(Caplan, 1992; Silver et al., 1994).
Seuracxadobis sarCeliT
udanaSaulod miCneul in-
dividTa daaxloebiT 90%
fsiqiatriul klinikebSi
xvdeba. hinklis SemTxvevis
msgavs SemTxvevebSi indi-
videbs sazogadoebaSi mxo-
lod mas Semdeg uSveben, rac
eqspertebi daadgenen, rom
isini aRar arian saSiSni. dapa-
timrebisgan gansxvavebiT, xSi-
rad winaswar ar aris gansa-
zRvruli, Tu ra vadiT aTav-
seben individs fsiqiatriul
dawesebulebaSi. rogor fiq-
robT, hinklis SemTxvevaSi
ramdenad darwmunebulni unda
yofiliyvnen fsiqiatrebi da
fsiqologebi, rom hinklis
gamoSvebaze Tanxmoba gane-
cxadebinaT?
hinklis SemTxvevis Sede-
gad mravalma sasamarTlom
Secvala Seuracxadobis dac-
vis arsebuli standartebi:
ZiriTadi mimarTuleba „Seura-
cxadobis gamo udanaSaulod
cnobis~ verdiqtis miRebis
garTuleba iyo (Appelbaum,
1994). iyo Tu ara es cvli-
lebebi aucilebeli? praqti-
kuli motivebidan gamomdinare,
pasuxi TiTqmis ueWvelad aris
„ara~. miuxedavad im didi
yuradRebisa, romelsac sain-
formacio saSualebebSi uT-
moben Seuracxadobis mo-
Txovnebs da, Sesabamisad,
sazogadoebis kargad infor-
mirebulobisa mis Sesaxeb,
aseTi sarCelebi sakmaod
iSviaTia (Blau et al., 1993; Lym-
burner & Roesch, 1999). magaliTad,
erT-erTi kvlevis Sedegad
aRmoCnda, rom baltimorSi,
merilendSi 60 432 sabral-
debo aqtidan mxolod 190-ma
damcvelma (0.31%) Seitana Seu-
racxadobis sarCeli da mxo-
lod 8 maTgani (4.2%) iqna
dakmayofilebuli (Janofski et al.,
1996). amgvarad, mcirea alba-
Toba imisa, rom Tqven odesme
mogmarTaven TxovniT, rom
dajdeT nafic msajulTa
skamze da gansajoT, meore
adamiani Seuracxadia Tu ara,
magram warmoidgineT, rom es
moxda. vTqvaT, Tqven jefri
dameris saqmis ganxilvisas
iyaviT msajuli, romelic
kanibaluri ritualebiT iyo
dakavebuli da romelic
Seracxadad cnes (msajulebma
uaryves Seuracxadobis dacva).
rogor imoqmeda am TavSi mi-
Rebulma informaciam Tqvens
mosazrebebze?

metyvelebiT an moZraobiT~ (gv. 903); aRniSnulia

fsiqologiuri

fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis ZiriTadi tipebi

iaponiaSi.
aRvwerT ra fsiqologiuri aSlilobis Ti-
Toeul ZiriTad formas, mniSvnelovania gvax-
sovdes, rom erTsa da imave qcevas yvela kultura
ar miiCnevs erTnairad normalurad an paTo-
logiurad.
Sejameba
fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis klasificirebis
mizania rogorc sxvadasxva aSlilobebis aRwe-
risa da ganxilvis sayovelTaod miRebuli ste-
nografiuli enis uzrunvelyofa, ise _ etio-
logiisa da mkurnalobis gegmis dadgena. DSM-
IV-TR warmoadgens yvelaze farTod gamoyenebad
saklasifikacio sistemas; mTeli informacia xuT
RerZzea mocemuli. diagnostikuri kategoriebi
droTa ganmavlobaSi ganviTarda, raTa sistema
ufro Tanmimdevruli da gamosadegi gamxdariyo.
aSlilobebis ZiriTadi
tipebi
mas Semdeg, rac aRvwereT paTologiuris
Sesaxeb msjelobis ZiriTadi farglebi, miva-
deqiT ZiriTad informacias _ iseTi ZiriTadi
fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis mizezebsa da
Sedegebs, rogoricaa SfoTva, depresia da Sizof-
renia. TiToeuli kategoriis SemTxvevaSi jer
aRvwerT, ras ganicdian Tavad daavadebuli
individebi da rogor aRiqvamen maT damkvir-
veblebi. Semdeg ganvixilavT, Tu rogor xsnian
etiologiisadmi biologiuri da fsiqologiuri
midgomebi am aSlilobebis ganviTarebas.
arsebobs fsiqopaTologiis mTeli rigi sxva
kategoriebi, romelTa ganxilvasac ver davuT-
mobT dros, Tumca, qvemoT mocemulia maT Soris 617
 yvelaze mniSvnelovanTa Sesaxeb mokle, Semaja-
mebeli informacia.
 nivTierebebis gamoyenebis aSlilobebi
moicavs alkoholsa da qimiur nivTierebebze
damokidebulebasa da maT borotad gamoyenebas.
nivTierebebis borotad gamoyenebis Sesaxeb
mravali sakiTxi cnobierebis mdgomareobebis
uaxloes konteqstSi ganvixileT (ix. Tavi 6).
 somatoformul aSlilobebSi Sedis
fizikuri (somaturi) simptomebi, rogoricaa:
kidurebis paralizeba, an tkivilebi, fizikuri
mizezis gareSe. es kategoria moicavs isteriad
wodebul simptomebs.
 seqsualuri aSlilobebi seqsualuri
Sekavebisa da disfunqciis problemebsa da
deviantur seqsualur praqtikas moiazrebs.
 aSlilobebi, romlis diagnostireba,
Cveulebisamebr, CvilobaSi, bavSvobaSi, an
WabukobaSi xdeba, moicavs gonebriv Camor-
Cenilobas, komunikaciur aSlilobebs, rogori-
caa: enabluoba da autizmi.
 kvebis aSlilobebi, rogoricaa: anoreqsia
da bulimia, me-12 TavSia ganxiluli.
winamdebare TavSi SevafasebT im sixSires,
ra sixSiriTac aReniSnebaT individebs calkeuli
fsiqologiuri aSlilobebi. monacemebi miRebu-
lia kvlevebidan, romelSic 20 000-ze meti
adamiani monawileobda da, Sesabamisad, fsiqikuri
janmrTelobis Sesaxeb istoriebi populaciis
didi SerCevebidan aris miRebuli. diagramebSi
asaxulia sxvadasxva aSlilobebis gavrceleba
Tavi 15 / fsiqologiuri aSlilobebi
erTi Tvis, erTi wlis da mTeli cxovrebis
periodSi (Kessler et al., 1994; Regier et al., 1993a, 1993b).
citirebuli diagramebi da cxrilebi aRebulia
National Comorbidity Study-dan (NCS), romelSic 15-
dan 54 wlamde 8 098 amerikeli monawileobda
(Kessler et al., 1994). miuxedavad imisa, rom am SerCevas
„mozrdilebad~ movixseniebT, unda aRvniSnoT,
rom masSi monawileobdnen mozardebi da ar
monawileobdnen ufrosi asakis mozrdilebi.
aseve, aRsaniSnavia, rom xSir SemTxvevaSi erTsa
da imave individebs cxovrebis garkveul etapze
erTdroulad erTze meti aSliloba aReniS-
nebodaT. es fenomeni komorbidulobis saxeliT
komorbidi (Comorbidity) _ erTdroulad erTze
meti aSliloba.
618
aris cnobili (morbidulobas daavadebis arse-
bobas uwodeben, komorbidulobas ki _ daavade-
baTa Tanaarsebobas). NCS-Si dadginda, rom
individTa 56%-s, romelic Tvlida, rom aqvT
erTi aSliloba, realurad erTdroeulad ori
an meti aSliloba aReniSneboda. mkvlevrebma
sxvadasxva fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis komorbi-
dulobis paternebis intensiuri Seswavla dai-
wyes.
gaecnobiT ra sxvadasxva fsiqologiuri
darRvevebisaTvis tipur simptomebsa da gamocdi-
lebebs, gagiCndebaT grZnoba, rom zogierTi
maxasiaTebeli Tqvenc, yovel SemTxvevaSi
xandaxan mainc, an Tqvens irgvliv arsebul
romelime Tqvens nacnobsac axasiaTebs. Cven mier
aRwerili zogierTi aSliloba arc ise iSviaTad
gvxvdeba, amitom gasakviri iqneba, Tu isini
sruliad ucxod mogeCvenebaT. bevrs axasiaTebs
adamianuri sisusteebi, romelTac konkretuli
fsiqologiuri aSlilobis kriteriumTa nusxaSi
SexvdebiT. am msgavsebebis gacnobiereba xels
Seuwyobs paTofsiqologiis gagebas, magram unda
gaxsovdeT, nebismieri aSlilobis diagnozi
mTel rig kriteriumebzea damokidebuli da
fsiqikuri janmrTelobis gamocdil profesi-
onalebs saWiroebs. gTxovT, winaaRmdegoba
gauwioT cdunebas da ar gamoiyenoT axlad
SeZenili codna megobrebisTvis da ojaxis wevre-
bisTvis paTologiuris diagnozis dasasmelad.
Cven dawvrilebiT ganvixilavT SfoTvasa da
depresias da SedarebiT mokled visaubrebT
pirovnul aSlilobebsa da disociaciur aSli-
lobebze.
SfoTviTi aSlilobebi
garkveul cxovrebiseul situaciebSi TiTo-
eul Cvengans ganucdia SfoTva an SiSi. Tumca,
zogierTi adamianisTvis SfoTva imdenad prob-
lemuri xdeba, rom efeqturad funqcionirebasa
da yoveldRiuri cxovrebiT tkbobaSi uSlis
xels. dadgenilia, rom mozrdili mosaxleobis
TiTqmis 25%-s drodadro aReniSneba sxvadasxva
SfoTviTi aSlilobebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli
simptomebi (Kessler et al., 1994). TiToeul am
aSlilobaSi SfoTva gadamwyvet rols asrulebs,
Tumca, isini erTmaneTisgan gansxvavdebian
SfoTvis gancdis xarisxiT, SfoTvis simwvaviT/

siRrmiTa da misi gamomwvevi situaciebiT. Cven
mimovixilavT ZiriTad kategoriebs, esenia: gene-
ralizebuli SfoTviTi aSliloba, panikuri aS-
liloba, fobiuri aSliloba, obsesiur-kompul-
suri aSliloba da posttravmatuli stresis
aSliloba.
generalizebuli SfoTviTi aSliloba
rodesac pirovneba drois umetes nawils,
sul mcire, eqvsi Tvis manZilze, SfoTvaSi, an
nerviulobaSi atarebs, klinikosebi mas genera-
lizebuli SfoTviTi aSlilobis diagnozs
usvamen. xSirad SfoTva specifikur cxovrebi-
seul situaciazea fokusirebuli, rogoricaa:
ararealuri SfoTva finansebis, an sayvareli
adamianis kargad yofnis Taobaze. SfoTvis
gamoxatvis gzebi _ specifikuri simptomebi _
varirebs pirovnebidan pirovnebamde, magram
generalizebuli SfoTvis diagnozis dasmisaTvis
pacients, sul mcire, sami sxva simptomic unda
aReniSnebodes, rogoricaa: kunTebis daZabuloba,
gadaRliloba, mousvenroba, susti koncentracia,
gaRizianebadoba, an Zilis problemebi.
generalizebuli SfoTviTi aSliloba fun-
qcionirebis gauaresebas iwvevs, radganac SeuZ-
lebelia pirovnebis nerviulobis gakontro-
leba, an gverdze gadadeba. SfoTvis wyaroebze
koncentrirebis gamo individi veRar uTmobs
sakmaris yuradRebas socialur Tu samsaxu-
reobriv valdebulebebs. am sirTuleebs aSli-
lobasTan dakavSirebuli fizikuri simptomebic
erTvis Tan.
panikuri aSliloba
generalizebuli SfoTviTi aSlilobisTvis
damaxasiaTebeli SfoTvis qronikulad arsebobi-
sgan gansxvavebiT, panikuri aSlilobis mqone
adamianebi ganicdian moulodneli, mwvave panikis
Setevebs, romelic mxolod ramdenime wuTi
SeiZleba grZeldebodes. es Setevebi intensiuri
daZabulobis, SiSis, an saSinelebis grZnobebiT
iwyeba. am grZnobebs Tan axlavs SfoTvis
fizikuri simptomebi, maT Soris TviTregu-
lirebadi hiperaqtiuroba (rogoricaa aCqarebuli
guliscema), Tavbrusxveva, gonebis dakargva da
xuTvis, an daxrCobis SegrZnebebi. Setevebi mou-
lodnelia im TvalsazrisiT, rom maT ar iwvevs
raime konkretuli situacia.
qvemoT mocemuli panikis Setevis dros gake-
Tebuli komentari dagexmarebaT imis SefasebaSi,
Tu ra sixSiriT ganicdis am aSlilobis mqone
es pirovneba panikis Setevebs:
o, me ver gavakeTeb amas. veravin da-
mexmareba, veravin SeZlebs am grZnobis
gagebas. es hgavs grZnobas, romelic Txe-
midan fexis TiTebamde gagirbens sxeulSi
da me mZuls es grZnoba. Zalze SeSinebuli
var... TiTqos vkvdebi, an raRac msgavsi
(Muskin & Fyer, 1981, gv.81).
panikuri aSlilobis diagnostireba maSin
xdeba, rodesac individs aReniSneba panikis
ganmeorebiTi moulodneli Setevebi da, amas-
fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis ZiriTadi tipebi
Tanave, intensiurad nerviulobs Semdgomi
Setevebis ganviTarebis SesaZleblobaze.
SfoTviTi aSlilobebi (Anxiety disorder) _ fsiqi-
kuri aSlilobebi, romelic xasiaTdeba fsiqo-
logiuri agznebiT, daZabulobis grZnobiT da
TvalsaCino mizezis gareSe warmoqmnili inten-
siuri daZabulobiT.
generalizebuli SfoTviTi aSliloba (Gener-
alized anxiety disorder) _ SfoTviTi aSliloba,
rodesac individi ganicdis SfoTvas an ner-
viulobs specifikuri safrTxis an safrTxis
momatni obieqtis ar- arsebobis pirobebSi, sul
mcire, eqvsi Tvis manZilze.
panikuri aSliloba (Panic disorder) _ SfoTviTi
aSliloba, rodesac individi ganicdis mou-
lodnel mwvave panikur Setevebs, rac inten-
siuri daZabulobis, SiSisa, an saSinelebis
grZnobiT iwyeba.
619
 DSM-IV-TR-is mixedviT, panikuri aSlilobis
diagnostireba unda moxdes agorafobiis Tan-
mxlebi arsebobis, an ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi.
agorafobia iseT xalxmraval adgilebSi, an
Ria sivrceSi yofnis ukiduresi SiSia, saidanac
gaqceva rTuli, an samarcxvino SeiZleba iyos.
agorafobiis mqone individebs, rogorc wesi,
aSinebT iseTi adgilebi, rogoricaa: _ xalx-
mravali oTaxebi, saseirno adgilebi, avtobusebi
da avtomagistralebi. maT xSirad eSiniaT, rom,
Tu saxlis gareT SeeqmnebaT garkveuli
sirTuleebi, rogoricaa Sardis Seukavebloba
Sardis buStze kontrolis dakargvis gamo, an
panikis Setevis simptomebi, SeuZlebeli iqneba
daxmarebis miReba samarcxvino situaciaSi
aRmoCndebian. es SiSebi zRudavs maT Tavisuf-
lebas, ukidures SemTxvevebSi ki sakuTari
saxlebis patimrebad gadaiqcevian xolme.
SeniSneT, Tu ratom aris dakavSirebuli
agorafobia panikur aSlilobasTan? panikis
Setevebis mqone zogierTi (magram ara yvela)
adamianisTvis momavali Setevis saSiSroeba _
umweobis grZnoba misi dawyebisas _ SeiZleba
sakmarisi gaxdes CaketilobisTvis. agorafobiis
mqone pirovnebam SeiZleba datovos saxlis
usafrTxo garemo, magram TiTqmis yovelTvis
ukiduresi SfoTvis TanxlebiT.
fobiebi
SiSi aris racionaluri reaqcia obieqturad
identificirebul garegan safrTxeze (rogoricaa
xanZari, an yaCaRoba quCaSi), ramac SeiZleba
aiZulos adamiani, rom gaiqces, an gadavides
Tavi 15 / fsiqologiuri aSlilobebi
620
Setevaze Tavdacvis mizniT. amis sapirispirod,
fobiis mqone adamians aReniSneba specifikuri
obieqtis, moqmedebis, an situaciis mdgradi da
araracionaluri SiSi, romelic moWarbebulo-
biTa da umizezobiT xasiaTdeba da realobas
safrTxis momtanad aRaqmevinebs adamians.
mraval adamians aSfoTebs obobebi, an gvelebi
(an mravalarCevniani testebic ki). es msubuqi
SiSebi ar aferxebs individTa yoveldRiur
saqmianobas. Tumca, fobiebi zegavlenas axdens
adaptaciaze, mniSvnelovan distress iwvevs da
miznebis miRwevisaTvis aucilebel moqmedebebs
aferxebs. Zalze speficikurma, aSkarad SezRu-
dulma fobiamac ki SeiZleba udidesi gavlena
moaxdinos konkretuli individis cxovrebaze.
DSM-IV-TR-Si fobiebis ori kategoriaa aRwerili:
socialuri fobiebi da specifikuri fobiebi
(ix. cxrili 15.2).
socialuri fobia aris mdgradi da iraciona-
luri SiSi, romelic warmoiqmneba iseTi
sazogadoebrivi situaciis winaswar warmodge-
nisas, romelSic individi SeiZleba sxvaTa
dakvirvebis obieqti gaxdes. socialuri fobiis
mqone adamians samarcxvino qcevis ganxorcie-
lebis eSinia. pirovneba acnobierebs, rom SiSi
moWarbebuli da safuZvels moklebulia, magram
SiSi mainc aiZulebs mas, rom Tavi aaridos
iseT situaciebs, sadac arsebobs sxvaTa dakvir-
vebis obieqtad gaxdomis SesaZlebloba.
socialuri fobia xSirad TviT-damakmayo-
filebel winaswar ganWvretas gulisxmobs. in-
agorafobia (Agoraphobia) _ iseT xalxmraval
adgilebSi, an Ria sivrceSi yofnis ukiduresi
SiSi, saidanac gaqceva SeiZleba rTuli, an
samarcxvino iyos.
SiSi (Fear) _ racionaluri reaqcia obieqturad
identificirebul garegan safrTxeze, ramac
SeiZleba aiZulos adamiani, rom gaiqces, an
gadavides Setevaze Tavdacvis mizniT.
fobia (Phobia) _ specifikuri obieqtis, aqtivobis,
an situaciis mdgradi da iracionaluri SiSi,
romelic moWarbebulobiTa da umizezobiT
xasiaTdeba; romelic realobas safrTxis
momtanad aRaqmevinebs adamians.
socialuri fobia (Social phobia) _ mdgradi da
iracionaluri SiSi, romelic warmoiqmneba
iseTi sazogadoebrivi situaciis winaswar
warmodgenisas, romelSic individi sxvaTa dak-
virvebis obieqti SeiZleba gaxdes.
 cxrili
15.2
gavrcelebuli fobiebi
ZiriTadi tipebi sqesobrivi gansxvaveba gamovlenis tipuri asaki
socialuri fobiebi (raime damamcireblis
keTebis dros dakvirvebis obieqtad yofnis umravlesoba qalia mozardobis periodi
SiSi)

specifikuri fobiebi
cxovelebis tipi TiTqmis yvela qalia bavSvoba
katebi (ailurofobia)
ZaRlebi (kinofobia)
mwerebi (inseqtofobia)
obobebi (araknofobia)
gvelebi (ofidiofobia)
mRrRnelebi (rodentofobia)

bunebrivi garemos tipi

umravlesoba an TiTqmis bavSvoba
Stormebi (brontofobia) yvela qalia
simaRleebi (akrofobia)

sisxlis-infeqciis-dazianebis tipi
sisxli (hematofobia)
umravlesoba qalia nebismieri asaki
nemsebi (belonofobia)

situaciuri tipidaxuruli
sivrceebi (klaustrofobia) bavSvoba an 20-iani wlebis
TiTqmis yvela qalia
rkinigza (saidrodromofobia) Sua periodi

divids SeiZleba imdenad eSinodes sxvaTa
dakvirvebis obieqtad yofnisa da uaryofis, rom
warmoqmnili SfoTva sakmarisi iyos aqtivobis
realurad gasauareseblad. maSinac ki, rodesac
Ta 11.3%-s aReniSneba specifikuri fobia (Magee
et al., 1996).
obsesiur-kompulsuri aSlilobebi

fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis ZiriTadi tipebi

socialuri fobiis mqone adamianebi warmate-
bulni arian socialur garemoSi, isini ar uSveben,
rom warmateba dadebiTad aisaxos maTze (Wallace &
Alden, 1997). amerikel mozrdilTa 13.3%-s aReniSneba
socialuri fobia (Magee et al., 1996).
specifikuri fobiebi Tavs iCenen zogierT
sxvadasxva tipis obieqtebze, an situaciebze
reaqciis saxiT. rogorc naCvenebia 15.2 cxrilSi,
specifikuri fobiebi dayofilia ramdenime
qvetipad. magaliTad, cxoveluri tipis specifi-
kuri fobiis mqone individs SeiZleba obobebze
hqondes fobiuri reaqciebi. TiToeul SemTxve-
vaSi fobiuri reaqcia SemaSinebeli obieqtis
realurad arsebobisas, an warmodgenisas war-
moiqmneba. kvlevis mixedviT, amerikel mozrdil-
specifikuri fobiebi (Specific phobias) _ fobiebi,
romlebic Tavs iCenen specifikuri tipis obi-
eqtebze, an situaciebze reaqciis saxiT.
SfoTviTi aSlilobebis mqone zogierTi
adamiani iketeba azrebisa da qcevebis specifikur
paternebSi.
mxolod raRac erTi wlis win 17 wlis
jimi mravalmxrivi niWiT dajildoebuli
da farTo interesebis mqone normaluri
Wabuki iyo. Semdeg, TiTqmis erTbaSad,
fsiqologiuri uunarobis gamo, martosul
gariyulad, socialuri cxovrebidan ga-
moTiSulad iqca. kerZod, mas banaobis
akviateba (obsesia) ganuviTarda. aikviata
ra azri, rom WuWyiani iyo, ganurCevlad
imisa, Tu ras SeigrZnobda, man drois udi-
desi nawilis gatareba warmosaxviTi WuW-
yis CamobanaSi daiwyo. Tavdapirvelad da-
banvis rituali mxolod dasvenebis dReeb-
sa da saRamoebs ikavebda, magram male am
621
 qcevam imdenad daikava mTeli misi dro,
rom skolis mitovebasac ki aiZulebda.
jimi itanjeboda mdgomareobisgan, romelic
obsesiur-kompulsuri aSlilobis saxeliT aris
cnobili (obsessive-compulsive disorder _ OCD), ro-
melic, monacemebis mixedviT, amerikel
mozrdilTa 2.5%-s aReniSneba cxovrebis rome-
lime etapze (DSM-IV-TR). obsesiebi (akviatebebi)
aris azrebi, xatebi an impulsebi (rogoric
iyo jimis rwmena imis Sesaxeb, rom WuWyiani
iyo), romelic maTi gandevnis mcdelobisda
miuxedavad, mainc meordeba an narCundeba. ob-
sesiebi ganicdeba, rogorc arasasurveli SeWra
cnobierebaSi; isini suleluri, an autanelia
da miuRebelia im pirovnebisTvis, vinc ganicdis
maT. Tqven SeiZleba gqondeT garkveuli tipis
msubuqi obsesiebis gamocdileba, rogoricaa
wvrilmani safiqralebis akviatebebi, vTqvaT,
„namdvilad Cavkete kari?~ an „gamovrTe Tu ara
gazqura?~ obsesiur-kompulsuri aSlilobis mqo-
ne adamianTa obsesiuri azrebi gacilebiT metad
iZulebiTia, met distress iwvevs da SeiZleba
imoqmedos socialur da profesiul saqmiano-
baze.
kompulsiebi (iZulebebi) ganmeorebiTi, mizan-
mimarTuli moqmedebebia (rogoric iyo jimis
banaoba), romelic obsesiebze sapasuxod xor-
cieldeba garkveuli wesebis mixedviT, an ri-
tualebis saxiT. kompulsuri qceva SiSis
momgvrel raime situaciasTan dakavSirebuli
diskomfortis Sesamcireblad, an aRsakveTad
xorcieldeba, magram is an mizanSeuwonelia, an
_ aSkarad moWarbebuli. tipuri kompulsiebi
Tavi 15 / fsiqologiuri aSlilobebi
obsesiur-kompulsuri aSliloba (Obsessive-com-
pulsive disorder – OCD) _ fsiqikuri aSliloba,
romelic xasiaTdeba obsesiebiT, anu akviate-
buli, ganmeorebadi azrebiT, warmodgenebiT
an impulsebiT, romelic meordeba da ewinaaR-
mdegeba gandevnis mcdelobebs da kompulsiebiT,
anu ganmeorebadi, mizanmimarTuli moqmedebebiT,
romelic garkveuli wesebis mixedviT, an ri-
tualebis saxiT xorcieldeba.
posttravmatuli stresis aSliloba (Posttrau-
matic stress disorder – PTSD) SfoTviTi aSliloba,
romelic xasiaTdeba travmatuli movlenis gan-
meorebadi mdgradi gancdebiT, Tanmxlebi di-
stresis gamomwvevi mogonebebiT, sizmrebiT, ha-
lucinaciebiTa da disociaciuri xatebiT/
fleSbeqebiT (flashbacks).
622
moicavs dabanvis dauZlevel swrafvas, sinaTlis,
an sxva xelsawyoebis gamorTulobis gadamowmebas
da sagnebisa da sakuTrebis gadaTvlas.
obsesiur-kompulsuri aSlilobis mqone in-
dividebi, sawyis periodSi mainc, ewinaaRmde-
gebian kompulsiebs. simSvidis mdgomareobaSi
ar vlindeba kompulsiebis arseboba, Tumca,
SfoTvis gaCenisTanave, dauZleveli xdeba
daZabulobis Semcirebaze mimarTuli ritualuri
kompulsuri qcevis Zala. tkivilis nawili, ro-
melsac am fsiqikuri problemis mqone adamia-
nebi ganicdian, obsesiebis iracionalurobis,
an moWarbebulobis da maTi Semcirebis unaris
arqonis gacnobierebiT gamowveuli frustra-
ciidan momdinareobs.
posttravmatuli stresis aSliloba
XIII TavSi warmogidgineT diskusia or qal-
batons Soris, romlebic jer kidev ebrZodnen
gaupatiurebis Sedegebs. saubari asaxavda ori
qalbatonis mimdinare SfoTvas. erTi ambobda,
rom „SiSisa da risxvis xangrZlivi periodi~
gaiara da esizmreboda, Tu rogor esxmodnen
Tavs saerTo saZineblis win, megobrebi ki idgnen,
uyurebdnen da ar fiqrobdnen dasaxmareblad
misvlas. meores, romelic sirbilis (varjiSis)
dros gaaupatiures, isev eSinoda sirbilis
ganaxlebis: „yovelTvis, roca sarbenad mivdivar,
mudmivad meSinia. majiscema miormagdeba. cxadia,
marto aRar davdivar sarbenad, magram SiSi jer
isev rCeba~. am qalbatonebs posttravmatuli
stresis aSliloba (posttraumatic stress disorder _
PTSD) aqvT. es aris SfoTviTi aSliloba, ro-
melic xasiaTdeba travmatuli movlenis ganmeo-
rebadi mdgradi gancdebiT, Tanmxlebi distresis
gamomwvevi mogonebebiT, sizmrebiT, halucinaci-
ebiTa da disociaciuri xatebiT, anu e.w. fleS-
beqebiT (flashbacks). individebs PTSD SeiZleba
ganuviTardeT gaupatiurebaze, sicocxlisaTvis
safrTxis momtan cxovrebiseul movlenebze, an
Zlier dazianebaze, travmaze, anda stiqiur
ubedurebaze reaqciis saxiT (Davidson et al., 1991;
Kairbank et al., 1993; Foa & Riggs, 1995; Green, 1994).
adamianebs PTSD SeiZleba ganuviTardeT, rodesac
Tavad arian travmis msxverplni, an rodesac
xdebian msxverplis mowmeni. arsebobs albaToba
imisa, rom PTSD-is mqone adamianebs amavdroulad
sxva fsiqopaTologiebic aReniSnebodeT, rogo-
ricaa klinikuri depresia, nivTierebebis boro-
tad gamoyenebis problemebi da seqsualuri dis-
funqciebi.
kvleva aCvenebs, rom amerikel mozrdilTa
daaxloebiT 8% cxovrebis manZilze erTxel
mainc avaddeba PTSD-iT (DSM-IV-TR, 2000). mTlia-
nobaSi mTeli mosaxleobis daaxloebiT sami
meoTxedi ganicdis movlenas, romelic SeiZleba
travmatulad miviCnioT, rogoricaa: seriozuli
ubeduri SemTxveva, stiqiuri ubedureba an
fizikuri Zaladoba (Green, 1994). kolejis studen-
tTa SerCevis 84%-ma aRniSna, rom gamocdilebaSi
hqondaT, sul mcire, erTi travmatuli movlena;
daaxloebiT erTma mesamedma ki _ oTxi da meti
aseTi calkeuli movlena daasaxela (Vrana &
Lauterbach, 1994). miuxedavad imisa, rom mamakacebi
da qalebi Tanabari sixSiriT ganicdian travma-
tul movlenebs, qalebSi orjer metia PTSD-is
ganviTarebis albaToba, vidre mamakacebSi (Breslau
et al., 1997). mamakacebisgan gansxvavebiT, qalebTan
gansakuTrebiT didia albaToba imisa, rom
bavSvobaSi miRebuli travmis Sedegad ganvi-
Tardes PTSD. mkvlevrebi jer kidev cdiloben
am sqesobrivi gansxvavebis gagebas.
posttravmatuli stresis aSliloba Zalian
arRvevs individis cxovrebas. rogor umklavde-
bian mkvlevrebi PTSD-isa da sxva SfoTviTi
aSlilobebis wyaroebis aRmoCenis rTul amoca-
nas? wyaroebis, mizezebis gagena fsiqologiuri
distresis Semsubuqebis imeds iZleva.
SfoTviTi aSlilobebi:
mizezebi
rogor xsnian fsiqologebi SfoTviTi aSli-
lobebis ganviTarebas? qvemoT ganxilul TiTo-
eul etiologiur midgomaSi (biologiuri, fsi-
qodinamikuri, bihevioraluri da kognituri)
erTmaneTisgan gansxvavebul faqtorebze keTdeba
aqcenti. vnaxoT, Tu rogor Seaqvs TiToeul
maTgans Tavisi ganumeorebeli wvlili SfoT-
viTi aSlilobebis bunebis garkvevaSi.
biologiuri
sxvadasxva mkvlevrebs miaCniaT, rom SfoTvas
biologiuri safuZvlebi aqvs. erT-erTi Teoria
cdilobs axsnas, Tu ratom aris garkveuli
fobiebi, vTqvaT, obobebis an simaRleebis SiSi,
ufro metad gavrcelebuli, vidre sxva safrTxe-
ebis, magaliTad, eleqtroobis, SiSebi. vinaidan
mravali SiSi saerToa sxvadasxva kulturisTvis,
SemoTavazebul iqna mosazreba, rom evoluciuri
warsulis garkveul etapze garkveuli SiSebi
zrdida Cveni winaprebis gadarCenis Sansebs.
SesaZloa, evoluciur warsulSi adamianebs Tan-
dayolili hqondaT seriozuli safrTxis ga-
momwvevi nebismieri ramis SiSi. am mzaobis hipo-
Tezis Tanaxmad, CvenSi mocemulia erTxel Sema-
Sineblad aRqmul stimulze swrafad da „daufiq-
reblad~ reagirebis evoluciuri tendencia
(Ohman, 1986; Seligman, 1971); Tumca, es hipoTeza ar
xsnis im obieqtebze, an situaciebze reaqciis
saxiT ganviTarebul fobiebs, romelTac evolu-
ciuri istoriis manZilze ar hqoniaT gadarCe-
nisTvis mniSvneloba, rogoricaa, magaliTad,
nemsebis, manqanis tarebis an liftebis SiSi.
SfoTvis simptomebis garkveuli medikamen-
tebiT aRkveTis an, piriqiT, gamowvevis SesaZ-
lebloba SfoTviT aSlilobebSi biologiuri
faqtoris rolis damadasturebel monacemebs
iZleva (Holland et al., 1999; Klerman et al., 1994). maga-
liTad, gavixsenoT me-3 Tavidan, rom Tavis tvinSi
GABA neirogadamtanis Semcvelobis Semcirebisas
adamianebi xSirad ganicdian SfoTvas. rogorc
me-16 TavSi vnaxavT, GABA-is Semcvelobaze moqmedi
nivTierebebi warmatebiT gamoiyeneba SfoTviTi
aSlilobebis mkurnalobisas. mkvlevrebi isev
agrZeleben am aSlilobebis Tavis tvinSi ar-
fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis ZiriTadi tipebi
sebuli safuZvlebis sakvlevi teqnikebis Seqmnas
(Malizia, 1999). magaliTad, PET- skanirebam gamoavlina
gansxvaveba panikuri aSlilobis mqone da sa-
kontrolo jgufis individTa GABA receptorebis
funqcionirebas Soris (Malizia et al., 1998). es
gansxvavebebi SeiZleba panikuri aSlilobis
warmoqmnis axsnaSi dagvexmaros. MRI teqnikis
saSualebiT OCD-s mqone pacientTa Tavis tvinSi
gamovlenil iqna Zalze farTod gavrcelebuli
paTologiebi, kerZod, mielinizirebuli nervuli
boWkoebis gacilebiT naklebi raodenoba, vidre
normalur Tavis tvinSi (Jenike et al., 1996). mkvlev-
rebi dResdReobiTac cdiloben OCD-s simpto-
mebsa da Tavis tvinis paTologiebs Soris damo-
kidebulebis gagebas.
dabolos, identuri da araidenturi tyupebis
Seswavla SfoTviTi aSlilobis xuTi katego-
riidan oTxisadmi midrekilebis genetikur safuZ-
vels iZleva (Skre et al., 1993). magaliTad, identuri 623
 tyupebis wyvilSi panikuri aSlilobis ganviTa-
rebis albaToba orjer metia, igive aSlilobis
araidentur tyupebTan ganviTarebis albaTo-
basTan SedarebiT. SfoTviTi aSlilobebis
erTaderT tips, romelsac ar gaaCnia genetikuri
faqtoris wvlilis damadasturebeli monacemebi,
fobiebi warmoadgens, sadac garemos faqtorebi
ufro metad aris CarTuli.
fsiqodinamikuri
fsiqodinamikuri modeli amodis daSvebidan,
rom SfoTviTi aSlilobebis simptomebi war-
sulis fsiqikuri konfliqtebidan, an SiSebidan
momdinareobs. simptomebi fsiqologiuri tki-
vilisgan individis dacvis mcdelobebs warmoad-
gens. amgvarad, panikuri Setevebi aracnobieri
konfliqtebis cnobierSi SeWris Sedegia. maga-
liTad, davuSvaT, bavSvi cnobieridan gandevnis
saxlis rTuli garemodan gaqcevis survils.
Semdgom cxovrebaSi obieqtma, an situaciam,
romelic simbolizebuli saxiT gamoxatavs
konfliqts, SeiZleba fobiis gaaqtiureba moax-
dinos. xidi, magaliTad, SeiZleba im gzis sim-
bolizacia iyos, romelic man unda gaiaros
saxlis samyarodan gare samyaroSi gasasvlelad.
amitom xidis danaxvam aracnobieri konfliqti
SeiZleba cnobierSi amoitanos, rasac fobiebis-
Tvis damaxasiaTebeli SiSi da SfoTva mohyveba
Tan. xidebisTvis Tavis arideba iqneba bavSvobaSi
saxlSi miRebul gamocdilebasTan dakavSire-
buli SfoTvisgan Tavisuflad darCenis sim-
boluri mcdeloba.
Tavi 15 / fsiqologiuri aSlilobebi
obsesiur-kompulsuri aSlilobebis SemTxveva-
Si, obsesiuri qceva ganixileba, rogorc masTan
dakavSirebuli, SemaSinebeli survilebis, an
konfliqtebis mier warmoqmnili SfoTvis gada-
nacvlebis mcdeloba. obsesiis, romelic sim-
bolurad akrZalul impulss gamoxatavs, Canac-
vlebiT pirovneba garkveul Semsubuqebas aRwevs.
magaliTad, zemoT aRwerili jimis mier gancdili
WuWyis akviatebuli (obsesiuri) SiSi SeiZleba
seqsualurad aqtiurad yofnis survilsa da
sakuTari reputaciis „gaWuWyianebis~ SiSs Soris
warmoqmnili konfliqtidan momdinareobdes.
kompulsuri saqmianoba, romelic mcire ritua-
luri moqmedebebis Sesrulebas gulisxmobs,
individisTvis, aseve, aracnobieri konfliqtidan
624
momdinare, sawyisi TemisTvis Tavis aridebis
saSualebas warmoadgens.
bihevioraluri
SfoTvis bihevioraluri axsnebi fokusirdeba
imaze, Tu rogor xdeba SfoTviTi aSlilobebis
simptomebis gamomuSaveba da ganmtkiceba.
mkvlevrebi ar eZeben safuZvelSi myof aracnobier
konfliqtebs, an adreuli bavSvobis gamocdi-
lebebs, radganac SeuZlebelia am fenomenebis
pirdapir dakvirveba. rogorc me-7 TavSi vnaxeT,
bihevioristuli Teoriebi xSirad xsnian fobi-
ebis ganviTarebas, romelTac klasikurad gan-
pirobebul SiSebad miiCneven. gavixsenoT patara
alberti, romelsac jon vatsonma da rozali
reinerma TeTri virTxis SiSi ganuviTares.
bihevioraluri axsnis Tanaxmad, manamde neit-
raluri obieqti, an situacia SemaSinebel gamoc-
dilebasTan Sewyvilebis saSualebiT fobiis
stimulad gadaiqceva. magaliTad, Tu deda bavSvis
gvelTan miaxloebisas yviris gafrTxilebis
niSnad, bavSvs SeiZleba gvelebis fobia Camou-
yalibdes. am gamocdilebis Semdeg gvelebze
fiqrmac ki SeiZleba gamoiwvios SiSis talRa.
fobias inarCunebs SfoTvis Semcireba/reduqcia,
rasac adgili aqvs SemaSinebeli situaciisTvis
Tavis aridebis SemTxvevaSi.
obsesiur-kompulsuri aSlilobis biheviora-
luri analizi aCvenebs, rom kompulsur qcevas
SeuZlia akviatebul (obsesiur) azrebTan dakav-
Sirebuli SfoTvis Semcireba, riTic xdeba
kompulsuri qcevis ganmtkiceba. magaliTad, Tu
qals nagavze xelis mokidebiT mowamvlis
(kontaminaciis) eSinia, xelebis dabana Seamci-
rebs SfoTvas, rac, Sesabamisad, ganmamtki-
cebelic iqneba. fobiebis msgavsad, obsesiur-
kompulsuri aSlilobebis SenarCuneba SfoTvis
Semcirebis, anu reduqciis saSualebiT xdeba,
rac Tan sdevs kompulsur qcevebs.
kognituri
SfoTvis Taobaze kognituri mosazrebebi
yuradRebas amaxvilebs im perceptul procesebsa
da ganwyobebze, romelmac SeiZleba daamaxinjos
pirovnebis winaSe arsebuli safrTxis miseuli
Sefaseba. man SeiZleba an gadaafasos safrTxis
xasiaTi an realuroba, an saTanadod ver
Seafasos safrTxisadmi efeqturad gamklavebis
sakuTari SesaZleblobebi. magaliTad, socia-
luri fobiis mqone adamianma farTo auditoriis
winaSe sityviT gamosvlis win SeiZleba xeli
Seuwyos SfoTvas:
ra moxdeba, Tu damaviwydeba, ra unda
vTqva? sulelad gamovCndebi mTeli am
xalxis winaSe. Semdeg ufro metad avner-
viuldebi da gaoflianebas daviwyeb, xma
amikankaldeba da kidev ufro sulelurad
gamovCndebi. roca ar unda mnaxon am
adamianebma am wuTidan, maT vemaxsovrebi,
rogorc suleli adamiani, romelic si-
tyviT gamosvlas cdilobda.
SfoTviTi aSlilobebis mqone adamianebs
TavianTi distresi xSirad gardauvali ubedu-
rebis maniSneblad miaCniaT. maTma reaqciam
SeiZleba Caketili wre Sekras: pirovnebas eSinia
ubedurebis, romelic SfoTvis momatebas iwvevs;
es ki, Tavis mxriv, amZafrebs SfoTvis SegrZnebas
da ganamtkicebs pirovnebis SiSebs (Beck & Emery,
1985).
es kognituri axsna fsiqologebma SfoTvi-
sadmi mgrZnobelobis gazomviT Seamowmes: indi-
videbs sjeraT, rom iseT sxeulebriv simptomebs,
rogoricaa zedapiruli da xSiri sunTqva, an
gaxSirebuli guliscema, SeiZleba damRupveli
Sedegebi mohyves. SfoTvisadmi maRali mgrZno-
belobis mqone adamianebs axasiaTebT daTanxmebis
tendencia iseT debulebebze, rogoricaa _
„rodesac vamCnev, rom guliscema mixSirdeba,
vnerviulob, rom SeiZleba gulis Seteva damemar-
Tos.~ erT-erT kvlevaSi mkvlevrebi afasebdnen
im studentTa jgufis mgrZnobelobas SfoT-
visadmi, romelic aSS-is sahaero akademiis kadet-
Ta ZiriTadi wvrTnis stresul kurss gadioda.
am studentTa daaxloebiT 20%-s, romelsac
SfoTvisadmi mgrZnobelobis 90 procentilze
maRali maCvenebeli daudginda, xuTkviriani
kursis ganmavlobaSi aReniSneboda panikis Seteva,
mTliani jgufis darCenili nawilis 6%-isgan
gansxvavebiT (Schmidt et al., 1997). es monacemebi
gvafiqrebinebs, rom zogierT individs imis gamo
SeiZleba daemarTos panikis Seteva, rom igi
sakuTar sxeulebriv agznebas SiSis mniSvnelo-
bis mqoned miiCnevs.
saidan
viciT
SfoTvasTan dakavSirebuli sityvebis
gadamuSaveba da panikuri aSliloba
kognituri Teoriebis mixedviT, SfoT-
viTi aSlilobebis mqone adamianebi moma-
tebul mgrZnobelobas unda avlendnen
safrTxesTan dakavSirebul cnebebze. pani-
kuri aSlilobis mqone individebisTvis
am cnebebSi panikis Setevis fiziologiuri,
sxeulTan dakavSirebuli simptomebi Sedis,
magaliTad, Tavbrusxveva, gonebis dakargva
da Sekavebuli sunTqva. panikuri aSli-
lobis mqone individebs mkvlevarTa jgufi
warudgenda sityvebis rogorc am katego-
rias, ise _ sakontrolo CamonaTvals (maga-
liTad, delikaturi, neli da megobruli)
Zalze xanmokle drois, daaxloebiT wamis
1/100-is ganmavlobaSi. cdis pirebs evale-
bodaT TiToeul cdaSi wardgenili si-
tyvebis aRdgena. panikuri aSlilobis mqone
cdis pirTa Sedegebi dardeboda sakon-
trolo jgufSi miRebul Sedegebs. kogni-
turi Teoriis hipoTezis mixedviT, mxolod
panikuri aSlilobis mqone cdis pirebi
SeZlebdnen sxeulTan dakavSirebuli si-
tyvebis CamonaTvalidan ufro metis
cnobas, vidre sakontrolo jgufSi. es
hipoTeza dadasturda: panikuri aSlilobis
fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis ZiriTadi tipebi
mqone pacientebma sxeulTan dakavSirebuli
kategoriidan 2.6-ze meti sityva icnes
maSin, roca janmrTelma sakontrolo
jgufma _ mxolod 0.7 sityva (Pauli et al.,
1997).
kvlevis Sedegad, aseve, dadginda, rom SfoTvis
mqone pacientebi xels uwyoben SfoTvis Senar-
Cunebas kognituri tendenciurobiT, rac wina
planze swevs da metad gamokveTils xdis
SemaSinebel stimuls. es Sedegebi gvafiqre-
binebs, rom SfoTvis mqone pacientebs, SesaZloa,
yuradRebisa da informaciis gaSifvris ten-
dencia axasiaTebT, rac gansakuTrebiT zrdis
SemaSinebeli stimulis SemCnevis albaTobas
maSinac ki, rodesac es stimuli mxolod wamis
1/100-s grZeldeba.
625
 TiToeuli ZiriTadi midgoma SfoTviTi aSli-
lobebisadmi etiologiuri mozaikis mxolod
nawils xsnis. TiToeuli mimarTulebiT mimdi-
nare gamokvlevebi naTels gaxdis mizezebs da,
Sesabamisad, mkurnalobisken mimaval gzas. axla,
rodesac ukve gvaqvs bazisuri codna SfoTviTi
aSlilobebis Sesaxeb, gadavideT paTologiuris
sami didi kategoriidan Semdegis ganxilvaze,
romelsac, aseve, detalurad ganvixilavT. es
aris guneba-ganwyobilebis aSlilobebi.
guneba-ganwyobilebis
aSlilobebi
aucileblad geqnebodaT cxovrebaSi perio-
debi, rodesac Tavs saSinlad daTrgunulad, an
warmoudgenlad bednierad grZnobdiT. Tumca,
zogierTi adamianis SemTxvevaSi ganwyobilebis
ukiduresi gamovlinebebi arRvevs maTi cxovrebis
normalur ritms. guneba-ganwyobilebis aSli-
loba warmoadgens emociur darRvevas, rogori-
caa Rrma depresia an depresia, romelic maniasTan
monacvleobiT iCens Tavs. mkvlevrebma daadgines,
rom mozrdilTa daaxloebiT 19%-s aReniSneba
guneba-ganwyobilebis aSlilobebi (Kessler et al.,
1994). Cven aRvwerT or ZiriTad kategorias: kli-
nikur depresiul aSlilobasa da bipolarul
aSlilobas.
klinikuri depresiuli aSliloba
depresias fsiqopaTologiaSi surdos analo-
gad miiCneven, radganac Zalze xSirad emarTebaT
Tavi 15 / fsiqologiuri aSlilobebi
adamianebs da cxovrebis garkveul periodSi
TiTqmis yvela Cvengans ganucdia sruli aSli-
lobisTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebi. ama Tu im
periodSi nebismier Cvengans udardia da uglovia
sayvareli adamianis dakargva, an sevdiani da
ganawyenebuli yofila sasurveli miznis miR-
guneba-ganwyobilebis aSliloba (Mood disorder)
_ guneba-ganwyobilebis darRveva, rogoricaa
Rrma depresia, an maniasTan adgilmonacvle
depresia.
klinikuri depresiuli aSliloba (Major depres-
sive disorder) _ guneba-ganwyobilebis aSliloba,
romelic xasiaTdeba droSi ganfenili daT-
rgunulobis intensiuri grZnobiT bipolaruli
626 depresiis maniakaluri fazis gareSe.
cxrili
15.3
klinikuri depresiuli aSlilobis
maxasiaTeblebi
maxasiaTebeli magaliTi
disforiuli sevda, daTrgunuloba, uimedoba;
ganwyobileba TiTqmis yvela Cveuli
saqmianobisadmi interesis an maTgan
siamovnebis miRebis unaris dakargva.
mada umadoba; mniSvnelovani kleba wonaSi.
Zili insomnia an hipersomnia (uZiloba an
moWarbebuli Zilianoba)
motoruli SesamCnevi Senelebuloba (motoruli
aqtivoba CamorCena) an agznebuloba.
danaSaulis usargeblobis gancda; TviT-gankicxva/
gancda TviTgvema
koncentracia azrovnebisa da koncentrirebis
Semcirebuli unari; gulmaviwyoba.
suicidi akviatebuli fiqri sikvdilis
Sesaxeb; suiciduri ideebi an
mcdelobebi.
wevaSi warumateblobis gamo. es sevdiani grZnobebi
mxolod erTi simptomia im simptomTa Soris,
romelsac ganicdian klinikuri depresiuli
aSlilobis mqone individebi (ix. cxrili 15.3).
depresiis diagnozis mqone individebi erTma-
neTisgan arsebuli simptomebis siRrmiTa da
xangrZlivobiT gansxvavdebian. Tu mravali maT-
gani cxovrebis garkveuli etapis mxolod ram-
denime kviris manZilze ebrZvis klinikur dep-
resias, arseboben iseTebic, visTvisac es epizo-
dur, an qronikul xasiaTs atarebs wlebis ganmav-
lobaSi. guneba-ganwyobilebis aSlilobebis
gavrcelebis statistikis mixedviT, qalTa 21%-
sa da mamakacTa 13%-s cxovrebis ganmavlobaSi
erTxel mainc aReniSneba klinikuri depresia
(Kessler et al., 1994).
depresia uzarmazar fasad ujdeba Tavad daava-
debuls, mis ojaxsa da sazogadoebas. evropaSi
Catarebul erT-erT gamokvlevaSi gamovlinda,
rom rekurentuli depresiis mqone adamianebi
mTeli TavianTi mozrdili cxovrebis mexuTeds
klinikebSi atareben, xolo maTi 20% simptomebis
gamo sruliad araqmediTunariania da veRar
axerxebs samuSaoze dabrunebas (Holden, 1986). aSS-
is fsiqiatriul klinikebSi yvela diagnosti-
rebul daavadebaTa umravlesobas depresia
warmoadgens, magram jer isev miaCniaT, rom es
ar aris diagnostirebisa da mkurnalobis sruli

suraTi. klinikuri depresiuli aSlilobis mqo-
ne individTa naxevarze naklebi Tu iRebs raime
saxis profesiul daxmarebas (Regier et al., 1993b).
bipolaruli aSliloba
bipolaruli aSliloba xasiaTdeba Rrma dep-
resiuli periodebis maniakalur epizodebTan
monacvleobiT. maniakalur epizodSi pirovneba,
rogorc wesi, uCveulod mxned da eqspansiurad
iqceva da aseve grZnobs Tavs, Tumca, xandaxan
individis wamyvani ganwyobileba gaRizianeba-
doba ufroa, vidre aweuli guneba-ganwyobileba
da enTuziazmi, gansakuTrebiT ki maSin, roca
igi ramenairad winaaRmdegobas grZnobs. mania-
kalur periodSi individi xSirad ganicdis
moWarbebul TviTpativiscemas, an ararealur
rwmenas imisa, rom igi gansakuTrebul SesaZleb-
lobebsa da Zalas flobs. individs SeiZleba
aReniSnebodes Zilis moTxovnilebis mkveTri
Semcireba da SeiZleba Warbad iyos dakavebuli
samsaxureobrivi Tu sxva socialuri, an siamov-
nebis momtani saqmianobiT. Sepyrobilia ra ma-
niakaluri ganwyobilebiT, individi avlens usa-
fuZvlo optimizms, midis usargeblo riskze,
iZleva nebismier dapirebas da SeuZlia yvela-
fris darigeba-gaCuqeba.
semi kolejis 20 wlis studentia, romelsac
maniakaluri epizodis simptomebi aReniSneba:
bolo periodSi semi Tavs fantastiurad
grZnobda. mas imdeni energia hqonda, rom
TiTqmis arasodes sWirdeboda Zili da
igi sruliad darwmunebuli iyo, rom
skolaSi saukeTeso moswavlea. mas aner-
viulebda, rodesac vinme Zalze nela iq-
ceoda; maT ar SeeZloT misi monologebis
brwyinvalebis gageba da aravis xele-
wifeboda misi tempiT cxovreba. sems hqonda
finansebTan dakavSirebuli aRmafrTova-
nebeli ideebi da ver xvdeboda, ratom ar
cdilobdnen misi megobrebi mis gegmebSi
CarTvas.
rodesac mania Semcirebas iwyebs, semis msgavsi
adamianebi maT mier dauokeblobis periodSi
Seqmnili usiamovnebebisa da zianis gamosworebas
cdiloben. amgvarad, maniakaluri epizodi
TiTqmis yovelTvis Rrma depresiuli periodiT
icvleba.
bipolaruli aSlilobebisas guneba-ganwyo-
bilebis darRvevebis xangrZlivoba da sixSire
pirovnebidan pirovnebamde varirebs. zogierT
maTgans normaluri funqcionirebis xangrZlivi
periodebi aqvT, romelTac drodadro xanmokle
maniakaluri, an depresiuli epizodebi wyvets,
fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis ZiriTadi tipebi
Tumca arsebobs adamianTa mcire raodenoba,
romelTac gansakuTrebiT ar gaumarTlaT da
romelTa cxovrebaSi maniakalur epizodebs
pirdapir klinikuri depresia cvlis, Semdeg
isev maniakaluri faza brundeba da ase uwyvetad
viTardeba dausrulebeli cikli, romelic an-
grevs da anadgurebs Tavad am aSlilobis mqone
adamianebs, maT ojaxebs, megobrebsa da Tanam-
Sromlebs. maniakalur periodSi maT SeiZleba
bipolaruli aSliloba (Bipolar disorder) _ guneba-
ganwyobilebis aSliloba, romelic xasiaTdeba
depresiisa da maniis periodebis monacvleobiT.
maniakaluri epizodi (Manic episode) _ bipo-
laruli aSlilobis komponenti, romelic
xasiaTdeba ukiduresi aRfrTovanebisa da usa-
zRvro eiforiis periodebiT, grandiozulobis
grZnobebiTa da azrebiT, sakmarisi mizezis da
realuri pirovnuli SesaZleblobebis ar-
arsebobis pirobebSi
627
 waagon mTeli danazogi, an ucnobebs guluxvi
saCuqrebi daurigon, rac gaamZafrebs danaSaulis
grZnobas Semdgom depresiul fazaze. bipola-
ruli aSliloba gacilebiT iSviaTia, vidre
klinikuri depresiuli aSliloba. is mozrdil-
Ta 1.6%-Tan aRiniSneba da Tanabrad nawildeba
mamakacebsa da qalebs Soris (Kessler et al., 1994).
guneba-ganwyobilebis
aSlilobebi: mizezebi
ra faqtorebi moqmedebs guneba-ganwyobilebis
aSlilobis ganviTarebaze? am kiTxvas biolo-
giuri, fsiqodinamikuri, bihevioraluri da
kognituri midgomebis poziciebidan davsvamT.
unda aRiniSnos, rom klinikuri depresiuli
aSliloba, misi gavrcelebulobis gamo, bi-
polarul aSlilobaze metad aris Seswavlili
da es garemoeba Cvens mimoxilvaSi aisaxeba.
biologiuri
garkveuli tipis kvlevebis Sedegebi guneba-
ganwyobilebis aSlilobebSi biologiur faq-
torze migvaniSnebs. magaliTad, is faqti, rom
sxvadasxva nivTierebebiT SesaZlebelia mania-
kaluri da depresiuli simptomebis Semsubuqeba,
imaze miuTiTebs, rom bipolaruli aSlilobis
or ukidures gamovlinebas Tavis tvinis gan-
sxvavebuli mdgomareoba udevs safuZvlad. ori
qimiuri agentis, serotoninisa da norepinef-
rinis, Semcvelobis Semcireba depresias ukav-
Sirdeba, momateba ki _ manias, Tumca, jerjerobiT
ar aris aRmoCenili guneba-ganwyobilebis aS-
Tavi 15 / fsiqologiuri aSlilobebi
lilobebis zusti bioqimiuri meqanizmi (Duman
et al., 1997). mkvlevrebi PET skanirebas iyeneben
maniakalur da depresiul fazebze Tavis tvinSi
cerebraluri glukozis (saqaridis saxeoba,
romelic energiis gamosanTavisufleblad gamoi-
yeneba) metabolizmSi sxvaobis dasadgenad (ix.
sur. 15.3), magram aseTi gansxvavebebi ganwyobi-
lebis ori mdgomareobis Sedegi ufro SeiZleba
iyos, vidre mizezi.
matulobs monacemebi imis Sesaxeb, rom
guneba-ganwyobilebis aSlilobaze genetikuri
faqtorebi axdens gavlenas (McGue & Christensen,
1997). tyupebis Seswavlam aCvena, rom, Tu iden-
turi tyupebidan erT-erTi guneba-ganwyobilebis
628
15.3
suraTi
bipolaruli depresiis PET skanireba
PET skanireba maniakaluri frazis dros, depre-
siulobasTan SedarebiT, cerebraluri glukozis
metabolozmis ufro maRal dones aCvenebs. zeda
da qveda rigze depresiul fazaSi myofi pacientis
monacemebia, Sua rigze ki _ maniakalur fazaSi
myofis.
aSlilobiT avaddeba, arsebobs 67%-iani Sansi,
rom meore tyupiscalsac aRmoaCndes igive
aSliloba. es monacemi mxolod 20%-s udris
araidentur tyupebSi, romelTac ar aqvT iden-
turi genetikuri masala (Ciaranello & Ciaranello,
1991; Gershon et al., 1987). iReben ra mosazrebas gu-
neba-ganwyobilebis aSlilobebis Tandayoli-
lobis Sesaxeb, mkvlevrebi Taobidan Taobamde
am daavadebis gadacemaze pasuxismgebeli gene-
tikuri masalis konkretuli lokalizaciis
adgilis dadgenas cdiloben.
kvlevaTa erT-erT seria pensilvaniaSi emiSebis
Temis warmomadgenelTa bipolaruli aSlilobis
paternze iyo mimarTuli (Egeland et al., 1987). emiSebi
aseTi kvlevebisTvis idealuri monawileebi
arian maTi didi ojaxebis, detaluri genea-
logiuri Canawerebis warmoebis, genetikurad
izolirebulobisa da maT Soris iseTi qceviTi
faqtorebis iSviaTobis gamo, rogoricaa, alko-
holizmi da Zaladoba, (romelic zegavlenas
moaxdenda monacemebze). am religiuri seqtis
yvela 15 000 wevri XVIII saukunis dasawyisSi
evropidan migrirebuli 30 wyvilis STamoma-
valia. aris tendencia, rom bipolaruli depresia
 fsiqologiuri aSlilobis erT-erTi tipis
gagebisadmi biologiuri midgomis TvalSisacemi
magaliTi depresiis uCveulo formis kvlevidan
modis. zogierT adamians regularulad eufleba
depresia zamTris TveebSi, gansakuTrebiT grZeli
skandinaviuri zamTris dros, rodesac dRe
xanmoklea (ix. sur. 15.4). guneba-ganwyobilebis
am darRvevas samarTlianad uwodes sezonuri
afeqturi aSliloba _ saa (anu SAD _ seasonal
affective disorder). mkvlevrebma Seqmnes Terapiuli
teqnika, romelic sruliad efeqturad amsubuqebs
SAD-s _ pacientebs sistematurad waredgine-
bodaT mkveTri TeTri manaTobeli sinaTle (Blehar
& Rosental, 1989). mkvlevrebi amtkiceben, rom
sinaTliT Terapias SeuZlia zegavlena moax-
dinos neirogadamtan serotoninze, romelic,
rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, depresiis gamomwvev
faqtorad aris miCneuli.

Taobebis manZilze gamovlindes zogierT, magram
ara yvela ojaxSi. es kanonzomiereba mkvlevrebs
aSlilobis mqone da misgan Tavisufali indi-
videbis genetikuri masalis uSualod Sedarebis
saSualebas aZlevs. miuxedavad imisa, rom naad-
revi aRmoCnda „bipolaruli genis~ identifi-
cirebaSi warmatebis Sesaxeb pirveli moxsene-
bebi (Kelsoe et al., 1989), mkvlevrebi ar kargaven
optimizms da Tvlian, rom es Sedarebebi moitans
im codnas, romelsac eZieben (Berrettini et al., 1997;
Ginns et al., 1992; Kelsoe et al., 1993).
saidan
viciT
serotonini da sezonuri afeqturi
aSliloba (saa)
saa-is mqone pacientebi yovel saRamos,
sakuTar saxlSi sinaTlis Terapiis _
mkveTri manaTobeli sinaTlis orsaaTian
kurss gadiodnen. mxolod is pacientebi
(14-dan 12 pacienti) monawileobdnen kvle-

fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis ZiriTadi tipebi

suraTi
15.4
sezonuri afeqturi aSliloba
sezonuri afeqturi aSlilobis mqone individebs depresiis simptomebi xanmokledRian sezonebze aReniSnebaT.
diagramaze mocemulia maRali ukuproporciuli mimarTeba depresiis SemTxvevebsa (nawili A) da dRis
sinaTlis xangrZlivobias (nawili B) Soris 629

vis meore etapSi, romelTac sinaTlis
Terapiam SedarebiT Seumsubuqa mdgomare-
oba. am etapze mowmdeboda hipoTeza imis
Sesaxeb, rom sinaTlis Terapia zegavlenas
axdens Tavis tvinSi serotoninis Semcve-
lobaze. eqsperimentuli jgufis pacien-
tebi Tavis tvinSi serotoninis Semcve-
lobis Semcirebaze mimarTul dietaze
dasves; sakontrolo jgufis pacientebs
ki serotoninis Semcvelobis SesanarCune-
beli dieta daeniSnaT. eqsperimentuli
jgufis pacientebs saa-is simptomebis re-
cidivi aReniSnaT, sakontrolo jgufis
pacientebs ki _ ara. es faqti gvafiqre-
binebs, rom sinaTlis Terapia Tavdapir-
velad pasuxismgebeli iyo serotoninis
Semcvelobis aRdgenaze, ramac pacientebs
aradepresiuli afeqtis gancdis saSualeba
misca, anu Tavidan aacila depresiuli
simptomatika (Neumesiter et. al., 1997).
Tqven, SesaZloa, moeliT, rom adamianebma
wamlebi unda miiRon Tavis tvinSi neiro-
gadamtanebis moqmedebaze gavlenis mosaxdenad
(zogierT maTganze me-16 TavSi visaubrebT), Tumca,
es kvleva aCvenebs, rom sinaTlis Terapias
iseTive efeqti SeiZleba hqondes, rogorc
zogierT fsiqoaqtiur wamals. mkurnalobis
orive saxeoba _ medikamenturi, an sinaTlis
Terapia _ ganamtkicebs mosazrebas aSlilobis
etiologiaSi biologiuri wonasworobis dar-
Rvevis rolis Sesaxeb. amave dros, Tu SAD-is
Tavi 15 / fsiqologiuri aSlilobebi
aRwerilobaSi sakuTar Tavs icnobT, gaerkvieT
sakuTar Tavsa da am problemaSi.
axla vnaxoT, damatebiT ras gacnobebT guneba-
ganwyobilebis aSlilobebis warmoSobis Sesaxeb
sami ZiriTadi fsiqologiuri midgoma.
fsiqodinamikuri
fsiqodinamikuri midgomis mixedviT, depre-
siis ganviTarebaSi gadamwyvet rols aracno-
bieri konfliqtebi da bavSvobidan momdinare
mtruli grZnobebi asrulebs. froids depresiul
adamianebTan TviTkritikasa da danaSaulis
grZnobasTan uxdeboda Sejaxeba. mas miaCnda,
rom Tavdapirvelad sxvaze, Semdeg ki sakuTar
630 Tavze mimarTuli risxva warmoadgenda am TviT-
gankicxvis wyaros. es risxva bavSvobis gansakuT-
rebulad Zlier da damokidebul urTierTobas
ukavSirdeba, rogoricaa, magaliTad, mSoblisa
da Svilis urTierToba, sadac ar xdeba
pirovnebis moTxovnilebebisa da molodinebis
dakmayofileba. mozrdilobaSi gancdili dana-
kargi, realuri iqneba es Tu simboluri, aaqti-
urebs mtrul grZnobebs, romelic axla ukve
pirovnebis egoze miemarTeba da Sedegad depre-
siisTvis damaxasiaTebel TviTgankicxvas iwvevs.
bihevioraluri
depresiis fesvebis aracnobierSi Ziebis
nacvlad, bihevioraluri midgoma pirovnebis mier
miRebuli dadebiTi da uaryofiTi ganmtkicebis
raodenobis efeqtze amaxvilebs yuradRebas
(Lewinsohn, 1975; Lewinsohn et al., 1985). am Tval-
sazrisis mixedviT, depresiuli grZnobebi maSin
viTardeba, rodesac individi garemodan arasak-
maris dadebiT ganmtkicebasa da bevr sasjels
iRebs danakargis, an raime sxva mniSvnelovani
cxovrebiseuli cvlilebebis Semdeg. sakmarisi
dadebiTi ganmtkicebis gareSe pirovneba sevdiani
da gulCaTxrobili xdeba. sevdianobis mdgomare-
obas dasawyisSi sxvaTa mxridan momatebuli
yuradReba da TanagrZnoba ganamtkicebs (Biglan,
1991), Tumca, Cveulebisamebr, Tavidan TanagrZno-
biT ganmsWvalul megobrebs Rlis depresiuli
pirovnebis uaryofiTi guneba-ganwyobileba da
damokidebulebebi da mas Tavs arideben. es
reaqcia spobs dadebiTi ganmtkicebis erT-erT
wyaros da pirovneba ufro metad iZireba
depresiaSi. kvleva, aseve, aCvenebs, rom depresiul
adamianebs dadebiTi ukukavSiris verSefasebisa
da uaryofiTi ukukavSiris gadafasebis tendencia
axasiaTebT (Kennedy & Craighead, 1988; Nelson &
Craighead, 1977).
kognituri
kognituri midgomis farglebSi depresiis
Sesaxeb ori Teoria arsebobs. erTi Teoriis
mixedviT, aRqmis sqemebis Camoyalibebas uar-
yofiTi (negatiuri) kognituri sqema (ix. Tavi 5)
ganapirobebs _ adamianebs uaryofiTi mosazre-
bebi SeeqmnaT maT cxovrebaSi mimdinare im
movlenebze, romelzec pasuxismgeblobas grZno-
ben. meore, axsnis stilis Teoria miiCnevs, rom

depresias iwvevs individis rwmena imisa, rom
igi sakmaod, an saerTod ver akontrolebs
sakuTari cxovrebis mniSvnelovan movlenebs.
TiToeuli am modelTagani xsnis depresiuli
gamocdilebis zogierT aspeqts. ganvixiloT
TiToeuli maTgani.
aaron bekma (Aaron Beck, 1983, 1985, 1988), dep-
resiis wamyvanma mkvlevarma, ganaviTara kognituri
sqemebis Teoria. bekis mixedviT, depresiuli
adamianebi sami tipis uaryofiTi kogniciiT
gamoirCevian, rasac igi depresiul kognitur
triadas uwodebs. esaa uaryofiTi Sexeduleba
sakuTar Tavze, mimdinare movlenebsa da moma-
valze. depresiul adamianebs axasiaTebT ten-
dencia imisa, rom sakuTari Tavi garkveuli
TvalsazrisiT araadekvaturad, an naklovanad
aRiqvan, mimdinare movlenebs mouZebnon uar-
yofiTi axsna da sjerodeT mtanjveli da sir-
TuleebiT aRsavse momavlis. uaryofiTi az-
rovnebis paterni Crdilavs yvela gancdas da
depresiis kidev erT maxasiaTebels qmnis. indi-
vidi, romelic yovelTvis uaryofiT Sedegs moe-
lis, ver iqneba motivirebuli raime miznis
miRwevaze, rasac Tan sdevs depresiis gamokveTili
maxasiaTebeli _ nebisyofis paralizeba.
axsnis stilis Teoriis mixedviT, romelic
martin seligmens (Martin Seligman) (ix. Tavi 12)
ekuTvnis, individebs sjeraT, sworad an mcdarad,
rom ar SeuZliaT maTTvis mniSvnelovani
momavlis gakontroleba. seligmenis Teoria
ganviTarda kvlevidan, romelSic naCvenebi iyo
depresiismagvari simptomebi ZaRlebSi (mogvia-
nebiT ki, sxva saxeobebSic). seligmeni da maieri
(1967) ZaRlebze mtkivneuli da gardauvali
eleqtroSokiT zemoqmedebdnen: rac ar unda
eqnaT ZaRlebs, Sokisgan gaqcevis gza ar
arsebobda. ZaRlebs ganuviTardaT, rogorc
seligmenma da maierma uwodes, daswavlili
umweoba. daswavlili umweoba sami tipis defi-
citiT xasiaTdeba: motivaciuri deficitiT _
ZaRlebi ar Cqarobdnen cnobili moqmedebebis
dawyebas; emociuri deficitiT _ isini rigi-
dulni, gulgrilni, SeSinebulni da ubedurni
Candnen; kognituri deficitiT _ isini cudad
iTvisebdnen axal situaciebs. iseT situaciaSic
ki, sadac eZleodaT SokisTvis Tavis aridebis
SesaZlebloba, isini ar daiswavlidnen aseT
qcevas (Maier & Seligman, 1976).
seligmens miaCnda, rom depresiuli adamiane-
bic daswavlili umweobis mdgomareobaSi imyo-
febian: isini elian, rom, rac ar unda gaakeTon,
yvelaferi uSedego iqneba (Abramson et al., 1978;
Peterson & Seligman, 1984, Seligman, 1975); Tumca, am
mdgomareobis warmoqmna didad aris damoki-
debuli imaze, Tu rogor xsnis individi mis
cxovrebaSi mimdinare movlenebs. rogorc me-12
TavSi iTqva, arsebobs axsnis stilis sami
ganzomileba: Sinagani-garegani (internaluri-
eqsternaluri), zogadi-konkretuli (globa-
luri-specifikuri) da ucvleli-cvalebadi
fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis ZiriTadi tipebi
(stabiluri-arastabiluri). vTqvaT, fsiqologiis
gamocdaze dabali Sefaseba miiReT. Tqven
gamocdis uaryofiT Sedegs Sinagan faqtors
miawerT („me suleli var~), rac ufro dagasev-
dianebT, vidre garegani faqtori („gamocda
namdvilad Zneli iyo~), ramac SeiZleba ganga-
risxoT. Sedegis asaxsnelad Tqven SegeZloT
inteleqtze metad cvalebadi Sinagani mdgo-
mareoba agerCiaT. nacvlad imisa, rom is Sinagani,
ucvleli faqtorisTvis (sisulele) migeweraT,
romelic zogad, anu Sors mimaval gavlenas
axdens, Tqven SemoifargleT fsiqologiis
gamocdasTan an kursTan dakavSirebuli axsniT
daswavlili umweoba (Learned helplessness) _
zianis momtani stimulis arsebobis pirobebSi
reaqciis ar, qonis zogadi paterni, romelic
xSirad Tan erTvis mdgomareobas, rodesac
individi ganicdis araSemTxveviTi, gardauvali
uaryofiTi stimulis zemoqmedebas.
631
 („me ar vvargivar fsiqologiis kursisaTvis~).
Sefasebis wakiTxviT; dabali TviTpati-
axsnis stilis Teoriis Tanaxmad, individebi,
viscemis mqone individebTanac gamovlinda
romlebic warumateblobas Sinagan, ucvlel da
uryofiTi ukukavSiris miRebisken midre-
zogad mizezebs miaweren, mowyvladni arian
kileba maSin, roca maRali TviTSefasebis
depresiisadmi. es prognozi mravalgzis dadas-
mqone individebi aSkarad dadebiT uku-
turda (Peterson & Seligman, 1984; Seligman, 1991).
kavSirs aniWebdnen upiratesobas. cxrili
depresiis orive kognituri TeoriisTvis
15.4 imasac aCvenebs, Tu ramdenad zustad
misaRebia mosazreba imis Sesaxeb, rom is stili,
miaCndaT TiToeul jgufs daxasiaTebebis
romliTac depresiuli adamianebi ganixilaven
dadebiToba da uaryofiToba.
sakuTar Tavsa da maT cxovrebaSi mimdinare
miaqcieT yuradReba, rom mxolod depre-
movlenebs, maT depresiul mdgomareobaSi am-
siul cdis pirebs sjerodaT, rom uaryo-
yofebs. magaliTad, adamianebs, zogadad, axa-
fiTi daxasiaTeba ufro zusti iyo (Giesler
siaTebT TviTdadasturebis, anu maTi me-
et al., 1996).
koncefciis Sesatyvisi informaciis moZiebis
tendencia (Swann, 1990, 1997). am tendencias uar-
yofiTi Sedegebi moaqvs depresiuli ada- Tqven SeiZleba moelodiT, rom depresiuli
mianebisaTvis. adamianebi „sakuTari Tavis amowevas~ Seecde-
bodnen dadebiTi ukukavSiris moZiebiT. es
eqsperimenti aCvenebs, rom, piriqiT, isini
saidan TavianTi depresiis Sesabamis informacias eZeben,
viciT romelic TiTqmis ueWvelad xels uwyobs
depresiis SenarCunebas.
TviTdadastureba da depresia me-16 TavSi vnaxavT, rom depresiis kognituri
mkvlevrebma erTmaneTisgan ganarCies Teoriebidan miRebulma codnam biZgi misca
individTa sami jgufi: erTi jgufi dep- Terapiis warmatebuli formebis Seqmnas. amJamad
resiuli iyo, meore jgufi _ aradepre- depresiis Seswavlis ori sxva mniSvnelovani
siuli, magram xasiaTdeboda dabali TviT- aspeqti arsebobs: didi gansxvaveba mamakacebsa
pativiscemiT da mesame jgufi, romelic, da qalebSi depresiis gavrcelebaSi da kavSiri
aseve, aradepresiuli iyo da xasiaTdeboda depresiasa da suicids (TviTmkvlelobas) Soris.
maRali TviTpativiscemiT. TiToeuli jgu-
fis cdis pirebma interviusTvis mosamza-
debel etapze mTel rig kiTxvarebze gasces
cxrili
15.4
pasuxi. interviuze cdis pirebs uTxres, TviTangariSi da depresia
Tavi 15 / fsiqologiuri aSlilobebi

rom am kiTxvarebs orma studentma gasca

pasuxi da TiToeulze daiwera „pirovnebis depre- dabali TviT- dabali TviT-
siuli pativiscema pativiscema
daxasiaTeba~, rasac win uZRvoda sruli
pirovnuli Sefaseba. realurad, cdis pirebs negatiuri
Sefasebis
miawodes erTi da igive daxasiaTeba _ erTi 82 64 25
amorCevis
dadebiTi („es pirovneba kargad damkvid-
procenti
rebuli, TviTdarwmunebuli da bednieria~ arCeuli
da a.S.) da erTi uaryofiTi („es pirovneba daxasiaTebis
ubeduria, daurwmunebelia, arakomfor- sizuste *
tulad grZnobs Tavs sxvebTan~ da a.S.). •dadebiTi 5.67 6.60 9.70
daxasiaTeba
cdis pirebs moeTxovebodaT, amoerCiaT, Tu
•uaryofiTi
romel srul Sefasebas waikiTxavdnen. 7.89 6.48 2.45
daxasiaTeba
Sedegebi 15.4 cxrilSia mocemuli. rogorc •Sereuli -2.22 0.12 7.25
xedavT, depresiuli cdis pirebi araTa-
*sizustis reitingi 11-qulian skalaze gakeTda misi
nabrad iyvnen dainteresebulni uaryofiTi saerTod ararsebobidan (1) maqsimalur (11) sizustemde.
632

depresia: sqesTa Soris
gansxvavebani
depresiis kvlevis erT-erTi centraluri
sakiTxia is, Tu ratom emarTebaT qalebs
depresia mamakacebze orjer xSirad. suzan nolen-
hoeqsemas (Susan Nolen-Hoeksema, 1990; Nolen-Hoeksema
et al., 1999) gonebamaxviluri SemoTavazeba Seexeba
reaqciis stils, romliTac mamakacebi da qalebi
uaryofiT guneba-ganwyobilebaze dgebian. am
mosazrebis mixedviT, rodesac qalebi ganicdian
sevdas, maT TavianTi grZnobebis SesaZlo
mizezebze fiqrisken midrekileba axasiaTebT;
mamakacebi ki, piriqiT, aqtiurad cdiloben
depresiuli grZnobebis Tavidan moSorebas sxva
rameze yuradRebis gadataniT, an fizikuri
saqmianobebis wamowyebiT, romlis drosac aRar
fiqroben mimdinare emociur mdgomareobaze. am
modelis Tanaxmad, qalebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli
metad Cafiqrebuli, gansjiTi (ruminative) reaqciis
stili, TavianT problemebze akviatebulad
fiqris tendencia zrdis maT mowyvladobas
depresiisadmi (Butler & Nolen-Hoeksema, 1994). kog-
nituri midgomis Tanaxmad, uaryofiT ganwyo-
bilebaze yuradRebis gamaxvileba aZlierebs
fiqrs uaryofiTi movlenebis Sesaxeb, rac, Tavis
mxriv, zrdis uaryofiTi grZnobebis raodenobasa
da/an intensiurobas. kvleviT dasturdeba, rom
individebSi, romlebic zogadad msjeloben,
fiqroben depresiaze, ufro mosalodnelia mwvave
gamokvlevebi miuTiTebs, rom depresiis mizezi
SeiZleba faqtorTa rTuli kombinacia iyos da
rom „normaluri~ qcevidan depresiisken mravali
gza midis.
suicidi
„gadarCenisa da warmatebis miRwevis survili
damsxvreuli da ganadgurebulia... dgeba dro,
rodesac yvelaferi kargavs brwyinvalebas,
rodesac ikargeba imedis sxivi~ (Shneidman, 1987,
gv.57). suicidaluri axalgazrda mamakacis am
sevdian gamonaTqvamSi nebismieri fsiqologiuri
aSlilobis ukiduresi Sedegi _ suicidia (TviT-
mkvleloba) asaxuli. miuxedavad imisa, rom
depresiul adamianTa umravlesoba ar iklavs
Tavs, analizi aCvenebs, rom mTlianad ganxor-
cielebul TviTmkvlelobaTa 50-80% depresiul
adamianTa mier ganxorcielebul mcdelobebze
modis (Shneidman, 1985). mTlianad aSS-is mosax-
leobaSi oficialurad TviTmkvlelobad miCneul
sikvdilTa raodenoba daaxloebiT 30 000-s
Seadgens. miaweren ra mraval TviTmkvlelobas
ubedur SemTxvevebs, an sxva mizezebs, realuri
raodenoba, albaT, ufro metia. miuxedavad imisa,
rom TviTmkvleloba aSS-is yvela asakis mosaxle-
obaSi sikvdilianobis merve wamyvani mizezia,
SemTxvevaTa mesamedi 15-dan 24 wlis asakamde
adamianebze modis (Murphy, 2000). TiToeul ganxor-
cielebul TviTmkvlelobaze 8-20 suicidaluri

fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis ZiriTadi tipebi

depresiuli epizodebis ganviTareba (Just & Al-
loy, 1997; Nolen-Hoeksema et al., 1993). qalTa da
mamakacTa Soris reaqciis stilis mixedviT
arsebuli gansxvaveba qalebs bavSvobaSi
depresiis ganviTarebis didi risks uqmnis (Nolen-
Hoeksema & Girgus, 1994).
amerikis fsiqologTa asociaciis iniciativiT
depresiisas sqesobrivi gansxvavebebis kvlevis
gadasinjvam aCvena, rom depresiis maRali riski
qalebSi SeiZleba gagebul iqnes mxolod,
rogorc mTeli rigi fsiqologiuri, socialuri,
ekonomikuri da biologiuri faqtorebis ur-
TierTqmedebis Sedegi (McGrath et al., 1990). mraval
kulturaSi zogierTi am faqtorTagani qalad
yofnis gamocdilebas ukavSirdeba, raSic moiaz-
reba qalebze fizikuri da seqsualuri Zala-
dobis, an siRaribeSi cxovrebisa da bavSvebisa
da asakovani mSoblebis momvlelis funqciebis
Semsruleblis ufro meti albaToba. aseTi 633
 mcdeloba modis. kolejis 594 pirvelkurselTa
gamokvlevam aCvena, rom 26%-s nafiqri hqonda
TviTmkvlelobaze ukanaskneli 12 Tvis manZilze,
2%-ma realurad scada Tavis mokvla amave pe-
riodSi, 10%-s ki cxovrebis garkveul periodSi
ganxorcielebuli hqonda Tavis mokvlis mcde-
loba (Meehan et al., 1992). vinaidan depresias qaleb-
Si ufro xSirad vxvdebiT, ar aris gasakviri,
rom qalebi Tavis mokvlas samjer ufro xSirad
cdiloben, vidre mamakacebi; Tumca, mamakacebis
mier ganxorcielebuli mcdeloba ufro xSirad
aris warmatebuli. am gansxvavebas iwvevs is
faqti, rom mamakacebi ufro xSirad iyeneben
cecxlsasrol iaraRs, qalebi ki mimarTaven
naklebad mtkivneul saSualebebs, rogoricaa,
magaliTad, saZile abebi (Berman & Jobes, 1991).
bolo aTwleulebis erT-erT sagangaSo socia-
lur problemas mozardTa suicidi warmoadgens.
yovel cxra wuTSi erTi mozardi cdilobs
Tavis mokvlas da yovel 90 wuTSi mcdeloba
warmatebulia. yovel kviraSi 1 000 mozardis
mier Tavis mokvlis mcdelobidan 125 aRwevs
mizans. 1960 wlidan amerikel mozardebSi
TviTmkvlelobis sixSire 200-dan 300%-mde gaizar-
da (Garland & Zigler, 1993). Tavgamodebuli mcdelobe-
bisda miuxedavad, mozard vaJebSi oTxjer metia
warmatebuli suicidis SemTxvevebi, vidre mozard
gogonebSi (Bingham et al., 1994). sainteresoa, rom
afrikuli warmoSobis amerikelebis orive sqesis
mozardebSi gacilebiT naklebia TviTmkvle-
lobis sixSire, TeTrkanianebTan SedarebiT,
miuxedavad imisa, rom ar arsebobs am monacemebis
zusti axsna (Bingham et al., 1994; Murphy, 2000). es
Tavi 15 / fsiqologiuri aSlilobebi
rasobrivi gansxvaveba mTeli cxovrebis manZilze
grZeldeba. monacemebis rasobrivma, sqesisa da
asakis niSnis mixedviT Sedarebam aCvena, rom
TviTmkvlelobis yvelaze maRali riskis winaSe
TeTrkaniani mowifuli mamakacebi dganan, yvelaze
mcire riskis winaSe ki _ afrikuli warmoSobis
amerikeli qalebi.
cxovrebis rogori stili ubiZgebs mozardebs
TviTmkvlelobis mcdelobisken? orive sqesis-
Tvis winmswreb travmatul movlenas axlo
urTierTobis rRveva warmoadgens (Gould et al.,
1996). sxva mniSvnelovanma movlenebma, romelic
sircxvilisa da danaSaulis grZnobas iwvevs,
SeiZleba daTrgunos moumwifebeli ego da
mozardma TviTmkvlelobis mcdeloba gana-
634 xorcielos. aseT movlenaTa ricxvSi Sedis,
upirveles yovlisa, Tavdasxma, cema, gaupatiureba
an dapatimreba. metic, homoseqsuali da lesbo-
seli mozardebi ufro meti riskis winaSe dganan,
vidre danarCenebi (Radkowsky & Siegel, 1997; Remafedi,
1999). suicidis aseTi maRali sixSire ueWvelad
asaxavs homoseqsualuri orientaciisadmi Seda-
rebiT nakleb socialur mxardaWeras. TviTmkvle-
loba ukiduresi reaqciaa, romelsac gansakuT-
rebiT maSin aqvs adgili, rodesac mozards ar
SeuZlia sxvebisaTvis daxmarebis Txovna.
mozardTa suicidi aris ara imwuTieri ze-
gavlenis Sedegad, impulsurad ganxorcielebuli
aqti, aramed, Cveulebisamebr, Sinagani areu-
lobisa da garegani usiamovnebebis periodis
finaluri stadia. suicidis axalgazrda msxver-
plTa umravlesoba acnobebs sxvebs, an wers
Tavisi ganzraxvis Sesaxeb. amrigad, TviTmkvle-
lobis Sesaxeb saubari yovelTvis seriozulad
unda iqnes miRebuli (Marttunen et al., 1998).
suiciduri azrovnebisa da gancdebis amocnoba,
ramac SeiZleba warmoqmnas, an gaaZlieros aseTi
destruqciuli azrebi, pirveli nabijia preven-
ciis mimarTulebiT. fsiqologi edvin Sneidmeni
(Edwin Shneidmen, 1999), romelmac 40 weliwadi
miuZRvna suiciduri tendenciebis mqone
adamianebis Seswavlasa da mkurnalobas, askvnis,
rom „suicidi aRelvebuli da Seviwroebuli
gonebis mier autaneli da dausrulebeli tki-
vilis pirobebSi ganxorcielebuli Tavganwir-
vis aqtia... faqtia, rom Cven SegviZlia tkivilis
daameba, uaryofili moTxovnilebebis dakmayo-
fileba da suicidur azrovnebamde Seviwroebu-
lobis Semcireba~ (1987, gv.58). suiciduri
ganzraxvebis niSnebisadmi mgrZnobiaroba da
sakmarisi Carevis uzrunvelyofa arsebiTia
rogorc mozardi, ise mowifuli adamianebis
sicocxlis gadasarCenad, romelTac sruli
TviTganadgurebis garda ver ipoves sirTulee-
bisgan Tavis daRwevis sxva saSualeba.
miuxedavad imisa, rom, rogorc zemoT aR-
vniSneT, TviTmkvlelobis sixSire, zogadad,
araTeTrkanianebSi ufro dabalia TeTrkania-
nebTan SedarebiT, arsebobs erTi gansacvif-
rebeli gamonaklisi: adgilobriv amerikel
mozardebSi TviTmkvlelobis sixSire xuTjer
aRemateba mTeli mosaxleobis mozardebis
Sesabamis maCvenebels. suicidi TviTganadgure-
baze mimarTuli qcevis erT-erTi formaa da
aSS-is adgilobriv amerikul TemebSi miRebuli
destruqciuli qcevis nawils warmoadgens
(Strickland, 1997). adgilobrivi amerikeli fsi-
qologi tereza lafroboizi (Teresa LaFromboise),
romelic am problemas ikvlevda da profilaq-
tikisa da mkurnalobis strategiebi ganaviTara,
Tavis tomSi mozardTa suicidis socialur
mizezebze saubrobs. farTod gavrcelebul
siRatakesa da umuSevrobasTan erTad, suicidis
sixSires ganapirobebs „ojaxebis ngreva, sayovel-
Tao gaWirveba, didi raodenobis danakargebi
(es SeiZleba iyos sikvdili, ojaxidan wasvla
an ganqorwineba), nivTierebebis borotad gamoye-
neba, ojaxebis momatebuli aramdgradoba da
mniSvnelovani mzrunvelis dapatimreba~ (LaFrom-
boise, 1988, gv.9). garda amisa, adgilobriv ameri-
kelebs sjeraT, rom sulier samyaroSi myof
TavianT winaprebTan uwyveti kavSiriT cxovreba
gulisxmobs, rom sikvdili arc ise saSiSia.
Cven ukve mimovixileT fsiqopaTologiis ori
ZiriTadi klasi: SfoTviTi aSlilobebi da gu-
neba-ganwyobilebis aSlilobebi. sanam Sizofre-
niaze visaubrebdeT, mokled ganvixiloT pirov-
nuli aSlilobebi da disociaciuri aSli-
lobebi.
pirovnuli aSlilobebi
pirovnuli aSliloba warmoadgens aRqmis,
azrovnebisa da qcevis xangrZliv (qronikul),
xist, araadaptur paterns, romelic seriozulad
auaresebs individis funqcionirebis SesaZleb-
lobas socialur da sxva garemoSi da SeuZlia
mniSvnelovani distresis gamowveva. misi amoc-
noba, Cveulebriv, siWabukis an adreuli mowifu-
lobis asakSi xdeba SesaZlebeli. pirovnuli
aSlilobis mravali saxeoba arsebobs (DSM-IV-
TR-Si mocemulia 10 sxvadasxva tipis pirovnuli
aSliloba). Cven ganvixilavT oTx maTgans: para-
noidul, Teatralur, narcisul da antisocia-
lur pirovnul aSlilobas.
paranoiduli pirovnuli aSlilobis mqone
adamianebs maTTan kontaqtSi myofi pirovnebebis
motivebisadmi undoblobis da eWvianobis
mdgradi paterni axasiaTebT. isini eWvoben, rom
sxva adamianebi maTTvis zianis miyenebasa da
motyuebas cdiloben. maT SeuZliaT sruliad
uwyinar situaciebs faruli usiamovno mniSvne-
loba mouZebnon; moelian, rom maTi megobrebi,
meuRle an mSoblebi uRalateben maT.
Teatraluri pirovnuli aSliloba moWarbe-
buli emociurobiTa da yuradRebis ZiebiT xa-
siaTdeba. am aSlilobis mqone adamianebs yo-
velTvis yuradRebis centrSi surT yofna da
Tu ver aRweven amas, yuradRebis misapyrobad
raime araadekvaturis gakeTeba SeuZliaT. isini
didi TeatralurobiT ayeneben TavianT mo-
Txovnebs, Tumca, naklebad interesdebian uku-
kavSiriT; amasTanave, umniSvnelo movlenebzec
moWarbebuli emociurobiT reagireben.
narcisuli pirovnuli aSlilobis mqone
adamianebi sakuTari mniSvnelobis moWarbebuli
grZnobiT, warmatebisa da Zalis fantaziebis
siWarbiTa da mudmivi aRtacebis obieqtad yofnis
moTxovnilebiT gamoirCevian. am adamianebs
xSirad eqmnebaT problemebi pirovnebaTSoris
urTierTobebSi; maT aqvT tendencia, rom
sxvebTan ormxrivi pasuxismgeblobis gareSe
gansakuTrebuli keTilganwyobis, uflebebis
mqoned igrZnon Tavi da sxva adamianebi sakuTari
miznebisaTvis gamoiyenon. garda amisa, uWirT
sxvaTa grZnobebis SemCneva da Tanagancda.
antisocialuri pirovnuli aSliloba gamoir-
Ceva upasuxismgeblo, an ukanono qcevebis
xangrZlivi paterniT, romelic arRvevs socia-
lur normebs. Cveul qcevaTa rigSi Sedis
sicrue, qurdoba da Cxubi. antisocialuri
pirovnuli aSlilobis mqone adamianebs xSirad
ar scxveniaT da ar awuxebT sindisis qenjna
maT mier Cadenili zianismomtani qcevebis gamo.
fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis ZiriTadi tipebi
socialuri normebis darRveva cxovrebis ad-
reuli periodidan iwyeba, es SeiZleba iyos
klasSi areulobebis gamowveva, CxubebSi CarTva
da saxlidan gaqceva. es moqmedebebi sxvaTa
uflebebisadmi gulgrilobiT gamoirCeva. anti-
socialur pirovnul aSlilobas xSirad sxva
paTologiebic axlavs Tan. magaliTad, erT-erT
kvlevaSi individTa daaxloebiT 25%-s, romelic
akmayofilebda opiumis borotad gamoyenebis
kriteriums, antisocialuri pirovnuli aSli-
lobac daudginda (Brooner et al., 1997).
miuxedavad imisa, rom pirovnuli aSlilobebi
ufro naklebad aris Seswavlili, vidre sxva
pirovnuli aSliloba (Personality disorder) _ aR-
qmis, azrovnebisa da qcevis qronikuli, xisti,
araadapturi paterni, romelic seriozulad
auaresebs individis funqcionirebis SesaZleb-
lobas socialur da sxva garemoSi.
635

tipis aSlilobebi, aris monacemebi, romelic
am aSlilobebSi genetikuri komponentis arse-
bobaze miuTiTebs (Livesley et al., 1993; Nigg & Gold-
smith, 1994). Tu pirovnuli maxasiaTeblebis
Tandayolilobis Sesaxeb msjelobas gavixsenebT
me-14 Tavidan, ar unda gagvikvirdes, rom am
maxasiaTeblebis mqone aSlilobebic Tanda-
yolilia. arsebobs pirovnuli aSlilobebis
gamomwvev garemo pirobebze mimarTuli kvlevebic
(Norden et al., 1995; Paris, 1997). ganvixiloT genetikisa
da garemos urTierTqmedebebi, romlebic antiso-
Tavi 15 / fsiqologiuri aSlilobebi
cialur pirovnul aSlilobas iwveven.
saidan
viciT
genetika, garemo da antisocialuri
pirovnuli aSliloba
mkvlevarTa jgufma Seadgina SerCeva,
sadac Sedioda 95 mamakaci da 102 qali,
romlebic Svilad aiyvanes dabadebidan
ramdenime dReSi. Sesabamis uwyebebSi dacu-
li monacemebi sakmaris informacias iZle-
oda maTi biologiuri mSoblebis Sesaxeb,
amitom mkvlevrebs SeeZloT daedginaT, ro-
636
mel cdis pirTa mSoblebs aReniSnebodaT
antisocialuri pirovnuli aSliloba. es
monacemebi aSlilobaSi genetikuri faqto-
ris wvlilis Sefasebis saSualebas iZle-
oda. mkvlevrebma mimRebi ojaxebis cxov-
rebis pirobebis, garemoebebis Sesaxebac
moipoves informacia: interviuirebis saSua-
lebiT sazRvravdnen, Tu romeli cdis
pirebi gaizardnen mimReb mSoblebTan
araxelsayrel garemoSi; magaliTad, vis
hqonda qorwinebis, iuridiuli, nivTiere-
bebze, an alkoholze damokidebulebis
problemebi. es monacemebi antisocialur
pirovnul aSlilobaSi garemos wvlilis
Sefasebis SesaZleblobas iZleoda. Sede-
gebma aCvena, rom mniSvnelovani iyo orive
tipis zegavlena: aSlilobis mqone biolo-
giuri mSoblebis SvilebTan, an araxel-
sayrel garemoSi gazrdil cdispirebTan,
saSualod, ufro meti iyo antisocialuri
pirovnuli aSlilobis albaToba (Cadoret
et al., 1995).
am Sedegebidan vxedavT, rom antisocialuri
pirovnuli aSlilobis ganviTarebis riskis wi-
naSe pirovneba SeiZleba bunebam an aRzrdam,
genetikurma an garemos faqtorebma daayenos.
amave dros, es aSliloba ar uviTardeboda im
adamians, romlis mSoblebsac aReniSnebodaT
pirovnuli aSlilobebi, an romelic rTul
garemo pirobebSi izrdeboda. mkvlevrebs kvlav
surT imis garkveva, Tu ra ganapirobebs zogierTi
adamianis mowyvladobasa da zogierTis moqni-
lobas.
disociaciuri aSlilobebi
disociaciuri aSliloba aris identurobis,
mexsierebisa da cnobierebis integraciis dar-
Rveva. adamianebisTvis mniSvnelovania, rom
akontrolebdnen TavianT qcevas, anu emociebs,
azrebsa da moqmedebebs. TviTkontrolis aR-
qmisTvis arsebiTia individualurobis SegrZneba
_ me-s (self) sxvadasxva aspeqtebis SeTanxmebuloba
(konsistenturoba) da identurobis uwyvetoba
drosa da sivrceSi. fsiqologebs miaCniaT, rom
disociaciur mdgomareobaSi individebi gaurbian
sakuTar konfliqtebs SeTanxmebulobisa da

uwyvetobis daTmobis gziT da uaryofen sakuTari
Tavis nawilebs. yovelgvari organuli disfun-
qciis ararsebobis pirobebSi fsiqologiuri
faqtorebiT gamowveul process, romelic
mniSvnelovani pirovnuli gamocdilebis davi-
wyebaSi mdgomareobs, disociaciur amnezias
uwodeben da is disociaciis erT-erTi magali-
Tia. fsiqologebma daiwyes monacemebis Segroveba
imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra xarisxiT SeiZleba axldes
Tan mexsierebis aseTi danawevreba (disociacia)
bavSvobaSi seqsualuri da fizikuri Zaladobis
SemTxvevebs (Spiegel & Cardena, 1991). mwvave/Rrma
travmis sxva tipebi, rogoricaa 1991 wels
oklendsa da berkliSi (kaliforniis Stati)
momxdari xanZari, romelmac 25 sicocxle Se-
iwira da milion dolarze meti zarali moitana,
aseve iwvevs disociaciis simptomebs (Koopmen
et al., 1996).
disociaciuri identobis aSliloba (dia)
(Dissociative Identity Disorder _ DID), warsulSi cnobi-
li Sedgenili pirovnuli aSliloba (multiple
personality disorder), disociaciuri fsiqikuri aS-
lilobaa, rodesac erT individSi arsebobs ori
an meti calkeuli pirovneba. yovel mocemul
momentSi erT-erTi maTgani dominanturia da
individis qcevas warmarTavs. disociaciuri
identobis aSliloba popularul enaze gaxle-
Cili pirovnebis saxeliT aris cnobili da
xandaxan mas SecdomiT Sizofreniasac (aSli-
loba, romelsac Semdeg nawilSi ganvixilavT
da vnaxavT, rom am dros pirovneba xSirad
uaresdeba, magram ar ixliCeba orad) uwodeben
xolme. dia-is SemTxvevaSi TiToeuli warmoqm-
nili pirovneba raime mniSvnelovani niSniT
originaluri me-s (self) sapirispiroa _ maT Soris
gansvlas eqneba adgili, Tu sawyisi pirovneba
sustia da seqsualurad mimzidveli, maSin erTi
pirovneba morcxvi, SeboWili iqneba, meore ki _
mfrTxali da seqsualurad gulubryvilo.
TiToeul pirovnebas Taviseburad ganumeorebeli
identoba, saxeli da qceviTi repertuari aqvs.
zogierT SemTxvevaSi yalibdeba mTeli rigi
sxvadasxva maxasiaTeblebisa, romelic pirovnebas
rTul cxovrebiseul situaciasTan gamklavebaSi
exmareba. qvemoT mocemulia nawyveti dia-is mqone
qalis „wamyvani~ pirovnebis angariSidan (Ma-
son, 1997, gv.44):
rogorc talRebi atrialebs okeanes
Signidan gareT da gadaalagebs wyals,
sxvadasxva CvenTagani trialebs wreze, mo-
dis da midis miqcevasaviT da miedineba
zogjer mSvidad, zogjer _ mSfoTvared.
fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis ZiriTadi tipebi
bavSvi aferadebs flomasterebiT. igi
gverdze iweva da adgils administrators
uTmobs, romelic bankis angariSs aTan-
disociaciuri aSliloba (Dissociative disorder) _
pirovnuli aSliloba, romelsac axasiaTebs
identurobis, mexsierebisa da cnobierebis in-
tegraciis darRveva.
disociaciuri amnezia (Dissociative amnesia) _
mniSvnelovani pirovnuli gamocdilebis gax-
senebis unaris arqona, romlis mizezia fsiqo-
logiuri faqtorebi, yovelgvari organuli
disfunqciis arsebobis gareSe.
disociaciuri identobis aSliloba (dia) (Dis-
sociative identity disorder – DID) _ disociaciuri
fsiqikuri aSliloba, rodesac erT individSi
arsebobs ori an meti calkeuli pirovneba;
warsulSi cnobili iyo, rogorc Sedgenili
(multiple) pirovnuli aSliloba.
637
 xmebs. mcire xnis Semdeg mkvdari Cvili
iwevs win da umoZraod wevs iatakze. igi
cxrili
15.5
droebiT ase rCeba, magram aravis swydeba
Seuracxyofis Sesaxeb gamokiTxvis
guli _ es misi droa. cocxali Cvili
Sedegebi: disociaciuri identobis
xoxavs da Cerdeba mtverSi amogangluli.
aSlilobisa (DID) da depresiis
mzareuli sami dRis saWmels amzadebs da Sedareba
TiToeuls calke paketSi alagebs _ Cven kiTxvaris debuleba DID (%) depresia (%)
yvelas sxvadasxva midrekilebebi, mis-
wrafebebi da antipaTiebi gvaqvs. SeSine- Seuracxyofis
SemTxveva 98 54
buli „me~ xmamaRla yviris, daWrili _
tipebi
kvnesis, mgloviare _ moTqvams. fizikuri 82 24
seqsualuri 86 25
SegiZliaT Tqveni Tavi daayanoT am qalis
fsiqologiuri 86 42
adgilze da warmoidginoT, rogori iqneba amdeni uaryofa 54 21
„pirovnebebis~ _ bavSvis, mkvdari Cvilis, co- yvela zemoT
cxali Cvilis, mzareulisa da a.S. _ erT TavSi CamoTvlili erTad 47 6
moTavseba? fizikuri da
seqsualuri 74 14
zogierT fsiqologs miaCnia, rom disocia- (N=355) (N=235)
ciuri aSlilobis mqone pirovnebis Semadgenili
pirovnebebis ganviTareba gadarCenis arsebiT
funqcias emsaxureba. dia-is msxverpli SeiZleba iyo dia-is mqone individTa gamocdilebasTan
ecemaT, daemwyvdiaT, an mietovebinaT im SedarebiT (Schultz et al., 1989). miuxedavad imisa,
adamianebs, visac, savaraudod, uyvarda igi; maT, rom es monacemebi da zemoT moyvanili pirov-
viszec imdenad iyvnen damokidebulni, rom ar nuli angariSebi eWvgareSea, mravali fsiqologi
SeeZloT maTTan SebrZoleba, maTgan wasvla da mainc skeptikurad uyurebs dia-is diagnozs
maTi SeZulebac ki. fsiqodinamikuri Tvalsaz- (Lilienfeld et al., 1999; Spanos, 1994). ar arsebobs sando
risis mixedviT, es msxverplebi danawevrebis monacemebi am aSlilobis gavrcelebis Sesaxeb
(disociaciis) saSualebiT simbolurad gaeqcnen (DSM-IV-TR, 2000). skeptikosebi xSirad gamoTqvamen
gadatanil saSinelebas. ufro Zlieri Sinagani masazrebas, rom Terapevtebs, visac „swamT~ dia-
xasiaTebis SeqmniT maT daicves TavianTi ego is arsebobis, SeuZliaT misi Seqmna _ es Tera-
arsebuli travmatuli situaciisagan. rogorc pevtebi TavianT pacientebTan, xSirad hipnoturi
wesi, dia-is msxverpls warmoadgenen qalebi, zemoqmedebisas, saTanado kiTxvebis dasmiT biZgs
romlebic bavSvobaSi, xangrZlivi periodis aZleven Semadgenili pirovnebebis „warmoqmnas~.
ganmavlobaSi fizikurad, an seqsualurad iqnen sxva fsiqologebs miaCniaT, rom sakmarisi
Tavi 15 / fsiqologiuri aSlilobebi

Zalze Seuracxyofilni mSoblebis, naTesavebis, monacemebi arsebobs dia-is diagnozis sasargeb-

an axlo megobrebis mier. erT kvlevaSi kiTxvaris
saSualebiT mopovebul iqna 448 klinikosis
monacemi, romelTac gamocdilebaSi hqondaT
disociaciuri identobis aSlilobisa da kli-
nikuri depresiis (gamoiyeneboda Sesadareblad)
SemTxvevebze muSaoba. rogorc 15.5 cxrilSia
naCvenebi, dia-is 355 SemTxvevaSi wamyvani ma-
xasiaTebelia Seuracxyofa, romelic TiTqmis
yvelasaTvis saerToa da romelsac adgili aqvs
3 wlis asakidan da aT welze metxans grZel-
deba. miuxedavad imisa, rom 235 depresiul
pacientTanac aRiniSneboda Seuracxyofis xSiri
SemTxvevebi, es maCvenebeli mniSvnelovnad mcire
638
lod, romelic aCvenebs, rom is ar aris mxolod
gulmodgine Terapevtebis mier Seqmnili pro-
duqti (Gleaves, 1996). yvelaze uwyinari daskvna
Semdegi SeiZleba iyos: dia-is diagnozis mqone
adamianTa jgufSi zogi SemTxveva namdvilia,
WerSmaritia maSin, rodesac zogierTi SemTxveva
Terapevtisgan aris gaCenili.
Sejameba
SfoTviTi aSlilobebi xuT kategoriad iyofa:
generalizebuli SfoTviTi aSliloba, panikuri
aSliloba, fobiebi, obsesiur-kompulsuri aSli-
 fsiqologia XXI saukuneSi
marTla arsebobs Tu ara `internetomania~?
SegimCneviaT, rom imaze met
dros atarebT internetSi,
vidre „unda~ atarebdeT? me-
gobrebTan internetis saSua-
lebiT saubari girCevniaT
maTTan piradad urTierTobas?
internetze xarjavT dros,
romelsac sxva mniSvnelovan
saqmianobas unda uTmobdeT,
rogoricaa gamocdebisTvis
mzadeba an Zili? SeiZleba
vTqvaT, rom Tqven damoki-
debuli (addicted) xarT inter-
netze?
ukanaskneli ramdenime wlis
manZilze „internetomaniis~
sakiTxs didi adgili eTmoba
popularul presaSi: es axali
istoriebi qmnian (xSir Sem-
TxvevebSi) mozardi vaJis xats,
romelic realuri samyaros
adamianebTan kontaqtze uars
ambobs da chat-oTaxebisa da
MUD-is kiber-samyaroSi uCi-
nardeba. zogierT mkvlevars
aRmoCenili aqvs realuri
SemTxvevebi, romelic Tan-
xvdeba sainformacio saSua-
lebebSi Seqmnil aseT xats.
maT „internetomaniis~ diag-
nozi miusadages (magaliTad,
Young, 1998). sxva mkvlevrebi
ufro skeptikurni rCebian am
diagnozis, rogorc fsiqopa-
Tologiis calkeuli tipis,
mimarT. vnaxoT, ratom.
rogorc aRvwereT, fsiqo-
paTologiis TiToeuli ti-
pisaTvis aucilebelia, rom
individi aSkarad specifikuri
tipis araadaptur qcevebs
axorcielebdes, rogorc aR-
niSnulia DSM-IV-TR-Si. Tumca,
internetze damokidebulobis,
„internetomaniis~, Semo-
Tavazebuli diagnozis Sem-
TxvevaSi gaugebaria, Tu
konkretulad romeli qcevaa
araadapturi im qcevaTa Soris,
romelsac individi qselSi
yofnis dros axorcielebs.
erT-erTi mkvlevris sityvebiT:
„Tu zogierTi adamiani mija-
Wvulia internetze, mainc ra-
zea igi mijaWvuli?~ (Griffiths,
1998, gv.72).
gadavxedoT im miznebs, ro-
melsac emsaxureba individebis
mier internetis gamoyeneba da
mTeli rigi aqtivobebisa, rom-
liTac isini dakavebulni arian
xazze yofnisas. magaliTad,
adamianebi qselSi Sedian in-
formaciis mosaZieblad, saTa-
maSod da romantikuli an seq-
sualuri partniorebis sapov-
nelad. SeuZliaT ki adamianebs,
damokidebulni gaxdnen miz-
nebisa da aqtivobebis er-
Tobliobaze, romelTac „in-
terntomaniis~ diagnozs usa-
dageben? Tu arsebobs inter-
netis gamoyenebis ufro spe-
cifikuri aspeqtebi, romelic
fsiqologiuri Seguebis prob-
lemebs iwvevs? Tu es ukanas-
kneli mosazreba sworia, maSin
arsebobs albaToba imisa, rom
mocemul individs aRmoaCndeba
f s i q i k u r i j a n m r Te l o b i s
profesionalebis mier ukve
dadgenili ufro specifikuri
diagnozi. magaliTad, rogorc
vnaxeT, DSM-IV-TR-Si gansazR-
vrulia socialuri fobiis
kategoria. ufro miwanSewo-
nili iqneboda, rom indi-
vidisTvis, romelic zRudavs
sxva adamianebTan urTierTobas
internet-urTierTobis sasar-
geblod, socialuri fobiis
diagnozi dagvesva da ara _
„internetomaniis~. adamianebis
mier internetis moWarbebulad
gamoyenebis gzebi SeiZleba
warmoadgendes cnobili aSli-
lobebis simptomebs, Tumca,
TavisTavad internetis Warbad
moxmareba ver kvalificirdeba,
rogorc aSliloba.
unda aRiniSnos, rom Cven
ar uarvyofT im faqtis arse-
bobas, rom adamianTa mcire
procenti internets pirov-
nuli, socialuri da profe-
siuli cxovrebisTvis saziano
fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis ZiriTadi tipebi
gzebiT iyenebs. magaliTad,
kvlevebi aCvenebs, rom adami-
anebi, romlebic intensiurad
iyeneben internets, izoli-
rebulad da martosulad
grZnoben Tavs (Kraut et al., 1998;
Nie & Erbring, 2000). Tumca, risi
frTxilad SemoTavazeba da
gaazrebac gvsurs, aris mosaz-
reba imis Sesaxeb, rom arsebobs
internetis zogadi maxasia-
Teblebi, romelic fsiqopaTo-
logiis specifikur formas
iwvevs da am fsiqopaTologias
samarTlianad uwodeben inter-
netze damokidebulebas _
„internetomanias~.
639
 loba da posttravmatuli stresis aSliloba.
generalizebuli SfoTviTi aSliloba qroni-
kuli SfoTviT xasiaTdeba maSin, roca panikuri
aSliloba mwvave SfoTvas ukavSirdeba. fobiebs
axasiaTebs imdenad Zlieri iracionaluri SiSi,
rom isini gansjis unarze zemoqmedeben. obse-
siebi arakontrolirebadi, damangreveli azrebia,
kompulsiebi ki, aseve, arakontrolirebadi
qcevebi. travmatulma movlenebma, rogoricaa
gaupatiureba, an Rrma dazianeba, SeiZleba post-
travmatuli stresis aSlilobis ganviTareba
gamoiwvios. mkvlevrebma aCvenes SfoTvis aS-
lilobebs, genetikur faqtorebsa da Tavis tvinis
paTologiebs Soris kavSiris arseboba. am aSli-
lobaTa fsiqologiur axsnebSi klasikuri ganpi-
robebuloba da kognituri tendenciuroba
moiazreba.
guneba-ganwyobilebis aSlilobebSi Sedis
klinikuri depresiuli aSliloba _ fsiqopa-
Tologiis yvelaze gavrcelebuli forma da
bipolaruli aSliloba. depresia iwvevs guneba-
ganwyobilebis, Semecnebisa da motivaciis cvli-
lebebs. bipolaruli depresiis mqone adamianebi
ganicdian depresiisa da maniis periodebis
monacvleobas. mkvlevrebma aCvenes, rom guneba-
ganwyobilebis aSlilobis genetikuri kompo-
nenti iseve ukavSirdeba depresiasa da manias,
rogorc cvlilebebi Tavis tvinis funqci-
onirebaSi. depresiis Teoriebi xSirad amax-
vileben yuradRebas kognitur interpretaciaze,
romelsac adamianebi aZleven TavianT cxov-
rebiseul gamocdilebas. seriozuli depresiis
maRali sixSire qalebSi, SesaZloa, dakavSi-
Tavi 15 / fsiqologiuri aSlilobebi
rebuli iyos qalebisa da mamakacebis mier
depresiaze reagirebis gansxvavebul gzebTan.
depresiuli individebi sakmaod xSirad fiqroben
TviTmkvlelobaze.
pirovnuli aSlilobebi azrovnebisa da
qcevis araadapturi formebia; isini SeiZleba
imdenad Rrma iyos, rom ziani miayenos normalur
funqcionirebas socialur da profesiul
garemoSi. disociaciuri aSlilobebi identobis
mTlianobis darRvevebia. miuxedavad imisa, rom
mkvlevrebi disociaciuri identobis aSlilobis
mizezad bavSvobaSi gadatanil seqsualur
Seuracxyofas miiCneven, aSlilobis gavrce-
lebuloba sakamaTo rCeba.
640
Sizofreniuli aSlilobebi
TiToeulma Cvenganma icis, rogoria depresi-
uloba an SfoTvis gancda maSinac ki, rodesac
umravlesobas ar gangvicdia es grZnobebi
aSlilobisTvis damaxasiaTebeli simwvaviT. Si-
zofrenia ki aris aSliloba, romelic nor-
maluri funqcionirebisgan Tvisobrivad gan-
sxvavebul mdgomareobas gulisxmobs. Sizof-
reniuli aSliloba fsiqopaTologiis mwvave
formaa, romlis drosac dezintegrirebulia
pirovneba, darRveulia azrovneba da aRqma,
gasadavebulia emociebi. Sizofreniuli aS-
lilobis mqone pirovnebebi swored iseTebi arian,
rogorsac yvelaze xSirad warmovidgenT xolme
sigiJisa da Seuracxadobis Sesaxeb fiqris dros.
SizofreniiT daavadebuli mravali adamia-
nisTvis avadmyofoba cxovrebiseuli ganaCenia
ganTavisuflebis SesaZleblobis gareSe, ro-
melsac isini ganmartoebulni da izolirebulni
zidaven da iZulebulni arian yvelasgan moSo-
rebiT icxovron. miuxedavad imisa, rom Sizof-
renia SedarebiT iSviaTia _ aSS-is mozrdili
mosaxleobis daaxloebiT 0.7%-s aReniSneba
cxovrebis romelime etapze (Kessler et al., 1994) _
es monacemi gulisxmobs, rom daaxloebiT ori
milioni adamiani itanjeba am yvelaze saidum-
loebiT moculi da tragikuli fsiqikuri aSli-
lobiT. fsiqiatriuli klinikebis adgilTa naxe-
vari Sizofreniis mqone pacientebs ukaviaT, rad-
ganac mravali maTgani Tavisi cxovrebis umetes
nawils saavadmyofoSi atarebs, „normalur~
cxovrebaSi odesme dabrunebis mcire imediT.
mark voneguti (Mark Vonnegut), mweral kurt
vonegutis vaJiSvili, 25 wlisac ar iyo, rodesac
Sizofreniis simptomebma iCina Tavi. „samoTxis
eqspresSi~ (Eden Express, 1975) igi sakuTari
gamocdilebidan mogviTxrobs realobidan
gasvlisa da saboloo gamojanmrTelebis Sesaxeb.
erTxel, xexilis gasxvlisas misma realobam
damaxinjeba daiwyo:
damainteresa, tkivils xom ar vayenebdi
xeebs da mobodiSeba daviwye. TiToeulma
maTganma pirovnebis saxe miiRo. damain-
teresa, romelimes movwondi Tu ara.
mTlianad mSTanTqa TiToeuli xis Tvali-
 erebam da daviwye SemCneva, rom isini yo-
velTvis imdenad msubuqad anaTebdnen, rom
rbili, Signidan momdinare sinaTlis na-
Teba totebis irgvliv ifrqveoda; da saida-
nRac warmoudgenlad danaoWebuli, gar-
damavalferebiani saxe movida. Tavidan
mxolod ganusazRvrel manZilze myof
patara wertilad moCanda, igi win moiwevda
da bolos uzarmazari gaxda. mis garda
veRarafers vxedavdi. guli gamiCerda. dro
usasrulod gaiWima. saxis Tavidan moSo-
reba vcade, magram man damcina... misTvis
TvalebSi Sexedva vcade da gavacnobiere,
rom fexqveS miwa gamomecala (1975, gv. 96).
vonegutis aRwera garkveul warmodgenas Segiq-
mniT Sizofreniis simptomebze.
Sizofreniis samyaroSi azrovneba aralogi-
kuri xdeba; ideaTa Soris asociaciebi Soreuli
da yovelgvar sqemas moklebulia. xSirad
aRiniSneba halucinaciebi, romelic warmosaxviT
sensorul aRqmebs _ xatebs, sunebs an, yvelze
xSirad, bgerebs (Cveulebriv, xmebs) moicavs da
romelTac pacientebi realurad miiCneven.
pirovnebas SeiZleba esmodes xma, romelic uwyvet
komentars ukeTebs mis qcevas, an ramdenime xmis
saubari; damaxasiaTebelia bodvebic _ cru, an
iracionaluri rwmena, romelsac adgili aqvs
sawinaaRmdegos naTlad arsebobis pirobebSi.
metyveleba SeiZleba araTanmimdevruli gaxdes
_ erTmaneTTan daukavSirebeli, an gamogonili
sityvebis „sityvier salaTas~ daemsgavsos, an
individi sulac damunjdes. emociebs gasadaveba
axasiaTebs, qreba maTi garegani gamoxatuleba,
an SeiZleba situaciis Seusabamo iyos. fsiqomo-
toruli qceva SeiZleba dezorganizebuli (gri-
masebi, ucnauri manerebi), poza ki _ rigiduli
gaxdes. mxolod zogierTi simptomis arsebobis
SemTxvevaSic ki mosalodnelia profesiuli
funqcionirebisa da pirovnebaTSorisi urTier-
Tobebis gauareseba, radganac pacienti socia-
lurad gariyuli, an emociurad gulgrili xdeba.
fsiqologebi simptomebs dadebiT da uaryofiT
kategoriebSi aTavseben. Sizofreniis mwvave anu
aqtiuri fazis dros gamokveTilia dadebiTi
simptomebi _ halucinaciebi, bodvebi, araTanmim-
devruloba da dezorganizebuli qceva, sxva
dros ki uaryofiTi simptomebi _ socialuri
gariyuloba da gasadavebuli emociebi. zogierT
cxrili
15.6
Sizofreniuli aSlilobis ti pebi
Sizofreniis tipebi ZiriTadi simptomebi
dezorganizebuli araadekvaturi/araSesatyvisi
qceva da emociebi;
araTanmimdevruli metyveleba.
katatoniuri gayinuli, rigiduli an
iolad agznebadi qceva.
paranoiduli grandiozulobis an devnis
mania.
aradiferencirebuli simptomebTa Sereuli nakrebi
azrovnebis aSlilobebiTa
da sxva tipis
maxasiaTeblebiT.
rezidualuri ar aris warmodgenili
ZiriTadi simptomebi, Tumca,
aRiniSneba aSlilobis
ganaxlebis Tanmxlebi,
meorexarisxovani simptomebi.
individs, rogoricaa, magaliTad, mark voneguti,
Sizofreniis mxolod erTi, an ori mwvave faza
aReniSneba da Semdeg normalur, Cveul cxovrebas
ubrundeba. sxvebs, romelTac xSirad qronikul
avadmyofebad miiCneven, axasiaTebT ganmeorebadi
mwvave fazebi uaryofiTi simptomebis xanmokle
periodebiT an calkeuli mwvave fazebi uaryo-
fiTi simptomebis xangrZlivi periodebiT. yve-
laze metad `darRveuli~ individebic ki ar
imyofebian mudmivad mwvave bodviT mdgomareobaSi.
fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis ZiriTadi tipebi
Sizofreniis ZiriTadi tipebi
SizofreniisTvis damaxasiaTebeli simptome-
bis mravalferovnebis gamo, mkvlevrebi mas
calkeuli tipebis erTobliobad miiCneven da
ara _ erTeul aSlilobad. 15.6 cxrilSi moce-
mulia Sizofreniis xuTi yvelaze gavrcelebuli
qvetipi.
Sizofreniuli aSliloba (Schizophrenic disorder)
_ fsiqopaTologiis mwvave forma, romelic
xasiaTdeba integrirebuli pirovnuli funqcio-
nirebis rRveviT, realobidan gasvliT, emociuri
gaukuRmarTebebiTa da azrovnebis darRveviT.
halucinacia (Hallucinations) _ cru, aRqma, ro-
melsac adgili aqvs obieqturi gamRizianeblis
ararsebobis pirobebSi.
bodva (Delusions) _ cru an iracionaluri rwmena,
romelsac adgili aqvs sawinaaRmdegos naTlad
arsebobis pirobebSi. 641
 dezorganizebuli tipi periodis manZilze da ar/an sustad reagireben
garemoSi mimdinare movlenebze. sxva dros es
Sizofreniis am qvetipis SemTxvevaSi individs
pacientebi moWarbebuli motoruli aqtivobiT
araTanmimdevruli azrovneba da moWarbebulad
xasiaTdebian, romelic aSkarad umiznod da
ucnauri da dezorganizebuli qceva axasiaTebs.
garegani gamRizianeblebis zemoqmedebis gareSe
emociebi gasadavebuli, an situaciis Seusabamoa.
xorcieldeba. katatoniur tips ukiduresi nega-
xSirad pirovneba sulelurad an bavSvurad
tivizmic axasiaTebs, romelic aSkarad aramo-
iqceva, magaliTad, xiTxiTebs yovelvgari Tval-
tivirebulad ewinaaRmdegeba yvela instruqcias.
saCino mizezis gareSe. metyveleba SeiZleba im-
denad araTanmimdevruli da uCveulo sityve-
biTa da daumTavrebeli winadadebebiT aRsavse paranoiduli tipi
gaxdes, rom dairRves sxva adamianebTan komuni-
Sizofreniis am tipis mqone adamianebs rTuli
kacia. Tu adgili aqvs bodvebs an halucinaciebs,
da sistematuri bodvebi axasiaTebT, romlebic
isini ar Seexeba gasageb Temas.
garkveul Temebzea mimarTuli:
mister f.b. 30 wels mitanebuli hospita-  devnis bodva. individebi grZnoben, rom
lizebuli fsiqikuri pacienti iyo. ro- maT mudmivad uTvalTvaleben, SeTqmulebas
desac mas saxeli hkiTxes, man upasuxa, uwyoben da rom maT sicocxles safrTxe emuqreba.
rom cdilobda mis daviwyebas, radganac
 grandiozulobis bodva. individebs sje-
yovelTvis atirebda Tavisi saxelis
raT, rom isini mniSvnelovani da amaRlebuli
gagoneba. Semdeg igi ramdenime wuTis
arsebani arian _ milionerebi, didi gamomgo-
ganmavlobaSi gulamoskvniT tiroda. ro-
neblebi an religiuri figurebi, rogoricaa,
desac raime seriozulisa da sevdianis
magaliTad, ieso qriste. devnis bodvas SeiZleba
Sesaxeb hkiTxes, mister f.b.-ma xiTxiTi
grandiozulobis bodva axldes Tan _ individi
da sicili daiwyo. rodesac hkiTxes mniS-
didi pirovnebaa, magram mas mudmivad ewinaaR-
vneloba andazisa “When the cat’s away, the
mdegebian eSmakeuli Zalebi.
mice will play~2, man upasuxa: „nakleb adgils
ikavebs. katam ar icis, ras akeTebs Tagvi  eWvianobis bodva. individi yovelgvari
da Tagvma ar icis, ras akeTebs kata. kata mizezis gareSe darwmunebulia, rom megobrebi
ufro saeWvo mxares warmoadgens, vidre Ralatoben mas. isini igoneben TavianTi Teoriis
Tagvi. dumbo kargi biWi iyo. man dainaxa, Sesatyvis monacemebs da „adastureben~ bodvis
rac katam gaakeTa, Tavisi Tavi katasTan simarTles.
daayena, amrigad, xalxi aRar Sexedavda
paranoiduli Sizofreniis mqone individeb-
maT, rogorc komediantebs~ (Zimbardo, Per-
Tan simptomebis gamovlena, Sizofreniuli aS-
sonal Communication, 1957).
Tavi 15 / fsiqologiuri aSlilobebi

lilobis sxva tipebis simptomebTan SedarebiT,

mister f.b-is maneruloba, depersonalize-
buli, araTanmimdevruli metyveleba da bodvebi
am tipis Sizofreniis ZiriTadi niSnebia.
katatoniuri tipi
Sizofreniis katatoniuri tipis wamyvani
maxasiaTebelia motoruli aqtivobis darRveva.
xandaxan am aSlilobis mqone adamianebi stu-
porSi arian gayinulni. individebi umoZraod,
xSirad ucnaur pozebSi, rCebian xangrZlivi
2
sityva-sityviTi qarTuli Targmani ase JRers:
„rodesac kata midis, Tagvebi TamaSoben~; Sinaarsobrivad
_ „uZaRlo qveyanaSi katebs ayefeben.~ (mTargmnelis
642 SeniSvna)
cxovrebis ufro gviandel periodSi iwyeba.
paranoiduli Sizofreniis mqone individebi
iSviaTad axorcieleben aSkarad dezorganizebul
qcevas, Tumca, maTi qceva daZabuli da sruliad
formaluria.
aradiferencirebuli tipi
Sizofreniis es krebiTi kategoria aRwers
pirovnebas, romelsac aReniSneba gamokveTili
bodvebi, halucinaciebi, araTanmimdevruli
metyveleba, an Zalze dezorganizebuli qceva,
rac erTze meti tipis kriteriumebs, an gaur-
kvevel, bundovan tips Seesabameba. individis
mier gancdil simptomTa am nazavSi ar xdeba
sxvadasxva Sizofreniuli reaqciebis erTmaneTi-
sgan gamodiferencireba.
rezidualuri tipi
rezidualuri tipis diagnozis mqone indivi-
debs, Cveulebisamebr, Sizofreniis ZiriTadi
ganvlili epizodi awuxebT, Tumca, amasTanave,
Tavisufalni arian iseTi ZiriTadi simptome-
bisgan, rogoricaa halucinaciebi an bodvebi.
aSlilobis arseboba Tanmxlebi, meorexaris-
xovani, dadebiTi an gasadavebuli afeqtis msgavsi
uaryofiTi simptomebiT vlindeba. rezidualuri
tipis diagnozi SeiZleba miuTiTebdes imaze,
rom pirovnebis avadmyofoba remisiis fazaSi
Sedis, anu faruli xdeba.
Sizofreniis mizezebi
sxvadasxva etiologiuri midgoma Sizofreniis
Zalze gansxvavebul sawyis mizezebze, misi
ganviTarebis sxvadasxva gzebsa da mkurnalobis
sxvadasxva mimarTulebebze miuTiTebs. gadavxe-
doT Sizofreniuli aSlilobis ganviTarebis
gzebis SecnobaSi sxvadasxva midgomebis mier
Setanil wvlils.
genetikuri midgomebi
didi xania cnobilia, rom Sifozrenias oja-
xebSi gavrcelebis tendencia axasiaTebs (Bleuler,
1978; Kallmann, 1946). kvlevis sami damoukidebeli
mimarTuleba _ ojaxebis kvleva, tyupebis kvleva
da gaSvilebis SemTxvevebis Seswavla _ erTsa
da imave daskvnamde midis: Sizofreniis gamov-
lenis albaToba im individebTan ufro metia,
visac genetikuri kavSiri aqvs am aSlilobis
mqone adamianTan, vidre maTTan, visac ar aqvs
aseTi naTesauri kavSiri (Kendler & Diehl, 1993; Tsuang,
2000). 15.5 suraTze mocemulia sxvadasxva tipis
naTesavebisgan Sizofreniis miRebis riskis
xarisxis maCveneblebi. es monacemebi Sizofreniis
mkvlevarma irving gotesmanma (Irving Gottesman, 1991)
dasavleT evropaSi 1920-1987 wlebSi Caratebuli
TiTqmis 40 sando kvlevis Sedegebis gaerTianebiT
miiRo da maqsimalurad viwro kategoriebSi
moaTavsa. rogorc xedavT, monacemebi genetikuri
naTesaobis xarisxis mixedviT aris dalagebuli,
rac maRal korelaciaSi imyofeba riskis xaris-
suraTi
15.5
fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis ZiriTadi tipebi
Sizofreniis
ganviTarebis
genetikuri riski
grafikze naCvenebia Sizofre-
niis ganviTarebis riskis saSua-
lo maCveneblebi. monacemebi
mogrovda ojaxebisa da tyu-
pebis kvlevebiT, romelic ev-
ropis mosaxleobaSi ganxor-
cielda 1920-1987 wlebSi; gamov-
linda maRali korelacia ris-
kis xarisxsa da genetikuri na-
Tesaobis xarisxs Soris.
643
 xTan. magaliTad, rodesac orive mSobeli daava-
reniuli aSlilobis mqone naSvilebi cdis
debulia SizofreniiT, maT SvilebSi am aSli-
pirebis biologiurma naTesavebma azrov-
lobis gamovlenis riski 46%-s udris, mTeli
nebis aSlilobis ufro maRali maCvene-
populaciis 1%-Tan SedarebiT. rodesac mxolod
beli miiRes, vidre sakontrolo SerCevis
erTi mSobelia avad, Svilebis daavadebis riski
naSvilebi cdis pirebis biologiurma
mkveTrad mcirdeba 13%-mde. aRsaniSnavia, rom
naTesavebma. Tumca, orive SerCevis naSvi-
albaToba imisa, rom identur tyupebs orives
lebTa naTesavebi ar gansxavdebodnen er-
aRmoaCndeba Sizofrenia, daaxloebiT samjer
TmaneTisgan azrovnebis aSlilobis mi-
aRemateba araidentur tyupebSi am aSlilobis
xedviT. monacemebi gvafiqrebinebs, rom ge-
gamovlenis albaTobas.
netikuri faqtori garemos faqtorze metad
mkvlevrebi gaSvilebis SemTxvevebis Seswav-
miuTiTebs imaze, Tu vis aRmoaCndeba az-
lasac mimarTaven imis saCveneblad, rom geneti-
rovnebis aSlilobebi (Kinney et al., 1997).
kuri faqtorebi mniSvnelovan zegavlenas axdens
Sizofreniis etiologiaze (Kety et al., 1994). gan-
vixiloT kvleva, romelSic fasdeboda Sizof- TiTqmis yvela naSvilebi individi dabade-
reniis mqone pacientTa biologiur da mimReb bidan mcire xnis Semdeg daaSores TavianT bio-
naTesavebSi azrovnebis aSlilobebis SemTxve- logiur ojaxs. Sesabamisad, rasac ar unda ga-
vebis sixSire. moewvia Sizofreniis mqone gaSvilebul indi-
videbSi azrovnebis aSlilobis Zalian maRali
xarisxi da SedarebiT maRali maCvenebeli maT
saidan
biologiur naTesavebSi, ver mivakuTvnebT mas
viciT garemos faqtorTa rigs.
sxvadasxva tipis monacemebi erTiandeba da
azrovnebis aSlilobebi Sizofreniis
yalibdeba Semdegi daskvnis saxiT: zogierTi
mqone pacientTa biologiur da mimReb
individi Tandayolili, memkvidreobiT miRebuli
naTesavebSi
genetikuri masalis matarebelia, romelic mas
Sizofreniis riskis winaSe ayenebs. mkvlevrebi,
am kvlevaSi Sizofreniis mqone iseTi
romelTac surT am paTologiuri genetikuri
pacientebi aarCies, romelTac aSliloba
gaSvilebis Semdeg ganuviTardaT. sakontro-
lo SerCeva Sizofreniis mqoneTa SerCevas
cxrili
15.7
Seesabameboda sqesisa da asakis mixedviT;
azrovnebis darRvevis maCveneblebi
sakontrolo SerCevaSi Semaval cdis pirebs
Sizofreniis mqone naSvileb individebSi,
ar hqondaT fsiqiatriul klinikaSi yofnis
Tavi 15 / fsiqologiuri aSlilobebi

sakontrolo SerCevis naSvileb

gamocdileba. Caweres eqsperimentuli da individebsa da maT naTesavebSi
sakontrolo SerCevebis cdis pirTa da
maTi biologiuri naTesavebis metyveleba, azrovnebis darRvevis indeqsi

genetikis mniSvnelovnebis Sesafaseblad Sizofreniis sakontrolo

da maTi mimRebi naTesavebis metyveleba, mqone naSvilebi SerCevis gansxva-
individebi naSvilebi veba
garemos mniSvnelovnobis Sesafaseblad. individebi
am verbalur masalaze dayrdnobiT, Ti- Tavad naSvilebi
individebi 4.82 1.15 3.67
Toeul individs (aseve, mSoblebsa da
maTi biolo-
naTesavebs) mieniWa azrovnebis aSlilobis 1.37 0.38
giuri naTesavebi 0.99
maCvenebeli, risTvisac gamoyenebul iqna maTi biolo-
azrovnebis aSlilobis indeqsi (Thought giuri dedmami-
Dosirder Index _ TDI). Sedegebi mocemulia 15.7 Svilebi da
naxevrad ded-
cxrilSi _ TDI-is yvelaze maRali maCvene- mamiSvilebi 1.44 0.82 0.62
beli metad darRveul azrovnebaze miu- maTi mimRebi
naTesavebi 1.11 1.31 -0.20
TiTebs. Sedegebi aCvenebs, rom Sizof-
644
 SizofrenikTa
sawyisi etapi Svilebi
N=100

maRali riski
riski
N=10-50 aranairi riski
N=90-50

fsiqikuri Sizofreniki araSizofreniki araSizofreniki

janmrTeloba 30 N=5 N=5-45 N=90-50
wlis asakSi

fsiqikuri Sizofreniki, Sizofreniki, ara ara

janmrTeloba
adreuli gviani Sizofreniki, Sizofreniki,
riskis
dasawyisi dasawyisi
periodis
bolos N=5 N=5 N=0-40 N=90-50

suraTi
15.6
Sizofreniuli aSlilobis genetikuri riski
Sizofreniis mqone mSobelTa 100 bavSvisgan Semdgar SerCevaSi 50-dan 10%-s aqvs Sizofreniis
ganmapirobebeli genetikuri struqtura. amasTan, daaxloebiT 5%-s cxovrebis sawyis etapze, 5%-s
ki Semdgom cxovrebaSi ganuviTarda aSliloba. aRsaniSnavia, rom maRali riskis mqone cdis pirTa
40% ar daavadda SizofreniiT.

hypothesis) saxeliT aris cnobili. am hipoTezis

fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis ZiriTadi tipebi

masalis gamocalkeveba, emiSebis populaciaSi
bipolaruli daavadebis genetikuri wyaroebis
kvlevis ganxilvisas aRwerili midgomis msgavs
pozicias ikaveben. kvlevis mizania genebis im
wilis dadgena, romelic aSlilobis mqone in-
dividebs misgan Tavisufali individebisgan ga-
nasxvavebs. mkvlevrebi progress aRweven genTa
im kombinaciebis aRmoCenaSi, romelic adamianebs
Sizofreniis riskis winaSe ayenebs (Brzustowicz
et al., 2000).
miuxedavad imisa, rom genetikur msgavsebasa
da Sizofreniis risks Soris ueWvelad maRali
korelaciaa, yvelaze didi genetikuri msgavsebis
jgufebSic ki, risk-faqtori 50%-ze naklebia
(ix. sur. 15.6). es imaze metyvelebs, rom genebis
rolis garda, garemos pirobebic aucilebelia
aSlilobis ganviTarebisaTvis. Sizofreniis
mizezis Sesaxeb farTod gavrcelebuli hipoTeza
midrekileba-stresis hipoTezis (diathesis-stress
Tanaxmad, genetikuri faqtorebi riskis winaSe
ayenebs individs, magram maT garemos stresis
faqtorebic unda daerTos, raTa potenciurma
riskma gamovlenili (manifestirebuli) Sizof-
reniuli aSlilobis saxe miiRos. ganvixileT
ra Sizofreniis biologiuri aspeqtebi, axla
am aSlilobis warmoqmnis damaCqarebeli garemos
stresorebis tipebze visaubrebT.
Tavs tvinis funqcionireba da
biologiuri maniSneblebi
arsebobs Sizofreniisadmi meore biologiuri
midgoma, romelic am aSlilobis mqone individTa
Tavis tvinSi arsebuli darRvevebis ZiebiT aris
dakavebuli. am mimarTulebiT warmoebul kvle-
vaTa umravlesoba Tavis tvinis gamosaxvis teq-
nikebs eyrdnoba (ix. Tavi 3), romelic Sizof-
645
 reniis mqone da sakontrolo SerCevis norma-
luri individebis Tavis tvinis struqturisa
da funqcionirebis uSulod Sedarebis saSua-
lebas iZleva (Gur & Pearlson, 1993; Marsh et al., 1997;
Vita et al., 2000). magaliTad, magnituri rezonansis
procedura imis saCveneblad gamoiyeneba, rom
Sizofreniis mqone individTa 50%-ze mets ga-
didebuli aqvs parkuWebi _ Tavis tvinis struq-
turebi, romelSic miedineba cerebrospinaluri
siTxe (Degreef et al., 1992). bavSvobaSi gamovlenili
Sizofreniis mqone individebTan mozardobis
periodSi aRiniSneba parkuWebis zomis progre-
suli zrda (Rapoport et al., 1997). garda amisa, gamo-
saxvis teqnikebiT dadgenilia, rom Sizofreniis
mqone individebs sakontrolo jgufisgan gansxva-
vebuli Tavis tvinis aqtivobis paternebi SeiZle-
ba axasiaTebdeT. magaliTad, erT-erT kvlevaSi
Seswavlil iqna identuri tyupebis SemTxvevebi,
rodesac erT-erTi an orive tyupiscali Sizofre-
niiT iyo daavadebuli (Berman et al., 1992). mxolod
Tavi 15 / fsiqologiuri aSlilobebi
im individebs aReniSnebodaT Tavis tvinis Sub-
lis wilebis dabali aqtivoba normasTan Seda-
rebiT, romelTac realurad hqondaT Sizofrenia.
kvlevis aseTi sqemiT „genetika~ konstantad
iqceva, rac am aSlilobis kidev erTi biolo-
giuri aspeqtis gamovlenis saSualebas iZleva.
mkvlevrebi agrZeleben Sizofreniis biolo-
giuri maniSneblebis CamonaTvalis Sevsebas.
midrekileba-stresis hipoTeza (Diathesis-stress
hypothesis) _ hipoTeza zogierTi aSlilobis
mizezis Sesaxeb, rogoricaa Sizofrenia, romlis
mixedviTac, individSi genetikuri faqtorebi
qmnian garkveuli aSlilobisadmi midrekilebas,
magram garemo pirobebidan momdinare stresulma
faqtorebma biZgi unda misces am potencias,
raTa gamovlindes.
646
biologiuri maniSnebeli „daavadebis gazomvadi
indikatoria, romelic SeiZleba iyos, an arc
iyos, mizezobrivi~ (Szymaski et al., gv. 99). sxva
sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, biologiuri maniSnebeli
SeiZleba korelirebdes daavadebasTan, Tumca,
ar iwvevdes mis ganviTarebas. dResdReobiT ar
aris cnobili arc erTi maniSnebeli, romelic
zustad iwinaswarmetyvelebda Sizofrenias, mag-
ram maniSneblebs didi potenciuri Rirebuleba
aqvT diagnostirebisa da kvlevisaTvis. magali-
Tad, Sizofreniis mqone pirovnebebTan ufro
metad mosalodnelia vizualuri velis Tva-
lierebisas Tvalebis moZraobis disfunqciis
gamovlena, vidre Cveulebriv adamianebTan.
SesaZlebelia am biologiuri maniSneblis
raodenobrivi Sefaseba da es Sefaseba ojaxebSi
Sizofreniis arsebobas ukavSirdeba (Clementz &
Sweeney, 1990; Lencer et al., 2000). mkvlevrebi agrZe-
leben kvlevas Tvalebis moZraobis im specifi-
kuri elementebis aRmoCenis mimarTulebiT,
romelic maqsimalurad zustad ganasxvavebs
Sizofreniis mqone individebs sxva fsiqikuri
aSlilobebis mqone individebisgan (Katsanis et
al., 1997; Sweeney et al., 1994). biologiuri maniS-
neblebis zusti codna mkvlevrebs am aSlilobis
ganviTarebis risk-jgufebis gamovlenaSi daex-
mareba.
Sizofreniis simptomTa farTo speqtrTan
gacnobis Semdeg, albaT, aRar gikvirT biolo-
giuri darRvevebis Sesabamisi diapazonis arse-
boba, romelic SeiZleba Sizofreniis mizezs
an Sedegs warmoadgendes. rogor uwyobs xels
garemos maxasiaTeblebi risk-jgufSi Semaval
adamianebs daavadebis ganviTarebaSi?
ojaxuri urTierToba, rogorc stresori
rogorc Znelia imis mtkiceba, rom Zalze
specifikuri biologiuri faqtori Sizofreniis
sakmarisi mizezia, aseve, ver vityviT gadaWriT,
rom fsiqologiuri faqtori aucilebeli pirobaa
amisaTvis. sociologebi, ojaxis Terapevtebi da
fsiqologebi ikvleven ojaxSi roluri urTi-
erTobebisa da komunikaciis stilis gavlenas
Sizofreniis ganviTarebaze. gamokvlevis mizania
garemos im pirobebis dadgena, romelic zrdis
Sizofreniis albaTobas da risk-jgufSi Semavali
individebis dacva am pirobebisgan.
mkvlevrebs gaaCniaT im TeoriaTa empiriuli
dasabuTeba, romlebic xazs usvams mSoblebis
urTierTobaSi gadaxrebis (deviaciebis) zegav-
lenas Sizofreniis ganviTarebaze (Milkowitz, 1994;
Wearden et al., 2000). am gadaxrebSi Sedis ojaxSi
saerTo yuradRebis ganawilebis SeuZlebloba;
mSoblebis mier ojaxis danarCeni wevrebis
mosazrebebis gaTvaliswinebis an gasagebi da
zusti komunikaciis sirTuleebi. kvlevebi aCve-
nebs, rom, im ojaxis metyvelebis paternebi, sadac
Sizofreniis mqone wevri cxovrobs, naklebi
gulisxmierebiTa da naklebi interpersonaluri
mgrZnobelobiT xasiaTdeba, vidre Cveulebrivi
ojaxebis.
gadauWreli rCeba sakiTxi: devianturi ojaxis
struqtura Sizofreniis mizezia, Sizofreniis
simptomebis mqone individze reaqciaa, Tu erTic
aris da meorec (Rosenfarb et al., 1995)? am kiTxvaze
pasuxis gasacemad mkvlevrebi prospeqtul (moma-
valze orientirebul) kvlevebs axorcieleben:
isini zomaven ojaxis funqcionirebas, raTa naxon,
Tu romeli paterni uZRvis win Sizofreniis
ganviTarebas, an mis ganmeorebas momavalSi. ma-
galiTad, erT-erTi kvleva Seexeboda pacientTa
naTesavebis empaTiis unars, rac maT mier pa-
cientebis guneba-ganwyobilebis mdgomareobis
wvdomisa da gagebis SesaZleblobaSi gamoixa-
teboda (Giron & Gomez-Beneyto, 1998). ori wlis
Semdeg im pacientebTan ufro meti iyo Sizof-
reniis simptomTa gameorebis albaToba, romelTa
naTesavebsac empaTiis dabali done aReniSnebodaT.
am kvlevis Sedegebi Tanxvdeba sxva kvlevebiT
miRebul monacemebs, romlis Tanaxmadac, ojaxis
faqtori mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs individis
funqcionirebaSi simptomebis pirvelad gamoCenis
Semdeg.
saidan
viciT
emociis gamoxatva da simptomis
gameoreba
Sizofreniis dros ojaxuri komuni-
kaciis rolis Sesaswavlad, mkvlevrebma
gansazRvres cneba emociis gamoxatva. emo-
ciis gamoxatvis maRali xarisxis mqoned
miiCnevdnen ojaxebs, Tu pacientis mimarT
mravlad gamoiTqmeboda kritikuli komen-
tarebi, Tu ojaxis wevrebi Warbad iyvnen
fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis ZiriTadi tipebi
CarTulni pacientis cxovrebaSi (vTqvaT,
iyvnen zedmetad mzrunvelni da momabez-
rebelni) da Tu maT zogadad arakeTilgan-
wyobili damokidebuleba hqondaT pa-
cientisadmi. erT kvlevaSi Segrovda
monacemebi Sizofreniis mqone 65 pacientis
ojaxis Sesaxeb, romlebic SedarebiT
stabilur periodebSi saxlSi cxovrobdnen.
TiToeuli ojaxi fasdeboda emociis gamo-
xatvis moculobis mixedviT: rodesac cxra
Tvis Semdeg Seafases pacientTa mdgoma-
reoba, emociis gamoxatvis maRali xarisxis
mqone ojaxebSi mcxovreb pacientTa 50%-s
aReniSneboda ganmeorebiTi simptomatika
maSin, roca analogiuri mdgomareoba emo-
ciis gamoxatvis dabali xarisxis mqone
ojaxebSi mcxovreb pacientTa mxolod 17%-
Tan dafiqsirda. Tumca, emociis gamoxatvis
647
 zogierTi aspeqti sasargeblo aRmoCnda
pacientebisaTvis. is pacientebi, romelTa
ojaxebic metad iyvnen CarTulni mis
cxovrebaSi, cxra Tvis Semdeg socialurad
ukeT Seguebulni aRmoCndnen. albaT,
rigiduli ojaxuri garemo arTulebs saa-
vadmyofodan gare samyaroSi gasvlas (King
& Dixon, 1996).
es kvleva imeorebs zogad models: Svilebis
mimarT mSoblebis kritikis, mtruli damoki-
debulebisa da momabezreblobis SemcirebasTan
erTad, Sesabamisad, mcirdeba mwvave Sizofre-
niuli simptomebis gameorebis sixSire da ganmeo-
rebiTi hospitalizaciis saWiroeba (Wearden et
al., 2000). qveteqsti isaa, rom mkurnaloba mimar-
Tul unda iqnes mTel ojaxze, rogorc sistemaze,
raTa Seicvalos daavadebuli Svilisadmi damo-
kidebulebis stili.
Sizofreniis Cven mier ganxiluli mTeli
rigi interpretaciebis da mniSvnelovani kvle-
vebis miuxedavad Riad darCenili kiTxvebi gviC-
venebs, Tu ramdenad bevria kidev Sesaswavli am
mZlavri fsiqologiuri aSlilobis Sesaxeb.
garTulebul gagebas iwvevs is faqti, rom
Sizofreniad wodebuli fenomeni, albaT, uke-
Tesia ganvixiloT, rogorc aSlilobaTa jgufi,
TiToeuli SesaZlo calkeuli mizezebiT. gene-
tikuri midrekileba, Tavis tvinSi mimdinare
problemebi da ojaxuri urTierTobebi _ TiTo-
euli maTgani ganisazRreba, rogorc monawile,
sul mcire, zogierT SemTxvevaSi. mkvlevrebs
jer kidev gansasazRvri aqvT im elementTa
Tavi 15 / fsiqologiuri aSlilobebi
kombinirebis konkretuli gzebi, romelTac
Sifozreniis ganviTarebamde mivyavarT.
Sejameba
Sizofreniis simptomebSi Sedis aralogikuri
azrovneba, halucinaciebi, bodvebi, araTanmim-
devruli metyveleba, gasadavebuli emociebi da
dezorganizebuli fsiqomotoruli qceva. arse-
bobs Sizofreniis xuTi tipi: dezorganizebuli,
daRi (Stigma) _ individze, an jgufze adamianebis
uaryofiTi reaqcia garkveuli savaraudo ara-
srulfasovnebis, an gansxvavebulobis gamo, rac
damamcireblad moqmedebs maTze.
648
katatoniuri, paranoiduli, aradiferencirebuli
da rezidualuri. arsebobs Sizofreniis geneti-
kurad gadacemis utyuari dasabuTeba. garda amisa,
mkvlevrebma am aSlilobasTan SeWiduli Tavis
tvinis anomaliebi da sxva biologiuri maniS-
neblebic aRmoaCines. ojaxuri urTierTobebis
garkveulma paternebma, maT Soris emociis ga-
moxatvam, SeiZleba xeli Seuwyos Sizofreniuli
aSlilobis warmoqmnas, mimdinareobas an
gameorebas.
fsiqikuri daavadebis daRi
(stigma)
winamdebare Tavis erT-erT umniSvnelovanes
amocanas fsiqikuri daavadebis, rogorc gasaidum-
loebulisa da mistikuris, Sesaxeb warmodgenis
gabaTileba warmoadgenda. es dagexmarebaT,
gaigoT, rom paTologiuri qceva sinamdvileSi
sruliad Cveulebrivi da gavrcelebuli mov-
lenaa. fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis mqone ada-
mianebs xSirad devianturis (normidan gadax-
rilis) iarliys awebeben; sazogadoeba Zvir sa-
zRaurs moiTxovs maTgan, vinc scildeba misi
normis farglebs. Tumca, devianturis iarliyi
ar Seesatyviseba arsebul realobas: rodesac
aSS-is axalgazrda da Sua asakis mozrdilebis
50%-s cxovrebis manZilze erTxel mainc aReniS-
neba romelime fsiqiatriuli aSliloba (Kessler
et al., 1994). fsiqopaTologia, statistikurad mainc,
SedarebiT normis farglebSi Tavsdeba.
„normalur cxovrebaSi~ fsiqopaTologiis
SeWris sixSiris dadgenisda miuxedavad, fsiqo-
logiuri aSlilobebis mqone adamianebs xSirad
iseT daRs asvamen, romelsac ar vxvdebiT fi-
zikurad daavadebulTa SemTxvevaSi. daRi (stigma)
samarcxvino niSania; fsiqologiur konteqstSi
es aris pirovnebisadmi uaryofiTi damoki-
debulebebis erToblioba, romelic mijnavs mas,
rogorc miuRebels (clausen, 1981). gavixsenoT Tavis
dasawyisSi citirebuli sityvebi: „pacientsa
da sazogadoebas ganaTleba sWirdebaT fsiqikuri
daavadebis Sesaxeb, radganac adamianebi dagvci-
nian da arasworad gveqcevian, zogjer araswora-
dac esmiT Cveni gadamwyvet momentebSi~. sxva
gamojanmrTelebuli pacienti wers: _ „CemTvis
fsiqikuri daavadebis daRi iseTive damangreveli
iyo, rogorc Tavad saavadmyofoSi yofna~. igi
cxadad aRwers Tavis pirad gamocdilebas:
fsiqikuri daavadebis mizeziT saavadmyo-
foSi moxvedramde SesaSuri cxovrebiT
vcxovrobdi. Cemi albomi savse iyo jil-
doebiT, premiebiTa da mosawvevebiT... fsi-
qikuri daavadebis krizisi birTvul afeT-
qebasaviT iyo Cems cxovrebaSi. yvelaferi,
rac manamde vicodi da siamovnebas mani-
Webda, moulodnelad Seicvala, ucnauri
bunebrivi ukuprocesis msgavsad _ mSve-
nieri peplidan Wuprisken. es iyo nawi-
lobriv arCeulis, nawilobriv _ Tavsmox-
veuli Cemi cxovrebis xarisxis Sekaveba,
SezRudva, Caketva. mravaljeradma uar-
yofam, Cems irgvliv arsebuli sxvebis
mouqnelobam da Cemma sakuTarma diskom-
fortma da TviTcnobierebam ganmartoebuli
Caketilobisken mibiZga.
fsiqikuri daavadebisgan gamojanmrTe-
leba da misi Sedegebi brZolas moicavda
_ brZolas winaaRmdeg Cemi sakuTari sxe-
ulisa, romelic energiisgan daclilad
da amtanobas moklebulad gamoiyureboda,
da sazogadoebisa, romelic uxalisod
miRebda (Houghtin 1980, gv. 7-8).
fsiqologiuri darRvevebis mqone adamiane-
bisadmi uaryofiT damokidebulebas mravali
wyaro aqvs: masobrivi informaciis saSualebebi
fsiqiatriul pacientebs Zaladobis Semcveli
danaSaulisken midrekilebas miaweren; miRebulia
xumroba fsiqikurad daavadebul adamianebze;
ojaxebi uaryofen erT-erTi wevris fsiqikur
sirTuleebs; samarTlebrivi terminologia xazs
usvams fsiqikur uunarobas. garda amisa, ada-
mianebi Tavad asvamen sakuTar Tavs daRs imiT,
rom malaven arsebul fsiqologiur sirTuleebs,
an fsiqiatriul klinikaSi yofnis gamocdilebas.
mkvlevrebma daadgines mTeli rigi gzebisa,
romliTac fsiqikuri daavadebis daRi uaryo-
fiTad zemoqmedebs adamianTa cxovrebaze (Farina
et al., 1996; Wright et al., 2000). fsiqikuri daavadebis
mizeziT klinikaSi moxvedrili 84 mamakacisgan
Semdgar SerCevaSi 6%-ma aRniSna, rom saavad-
myofoSi moxvedris gamo dakarga samuSao; 10%-s
uari uTxres binis an oTaxis daqiravebaze; 37%-s
sxvebi Tavs aridebdnen; 45% aRniSnavda, rom
fsiqikuri daavadebis gamocdilebas sxvebi
maTTvis tkivilis misayeneblad iyenebdnen.
mxolod 6%-s ar hqonia uaryofis SemTxvevebi
(Link et al., 1997). mamakacTa am jgufma mkurnalobis
erTwliani kursi gaiara, rasac maTi fsiqikuri
janmrTelobis mniSvnelovani gaumjobeseba
mohyva, Tumca, wlis bolos ar aRiniSneboda
cvlilebebi maT mier daRis aRqmaSi: miuxedavad
maTi funqcionirebis gaumjobesebisa, pacientebs
ukve aRar hqondaT garemosgan keTilad mopyrobis
molodini. am tipis kvlevam aCvena, rom mraval
adamians ambivalenturi, gaorebuli damokide-
buleba aqvs fsiqikuri aSlilobebisadmi: dax-
marebisken swrafva da aSlilobis mqone adami-
anTa problemebisTvis iarliyis miwebebis daS-
veba. aseT damokidebulebas Semsubuqebac moaqvs
da daRic; mkurnaloba aumjobesebs cxovrebis
xarisxs, daRi ki, amave dros, auaresebs mas
(Rosenfield, 1997).
damatebiT sirTules qmnis is faqti, rom
fsiqikuri daavadebis mqone adamianebi xSirad
axdenen uaryofis molodinebis internalizacias
(gaSinagnebas),3 ramac, Tavis mxriv, SeiZleba uar-
yofiTi urTierTqmedeba gamoiwvios (Link et al.,
1997). ganvixiloT qvemoT aRwerili klasikuri
eqsperimenti.
saidan
viciT
uaryofis molodini
29 mamakacma, romlebic manamde fsiqikuri
daavadebis mizeziT iyvnen klinikaSi mo-
fsiqikuri daavadebis damRa (stigma)
Tavsebulni, sakuTari surviliT miiRes
monawileoba winamdebare kvlevaSi. maT
icodnen, rom kvleva yofil fsiqiatriul
pacientebTan samuSaos povnasTan dakav-
Sirebul sirTuleebs exeboda. cdis pirebs
acnobes, rom maT saqmiani dawesebulebidan
mowveul kadrebis momzadebis specia-
listTan, trenerTan mouwevdaT urTier-
Toba. cdis pirTa erT naxevars uTxres,
3
internalizacia _ gaSinagneba da ara _ gaTaviseba,
radgan gaTaviseba niSnavs cnobierebis komponentis
arsebobas _ adamiani cnobierad iTavisebs informacias,
xolo gaSinagneba gulisxmobs iracionaluri kompo-
nentis arsebobas, romelic cnobierebis miRma, avtoma-
turad Semodis. 649
 waikiTxes Sizofreniisgan gankurnebuli jimis
rom trenerma icoda maTi statusis (yo-
Sesaxeb, ufro optimisturad uyurebdnen mis
fili fsiqiatriuli pacientebi) Sesaxeb;
momavals im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac maT ukve
meore naxevars ki uTxres, rom treners
hqondaT fsiqikuri aSlilobis mqone individTan
isini saavadmyofoSi myof samedicino, an
urTierTobis gamocdileba (Penn et al., 1999). aseve,
qirurgiul pacientebad miaCnda. realurad,
studentebis mier Sizofreniis mqone pacien-
„treneri~ eqsperimentatoris mokavSire
tebisgan momdinare safrTxis Sefaseba SedarebiT
iyo, romelmac araferi icoda imaze, Tu
naklebi iyo, Tu maT gamocdilebaSi hqondaT
ra icodnen cdis pirebma misi codnis
maTTan urTierToba (Penn et al., 1999). vimedovnebT,
Sesaxeb. amgvarad, man ar icoda, Tu romeli
rom winamdebare da Semdeg TavTan gacnoba
cdis piri fiqrobda, rom mas hqonda infor-
dagexmarebaT Tqveni mosazrebebis (Tu ras
macia maTi eqspacientobis Sesaxeb. Sesa-
niSnavs, iyo fsiqikurad avad da ras niSnavs
bamisad, nebismieri gansxvaveba urTier-
iyo „gankurnebuli~) modifikaciasa da fsiqi-
TobaSi im drois ganmavlobaSi, romelic
kurad daavadebuli individebis mimarT toleran-
erTad unda gaetarebinaT cdis pirebsa da
tulobisa da TanagrZnobis momatebaSi.
eqsperimentatoris asistents, SeiZleboda
fsiqopaTologiasTan gacnobisas Tqven
cdis pirTa molodinebisTvis migvewera.
SegeZloT SegeTvisebinaT normis, realobisa
aRmoCnda, rom pacientebi, romelTac
da socialuri Rirebulebebis cnebebi. fsiqolo-
sjerodaT, rom eqsfsiqiatriuli pacien-
giuri aSlilobebis Secnobis, mkurnalobisa
tebis iarliys atarebdnen, naklebs lapa-
da, saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi, profilaqtikis gzebis
rakobdnen sesiis ganmavlobaSi da efeq-
Ziebisas mkvlevrebi ara marto exmarebian maT,
turad warmoadgines Tavi erToblivi amo-
vinc itanjeba am aSlilobebisgan da cxovre-
canis Sesrulebisas. metic, am jgufis cdis
biseuli sixarulis miRma rCeba, aramed afar-
pirebs asistentma ufro „daZabuli da
Toeben adamianis bunebis fundamentur gagebas.
mSfoTvare~ uwoda imis codnis gareSe,
rogor axdenen fsiqologebi da fsiqiatrebi
Tu romel jgufs miekuTvnebodnen isini
araswori fsiqikuri procesebis sworad warmar-
(Farina et al., 1971).
Tvas da usargeblo qcevebis Secvlas? amas
Terapevtebisadmi miZRvnil Semdeg TavSi vnaxavT.
aq mniSvnelovania daskvna, rom adamianebma,
romelTac sjeraT, rom sxvebma maT „fsiqikuri
daavadebis~ iarliyi miawebes, SeiZleba imgvarad Sejameba
Secvalon urTierTqmedeba, rom WeSmariti fsiqikurad daavadebulad wodebuli mravali
diskomforti SeeqmnaT _ uaryofis molodinma adamiani itanjeba stigmisgan. stigmam pirovneba-
Tavi 15 / fsiqologiuri aSlilobebi

SeiZleba warmoSvas uaryofa; fsiqikuri daavadeba TSorisi da sazogadoebrivi gaucxoebis sxvada-

kidev erT samwuxaro TviTqmnad winaswarmatyve-
lebad SeiZleba iqces.
bolo SeniSnva daRis Sesaxeb: kvlevam aCvena,
rom im adamianTa damokidebulebebi, visac
warsulSi kontaqti hqonia fsiqikuri daavadebis
mqone adamianTan, naklebad ganicdis daRis
moqmedebas. magaliTad, studentebi, romlebmac
sxva forma SeiZleba warmoqmnas. pacientebi mkur-
nalobis Sedegad fsiqikuri daavadebis Semsu-
buqebis SemTxvevaSic ki ganicdian stigmis ze-
moqmedebas. metic, Tavad pacientebis molo-
dinebma maTze sxvebis SesaZlo reaqciebis Tao-
baze, SeiZleba gamoiwvios is uaryofiTi reaq-
ciebi, risic ase eSiniaT maT.

650
 sakvanZo
sakiTxebi
fsiqologiuri aSli-
lobebis buneba
paTologiebis Sesaxeb das-
kvna keTdeba im xarisxis
mixedviT, ra xarisxiTac
pirovnebis moqmedeba Tan-
xvdeba indikatorTa er-
To b l i o b a s , r o m e l S i c
Sedis distresi, araadek-
veturoba, araracionalu-
roba, araprognozireba-
doba, araSablonuroba,
damkvirveblis diskomfor-
ti da socialuri normebis
standartebis darRveva.
adreul periodSi fsi-
qikurad daavadebul ada-
mianebs xSirad epyrobod-
nen, rogorc demonebiT
Sepyrobilebs, an arasrul-
fasovan, adamianze dabla
mdgom arsebebs.
fsiqikuri daavadebisadmi
Tanamedrove midgomebis
warmoqmna daiwyo imis gac-
nobierebiT, rom fsiqikuri
aSlilobebi avadmyofobaa,
romelic mkurnalobas sa-
Wiroebs.
arsebobs mTeli rigi mid-
gomebisa, romelic fsiqo-
paTologiis etiologias
ikvlevs.
biologiuri midgoma Tavis
tvinis paTologiebze, bio-
qimiur procesebsa da gene-
tikur zegavlenaze foku-
sirdeba.
fsiqologiur midgomebSi
moiazreba fsiqodinamikuri,
bihevioraluri, kognituri
da sociokulturuli mo-
delebi.
fsiqologiuri aSli-
lobebis klasifikacia
fsiqologiuri aSlilo-
bebis saklasifikacio
sistema fsiqopaTologiisa da
specifikuri SemTxvevebis zo-
gadi tipebis Sesaxeb komunika-
ciis saerTo, sayovelTaod mi-
Rebul parametrebs (common
shorthand) unda uzrunvelyof-
des.
yvelaze farTod miRebul sa-
diagnostiko da saklasifika-
cio sistemas DSM-IV-TR war-
moadgens.
DSM-IV-TR xuTRerZian mraval-
ganzomilebian sistemas iyenebs,
rac exmareba fsiqikuri jan-
mrTelobis profesionalebs im
fsiqologiuri, fizikuri da
socialuri faqtorebis gan-
xilvisas, romelic SesaZloa
romelime konkretul aSli-
lobas Seesabamebodes.
fsiqologiuri aSli-
lobebis ZiriTadi
tipebi
SfoTviTi aSlilobebis xuTi
ZiriTadi tipi arsebobs, esenia:
generalizebuli, panikuri,
fobiuri, obsesiur-kompulsuri
da posttravmaturi stresis
aSliloba.
guneba-ganwyobilebis aS -
lilobebSi moiazreba emociis
darRvevebi. yvelaze gavr-
celebul afeqtur aSlilobas
klinikuri depresiuli aS-
liloba warmoadgens maSin,
roca bipolaruli aSliloba
gacilebiT iSviaTia.
s u ici di y v elaz e xSir ia
depresiis mqone adamianebSi.
biologiuri da fsiqologiuri
axsna SfoTviTi da guneba-
ganwyobilebis aSlilobebis
etiologiis sxvadasxva aspeqts
ganixilavs.
pirovnuli aSlilobebi war-
moadgens aRqmis, azrovnebisa
da qcevis xangrZliv da xist
paternebs, romelic auaresebs
individis funqcionirebas.
disociaciuri aSlilobebi
gulisxmobs pirovnuli iden-
tobis, mexsierebisa da cno-
bierebis integralurad
funqcionirebis darRvevas.
Sizofreniuli aSli-
lobebi
Sizofrenia fsiqopaTo-
logiis mwvave formaa, ro-
melic xasiaTdeba aRqmis,
emociebis, qcevisa da metyve-
lebis ukiduresi darRveviT.
arsebobs Sizofreniis xuTi
qvetipi, esenia: dezorga-
nizebuli, katatoniuri, pa-
ranoiduli, aradife ren -
cirebuli da rezidualuri.
Sizofreniis savaraudo
mizezebi, damamtkicebeli
sabuTebi aRmoCenilia sxva-
dasxva faqtorebSi, maT Soris
aris genetikuri, Tavis tvinis
paTologiebi da ojaxuri
procesebi.
fsiqikuri daavadebis
daRi
fsiqologiuri aSlilobis
mqone adamianebs xSirad iseT
iarliyebs awebeben, ro -
melsac ar vxvdebiT fizi-
sakvanZo sakiTxebi
kurad daavadebuli ada-
mianebis SemTxvevaSi.
miuxedavad imisa, rom fsi-
qologiuri aSlilobebis
mkurnalobas dadebiT cvli-
lebebamde mivyavarT, fsi-
qikur daavadebasTan dakav-
Sirebuli daRi cxovrebis
xarisxze uaryofiT gavlenas
axdens.
651
 DSM-IV-TR posttravmatuli stresis
ZiriTadi cnebebi etiologia aSliloba
agorafobia klinikuri depresiuli stigma (daRi)
bipolaruli aSliloba aSliloba fsiqoturi aSliloba
bodva komorbidi fsiqologiuri diagnozi
generalizebuli SfoTviTi maniakaluri epizodi fsiqopaTologiuri
aSliloba midrekileba-stresis funqcionireba
guneba-ganwyobilebis hipoTeza fobia
aSliloba nevrotuli aSliloba Seuracxadoba
daswavlili umweoba obsesiur-kompulsuri Sizofreniuli aSliloba
disociaciuri amnezia aSliloba SiSi
disociaciuri aSliloba paTofsiqologia SfoTviTi aSliloba
disociaciuri identobis panikuri aSliloba socialuri fobia
aSliloba pirovnuli aSliloba specifikuri fobiebi
halucinaciebi
Tavi 15 / fsiqologiuri aSlilobebi

652
652
pirovnebis cvlilebebis Terapiebi

16
Terapiuli konteqsti
• miznebi da ZiriTadi Tera-
piebi • Terapevtebi da Te-
rapiuli garemo • istoriuli
da kulturuli konteqsti
fsiqodinamikuri Terapiebi
• froidis fsiqoanalizi
• neofroidianuli Terapiebi
fsiqologia Cvens cxovrebaSi:
sdevs Tu ara gandevnili mogonebebi
adamians mTeli cxovrebis manZilze
bihevioraluri Terapia
• kontrganpirobeba • pirobiTi
ganmamtkiceblebis marTva
• socialuri daswavlis Tera-
pia • generalizaciis teq-
nikebi
kognituri Terapiebi
• kognitur-bihevioraluri
modifikacia • mcdari warmod-
genebis Secvla
fsiqologia XXI saukuneSi: Terapia
kompiuteris saukuneSi
egzistencialur-humanisturi
Terapiebi
• klientze centrirebuli
Terapia • geStalt-Terapia
jgufuri Terapiebi
• ojaxuri wyvilebisa da
ojaxis Terapia • sazogado-
ebrivi mxardaWeris jgufebi
biosamedicino Terapiebi
• fsiqoqirurgia da eleqtro-
konvulsiuri Terapia
• farmakoTerapia
ramdenad muSaobs Terapia
• Terapiis Sedegianobis Se-
faseba • mkurnalobis Sefa-
seba • prevenciis strategiebi
sakvanZo sakiTxebi
• ZiriTadi cnebebi 653
 a vtobiografiaSi „mxeci~ treisi
tomsoni (1995) aRwers 25 wlian
brZolas depresiasTan. am nawyvet-
Si tomsoni aRwers Tavis adreul urTierTobas
qalTan, romelsac sxvisi rCeviT mimarTa daxma-
intensiuri muSaoba dagvWirdeboda. ori-
xuTi weli CemTvis patimrobis tolfasi
iyo.
dasawyisSi, 1977 wlis zamTarSi, masTan
yovelkvireuli seansebi Cemi stabilurobis
rebisTvis. saSualeba iyo, radgan vicodi, rom Cems
qaotur azrebs mousmendnen da seriozulad
is fsiqoTerapevti iyo. me mas amanda
aRiqvamdnen. gasul gazafxuls dawyebulma
meihiud movixsenieb. Cven erTad unda
depresiam nel-nela iklo. gazafxulisTvis
gagvetarebina Semdgomi aTi weliwadis
Tavs vgrZnobdi ukeTesad – ara bednierad,
umetesi nawili.
magram TviTmkvlelobasTan dakavSirebuli
amanda iyo saSualo asakis, masiuri,
fiqrebi aRar mawuxebda. axla vfiqrob, rom
gemovnebiT Cacmuli, gawonasworebuli qa-
Terapia realurad amuSavda.
li. misi kilo, romelic Cems gamocdil
Tumca, rodesac Zlierma krizisma gada-
smenas ar gamoparvia, maRal sazogadoebaSi
iara, seansebi deda-Svilis xangrZliv brZo-
aRzrdaze an, sul cota, samxreTul
las daemsgavsa. amandasTan SemeZlo xmis
daxvewilobaze mianiSnebda. misi ofisi at-
amaRleba, rasac ver vaxerxebdi dedasTan.
lantis feSenebelur nawilSi, baqhedSi
saxlSi arasodes vyofilvar Cem nebaze;
mdebareobda.
dedaCems imdenad esaWiroeboda simSvide
pirvel Sexvedraze SevTanxmdiT, rom
Tavi 16 / pirovnebis cvlilebebis Terapiebi

da usafrTxoeba, rom mozardisTvis Cveuli

Semxvdeboda kviraSi erTxel, oTxSabaTobiT,
gasarTobebi _ lawiraki biWebi, Cum-Cumad
saaTSi ormocdaTxuTmeti dolaris safa-
kanafis moweva, uxeSi, uxamsi musika _ anad-
surad.
gurebda mas, dedaCemi amandam Caanacvla...
amanda Wkviani da kompetenturi qali
amandas imisTvis uxdida dedaCemi fuls,
Canda, romelsac SeeZlo CemTvis daxmarebis
rom CemTvis gaeZlo. es Taviseburad Sesa-
gaweva. magram, rogorc Tavad miTxra, Terapia
niSnavi sistema iyo _ erTgvari pasiur-
ar iqneboda advili da oridan xuT wlamde
agresiuli janyi (gv. 62-65).

am nawyvetSi mocemulia pirovnuli cvli- Tobebi pirovnuli urTierTobebia. amandas,

lebebis Terapiis mravali TvalsaCino maxasia-
Tebeli. umniSvnelovanesia, rom, tomsonis TqmiT,
man fsiqoTerapiuli kursis Sedegad Tavi ukeT
igrZno, Tumca, es ar iyo myisieri Sedegi. tom-
sonis depresia imdenad damangreveli iyo, rom
mas uwyveti mkurnaloba esaWiroeboda. aseve,
654 monaTxrobidan Cans, rom Terapiuli urTier-
fsiqoTerapevts, hqonda garkveuli Tvisebebi,
romlebic dasawyisSi dadebiTad moqmedebda
tomsonis fsiqikur janmrTelobaze, magram Tera-
piis msvlelobisas, amave Tvisebebma igi tom-
sonis dedis `Semcvlelad~ aqcia.
winamdebare TavSi SevexebiT TiToeul dasaxe-
lebul Temas. ganvixilavT Terapiis tipebs, rom-
lebic pirovnuli kontrolis aRdgenaSi exma-
reba mTeli rigi aSlilobebis mqone adamianebs.
davsvamT mravlismomcvel kiTxvebs: ra gavlenas
axdens istoriuli, kulturuli da socialuri
Zalebi fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis mkurna-
lobaze? rogor urTierTmoqmedebs erTmaneTTan
Teoria, kvleva da praqtika, rodesac mkvlevrebi
qmnian da amowmeben mkurnalobis meTodebs?
rogor vimoqmedoT racionalurobas moklebul
gonebaze, rogor SevcvaloT arakontrolirebadi
qceva da emociebi, rogor gamovasworoT tvinis
anomaliebi?
winamdebare TavSi ganxilulia Terapiis
ZiriTadi tipebi, romelsac iyeneben janmrTe-
lobis dacvis sferoSi dakavebuli Tanamedrove
profesionalebi. esenia fsiqoanalizi, qcevis
modifikacia, kognituri cvlilebebi, humanis-
turi Terapia da farmakoTerapia. Cven ganvixi-
lavT am meTodebis moqmedebis principebs. garda
amisa, SevafasebT, Tu ramdenad sandoa TiToeuli
saxis Terapiis warmatebulobis Sesaxeb mtkice-
bulebebi.
Terapiuli konteqsti
fsiqikuri aSlilobebis samkurnalod mraval-
gvari Terapia arsebobs. mravali mizezis gamo
iTxovs zogierTi adamiani (da zogic, saWiroebis
miuxedavad, ar iTxovs) daxmarebas. aseve, sxvada-
sxvagvaria Terapiis miznebi, is garemo, sadac
Terapia xorcieldeba da Tavad Terapevtebic,
Tumca, pirovnebis cxovrebaSi nebismieri aseTi
Careva mowodebulia misi funqcionirebis gar-
kveuli mimarTulebiT Sesacvlelad.
miznebi da ZiriTadi Terapiebi
Terapiuli procesi SeiZleba moicavdes oTx
ZiriTad Temas an mizans:
1. problemuri momentebis diagnostireba, ar-
sebuli problemisTvis, savaraudod, saTanado
fsiqiatriuli (DSM-IV-TR) kategoriis gansa-
zRvra da aSlilobis klasificireba.
2. savaraudo etiologiis dasaxeleba – aSli-
lobis SesaZlo mizezebis da simptomTa fun-
qciebis identificireba.
3. problemis Semdgomi ganviTarebis prognozi-
reba, anu Sefaseba mkurnalobis SemTxvevaSi
da mkurnalobis gareSe.
4. mkurnalobis garkveuli formebis SerCeva
da ganxorcieleba, romliTac SesaZlebeli
gaxdeba Semawuxebeli simptomebis Semcireba
an gaqroba da, Tu moxerxda, maTi mizezebis
mospobac.
Tu tvins kompiuters SevadarebT, SeiZleba
iTqvas, rom fsiqikuri problemebi Tavs iCens
an hardware-Si, an _ software-Si, romelic aprog-
ramebs mis funqcionirebas. fsiqikuri aSlilo-
bebis mkurnalobis ori ZiriTadi tipi mimar-
Tulia an erTze, an _ meoreze.
biosamedicino Terapiebi fokusirdeba hard-
ware-is, anu im meqanizmebis Secvlaze, romelic
safuZvlad udevs centraluri nervuli sistemis
moqmedebas. mas farTod iyeneben fsiqiatrebi
da eqimebi, rodesac tvinis funqcionirebis
Secvlas cdiloben qimiuri an fizikuri in-
tervenciebiT; aq Sedis qirurgia, eleqtroSoki
da medikamentebi, romlebic uSualod zemoqme-
debs tvini-sxeulis kavSirze.
fsiqologiuri Terapiebi, romelTac erTad
fsiqoTerapias uwodeben, software-is Secvlazea
orientirebuli; misi samiznea adamianebis mier
mcdarad daswavlili sityvebi, azrebi, inter-
pretaciebi da ukukavSiri, romelic ganapirobebs
yoveldRiuri cxovrebis strategiebs. am Tera-
piebs axorcieleben rogorc klinikuri fsi-
qologebi, ise _ fsiqiatrebi. arsebobs fsiqo-
Terapiis oTxi ZiriTadi saxe: fsiqodinamikuri,
bihevioraluri, kognituri da egzistencialur-
humanisturi.
fsiqodinamikuri midgoma nevrotul tanjvas
Sinagani, dauZleveli travmis an konfliqtis
biosamedicino Terapiebi (Biomedical therapies) _
Terapiuli konteqsti
fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis mkurnaloba, ro-
melic cvlis tvinis funqcionirebas qimiuri,
an fizikuri Carevis gziT, rogoricaa medi-
kamentebiT mkurnaloba, qirurgia, an eleqtro-
konvulsiuri Terapia.
fsiqoTerapia (Psychotherapy) _ TerapiaTa jgu-
fidan nebismieri, romelic gamoiyeneba fsiqo-
logiuri aSlilobebis samkurnalod da foku-
sirebulia konkretul aSlilobasTan dakav-
Sirebuli araswori qcevis, azrebis, aRqmebisa
da emociebis Secvlaze.
655
 garegan simptomad miiCnevs. fsiqodinamikosi
Terapevtebi fsiqikur aSlilobebs „ganmakur-
nebeli saubriT~ mkurnaloben, romlis drosac
Terapevti exmareba pirovnebas, rom man dainaxos
kavSiri TvalsaCino simptomebsa da maT SesaZlo
gamomwvev gadauWrel dafarul konfliqtebs
Soris.
bihevioraluri Terapia Tavad qcevas mkurna-
lobs, rogorc darRvevas, romelic unda Seic-
valos. aSlilobebi ganixileba, rogorc das-
wavlili qceviTi paternebi da ara, rogorc
fsiqikuri daavadebis simptomebi. qceva SeiZleba
Seicvalos sxvadasxva gziT, maT Soris, sasur-
veli da arasasurveli reaqciebis ganmamtkiceb-
lebis SecvliT, gamomuSavebuli reaqciebis
CaqrobiT da problemis efeqturad gadaWris
modelebis uzrunvelyofiT.
kognituri Terapia cdilobs adamianis azrov-
nebis nakadis restruqturizacias, rasac prob-
lemis mizezis Sesaxeb pirovnebis mier Seqmnili,
xSirad damangreveli TviTdamarwmunebeli
debulebebis SecvliT aRwevs. restruqturi-
rebuli kogniciebi, Tavis mxriv, cvlis pirov-
nebis midgomas siZneleebis gansazRvrisa da
axsnisadmi, rac xSirad problemebis daZlevis
SesaZleblobas iZleva.
egzistencialur-humanistur tradiciebze
aRmocenebuli Terapiebi pacientis faseulo-
bebze koncentrirdebian da mimarTulni arian
TviTaqtualizaciisaken, fsiqologiuri zrdi-
saken, ufro Sinaarsiani pirovnebaTSorisi
Tavi 16 / pirovnebis cvlilebebis Terapiebi
urTierTobebis ganviTarebisaken. isini arsebiTad
janmrTeli adamianebis funqcionirebis gaumjo-
besebaze ufro fokusirdebian, vidre seriozuli
darRvevebis mqone individTa simptomebis ko-
regirebaze.
Terapevtebi da Terapiuli
garemo
rodesac fsiqologiuri problemebi Cndeba,
adamianTa umetesoba nacnob wreebSi eZebs
araformalur konsultantebs. es SeiZleba iyos
ojaxis wevri, uaxloesi megobari, piradi eqimi,
advokati, sayvareli maswavlebeli, xelmZRva-
neloba an sabWo. religiuri orientaciis ada-
mianisTvis es SeiZleba iyos sasuliero piri.
sxvebi rCevisTvis mimarTaven da esaubrebian
656
barmenebs, gamyidvelebs, taqsis mZRolebsa da
nebismiers, vinc mousmens maT. sazogadoebaSi
arsebuli araformaluri Terapevtebis mxrebze
mravali frustracia da konfliqti gadadis.
rodesac problemaTa diapazoni SemosazRvrulia,
araprofesionalTa daxmareba sakmaod didia.
miuxedavad imisa, rom dResdReobiT adamianebi
ufro xSirad mimarTaven Terapias, vidre adre,
isini, Cveulebriv, mxolod maSin akiTxaven
fsiqikuri janmrTelobis specialistebs,
rodesac fsiqologiuri problemebi mwvavdeba,
an droSi xangrZlivdeba. am dros maT sxvadasxva
saxis TerapevtTan SeuZliaT misvla.
fsiqolog-konsultants, Cveulebriv, iseT
sferoebSi uwevs adamianebis megzuroba, ro-
goricaa profesiis arCeva, skolis problemebi,
narkotikebix moxmareba da ojaxuri konfliqti.
xSirad es konsultantebi konkretul proble-
mebTan dakavSirebul garemoSi _ biznesis sfe-
roSi, skolebSi, cixeebSi, samxedroTa momsaxu-
rebis centrebSi, an raionul klinikebSi muSa-
oben. isini iyeneben intervius, testebs da
iZlevian rCevebs, raTa daexmaron adamianebs
konkretuli problemebis gadaWrasa da arsebuli
sirTuleebis daZlevaSi.
klinikuri socialuri muSaki fsiqikuri jan-
mrTelobis specialistia, romelsac socialuri
muSaobis skola amzadebs da mowodebulia
fsiqiatrebTan da klinikur fsiqologebTan
TanamSromlobisTvis. mravali fsiqiatrisa da
fsiqologisgan gansxvavebiT, am konsultantebs
naswavli aqvT adamianTa problemebis socialuri
konteqstis gaTvaliswineba da amitom SeuZliaT
Terapiis procesSi ojaxis wevrebis CarTva an,
sul mcire, klientis ojaxur Tu samuSao ga-
remosTan gacnoba.
RvTismsaxuri-konsultanti religiuri jgu-
fis wevria, romelic fsiqologiuri aSli-
lobebis mkurnalobaSi specializirdeba. xSirad
fsiqolog-konsultanti (Counseling psychologist)
_ fsiqologi, romelic specializirdeba iseT
sferoebSi, rogoricaa profesiis arCeva, sas-
kolo problemebi, narkotikebis moxmareba da
ojaxuri konfliqti.
klinikuri socialuri muSaki (Clinical social worker)
– specialuri programiT momzadebuli fsi-
qikuri janmrTelobis profesionali, romelic
adamianTa problemebs socialur konteqstSi
ganixilavs.
es konsultantebi sulierebaze zrunvas prob-
lemaTa praqtikul gadawyvetasTan aerTianeben.
klinikuri fsiqologi aris specialisti, ro-
melic universitetSi specializirdeba fsiqo-
logiuri problemebis Sefasebasa da mkur-
nalobaSi; klinikis pirobebSi, superviziis CaT-
vliT, gavlili unda hqondes internatura da
unda hqondes filosofiur an fsiqologiur
mecnierebaTa doqtoris1 akademiuri xarisxi. am
fsiqologebs gacilebiT farTo codna aqvT
fsiqologiaSi, testirebasa da kvlevaSi, vidre
fsiqiatrebs.
fsiqiatri aris specialisti, romelsac miRe-
buli unda hqondes medicinis doqtoris aka-
demiuri xarisxisTvis saWiro sruli samedicino
ganaTleba da, aseve, doqtoranturis dasrulebis
Semdeg gavlili unda hqondes specializacia
fsiqikur da emociur aSlilobebSi.
fsiqoanalitikosi aris medicinis an filo-
sofiur mecnierebaTa doqtoris akademiuri xa-
risxis mqone Terapevti, romelic doqtorantu-
raSi fsiqikuri aSlilobebis gagebisa da mkur-
nalobisadmi froidiseul midgomaSi speci-
alizirdeboda.
CamoTvlili specialistebi sxvadasxva ga-
remoSi muSaoben. es SeiZleba iyos saavadmyofoebi,
klinikebi, skolebi da kerZo ofisebi. huma-
nisturi orientaciis zogierTi Terapevti, ufro
bunebriv garemoSi muSaobis mizniT, sakuTar
saxlSi amjobinebs jgufuri seansebis Catarebas.
TerapiebisTvis, romelic klientis garemocvis
CarTvasac gulisxmobs mkurnalobis procesSi,
SeiZleba gamoiyos iseTi adgilebi, rogoricaa
calke Sesasvlelis mqone oTaxebi, an samloc-
velo saxlebi. dabolos, Terapevtebi, romlebic
klientebTan in vivo TerapiiT muSaoben, arsebul
problemebTan asocirebul garemoSi amjobineben
muSaobas. magaliTad, klientebTan, romelTac
frenis eSiniaT, TviTmfrinavSi muSaoben, socio-
fobiis mqone klientebTan ki _ xalxmraval
savaWro centrebSi.
1 udgebian.
arsebobs doqtoris ori saxis xarisxi: (1) Ph.D _
filosofiur mecnierebaTa doqtori; eniWeba nebismieri
profesiis adamians, romelic akmayofilebs saTanado
kriteriumebs; (2) magaliTad, M.D. _ xarisxi, romelic
eniWeba romelime konkretuli specialobis mqone adamians,
romelic aris Tavisi saqmis profesionali da akmayo-
filebs saTanado kriteriumebs; am SemTxvevaSi medicinis
mecnierebaTa doqtori (mTargmnelis SeniSvna).
Terapiaze mosul adamians, rogorc wesi,
klients, an pacients uwodeben. termins pacienti
is specialistebi iyeneben, romlebic fsiqo-
logiuri problemebis mkuralobas biosa-
medicino kuTxiT udgebian, termins klienti ki
_ isini, vinc fsiqologiur aSlilobebs „cxovre-
biseul problemebad~ miiCneven da ara fsiqikur
daavadebad. Cven TiToeuli midgomis ganxilvisas
misTvis damaxasiaTebel termins gamoviyenebT:
pacients biosamedicino da fsiqoanalituri
TerapiebisTvis da klients _ sxva danarCenis-
Tvis.
vidre Tanamedrove Terapiebsa da Terapevtebze
ufro dawvrilebiT SevCerdebodeT, jer gan-
vixiloT fsiqikurad daavadebulTa mkurnalobis
RvTismsaxuri-konsultanti (Pastoral counselor) –
religiuri fenis warmomadgeneli, romelic
specializirdeba fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis
mkurnalobaSi da xSirad sulierebaze zrunvas
problemaTa praqtikul gadawyvetasTan aer-
Tianebs.
klinikuri fsiqologi (Clinical psychologist) – pi-
rovneba, romelsac miRebuli aqvs doqtoris
xarisxi fsiqologiaSi da specializirdeba
fsiqologiuri problemebis Sefasebasa da
mkurnalobaSi.
fsiqiatri (Psychiatrist) – pirovneba, romelsac
aqvs medicinis doqtoris xarisxi da doqto-
ranturis dasrulebis Semdeg gavlili aqvs
specializacia fsiqikur da emociur aSli-
lobebSi. fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis samkur-
nalod fsiqiatrs SeuZlia medikamentebis da-
niSvna.
fsiqoanalitikosi (Psychoanalyst) _ pirovneba,
romelsac aqvs medicinis an filosofiur mec-
nierebaTa doqtoris xarisxi da romelic doq-
toranturaSi specializirdeboda fsiqikuri aS-
lilobebis gagebisa da mkurnalobisadmi
froidiseul midgomaSi.
pacienti (Patient) – termini gamoiyeneba im pi-
Terapiuli konteqsti
rovnebis aRsaniSnad, romlis mimarTac xor-
cieldeba Terapiuli RonisZiebebi. mas iyeneben
specialistebi, romlebic fsiqologiuri
problemebis mkuralobas biosamedicino kuTxiT
klienti (Client) – termini gamoiyeneba im pi-
rovnebis aRsaniSnad, romlis mimarTac xor-
cieldeba Terapiuli RonisZiebebi. mas iyeneben
specialistebi, romlebic fsiqologiur aS-
lilobebs `cxovrebiseul problemebad~ miiC-
neven da ara fsiqikur daavadebad.
657
 ganviTarebis istoriuli pirobebi, Semdeg gava-
farTovoT dasavluri kulturisTvis damaxa-
siaTebeli xedvis kuTxe da sxva kulturebSi
miRebul mkurnalobis praqtikasac gavecnoT.

istoriuli da kulturuli
konteqsti
rogor gimkurnalebdnen gasul saukuneebSi,
Tu fsiqologiuri problemebi SegeqmnebodaT?
Tu evropasa, an aSS-Si icxovrebdiT, metad
mosalodneli iqneboda, rom mkurnaloba uSedego
yofiliyo, Tumca, arc gavnebdaT rames. sxva
kulturebSi fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis
mkurnaloba, Cveulebisamebr, religiur da
socialur faseulobaTa ufro farTo konteqstSi
ganixileboda da ufro adamianur mopyrobasac
imsaxurebda.

dasavluri mkurnalobis istoria

XIV saukunis dasavleT evropaSi mosaxleobis
zrdam da migraciam umuSevroba da socialuri
gaucxoeba gamoiwvia, rasac, Tavis mxriv, siRaribe,
danaSauli da fsiqologiuri problemebi mohyva.
maleve gaixsna specialuri dawesebulebebi,
sadac sazogadoebis sami axali „usargeblo~
kategoriis _ RaribTa, damnaSaveTa da fsiqikurad ar imsaxureben sasjels, avadmyofebi arian,
daavadebulTa _ warmomadgenlebs aTavsebdnen. romelTa samwuxaro mdgomareoba yvelanair
1403 wels londonis beTlemis wminda mari- zrunvasa da yuradRebas imsaxurebs, romelic
amis hospitalma fsiqologiuri problemebis nebismier tanjul adamianur arsebas ekuTvnis.
Tavi 16 / pirovnebis cvlilebebis Terapiebi

mqone pirveli pacienti miiRo. momdevno 300
wlis manZilze sulierad daavadebul pacientebs
jaWvebiT abamdnen, awamebdnen da garkveuli
sazRauris fasad xalxs gasarTobadac uCveneb-
dnen. droTa ganmavlobaSi beTlemis transfor-
mirebuli dasaxeleba „bedlemi~2 qaosis sino-
nimad iqca, hospitalSi gamefebuli saSineli
uwesrigobisa da pacientebisadmi araadamianuri
mopyrobis gamo (Foucault, 1975).
fsiqologiuri problemebisadmi, rogorc
fsiqikuri daavadebebisadmi, damokidebuleba
evropaSi mxolod XVIII saukunis bolosTvis
gaCnda. 1801 wels frangi eqimi filip pineli
(Philippe Pinel) werda: „fsiqikurad daavadebuli
adamianebi, romlebic ar arian damnaSaveni da
2
badlam – inglisurad ,,bad~ _ `cudi~.
658
unda vecadoT, rom maT umartivesi saSualebebiT
davubrunoT saRi goneba~ (Zilboorg & Henry, 1941,
gv. 233-324).
amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi fsiqologiuri
darRvevebis mqone adamianebs, maTive da sazoga-
doebis usafrTxoebis mizniT, izolaciaSi amyo-
febdnen, Tumca, ar mkurnalobdnen. XIX saukunis
Sua wlebSi, rodesac fsiqologiam, rogorc
mecnierebis dargma, garkveuli ndoba da pativis-
cema moipova, qveyanaSi „mkurnalobis kulti~
gaCnda. im periodSi Seuracxadobas garemodan
momdinare stresis Sedegad miiCnevdnen, rasac
axlad ganviTarebadi qalaqebis aurzaursa da
areulobas ukavSirebdnen. Sesabamisad, sigiJes
socialur problemad aRiqvamdnen, romelsac
iseve esaWiroeboda „fsiqikuri higieniT~ (Men-
tal Hygiene) mkurnaloba, rogorc gadamdeb fizi-
kur daavadebas _ fizikuri higieniT.
 1900-ian wlebSi kliford birsma (Clifford Beers)
dasabami misca fsiqikuri higienis moZraobas.
droTa ganmavlobaSi fsiqikurad daavadebul
pacientTa SezRudvas axali sareabilitacio
mizani gamouCnda. suliT avadmyofTa TavSesaf-
rebi am socialur-politikuri moZraobis Zi-
riTad elementad iqca. maT aTavsebdnen soflad,
qalaquri cxovrebis stresisgan moSorebiT
mowyobil aseT TavSesafrebSi ara marto dacvis,
aramed mkurnalobis mizniTac (Rothman, 1971).
samwuxarod, mravali aseTi TavSesafari maleve
gadaiWeda. reabilitaciis humanuri mizani uc-
nauri adamianebis daSorebul adgilebSi mo-
TavsebiT Seicvala. es uzarmazari fsiqiatriuli
dawesebulebebi, arasakmarisi odenobis momsaxure
personaliT, mcirediT Tu gansxvavdeboda dar-
Rvevebis mqone individebisTvis gankuTvnili
konteinerisgan (Scull, 1993). 1960-iani wlebidan
reformatorebma aseTi TavSesafrebis winaaRmdeg
daiwyes gamosvla, sul mcire, im fsiqiatriuli
pacientebis deinstitucionalizaciis sasargeb-
lod, visac ambulatoriuli mkurnalobisa da
saTanado sazogadoebrivi mxardaWeris pirobebSi
normalurad SeeZloT funqcionireba. samwuxa-
rod, mravali deinstitucionalizebuli anu
fsiqiatriuli klinikidan gawerili pacienti
ver iRebs saTanado daxmarebas Tavis sacxov-
rebel adgilze. magaliTad, gamokvlevebma aCvena,
rom seriozuli fsiqikuri daavadebis mqone 438
individidan 24% usaxlkaro iyo (Kuno et al., 2000).
kulturuli simboloebi da gankurnebis
rituali
fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis mkurnalobis
istoriuli tendenciebis mimoxilva dasavluri
mosazrebebiTa da praqtikebiT Semoifargleboda,
romelic xazs usvams individis unikalurobas,
damoukideblobas da warmatebasa Tu warumateb-
lobaze pirovnul pasuxismgeblobas. demono-
logia da daavadebis modeli igive aqcents
akeTebs da fsiqikur aSlilobas ganixilavs,
rogorc pirovnebis SigniT mimdinare process
da individis marcxs.
mravali sxva kultura ar iziarebs am mo-
sazrebas (Triandis, 1995). anTropologebma gaaa-
nalizes fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis axsnebi
da mkurnalobisadmi midgomebi sxvadasxva
kulturaSi (Bourguignon, 1979; Evans-Pritchard, 1937;
Kluckhohn, 1944; Marsella, 1979). magaliTad, afrikul
msoflmxedvelobaSi aqcenti keTdeba TanamSrom-
lobaze, urTierTdamokidebulebaze, tomis
gadarCenaze, bunebasTan erTianobasa da jgufur
pasuxismgeblobaze (Nobles, 1976). fsiqikurad daa-
vadebuli adamianebis sazogadoebidan CamoSo-
rebiT mkurnaloba ewinaaRmdegeba mravali ara-
evropuli kulturis azrovnebas. mraval af-
rikul kulturaSi gankurneba socialur konteq-
stSi xorcieldeba; procesSi CarTulia daava-
debulis rwmena, ojaxi, samuSao da Cveuli
garemo. Terapiis procesSi jgufuri mxardaWeris
gamoyenebis afrikuli praqtika daixvewa da
„qselur Terapiad~ wodebul procedurad Camo-
yalibda, sadac mkurnalobaSi CarTulia pacien-
tis mTliani garemocva _ naTesavebis, Tanam-
Sromlebisa da megobrebis CaTvliT (Lambo, 1978).
bevr kulturaSi fsiqikuri da fizikuri daa-
vadebebis mkurnaloba religiasa da jadoqrobas
ukavSirdeba. gansakuTrebuli adamianebi, ro-
melTac Samanebs uwodeben, gansakuTrebul mis-
tikur Zalas floben TavianTi daavadebuli Tana-
moZmeebisTvis daxmarebis gasawevad. Samanizmi
uZvelesi da mZlavri spiritualuri tradiciaa,
romelic TiTqmis 30 aTasi wlis manZilze
gamoiyeneba. Samanistur tradiciaSi tanjvasa
da avadmyofobas uZlurebis Sedegad miiCneven.
kulturuli rwmenis es sistema bedisweris, an
iRblis im uxilavi Zalebis personalizacias
axdens, romelic zemoqmedebs individis cxov-
rebaze da problemebs uqmnis mas. aseTi perso-
nalizacia borot Zalebze uSualo zemoqmedebis
da savaraudo saswaulmoqmedi mkurnalis mxridan
daxmarebis saSualebas iZleva (Middleton, 1967).
xSirad paTologiuri mdgomareoba, romelsac
daavadebuli adamianis Sepyrobilobis Sedegad
miiCneven, mkurnali Samanis Terapiuli CareviT
icvleba. Zrwolvis gamosawvevad da cnobierebis
mdgomareobis Sesacvlelad dolebze dakvra,
Terapiuli konteqsti
Selocvebi da sxva ritualebi gamoiyeneba, rac
axali codnisa da Zalis Ziebisken mimarTavs
individs (Wash, 1990).
xalxuri gankurnebis ceremoniebSi mniSvne-
lovani funqcia ekisreba simboloebs, miTebsa
Samanizmi (Shamanizm) – spiritualuri tradicia,
romelic moiazrebs mkurnalobas da sulier
samyarosTan kontaqts.
659
 da ritualebs (Levi-Strauss, 1963). ritualuri gan-
kurnebis ceremonia gankurnebis process gansa-
kuTrebul emociur intensiobasa da mniSvne-
lobas sZens. is aZlierebs pacientis STago-
nebadobas da mniSvnelovnebis gancdas, SeSli-
lobis dasamarcxeblad zebunebriv ZalebTan
akavSirebs daavadebul adamians, Samansa da Tems
(Devereux, 1961). erT-erT Terapiul teqnikas, ro-
melsac gankurnebis mraval ceremoniaSi iyeneben,
cnobierebis disociacia ewodeba. am dros daava-
debuli adamiani, an morwmune mkurnali cno-
bierebis Secvlil mdgomareobaSi gadadis.
dasavluri TvalsazrisiT, disociacia Tavis-
Tavad aris fsiqikuri aSlilobis simptomi,
romelic prevencias, an gamosworebas saWiroebs.
sxva kulturebSi ki cnobierebis Secvlil
mdgomareobaSi keTili sulebi esaubreba adamians
da boroti ganidevneba. cnobierebis ritualuri
Secvla niu iorkis puertorikeli „espiritistas~
(Espiritistas) kultis RvTismsaxurebisas gamoiye-
neba. maT gankurnebis ceremoniaSi Sedis adamia-
nis miRma arsebul keTil sulebTan urTierToba
(Garrison, 1977).
miuxedavad imisa, rom Samanebi da sxva mkur-
nalebi gansakuTrebul rols asruleben gan-
kurnebis ritualebSi, makurnebeli Zala xSirad
scildeba erT konkretul mkurnals da gaci-
lebiT did spiritualur Zalebs uerTdeba (Katz,
1982, 1993). fijize gavrcelebuli gankurnebis
meTodebis aRwerisas fsiqologi riCard kaci
(Richard Katz) wers: „sulebTan kavSiri im Zale-
Tavi 16 / pirovnebis cvlilebebis Terapiebi
bisadmi damyolobas moiTxovs, romelic scil-
deba erT konkretul mkurnals da gankurnebaSi
mkurnalis wvlilis Tavmdablur Sefasebas mo-
iazrebs. fijeli mkurnali ar amtkicebs, rom
Tavad flobs manas (Temis winaprebisgan miRebul
sulier Zalas) da mis makurnebel moqmedebas
ar aRiqvams sakuTar damsaxurebad~ (gv. 327-328).
kaci naTlad gvaCvenebs TvalsaCino sxvaobas
aRwerilsa da dasavlur praqtikas Soris:
„dasavlel eqims ki, piriqiT, pretenzia aqvs
mkurnalobisa da gankurnebis kontrolze. kom-
ritualuri mkurnaloba (Ritual healing) – ce-
remonia, romelic mkurnalobis process gan-
sakuTrebul emociurobasa da mniSvnelobas
sZens.
660
petenturobas, anu imis codnas, Tu ra aris
gasakeTebeli, an, ukidures SemTxvevaSi, sakuTari
ucodinarobis ardanaxvas, ufro meti mniSvne-
loba eniWeba, vidre adamianis bunebriv mo-
wyvladobas daavadebisadmi~ (gv. 28).
zogierTi es aradasavluri midgoma gzas
ikvlevs dasavluri mkurnalobis praqtikaSi
(Katz, 1982, 1983). amis naTeli magaliTebia im
uaxles Terapiul midgomebSi socialur gare-
mosTan urTierTqmedebis koncefciis gavlena
da ojaxur garemosa da mxardamWer garemocvaze
mimarTuloba, romlebic xazs usvamen sazo-
gadoebrivi mxardaWeris sistemisa da ojaxuri
Terapiis mniSvnelovnebas. sxva dasavleli praq-
tikosebi SamanebTan erTad muSaoben, raTa
SesaZlebeli gaxdes dasavluri fsiqoTerapiisa
(romelSic TviTanalizi moiazreba) da koleq-
tivisturi sazogadoebebis Terapiebis (romelic
individs arsebul sazogadoebriv konteqstSi
moazrebs) integrireba. es mcdeloba Terapias,
kulturuli TvalsazrisiT, klientTa ufro
farTo speqtrisTvis xdis misaRebs (Kraut, 1990).
istoriuli tendenciebisa da zogierTi
kulturuli variaciis mokle mimoxilvis Semdeg,
ufro dawvrilebiT ganvixiloT Tanamedrove
praqtikaSi gamoyebuli Terapiebi.
Sejameba
Terapiuli garemos mTavari mizania fsiqikuri
daavadebis mizezebis gansazRvra da mkurnalobis
dagegmva. arsebobs biologiuri da fsiqolo-
giuri mimarTulebis Terapiebi. Terapevtebi bev-
rgan muSaoben da sxvadasxva saxis Terapiul
meTodebs iyeneben. dasavlur kulturaSi fsi-
qikurad daavadebul adamianebs, Tavdapirvelad,
sazogadoebisgan izolirebulad amyofebdnen.
fsiqikuri daavadebis, rogorc gankurnebadi
avadmyofobis, modelis ganviTarebas ufro
adamianuri mkurnalobis meTodebis Seqmna mohyva.
mravali aradasavluri kultura xazs usvams
farTo sazogadoebriv da spiritualur kon-
teqsts, sadac viTardeba da ikurneba fsiqikuri
daavadeba. dasavleli praqtikosebi am sxva
kulturebidan TandaTanobiT iTviseben sazo-
gadoebrivi mkurnalobis zogierT models.

fsiqodinamikuri Terapiebi
fsiqodinamikuri Terapiebis SemTxvevaSi uS-
veben, rom pacientis problemebs aracnobier
impulsebsa da cxovrebiseuli situaciebidan
momdinare SezRudvebs Soris warmoqmnili
daZabuloba warmoSobs, aSlilobis birTvsa da
saTaveebs ki Tavad daavadebul pirovnebaSi
eZieben.
froidis fsiqoanalizi
fsiqoanalizi im saxiT, rogoric Seqmna zig-
mund froidma (Sigmund Freud), warmoadgens
intensiur da droSi gaxangrZlivebul Terapiul
teqnikas, romelic ikvlevs nevrotuli da mSfoT-
vare pirovnebis aracnobier motivebsa da kon-
fliqtebs. rogorc wina TavebSi vnaxeT, froidis
Teoriis mixedviT, SfoTviTi aSlilobebi im
Sinagani konfliqtebis adekvaturad mogvarebis
unaris arqonas warmoadgens, romelic war-
moiqmneba idis aracnobier, iracionalur im-
pulsebsa da superegos internalizirebul (anu
gaSinagnebul) socialur moTxovnebs Soris.
fsiqoanalizis mizania intrafsiqikuri harmo-
niis damyareba, rac idis Zalebis metad gacno-
bierebas, superegos moTxovnebisadmi zedmetad
damyolobis Semcirebasa da egos rolis gaZ-
lierebas gulisxmobs.
TerapevtisTvis umniSvnelovanesia, gaarkvios,
rogor iyenebs pacienti represiis, anu gandevnis
process konfliqtebTan gamklavebisas. simptomi
ganixileba, rogorc aracnobieridan wamosuli
Setyobineba imis Sesaxeb, rom raRac ar aris
wesrigSi. fsiqoanalitikosis amocanaa, daex-
maros pacients gandevnili azrebis cnobierebaSi
amotanaSi da aRmoaCeninos3 arsebul simptomebsa
da gandevnil konfliqtebs Soris arsebuli
kavSiri. fsiqodinamikuri TvalsazrisiT, Terapia
warmatebulia, pacienti ki _ gamojanmTelebuli
mxolod maSin, rodesac igi adreul bavSvobaSi
3
aq originalur teqstSi gamoyenebulia sityva in-
sight, romelic „wvdomas~ da „intuicias~ niSnavs. es
termini Targmanis gareSec xSirad gamoiyeneba amave
konteqstSi (magaliTad, „emociuri insaiti~ an „in-
teleqtualuri insaiti~) Tumca, am konkretul SemTxvevaSi
umjobesad CaiTvala misi Targmna (mTargmnelis SeniSvna).
ganxorcielebuli „gandevnisgan gaTavisufl-
deba~. vinaidan Terapevtis ZiriTadi mizani
pacientisTvis im kavSiris danaxvisken, anu in-
saitisken wayvanaa, romelic awmyoSi arsebul
simptomebsa da warsul gamocdilebas Soris
arsebobs, fsiqodinamikur Terapias xSirad
insaitur Terapiasac uwodeben.
tradiciuli fsiqoanalizi didi xnis win
gandevnili (anu daviwyebuli) mogonebebis aR-
dgenisa da mtkivneuli grZnobebis gavliT efeq-
tur gadawyvetamde misvlis mcdelobaa. Sesa-
bamisad, es aris droSi gaxangrZlivebuli, anu
grZelvadiani Terapia (romelic SeiZleba, sul
mcire, ramdenime weliwadi _ kviraSi xuT sean-
samde _ grZeldebodes). garda amisa, is saWiroebs
kargi metyvelebis mqone introspeqciul pacien-
tebs, romlebic sakmarisad Zlierad arian moti-
virebulni TerapiisTvis da SeuZliaT soliduri
Tanxis gadaxda (fsiqodinamikuri Terapiis Seda-
rebiT gviandel formebSi gacilebiT Semok-
lebulia Terapiuli procesis xangrZlivoba.)
gandevnili konfliqtebis gacnobierebasa da
maT mogvarebaSi pacientisTvis daxmarebis ga-
sawevad fsiqodinamikuri tradiciebiT momuSave
Terapevtebi sxvadasxva teqnikebs iyeneben; esenia:
Tavisufali asociaciebi, winaaRmdegobis ana-
lizi, sizmrebis analizi, gadatanisa da kon-
trgadatanis analizi.
Tavisufali asociaciebis meTodi da
kaTarzisi
ZiriTad meTods, romelic fsiqoanalizSi
gamoiyeneba aracnobieris gamokvlevisa da gan-
devnili masalis gamonTavisuflebisTvis, Ta-
visufali asociaciebis meTodi ewodeba. paci-
enti, romelic moxerxebulad zis skamze, an
fsiqodinamikuri Terapiebi
fsiqoanalizi (Psychoanalysis) – fsiqodinamikuri
Terapia, romelic Seqmna froidma; es aris in-
tesiuri da droSi gaxangrZlivebuli teqnika,
romelic mowodebulia nevrotuli da mSfoT-
vare individebis aracnobieri motivebisa da
konfliqtebis gamosakvlevad.
insaituri Terapia (Insight Therapy) – teqnika,
romliTac Terapevts pacienti mihyavs im kav-
Siris danaxvisken, aRmoCenisken anu insaitisken,
romelic awmyoSi arsebul simptomebsa da
warsul gamocdilebas Soris arsebobs.
661

wevs taxtze, SeZlebisdagvarad aTavisuflebs
gonebas da uwyvetad aRwers sakuTar azrebs,
survilebs, fizikur SegrZnebebsa da warmodge-
nebs. pacients sTxoven, rom aRweros TavSi mo-
suli nebismieri azri Tu grZnoba, ganurCevlad
imisa, Tu ramdenad mniSvnelovnad eCveneba is
mas.
froids miaCnda, rom asociaciebi ganpiro-
bebulia da ar aris SemTxveviTi. analitikosis
amocanaa, Tvali gaadevnos maT da ubralo
sityvebis miRma nagulisxmevi realuri mniSvne-
lobebi dainaxos. pacients Zlieri grZnobebis
gamoxatvis saSualeba eZleva, romelic, rogorc
wesi, avtoritetul figurebzea mimarTuli da
romelic gandevnil iqna dasjis, an samagieros
mizRvis SiSiT. nebismier emociur ganmuxtvas,
Tavi 16 / pirovnebis cvlilebebis Terapiebi
romelic xdeba Terapiul garemoSi aman sxva
procesis Sedegad, kaTarzisi ewodeba.
winaaRmdegoba
fsiqoanalitikosi gansakuTrebul mniSvne-
lobas aniWebs sakiTxebs, romelTa ganxilvac
ar surs pacients. Tavisufali asociaciebis
dros garkveul momentSi pacienti avlens
winaaRmdegobas, anu mas ar surs, an ar SeuZlia
garkveul mosazrebebze, survilebsa Tu gamoc-
dilebaze saubari. aseT winaaRmdegobas aracno-
biersa da cnobiers Soris barierad miiCneven.
es masala (anu masala, romelsac barieri akavebs
da ar amodis Tavisuflad asociacirebis dros)
xSirad individis seqsualur cxovrebas (aq Sedis
yvelaferi, rac mas siamovnebas aniWebs) an
662 mSoblebisadmi mtrul, ganawyenebul damoki-
debulebas ukavSirdeba. saboloo jamSi, rodesac
gandevnili masala zedapirze amodis, pacienti,
rogorc wesi, amtkicebs, rom is umniSvnelo,
absurduli, araSesatyvisi, an Zalze arasasia-
movnoa imisaTvis, rom ilaparakos masze. Tera-
pevti ki sruliad sapirispiros fiqrobs. fsiqo-
analizis mizania, daZlios winaaRmdegoba da
pacients misces SesaZlebloba, Tvali gaus-
woros am mtkivneul azrebs, survilebsa Tu
gamocdilebas.
sizmris analizi
fsiqoanalitikosebs miaCniaT, rom sizmari
pacientis aracnobieri motivebis Sesaxeb infor-
maciis mniSvnelovan wyaros warmoadgens. ro-
desac adamians sZinavs, superego SedarebiT nak-
lebad akontrolebs ididan momdinare miuRebel
impulsebs, amitom motivebi, romelTa gamoxatvac
ver xerxdeba cxadSi, SeiZleba sizmris saxiT
gamovlindes. fsiqoanalizis mixedviT, sizmars
ori saxis Sinaarsi aqvs: manifesturi, anu xi-
luli Sinaarsi, romelic gaRviZebis Semdeg
axsovs adamians da latenturi, anu faruli
Sinaarsi _ realuri motivebi, romlebic gamov-
lenas cdiloben, Tumca, imdenad mtkivneuli
da miuRebelia, rom damaxinjebulad, simbo-
loebis saxiT gamoixateba. Terapevti am da-
faruli motivebis gamovlenas sizmris analiziT
cdilobs; es aris Terapiuli meTodi, romelic
gulisxmobs pirovnebis sizmris Sinaarsis gar-
Cevas da miznad isaxavs safuZvlad mdebare an
damaxinjebuli motivebis, mniSvnelovani cxov-
rebiseuli gamocdilebisa da survilebis simbo-
luri mniSvnelobebis gamovlenas.
Tavisufali asociacia (Free association) – Tera-
piuli meTodi, rodesac pacienti uwyvetad,
gaazrebis gareSe saubrobs sakuTar azrebze,
survilebze, fizikur SegrZnebebsa da war-
modgenebze.
kaTarzisi (Catharsis) – Zlieri, magram, rogorc
wesi, gandevnili emociebis gamoxatvis procesi.
winaaRmdegoba (Resistance) – fsiqoanalizis
msvlelobisas pacients ar surs, an ar SeuZlia
garkveul mosazrebebze, survilebsa Tu gamoc-
dilebaze saubari.
sizmrebis analizi (Dream analysis) – sizmrebis
fsiqoanalituri interpretacia, riTac xdeba
pacientis aracnobieri motivebisa da kon-
fliqtebis wvdoma.
gadatana da kontrgadatana
fsiqoanalituri Terapiis intensiuri kursis
dros pacients, rogorc wesi, Terapevtis mimarT
emociuri reaqcia uyalibdeba. xSirad xdeba
Terapevtis identificireba warsulSi gadata-
nili emociuri konfliqtis centralur figu-
rasTan _ umeteswilad, mSobelTan, an seqsualur
partniorTan. am emociur reaqcias gadatana, anu
transferi ewodeba. gavixsenoT nawyveti treisi
tomsonisa da misi Terapevtis, amandas urTier-
Tobis Sesaxeb _ is naTlad axdenda mis iden-
tificirebas dedasTan („dedaCemi amandam Caa-
nacvla...~). gadatanas ewodeba dadebiTi, rodesac
Terapevti siyvarulis, an aRtacebis obieqti
xdeba; gadatana aris uaryofiTi, rodesac igi
mtruli damokidebulebis, an Suris obieqtad
iqceva. xSirad xdeba, rom pacientis damoki-
debuleba ambivalenturia da dadebiTi da
uaryofiTi emociebis nazavs warmoadgens. gada-
tanasTan gamklaveba rTuli amocanaa analiti-
kosisTvis, Tundac, pacientis emociuri mowyvla-
dobis gamo. miuxedavad amisa, es aris mkur-
nalobis arsebiTi da mniSvnelovani nawili.
warsulis gamocdilebasa da damokidebulebebSi
realuri wyaros moZiebiTa da gacnobierebiT,
Terapevti pacients masze gadatanili grZnobebis
interpretirebaSi exmareba (Henry et al., 1994).
pacientze Terapevtis reaqciaSic CarTulia
piradi grZnobebi. kontrgadatana, anu kontr-
transferi Seexeba imas, Tu ra xdeba, rodesac
Terapevts moswons, an ar moswons pacienti,
radgan pacienti mis cxovrebaSi mniSvnelovani
figuris msgavsad aRiqmeba. kontrgadatanis
damuSavebisas Terapevti SeiZleba sakuTari
aracnobieri mamoZravebeli Zalebis gacnob-
ierebamde mivides. igi pacientis „cocxal sar-
ked~ iqceva, pacienti ki, Tavis mxriv, misTvis
iZens amave funqcias. Tu Terapevti ver axerxebs
kontrgadatanis efeqtis gacnobierebas, Terapia
SeiZleba warumatebeli gamodges (Winarick, 1997).
am saxis Terapiuli urTierTobis emociurad
datvirTulobisa da pacientis mowyvladobis
gamo, Terapevtma mkacrad unda daicvas zRvari,
romelic pacientze profesiul zrunvasa da
mis problemebSi pirad CarTulobas Soris
gadis. cxadia, rom Terapiulma situaciam iolad
SeiZleba daarRvios balansi, rac unda gaac-
nobieros da gaiTvaliswinos Terapevtma.
neofroidianuli Terapiebi
froidis mimdevrebma SeinarCunes misi mravali
ZiriTadi idea, Tumca, zogierTma principma da
praqtikulma meTodma modificieba ganicada.
zogadad, neofroidistebi, froidTan SedarebiT,
ufro met aqcents akeTeben: (1) pacientis awmyo
socialur garemoze (da naklebad fokusirdebian
warsulze); (2) cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebis
mimdinare gavlenaze (da ara mxolod bavSvobis
konfliqtebze); (3) socialuri motivaciis
rolsa da pirovnebaTSoris sasiyvarulo ur-
TierTobebze (da naklebad fokusirdebian bio-
logiur instinqtebsa da egoistur moTxov-
nilebebze); (4) egos funqcionirebis mniS-
vnelovnebaze da me-koncefciis ganviTarebaze
(da nakleb yuradRebas aqceven idsa da super-
egos Soris konfliqts).
me-14 TavSi vaxseneT ori cnobili neofro-
idisti _ karl gustav iungi da alfred adleri.
SedarebiT Tanamedrove fsiqodinamikur neo-
froidianul mosazrebebzec rom Segveqmnas war-
modgena, gavecnoT hari stek salivanis, melani
kleinisa da hainc kohutis Sromebs (froidis
wris sxva wevrebis Sesaxeb ix. Ruitenbeek, 1973).
hari stek salivans (Harry Stack Sullivan, 1953)
miaCnia, rom froidis Teoriasa da TerapiaSi ar
aris gaTvaliswinebuli socialuri urTier-
Tobebis roli da miRebis, pativiscemisa da
siyvarulis moTxovnilebebi. misi azriT, fsi-
qikuri aSlilobebi moicavs ara marto trav-
matul intrafsiqikur procesebs, aramed _ prob-
lemur interpersonalur urTierTobebsa da
Zlier socialur zewolasac ki. patara bavSvs
usafrTxoebis grZnoba da sxvebis mxridan zrunva
da siTbo esaWiroeba. SfoTva da sxva fsiqikuri
daavadebebi mSoblebTan da mniSvnelovan
fsiqodinamikuri Terapiebi
sxvebTan urTierTobebSi usafrTxoebis ararse-
bobidan momdinareobs. salivanis azriT, sakuTar
gadatana (Transference) – procesi, rodesac fsi-
qoanalizis msvlelobisas pacienti Terapevtze
mimarTavs im grZnobebs, romelic Tavdapirvelad
warsuli emociuri konfliqtis centralur,
mniSvnelovan figuraze miemarTeboda.
kontrgadatana (Countertransference) – situacia,
rodesac fsiqoanalitikoss pirovnuli grZno-
bebi uCndeba pacientis mimarT, radgan pacients
sakuTar cxovrebaSi arsebuli mniSvnelovani
adamianis msgavsad aRiqvams.
663
 fsiqologia Cvens saukuneSi
sdevs Tu ara gandevnili mogonebebi adamians
1969 wlis 22 seqtembers, Crdi-
loeT kaliforniaSi, rva wlis
suzan neisoni gauCinarda. amave
wlis dekemberSi ipoves misi
gvami. oci wlis manZilze aravin
icoda, vin mokla igi. 1989 wels
mxaris gamomZieblebs suzanis
megobari eilin franklin-lips-
keri daukavSirda. eilinma
uTxra maT, rom fsiqoTerapiis
daxmarebiT, man aRidgina didi
xnis win gandevnili, daviwyebu-
li saSineli mogonebebi imis
Sesaxeb, Tu ra SeemTxva suzans.
1990 wlis Semodgomaze eilinma
daadastura, rom oci wlis win
man sakuTari TvaliT naxa, rogor
gaaupatiura suzani misma mamam,
jorj franklinma da Semdeg
sikvdilamde rogor urtya qvis
keti (Marcus, 1980, Workman, 1990).
eilinma isic Tqva, rom mama mok-
vliT daemuqra, Tu vinmes uam-
bobda nanaxis Sesaxeb. es Cveneba
sakmarisi aRmoCnda imisaTvis,
rom jorj franklini damnaSa-
ved ecnoT damamZimebel viTare-
Tavi 16 / pirovnebis cvlilebebis Terapiebi
baSi Cadenil mkvlelobaSi.
Teoriulad Tu vimsjelebT,
rogor daifara mogonebebi 20
wlis manZilze? am kiTxvaze
pasuxi gandevnili mogonebebis
froidiseul koncefciaSi iRebs
saTaves. rogorc aRvniSneT,
froidi (1923) fiqrobda, rom
adamianis cxovrebiseuli gamoc-
dilebis zogierTi mogoneba sak-
maris safrTxes uqmnis mis
keTildReobas, amitom es mogo-
nebebi ganidevneba cnobierebidan.
klinikur fsiqologebs xSirad
SeuZliaT, rom daexmaron kli-
ents sakuTari cxovrebis ga-
kontrolebaSi. amisaTvis cxov-
rebis damangreveli paternebi
interpretirdeba, rogorc gan-
664
devnili mogonebebis Sedegi. Te-
mTeli cxovrebis manZilze
rapiis mniSvnelovan mizans am
gandevnil mogonebebiTan mimar-
TebaSi kaTarzisis miRweva war-
moadgens.
magram gandevnili mogonebebi
yovelTvis ar rCeba Terapevtis
kabinetSi. ukanaskneli wlebis
manZilze masmediaSi intensiurad
saubroben gandevnili mogonebebis
STambeWdavi gacnobierebis Sem-
Txvevebze. drois xangrZlivi
periodis gasvlis Semdeg indivi-
debi moulodnelad detalurad
ixseneben SemaZrwunebel movle-
nebs, rogoricaa mkvlelobebi, an
bavSobaSi gadatanili seqsua-
luri Zaladoba. SesaZlebelia,
rom es yvelaferi marTali iyos?
me-8 TavSi ganxiluli mowmeTa
mexsierebis kvleva skepticizmis
safuZvels iZleva (Loftus, 1993;
Loftus & Ketcham, 1994, Lynn & Payne,
1997). xsenebuli kvlevidan SegviZ-
lia gavixsenoT, rom adamianebi
WeSmarit mogonebebad miiCnevdnen
xelovnuri wyarodan miRebul
informacias. es maSinac xdeboda,
rodesac maT, rogorc mowmeebs,
afrTxilebdnen, rom isini Secdo-
maSi Seiyvanes. Sesabamisad, mogo-
nebis arseboba TavisTavad ar iZ-
leva misi wyaros ueWveli san-
doobis mtkicebis safuZvels.
faqtobrivad, ukanasknel wleb-
Si, popularul mediaSi gandev-
nili mogonebebis Sesaxeb xSiri
saubari SeiZleba Tavad iqces
„xelovnul wyarod~. televiziiT
nanaxi individis pirovnul mogo-
nebad SeiZleba iqces, Tu mas aRar
axsovs, rom es televizorSi naxa.
amrigad, gandevnili mogonebis
mediaSi mosmenilma daxasiaTebam
zogierTi individi igive mogone-
bebis „gaxsenebamde~ SeiZleba
miiyvanos. individma, praqtiku-
lad, dakarga mogonebis wyaro,
magram SeinarCuna Sinaarsi (John-
son et al., 1993). fsiqoTerapevtebma,
romelTac sjeraT gandevnili
mogonebebis, fsiqoTerapiis me-
qanizmebis saSualebiT, SeiZleba
isini Caunergon kidec pacients
( de Rivera, 2000; Sarbin, 1997) .
magaliTad, mkvlevrebma Seiswav-
les qalebi, romlebmac, saboloo
jamSi, uari Tqves sakuTar bral-
debebze da aRiares, rom aravis
gauupatiurebia bavSvobaSi. es
qalebi mixvdnen, rom maTi „mo-
gonebebi~ gaupatiurebis Sesaxeb
ararealuri iyo. es gamokvlevebi
adasturebs, rom Terapevtebi
xSirad ubiZgeben pacientebs aseTi
mogonebebis aRmoCenisken da
sityvier waxalisebas ar iSu-
reben, rodesac „mogoneba~ gamom-
zeurdeba (de Rivera, 1997). aseTi
SemTxvevebi afiqrebinebs klini-
cistebs, rom Seswavlil unda
iqnes Terapiis procesSi CarTuli
socialuri Zalebi, raTa gaar-
kvion, Tu rogor xorcieldeba
Terapevtis Teoria pacientis
realobaSi (Lynn et al., 1997).
gandevnili mogonebebis aR-
dgenis rwmenam SeiZleba mniS-
vnelovnad Seamsubuqos fsiqo-
analitikosTa pacientebis mdgo-
mareoba. faqtobrivad, aRdgenili
mogonebebis garkveuli nawili
adreuli travmatuli gamocdi-
lebis sando asaxvas warmoadgens
(Schooler & Eich, 2000; Williams, 1995).
miuxedavad amisa, Tu davinte-
resdebiT, SeuZlia Tu ara warsu-
lis gandevnil mogonebebs awmyo
diskomfortis axsna, darwmune-
bulni unda viyoT, rom pasiurad
ar viRebT Cveni cxovrebis viRa-
ciseul versias. jorj fran-
klinis sabednierod, eWvi Sei-
tanes misi qaliSvilis gandevnil
mogonebebSi, rac sakmarisi gaxda
verdiqtis uarsayofad.
me-ze warmodgenaTa sistema mowodebulia SfoT-
vis optimaluri donis SesanarCuneblad. es
sistema bavSvis pirovnebaTSorisi urTierTo-
bebis gamocdilebidan momdinareobs da orga-
nizebulia me-s cnebis irgvliv; masSi Sedis:
kargi-me (asocirebulia dedis siTbosTan), cudi-
me (asocirebulia dedis daZabulobidan, romel-
sac is bavSvTan urTierTobisas avlena), ara-me
(disociaciuri me, romelic miuRebelia da-
narCeni me-sTvis).
aseT interpersonalur Tvalsazrisze dafuZ-
nebuli Terapia moicavs Terapevtis ganwyo-
bebisadmi pacientis grZnobebze dakvirvebas.
Terapiuli interviu ganixileba, rogorc socia-
luri garemo, sadac orive mxaris grZnobebi da
ganwyobebi zemoqmedebs erTmaneTze. pacienti
frTxilad mihyavT iqamde, rom gamoTqvas sakuTari
varaudebi Terapevtis ganwyobebis Sesaxeb. garda
amisa, salivanisTvis Terapiuli situacia,
upirvelesad, iseTi situaciaa, sadac Terapevti
siyvaruliT swavlobs da aswavlis (Wallach &
Wallach, 1983).
melani kleini (1975) gaemijna froidis mosaz-
rebas oidiposis konfliqtis fsiqopaTologiis
ZiriTad wyarod aRiarebis Sesaxeb. vinaidan
froidi oidipuri periodidan (4-5 wlis asaki)
momdinare nevrotul simptomebze fokusirdeboda,
Terapiuli Carevis amocana am aracnobieri seq-
sualuri konfliqtebis interpretireba da saaS-
karaoze gamotana iyo. Tumca, zogierTi Terapevti
sirTuleebs awydeboda im pacientebTan muSao-
bisas, romelTa konfliqtebi verbaluri mexsie-
rebis ganviTarebamde gacilebiT adreuli pe-
riodidan iRebda saTaves, rac xSirad, Tavis
mxriv, gacilebiT mkveTrad gamoxatuli paTo-
logiis mizezi xdeboda. es pacientebi xSirad
itanjebodnen ararealurobis, sicarielis da
cxovrebis sazrisis dakargvis grZnobebiT. kleins
miaCnda, rom superegos primitiuli formebi
cxovrebis pirvelive TveebSi Cndeba. igi am-
tkicebda, rom oidiposis seqsualuri konfliqtis,
rogorc fsiqikis umniSvnelovanesi maorgani-
zebeli faqtoris, nacvlad sqesobrivi mikuT-
vnebulobis gacnobierebas win uswrebs sikvdilis
instinqti, rac Sinagani agresiuli impulsis
gaCenas iwvevs da romelic, aseve, mniSvnelovania
fsiqikis organizebisTvis. kleini, aseve, amtki-
cebda, rom fsiqikis ori fundamenturi maorgani-
zebeli Zalaa agresia da siyvaruli, agresia
anawevrebs da siyvaruli aerTianebs fsiqikas.
samyaros agresiuli danawevrebisas xdeba
arasasurvelis uaryofa da sasurvelis SenarCu-
neba; siyvaruli badebs erTianobasa da mTliano-
bas. kleinisTvis siyvaruli mxolod erotikuli
ltolvebis ganxorcieleba ki ar iyo, aramed _
WeSmariti sikeTe da namvdili zrunva sxvebze.
Tumca, es cnobieri siyvaruli dakavSirebulia
sinanulTan sayvarel adamianebze mimarTuli
savaraudo destruqciuli siZulvilisa da
potenciuri Zaladobis gamo. amrigad, kleinma
axsna „erT-erTi udidesi saidumlo, romelsac
awydeba yvela adamiani _ siyvaruli da siZul-
vili _ Cveni pirovnuli samoTxe da jojoxeTi
_ ganuyofelia erTmaneTisgan~ (Frager & Fadiman,
1998, gv. 135). kleinis mosazreba imis Sesaxeb, rom
samyaros Cveneuli gancdis „samSeneblo agurebs~
siyvarulisa da siZulvilis obieqtebTan _ Cveni
fsiqodinamikuri Terapiebi
cxovrebis mniSvnelovan adamianebTan _ urTier-
Toba qmnis _ fsiqoanalituri Teoriisa da praq-
tikis centralur mosazrebad iqca da obieqti-
urTierTobis Teoria (Object relation theory) ewoda.
kleinma, aseve, pirvelma gamoiyena agresiuli
obieqti-urTierTobis Teoria (Object relation
theory) – fsiqoanalitikuri Teoria, romelic
momdinareobs melani kleinis mosazrebidan imis
Sesaxeb, rom samyaros Cveneuli gancdis „sam-
Seneblo agurebs~ siyvarulisa da siZulvilis
obieqtebTan _ Cveni cxovrebis mniSvnelovan
adamianebTan _ urTierToba qmnis.
665
 da seqsualuri ltolvebis damarwmunebeli
interpretacia fsiqoanalizis pacientebTan.
fsiqodinamikuri Terapiebi, aniWeben ra sxva-
dasxva xarisxis mniSvnelobas froidis koncef-
ciebs, isev viTardeba. erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi
axali mimarTulebaa me-s (self) mimarT Tanamedrove
interesi; kerZod, interesis sagans Seadgens is,
Tu rogor xdeba individis me-koncefciis, anu
sakuTar Tavze warmodgenis Camoyalibeba, rogor
aRiqvams, rogor ganicdis mas mocemuli pirov-
neba da rogor xdeba, rom xandaxan is sxvaTa
mxridan Tavdasxmis obieqtad iqceva, romelsac
dacva sWirdeba. am mimarTulebis wamyvani
damcveli da fsiqoanalizSi obieqti-urTier-
Tobis skolis damaarsebelia hainc kohuti (1977;
Siegel, 1996). misi saavtoro Terapia fokusirdeba
imis garkvevaze, Tu rogor saWiroebs me-s
sxvadasxva aspeqtebi me-obieqtebs _ gulisxmier
adamianebs da mniSvnelovan sagnebs, rac nebismier
adamians sWirdeba optimaluri pirovnuli
funqcionirebis SesanarCuneblad. me-fsiqolo-
giis am formisTvis mniSvnelovania me-s gamoc-
dileba da, gansakuTrebiT, is gamocdileba, ro-
melic me-s fragmentacias iwvevs. Sesabamisad,
Terapevtis amocanaa, SeZlebisdagvarad Rrmad
Cawvdes sxvadasxva fsiqologiur mdgomareobas,
romelsac ganicdis klienti da, amasTan,
gaiTvaliswinos klientis gancdebis miseuli
(klientiseuli) xedva (Chicago Institute for Psycho-
analysis, 1992).
Cven ukve aRvniSneT, rom fsiqoanalitur Te-
Tavi 16 / pirovnebis cvlilebebis Terapiebi
rapias miznis misaRwevad xSirad drois xan-
grZlivi periodi sWirdeba. Tumca, xSirad ada-
mianebi iseTi aSlilobebiT itanjebian, rome-
lic gacilebiT swraf gankurnebas saWiroebs.
bihevioraluri Terapia, romelsac axla ganvi-
xilavT, simptomebisgan swafad gaTavisuflebis
SesaZleblobas iZleva.
Sejameba
fsiqodinamikuri Terapiebi zigmund froidis
aracnobieri konfliqtisa da gandevnis Teo-
riidan iReben saTaves. Terapevtebi pacientTan
kaTarzisis misaRwevad da fsiqikuri energiis
gamosaTavisufleblad sxvadasxva teqnikebs
iyeneben, maT Soris Tavisufal asociaciebs,
666 sizmrebis analizs da gadatanis interpretacias.
neofroidianeli Terapevtebi SedarebiT met
mniSnelobas aniWeben pacientis awmyo socialur
garemos, cxovrebiseuli movlenebis mimdinare
gavlenas, socialuri motivaciis rols, pirov-
nebaTSoris urTierTobebs da me-koncefciis
ganviTarebas.
bihevioraluri Terapia
Tu fsiqodinamikuri Terapiebi hipoTetur
Sinagan mizezebze fokusirdebian, bihevioralur
TerapiaTa yuradRebis sagans dakvirvebadi
garegani qceva warmoadgens. bihevioraluri ori-
entaciis Terapevtebi amtkiceben, rom paTo-
logiuri qcevebis SeZena iseve xdeba, rogorc
normaluris _ daswavlis procesiT, romelic
ganpirobebulobisa da daswavlis ZiriTadi ka-
nonebis mixedviT xorcieldeba. bihevioraluri
Terapevtebi iyeneben ganpirobebisa da ganmtki-
cebis principebs, fsiqikur aSlilobebTan aso-
cirebuli arasasruveli qcevis paternebis
modificirebis mizniT.
terminebi bihevioraluri (qceviTi) Terapia
da qcevis modifikacia xSirad sinonimebad
gamoiyeneba. oriveSi moiazreba daswavlis prin-
cipebis meToduri gamoyeneba sasurveli qcevis
sixSiris gazrdis, an arasasurveli qcevis six-
Siris Semcirebis mizniT. bihevioraluri Terapia
muSaobs devianturi qcevebisa da pirovnuli
problemebis farTo speqtrze, sadac Sedis
fobiebi, kompulsiebi (akviatebebi), depresia,
damRupveli miswrafebebi (magaliTad, alkoho-
lizmi, an narkotikebi), agresia da delikventuri
qcevebi. zogadad, bihevioraluri Terapia spe-
cifikur problemebTan ukeT muSaobs, vidre
zogadi xasiaTis pirovnul problemebTan: fobi-
is SemTxvevaSi is gacilebiT efeqturi iqneba,
vidre _ zogadi, usagno SfoTvisas.
Terapiebi warmoiqmna ganpirobebulobisa da
daswavlis Teoriidan, romelic pragmatuli,
qceviTi Terapia (Behavior therapy) – ixileT
qcevis modifikacia.
qcevis modifikacia (Behavior modification) – das-
wavlis principebis meToduri gamoyeneba sa-
surveli qcevis sixSiris gazrdis an arasa-
sruveli qcevis sixSiris Semcirebis mizniT.
empiriuli kvlevis tradiciebzea dafuZnebuli.
yvela cocxali organizmis umTavresi amocanaa,
daiswavlos aqtualur socialur da fizikur
garemos moTxovnebTan adaptaciis xerxebi. Tu
organizmma ver daiswavla problemebis efeqtu-
rad daZleva, misi araadapturi reaqciebis
koregireba SesaZlebelia daswavlis (an xelaxa-
li daswavlis) principebze dafuZnebuli Terapi-
iT. samizne qceva ar ganixileba raime safuZvlad
mdebare procesis simptomad. simptomi Tavad
aris problema. fsiqodinamikosi Terapevtebis
prognozis mixedviT, mxolod garegani qcevis
koregirebiT, realuri Sinagani problemis gamov-
lenis gareSe, mxolod simptomis Canacvlebamde
mivalT, anu Tavs iCens axali fizikuri Tu
fsiqologiuri problema. Tumca, gamokvlevebi
aCvenebs, rom bihevioraluri TerapiiT paTo-
logiuri qcevis aRkveTis Semdeg aRar xdeba
axali simptomebiT misi Canacvleba (Kazdin, 1982;
Wolpe, 1986). „piriqiT, samizne simptomebis gaqro-
bis Semdeg pacientebi xSirad aRniSnavdnen, rom
sxva, naklebad mniSvnelovani simptomebic gaqra~
(Sloane et al., 1975, gv. 219).
axla ganvixiloT bihevioraluri Terapiis
sxvadasxva formebi, romelTac Sveba moaqvT
daavadebuli adamianebisTvis.
kontrganpirobeba
ratom SfoTavs zogierTi adamiani iseT uw-
yinar gamRizianebelTan (anu stimulTan) Sex-
vedrisas, rogoricaa oboba, araSxamiani gveli,
an socialuri kontaqti? bihevioraluri axsna
aseTia: SfoTva warmoiqmneba ganpirobebis mar-
tivi principebis mixedviT, romelic me-7 da me-
15 TavSi ganvixileT. Zlieri emociuri reaqciebi,
romelic „yovelgvari mizezis gareSe~ angrevs
pirovnebis cxovrebas, xSirad ganpirobebulia
pirovnebis mier warsulSi SeumCnevlad daswav-
lili reaqciebiT. kontrganpirobebisas Zveli,
araadapturi reaqciis Canacvlebis mizniT, xdeba
axali reaqciis gamomuSaveba. bihevioraluri
Terapiis Sesaxeb pirvel CanawerebSi swored
aseT logikas vxvdebiT. meri qover jonsma (Mary
kontrganpirobeba (Counterconditioning) – Tera-
piuli teqnika, romliTac xdeba gamomuSavebuli
axali reaqciiT araadapturi reaqciis Canac-
vleba.
Cover Jones, 1924) aCvena, rom pirobiTi refleqsis
gamomuSavebiT, anu ganpirobebiT SesaZlebelia
SiSis gadaCveva4 (qvemoT mocemuli magaliTi
SevadaroT patara albertis magaliTs me-7
Tavidan).
misi pacienti 3 wlis biWuna iyo, saxe-
lad piteri, romelsac gaurkveveli mize-
ziT eSinoda kurdRlebis. Terapia moi-
cavda oTaxis erT mxares piteris gamok-
vebas, meore mxares ki kurdReli iyo mo-
Tavsebuli. mTeli rigi seansebis gan-
mavlobaSi kurdRels TandaTanobiT uax-
lovebdnen mas. sabolood, SiSi gaqra da
piteri Tavisuflad TamaSobda kurdRel-
Tan.
qover jonsis Semdeg bihevioristi Terapevtebi
kontrganpirobebis sxvadasxva teqnikebs _
sistematur desensitizacias, imploziur5 Tera-
pias, situaciaSi daZirvas6 da aversiul7 Terapias
_ iyeneben.
sistematuri desensitizacia da sxva
eqspoziciuri Terapiebi
nervuli sistema erTdroulad ver iqneba
modunebulic (anu relaqsirebuli) da agzne-
bulic, radgan SeuZlebelia urTierTsapiris-
piro procesebis erTdroulad aqtivireba. es
martivi debuleba centraluria reciprokuli
(urTierT) Sekavebis TeoriisTvis, romelic
samxreT afrikelma fsiqiatrma jozef volpem
SemogvTavaza (Joseph Wolpe, 1958, 1973). avtori mas
SiSebisa da fobiebis samkurnalod iyenebda.
volpe Tavis pacientebs kunTebis modunebas da
Semdeg maTTvis SiSis momgvreli situaciis
warmosaxvas aswavlida. isini amas TandaTanobiT,
anu gradualurad akeTebdnen _ Soreuli aso-
bihevioraluri Terapia
ciaciebidan SemaSinebeli obieqtebis uSualo
xatebamde. relaqsirebul mdgomareobaSi Sema-
Sinebel stimulTan gradualuri fsiqologiuri
4
unlearned – sityvasityviT SeiZleba iTargmnos, rogorc
„gamoswavla~ („отучить“). vinaidan aseTi sityva lite-
raturul qarTulSi ar arsebobs, amitom iTargmna, ro-
gorc „gadaCveva~ (mTargmnelis SeniSvna).
5
implosion – inglisuridan, „SigniT mimarTuli afeT-
qeba~, implozia.
6
flooding _ inglisuridan, „CaZirva~, „daZirva~, „siWarbe~.
7
aversion _ inglisuridan, „zizRi~, „zizRis obieqti~.
667

cxrili
16.1
testirebaze SfoTvis mqone studentis
mier Sedgenili SfoTvis gamomwvevi
stimulebis ierarqia
(SfoTvis mzardi TanmimdevrobiT)
1. erTi Tve gamocdamde;
2. ori kvira gamocdamde;
3. erTi kvira gamocdamde;
4. xuTi dRe gamocdamde;
5. oTxi dRe gamocdamde;
6. sami dRe gamocdamde;
7. ori dRe gamocdamde;
8. erTi dRe gamocdamde;
9. gamocdis wina Rame;
10. gadmobrunebulad awyvia sagamocdo testis
furclebi;
11. sagamocdo testebis darigebis molodini;
12. sagamocdo oTaxis daxurul karTan dgoma;
13. uSualod testirebis procesi - xvebze pasuxebis
gacema;
14. gamocdis dRes universitetSi misvlis procesi.
Sexvedra Terapiuli teqnikaa, romelic siste-
maturi desensitizaciis saxeliT aris cnobili.
desensitizaciuri Terapia sami ZiriTadi
etapisgan Sedgeba: (1) klienti axdens SfoTvis
gamomwvevi stimulebis identificirebas da
ierarqiulad alagebs maT _ yvelaze sustidan
yvelaze Zlieramde. magaliTad, cxrilSi 16.1
mocemuli ierarqia ekuTvnis students, romelSic
Tavi 16 / pirovnebis cvlilebebis Terapiebi
testireba Zlier SfoTvas iwvevs. yuradReba
miaqcieT, rom gamocdis uSualo molodini
(debuleba 14) man ufro stresulad miiCnia,
vidre Tavad gamocdaze gasvla (debuleba 13).
(2) klients aswavlian kunTebis TandaTanobiT
Rrmad modunebas. modunebis swavlebas, anu
relaqsaciis trenings ramdenime seansi sWirdeba,
romlis drosac klienti swavlobs daZabulo-
bisa da modunebulobis SegrZnebebis erTmaneTis-
gan garCevas da SfoTvis moxsnas fizikuri da
fsiqikuri modunebis misaRwevad. (3) bolos iwyeba
Tavad desensitizaciis procesi: relaqsirebuli
sistematuri desensitizacia (Systematic desensi-
tization) – bihevioraluri Terapiuli teqnika,
rodesac relaqsirebul mdgomareobaSi Sema-
Sinebel stimulTan SexvedriT klients as-
wavlian SfoTvis ganviTarebis Sewyvetas.
668
klienti cxadad warmoidgens SfoTvis gamomwvevi
stimulebis nusxidan yvelaze sust stimuls.
Tu mas amis gakeTeba diskomfortis gareSe SeuZ-
lia, gadadis Semdeg, SedarebiT Zlier stimulze.
garkveuli raodenobis seansebis Semdeg SesaZ-
lebeli xdeba stimulTa CamonaTvalSi pirvel
adgilze myofi (anu yvelaze metad damTrgunavi)
situaciis SfoTvis gareSe warmodgena. desensi-
tizaciis warmatebiT gamoyeneba SesaZlebelia
mTeli rigi problemebisas, romelic SeiZleba
adamians Seeqmnas, maT Soris iseTi generali-
zebuli SiSebis dros, rogoricaa scenis SiSi
da impotencia (Emmelkamp, 1990; Spiegler & Guevremont,
1998). mravali SefasebiTi kvleva aCvenebs, rom
am tipis bihevioraluri Terapia gansakuTrebiT
kargad muSaobs fobiebis mqone pacientebTan.
saidan
viciT
daZirvis Terapia sahaero buStebis
fobiis dros
bils, kolejis 21 wlis students, sa-
haero buStis gaskdomis xmis eSinoda.
amitom is Tavs aridebda iseT situaciebs,
sadac SeiZleboda gaegona buStis gas-
kdomis xma _ cekvis saRamoebs, wveulebebs
da sportul RonisZiebebs. bilma Tanxmoba
ganacxada fobiis dasaZlevad daZirvis
Terapiis gavlaze. Terapia Sedgeboda sami
Tanmimdevruli seansisgan _ bili Tera-
pevts xvdeboda yovel dRe, sami dRis
ganmavlobaSi. am periodSi aTasobiT buSti
gaskda. pirveli seansis dasawyisSi bilma
subieqturi diskomfortis maRali done
aCvena _ 100 qula (100-qulian skalaze,
sadac 0 aRniSnavda srul simSvides, 100 _
ukiduresad SeSinebuls). roca pirvelad
man subieqturi diskomforti mxolod 5
quliT gamoxata (imave 100-qulian skalaze),
ukanaskneli 115 buSti man Tavisi xeliT
gaxeTqa. daZirvis Terapiis Sedegad bili
aRar aridebda Tavs mxiarul, buStebiT
savse situaciebs (Houlihan et al., 1993).
 imploziuri Terapia sistematuri desensiti-
zaciisgan diametralurad gansxvavebuli
midgomaa. nabij-nabij, gradualuri winsvlis
nacvlad, usafrTxo garemoSi klients dasa-
wyisSive waredgineba yvelaze SemaSinebeli
stimuli (SfoTvis gamomwvevi stimulTa ierar-
qiuli CamonaTvalidan). Terapiuli situacia
isea mowyobili, rom is ver gaeqceva SemaSinebel
stimuls. Terapevti aRwers klientis SiSTan
dakavSirebul ukiduresad SemaSinebel situa-
cias, rogoricaa, magaliTad, mTel sxeulze
Semoxveuli gvelebi da aiZulebs klients, rom
man srulad warmoidginos, SeZlebisdagvarad
Zlierad ganicados es situacia. iTvleba, rom
aseTma warmosaxvam panikis afeTqeba unda gamoiw-
vios. vinaidan es afeTqeba Sinagania (individis
amasTan, praqtikuli gamocdilebis mixedviT,
SigniT xdeba), process implozias, anu SigniT
klientTa umravlesobasTan miRebuli Sedegi
mimarTul afeTqebas uwodeben; aqedan momdina-
mdgradia (Emmelkamp & Kuipers, 1979).
reobs saxelwodebac imploziuri Terapia.
sistematuri desensitizaciis, imploziuri
rodesac situacia mravaljer meordeba, stimuli
Terapiisa da daZirvis TerapiisTvis _ yvelas-
kargavs Zalas da veRar axerxebs SfoTvis
Tvis damaxasiaTebelia saerTo komponenti _
gamowvevas. rodesac SfoTva aRar warmoiqmneba,
eqspozicia, anu stimulis wardgena. warmosaxviT
qreba is araadapturi qcevac, romelic misTvis
iqneba, realuri kontaqtiT Tu uaxlesi meTodiT
Tavis asarideblad gamoiyeneboda. am proceduris
_ virtualurad (Rothbaum et al., 1995), klients
ZiriTadi idea isaa, rom klients ar eZleva
waredgineba is obieqti, an situacia, romelic
SfoTvis gamomwvevi situaciis uaryofis, misTvis
mas SiSs gvris. eqspoziciuri Terapia obsesiur-
Tavis aridebis Tu misgan ramenairad Tavis
kompulsuri aSlilobebis SemTxvevaSic gamoi-
daRwevis saSualeba. igi aRmoaCens, rom sti-
yeneba. magaliTad, qalbatoni, romelsac akvia-
mulTan kontaqti sulac ar iwvevs im uaryofiT
tebuli hqonda azri WuWyis Sesaxeb (anu xasiaT-
Sedegs, rasac moeloda (Stampfl & Levis, 1967).
deboda WuWyis obsesiiT), iZulebiT (anu kompul-
situaciaSi daZirva implozias hgavs, im gan-
surad) ibanda xelebs daskdomamde da dasis-
sxvavebiT, rom am dros klients, misi TanxmobiT,
xlianebamde. igi zogjer Tavis mokvlazec ki
realurad aTavseben SiSis momgvrel situaciaSi.
fiqrobda, imdenad gausaZlisi iyo aSliloba,
magaliTad, klaustrofobiis mqone pirovnebas
romelmac sruliad mowyvita normaluri cxov-
bnel sxvenze aTavseben, bavSvs, romelsac wylis
rebis ritms. bihevioristi Terapevtis meTval-
eSinia _ auzSi.
yurebis qveS es qalbatoni pirispir Seejaxa im
daZirvis Terapiis kidev erTi forma war-
obieqtebs, romelic yvelaze metad aSinebda _
mosaxviT iwyeba. am SemTxvevaSi klients SeuZlia
WuWysa da nagavs da TandaTanobiT xeliTac ki
bihevioraluri Terapia

mousminos Canawers, romelSic erTi an ori

saaTis ganmavlobaSi Zalze dawvrilebiT yvebian
fobiis Sesatyvisi ukiduresad SemaSinebeli
situaciis Sesaxeb. mas Semdeg, rac SeZrwuneba
da SiSi Cacxreba, klients aTavseben SiSis
momgvrel situaciaSi, romelic, cxadia, aRar
aris imdenad SemaZrwunebeli, ramdenadac Tavad
mis mier warmosaxuli situacia. daZirva
gacilebiT efeqturia, vidre sistematuri
desenzitizacia, rodesac saqme exeba zogierT
iseT qceviT problemas, rogoricaa agorafobia.
Seexo. man isic ki moaxerxa, rom xuTi dRis
imploziuri Terapia (Implosion therapy) – bihe-
vioraluri Terapiuli teqnika, romelic miznad
isaxavs stimulTan asocirebuli SfoTvis Sem-
cirebas, rac klientisTvis warmosaxviTi Sema-
Sinebeli stimulis wardgeniT xorcieldeba.
situaciaSi daZirva (Flooding) – fobiebisTvis
gankuTvnili Terapia, rodesac klients, misi
TanxmobiT, waredgineba misTvis maqsimalurad
SemaSinebeli stimuli.
669
 manZilze ar daibana xelebi da saxe. yuradReba
miaqcieT, rom am SemTxvevaSi bihevioralur Te-
rapias damatebiTi komponenti aqvs _ reaqciis
prevencia. klients ara marto warudgines SiSis
gamomwvevi stimuli (WuWyi da nagavi), aramed
man aRkveTa kidec kompulsuri qceva (xelebis
dabana), romelic, Cveulebisamebr, amcirebda
SfoTvas. am TerapiiT qalbatonma iswavla SfoT-
vis Semcireba kompulsuri qcevis ganxor-
cielebis gareSe.
aversiuli Terapia
zemoT aRwerili eqspoziciuri Terapiis for-
mebi klients uSualod realurad uwyinar
stimulTan gamklavebaSi exmareba. magram ra unda
movimoqmedoT maT dasaxmareblad, visac saziano
stimulebi izidavs? narkotikebze damoki-
debuleba, seqsualuri perversiebi da umarTavi
Zaladoba is problemebia, romelTa SemTxvevaSic
devianturi qcevis aRmZvrelad mimzidveli
stimuli gvevlineba. aversiuli Terapiisas iyene-
ben kontrganpirobebis procedurebs, raTa moxdes
mocemuli stimulis Sewyvileba mZlavr damazia-
nebel stimulTan, rogoricaa, magaliTad, eleq-
truli Soki an safaRaraTo abebi. amavdroulad,
igive uaryofiT reaqciebs iwvevs mimzidveli
stimuli. Sedegad pirovnebas uyalibdeba aver-
siuli reaqcia am mimzidveli stimulis mimarT
_ ezizReba is da am zizRiT Caanacvlebs sti-
mulis adrindel sasurvelobas. magaliTad, aver-
Tavi 16 / pirovnebis cvlilebebis Terapiebi
siuli Terapia gamoiyeneba iseT individebTan,
romlebic TviTdamazianebel qcevebs axorci-
eleben, rogoricaa Tavis mravaljeradi dartyma
an mirtyma sxva sagnebze. aseTi qcevis ganxor-
cielebis dros individs msubuq eleqtrul
dartymas ayeneben. es mkurnaloba efeqturad
amcirebs TviTdamazianebel qcevas zogierTi,
magram ara yvela, pacientis SemTxvevaSi (Duker
& Seys, 1996).
aversiuli Terapia (Aversion therapy) – qceviTi
Terapiis tipi, romelic gamoiyeneba saziano
stimulebisaken midrekilebis mqone adamianebis
samkurnalod.
pirobiTi ganmamtkiceblebis marTva (Contingency
menegement) – zogadi mkurnalobis strategia,
romelic gulisxmobs qcevis Secvlas Tanmim-
devruli cvlilebis saSualebiT.
670
ukiduresi formis aversiuli Terapia wamebas
gavs. sainteresoa, ratom eqvemdebarebian adamia-
nebi sakuTari nebiT am proceduras? Cveulebriv,
isini amas mxolod imitom akeTeben, rom rea-
lurad xedaven _ aseTi qcevis paternis droSi
gaxangrZlivebuli Sedegebi daangrevs maT jan-
mrTelobas, karieras, an ojaxur cxovrebas. garda
amisa, aseTi Terapiis gavlis mizezi institu-
ciuri zewolac SeiZleba gaxdes, rogorc xdeba,
magaliTad, patimrebisTvis gankuTvnil mkurna-
lobis zogierT programaSi. mravali kritikosis
azriT, aversiul TerapiaSi gamoyenebuli mtkiv-
neuli procedurebi: (1) zedmet Zalauflebas
aZlevs Terapevts; (2) damsjeli RonisZiebebi
ufroa, vidre _ Terapiuli; (3) ufro xSirad
gamoiyeneba iseT dawesebulebebSi, sadac adamia-
nebs TiTqmis ar aqvT arCevanis ufleba da
maTgan aravin iRebs proceduris Catarebis nebar-
Tvas. ukanasknel wlebSi, instituciur sareabi-
litacio programaSi CarTuli aversiuli Tera-
piis gamoyeneba eTikuri kodeqsiTa da Statis8
kanoniT regulirdeba. imedia, aseTi SezRudvebis
pirobebSi aversiuli Terapia Terapiuli ufro
iqneba, vidre _ iZulebiTi da Zaladobrivi.
pirobiTi ganmamtkiceblebis
marTva
kontrganpirobeba gamosadegia, rodesac SesaZ-
lebelia erTi reaqciis Canacvleba meore reaq-
ciiT. qcevis modifikaciis sxva meTodebi operan-
tuli ganpirobebis principebs efuZneba, rome-
lic b. f. skineris (B. F. Skinner) mier dawyebuli
kvlevebis tradiciebze Camoyalibda. pirobiTi
ganmamtkiceblebis marTva gulisxmobs mkurna-
lobis zogad strategias, romelic mimarTulia
qcevis Secvlaze misi Sedegebis modificirebis
gziT. bihevioralur TerapiaSi pirobiTi ganmam-
tkiceblebis marTvis ori ZiriTadi teqnika ar-
sebobs: dadebiTi ganmtkicebis strategia da
Caqrobis strategia.
dadebiTi ganmtkicebis strategia
rodesac reaqcias dauyovnebliv, uSualod
mohyveba waxaliseba, mosalodnelia, rom es
reaqcia ganmeordes da droTa ganmavlobaSi gax-
8
saubaria aSS-is Statebze (mTargmnelis SeniSvna).
Sirdes. operantuli daswavlis es ZiriTadi
analizi aCvenebda, rom maTi Sardi ar
principi Terapiul strategiad iqca, rodesac
Seicavda narkotikul nivTierebas. TiTo-
sasurveli qcevis sixSiris Sesacvlelad gamoi-
euli baraTis Rirebuleba 25 cents Sead-
yenes mas Semdeg, rac am qcevam arasasurveli
genda da mis sanacvlod sabiTumo saqonlis
qceva Caanacvla. qcevis problemebze muSaobisas
SeZena SeiZleboda. dasawyisSi Sardis
STambeWdavi Sedegi miiRes, rodesac dadebiTi
yoveli uaryofiTi analizis SemTxvevaSi
ganmtkicebis procedura gamoiyenes. SegiZliaT
monawileebs 10 baraTs aZlevdnen. mas
gaixsenoT me-7 TavSi ganxiluli ori magaliTi.
Semdeg, rac maTi Sardis analizi isev da
Cven aRvwereT, rogor gamoiyenes qcevis for-
isev uaryofiTi iyo, yovel Semdeg jerze
mireba autisti bavSvis cxovrebis gasaumjobe-
baraTebis raodenoba izrdeboda. mona-
seblad. pacienti sami wlis biWuna iyo, romel-
wileTaTvis baraTebi pirobiT ganmamtki-
sac saTvale unda etarebina. Terapevtma pirobiT
ceblad iqca, romelic narkotikis gareSe
ganmamtkiceblad xmauriani saTamaSo gamoiyena,
yofnasTan Seawyviles. danarCen 34 mona-
raTa is nel-nela, TandaTanobiT mieaxlovebina
wilesac aZlevdnen baraTebs, Tumca, maTi
saTvalemde. Cven, aseve, visaubreT Jetonebis
ganmamtkicebeli ar iyo Sewyvilebuli
ekonomikaze, rodesac winaswar aris gansazRvru-
narkotikis gareSe yofnasTan: „Seuwyvi-
li (magaliTad, sakuTari Tavis movla da medi-
lebelTa~ jgufis TiToeuli wevri mimag-
kamentebis miReba) sasurveli qceva da momsaxure
rebuli iyo „SewyvilebulTa~ jgufis ro-
personali samizne qcevis yoveli ganxorcie-
melime wevrze da orive erTnairi odeno-
lebisas individs Jetons aZlevs. es Jetonebi
biTa da erTdroulad iRebda ganmtkicebas
mogvianebiT SeiZleba mTel rig waxalisebebsa
(baraTebs). kvlevis aseTi sqemidan gamom-
da privilegiebze gaicvalos (Kazdin, 1994; Martin
dinare, SegviZlia darwmunebulni viyoT,
& Pear, 1999). waxalisebis aseTi sistemebi gansakuT-
rom baraTebis nebismieri efeqti Sewyvi-
rebiT efeqturia pacientis iseTi qcevebis
lebis Sedegi iyo da ara mxolod gan-
Sesacvlelad, rogoricaa sakuTari Tavis movla,
mtkicebis. faqtobrivad, pirobiTi gan-
wesrigisa da sisufTavis dacva saarsebo gare-
mamtkiceblisa (baraTebis) da sasurveli
moSi da xSiri dadebiTi socialuri urTierT-
qcevis (narkotikis gareSe yofna) Sewyvi-
qmedebebi.
leba mdgradi aRmoCnda: kvlevis dasas-
sxva midgomaSi Terapevti gamorCeulad
rulisTvis da kvlevidan erTi wlis Sem-
ganamtkicebs arasasurveli qcevis sapirispiro
degac „SewyvilebulTa~ jgufis wevrebi,
qcevas. am teqnikas warmatebiT iyeneben narko-
„SeuwyvilebelTa~ jgufis wevrebisgan gan-
tikebze damokidebuli adamianebis mkurnalo-
sxvavebiT, uwyveti warmatebiT axerxebdnen
bisas.
narkotikisgan Tavis Sesavebas (Higgins et
al., 2000).
saidan
viciT SeiZleba, SeamCnieT, rom aq igive principi
moqmedebs, rac arasasurveli reaqciis sasur-
bihevioraluri mkurnaloba
bihevioraluri Terapia

veliT Canacvlebisas (razec zemoT visaubreT):

narkotikebze damokidebulebisas
mkvlevrebma moZebnes 70 mamakaci da
qali, romelsac kokainze damokidebule-
bisgan gankurneba surda. TiToeulma mona-
wilem sakonsultacio seansebi gaiara, raTa
am damokidebulebis gadalaxvis stra-
tegiebsa da unar-Cvevebs gacnobodnen.
garda amisa, 36 monawiles aZlevdnen spe-
cialur baraTebs yovel jerze, rodesac
adapturi qcevis albaTobis gasazrdelad
daswavlis ZiriTadi principebi gamoiyeneba.
Caqrobis strategia
ratom agrZeleben adamianebi imis keTebas,
rasac tkivili da tanjva moaqvs maSin, roca
sxvagvarad moqcevis SesaZlebloba gaaCniaT?
pasuxi aseTia: qcevis mraval formas mravalri-
cxovani da sxvadasxvagvari Sedegi aqvs, zogierTi
671
 maTgani dadebiTia da zogic _ uaryofiTi.
xSirad SeumCneveli dadebiTi ganmamtkicebeli
axerxebs qcevis SenarCunebas, misi aSkarad
uaryofiTi Sedegebis miuxedavad. magaliTad,
bavSvma, romelsac sjian cudi saqcielisTvis,
SeiZleba ganagrZos cudad moqceva, Tu dasja
misTvis yuradRebis miqcevis erTaderTi formaa.
Caqrobis strategia TerapiaSi gamosadegia
maSin, rodesac disfunqciuri qcevebis Senar-
Cuneba gaurkveveli ganmamtkicebeli garemo-
ebebiT xdeba. am ganmamtkiceblebis gamovlena
situaciis zedmiwevniTi analiziT SeiZleba.
Semdeg ise xdeba programis Sedgena, rom ara-
sasurveli qcevis ganxorcielebisas SeuZlebeli
gaxdes maTi gamoCena. Tu SesaZlebelia am
midgomis gamoyeneba da Tu klientis garemocvaSi
myofi adamianebi, romlebic uneburad ganam-
tkiceben qcevas, TanamSromloben TerapevtTan,
Caqrobis procedura amcirebs qcevis sixSires
da droTa ganmavlobaSi, TandaTanobiT sruliad
gaaqrobs mas. ganvixiloT klasis magaliTi.
mkvlevrebma gaarkvies, rom dawyebiTi skolis
oTxi moswavlis araadaptur qcevaze ganmamtki-
ceblad moqmedebda TanaklaselTa yuradReba.
mkvlevrebma miaRwies, rom bavSvebi yuradRebas
iCendnen am oTxi moswavlis misaRebi qcevebi-
sadmi da uyuradRebod tovebdnen arasasurvel
qcevebs. amiT maT SeZles moswavleTa araadapturi
qcevis paternebis Caqroba (Broussard & Northup,
1997).
aramizanmimarTuli ganmtkicebiT Sizofre-
Tavi 16 / pirovnebis cvlilebebis Terapiebi
TavSi arian Caflulni da aranormalurad
iqcevian. faqtobrivad, gamodis, rom, rac ufro
ucnaur simptomebs da sityvier masalas miawvdian
pacientebi, miT met yuradRebas miiReben mom-
saxure personalisgan, rac, Tavis mxriv, ganam-
tkicebs ucnauri simptomebis ganmeorebiT gamo-
xatvas. klasikur gamokvlevaSi naCvenebi iqna
Sizofreniuli qcevis STambeWdavi Semcireba,
rodesac momsaxure personals mieca martivi
instruqcia _ moexdinaT qcevis ignorireba da
mxolod normalurad moqcevis SemTxvevaSi
mieqciaT pacientebisTvis yuradReba (Ayllon &
Michael, 1959).
socialuri daswavlis
Terapia
bihevioraluri Terapiebis diapazoni so-
cialuri daswavlis Teoretikosebma gaafar-
Toves, romlebic miuTiTebdnen, rom adamianebi
sxva adamianebis qcevaze dakvirvebiT swavloben.
axal situaciebSi qcevis wesebs xSirad iseTi
simboluri saSualebebiT vswavlobT da viye-
nebT, rogoricaa realur cxovrebaSi, filmebsa
Tu televiziiT sxva adamianebis gamocdilebaze
dakvirveba. socialuri daswavlis Terapia mowo-
debulia problemur qcevaTa paternebis modi-
ficirebisTvis iseTi pirobebis SeqmniT, sadac
klienti xedavs, Tu rogor waxalisdeba modeli

niuli qcevis SenarCuneba da waxalisebac ki

ganxorcielebuli sasurveli qcevisTvis. das-
SeiZleba. ganvixiloT aseTi situacia: mraval
wavlis aseTi gaSualebuli procesi gansakuT-
fsiqiatriul klinikaSi dadgenili wesia, rom
rebiT Rirebulia fobiebis daZlevisa da soci-
momsaxure personali xSirad ekiTxeba pacientebs:
aluri Cvevebis Camoyalibebisas. wina TavebSi
„rogor grZnobT Tavs?~ rac socialuri
aRvniSneT, rom socialuri daswavlis es Teoria,
komunikaciis erTgvari formaa. pacientebs
ZiriTadad, albert banduras (Albert Bandura)
xSirad arasworad esmiT es SekiTxva da hgoniaT,
naSromebSi damuSavda (1977, 1986). aq misi midgomis
rom amiT momsaxure personals diagnozisTvis
mxolod or aspeqtze SevCerdebiT: modelis
saWiro informaciis miReba surs. amitom sakuTar
mibaZvasa da socialuri unar-Cvevebis SemuSa-
azrebze, grZnobebze, ucnaur simptomebsa da
vebaze.
halucinaciebze iwyeben laparaks. aseT pasuxebs
sawinaaRmdego Sedegi moaqvs; momsaxure perso- modelis mibaZva
nali mihyavs daskvnamde, rom pacientebi sakuTar
socialuri daswavlis Teoriis mtkicebiT,
socialuri daswavlis Terapia (Social-learning individebi reaqciebs dakvirvebis meSveobiT
therapy) – mkurnalobis forma, rodesac klienti daiswavlian. aqedan gamomdinareobs, rom fobi-
uyurebs, Tu rogor iRebs modeli waxalisebas ebis mqone adamianebs unda SeeZloT, rom
sasurveli qcevis ganxorcielebisaTvis.
672 modelis qcevis mibaZviT gadaeCvion SiSis
 suraTi
16.1
monawilis modelirebis
Terapia
fotoze gamosaxuli cdis piri jer
models uyurebda, romelic TandaTa-
nobiT uaxlovdeboda gvels. Semdeg
Tavad gaimeora igive qceva. saboloo
jamSi, mas SeeZlo gvelis xlSi aReba
da sakuTar sxeulze misTvis moZra-
obis saSualebis micema. grafikze
asaxulia cdis piris mier ganxor-
cielebuli miaxlovebis qcevaTa ra-
odenoba monawileobis meSveobiT Te-
rapiamde (rac yvelaze efeqturi aR-
moCnda) da Semdeg; es qceva waredgina
danarCeni ori Terapiuli teqnikis
da sakontrolo jgufsac.

socialuri unar-Cvevebis SemuSaveba

reaqcias. magaliTad, gvelebis SiSis mkurnalo-
socialuri daswavlis TerapevtTa mier Semo-
bisas Terapevti jer aCvenebs klients, rom
tanil umTavres siaxles warmoadgens araadek-
SedarebiT usafrTxo garemoSi SesaZlebelia
vaturi socialuri Cvevebis mqone adamianebisTvis
gvelTan uSiSrad miaxloeba; es SeiZleba iyos
ufro efeqturad funqcionirebis swavleba.
galiasTan axlos misvla, an misTvis xelis
fsiqikuri aSlilobis mqone adamianebi mraval
Sexeba. amis Semdeg klients CvenebiTa da
sirTules awydebian; Cveulebriv, janmrTel ada-
waxalisebiT exmarebian, rom gaimeoros igive
mianebsac xSirad eqmnebaT problemebi yovel-
qceva. TandaTanobiT formirdeba miaxloebis
dRiur cxovrebaSi, Tu isini uxerxulad grZnoben
qceva. sabolood, klients SeuZlia, rom gveli
Tavs sxvebTan urTierTobisas, mouxerxeblebi
xelSi aiyvanos da mas sxeulze Tavisuflad
arian, an ar SeuZliaT sakuTari poziciebis
moZraobis saSualeba misces. klients aranairi
dacva. socialuri unar-Cvevebi, anu urTierTobis
qcevis ganxorcielebas ar aiZuleben. nebismier
unar-Cvevebi reaqciaTa erTobliobaa, romelic
momentSi warmoqmnili winaaRmdegobis daZleva
adamianebs socialuri miznebis efeqturad
miaxloebis qcevis wina, warmatebul, naklebad
miRwevis SesaZleblobas aZlevs, rodesac isini
SemaSinebel safexurze dabrunebiT xdeba.
mimarTaven sxvebs, an urTierTqmedeben sxvebTan.
ramdenad Zlierad moqmedebs monawileobis
am unar-CvevebSi Sedis imis codna, Tu (1) ra
meSveobiT modelireba, kargad Cans kvlevaSi,
(Sinaarsi) vTqvaT da movimoqmedoT mocemul
romelSic es teqnika simbolur modelirebas,
situaciaSi, raTa gamoviwvioT sasurveli reaqcia
desensitizaciasa da sakontrolo jgufis
socialuri daswavlis Terapia
(Sedegi); (2) rogor (stili) vTqvaT da moviqceT;
mdgomareobas Seadares. simboluri modelirebiT
(3) rodis (dro) vTqvaT da vimoqmedoT.
Terapiisas pacientebi, romelTac naswavli
urTierTobis unar-Cvevebis TvalsazrisiT, erT-
hqondaT relaqsacia, uyurebdnen films, sadac
erTi yvelaze gavrcelebuli problemaa sakuTar
ramdenime modeli uSiSrad epyroboda gvelebs.
TavSi daurwmunebloba _ sakuTari mosazrebebisa
Tu ekranze nanaxi maTSi SfoTvas iwvevda,
Tu survilebis gamoxatva da dacva pirdapir,
SeeZloT, nebismier dros gaeCerebinaT filmi
gasagebad da agresiis gareSe (Alberti &Emmons,
da modunebuliyvnen. sakontrolo jgufSi ar
1990; Bower & Bower, 1991). am problemis daZlevaSi
yofila Terapiuli Careva. rogorc 16.1 sura-
Tidan Cans, monawileobis meSveobiT modelireba modelireba monawileobis meSveobiT (Participant
aSkarad yvelaze warmatebuli iyo am teqnikebs modeling) – Terapiuli teqnika, rodesac Tera-
Soris. monawileobis meSveobiT modelirebis pevti uCvenebs sasurvel qcevas da klients
jgufis 12-dan 11 monawile ganikurna gvelebis mxardamWeri waxalisebiT exmareba modelis mier
SiSisgan (Bandura, 1970). ganxorcielebuli qcevis gameorebaSi.
673
 dasaxmareblad socialuri daswavlis mravali
Terapevti gvirCevs qcevis repeticias _ imis
TvalsaCinod warmoadgenas, Tu rogor unda mo-
viqceT mocemul situaciaSi da ra sasurveli
dadebiTi Sedegebi mohyveba Cven mier ganxorcie-
lebul qcevas (Yates, 1985).
mozrdilTa paTologiur qcevas xSirad win
uswrebs socialuri unar-Cvevebis nakleboba
bavSvobaSi (Oden & Asher, 1977). amitom mkvlevarTa
da TerapevtTa mniSvnelovani Zalisxmeva mimar-
Tulia Caketil da fsiqikuri problemebis mqone
bavSvebSi sakuTar TavSi darwmunebulobis
ganviTarebaze (Fantuzzo et al., 1996; Pfiffer & McBurnett,
1997). erT-erTma gamokvlevam aCvena, rom drois
xanmokle periodSi SesaZlebeli iyo urTier-
Tobis Cvevebis swavleba winasaskolo asakis
bavSvebisTvis, romelTac socialurad izoli-
rebulad Tvlidnen.
saidan
viciT
sxvasTan urTierTobisas sakuTar TavSi
darwmunebulobis daswavla
skolis 24 moswavle SemTxveviTad moxv-
da sam sxvadasxva situaciaSi: maT unda
eTamaSaT Tavisive asakis mewyvilesTan, 1-
1,5 wliT umcros mewyvilesTan da marto,
mewyviles gareSe (sakontrolo). erTi Tvis
manZilze wyvilebi saTamaSod aTjer Sek-
Tavi 16 / pirovnebis cvlilebebis Terapiebi
ribes da TiToeuli Sexvedra mxolog 20
wuTi grZeldeboda. iwereboda maTi qceva
saklaso oTaxSi eqsperimentamde da Semdeg.
aRmoCnda, rom zemoT aRwerilma Carevam
Zlieri gavlena moaxdina. umcros mewyvi-
lesTan TamaSis SesaZleblobam gaaormaga
da sxva bavSvebis saSualo maCvenebels
miuaxlova TanaklaselebTan urTierTobis
sixSire im bavSvebTan, romlebic Caketi-
lebad da arakontaqturebad iTvlebodnen.
qceviTi repeticia (Behaviotal rehearsal) – pro-
cedura, romelic mowodebulia ZiriTadi unar-
Cvevebis gamomuSavebisTvis da ganmtkicebisTvis;
rodesac CarTulia socialuri unar-Cvevebis
gavarjiSebis programaSi, igulisxmeba, rom kli-
enti gonebaSi imeorebs sasurveli qcevis Tan-
674
mimdevrobas.
TanatolTan TamaSis gamocdilebamac
gazarda bavSvebis sociabiluroba, magram
Zalze mcired. mkvlevrebma daaskvnes, rom
erTi-erTze, wyvilSi TamaSis situacia
morcxv bavSvebs SesaZleblobas aZlevs,
rom socialurad usafrTxod igrZnon Tavi
da sakuTar TavSi darwmunebulebi iyvnen
sxvasTan urTierTobisas. maT SeeZloT
xelmZRvanelis rolSic gamoecadaT Tavi
mewyvilis umcrosi asakidan gamomdinare,
usafrTxo situaciaSi TamaSisas (Furman et
al., 1979).
sxva gamokvlevaSi emociuri problemebis
mqone hospitalizirebul bavSvebs, socialuri
unar-Cvevebis gavarjiSebis Sedegad, gauumjo-
besdaT socialur situaciebSi qcevis verba-
luri da araverbaluri komponenti (Matson et al.,
1980). bavSvebs sxvadasxvagvar socialur situa-
ciebSi saTanado sityvieri pasuxebis gacema
(daxmarebis gaweva, an komplimentis Tqma, Txov-
niT mimarTva) aswavles. maT, aseve, aswavles
saTanado emociebis demonstrireba (magaliTad,
gaRimeba Seqebisas), saubrisas sworad moqceva
(mosaubrisken saxiT mibruneba) da Tvalebis
kontaqtis damyareba (mosaubrisTvis TvalebSi
yureba). es gaumjobesebuli socialuri unar-
Cvevebi gavrcelda (anu generalizirda) im
situaciebzec, romelic ar Sedioda saswavlo
programaSi: bavSvebi gamomuSavebul unar-Cvevebs
palatebSic iyenebdnen. es dadebiTi Sedegi
Tveebis manZilze SenarCunda.
generalizaciis teqnikebi
biheviorist Terapevtebs yovelTvis ain-
teresebT Semdegi sakiTxi: ramdenad ganaxor-
cieleben maTi klientebi Terapiul garemoSi
daswavlil qcevebs yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi
(Kazdin, 1994). es sakiTxi yvela TerapevtisTvis
mniSvnelovania, radgan mkurnalobis efeqturo-
bis nebismieri sazomi grZelvadian cvlilebebs
unda moicavdes, romelic mas Semdegac Senar-
Cundeba, rac klienti datovebs Terapevtis taxts,
klinikasa Tu laboratorias.
rodesac Terapiul programaSi ar aris gaT-
valiswinebuli klientis realuri cxovrebis
mniSvnelovani mxareebi, Terapiis procesSi
 cxrili
16.2
fsiqoTerapiisadmi fsiqoanalitikuri da bihevoraluri midgomebis Sedareba
sagani fsiqoanalizi bihevioraluri Terapia

biologiuri instinqtebi, pirvel rigSi, sxva cxovelebis msgavsad, adamianebi mxolod

adamianis sawyisi
seqsualuri da agresiuli, romelTac dauyov- swavlis SesaZleblobiT ibadebian; daswavlis pro-
buneba
neblivi gamonTavisufleba esaWiroebaT da cesi igive principebs emorCileba adamianTan, ro-
aiZuleben adamians, rom daupirispirdes socia- melsac yvela sxva saxeobis SemTxvevaSi.
lur realobas.
normaluri
ganviTareba xdeba Tanmimdevrul stadiebze adapturi qcevebi daiswavleba ganmtkicebiTa da
adamianuri
konfliqtebis gadawyvetis Sedegad. identi- mibaZviT.
ganviTareba
fikaciisa da internalizaciis gziT yalibdeba
egos mxridan zrdasrulisTvis damaxasiaTebeli
marTvis meqnizmebi da xasiaTis struqturebi.
fsiqopaTologiis
paTologiaSi aisaxeba konfliqtis araadekva- problemuri qceva momdinareobs araadapturi qce-
buneba
turi gadawyveta da ganviTarebis adreul vebis arasworad daswavlidan. simptomi aris prob-
stadiebze fiqsacia, amis Sedegia Zalian Zlieri lema da ar arsebobs aranairi safuZvlad mdebare
impulsebi da/an maTi Sesustebuli kontroli. daavadeba.
fsiqoseqsualuri mowifulobis miRweva, egos aRikveTeba simptomaturi qceva da Canacvldeba
Terapiis mizani
funqciebis gaZliereba da aracnobieri da adapturi qcevebiT.
gandevnili impulsebis mxridan kontrolis
Sesusteba.
gamocdilebaSi arsebuli motivebi, grZnobebi, Terapia mimarTulia qcevaze da dakvirvebad grZno-
gamokveTili fsiqo-
fantaziebi da kogniciebi. bebsa da moqmedebebze.
logiuri sfero
wasrulis konfliqtebisa da gandevnili grZno- ainteresebT mxolod klientis qcevis ganmtkicebis
drois aspeqti
bebis cnobierebaSi amotanaze, garCevasa da istoria. ikvleven da mkurnaloben awmyoSi realurad
gaazrebaze orientacia. arsebul qcevas.
es aris fsiqoanalizis centraluri sakiTxi, ar ainteresebT aracnobieri procesebi da cnobieri
aracnobieri
romelsac neofroidianebeli SedarebiT nakleb subieqturi gamocdileba.
masalis roli
mniSvnelobas aniWeben.
insaits centraluri adgili ukavia; Cndeba mako- insaiti zedmetia da/an ar aris saWiro.
insaitis roli
regirebel emociur gamocdilebaSi.
Terapevti moqmedebs, rogorc gamomZiebeli: Terapevti moqmedebs, rogorc treneri: exmareba
Terapevtis roli
eZebs pirvelad, sawyisi konfliqtebisa da wi- klients Zveli qcevisgan gadaCvevasa da/an axali
naaRmdegobis warmoqmnis mizezebs; gamijnuli qcevis daswavlaSi. mniSvnelovania ganmamtkiceblebis
da neitraluri, xels uwyobs gadatanis reaqciis marTva; naklebi mniSvneloba eniWeba pirovnebaTSoris
ganviTarebas. urTierTobas.

qcevaSi miRweuli cvlilebebi droTa ganmav-
lobaSi, Terapiis dasrulebis Semdeg SeiZleba
daikargos. am TandaTanobiTi danakargis Tavidan
asacileblad miRebuli praqtikaa generalizaciis
teqnikebis SemuSaveba da maTi Terapiul pro-
cedurebSi CarTva. es teqnikebi mowodebulia,
raTa maqsimalurad miuaxlovon erTmaneTs Tera-
piuli garemosa da realuri cxovrebis samizne
qceva, ganmamtkiceblebi, modelebi da stimulis
moTxovnebi. magaliTad, klientebs aswavlian
qcevebs, romelic mis Cveul garemoSic gan-
mtkicdeba, iqneba es Tavazianobis gamoCena Tu
windaxeduleba. waxaliseba eZlevaT parcialuri
(nawilobrivi) ganmtkicebis ganrigiT, raTa miRe-
buli Sedegi realur situaciebSic SenarCundes,
sadac ganmtkiceba yovelTvis ar mosdevs qcevas.
TandaTanobiT amcireben sagrZnobi garegani
gamtkicebis molodins da, amasTan, aCveven soci-
alur miRebasa da SedarebiT bunebriv Sedegebs,
maT Soris sakuTari Tavisadmi wamaxalisebel
gamonaTqvamebs.
magaliTad, bihevioristma Terapevtebma Tan-
daTanobiTi Semcirebis meTodi 7 wlis biWu-
nasTan muSaobisas gamoiyenebs, romelic xSirad
paravda nivTebs Tanaklaselebs (Rosen & Rosen,
1983). biWs sjidnen, Tu Semowmebis Sedegad masTan
socialuri daswavlis Terapia
sxva bavSvebis nivTebs poulobdnen, an „qulebiT~
ajildovebdnen (romelTa gadacvlac SesaZle-
beli iyo iseT sasiamovno ganmamtkiceblebze,
rogoricaa damatebiTi dasveneba), Tu mas aseTi
nivTebi ar hqonda. dasawyisSi 15 wuTSi erTxel
amowmebdnen. droTa ganmavlobaSi SemowmebaTa
ricxvi TandaTanobiT Seamcires da biWis Semow-
mebebs Soris intervali 2 saaTamde gazardes,
sabolood ki, sruliad Sewyvites. mas Semdegac
ki, rac sruliad Sewyvites ganmamtkiceblebiT
uSualo manipulacia, biWs aRaraferi mouparavs.
kognituri Terapiebis ganxilvamde, erTi
wuTiT SexedeT cxrils 16.2, dafiqrdiT da 675
 gaiazreT, ra arsebiTi gansxvavebaa Cven mier
ganxilul or fsiqoTerapiul mimdinareobas _
fsiqoanalitursa da bihevioralurs _ Soris.
Sejameba
adapturi qcevis sixSiris gasazrdelad da
araadapturi qcevis sixSiris Sesamcireblad
bihevioraluri Terapia daswavlis principebs
iyenebs. kontrganpirobebis meTodebSi Sedis
sistematuri desensitizacia, implozia da daZ-
irva. TiToeuli Terapiuli meTodis arsebiTi
nawilia eqspozicia, anu stimulis wardgena.
aversiuli Terapiisas xdeba aversiuli sti-
mulisa da arasasurveli qcevis Sewyvileba.
pirobiTi ganmamtkiceblebis marTvisas, samizne
qcevis gasaZliereblad, an Sesasusteblad,
dadebiTi ganmtkiceba da Caqrobis strategia
gamoiyeneba. socialuri daswavlis Terapiis
gamoyenebis erT-erTi mimarTulebaa fobiebis
moxsna; individebs SiSis daZleva modelis
mibaZviT SeuZliaT. Terapevtebi socialuri
daswavlis teqnikebs socialuri unar-Cvevebis
SemuSavebis mizniTac iyeneben.
kognituri Terapiebi
kognituri TerapiiT cdiloben problemuri
Tavi 16 / pirovnebis cvlilebebis Terapiebi
grZnobebisa da qcevebis Secvlas, mniSvnelovani
cxovrebiseuli movlenebisadmi klientis damo-
kidebulebis SecvliT. es Terapia efuZneba Semdeg
daSvebas: paTologiuri qcevis paternebi da
emociuri distresi momdinareobs problemebidan,
romelic exeba imas, Tu ras (kognituri Sinaarsi)
kognituri Terapia (Cognitive therapy) – fsiqoTe-
rapiuli mkurnalobis forma, romliTac cdi-
loben problemuri grZnobebisa da qcevebis
Secvlas, mniSvnelovani cxovrebiseuli mov-
lenebisadmi klientis damokidebulebis Sec-
vliT.
kognitur-bihevioraluri modifikacia (Cognitive
behavior modification) _ Terapiuli midgoma, ro-
melic aerTianebs motivaciasa da qcevaze az-
rebisa da ganwyobebis gavlenis kognitur aq-
cents da, meore mxriv, qcevis modifikaciisas
pirobiTi ganmtkicebis bihevioralur aqcents.
676
fiqroben da rogor (kognituri procesi) fiq-
roben adamianebi. kognituri Terapia sxvadasxva-
gvari SemecnebiTi procesebis cvlilebebsa da
kognituri gadastruqturebis sxvadasxva meTo-
debis swavlebaze fokusirdeba. am midgomis
zogierTi nairsaxeoba me-13 TavSi ganvixileT,
rogorc stresTan gamklavebisa da janmrTelobis
gaumjobesebis saSualebebi. am qveTavSi aRvwerT
kognituri Terapiis or ZiriTad formas: kogni-
tur bihevioralur modifikacias (sakuTari Tavis
rwmenis, anu TviTefeqturobis gamomuSavebis
CaTvliT) da mcdari warmodgenebis sistemebis
Secvlas (depresiis kognituri Terapiisa da
racionalur-emociuri Terapiis CaTvliT). Y
kognitur-bihevioraluri
modifikacia
Cven is varT, rasac STavagonebT sakuTar
Tavs, rom unda viyoT da vakeTebT imas, rac
gvgonia, rom unda vakeToT. es aris kongitur-
bihevioraluri midifikaciis sawyisi piroba.
am Terapiul midgomaSi gaerTianebulia, erTi
mxriv, motivaciasa da qcevaze azrebisa da gan-
wyobebis gavlenis kognituri aqcenti da, meore
mxriv, qcevis modifikaciisas pirobiTi gan-
mtkicebis bihevioraluri aqcenti. arasasurveli,
miuRebeli qcevis paternebi modificirdeba
kognituri gadastruqturebis gziT _ sakuTar
Tavze uaryofiTi gamonaTqvamebis SecvliT
konstruqciuli, qmediTi gamonaTqvamebiT.
mocemuli Terapiuli midgomis kritikuli
nawilia fsiqoTerapevtisa da klientis mier
imis garkveva, Tu ras fiqrobs klienti da rogor
gamoxatavs problemas, romelic unda mogvardes
Terapiis procesSi. mas Semdeg, rac Terapevti
da klienti gaarkveven, Tu ra saxis azrebi
ubiZgeben klients araproduqtuli, an disfun-
qciuri qcevisken, isini axali, konstruqciuli
debulebebis SemuSavebas da TviTpativiscemis
Semamcirebeli, an SfoTvis gamomwvevi TviT-
ganmkicxavi debulebebis Semcirebas iwyeben
(Meichenbaum, 1977, 1985, 1993). magaliTad, negatiuri
debuleba „saSinlad mosawyeni viyavi wveule-
baze, aRarasodes dampatiJeben~, Canacvldeba
konstruqciuli kritikiT: „Tu minda, rom sain-
teresod gamoviyurebode, momavalSi raime damain-
trigebeli frazebi unda movifiqro saubris
dasawyebad, gaviwafo kargi anekdotis moyolaSi

da cocxlad gamovexmauro maspinZlis monaTx-
robs~. ganvlili situaciebis uaryofiTi momen-
tebis Zebnis nacvlad, romelTac veRar Secvlis,
klients momavali movlenebis dadebiT aspeq-
tebze fokusirebas aswavlian.
kognitur-bihevioraluri modifikacia klien-
ts qcevis warmatebulobaze ganawyobs. Terapev-
tebma ician, rom am molodinebis Seqmna zrdis
adamianebis mxridan efeqturad moqcevis alba-
Tobas. miRwevadi miznebis dasaxvis, maT misaRwe-
vad realisturi strategiebis SemuSavebis da
Sedegebis realisturad Sefasebis gziT viTar-
deba gawafulobis SegrZneba da sakuTari Tavis
rwmena, anu TviTefeqturoba (Bandura, 1992, 1997).
rogorc me-14 TavSi vnaxeT, TviTefeqturoba
mravalmxriv moqmedebs aRqmaze, motivaciasa da
qcevaze. sakuTari Tavis rwmenis Sefaseba
gavlenas axdens imaze, Tu ra Zalisxmevas gaiRebT
da ramdenad didxans SeewinaaRmdegebiT war-
moqmnil cxovrebiseul siZneleebs (Schwarzer,
1992). qcevis modelirebis zemoT aRwerili
procedura individebs saSualebas aZlevs, rom
gaiZlieron sakuTar qcevaSi darwmunebulobis
gancda, anu bihevioraluri TviTefeqturoba:
isini daiswavlian, rom xelewifebaT garkveuli
saxis qcevebis ganxorcieleba. amis sapirispirod,
sakuTar azrebsa da warmodgenebSi darwmu-
nebulobis, anu kognituri TviTefeqturobis
gamuSavebaze mimarTuli Terapia cvlis klientis
mosazrebebs sakuTari SesaZleblobebis Sesaxeb.
magaliTad, erT gamokvlevaSi im studentebma,
romelTac sjerodaT, rom amocana, romelic
maTgan gadawyvetilebis miRebas iTxovda, gaaum-
jobesebda maT SesaZleblobebs, gacilebiT ukeT
warmoaCines sakuTari Tavi, vidre maT, visac
miaCnda, rom es amocana mxolod ukve arsebuli
SesaZleblobebis Sefasebis saSualeba iyo (Wood
& Bandura, 1989). am kvlevaSi iseTi azrebi, rogo-
ricaa „me SemiZlia viswavlo amis ukeTesad
gakeTeba~, realurad exmareboda studentebs
amocanis ukeT SesrulebaSi.
mcdari warmodgenebis Secvla
zogierTi kognitur, bihevioraluri Tera-
pevti, pirvel rigSi, rwmenebis, ganwyobebisa
da azrTa Cveuli paternebis Secvlazea mimar-
Tuli. isini amtkiceben, rom mravali fsiqolo-
giuri problema sxva adamianebTan da movleneb-
Tan mimarTebaSi sakuTari Tavisadmi araadekva-
turi damokidebulebidan momdinareobs. mcdar
azrTa nakadi SeiZleba efuZnebodes; (1) usafuZ-
vlo, arakeTilgonier ganwyobebs („idealurad
swavla studentis umniSvnelovani Tvisebaa~);
(2) mcdar winapirobebs („Tu yvelafers gavakeTeb,
rasac momTxoven, popularuli gavxdebi~) da (3)
xist wesebs, romelTac qceva avtomatur reJimSi
gadahyavT ise, rom qcevis ukve arsebuli pater-
nebi maSinac ki meordeba, roca realurad ukve
usargebloa („unda davemorCilo xelmZRvane-
lobas~). emociur distress, anu sulier tanjvas
araswori warmodgenebi da arsebuli realobisa
da sakuTari warmosaxvebis (an molodinebis)
erTmaneTisgan gamijvnis unaris arqona badebs.
depresiis kognituri Terapia
kognitivisti fsiqoTerapevti pacients ex-
mareba, rom azrovnebis damaxinjebuli, araswori
paternebi problemebis gadawyvetis ufro efeq-
turi meTodebiT Caanacvlos. aaron bekma (Aaron
Beck, 1976) warmatebiT gamoscada da moargo kog-
nituri Terapia depresiis mkurnalobas. mkurna-
lobis formula man martivad Camoayaliba: „Tera-
kognituri Terapiebi
pevti exmareba pacients damaxinjebuli, mcdari
azrebis gamovlenasa da miRebuli gamocdilebis
formulirebis ufro realisturi gzebis aTvi-
sebaSi~ (gv. 20). magaliTad, depresiul individebs
SeiZleba sTxovon, rom daweron is uaryofiTi
azrebi, romlebic sakuTari Tavis mimarT uCnde-
baT; gaarkvion da gaiazron, ratom aris es
TviTkritikuli gamonaTqvamebi usafuZvlo da
SeimuSavon SedarebiT realisturi (da naklebad
damangreveli) warmodgenebi sakuTar Tavze. 677
 bekis azriT, depresia imitom xangrZlivdeba
droSi, rom adamianebma araferi ician im uar-
yofiTi avtomaturi azrebis Sesaxeb, romlebic,
Cveulebriv, maTgan damoukideblad warmoiqneba;
avtomaturi azrebis magaliTebia: „verasodes
viqnebi iseTive kargi, rogoric Cemi Zmaa~, „rom
gaigon simandvileSi rogori var, aravis veyva-
rebi~, „arc ise Wkviani var, rom rames mivaRwio
skolaSi, sadac aseTi gacxarebuli brZolaa
pirvelobisTvis~. Terapevti oTx taqtikur svlas
axorcielebs, romelic mowodebulia depresiis
kognituri safuZvlis Sesacvlelad (Beck & Rush,
1989; Beck et al., 1979):
eWvqveS ayenebs klientis sayrden daSvebebs
sakuTari moqmedebebis Sesaxeb;
afasebs klientis xelT arsebul mtki-
cebulebebs, romlebic adastureben, an uaryofen
avtomaturi azrebis sizustes;
gadaaqvs braleuloba situaciur faqto-
rebze da ar miawers mas klientis mouxerxeb-
lobas an arakompetenturobas;
ganixilavs im rTuli amocanebis gada-
wyvetis alternatiul gzebs, romelTa uSedegod
gadawyveta SeiZleboda uaryofiT gamocdilebad
qceuliyo klientisTvis.
bihevioraluri Terapiebis msgavsad, am Tera-
piaSic centraluri adgili ukavia klientis
mimdinare mdgomareobas.
depresiul mdgomareobaSi yofnis erT-erTi
Tavi 16 / pirovnebis cvlilebebis Terapiebi
uaresi Tanmxlebi movlenaa misTvis damaxasia-
Tebeli uaryofiTi grZnobebiT cxovrebis auci-
lebloba da apaTiuroba. sakuTari uaryofiTi
guneba-ganwyobilebis Sesaxeb akviatebuli azrebi
mexsierebaSi acocxlebs yvelafers, rac ki
odesme cudi momxdara cxovrebaSi, rac, Tavis
mxriv, kidev ufro amwvavebs daTrgunulobis
gancdas. depresiuli adamianebi samyaros dep-
resiis Savi saTvaliT uyureben _ kritikas xe-
daven iq, sadac ar aris; Seqebas sarkazmad aRiq-
vamen, rac kidev erTi „mizezia~ imisTvis, rom
racionalur-emociuri Terapia (reT) (Rational-
emotive therapy – RET) – pirovnebis Secvlis yov-
lismomcveli sistema, romelic im iracio-
naluri azrebis transformacias efuZneba,
romelic iwvevs arasasurvel, Zlieri emociuri
muxtis mqone iseT reaqciebs, rogoricaa Zlieri
678 SfoTva.
depresiulebi iyvnen. kognituri Terapiebi aCere-
ben depresiis am daRmaval spirals imiT, rom
exmarebian klients, ufro metad ar CaiZiros
depresiaSi Tavad depresiis gamo (Teasdale, 1985).
kognituri Terapiebis daxvewis mizniT, mkvlev-
rebi agrZeleben depresiis gancdaSi siRrmise-
uli azrobrivi wvdomis (insaitis) gamoyenebas
(Jacobson et al., 1996; Teasdale et al., 1995). magaliTad,
erT-erTi gamokvleviT dasabuTda, rom Terapia
yvelaze efeqturia maSin, rodesac misi maxasia-
Teblebi miesadageba klientis mosazrebebs
sakuTari depresiulobis mizezebis Sesaxeb (Addis
& Jacobson, 1996). am codnis gaTvaliswinebiT, kli-
nicistebs yoveli individualuri klientisTvis
saTanado mkurnalobis misadageba SeuZliaT.
racionalur-emociuri Terapia
kognituri Terapiis erT-erTi adreuli for-
maa racionalur-emociuri Terapia (reT), rome-
lic albert eliss (Albert Ellis, 1962, 1995; Windy &
Ellis, 1997) ekuTvnis. racionalur-emociuri Terapia
pirovnebis Secvlis yovlismomcveli sistemaa,
romelic im iracionaluri azrebis transfor-
macias efuZneba, romelic arasasurvel, Zlieri
emociuri muxtis mqone iseT reaqciebs iwvevs,
rogoricaa Zlieri SfoTva. klientebs SeiZleba
hqondeT gamyarebuli ZiriTadi faseulobebi,
romlebic moiTxoven, rom iyvnen warmatebulni
da aRiarebulni; amtkiceben, rom maT samar-
Tlianad unda moeqcnen da karnaxoben maT, rom
irgvliv yvelaferi ufro sasiamovno unda iyos.
racionalur-emociuri TerapiiT momuSave
praqtikosi aswavlis klients, Tu rogor unda
gadaastruqturos yvela „saWiroa~, „valdebuli
xar~ da „ase unda iyos~, romelic mis qcevas
akontrolebs da ar aZlevs sakuTari survili-
samebr cxovrebis saSualebas. Terapevtis
amocanaa, daanaxos klients, rom emociuri reaq-
cia, romelic Tan sdevs nebismier movlenas,
sinamdvileSi am movlenis Sesaxeb klientisTvis
ucnobi warmodgenebis arsebobis Sedegia. amiT
Terapevti klientis Caketil cnobierebaSi
SeWras cdilobs. magaliTad, sqesobrivi aqtis
dros orgazmis ararseboba (movlena) iwvevs
daTrgunulobisa da TviTgakicxvis emociur
reaqcias. emociuri reaqciis gamomwvevi warmod-
genebi daaxloebiT aseTia: „ar vvargivar seq-
sualuri cxovrebisTvis, albaT, impotenti var,
radgan ise ver moviqeci, rogorc unda mov-
qceuliyavi~. Terapiis dros es (da sxva) warmod-
genebi Riad ganixileba racionaluri konfron-
taciiTa da momxdari movlenis iseTi sxva
mizezebis garCeviT, rogoricaa: gadaRla, alko-
holis zemoqmedeba, mcdari warmodgenebi sqesob-
rivi aqtis msvlelobaze, anda mocemul dros,
an am konkretul partniorTan urTierTobis
damyarebis survilis arqona. konfrontaciis
teqnikas Terapiuli zemoqmedebis sxva formebi
mohyveba, romliTac xdeba dogmaturi, iracio-
naluri azrovnebis Canacvleba racionaluri,
situaciurad ganpirobebuli ideebiT.
racionalur-emociuri Terapia mimarTulia
individisTvis sakuTari Rirebulebisa da poten-
cialis SegrZnebis gaZlierebaze, romlis rea-
lizeba mas Semdeg gaxdeba SesaZlebeli, rac
igi Tavs daaRwevs pirovnuli zrdis damab-
rkolebel mcdar warmodgenaTa sistemas. am
TvalsazrisiT, mas bevri aqvs saerTo humanistur
TerapiebTan, romelTac axla ganvixilavT.
Sejameba
kognituri Terapiebis msvlelobisas adamiane-
bis tanjvisgan gaTavisuflebas imis SecvliT
cdiloben, Tu ras da rogor fiqroben isini
cxovrebiseul movlenebze. kognitur- bihevio-
raluri modifikaciisas icvleba arasasurveli
qcevis paternebi; amisaTvis sakuTari Tavis Se-
saxeb uaryofiT gamonaTqvamebs cvlian konstruq-
ciuli, qmediTi gamonaTqvamebiT. depresiis kog-
nituri Terapiisas aRkveTen avtomatur azrebs,
cvlian klientis azrebis Cveul nakads da mim-
dinare movlenebis mizezebis axsnis Cveul pater-
nebs. racionalur-emociuri Terapia xels uwyobs
klients cnobierebaSi barierebis daZlevasa da
sakuTari survilebiT cxovrebis dawyebaSi.
egzistencialur-
humanisturi Terapiebi
yoveldRiuri cxovrebis problemebi, Sinaar-
siani adamianuri urTierTobebis arqona da iseTi
mniSvnelovani miznebis ararseboba, romel-
TaTvisac Rirs brZola _ tipuria egzistencia-
luri krizisebisTvis _ ase fiqroben adamianis
bunebisadmi humanisturi da egzistencialuri
midgomis momxreebi. es mosazrebebi gaerTianda
Terapiis ganzogadebul saxeobaSi, romelic
mimarTulia yvela adamianisTvis saerTo, yofie-
rebis ZiriTad problemebze.
rogorc me-14 TavSi vnaxeT, humanisturi
Teoriebis birTvs mTliani pirovnebis cneba
warmoadgens, romelic mudmivi cvlilebisa da
Camoyalibebis procesSi imyofeba. miuxedavad
imisa, rom garemo da memkvidreobiToba garkveul
SezRudvebs awesebs, adamianebi Tavad irCeven,
rani iyvnen; amisaTvis qmnian faseulobaTa
sistemebs da sakuTar gadawyvetilebebSi axor-
cieleben maT. Tumca, arCevanis Tavisuflebas
pasuxismgeblobac axlavs Tan. vinaidan adamianebi
bolomde mainc ver acnobiereben TavianTi qcevis
yvela SesaZlo Sedegs, SfoTva da sasowarkveTa
euflebaT. maT danaSaulis gancdac stanjavT,
sakuTari potencialis srulad realizebis
SesaZleblobebis xelidan gaSvebis gamo. egzis-
tencialuri fsiqologiis klinikisTvis gankuT-
vnili axali versia, romelic aerTianebs mis
mravalferovan Temebsa da midgomebs, efuZneba
mosazrebas, rom Tanamedrove cxovrebis damab-
neveli realoba adamianisTvis damaxasiaTebel
ori ZiriTadi saxis daavadebas aZlevs dasabams.
depresiuli da obsesiuri sindromebi realo-
bidan wasvlas asaxavs, sociopaTuri da narcisi-
stuli sindromebi ki _ am realobis eqspluata-
cias (Schneider & May, 1995).
fsiqoTerapevtebi, romlebic praqtikaSi iye-
neben adamianis bunebis zogadi Teoriis princi-
egsistencialur-humanisturi Terapiebi
pebs, exmarebian klientebs, gansazRvron sakuTari
Tavisufleba, ganicadon da daafason yvela maTi
arsebuli, moqmedi me da mimdinare momentis,
imwuTieri gaelvebis simdidre da mraval-
ferovneba; SeZlon sakuTari individualurobis
damkvidreba da gamonaxon sakuTari potencialis
srulad realizebis (TviTaqtualizaciis) gzebi.
egzistencialur midgomaSi mniSvnelovania
mimdinare cxovrebiseuli situacia, romelic
pirovnebas gamocdilebaSi eZleva.
egzistencialur-humanisturma filosofiam,
aseve, dasabami misca moZraobas adamianis poten-
cialis ganviTarebisTvis, romelic amerikis
SeerTebul StatebSi Camoyalibda XX saukunis
60-iani wlebis bolos. am moZraobaSi saSualo
adamianis potencialis ganviTarebis meTodebi 679
 fsiqologia XXI saukuneSi

Terapia kompiuteris saukuneSi

fsiqoTerapiisadmi miZRvni- froidma da misma mimdevrebma qologTa kompetenturobis

li Tavis erT-erTi mniSvnelo-
vani mizania, daganaxoT misi
qmediTunarianoba da efeqturoba.
gamokvlevebisa da praqtikuli
SemTxvevebis aRweriT SegviZlia
dagarwmunoT, rom realurad
SesaZlebelia fsiqologiuri
tanjvis Semsubuqeba. XXI sau-
kunis dasawyisisTvis kompiu-
teruli teqnologiebis ganvi-
Tarebam da kompiuterebis iolad
xelmisawvdomobam SesaZlebeli
gaxada fsiqologTa da fsiqi-
kuri janmrTelobis sferoSi
dakavebul praqtikosTa xelT
arsebuli im saSualebebis dia-
pazonis gafarToveba, romlebic
Terapiuli cvlilebebis misaR-
wevad gamoiyeneba.
magaliTad, dResdReobiT mra-
val adamians aqvs SesaZlebloba
„saubriT gankurnebis~ _ iseTi
interaqtiuri Terapiis, romelic
ganaviTares Terapevtisa da pa-
cientis pirispir urTierTobis
pirobebSi _ gamocdileba eleq-
tronuli fostiT, an internetiT
miiRos (Fink, 1999; King & Moreggi,
1998). kompiuteris gamoyenebiT
ganxorcielebuli Terapiisas
Terapevti da klienti eleq-
tronuli fostiT ukavSirdebian
erTmaneTs. mkvlevrebma Tavidanve
miuTiTes internetiT Terapiis
potenciur naklovanebebsa da
sargebelze. maTi azriT, aseTi
Terapiis nakli isaa, rom SezRu-
duli da damaxinjebuli infor-
maciis miwodebis SemTxvevaSi
Terapevtma SeiZleba araswori
diagnozi dasvas, gadamowmebis
saSualeba ki mas ar eqneba, ro-
gorc es pirispir situaciaSia
SesaZlebeli (King & Moreggi, 1998).
garda amisa, momxmareblebs iS-
viaTad SeuZliaT internet-fsi-
gadamowmeba; kibersivrceSi
eqspertoba nebismierma SeiZ-
leba daibralos. miuxedavad
am naklovanebebisa, eleqtro-
nuli fostiT ganxorciele-
buli Terapia unikalur SesaZ-
leblobebs aZlevs Terapev-
tebsa da maT klientebs. maga-
liTad, bevr Terapevts miaCnia,
rom am formis Terapiis far-
dobiTi anonimuroba klientebs
yvelaze Semawuxebeli proble-
mebis gacilebiT swrafad da
sircxvilis gareSe gamovlenis
SesaZleblobas aZlevs; isini
SeiZleba gacilebiT gul-
wrfelni iyvnen, roca ar uwevT
sakuTar monaTxrobze Tera-
pevtis dakvirvebadi reaqciebis
gamo nerviuloba (Grohol, 1998).
kibersivrceSi Terapiis yvela
uaryofiTi da dadebiTi mxaris
gaTvaliswinebiT, mkvlevrebma

gaerTianda, romelic miznad isaxavda mis ufro Cven ganvixilavT humanistur-egzistencialur

srulad gamoyenebasa da pirovnuli gamocdi- tradiciebze ganviTarebul sam Terapiul
Tavi 16 / pirovnebis cvlilebebis Terapiebi

lebis mniSvnelovnad gamdidrebasa da gamraval- midgomas: klientze centrirebul Terapias,

ferovnebas. am moZraobis wyalobiT, Terapia,
romelic Tavdapirvelad mowodebuli iyo
fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis mqone adamiane-
bisTvis, gafarTovda da gamoyenebadi gaxda
fsiqikurad janmrTeli adamianebisTvisac, romel-
Tac surdaT, rom yofiliyvnen metad efeqturebi,
metad produqtulebi da gacilebiT ufro
bednieri adamianebi.
moZraoba adamianis potencialis ganviTa-
rebisTvis (Human-potential movement) _ Terapiuli
moZraoba, romelic moicavs yvela im meTods da
praqtikul saqmianobas, rac xels uwyobs
saSualo adamianis potencialis gamovlenas,
misi ufro srulad gamoyenebisa da pirovnuli
gamocdilebis mniSvnelovnad gamdidrebisa da
gamravalferovnebis mizniT.
680
jgufur Terapiasa da ojaxuri wyvilebisa da
ojaxis Terapias.
klientze centrirebuli
Terapia
klientze centrirebulma Terapiam, romelic
karl rojersma (Carl Rogers, 1951, 1977) SemogvTavaza,
mniSvnelovani gavlena moaxdina imaze, Tu rogor
xedaven sxvadasxva mimarTulebis Terapevtebi
klient-Terapevtis urTierTobas. klientze
centrirebuli Terapiis upirvelesi mizania
pirovnebis jansaRi fsiqologiuri zrdis waxa-
liseba da xelSewyoba.
es midgoma efuZneba daSvebas, rom yvela
adamiani xasiaTdeba TviTaqtualizaciis _ sa-
 fsiqikuri janmrTelobis saer-
TaSoriso internet-sazogado-
eba Camoayalibes, romelic mo-
wodebulia internet-Terapiis
praqtikuli da eTikuri SezRu-
dvebis Sesaswavlad.
garda amisa, Terapevtebi
igoneben internetisa da kom-
piuterebis gamoyenebis axal
saSualebebs, romliTac SesaZ-
lebeli iqneba ufro viwro
profilis Terapiuli daxma-
rebis gaweva (Newman et al., 1999;
Ström et al., 2000). magaliTad,
mkvlevarTa erTma jgufma Seq-
mna kompiuteruli programa,
romelic mowodebuli iyo
panikuri aSlilobis kogni-
tur bihevioraluri mkur-
nalobisTvis (Newman et al.,
1997). eqsperimentSi Sedarda
cdis pirTa ori jgufis mkur-
nalobis monacemebi: erT
jgufs, nawilobriv, kompiu-
teris daxmarebiT umkurnales,
meorem ki _ tradiciuli Tera-
piis sruli kursi gaiara.
orive SemTxvevaSi mkurnaloba
bihevioralur komponents _
SemaSinebeli situaciebis war-
dgenas da relaqsacias da
kognitur komponents _ kog-
nitur gadastruqturebas mo-
icavda. Terapiuli programa
CatvirTuli iyo jibis por-
tatul kompiuterebSi. amitom
klientebs, msubuqi wonis gamo,
yvelgan SeeZloT maTi tareba.
kompiuteruli programa sxva-
dasxva saxis mxardaWeras uz-
runvelyofda; maT Soris iyo
moduli, romelsac ekranze
gamohqonda gamonaTqvamebi
sakuTari Tavis Sesaxeb da Se-
Tavazebebi azrovnebis mimar-
Tulebis Secvlis Taobaze.
aseve, iyo moduli, romelic
axleburad sunTqvis Cvevas
karnaxobda klients. orive
Terapia warmatebuli aRmoCnda:
mkurnalobidan eqvsi Tvis Sem-
deg orive jgufs SenarCune-
buli hqonda TerapiiT miRwe-
uli Sedegebi. magaliTad, ori-
ve tipis mkurnalobis Semdeg
monawileTa 67%-s aRar aReniS-
neboda panikuri Setevebi. aseTi
gamokvlevebi imeds gvaZlevs,
rom Terapevtis Semcvleli
kompiuteruli programebiT
mkurnalobis kursis gavla
klientebs nebismier dros
SeeZlebaT.
rogorc winamdebare TavSi
vnaxeT, arsebul fsiqoTera-
piaTa umravlesobis ganviTa-
rebis aucilebel pirobas Te-
rapevtisa da pacientis Tu
klientis pirispir urTier-
Toba Seadgenda. XXI saukunis
dasawyisSi mkvlevrebi cdi-
loben, daadginon, Tu ra si-
tuaciebSia SesaZlebeli, rom
kompiuterebi da interneti am
pirispir urTierTobis sasar-
geblo damxmare gaxdes.
veb-gverdebi:
www.ismho.org - fsiqikuri
janmrTelobis saerTa-
Soriso internet-sazo-
gadoebis veb-gverdi.
www.metanoia.org/imhs/ - wamyva-
ni veb gverdi, sadac mo-
cemulia dadasturebuli
saTanado kvalifikaciis
mqone TerapevtTa CamonaT-
vali.

kuTari SesaZleblobebis realizaciis _ um- sakuTari Tavis gasaumjobeseblad da TviT-

Tavresi tendenciiT. rojersi darwmunebuli aqtualizaciisTvis. vinaidan iTvleba, rom
iyo, rom „organizmi bunebrivad iswrafvis yvela adamiani bunebiT keTili da kargi arsebaa,

sakuTari SesaZleblobis realizaciisken, raTa
gaZlierdes da gaumjobesdes~ (1959, gv. 196). jansaR
ganviTarebas araswori daswavlis paternebi
abrkolebs; amasTan, pirovneba eTanxmeba sxvebis
mier mis mimarT gamoTqmul Sefasebebs nacvlad
imisa, rom mousminos da miendos sakuTar gonebasa
da sxeuls. konfliqti, bunebrivad dadebiT me-s
xatsa da Tavsmoxveul uaryofiT kritikas Soris,
SfoTvasa da ubedurebis gancdas badebs. es
konfliqti, anu Seusabamoba SeiZleba cno-
bierebis farglebs miRma mimdinareobdes, amitom
adamiani Tavs ubedurad da gaufasurebulad
grZnobs, Tumca, ar icis, ratom.
rojersianuli Terapiis amocanaa iseTi Tera-
piuli garemos Seqmna, romelic klients saSua-
lebas aZlevs, naxos, Tu rogor unda moiqces
egsistencialur-humanisturi Terapiebi
Terapevtis amocana ZiriTadad isaa, rom klients
daxmareba gauwios im dabrkolebebis gadalax-
vaSi, romelic zRudavs bunebrivad dadebiTi
midrekilebebis gamovlenas. ZiriTadi Terapiuli
strategiaa klientis grZnobebis danaxva, miReba
da gageba, rac upirobo keTilganwyobis _
gankiTxvis gareSe miRebisa da pativiscemis _
atmosferoSi xdeba. Terapevtic Tavisuflad
gamoxatavs klientTan sakuTar azrebsa da
grZnobebs. aseTi gulwrfelad gaxnili situa-
klientze centrirebuli Terapia (Client centered
therapy) – mkurnalobisadmi humanisturi midgoma,
romelic xazs usvams pirovnebis jansaR fsiqo-
logiur zrdas; efuZneba mosazrebas, rom yvela
adamiani xasiaTdeba TviTaqtualizaciis um-
Tavresi tendenciiT.
681
 ciis gansamtkiceblad Terapevti cdilobs, rom
Tavadac ganimsWvalos klientis grZnobebiT.
aseTi empaTiisTvis saWiroa, rom Terapevti
klients epyrobodes, rogorc pativsacem, qmediT-
unarian pirovnebas, romelic ki ar unda gani-
kiTxos an Seafasos, aramed romelsac unda
daexmaros sakuTari individualobis aRmoCenaSi
(Meador & Rogers, 1979).
Terapevtis damokidebuleba da emociuri
stili klientis waxalisebis saSualebaa, raTa
man kidev erTxel gadaxedos pirovnuli
konfliqtis WeSmarit wyaroebs da gaTavisufldes
gavlenisgan, romelic TviTaqtualizacias
abrkolebs. Tu Terapevtebi, romlebic sxva
TerapiebiT muSaoben, mosmenilis interpretacias
axdenen, pasuxebs, an miTiTebebs iZlevian,
Terapevti, romelic klientze centrirebuli
TerapiiT muSaobs, mxardamWeri da monawile
msmenelia, romelic msjelobs da xandaxan
formas ucvlis klientis SefasebiT gamonaTqva-
mebsa da gamoxatul grZnobebs. klientze cen-
trirebuli Terapia cdilobs, rom aradireqti-
uli iyos _ is mxolod exmareba klients sakuTar
TavSi garkvevasa da sakuTari me-s miRebaSi.
rojerss miaCnda, rom, Tu adamianebs sxvebTan
Tavisuflad urTierTobisa da sakuTari Tavis
miRebis SesaZleblobas mivcemT, maT Tavad
SeeZlebaT sakuTari fsiqologiuri sijansaRis
aRdgena. am optimisturma mosazrebam da Te-
rapevtis, rogorc mzrunveli eqspertis, da
klientis, rogorc pirovnebis, humanurma urTi-
Tavi 16 / pirovnebis cvlilebebis Terapiebi
erTobam mraval praqtikos-Terapevtze moaxdina
gavlena.
geStalt-Terapia
geStalt-Terapia, pirovnebis mTlianobis aR-
dgenis mizniT, gonebisa da sxeulis gaerTi-
anebazea mimarTuli (gavixsenoT, aRqmisadmi
geStalt-fsiqologiuri midgoma, romelzec me-
5 TavSi gvqonda saubari). misi mizania sakuTari
Tavis Secnoba, anu TviTSemecneba, rac Sem-
degnairad miiRweva: klients exmarebian, rom
gamoxatos Sekavebuli grZnobebi da aRiaros
warsulis konfliqtebis Semdeg darCenili
geStalt-Terapia (Gestalt therapy) – Terapia,
romelic mimarTulia pirovnebis gamTlianebis
mizniT gonebisa da sxeulis gaerTianebaze.
682
daumTavrebeli saqmeebis arseboba, romlebic
mas axal urTierTobebSi gadaaqvs da romelTa
damTavreba aucilebelia pirovnuli zrdis
gasagrZeleblad. geStalt-Terapiis fuZemdebeli
_ fric perlzi (Fritz Perlz, 1969) Tavis klientebs
konfliqtebTan dakavSirebuli fantaziebisa da
Zlieri grZnobebis gaTamaSebas sTxovda. isini
aseve, aRadgendnen sakuTar sizmrebs, romelTac
perlzi maTi pirovnebis aracnobierSi gandevnil
nawilad miiCnevda. perlzi ambobda: „Cven
xelaxla unda vaRiaroT da Cvenad miviRoT
sakuTari pirovnebis es proecirebuli, danawev-
rebuli nawilebi da Cvenad unda miviRoT is
dafaruli potenciali, romelic sizmarSi iCens
Tavs~ (1969, gv. 67).
geStalt-Terapiuli Sexvedrebis dros xdeba
monawileTa waxaliseba, rom aRadginon kontaqti
TavianT „WeSmarit Sinagan xmebTan~ (Hatcher &
Himelstein, 1996). geStalt-Terapiis erT-erT
yvelaze cnobil meTods carieli skamis teqnika
ewodeba: Terapevti klientTan axlos dgams
cariel skams. klientma unda warmoidginos,
rom skamze moTavsebulia romelime grZnoba,
pirovneba, obieqti an situacia. igi „esaubreba~
skamze „mjdoms~. magaliTad, klientma SeiZleba
warmoidginos, rom skamze misi deda, an mama
zis; is maT mimarT gamoxatavs grZnobebs, romel-
Tac sxvagvarad ar gamoxatavda. Semdeg klientma
SeiZleba warmoidginos, rom axla es grZnobebi
„sxedan~ skamze da maT „gaesaubros~ imis Sesaxeb,
Tu ra gavlena aqvT maT klientis cxovrebaze.
es teqnika saSualebas aZlevs klients, daupi-
rispirdes da gamoikvlios gamoxatvis gareSe
darCenili Zlieri grZnobebi, romlebic, SesaZ-
loa, gavlenas axdendnen mis fsiqologiur
keTildReobaze.
Sejameba
egzistencialur-humanistur TerapiebSi
xazgasmulia mTliani pirovnebis cneba, romelic
mudmivi cvlilebisa da Camoyalibebis procesSi
imyofeba. karl rojersma Seqmna klientze
centrirebuli Terapia, romelic miznad isaxavs
aradireqtiuli garemos Seqmnas, sadac klienti
SeZlebs arasworad naswavli paternebis daZle-
vas da sakuTari Tavis gaumjobesebisa da
TviTrealizaciis miRwevas. geStalt-Terapia
xels uwyobs jgufis monawileebs gonebisa da
sulis gamTlianebaSi, rasac grZnobebis gamo-
xatviTa da konfliqtebis gacnobierebiT aRwevs.
mravali adamiani sargeblobs TviTdaxmarebis
jgufebis fsiqologiuri mxardaWeriT.
jgufuri Terapiebi
mkurnalobisadmi yvela aqamde ganxiluli
midgoma, pirvel rigSi, Terapevti-pacientis, an
Terapevti-klientis pirispir, erTi-erTze urTi-
erTobas iTvaliswinebda. miuxedavad amisa, dRes-
dReobiT mravali adamiani iRebs Terapiul
daxmarebas, rogorc jgufis wevri. jgufuri
Terapiis ganviTarebis ramdenime mizezi arsebobs.
aqve unda iTqvas, rom jgufuri Terapia zogjer
SeiZleba ufro efeqturi iyos, vidre indivi-
dualuri Terapia (Fuhriman & Burlingame, 1994). jgu-
furi Terapiis zogierTi upiratesoba praqti-
kuli xasiaTisaa: is ufro iafia da mcire rao-
denobis fsiqoTerapevtebs meti klientisTvis
SeuZliaT daxmarebis gaweva. danarCeni upirate-
sobebi jgufuri garemos Zalas, anu jgufis
efeqts ukavSirdeba: jgufi (1) SedarebiT usafr-
Txo garemos qmnis im adamianebisTvis, vinc
iolad eqceva sxvaTa gavlenis qveS da Tavad
ver axerxeben maTgan Tavis daRwevas; (2) iZleva
saSualebas, rom jgufSi mimdinare procesebma
gavlena moaxdinos calkeuli monawileebis
araadaptur qcevaze; (3) SesaZleblobas aZlevs
adamianebs, rom Terapiuli seansebis msvle-
lobisas daakvirdnen sxvebs da pirovnebaT-
Sorisi urTierTobis unar-Cvevebi gaivarjiSon;
(4) uzrunvelyofs pirveladi ojaxuri jgufis
analogias, rac emociuri gamocdilebis koregi-
rebis saSualebas iZleva.
jgufuri Terapiis zogierTi wanamZRvari
gansxvavdeba individualuri Terapiis wanamZRvre-
bisgan. jgufuri Terapiis socialuri garemo
SesaZleblobas gvaZlevs viswavloT sakuTari
mosazrebebis gamoxatva iseTi formebiT, rom
isini sxvebisTvisac gasagebi gaxdes; vnaxoT,
ramdenad gansxvavdeba Cven mier sxvebze moxde-
nili STabeWdileba imisgan, rogori STabeWdi-
lebis moxdenasac vcdilobdiT, an imisgan,
rogoric warmogvidgenia sakuTari Tavi. garda
amisa, jgufi TvalsaCinod gvaCvenebs da gvarwmu-
nebs, rom Cveni simptomebi, problemebi da „de-
vianturi~ qcevebi ar aris erTaderTi da ganu-
meorebeli _ isini sakmaod xSiria da adamianTa
did raodenobas axasiaTebs. vinaidan adamianebs
ar uyvarT sxvebTan TavianT uaryofiT mxareebze
saubari da sakuTar Tavze uaryofiTi informa-
ciis gacema, mosalodnelia, rom erTi da igive
problemis mqone mraval adamians egonos, rom
is aris „erTaderTi, visac es problema aqvs~.
jgufur situaciaSi gamocdilebis gaziareba
exmareba adamianebs, gaaqarwylon es plura-
listuri umecreba _ mravali maTganisTvis
saerTo mcdari warmodgena unikalur, ganumeore-
bel marcxze. garda amisa, jgufuri Terapiis
procesSi dawyebuli urTierToba da urTierT-
daxmareba SeiZleba mkurnalobis dasrulebis
Semdegac gagrZeldes.
ojaxuri wyvilebisa da ojaxis
jgufuri Terapiebi
Terapia
jgufebis umravlesoba Sedgeba erTmaneTi-
sTvis ucxo adamianebisgan, romlebic jgufSi
droebiTi urTierTobebis dasamyareblad modian,
ramac SeiZleba garkveuli sargebeli misces
maT. ojaxuri wyvilebisa da ojaxis Terapiis
SemTxvevaSi Terapiul garemoSi Semodian
mravalmxrivi kavSirebiT gamyarebuli, ukve
arsebuli erTeulebi. 683
 saidan
viciT
ojaxis Terapia da mozardebis mier
narkotikebis moxmareba
mozardebis mier narkotikebis moxma-
rebis Sesamcireblad mkvlevarTa jgufma
gadawyvita jgufuri Terapiis gamoyeneba.
maTi ZiriTadi hipoTeza iyo: kvlevaSi
monawile mozardebi maSin ufro Seamci-
rebdnen narkotikebis moxmarebas, Tu
mTlianad Seicvleboda maTi ojaxuri
garemo. amitom ojaxis Terapiis samizne
iyo rogorc mozardTa moqmedebebis gamos-
woreba, ise _ mSoblebis mier gamoyenebuli
aRzrdis meTodebis gaumjobeseba. eqvs-
Tviani mkurnalobis kursis dasawyisisTvis
ojaxebze dakvirvebam gamoavlina, rom
mSoblebisTvis Cveuli uaryofiTi qcevebi
SvilebTan urTierTobisas (magaliTad,
uaryofiTi emociebis gamoxatva, sityvieri
agresia) _ 72%, sWarbobda dadebiT qmedebebs
(magaliTad, optimizmisa da siyvarulis
gamoxatvas) _ 53%; Terapiis dasasru-
lisTvis ki, dadebiTma urTierTobis Cve-
vebma _ 77%, gadaaWarba uaryofiTs _ 47%.
garda amisa, im mSoblebis Svilebma, rom-
lebmac aRzrdis stilis zogadi gaum-
jobeseba aCvenebs, mniSvnelovnad Seamcires
narkotikebis moxmareba (Schmidt et al., 1996).
Tavi 16 / pirovnebis cvlilebebis Terapiebi
qorwinebaSi warmoqmnili problemebis Tao-
baze ojaxuri wyvilebis konsultacia partni-
orTa Soris informaciis gacvlis Cveuli pater-
nebis gamovlenas da Semdeg maTi urTierTqmedebis
xarisxis gaumjobesebas gulisxmobs (Napier, 2000).
wyvilTan erToblivi SexvedrebiT, xSir Sem-
TxvevebSi, maTi urTierTqmedebis videofirze
CaweriTa da Semdeg Canaweris garCeviT, Terapevts
SeuZlia daexmaros maT urTierTobis im ver-
baluri da araverbaluri stilebis danaxvasa
da garCevaSi, romelsac isini erTmaneTze upi-
ratesobis mopovebis, an marTvis, anda erTmaneTis
dabnevis da SecdomaSi Seyvanis mizniT iyeneben.
TiToeul mxares aswavlian, Tu rogor unda
ganamtkicos meoresTan sasurveli reaqciebi da
yuradRebis gareSe datovos arasasurveli reaq-
684 ciebi. garda amisa, isini iTviseben aradireq-
tiuli mosmenis unar-Cvevebs, raTa partniors
grZnobebisa da azrebis naTlad gamoxatvaSi
daexmaron. qorwinebis problemebis mogvarebi-
sTvis wyvilebis Terapia gacilebiT efeqturia,
vidre individualuri Terapia mxolod erTi
partniorisTvis. amasTan, Sedegebi aCvenebs, rom
mcirdeba ojaxuri krizisebis raodenoba, wyvili
ki inarCunebs qorwinebas (Shadisn et al., 1993, 1995).
ojaxuri Terapiis klienti mTliani ojaxia,
romelsac aqvs Tavisi birTvi, xolo ojaxis
TiToeuli wevri ganixileba, rogorc urTierT-
qmedebaTa sistemis wevri (Schwebel & Fine, 1994).
ojaxis fsiqoTerapevti ojaxis Sewuxebul,
aforiaqebul wevrebTan muSaobs da maT imis
garkvevaSi exmareba, Tu ra uqmnis erT, an
ramdenime maTgans problemebs. Terapiis mizania
adamianebs Soris fsiqologiuri manZilebis da
erTi mTlianis saxiT moqmedi adamianebis
pirovnebaTSorisi dinamikis Secvla, rac gan-
sxvavdeba calkeuli araadapturi individebis
qcevis Secvlisgan. ganvixiloT ojaxis Terapiis
magaliTi, romelic mozardebis mier narko-
tikebis moxmarebis mizeziT ganxorcielda.
es gamokvleva ojaxis Terapiis mniSvnelov-
nebis TvalsaCino magaliTia. vinaidan mTel
ojaxTan muSaobdnen, Terapiulma Carevam Secvala
garemos is faqtorebi, romelmac, SesaZloa, miiy-
vanes kidec mozardi narkotikebis gasinjvamde
da moxmarebamde.
ojaxis Terapias SeuZlia ojaxSi arsebuli
daZabulobis Semcireba da calkeuli wevrebis
funqcionirebis gaumjobeseba imiT, rom daex-
maros klientebs da daanaxos maTi urTierTobis
rogorc dadebiTi, ise _ uaryofiTi aspeqtebi.
virjinia satiri (Virginia Satir, 1967), ojaxis Te-
rapiis meTodebis avtori, aRniSnavda, rom ojaxis
TerapiiT dakavebuli fsiqoTerapevti mraval
rols asrulebs: is aris Terapiul seansebze
ganxorcielebuli urTierTqmedebebis inter-
pretatori da amxsneli; is aris gavlenis wyaro,
Suamavali da arbitri. ojaxis TerapiiT daka-
vebul praqtikosTa umravlesobas miaCnia, rom
Terapiis procesSi ganxiluli da mogvarebuli
problemebi situaciuri xasiaTisaa da adamianebs
Soris warmoqmnil siZneleebs, an socialuri
urTierTqmedebis problemebs warmoadgens, da
ara _ pirovnebebis dispoziciur aspeqtebs. es
siZneleebi droTa ganmavlobaSi SeiZleba
warmoiqmnas, rodesac ojaxis wevrebi iZulebul-
ni xdebian Seasrulon, an Tavis Tavze aiRon
arasasiamovno rolebi. ojaxis bunebrivi ganviTa-
rebis procesSi _ iqneba es samuSaos dakargva,
bavSvis skolaSi miyvana, qorwineba Tu bavSvis
dabadeba _ sruliad SesaZlebelia urTierT-
qmedebis araefeqturi formebis Camoyalibeba.
ojaxis Terapevtis amocanaa ojaxis struqturis
garkveva da masze moqmedi Zalebis (da es Zalebi
SeiZleba uamravi iyos) gamovlena. is muSaobs
ojaxis wevrebTan da am muSaobis mizania
„disfunqciuri~ struqturuli elementebis gaq-
roba da axali, ufro efeqturi struqturebis
SemuSaveba da ganmtkiceba (Fishman, 1993).
sazogadoebrivi mxardaWeris
jgufebi
fsiqoTerapiis ganviTarebaSi amaRelvebeli
periodi iyo TviTdaxmarebis jgufebisadmi
interesis gaZliereba. yovelwliurad amerikis
daaxloebiT 10 milioni mozrdili moqalaqe
dadis aseTi jfugebis Sexvedrebze (Kessler et al.,
1997). mxardamWeri jgufebis Sexvedrebi, rogorc
wesi, ufasoa, gansakuTrebiT im SemTxvevaSi, Tu
jgufis wamyvanebi ar arian janmrTelobis dacvis
sferoSi momsaxure profesionalebi. aseTi
jgufebi adamianebs saSualebas aZlevs, Sexvdnen
msgavsi problemebis mqone sxva adamianebs,
romlebic agrZeleben cxovrebas da xandaxan
wamratebebsac aRweven. specialur jgufebSi
TviTdaxmarebis idea pirvelad gamoiyena or-
ganizaciam „anonimuri alkoholikebi~ (AA),
Tumca, alkoholizmis farglebidan gaitana da
ganavrco XX saukunis 60-ian wlebSi dawyebulma
qalTa moZraobam, romelic mowodebuli iyo
sazogadoebrivi cnobierebis gaZlierebisTvis.
dResdReobiT mxardaWeris jgufebi oTxi Zi-
riTadi kategoriis problemebze muSaoben: da-
mokidebulebis sxvadasxva formebi, fizikuri
daavadebebi da fsiqikuri aSlilobebi, cxov-
rebiseuli cvlilebebi da sxva krizisebi, seri-
ozuli problemebis mqone megobrebis an
naTesavebis gamo miRebuli travmebi. ukanasknel
wlebSi adamianebma daiwyes internetis, rogorc
TviTdaxmarebis jgufebis kidev erTi formis,
gamoyeneba. zogadad, TviTdaxmarebis internet-
jgufebi imave sakiTxebiT arian dakavebulni,
romliTac maTi fizikuri oreulebi (Davison et
al., 2000). Tumca, interneti gansakuTrebiT mniSvne-
lovan Sexvedris adgils warmoadgens iseT
mdgomareobaSi myofi adamianebisTvis, romelTac
avadmyofobis _ magaliTad, qronikuli gadaRlis
sindromis, an gafantuli sklerozis _ gamo
SezRuduli aqvT gadaadgilebis SesaZlebloba.
jgufis Sexvedrebze fizikurad misvlis SeuZ-
lebloba aRar arTmevs adamianebs TviTdaxma-
rebis jgufebis muSaobidan sargeblis miRebis
saSualebas.
mkvlevrebi did yuradRebas uTmoben imis
garkvevas, Tu ra Taviseburebebi unda hqondes
TviTdaxmarebis jgufs, rom maqsimaurad efeqturi
iyos. rogorc maTi moRvaweobidan Cans, aseTi
jgufebi mTel rig funqciebs asruleben
TavianTi wevrebisTvis; magaliTad, adamianebs
unergaven imeds da rwmenas, rom SeuZliaT
sakuTari problemebis gakontroleba; uzrunvel-
yofen socialur mxardaWeras cxovrebiseuli
sirTuleebiT gatanjuli adamianebisTvis; uz-
runvelyofen aSlilobebisa da mkurnalobebis
Sesaxeb informaciis gacvlas (Riessman, 1997; Schiff
& Bargal, 2000). Tu aseT jgufSi monawileobas
gadawyvetT, gaiTvaliswineT, rom es jgufebi
gansakuTrebiT kargad moqmedebs adamianebis mier
sakuTari keTildReobis gancdaze, rodesac isini
kmayofilni arian SexvedrebiT (Schiff & Bargal,
2000). magaliTad, erTi gamokvlevis Sedegad
cnobili gaxda, rom is adamianebi, romelnic
gansakuTrebiT miejaWvnen anonimur alkoholikTa
sazogadoebas mas Semdeg, rac alkoholizmis
mkurnalobis kursi gaiares, alkoholisken mis-
wrafebis ganaxlebis gansakuTrebiT naklebi
midrekilebiT xasiaTdebodnen. naTelia, rom am
sazogadoebasTan mWidro urTierToba individebs,
alkoholizmis kontrolis TvalsazrisiT,
sakuTari qcevis sisworeSi darwmunebulobis
ganmtkicebis SesaZleblobas aZlevs (Morgenstern
et al., 1997).
TviTdaxmarebis ganviTarebaSi mniSvnelovani
wvlili Seitana jgufuri Terapiebis gamoyenebam
jgufuri Terapiebi
ukurnebeli daavadebebis mqone adamianebTan.
aseTi Terapiis mizania, daexmaros pacientebsa
da maT ojaxebs, rom avadmyofobis periodSi
SeZlebisdagvarad savse cxovrebiT icxovron,
realurad Sexedon gardauval sikvdils da
Seeguon ukurnebel sens (Fobair, 1997; LrGrand, 1991).
ganukurnebel pacientebTan aseTi mxardamWeri
jgufebis muSaobis zogadi mimarTulebaa _ as-
wavlon maT, Tu rogor icxovron savse cxov- 685
 rebiT im momentamde, rodesac isini ityvian
„mSvidobiT~ (Nungesser, 1990).
jgufuri Terapiebi bolo magaliTia Cven
mier ganxiluli Terapiebisa, romlebic mxolod
fsiqologiur mkurnalobazea dafuZnebuli _
mkurnalobaze, romelic zemoqmedebs tvinis
software-ze. axla SevudgebiT imis garkvevas, Tu
rogor muSaoben biosamedicino Terapiebi,
gonebaze zemoqmedebis mizniT, sxeulisa da tvi-
nis hardware-is Secvlaze,
Sejameba
jgufuri Terapiebi ufro xelmisawvdoms xdis
fsiqikur janmrTelobaze zrunvas; amasTan,
socialuri qcevebis dakvirvebisa da aTvisebis
SesaZleblobas iZleva. ojaxuri wyvilebisa da
ojaxis Terapia individis iseT problemebze
muSaobs, romlebic Seguebas ukavSirdeba da
urTierTobebis sistemebSi wrmoqmnili siZnele-
ebis Sedegebs warmoadgens. Terapiis mizania
wyvilebsa da ojaxebSi urTierTobebis siste-
mebis Secvla. mravali adamiani TviTdaxmarebis
jgufebSi iRebs fsiqologiur mxardaWeras. es
jgufebi individebs aZleven imeds, socialur
mxardaWeras da informacias rogorc fizikur,
ise _ kibersivrceSi.
biosamedicino Terapiebi
Tavi 16 / pirovnebis cvlilebebis Terapiebi
tvinis ekologia myife balansiT xasiaTdeba.
rodesac tvinSi rame arasworad xdeba, Cven
qcevis paTologiuri paternebs, an ucnaur kog-
nitur da emociur reaqciebs vxedavT. garemos,
socialur Tu qceviT darRvevebs, rogoricaa
fsiqoqirurgia (Psychosurgery) _ fsiqologiuri
aSlilobis Semsubuqebis an aRkveTis mizniT
tvinis qsovilze ganxorcielebuli qirurgiuli
procedurebi.
prefrontaluri lobotomia (Prefrontal lobotomy)
_ operacia, romlis drosac iWreba Tavis tvinis
Sublis wilebisa da diencefalonis Semaer-
Tebeli nervuli boWkoebi, gansakuTrebiT, Ta-
lamusTan da hipoTalamusTan ganlagebuli
boWkoebi; fsiqoqirurgiis yvelaze cnobili
forma.
686
narkotikebi da Zaladoba, aseve, SeuZlia tvinis
qimiis da moqmedebis Secvla. biosamedicino
Terapiebi, umeteswilad, fsiqikur aSlilobebs
tvinis hardware-is problemebad miiCneven. fsi-
qologiuri aSlilobebis simptomebis Semsubu-
qebis sami saxis biosamedicino midgomas aRvwerT:
_ fsiqoqirurgias, eleqtrokonvulsiur Soks
da farmakoTerapias.
fsiqoqirurgia da
eleqtrokonvulsiuri Terapia
„los anjeles Taims~-is saTauri iuwyeboda:
„tvinSi moxvedrili tyvia adamians fsiqikuri
daavadebisgan kurnavs~ (2/23/188). statia 19 wlis
axalgazrda mamakacis Sesaxeb mogviTxrobda,
romelic obsesiur-kompulsuri aSlilobiT
itanjeboda. TviTmkvlelobis mcdelobisas man
pirdapir SublSi isrola 22 kalibriani tyvia.
saintereso iyo, rom is gadarCa, ganikurna pa-
Tologiuri simptomatikisgan da uvneblad Seu-
narCunda gonebrivi SesaZleblobebi, Tumca,
problemis zogierTi mizezi jer kidev ar-
sebobda.
es SemTxveva biosamedicino Terapiis erT-
erTi yvelaze pirdapiri gamoyenebis SesaZleb-
lobas _ tvinSi qirurgiul Carevas _ gviCvenebs.
aseTi Careva tvinis nawilebs Soris kavSirebis
CaWras an mcire nawilis amokveTas gulisxmobs.
xSirad es ukanaskneli gzaa iseTi fsiqopaTo-
logiebis mkurnalobisas, romelTa daZleva ver
moxerxda sxva, ara aseTi ukiduresi Terapiuli
zemoqmedebiT. fsiqoqirurgia zogadi terminia,
romelic aerTianebs tvinis qsovilze ganxor-
cielebul qirurgiul procedurebs, fsiqolo-
giuri aSlilobebis Semsubuqebis, an aRkveTis
mizniT. Sua saukuneebSi fsiqoqirurgia SeS-
lilTa tvinebidan „sisulelis marcvlis amo-
kveTas~ niSnavda, rac xatovnad aris asaxuli
maSindel graviurebsa da ferwerul tiloebze.
Tanamedrove fsiqoqirurgiul procedurebSi
Sedis korZiani sxeulis boWkoebis amokveTa
mwvave epilefsiuri gulyrebis Sesamsubuqeblad,
razec me-3 TavSi vsaubrobdiT _ limburi
sistemis funqcionirebis ganmapirobebeli gzebis
CaWra (amigdalotomia) da prefrontaluri
lobotomia. fsiqoqirurgiis yvelaze cnobili
formaa prefrontaluri lobotomia _ operacia,
romlis drosac iWreba Tavis tvinis Sublis
wilebisa da diencefalonis SemaerTebeli ner-
vuli boWkoebi, gansakuTrebiT, TalamusTan da
hipoTalamusTan ganlagebuli boWkoebi. proce-
dura SeimuSava egaS moniSma (Egas Moniz). man
1949 wels nobelis premia miiRo mkurnalobis
sakuTar meTodSi, romelic, rogorc Canda,
cvlida fsiqikurad daavadebul adamianTa fin-
qcionirebas.
Tavdapirvelad lobotomiis kandidatebi
agznebadi Sizofreniuli pacientebi da kompu-
lsiuri da SfoTviTi aSlilobebis mqone paci-
entebi iyvnen. fsiqoqirurgiis efeqti STambeWdavi
iyo: proceduris Semdeg saxeze iyo axali pi-
rovneba, romelic ar xasiaTdeboda Zlieri emo-
ciuri agznebiT da, Sesabamisad, arc yovlis-
momcveli SfoTviT, danaSaulis gancdiTa da
risxviT itanjeboda. Tumca, operacia samudamod
anadgurebda adamianis bunebis arsebiT maxasia-
Teblebs: pacientebi, romelTac lobotomiis
procedura hqondaT gavlili, kargavdnen sakuTar
unikalur pirovnul maxasiaTeblebs. lobotomiis
Semdeg maT aRar SeeZloT momavlis dagegmva,
axasiaTebdaT gulgriloba garSemomyofTa
mosazrebebisadmi, infantilizmi, inteleqtua-
luri da emociuri gasadaveba; eseni iyvnen ada-
mianebi sakuTari me-s mTlianobis gancdis gareSe
(moniSis erT-erTi pacienti imdenad gaognebuli
da ganawyenebuli iyo aseTi moulodneli
SedegebiT, rom esrola kidec eqims, ris Semdegac
is nawilobriv paralizebuli darCa.) vinaidan
fsiqoqirurgiis moqmedeba Seuqcevadia da vina-
idan kargad aris cnobili misi mZime uaryofiTi
Sedegebi, dadebiTi ki _ naklebad TvalsaCinoa,
misi gamoyeneba Zalian SezRudulia.
eleqtrokonvulsiuri Terapia (ekT) aris
Tavis tvinze eleqtruli Sokis gamoyeneba iseTi
fsiqiatriuli aSlilobebis mkurnalobis miz-
niT, rogoricaa Sizofrenia, mania da, yvelaze
xSirad, depresia. meTodika aseTia: pacientis
safeTqlebze moqmedeben susti eleqtruli
nakadiT (75-dan 100 voltamde) 1/10 wamidan erT
wamamde manam sanam ar moxdeba konvulsia.
konvulsia, Cveulebriv, 45-dan 60 wamamde grZel-
deba. pacients winaswar amzadeben aseTi mtkiv-
neuli mkurnalobisTvis _ amSvideben xanmokle
moqmedebis barbituratebiT da kunTebis mosa-
dunebeli preparatebiT, rasac pacienti ugono
mdgomareobaSi gadahyavs da rac minimumamde
amcirebs Zlier umarTav fizikur reaqciebs (Ab-
rams, 1992).
eleqtrokonvulsiuri Terapia Zalze warma-
tebuli aRmoCnda Rrma depresiis simptomebis
SemsubuqebisTvis (Sackheim et al., 2000). misi Rirseba,
nawilobriv, isaa, rom Zalze swrafad moqmedebs.
biosamedicino Terapiebi
rogorc wesi, sam-oTxdRiani mkurnalobis kursis
Semdeg depresiis simptomebi Sesustebas iwyebs
farmakoTerapiisgan gansxvavebiT, romelic erTi
an ori kviris Semdeg iwyebs moqmedebas. miuxe-
davad amisa, TerapevtTa umetesoba ekT-s mkur-
nalobis ukidures formad miiCnevs. is xSirad
eleqtrokonvulsiuri Terapia (ekT) (Electrocon-
vulsive therapy – ECT) _ eleqtrokonvulsiuli
Sokis gamoyeneba Rrma depresiis warmatebulad
samkurnalod.
687
 gamoiyeneba, rogorc saswrafo gadaudebeli mkur-
naloba suicidur, an cudad nakveb depresiul
pacientebTan da maTTan, vinc ar reagirebs anti-
depresantebze, an ver itans maT gverdiT
movelenebs.
Tu ekT ase kargad moqmedebs, ratom aris ase
xSirad demonizirebuli? magaliTad, 1982 wels
berklis (kaliforniis Stati) mcxovreblebma
xma misces fsiqikuri aSlilobebis samkurnalo
yvela saxelmwifo dawesebulebaSi eleqtro-
konvulsiuri Sokis gamoyenebis akrZalvas (Sem-
dgom es gadawyvetileba gabaTilda iuridiul
safuZvelze). ekT-is mimarT samecniero wreebis
uaryofiTi damokidebulebis ZiriTadi mizezi
isaa, rom ucnobia misi moqmedebis meqanizmebi.
es Terapia pacientze dakvirvebisas gaCnda,
romelsac erTdroulad Sizofrenia da epi-
lefsia hqonda. epilefsiuri gulyrebis Semdeg
mas Sizofreniis simptomebi umsubuqdeboda. kli-
nicistebma ivaraudes, rom igive efeqtis miRweva
xelovnurad gamowveuli gulyrebiTac iqneboda
SesaZlebeli. miuxedavad imisa, rom maTi daSveba
nawilobriv gamarTlda _ ekT gacilebiT uke-
Tesad amsubuqebs depresias, vidre Sizofranias
_ mkvlevrebs jer kidev win aqvT am SemTxveviTi
dakvirvebis mecnieruli dasabuTeba.
garda amisa, kritikosebs ekT-is SesaZlo
gverdiTi movlenebic aRelvebT (Breggin, 1979,
1991). eleqtrokonvulsiuri Terapia droebiT
dezorientaciasa da mexsierebis mTel rig dar-
Rvevebs iwvevs. pacientebi xSirad itanjebian
Tavi 16 / pirovnebis cvlilebebis Terapiebi
amneziiT _ aRar axsovT movlenebi, romlebic
win uswrebda mkurnalobas; rac ufro xangr-
Zlivia mkurnaloba, miT mZimea amneziac. Tumca,
gamokvlevam aCvena, rom, pacientebi, rogorc
wesi, aRidgenen mexsierebis Sinaarsebs mkurna-
lobis dasrulebidan ramdenime Tvis manZilze
(Cohen et al., 2000). metic, pacientebs, romelTac
mTeli cxovrebis manZilze eleqtrokonvu-
lsiuri Terapiis 100-ze meti procedura hqondaT
gavlili, ar aReniSnebodaT cvlilebebi funqci-
onirebaSi im pacientebTan SedarebiT, romelTac
arasodes gauvliaT aseTi procedura (Devanand
et a., 1991). dResdReobiT, tvinis muSaobis xanmokle
Seferxebebis minimizaciisTvisac ki, xSirad
f s i q o f a r m a k o l o g i a (Psychopharmacology) –
fsiqologiis dargi, romelic swavlobs qcevaze
688
medikamentebis moqmedebas.
eleqtrokonvulsiuri SokiT tvinis mxolod
erTi mxaris stimulacias axdenen da isic _
mxolod metyvelebis gauaresebis albaTobis
Sesamcireblad. aseTi calmxrivi ekT efeqturi
antidepresantia.
axla vnaxoT, ratom gaxda farmakoTerapia
fsiqopaTologiaSi biosamedicino Carevis yve-
laze polularuli forma.
farmakoTerapia
fsiqikuri aSlilobebis mkurnalobis isto-
riaSi uprecendento gadatrialeba iyo medi-
kamentebis aRmoCena, romelTac SeeZloT mSfoT-
vare pacientebis damSvideba, autisti pacientebis
realobasTan kontaqtis aRdgena da fsiqoturi
pacientebis halucinaciebis daTrgunva. es axali
Terapiuli epoqa 1953 wels, klinikebis Terapiul
programebSi trankvilizatorebis, gansakuT-
rebiT, qlorpromazinis, SetaniT daiwyo. medika-
mentebiT mkurnalobam TiTqmis dauyovnebliv
moipova aRiareba da pacientis qcevis efeqturi
Semcvlelis statusi. fsiqofarmakologia fsi-
qologiis dargia, romelic qcevaze medikamen-
tebis moqmedebas Seiswavlis. fsiqofarmako-
logiis sferoSi momuSave mkvlevrebi swavloben,
Tu rogor moqmedeben medikamentebi zogierT
biologiur sistemaze da rogor icvleba reaqcia
am zemoqmedebis Sedegad.
medikamentebiT mkurnalobis meTodebis aRmo-
Cenam udidesi gavlena moaxdina mZime aSli-
lobebis mqone pacientebis mkurnalobaze. fsi-
qiatriuli klinikebis momsaxure personals
aRar sWirdeboda mcvelebis rolSi yofna, pa-
cientebis izolatorebSi moTavseba an maTTvis
damamSvidebeli perangis Cacma. personalis
moraluri saxe gaumjobesda mas Semdeg, rac
fsiqiatriul dawesebulebebSi fsiqikurad daava-
debulTa ubralo patimroba reabilitaciiT
Seicvala (Swazey, 1974). metic, revoluciam,
romelic medikamentebiT mkurnalobis danergvas
mohyva, didi gavlena iqonia aSS-is fsiqiatri-
uli klinikebis kontingentze. 1955 wlisTvis
naxevar milionze meti adamiani (romelic, sa-
Sualod, iq ramdenime weliwads atarebda)
cxovrobda fsiqiatriul dawesebulebebSi. mkur-
nalobaSi qlorpromazinisa da sxva medikamen-
tebis gamoyenebam SeaCera da sapirispiro mimar-
Tuleba misca pacientTa raodenobis zrdas.
1970-iani wlebis dasawyisisTvis qveyanaSi arse-
bul fsiqiatriul pacientTa naxevarze naklebi
imyofeboda realurad fsiqiatriul klinikebSi
da isic, saSualod, mxolod ramdenime Tvis
manZilze.
dReisaTvis Terapiul programebSi sami
ZiriTadi kategoriis medikamentebi gamoiyeneba:
antifsiqoturi, antidepresantuli da anqsi-
olizuri naerTebi. rogorc dasaxelebebidan
Cans, es medikamentebi qimiuri gziT cvlian
tvinis specifikur funqciebs, romlebic fsi-
qotur simptomebze, depresiasa da ukidures
SfoTvazea pasuxismgebeli.
antifsiqoturi preparatebi
antifsiqoturi preparatebi cvlis bodviTi
mdgomareobebis, halucinaciebis, socialuri ga-
riyulobis (Caketilobis) da perioduli agzne-
badobis (aJitaciis) Sizofreniul simptomebs
(Dawkins et al., 1999). antifsiqoturi preparatebis
moqmedeba zRudavs neirogadamtan dofaminis
aqtivobas tvinSi. iseTi preparatebi, rogoricaa
qlorpromazini (aSS-Si savaWro dasaxeleba _
Torazini) da haloperidoli (cnobilia, rogorc
haldoli), dofanimuri receptorebis mgrZnobe-
lobas amcirebs an Trgunavs. klozapini (cnobi-
lia, rogorc klizarili), uaxlesi wamyvani
antifsiqoturi preparatia, romelic uSualod
amcirebs dofaminis aqtivobas da zrdis sero-
toninis aqtivobis dones, romelic akavebs dofa-
minur sistemas. miuxedavad imisa, rom es prepa-
ratebi amcireben, tvinis aqtivobis zogad dones,
isini ar arian mxolod trankvilizatorebi.
mravali pacientisTvis yvela es preparati ga-
cilebiT metia, vidre ubralod agznebis Sema-
sustebeli da damamSvidebeli. isini aqroben,
an amcireben Sizofreniis dadebiT simptomebs,
bodvebisa da halucinaciebis CaTvliT.
samwuxarod, antifsiqotur preparatebs uaryo-
fiTi gverdiTi moqmedeba axasiaTebs. vinaidan
dofamins Tavisi roli aqvs motorul kontrol-
Si, medikamenturi mkurnalobis kurss xSirad
axlavs kunTebis muSaobis darRvevebi. motoruli
kontrolis _ gansakuTrebiT saxis kunTebis
muSaobis _ gamorCeuli darRvevaa gviani dis-
kinezia, romelic antifsiqoturi preparatebis
zemoqmedebis Sedegad viTardeba. aseTi gverdiTi
movlenis mqone pacientebs aReniSnebaT ybis,
tuCebisa da enis uneblie moZraobebi. preparati
klozapini ufro SerCeviTad akavebs dofaminur
receptorebs, rac motoruli darRvevebis
ganviTarebis albaTobas amcirebs. samwuxarod,
im pacientTa 1-2%-Si, romelic klozapiniT
mkurnalobda, viTardeba iSviaTi daavadeba
agranuklocitozi, rodesac Zvlis tvini aRar
gamoimuSavebs sisxlis TeTr ujredebs.
mkvlevrebi agrZeleben preparatebis xangr-
Zlivi gamoyenebis Sedegebis Seswavlas; aseve,
swavloben pacientis mier preparatis miRebis
Sewyvetis Sedegebs. preparatis miRebis Sewyvetis
Semdeg recidivebis sixSiris maCvenebeli sakmaod
maRalia _ pacientTa or mesameds 18 Tvis gan-
mavlobaSi axali simptomebi uviTardeba; Tumca,
im pacientTa daaxloebiT erT mesamedTanac
mosalodnelia recidivebi, romlebic regula-
rulad iReben medikamentebs (Gitlin, 1990). amrigad,
antifsiqoturi preparatebi ar kurnavs Sizof-
renias _ isini ar aqroben safuZvlad mdebare
fsiqopaTologias. sabednierod, isini sakmaod
kargad axerxeben daavadebis yvelaze damangre-
veli simptomebis kontrols.
biosamedicino Terapiebi
antidepresantebi
antidepresantebi aZliereben neirogadam-
tanebis _ norepinefrinisa da serotoninis _
aqtivobas (Holmes, 1994). tricikluri antidepre-
santebi, rogoricaa tofranili da elavili,
amcireben sinafsuri napralidan neirogadam-
tanebis ganmeorebiT STanTqmas. bicikluri anti-
depresanti prozaki amcirebs serotoninis gan-
meorebiT STanTqmas. monoaminoqsidazas (mao)
689
 inhibitorebi zRudaven ferment monoaminoq-
sidazas aqtivobas, romelic pasuxismgebelia
norepinefrinis daSlaze (metabolizmze). ro-
desac mao Sekavebulia, neirogadamtanTa meti
raodenoba xdeba Tavisuflad xelmisawvdomi.
antidepresantebi, Cveulebriv, warmatebiT
xsnian depresiis simptomebs, Tumca, gaumjobeseba
ar aReniSneba pacientTa 30-40%-s (es pacientebi
SeiZleba eleqtrokonvulsiuri Terapiis kan-
didatebi gaxdnen) (Hirschfeld, 1999). prozaks in-
tensiurad aqebdnen, rogorc saswaulmomqmed
wamals, romelsac sxva danarCen wamlebze ga-
cilebiT mZlavri Terapiuli efeqti aqvs. zo-
gierT fsiqiatrs usityvod sjera prozakis
efeqturobis. Tavis Zalian popularul wignSi
„prozakis mosmena~ (Kramer, Listening to Prozac, 1993)
fsiqiatri piter krameri aRwers mTel rig
SemTxvevebs, rodesac pacientebma, romelTac
prozaki hqondaT daniSnuli, gasaocari pirov-
nuli cvlilebebi ganicades. magaliTisTvis
ganvixiloT qalbatonis SemTxveva, romelsac
krameri tezs uwodebs. tezi Tavad gaecno kra-
mers da aRuwera sakuTari mZime cxovrebiseuli
pirobebi da depresiis istoria. prozakiT or-
kviriani mkurnalobis Semdeg tezi ukve sxva
adamianad iqca:
Cem win iyo pacienti, romlis qcevis
Cveuli stili STambeWdavad Secvliliyo.
is msubuqad saubrobda, aRar iyo daTrgu-
nuli da kedelze akruli; piriqiT, pepe-
lasaviT dafarfatebda adamianebs Soris.
Tavi 16 / pirovnebis cvlilebebis Terapiebi
iq, sadac sxvebis gulis mogebaze da ke-
Tilganwyobis mopovebaze mimarTuli qceva
iyo, axla sicocxlis siyvaruli da mxia-
ruleba sufevda (Kramer, 1993, gv. 11).
tezis mdgomareobis gaumjobeseba Zalze STam-
beWdavi iyo, Tumca, prozakisa da sxva fsi-
qoaqtiuri medikamentebis kritikosebi Relaven
imis gamo, rom prozaki ara marto depresias
xsnis, aramed pacientebs sakuTari indivi-
dualurobisa da SemoqmedebiTi sawyisisganac
„aTavisuflebs~ (Breggin & Breggin, 1994).
liTiumis marilebi efeqturi aRmoCnda bipo-
laruli aSlilobebis mkurnalobaSi (Schou,
1997). adamianebi, romlebic umarTavi moWarbebuli
agznebis periodebs ganicdian, rodesac maTi
energia, erTi SexedviT, amouwuravia, qceva ki _
690 ucnauri da TvalSisacemi, maniakaluri siWarbis
mdgomareobidan liTiumis dozebiT gamoyavT.
pacientTa 60-80%-s, romlebic liTiumiT mkur-
nalobdnen, gamojanmrTelebis kargi Sansi aqvT
(Walden et al., 1998). Tumca, bipolaruli aSli-
lobis mqone im adamianebisTvis, romelTa mdgo-
mareoba xSirad irxeva maniakalur da depresiul
periodebs Soris, liTiumi naklebad efeqturia,
vidre mkurnaloba sxva preparatebiT, rogoricaa,
magaliTad, valproati _ preparati, romelic
Tavdapirvelad gulyrebis Sesakaveblad Seiqmna.
anqsiolizuri saSualebebi
antifsiqoturi da antidepresiuli prepara-
tebis msgavsad, anqsiolizuri, anu damamSvide-
beli saSualebebi, Cveulebriv, tvinSi neiroga-
damtanebis aqtivobis doneebis regulacias
axdens. sxvadasxva saxis SfoTviTi aSlilobis
dros sxvadasxva saxis preparatia yvelaze efeq-
turi (Spiegel et al., 2000). generalizebuli SfoT-
viTi aSliloba saukeTesod ikurneba benzodi-
azepinebiT, maT Soris valiumiT, an qsanaqsiT,
romelic neirogadamtan gaem-is9 aqtiurobas
zrdis. vinaidan gaem Semakavebel neironebs
aregulirebs, misi aqtiurobis zrdiT mcirdeba
tvinis aqtiuroba im ubnebSi, romelic genera-
lizebul SfoTviT reaqciebs Seesabameba. pa-
nikuri aSlilobebi _ agorafobia da sxva fo-
biebi _ SeiZleba ganikurnos antidepresantebiT,
miuxedavad imisa, rom mkvlevrebma jer ar ician,
Tu ra biologiuri meqanizmi udevs amas safuZ-
vlad. obsesiur-kompulsuri aSliloba, romelic
serotoninis ukmarisobam SeiZleba gamoiwvios,
gansakuTrebiT kargad reagirebs iseT prepara-
tebze, rogoricaa prozaki, radgan is konkretu-
lad serotoninis moqmedebaze axdens gavlenas.
daniSnuleba fsiqoaqtiuri
preparatebisTvis
Cven mier aRweril medikamentebs, romlebic
mowodebulia sxvadasxvagvari fsiqikuri aSli-
lobebis simptomebis Sesamsubuqeblad, xSirad
aZleven adamianebs daniSnulebis saxiT. vinaidan
fsiqikuri janmrTelobis dacva TandaTanobiT
sazogadoebrivi jandacvis organizaciebis kom-
petenciis sferoSi gadadis da vinaidan miRebuli
9
gamaaminoerbomJava _ GABA-GammaAminoBatterAcid
praqtikaa am sferoze xarjebis ekonomia, mcir-
deba pacientTa raodenoba, romlebic fsiqo-
Terapiuli daxmarebisTvis Terapevtebs akiTxaven;
isini fsiqoTerapias SedarebiT iafi saSualebiT
_ medikamenturi mkurnalobiT anacvleben. ax-
laxan Catarebulma gamokvlevam, romelic fsi-
qoaqtiuri medikamentebis pacientebisTvis gamo-
weris tendencias Seexeboda, aCvena, rom aSS-Si
1985 wlidan 1994 wlamde periodSi 20%-iT moimata
fsiqiatrebisTvis, pirveladi samedicino daxma-
rebis eqimebisTvis da sxva specialobis medi-
kosebisTvis mimarTvebis ricxvma _ 32.7 milio-
nidan 45.6 milion mimarTvamde (Pincus et al., 1998).
amasTan, adamianTa zogierTi jgufi ufro metad
iRebs medikamentebs, vidre _ sxvebi. erT-erT
gamokvlevaSi, romelic xuTi weliwadi grZel-
deboda, mkvlevrebi akvirdebodnen, Tu rogor
niSnavdnen medikamentebs kaliforniis zogadi
profilis oTxi saavadmyofos pirveladi gada-
udebeli daxmarebis samsaxuris (umeteswilad
TeTrkaniani) eqimebi. isini afroamerikelebs
ufro meti raodenobis antifsiqotur medika-
mentebs da ufro didi dozebiT uniSnavdnen,
vidre sxva pacientebs. Tumca, afroamerikeli
pacientebi sulac ar iyvnen ufro saSiSni, an
ufro metad daavadebulni, vidre danarCenebi
(segal et al., 1996). aseTi aRmoCenebi gviCvenebs, Tu
ratom miaCniaT farmakoTerapiis kritikosebs,
rom medikamentebi yovelTvis ar gamoiyeneba
mxolod samedicino miznebisTvis.
rodis aris aucilebeli medikamentebiT
mkurnaloba
Cven mokled mimovixileT fsiqologiuri aS-
lilobebis medikamenturi mkurnalobis zogi-
erTi SesaZlebloba. bevri garemoebaa, rodesac
medikamenturi mkurnalobis kursma SeiZleba
mniSvnelovnad gaaumjobesos daavadebuli ada-
mianis cxovreba. Tumca, farmakoTerapiis nebis-
mieri kursi ar gamoricxavs fizikuri, an fsi-
qologiuri miCvevis SesaZleblobas da SesaZlo
seriozul gverdiT movlenebs. rogor afaseben
adamianebi am faqtorebs Semsubuqebis alba-
TobasTan mimarTebaSi? Cven, aseve, aRvniSneT,
rom medikamentma SeiZleba Seamsubuqos simptomi,
magram ver gankurnos misi ganmapirobebeli
paTologia. ramdenad arian adamianebi mzad, rom
mTeli cxovrebis manZilze miiRon medikamentebi?
am kiTxvebs kidev ufro aqtualurs da sain-
teresos xdis gamokvlevebi, romlebic aCveneben,
rom Terapiis zogierTi forma iseve moqmedebs
tvinze, rogorc medikamenturi mkurnalobis
kursi.
saidan
viciT
bihevioraluri Terapiis Sedegad
tvinSi momxdari cvlilebebi
obsesiur-kompulsuri aSlilobis mqone
monawileebs unda aerCiaT da gaevloT
medikamenturi Terapia (fluoqsetin hidro-
qloridiT), an bihevioraluri Terapia
(stimulis wardgena da reaqciis aRkveTa).
emisiur-pozitronuli tomografiiT gada-
iRes pacientebis tvini mkurnalobamde da
mkurnalobis Semdeg, ramac orive saxis
Terapiis Semdeg tvinis funqcionirebaSi
erTnairi cvlilebebi aCvena (Baxter et al.,
1992; Schwartz et al., 1996).
am tipis kvlevebi SesaniSnav SesaZleblobebze
migviTiTebs: aramedikamentur Terapiebs SeiZleba
iseTive ganmkurnebeli efeqti hqondes tvinze,
rogorc medikamentebiT mkurnalobas, Tumca,
medikamentebiT mkurnalobisTvis damaxasia-
Tebeli SesaZlo uaryofiTi Sedegebis gareSe.
erTi TerapiisTvis upiratesobis miniWeba
meoresTan SedarebiT xSirad daavadebis sim-
wvaveze da sxvadasxva saxis Terapiebis damtki-
cebul efeqturobazea damokidebuli. magaliTad,
ganurCevlad riskisa, Sizofreniis mkurnaloba
ubralod aucilebelia medikamentebiT, raTa
pacientebs normalurad cxovrebis mcireodeni
SesaZlebloba mainc hqondeT. axla ganvixiloT
biosamedicino Terapiebi
meTodebi, romlebsac mkvlevrebi Terapiis
sxvadasxva formebis efeqturobis Sesafaseblad
iyeneben.
Sejameba
Tanamedrove praqtikaSi iSviaTad gamoiyeneba
qirurgiuli procedurebi tvinze fsiqologiuri
aSlilobebis Sesamsubuqeblad. eleqtrokonvul-
siuri Terapia sakmaod efeqturia Rrma depresiis
Sesamsubuqeblad. Tumca, vinaidan misdami damoki- 691
 debuleba isev sakamaToa, adamianebi eridebian
am saxis mkurnalobas. antifsiqoturi, antidepre-
siuli da anqsiolizuri preparatebi, rogorc
wesi, Semamsubuqeblad moqmedeben; isini tvinSi
neirogadamtanebis aqtiurobaze axdenen gavlenas.
medikamenturi mkurnalobis, gansakuTrebiT,
antidepresantebis, daniSvnebis ricxvma mkveTrad
moimata bolo aTwleulis manZilze.

ramdenad muSaobs Terapia

davuSvaT, Tqvens cxovrebaSi dainaxeT prob-

lema da migaCniaT, rom misi daZleva mxolod
profesional klinicistTan urTierTqmedebiT
aris SesaZlebeli. Cven mravali saxis Terapiaze
visaubreT. rogor unda gavarkvioT, romeli
maTgani imoqmedebs saukeTesod da SegimsubuqebT
problemas? rogor davrwmundeT, rom romelime
maTgani saerTod imoqmedebs? am qveTavSi
ganvixilavT gamokvlevebs, romlebic miznad
isaxavs calkeuli Terapiebis Sedegianobis
Semowmebas da sxvadasxva Terapiebis urTierT-
Sedarebas. am kvlevebis zogadi mizania adamia-
nebisTvis daxmarebis gawevis yvelaze efeqturi
saSualebis gamovlena. Cven, aseve, mokled mi-
movixilavT prevenciis sakiTxs: ra da rogor
unda gaakeTon fsiqologebma winaswar, rom
Tavidan iqnes acilebuli fsiqikuri daavadeba?
Tavi 16 / pirovnebis cvlilebebis Terapiebi
aizenkis gamowvevis sapasuxod mkvlevrebma
Terapiis Sedegianobis Sefasebis ufro zusti
meTodologiebi SeimuSaves. aizenkis kritikulma
gamonaTqvamebma naTeli gaxada, rom mkvlevrebs
saTanado sakontrolo jgufebi sWirdebaT. mTeli
rigi mizezebis gamo, individTa garkveuli
procentis mdgomareoba, romelsac fsiqoTerapia
esaWiroeba, marTlac umjobesdeba yovelgvari
profesiuli Carevis gareSe. spontanuri remisiis
efeqti is bazisuri kriteriumia, romliTac unda
Sefasdes Terapiebis Sedegianoba. martivad rom
vTqvaT, unda Candes, rom raRacis keTeba gamojan-
mrTelebis SemTxvevaTa met procents iZleva,
vidre _ arafris keTeba.
aseve, mkvlevrebi cdiloben, dagvanaxon, rom

maT mier gamoyenebuli mkurnaloba ufro mets

Terapiis Sedegianobis
Sefaseba
britanelma fsiqologma hans aizenkma (Hans
Eysenck, 1952) furori moaxdina: man ganacxada,
rom fsiqoTerapia saerTod ar moqmedebs! man
xelT arsebuli yvela publikacia mimoixila,
sadac saubari iyo sxvadasxva saxis Terapiebis
Sedegianobaze da aRmoaCina, rom im pacientebis
mdgomareoba, romlebic aranair Terapias ar
iRebdnen, iseTive sixSiriT umjobesdeboda, ro-
gorc im pacientebisa, romlebic fsiqoanalitur
an sxva saxis insaituri Terapiis kurss gadi-
odnen. man ganacxada, rom nevrotuli proble-
mebis mqone adamianTa daaxloebiT ori mesamedi
TavisTavad gamojanmrTeldeboda problemis
gaCenidan ori wlis ganmavlobaSi.
692
akeTebs, vidre klientis sakuTari gankurnebis
molodinis gamoyenebaa. SegiZliaT gaixsenoT
Cven mier adre ganxiluli placebo efeqtebi:
bevr SemTxvevaSi adamianebis fsiqikuri Tu
fizikuri janmrTeloba mxolod imitom umjo-
besdeba, rom isini moelian gaumjobesebas. Tera-
piuli situacia xels uwyobs am rwmenis gan-
mtkicebas imiT, rom Terapevts mkurnalis speci-
fikur socialur rolSi ayenebs (Frank & Frank,
spontanuri remisiis efeqti (Spontaneous-remis-
sion effect) _ fsiqikuri problemebis mqone zo-
gierT pacientTa da klientTa, romelsac esa-
Wiroeba fsiqoTerapia, mdgomareobis gaum-
jobeseba yovelgvari profesiuli Carevis gareSe;
bazisuri kriteriumi, romliTac unda Sefasdes
Terapiebis Sedegianoba.
1991). miuxedavad imisa, rom Terapiis placebo
efeqti Terapiuli Carevis mniSvnelovani nawi-
lia, mkvlevrebs, Cveulebriv, surT imis Cveneba,
rom maT mier gamoyenebuli Terapiis specifikuri
forma ufro Sedegiania, vidre placebo Terapia
(neitraluri Terapia, romelic mxolod gankur-
nebis molodins qmnis) (Enserink, 1999).
ukanasknel wlebSi mkvlevrebi Terapiul Sede-
gianobas statistikuri meTodis _ meta-analizis
_ gamoyenebiT afaseben. meta-analizi mkvlevrebs
formaluri meqanizmiT uzrunvelyofs, romelic
mowodebulia mravali sxvadasxvagvari eqsperi-
mentis monacemebSi zogadi daskvnebis gamosavle-
nad. bevr fsiqologiur eqsperimentSi mkvlevari
svams kiTxvas: „gamovlinda Tu ara eqsperimentis
monawileTa umravlesobaSi Cem mier nawinaswar-
metyveli movlena?~ meta-analizis cdis pirebs
eqsperimentebi warmoadgenen. Terapiis Sedegia-
nobasTan mimarTebaSi mkvlevari svams kiTxvas:
„gamoavlina Tu ara Sedegebis gamokvlevaTa um-
ravlesobam dadebiTi cvlilebebi?~ am kiTxvaze
pasuxia Zalze damajerebeli „diax~ (Lipsey &
Wilson, 1993; Shadish et al., 1997). rogorc Cans,
Terapiuli kursebis umravlesobas sul mciredi
dadebiTi efeqti mainc aqvs, romelic SesaZlo
„mkurnalobis gareSe~ an „placebo~ efeqtebis
farglebs scildeba.
aseTi Sedegebis gamo, Tanamedrove mkvlevrebs
naklebad afiqrebT, moqmedebs Tu ara fsiqo-
Terapia; isini ufro metad arian dakavebulni
iseTi sakiTxebiT, rogoricaa: ratom moqmedebs
fsiqoTerapia da aris Tu ara romelime konkre-
tuli mkurnaloba yvelaze efeqturi konkretuli
problemisTvis da garkveuli tipis pacientebi-
sTvis (Drozd & Goldfried, 1996, Goldfried et al., 1990). unda
aRiniSnos, rom yovelTvis ar aris ioli im
kvlevebis urTierTSedareba, romlebic sxvadasxva
Terapiebis Sesaxeb iZlevian monacemebs. Zneli
gasaTvaliswinebelia TerapevtTa gamocdilebebs
Soris gansxavavebebi, Terapiis xangrZlioba,
pirveladi diagnozis sizuste, aSlilobis tipi,
pacientis sirTuleebis simwvavesa da tipebs
Soris gansxvavebebi, Sedegebis gazomvis meTodebi,
pacientis molodinebisa da SeTavazebuli Te-
rapiis urTierTTanxvedra da mkurnalobis das-
rulebis Semdeg pacientze dakvirvebis xangr-
Zlioba _ da es mxolod mcire nawilia para-
metrTa im grZeli CamonaTvalisa, romelic gaiT-
valiswinebul unda iqnes. rogorc qvemoT vnaxavT,
mkvlevrebi jer kidev cdiloben am problemebis
daZlevas da depresiis mkurnalobis sxvadasxva
tipebis pirdapir Sedarebaze fokusirdebian.
mkurnalobis Sefaseba
depresiis farTo gavrcelebidan gamomdinare
(ix. Tavi 15), mravali gamokvleva, romelSic
sxvadasxva tipis Terapiebis urTierTSedarebas
axdenen, depresiuli adamianebis jgufebze
tardeba. erTi gansakuTrebiT gabeduli proeqti
daafinansa da koordinireba gauwia fsiqikuri
janmrTelobis nacionalurma institutma (aSS,
National Institute os Mental Health – NIMH). am kvlevis
ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebi iyo: (1) xanmokle fsiqo-
Terapiis ori gansxvavebuli formis _ trici-
kluri medikamenturi mkurnalobis da placebo
kontrolis _ Sedegianobis Sedareba; (2) 28
profesionali Terapevtis mier Catarebuli
mkurnalobis zusti gansazRvra da standarti-
zacia; amasTan, TiToeuli Terapevti Terapiis
oTxi tipidan erT-erTSi specializirdeboda da
TiToeuli tipis mkurnaloba sxvadasxva qalaqis
sam sxvadasxva dawesebulebaSi tardeboda; (3)
SemTxveviT SeirCa 240 ambulatoriuli pacienti,
romelic klinikuri depresiuli aSlilobis
standartul kriteriumebs akmayofilebda; (4)
dadginda Sefasebis standartizirebuli proce-
durebi Terapiis procesisa (magaliTad, Terapi-
uli seansebis videoCanawerebis) da saboloo
Sedegebis gasazomad gankuTvnili meTodikebis
monitoringisTvis mkurnalobis dasawyisSi, 16-
kviriani Terapiuli procesis ganmavlobaSi,
mkurnalobis dasasrulisTvis da dasrulebidan
18 Tvis Semdeg; (5) Sedegebis damoukidebeli
Sefaseba romelime dawesebulebaSi, romelic
ar monawileobda kvlevis arc erT fazaSi (Elkin
ramdenad muSaobs Terapia
et al., 1989).
afasebdnen ori saxis fsiqoTerapias, romelic
specialurad Seiqmna, an modificirda arasaavad-
placebo Terapia (Placebo therapy) _ nebismieri
specifikuri klinikuri procedurisgan damouki-
debeli Terapia, romelic iwvevs klienti mdgo-
mareobis gaumjobesebas.
meta-analizi (Meta-analysis) _ hipoTezebis
Semowmebeli statiskituri meTodi, romelic
iZleva formalur meqanizms mravali sxvadasxva-
gvari eqsperimentis monacemebSi zogadi das-
693
kvnebis gamosavlenad.

suraTi
16.2
depresiis Terapiebi
depresiis simptomebi yvelaze metad medikamenturi
mkurnalobis Sedegad Semcirda, Tumca, simptomebi,
aseve, mniSvnelovnad Semcirda fsiqodinamikuri da
kognituri Terapiebis Sedegadac.
myofos pirobebSi depresiis samkurnalod. es
ori xanmokle Terapia iyo kognitur-biheviora-
luri Terapia da interpersonaluri fsiqo-
Terapia _ fsiqodinamikuri orientaciis Terapia,
romelic pacientebis mimdinare cxovrebasa da
pirovnebaTSoris urTierTobebze fokusir-
Tavi 16 / pirovnebis cvlilebebis Terapiebi
deboda. ormag brma proceduraSi, (anu eqsperimen-
tatorebma ar icodnen, romeli pacienti romel
preparats iRebda) tricikluri antidepresanti
imipramini da placebo kontrolis preparati
gamoiyenes. rogorc medikamentebis, ise place-
bos SemTxvevaSi TiToeul pacients kviraSi
erTxel naxulobda fsiqiatri, romelic
minimalur mxardamWer Terapias axorcieldebda.
Terapiis Sedegebis am samagaliTo kvlevis
monacemebis erTi nawili mocemulia suraTze
16.2. grafiki aCvenebs, rom Rrmad depresiuli
pacientebis mkurnalobis TiToeuli forma ufro
Sedegiani iyo, vidre placebo; amasTan, anti-
depresiuli medikamenti yvelaze Sedegiani
aRmoCnda, fsiqodinamikurma da kongitur-
bihevioralurma Terapiebma, Sedegianobis mixed-
viT, Sualeduri mdgomareoba daikaves (Klein &
694 Ross, 1993). Semdgom proeqtebSi mkvlevrebi afa-
sebdnen da erTmaneTs adarebdnen mxolod fsiqo-
Terapiis Sedegianobasa da kombinirebul fsiqo-
Terapiul da medikamentur mkurnalobas. erT-
erT gamokvlevaSi kombinirebuli Terapia yvela-
ze warmatebuli aRmoCnda (Keller et al., 2000). 519
monawilidan, romelmac mkurnalobis kursi
gaiara, simptomebis Semsubuqebis kvlevaSi
dadgenil kriteriumebs im monawileTa 55%-is
mdgomareoba akmayofilebda, vin mxolod medi-
kamenturi mkurnaloba miiRo da im monawileTa
52%-is mdgomareoba, vinc mxolod fsiqoTerapiiT
mkurnalobda, xolo im pacientebidan, vinc
iRebda kombinirebul _ fsiqoTerapiul da
medikamentur mkurnalobas _ 85%-s mdgomareobis
gaumjobesebis igive maCvenebeli hqonda.
depresiis mkurnalobis Sesafaseblad Cata-
rebuli kvlevebi aCvenebs, rom orive _ bio-
logiur da fsiqologiur _ mkurnalobas mniS-
vnelovani wvilili Seaqvs fsiqikuri janmrTe-
lobis gaumjobesebaSi. garda amisa, es kvlevebi
naTel warmodgenas gviqmnis im meTodebze,
romelTa gamoyenebiTac SeiZleba ganisazRvros,
Tu romeli Terapia iqneba saukeTeso TiToeuli
tipis aSlilobisTvis. suraTze 16.3 mocemulia
ganzogadebuli ierarqiuli sqema imisa, Tu ra
rols asrulebs Teoria, klinikaSi warmoebuli
dakvirveba da mecnieruli kvleva mkurnalobis
(rogorc fsiqikuri, ise _ fizikuri daavadebebis)
nebismieri formis ganviTarebasa da SefasebaSi.
is gviCvenebs, Tu ra saxis sistematuri kvlevaa
saWiro, rom klinicistebma ufro iolad gasa-
zRvron, Teoriis winaswarmetyvelebis Sesaba-
misad, marTlac cvlis rames Tu ara maT mier
gamoyenebuli Terapia. sqemis erT mxares xedavT
klinikaSi warmoebuli dakvirvebis Sedegebs _
klinicistis sakuTar gamocdilebas axali pro-
cedurebis gamoyenebisas. Cveulebisamebr, mkur-
nalobis axali meTodebi dasawyisisTvis praq-
tikaSi mkacri eqsperimentuli kontrolis gareSe
gamoicdeba. sqemis meore mxares Teoriis ganvi-
Tarebas xedavT. Teoria winaswarmetyvelebs im
meTodebis Sesaxeb, romelmac unda gaamarTlos
da imuSaos praqtikaSi, rac SeiZleba dadas-
turdes laboratoriuli gamokvlevebiT. es ori
saxis insaiti _ klinikuri da eqsperimentuli
_ erTiandeba da axal Terapias iZleva (Goldfried
& Wolfe, 1996; Seligman, 1996).
winamdebare Tavis daskvniT qveTavSi cxov-
rebis mniSvnelovan princips SevexebiT: rogori
 mkurnalobis
mimdinare
prevenciis strategiebi
statusi
ori megobari mdinaris piras seirnobda.
uecrad, mdinarem gatacebuli bavSvi
Camoatara. erT-erTi maTgani Caxta mdina-
reSi da bavSvi gadaarCina. amis Semdeg
pirveladi
klinikuri kvleva _ megobrebma ganagrZes seirnoba. moulod-
dakvirveba Teoriuli nelad, kidev erTi bavSvi Camohyva dinebas.
modeli pirveli bavSvis gadamrCeni isev gadaeSva
mdinareSi da isev gamoiyvana samSvidobos
mdinaris msxverpli. male mesame wyal-
gamocda sawyisi waRebulic gamoCnda. jer isev mSrali
kontrolis gamokvlevebi megobari swrafad gauyva mdinaris napirs
gareSe laboratoria dinebis sapirispirod. maSvelma megobarma
klinikur Si
populaciaSi gasZaxa: „ei, sad midixar?~ mSralma mego-
marma upasuxa: „vcdilob, im naZiralas
mivagno, vinc am bavSvebs wyalSi yris~
(Wolman, 1975, gv. 3).
axali
Terapia am moTxrobis morali naTelia: problemis
prevencia, anu Tavidan acileba saukeTeso gada-
wyvetaa. Cven mier ganxiluli yvela tradiciuli
Terapia iseTi adamianis Secvlazea mimarTuli,
moklevadiani romelsac ukve aqvs problema, an romelic ara-
klinikuri qmediTunariania. isini mas Semdeg iwyeben muSa-
kvlevebi obas, rac Tavs iCens problemuri qceva da es
kontroliT
gausaZlisi xdeba adamianisTvis. im droisaTvis,
rodesac adamiani mkurnalobas gadawyvets, an
iZulebuli gaxdeba, rom imkurnalos, fsiqikuri
grZelvadiani
klinikuri aSliloba ukve kargad aris „mokalaTebuli~
kvlevebi da damangrevlad moqmedebs mis yoveldRiur
kontroliT funqcionirebaze, sazogadoebriv saqmianobaze,
samsaxursa Tu profesiul zrdaze.

praqtikaSi
efeqturobis
Sefaseba
ramdenad muSaobs Terapia

suraTi
16.3
ufro Sedegiani Terapiis Seqmna
fsqiqikuri/fizikuri daavadebebis mkurna-
lobis ganvioTarebis afexurebi

Sedegianic ar unda iyos mkurnaloba, xSirad

ukeTesia daavadebis prevencia, vidre misi
mkurnaloba.
695
 fsiqologiuri problemebis prevencia ram-
denime doneze SeiZleba ganxorcieldes (Rabins,
1992, Reiss & Price, 1996). pirveladi prevencia mimar-
Tulia daavadebis ganviTarebamde mdgomareobis
Tavidan acilebaze. am mizniT, magaliTad, SeiZ-
leba gadaidgas nabijebi imisaTvis, rom indi-
videbs gamklavebis unar-Cvevebi davaswavloT,
romliTac isini garemos uaryofiTi aspeqte-
bisadmi, romelmac SeiZleba SfoTva, an depresia
gamoiwvion, metad adaptirebadni gaxdebian, an
romelTa saSualebiTac SeeZlebaT maTi Secvla
(Durlak & Wells, 1997; Kaplan, 2000). meoradi prevencia
cdilobs ukve ganviTarebuli aSlilobis simwva-
vis, an xangrZlivobis Semcirebas. es keTdeba
programebiT, romelic aSlilobis dasawyisSive
gamovlenisa da mkurnalobis dawyebis SesaZ-
leblobas iZleva. mesameuli prevencia cdilobs,
ar dauSvas recidivebi da amiT zRudavs fsiqolo-
giuri aSlilobis xangrZliv zemoqmedebas. mesa-
meuli prevenciuli zomebisTvis saWiroa, rom
ukve cnobili da SeZlebisdagvarad aRmofxvrili
iyos aSlilobis mizezebi.
dasaxelebuli tipebis prevenciis ganxorci-
eleba im msxvilmasStabian cvlilebebze mianiS-
nebda, romelic fsiqikuri janmrTelobis dacvis
zogadma mimarTulebam da ZiriTadma paradigmebma
ganicada. umniSvnelovanesi sistemuri cvli-
lebebia: (1) mkurnalobisTvis prevenciis damateba;
(2) daavadebebis mkurnalobis viwro samedicino
modelidan sazogadoebrivi janmrTelobis ufro
farTo modelze gadasvla; (3) im situaciebsa da
Tavi 16 / pirovnebis cvlilebebis Terapiebi
garemo pirobebze yuradRebis gamaxvileba,
romelic adamianebs riskis winaSe ayenebs da
maT „risk-jgufSi myofi adamianebisgan~ mijnavs;
(4) meti interesi Cveuli cxovrebiseuli garemos
situaciebisadmi, romelic xels uwyobs daava-
debis ganviTarebas da naklebi _ predispo-
ziciuri maxasiaTeblebis Ziebisadmi Tavad ada-
mianebSi (Ammerman & Hersen, 1997; Kendrick et al., 1996).
samedicino modeli mowodebulia daavadebuli
adamianebis mkurnalobisTvis; sazogadoebrivi
jandacvis modeli daavadebebisa da avadmyofobis
garemoSi arsebuli mizezebis gamovlenasa da
aRkveTas gulisxmobs. am midgomiT, daavadebuli
klinikuri ekologia (Clinical ecology) – fsiqo-
logiis dargi, romelic iseT aSlilobebs, ro-
goricaa SfoTviTi aSliloba da depresia,
garemoSi arsebul gamRizianeblebs ukavSirebs.
696
individi ganixileba, rogorc maspinZeli, an
matarebeli _ mimdinare daavadebis saboloo
Sedegi. rodesac SesaZlebeli gaxdeba im garemo
pirobebis Secvla, romelic daavadebis ganvi-
Tarebas ganapirobebs, mogvianebiT aRar gaxdeba
saWiro adamianebis Secvla Zvirad Rirebuli,
eqstensiuri mkurnalobiT. iseTi infeqciuri
daavadebebis mkveTri Semcireba, rogoricaa
tuberkulozi, yvavili da malaria, am midgomis
wyalobiT gaxda SesaZlebeli. rac Seexeba
fsiqopaTologias, am SemTxvevaSic SesaZlebelia
stresis mizezebis gamovlena garemosa Tu aqti-
vobis organizaciaSi. SeiZleba maT Sesustebaze
mimarTuli programis Seqmna da amiT im adamianTa
ricxvis Semcireba, vinc maTi moqmedebis samizne
gaxdeba. klinikuri ekologiis sfero afarTovebs
biosamedicino Terapiebis sazRvrebs imiT, rom
iseT aSlilobebs, rogoricaa SfoTviTi aSli-
loba da depresia, garemoSi arsebul gamRi-
zianeblebs ukavSirebs _ es SeiZleba iyos: qimi-
uri gamxsnelebi, xmauri, sezonuri cvlilebebi
da radiacia (Bell, 1982). vinaidan wvlili Seaqvs
fsiqopaTologiaSi, zogierTma Terapevtma gaa-
farTova garemos cneba da masSi garegani garemos10
yvela is maxasiaTebeli CarTo, romelic norma-
lur adaptaciaze zemoqmedebs yoveldRiur
cxovrebaSi (Ghadirian & Lehmann, 1993). aq Sedis,
kvebis zemoqmedeba, fsiqoaqtiuri nivTierebebi,
terorizmi, bunebrivi ubedurebebi da socia-
luri mxardaWeris sistemebis ararseboba.
fsiqikuri aSlilobebis prevencia mraval-
mxrivi da rTuli amocanaa. masSi ara marto
relevanturi mizezobrivi faqtorebis gageba
moiazreba, aramed individualur, dawesebu-
lebebis da samTavrobo doneebze warmoqmnili
winaaRmdegobis daZleva cvlilebebisken mimaval
gzaze. aucilebelia seriozuli samecniero
kvleviTi Zalisxmeva prevenciuli RonisZiebebis
xangrZlivi sargeblis demonstrirebisTvis da
fsiqopaTologiisadmi sazogadoebrivi jandacvis
modelis gamoyeneba, raTa gamarTleba moeZebnos
amisaTvis gaRebul xarjebs sxva problemebis
winaSe, romelic, aseve, dauyovnebel gadawyvetas
saWiroebs. prevenciuli programebis saboloo
10
External environment – igulisxmeba yvelaferi is,
rac arsebobs adamianis gareT. amis sapirispiroa Sinagani
garemo, anu is, rac adamianis SigniTaa (mTargmnelis
SeniSvna).
mizani sazogadoebis yvela wevrisTvis fsiqikuri
janmrTelobis SenarCunebis uzrunvelyofaa.
Sejameba
fsiqoTerapiiT dakavebuli mkvlevrebi cdi-
loben, gansazRvron, Terapiuli Carevis romeli
formebi uzrunvelyofen saukeTeso Sedegs. didi
raodenobis gamokvlevebis analizi aCvenebs, rom
mTlianobaSi fsiqoTerapia Sedegiania. farTo-
masStabiani kvlevebi, rogoricaa depresiis
mkurnalobis kvleva (romelic aSS fsiqikuri
janmrTelobis dacvis nacionaluri institutis,
koordinaciiT ganxorcielda), miznad isaxavs
calkeuli aSlilobebisTvis maqsimalurad Se-
degiani konkretuli tipis mkurnalobis gamov-
lenas. ukeTesi Terapiuli meTodis Seqmnis pro-
cesi laboratoriuli kvlevebis aRmoCenebsa
da klinikuri gamocdilebis Sedegebs aerTianebs.
prevenciuli mimarTuleba ubiZgebs klinicis-
tebs, rom Seecadon individebisTvis unar-
Cvevebis gamomuSavebas da maTi garemos Secvlas
ise, rom SesaZlebeli gaxdes aSlilobis gan-
viTareba da misi Sedegebis minimizacia.

sakvanZo
sakiTxebi
Terapiuli konteqsti
Terapia diagnozis dasmas
da mkurnalobis kursis
daniSvnas moiTxovs.
Terapia SeiZleba iyos
samedicino, an fsiqolo-
giuri.
arsebobs fsiqoTerapiis
o T x i Z i r i Ta d i t i p i :
fsiqodinamikuri, bihevio-
raluri, kognituri da
egzistencialur-humanis-
turi.
mravali sxvadasxva pro-
fesionali dakavebulia
fsiqoTerapiiT.
warsulSi fsiqikuri aS-
lilobebis mkurnaloba
uxeSi da araadamianuri
lilobebis gagebisa da mkur-
nalobis meTodebi, rac mniS-
vnelovani gakveTili SeiZ-
leba iyos dasavluri Tera-
piuli praqtikisTvis.
fsiqodinamikuri Terapiebi
fsiqodinamikuri Terapiebi
zigmund froidis fsiqoana-
litikuri Teoriis safuZvel-
ze Seiqmna.
froidi xazs usvamda aracno-
bieri konfqliqtebis rols
fsiqopaTologiis etiolo-
giaSi. fsiqodinamikuri Tera-
piis mizani am konfliqtebis
gadaWraa.
am Terapiis mniSvnelovani
mdgenelebia: Tavisufali aso-
bihevioraluri Terapiebi
bihevioraluri Terapia
daswavlis da ganmtkicebis
principebs iyenebs prob-
lemuri qcevis modifici-
rebisas, an aRkveTisas.
kontrganpirobebis meTo-
debiT xdeba uaryofiTi
qcevebis, rogoricaa, fo-
biuri reaqciebi, Canacvleba
ufro adapturi qcevebiT.
fobiebis modifikaciis
yvela teqnikisTvis damaxa-
siaTebeli elementia sti-
mulis wardgena.
pirobiTi ganmamtkiceb-
lebis marTva; pirobiTi gan-
pirobebuloba qcevis mo-
dificirebis mizniT gamo-
sakvanZo sakiTxebi

iyo. ciaciebi, winaaRmdegobisadmi iyeneba; upiratesad iyeneben

fsiqikuri aSlilobis
daavadebad miCnevas pa-
cientTa ufro humanuri
meTodebiT mkurnaloba
mohyva.
kulturuli anTropo-
logia gviCvenebs, rom
mraval kulturaSi ar-
sebobs fsiqikuri aS -
yuradReba, sizmrebis anali-
zi, gadatana da kontrgada-
tana.
neofroidianelebi met aq-
cents akeTeben pacientis aw-
myo, mimdinare socialur
situaciaze, pirovnebaTSoris
urTierTobebze da me-koncef-
ciaze.
dadebiT ganmtkicebasa da
reaqciis Caqrobas.
socialuri daswavlis
TerapiaSi qcevis modeli-
reba da socialuri unar-
Cvevebis gavarjiSeba gamoi-
yeneba, raTa individebs
sakuTari SesaZleblobebis
darwmunebaSi daexmaron.
697

kognituri Terapiebi
kognituri Terapia mimar-
Tulia uaryofiTi, an ira-
cionaluri azrebis pater-
nebis Secvlaze, romelic
individs sakuTari Tavisa
da socialuri urTierTo-
bebis Sesaxeb gaaCnia.
kognitur-bihevioraluri
modifikacia klientisgan
moiTxovs problemis Sesa-
xeb mosazrebaTa ufro me-
tad konstruqciuli pa-
ternebis daswavlas da
axali teqnikebis sxva, Tera-
piulisgan gansxvavebul
situaciebSi gamoyenebas.
kognituri Terapia war-
matebiT gamoiyeneba depre-
siis mkurnalobisTvis.
racionalur-emocionaluri
Terapia exmareba klientebs
gaacnobieron sakuTari ira-
cionaluri mosazrebebi sak-
uTari Tavis Sesaxeb, rom-
lebic xels uSliT maT
warmatebul cxovrebas.
egzistencialur-humanis-
turi Terapia
egzistencialur-humanis-
turi Terapiebi individebs
TviTaqtualizaciaSi ex-
mareba.
Tavi 16 / pirovnebis cvlilebebis Terapiebi
Terapevtebi cdiloben
aradireqtiulni iyvnen, ro-
desac klients exmarebian
sakuTar Tavze dadebiTi war-
modgenis SeqmnaSi, romel-
sac SeuZlia garemodan
momdinare kritikasTan gam-
klaveba.
geStalt-Terapia mimar-
Tulia erTian pirovnebaze
_ sxeulze, fsiqikasa da
sacxovrebel garemoze.
jgufuri Terapiebi
jgufuri Terapia saSua-
lebas aZlevs adamianebs,
daakvirdnen da CaerTon
socialur urTierTobebSi,
rac Seamcirebs maT fsiqo-
698
698 logiur problemebs.
ojaxis da ojaxuri wyvi-
lebis Terapia wyvilis, an
ojaxis situaciur siZne-
leebsa da pirovnebaTSoris
dinamikaze muSaobs; aq wyvili,
an ojaxi ganixileba, rogorc
sistema, romelic gaumjo-
besebas saWiroebs.
sazogadoebrivi da inter-
netis TviTdaxmarebis jgu-
febi SesaZleblobas aZlevs
individebs, miiRon infor-
macia da socialuri mxar-
daWeris pirobebSi sakuTar
TavSi darwmunebuloba ig-
rZnos.
biosamedicino Terapiebi
biosamedicino Terapiebi
fsiqikuri daavadebis fizio-
logiuri aspeqtebis cvli-
lebaze orientirdebian.
radikaluri da Seuqcevadi
moqmedebis gamo fsiqoqi-
rurgia iSviaTad gamoiyeneba.
eleqtrokonvulsiuri Te-
rapia Zalze efeqturia dep-
resiul pacientebTan, magram
is mainc sakamaTo sakiTxad
rCeba.
farmakoTerapiaSi Sedis
antifsiqoturi medikamentebi
SizofreniisTvis, antidepre-
santebi da anqsiolizuri
saSualebebi.
tradiciulma fsiqoTera-
piebma da medikamenturma
mkurnalobam SeiZleba tvin-
Si zogierTi erTnairi cvli-
leba gamoiwvios.
ramdenad muSaobs Terapia
kvleva aCvenebs, rom mravali
Terapia ukeTes Sedegs iZ-
leva, vidre drois tyuilad
xarjva, an placebo Terapia.
Sefasebis proeqtebi, rogo-
ricaa depresiis Terapiebis
NIMH-is mier warmoebuli
kvleva, gvexmareba, rom vupa-
suxoT kiTxvas: ra qmnis Te-
rapiis efeqturobas?
prevenciis strategiebi au-
cilebelia fsiqologiuri
aSlilobebis ganviTarebis
SesaCereblad da ukve war-
moqmnili aSlilobebis
Sedegebis minimizaciisTvis.
ZiriTadi cnebebi
aversiuli Terapia
qcevis repeticia
qcevis modifikacia
bihevioraluri Terapia
biosamedicino Terapia
kaTarzisi
klienti
klientze centrirebuli Te-
rapia
klinikuri ekologia
klinikuri fsiqologi
klinikuri socialuri muSaki
kognitur-bihevioraluri
modifikacia
kognituri Terapia
pirobiTi ganmamtkiceblebis
marTva
fsiqolog-konsultanti
kontrganpirobeba
kontrgadatana
sizmris analizi
eleqtrokonvulsiuri Terapia
(ECR)
daZirva
Tavisuafali asociacia
geStalt-Terapia
moZraoba adamianis potencia-
lis ganviTarebisTvis
imploziuri Terapia
insaituri Terapia
meta-analizi
obieqti-urTierTobis Terapia
monawileobis meSveobiT mode-
lireba
RvTismsaxuri-konsultanti
pacienti
placebo Terapia
prefrontaluri lobotomia
fsiqiatri
fsiqoanalitikosi
fsiqofarmakologia
fsiqoqirurgia
fsiqoTerapia
racionalur-emociuri Terapia
(per)
winaaRmdegoba
ritualuri mkurnaloba
Samanizmi
socialuri daswavlis Terapia
spontanuri remisiis efeqti
sistemuri desensitizacia
gadatana
socialuri procesebi da urTierTobebi

17
situaciis Zala
• rolebi da wesebi
• socialuri normebi
• konformuloba
• situaciis Zala: mxilebani
faruli kameriT
fsiqologia Cvens cxovrebaSi:
rogor zemoqmedeben jgufebi
gadawyvetilebis miRebaze
socialuri realobis
konstruireba
• atribuciis Teoriis
warmoSoba
• atribuciis fundamenturi
Secdoma
• sakuTari Tavisadmi
mikerZoeba
• molodinebi da TviTqmnadi
winaswarmetyveleba
• qcevebi, romlebic
amarTleben molodinebs
damokidebulebebi, maTi Secvla
da qceva
• damokidebulebebi da qcevebi
• darwmunebis procesi
• sakuTari qmedebiT
darwmuneba
• daTanxmeba
socialuri urTierTobebi
• mowoneba
• Seyvareba
fsiqologia XXI saukuneSi:
urTierTobebi da interneti
sakvanZo sakiTxebi
• ZiriTadi cnebebi
699
 C ems siciliel papa salvatores
Zalian uyvarda opera, magram
metismetad Raribi iyo imisaTvis,
rom odesme Tavis axal samSobloSi – amerikis
SeerTebul StatebSi operis TeatrSi wasuliyo.
amis nacvlad, is yovel SabaTs usmenda patara
radioTi saopero gadacemebs metropoliten ope-
ridan, romelic Tavis fexsacmlebis SesakeTebel
saxelosnoSi, bronqsSi hqonda. is mTel xmaze
rTavda radios, xolo, Tu opera italiuri iyo,
tenoris partiebis umetesobas SemsrulebelTan
erTad TviTonac asrulebda. Tanac papa grZnobda
imis aucileblobas, rom gaenaTlebina „amerike-
lebi~ da isini saopero xelovnebis saswau-
lisTvis eziarebina, amitom Tavisi saxelosnos
karsac aRebda, raTa radios xma quCebs grialiT
mosdeboda.
erT SabaT dRes, papaCemis netareba Tavxedi
Tavi 17 / socialuri procesebi da urTierTobebi
biWebis jgufma daarRvia, romlebic mas sawyeni
epiTetebiT amkobdnen: „turtliano, saidanac
mosulxar, iq waeTrie~ da uaressac eubnebodnen.
isini ise xmamaRla Rrialebdnen, rom papam
veRar SeZlo Tavisi sayvareli operis _ „tra-
viatas~ mosmena. is TviTonac lanZRavda maT, magram
pasuxad ufro daundobel dacinvasa da abuCad
agdebas iRebda. garkveuli drois Semdeg biWebi
wavidnen, magram papas operis dasasrulis mosmeniT
aRaranairi siamovneba miuRia.
Semdeg SabaTs, saaTis sizustiT, biWebi isev
movidnen yviriliTa da lanZRviT. amjerad papa
salvatore gareT gamovida da biWebs uTxra: „me
Tu Tqven aRtacebaSi mogiyvanaT papa sal-
vatores qcevam, hkiTxeT Tqvens Tavs, ratom iyo
is ase efeqturi? ratom iyo, rom misma sawyisma
safasurma – 25 centma ase Secvala situacia?
700 ratom moxda, rom sawyisi safasuris 10 centamde
saTanadod ver Sevafase, Tu ra kargi xmebi gqoniaT,
modiT gaagrZeleT yvirili, rac SegiZliaT xma-
maRla da me TiToeul Tqvengans warmodgenisaTvis
25 cents gadagixdiT~. biWebmac yvirili daiwyes
da sirenebiviT naxevar saaTs mainc gahyvirodnen
gauCereblad. papa salvatorem maT safasuri gada-
uxada da isinic gancvifrebulebi da bednierebi
gaiqcnen koka-kolisa da kinosTvis naSovni fuliT.
momdevno SabaTs, rodesac isini kvlav gamo-
cxaddnen, papa salvatore gareT gamovida da
auwya biWebs, Tu rogor moswonda maTi Rriali,
Tanac ufro xmamaRali, vidre operisa Tu mezob-
lad momuSave sanagve manqanebis xmaa, magram, amas-
Tan, isic uTxra, rom erTi sawyali mewaRe iyo
da imis saSualeba ar hqonda, rom maTTvis ise
gadaexada, rogorc imsaxurebdnen da rom dRe-
vandeli SousTvis mxolod 10 centis gaRebas
SeZlebda.
„Sen Cven patara bavSvebi xom ar ggonivarT,
bebruxanav? sulac ar vapirebT, Sous iafad
mowyobas, Seitene Seni fuli!” _ am sityvebiT
isini iqaurobas moSordnen da, Tumca, isev ilan-
ZRebodnen, magram ufro dabal xmaze.
momdevno da yvela sxva SabaTs biWebma uari
Tqves beberi italieli mewaRis lanZRvaze, ro-
melsac Ciradac ar agdebdnen da romelsac axla
arxeinad SeeZlo, yovel SabaTs Tavisi opere-
bisaTvis esmina, ise xmamaRla CaerTo, rogorc
moisurvebda da Tavi ar Seewuxebina imaze fiqriT,
rom mas myudroebas daurRvevda an Seawuxebda
uxeSi, crurwmenebiT savse jeelebis banda.
dayvanam iZulebulni gaxada Tavxedebi, aRar
gahkarebodnen papa salvatores da mis operebs.
rogorc ki am kiTxvebze pasuxis gacemas Seec-
debiT, socialuri fsiqologiis– fsiqologiis
im dargis samyaroSi moeqceviT, romelic swav-
lobs im saSualebebs, romelTa meSveobiTac
adamianebi qmnian da marTaven socialur
situaciebs.
socialuri fsiqologia fsiqologiis is
dargia, romelic Seiswavlis adamianTa Soris
urTierTobebisa da urTierTdamokidebulebebis
gavlenas maT azrebze, grZnobebze, aRqmebze,
motivebsa da qcevebze.
socialuri fsiqologebi cdiloben Cawvdnen
qcevis arss misi socialuri konteqstis far-
glebSi. socialuri konteqsti is cocsali,
moZravi qselia, romelzec socialuri cxo-
velis moZraobebi, Zalisxmeva Tu mowyvladi
adgilebi aisaxeba. ufro farTod Tu ganvmartavT,
socialuri konteqsti Tavis TavSi moicavs
sxvebis realur, warmosaxul an simbolur arse-
bobas, aqtivobebs da urTierTqmedebebs, rom-
lebic adamianebis Soris xorcieldeba; im so-
cialuri garemocvis maxasiaTeblebs, romelSic
xorcieldeba qceva; aseve, im molodinebsa da
normebs, romlebic mocemul garemoSi warmar-
Taven qcevas (Sherif,1981).
am da momdevno TavSi Cven socialur-fsiqo-
logiuri kvlevebis ramdenime ZiriTad Temas
ganvixilavT. am Tavis pirvel nawilSi adamianis
qcevis makontrolebel socialuri situaciebis
Zalaze visaubrebT; MmimovixilavT mravali
kvlevis masalebs, romlebiTac dasturdeba, rom
socialuri situaciis umniSvnelo maxasiaTeb-
lebsac ki mniSvnelovani gavlenis moxdena
SeuZliaT imaze, Tu ras fiqrobT an rogor
moqmedebT; Semdeg im xerxebis ganxilvas Sevud-
gebiT, romliTac konstruirdeba, yalibdeba da
icvleba socialuri realobis socialuri
damokidebulebebi; Semdeg ki mowonebisa da
siyvarulis urTierTobebs ganvixilavT. Aam Tav-
Si giCvenebT, Tu ra gavlenas axdens fsiqolo-
giuri kvlevebi Cvens cxovrebaze. rogorc Sem-
dgom, me-18 TavSi naxavT, Cven analizs pirovnuli
socialuri fsiqologia (Social psychology) _
fsiqologiis dargi, romelic Seiswavlis
socialuri cvladebis gavlenas individis
qcevebze, damokidebulebebze (attitudes),
aRqmebsa da motivebze; is, agreTve, Seiswavlis
jgufebs da jgufTaSoris fenomenebs.
socialuri rolebi (Social roles) – qcevis soci-
alurad gansazRvruli paternebi, romlebsac
moelian pirovnebisgan, romelic mocemul
garemoSi an jgufSi funqcionirebs.
donidan sazogadoebrivamde gavafarTovebT. orive
TavSi abstraqtuli Teoria Semowmebul iqneba
praqtikiT da SevecdebiT, vupasuxoT kiTxvas:
asrulebs Tu ara fsiqologiuri codna raime
rols adamianebisa da sazogadoebis yoveldRiur
cxovrebaSi?
situaciis Zala
„fsiqologia da cxovrebis~ wina TavebSi
vnaxeT, rom fsiqologebi, romlebic qcevis
mizezebis axsnas cdilobdnen, pasuxebs Zalze
gansxvavebul sferoebSi eZeben. zogierTi maTgani
genetikur faqtorebs swavlobs, sxvebi _ bio-
qimiur faqtorebs da tvinSi mimdinare procesebs,
mesameni ki yuradRebas garemos zemoqmedebaze
amaxvileben. socialur fsiqologebs sjeraT,
rom qcevis ZiriTadi ganmsazRvreli mizezebi
im socialuri situaciis maxasiaTeblebia, ro-
melSic is xorcieldeba. isini amtkiceben, rom
socialuri situacia imdenad Zlierad akon-
trolebs individis qcevas, rom xSirad preva-
lirebs pirovnebasa da mis warsul gamocdi-
lebaze, faseulobebsa da Sexedulebebze. ro-
gorc papa salvatores zemoT moyvanili maga-
liTidanac Cans, socialuri situaciis zegav-
lena imdenad yovlismomcvelia, rom amas Cven,
SesaZloa, verc ki vacnobierebdeT. am qveTavSi
Cven im klasikur kvlevebsa da uaxles eqsperi-
mentebs ganvixilavT, romlebic xsnian adamianis
qcevaze Znelad SesamCnev, magram Zlieri zegav-
lenis mqone situaciuri cvladebis moqmedebas.
rolebi da wesebi
romeli socialuri rolebia TqvenTvis misa-
Rebi? socialuri roli aris socialurad gansa-
zRvruli qcevis paterni, romlis ganxorciele-
basac moelian pirovnebisgan mocemul situa-
situaciis Zala
ciaSi an jgufSi funqcionirebisas. gansxvave-
buli situaciebi gansxvavebuli rolebis
Sesrulebis SesaZleblobas iZleva. rodesac
saxlSi xarT, SesaZloa, morgebuli gqondeT
„bavSvis~, „dis~ an „Zmis~ roli. rodesac saklaso
oTaxSi xarT, Tqven „studentis~ rols iRebT.
sxva SemTxvevaSi Tqven, SesaZloa, „saukeTeso
megobari~ an „Seyvarebuli~ iyoT. SegiZliaT, 701
 erTma klasikurma socialur-fsiqologiurma
eqsperimentma, e.w. stenfordis cixis eqsperimentma,
am Zalebis ganmacvifrebeli zemoqmedeba
gamoavlina (Haney & Zimbardo,1977; Zimbardo, 1975;
gameorebul iqna avstriaSi Lovibond et al.,1979).

saidan
viciT

socialuri rolebi fiqtiur cixeSi

kaliforniaSi zafxulis erT kvira
dilas sirenis xmam daarRvia kolejis stu-
dent tomi viTlous myudroeba. policiis
manqanam mkveTrad daamuxruWaAmisi saxlis
win. sul ramdenime wuTSi toms danaSa-
Tvali miadevnoT, Tu rogor swrafad qmnian es
ulebriv qmedebaSi wauyenes braldeba, mis-
gansxvavebuli rolebi TqvenTvis met-naklebad
ces ganmarteba misi konstituciuri ufle-
Sesatyvissa da xelmisawvdom gansxvavebuli
bebis Sesaxeb, gaCxrikes da borkilebi daa-
tipis qcevebs.
des. amis Semdeg igi registrirebul iqna _
situaciebi, agreTve, xasiaTdeba imiT, rom
aiRes misi TiTis anabeWdebi da Tvaleba-
adamianebi emorCilebian qcevebis warmmarTvel
xveuli gadaiyvanes stenfordis sagrafos
wesebs, anu iTvaliswineben specifiur moTxov-
cixeSi. aq igi gaaSiSvles, dezinfeqcia
nebs. zogierTi wesi eqspliciturad, TvalsaCi-
Cautares da kombinizonis msgavsi uniforma
nodaa mocemuli (magaliTad, „nu moswevT~, „ar
Caacves saidentifikacio nomriT 647 mkerdsa
WamoT klasSi~), an eqspliciturad daiswavleba
da zurgze. kolejis sxva 8 studenti, aseve
bavSvobaSi („pativi eciT ufrosebs~, „ucxos ar
iqna dakavebuli da danomrili.
daelaparako~). sxva wesebi implicituria. isini
tomi da misi Tanamesakneni moxaliseebi
garkveul situciebSi sxva adamianebTan urTierTo-
iyvnen, romlebic gazeTSi gamoqveynebul
Tavi 17 / socialuri procesebi da urTierTobebi

bebisas daiswavleba. ramdenad xmamaRla SeiZleba

gancxadebas gamoexmaurnen da Tanxmoba
CarToT musika, ramdenad axlos SeiZleba sxva
ganacxades orkvirian eqsperimentSi monawi-
adamianTan misvla, rodis SeiZleba, maswavlebels
leobaze, romelic cixeSi yofnas iTvalis-
an ufross saxeliT, anda rogoria misaRebi
winebda. monetis alalbedze agdebiT, mo-
reaqcia komplimentsa Tu saCuqarze – yvela es
xaliseTa nawils patimris, nawils ki ze-
aqtivoba situaciazea damokidebuli. magaliTad,
damxedvelis roli daekisra.
iaponeli ar gaxsnis saCuqars mCuqnelis Tandas-
eqsperimentis yvela monawile didi raod-
wrebiT imis SiSiT, rom, SesaZloa, saTanadod
enobis moxalise studentisgan SeirCa, rom-
ver gamoxatos madliereba, xolo ucxoelma,
lebic xangrZlivi fsiqologiuri testire-
romelmac ar icis am dauwereli wesis Sesaxeb,
bisa da gamokiTxvebis safuZvelze kanonmor-
SesaZloa, arasworad gaigos misi saqcieli da
Cil, emociurad stabilur, fizikurad jan-
is uxeSad da aragulisxmierad miiCnios. moma-
mrTel da saSualo, normalur adamianebad
valSi liftSi Sesvlisas scadeT, gansazRvroT,
iqnen miCneulni. patimrebi, eqsperimentis
ra wesebs icnobT am situaciasTan dakavSirebiT.
mimdinareobis periodSi cixeSi imyofe-
ratom aris, rom aq adamianebi, Cveulebriv,
bodnen, zedamxedvelebi ki standartulad
xmadabla laparakoben, an sulac Cumad arian?
8 saaTs muSaobdnen.
Tqven Cveulebriv, SesaZloa, arc ki icodeT
ra moxda mas Semdeg, rac studentebma
wesebisa da rolebis zegavlenis Sesaxeb, magram
maTze dakisrebuli rolebi gaiTavises?
wesebi (Rules) – garkveul situaciaSi garkveuli zedamxedvelebi _ is studentebi, romlebic
702 saxiT moqcevis moTxovnebi.
 mSvidobiani da „kargi biWebi~ iyvnen, ag-
resiulad, zogjer sadisturadac ki iqce-
odnen. isini mkacrad moiTxovdnen, rom
patimrebi usityvod, yovelgvari yoymanis
gareSe damorCilebodnen wesebs. damor-
Cilebaze uaris Tqmas privilegiebis da-
kargva mohyveboda. Tavdapirvelad privile-
giebSi kiTxvis, weris da TanasaknelebTan
saubris ufleba Sedioda. mogvianebiT
patimrebis mxridan mcire protestic ki
iseTi „privilegiebis~ dakargvas iwvevda,
rogoric iyo – Wama, Zili da dabana. we-
sebisadmi daumorCileblobas, aseve, iseTi
damamcirebeli da uazro samuSaoebis Ses-
ruleba sdevda Tan, rogoric iyo tualetis
xeliT recxva, azidvebi zurgze zedam-
xedvelis fexiT da karcerSi Casma. zedamxed-
velebi mudmivad cdilobdnen iseTi axali
sasjelebis mofiqrebas, rom patimrebs Tavi
ufro metad damcirebulad egrZnoT.
patimris rolSi myofma, manamde fsiqolo-
giurad stabilurma studentebma sul male
gamoavlines paTologiuri qcevebi, pasiur
winaaRmdegobas uwevdnen damcirebas da beds
Seeguen. 36 saaTic ar iyo gasuli, rom
patimarma 8412-ma, diliT CaxSobili buntis
erT-erTma liderma, TavSeukavebeli yvirili
daiwyo. mas aReniSneboda mZvinvarebis Se-
tevebi, azrovnebis dezorganizacia da Rrma
depresia. Mmomdevno dReebSi kidev sam pa-
timars ganuviTarda stresuli simptomebi.
mexuTe patimars ki mTel sxeulze fsi-
qosomaturi warmoSobis gamonayari gauCnda
mas Semdeg, rac uaryofil iqna misi Txovna
Sewyalebis Sesaxeb.

am dramatuli da moulodnelad Rrma emo-

ciuri da qceviTi efeqtebis gamo xuTi patimari,
romelmac stresuli reaqcia gamoavlina, droze
adre iqna ganTavisuflebuli am uCveulo cixidan
situaciis Zala

da fsiqologebi iZulebulni gaxdnen, maTze

dakvirvebis orkviriani vada eqvs dRemde Seem-
cirebinaT. tomi viTloum ganacxada, rom is
aRar isurvebda msgavs eqsperimentSi ganmeorebiT
monawileobis miRebas. afasebda ra miRebul
gamocdilebas, is ambobda, rom bevri ram Seityo
sakuTari Tavisa da, saerTod, adamianis bunebis
Sesaxeb. sabednierod, is da sxva studentebic,
703

suraTi
17.1
mcvelisa da patimris qceva
stenfordis cixeSi eqsperimentis dros mcvelebis-
Tvis da patimrebisTvis darigebulma rolebma ra-
dikalurad Secvales monawileTa qceva. 6-dRiani ur-
TierTqmedebis profilSi Cawerili gamokvlevebi
aCvenebs, rom dakvirvebis 25 periodis ganmavlobaSi
Tavi 17 / socialuri procesebi da urTierTobebi
patimrebi miT nakleb winaaRmdegobas wevdnen, rac
ufro met dominanturobas, mkacr kontrols da
mtrul damokidebulebas iCendnen mcvelebi.
ZiriTadad, janmrTelni iyvnen da advilad
gamovidnen am mZime situaciidan. momdevno
periodSic maTze mravalwlianma dakvirvebebma
ar gamoavlina raime xangrZlivi negatiuri efeqti.
monawileebma xeli Seuwyes Zalze mniSvnelovani
daskvnebis gakeTebas: fiqtiur cixeSi Seqmnili
situaciis Zalam patimrebisa da zedamxedvelebis
gonebaSi axali socialuri realoba – namdvili
cixis realoba Seqmna.
stenfordis cixis eqsperimentis Sedegebis
mixedviT, „patimrebisa~ da „zedamxedvelebis~
qcevebi praqtikulad yvela dakvirvebad
situaciaSi gansxvavdeboda erTmaneTisagan (ix.
sur. 17.1). miuxedavad imisa, rom rolebi alal-
bedze ganawilda, nakisrma rolebma Seqmnes
704 gansxvavebebi eqsperimentSi monawile studen-
tebis statusebsa da uflebebs Soris, rasac
Zalze didi mniSvneloba hqonda sapatimros
situaciaSi. monawileTaTvis aravis uswavlebia,
rogor unda moqceuliyvnen da isini arc realuri
cixis situaciaSi yofilan odesme, miuxedavad
amisa, TiToeulma maTganma daiswavla gansxvaveba
Zalauflebis qonasa da arqonas Soris (Banuazizi
& Movahedi 1975).
zedamxedveli aris is, vinc zRudavs patimris
Tavisuflebas, marTavs mis qcevas da mas gar-
kveuli qcevebis ganxorcielebas aiZulebs. es
davaleba iZulebiTi wesebis (coercive rules) ga-
moyenebiT warimarTeboda, rac daumorCileb-
lobisaTvis sasjelis gamoyenebas gulisxmobda.
patimrebs mxolod im socialur struqturaze
SeeZloT reagireba, romelic zedamxedvelebis
Zalauflebidan gamomdinare sapatimros garemos
qmnida. ajanyeba, an damorCileba patimrebis
erTaderTi arCevania. pirvelis Sedegi dasjaa,
meorisa ki _ damoukideblobisa da Rirsebis
dakargva.
eqsperimentSi monawile studentebs msgavsi
gansxvavebuli situaciuri Zalebis zegavlena
ukve gamocdili hqondaT TavianT adreul so-
cialur urTierTobebSi: mSobeli _ Svili, mas-
wavlebeli _ moswavle, eqimi _ pacienti, uf-
rosi _ muSa, kaci _ qali. am axal konkretul
situaciaSi maT ubralod daxvewes da ganaviTares
TavianTi adreuli qcevis paternebi. nebismier
students nebismieri roli SeiZleboda rgeboda.
zedamxedvelebis rolSi myofi studentebi
gancvifrebulebi miuTiTebdnen, Tu ramdenad
advilad aiTvises da miiRes sxva adamianebis
makontroleblis roli. uniformis Cacmac ki
sakmarisi aRmoCnda imisaTvis, rom kolejis
pasiuri studentebi cixis agresiul zedamxed-
velebad qceuliyvnen. ra tipis adamianad iqceviT,
rodesac ama Tu im rols aiRebT? sad mTavrdeba
Tqveni pirovnuli „me~ da sad iwyeba Tqveni
socialuri identoba?
socialuri normebi
garda imisa, rom jgufs Tavisi wevrebis
roluri qcevebis mimarT garkveuli molodinebi
aqvs, mas imasTan dakavSirebiTac aqvs molodinebi,
Tu rogor unda moiqcnen jgufis wevrebi. jgufis
wevrebis mimarT socialurad misaRebi ganwyo-
bebisa da qcevebis specifikur moTxovnebs, rom-
lebic jgufis mier Camoyalibebuli manifesti- uxeSi gadaxra iqneboda msgavs ceremoniaze
rebuli, an faruli saxiT arseboben, socialuri sacurao kostumiT gamoCena.
normebi ewodeba. socialuri normebi, SesaZloa, jgufis wevrebs, yovel konkretul situaci-
qcevebis Zalze farTo speqtrs exebodes. Tu aSi, Cveulebriv, SeuZliaT gansazRvron is, Tu
Tqven demokratiuli partiis wevri mosalodne- ramdenad SeiZleba socialuri normebidan
lia, rom liberaluri politikuri Sexedulebebi gadaxra, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi maT SesaZloa
gaiziaroT, xolo Tu xarT axalgazrda respubli- jgufuri iZulebis sami iseTi mtkivneuli Zalis
kelTa ricxvs ekuTvniT, maSin mosalodnelia, moqmedeba iwvnion, rogoricaa: dacinva, uaryofa
rom ufro konservatul Sexedulebebs dauWerT da xelaxali aRzrda.
mxars. socialuri normebi, agreTve, qcevis gar-
kveuli standartebis dacvasac gulisxmoben. maga-
liTad, Tu mimtani xarT, maSin Tqven momxma- konformuloba
rebels Tavazianad unda moeqceT, ganurCevlad rodesac socialur rols iRebT, an socialur
imisa, ramdenad arasasiamovno da momTxovnia is normas emorCilebiT, maSin socialuri molo-
Tqven mimarT. dinebis mimarT, garkveulwilad, konformulobas
romelime jgufisadmi mikuTvnebuloba, Cve- iCenT. konformuloba adamianebisTvis damaxa-
ulebriv, mTeli rigi iseTi normebis dacvas siaTebeli tendenciaa, daeTanxmon jgufis
niSnavs, romlebic jgufis SigniT sasurveli wevrebis qcevebsa da Sexedulebebs. ratom xarT
qcevebis ganxorcielebas aregulireben. es ori konformulebi? arsebobs pirobebi, romelTa
gziT xdeba: Tqven amCnevT jgufis yvela wevris, gavleniTac socialuri moTxovnebis ignorirebas
an maTi umravlesobis qcevebis erTgvarobas, an axdenT da damoukideblad iqceviT? socialuri
im negatiur Sedegebs akvirdebiT, romlebsac fsiqologebi ganixilaven ori tipis Zalas,
jgufis wevrebi socialuri normebis ugulebel- romelsac konformulobamde mivyavarT.
yofis SemTxvevaSi iReben.
normebi ramdenime mniSvnelovan funqcias
asruleben. mocemul jgufur situaciaSi moqmedi
normebi wevrebis orientirebas da maT Soris
socialuri interaqciebis regulirebas emsaxure-
bian. urTierTobis TiToeul monawiles SeuZlia
iwinaswarmetyvelos, Tu rogor Semova meore
monawile mocemul situaciaSi, rogor Caicvams,
ras ityvis da, aseve, isic, Tu rogori qcevebia
misgan mosalodneli, raTa jgufis sxva wevrebis
mowoneba daimsaxuros. xSirad swored imitom
grZnobT Tavs uxerxulad axal situaciaSi, rom
ar iciT, Tu rogor unda moiqceT. normidan
gadaxris SemTxvevaSi, garkveuli Semwynareb-
lobis diapazonic normis nawilia – is zogjer
sakmaod farToa, zogjer ki _ Zalze viwro.
magaliTad, mokle Sarvali da maisuri Zalze
Seuferebeli Cacmuloba iqneboda religiuri
situaciis Zala

ceremoniisaTvis. aseve, socialuri normebidan

socialuri normebi (Social norms) _ molodinebi,
romlebic jgufs gaaCnia Tavisi wevrebis mimarT
maTi qcevebisa da ganwyobebis sasurvelobasTan
da SesabamisobasTan dakavSirebiT.
konformuloba (Conformity) – adamianebis ten-
dencia, moergon referentuli jgufis sxva wev-
rebis qcevebs, ganwyobebsa da Rirebulebebs.
705
  informaciuli gavlenis procesebi _ moce-
mul situaciaSi koreqtulad, sworad da situa-
ciis Sesabamisad moqcevis survili;
 normatiuli gavlenis procesebi – gareSe-
myofTagan mowonebis, aRiarebisa da miRebis
survili.
qvemoT aRvwerT klasikur eqsperimentebs,
romlebic gavlenis orive tipis sailustraciod
gamodgeba.
informaciuli gavlena: m. Serifis
avtokinetikuri efeqti
mravali cxovrebiseuli situacia, romelSic
qcevebTan dakavSirebuli gadawyvetilebis miReba
gixdebaT, sakmaod gaurkvevelia. MmagaliTad, war-
moidgineT, rom adamianebis did jgufTan erTad
elegantur restoranSi sadilobT. magida Tva-
lismomWreli sizustiTaa gawyobili vercxlis
dana-CangliT. saidan iciT, romeli Cangali unda
ixmaroT, rodesac pirvel kerZs Semoitanen? Tqven,
albaT, wveulebis sxva wevrebs SexedavT, raTa
saTanado arCevani gaakeToT. es aris informa-
ciuli zegavlena.
muzafer Serifis (Muzafer Sherif, 1935) klasikuri
eqsperimenti naTlad aCvenebs, Tu rogor SeuZlia
informaciul zegavlenas normis kristalizacia,
anu misi formireba da gamyareba.
Tavi 17 / socialuri procesebi da urTierTobebi
saidan
viciT
informaciuli gavlena ayalibebs
normebs
eqsperimentis monawileebs sTxovdnen,
SeefasebinaT sinaTlis wertilis moZra-
oba, romelic realurad ar moZraobda,
magram moZravad aRiqmeboda sruliad bnel
oTaxSi, vinaidan ar Canda aTvlis sxva
wertilebi. es aRqmis iluziaa, romelic
avtokinetikuri efeqtis saxeliTaa cnobi-
li. individebis mier mocemuli Sefasebebi
Zalze gansxvavebuli iyo. rodesac cdis
pirebi erT jgufad SeaerTes, romelTa
Soris ucnobebic iyvnen, romlebic xma-
maRla msjelobdnen, Sefasebebi TandaTan
erTmaneTs Tanxvdeboda, anu individebis
706
Sefasebebi sinaTlis wertilis moZraobis
mimarTulebisa da odenobis Taobaze
erTmaneTs emsgavseboda. yvelaze saintereso
ki is iyo, rom, rodesac igive monawileni
marto darCnen da kvlav sTxoves Sefasebebis
gakeTeba, maTi iseTive Sefasebebi gaakeTes,
rogoric jgufuri Sefasebis pirobebSi.
Tuki jgufSi normebi erTxel Camoyalibda,
maT ganmeorebis tendencia gaaCniaT. mogvianebiT
Catarebulma cdebma aCvena, rom avtokinetikuri
efeqtis es normebi droSi mdgradi iyo erTi
wlis Semdegac ki, rodesac monawilis gverdiT
aRar iyvnen Zveli jgufis is wevrebi, romlebic
xmamaRla gamoTqvamdnen TavianT Sefasebebs (Rohrer
et al., 1954). Nnormebi jgufis wevrebis erTi
Taobidan meores gadaecema da adamianebis qcevaze
maSinac ki axdenen gavlenas, rodesac ukve aRar
arsebobs jgufi, romelmac is SeimuSava (Insco et
al., 1980). saidan viciT, rom normebs SeiZleba
aseTi transgeneraciuli zegavlena hqondeT?
avtokinetikuri efeqtis Seswavlisas mkvlevrebi
jgufis wevrebs TandaTanobiT cvlidnen axali
wevrebiT manam, sanam ar moxdeboda maTi sruli
ganaxleba. Sefasebis norma ki igive rCeboda
maSinac ki, rodesac jgufis Semadgenloba
mTlianad Secvlili iyo, e.i. norma gadaecemoda
axal Taobas (Jacobs& Campbell, 1961). atyobT, am
eqsperimentis Sedegebi ramdenad emsgavseba
realur cxovrebaSi momaval Taobaze normebis
gadacemis process?
normatuli gavlena: s. aSis efeqti
rogor SeiZleba imis saukeTesod demons-
trireba, rom zogjer adamianebi konformulebi
arian normatuli gavlenis gamo – maTi survilis
informaciuli gavlena (Informational influence) –
jgufis efeqti, romelic warmoiSoba individis
survilis safuZvelze, iyos koreqtuli, swori
da icodes, rogor unda moiqces mocemul
situaciaSi.
normatuli gavlena (Normative influence) _ jgufis
efeqti, romelic warmoiSoba individis sur-
vilis safuZvelze, iyos jgufis mier mowone-
buli, miRebuli da aRiarebuli.
normis kristalizacia (Norm cristalization) – jgu-
fis wevrebis molodinebis Tanxvedra erTob-
livi msjelobis, an aqtivobis pirobebSi.
gamo, sxvebisgan iyvnen mowonebulni, miRebulni
an aRiarebulni? socialuri fsiqologiis erT-
erTma pirvelma Zalze mniSvnelovanma warmomad-
genelma solomon aSma (Solomon Asch, 1940, 1956)
Seqmna situacia, romelSic eqsperimentis monawi-
leebi daskvnas absoluturad gansazRvruli,
naTeli fizikuri maxasiaTeblebis mqone piro-
bebSi akeTebdnen, Tumca, jgufis wevrebis umete-
soba aRniSnavda, rom realobas gansxvavebulad
xedavda. kolejis studenti vaJebi daarwmunes,
rom isini martivi vizualuri aRqmis kvlevaSi
iRebdnen monawileobas. maT aCvenes muyaos ba-
raTebi, romlebzec gamosaxuli iyo sami gansxva-
vebuli sigrZis xazi da sTxoves, mieTiTebinaT,
am samidan romeli xazi iyo standartuli xazis
sigrZis (ix. sur. 17.2). xazebis sigrZe sakmaod
gansxvavebuli iyo erTmaneTisagan, ase rom, Sec-
domebs naklebad hqonda adgili, amasTan, maTi
SefardebiTi zoma yoveli axali seansis dros
icvleboda.

suraTi
17.2
situaciis Zala

konformuloba s. aSis eqsperimentebSi

aSis eqsperimentis amsaxvel am fotoze Cans, rom gulubryvilo monawile #6 gaocebulia umravlesobis
mier gakeTebuli mcdari SefasebiT. eqsperimentSi gamoyenebuli tipuri stimulebis wyeba mocemulia
marcxena naxazze, xolo marjvena naxazze mocemuli mrudebi gamoxatavenkonformulobas 12 kritikuli
cdis ganmavlobaSi, saidanac Cans martoxela monawileebis Sedegebis Sedareba winaswarSeTanxmebuli
monawileebis SedegebTan iseve, rogorc maTi damoukidebloba winaswarSeTanxmebul monawileebTan
SedarebiT. swori Sefasebis dabali procenti gamoxatavs jgufis mcdari Sefasebebis mimarT
individis konformulobis maRal xarisxs. 707
 saidan amtkicebdnen, rom, xazebis sigrZeSi gansxvavebis
miuxedavad, maT tolebad aRiqvamdnen.
viciT
sxva kvlevebSi aSi Semdegi sami faqtoris
xazebis sigrZis iluzoruli aRqma varirebas axdenda: erTsulovani umravlesobis
zoma, iseTi monawilis daswreba, romelic ar
eqsperimentis monawileni dasves naxevar-
eTanxmeboda umravlesobas da fizikuri stimu-
wreSi, eqvsidan rvamde sxva adamianTan
lebis Sedarebasa da umravlesobis pozicias
erTad. monawileTaTvis es sruliad ucnobi
Soris gansvlis sidide. man aRmoaCina, rom
adamianebi eqsperimentis Tanamonawileebi
mdgradi konformulobis efeqti maSin miiRweva,
iyvnen da eqsperimentatoris mier winaswar
rodesac erTsulovani umravlesoba mxolod 3-
SemuSavebuli scenaris Sesabamisad moqme-
5 adamianisagan Sedgeba. MmaSin ki, rodesac gul-
debdnen. eqsperimentis pirveli sami cdis
ubryvilo cdis pirs erTi mokavSire misces,
ganmavlobaSi wreSi msxdomTagan yvela
romelic win aRudga umravlesobis Tvalsazriss,
eTanxmeboda TiToeul gamoTqmul swor
konformulobis efeqti mkveTrad Semcirda,
Sedarebas. Semdeg, meoTxe seansis dros,
rogorc es 17.2 suraTidan Cans. TanamoazresTan
pirvelma Tanamonawilem ori xazi erTma-
erTad gulubryvilo cdis pirs, rogorc wesi,
neTis tolad gamoacxada, Tumca, sruliad
Seswevda unari, winaaRmdegoba gaewia zewolis-
cxadi iyo maT Soris gansxvaveba. aseve
Tvis da ar dahyoloda umravlesobas. rogorc
moiqca jgufis yvela sxva wevric cdis
mosalodneli iyo, umravlesobisgan damoukideb-
piris garda. am students unda gadaewyvita,
loba im SemTxvevaSic izrdeboda, rac ufro
daTanxmeboda jgufis danarCeni wevrebis
didi iyo winaaRmdegoba jgufis romelime erT
azrs da konformuli iqneboda, Tu darCeni-
wevrsa da jgufis sxva wevrebs Soris. sagu-
liyo damoukidebeli da mtkiced daecva
lisxmoa, rom individebis garkveuli raodenoba
is, rasac xedavda. 18 cdidan 12-Si es
agrZelebs jgufisadmi damorCilebas maSinac
gulubryvilo studenti aseTi dilemis
ki, rodesac xazebis sigrZeebs Soris sxvaoba
winaSe idga. cdis pirebi gamoxatavdnen
maqsimalurad izrdeboda (Ash, 1955,1956).
undoblobis niSnebsa da aSkara diskom-
rogor unda gavigoT es Sedegebi? s. aSi Ta-
forts, rodesac upirispirdebodnen umrav-
vadac gakvirvebuli darCa im xarisxiT, romliTac
lesobas, romelic ase gansxvavebulad aRiq-
adamianebi ar iCendnen konformulobas (Friend et
Tavi 17 / socialuri procesebi da urTierTobebi

vamda samyaros. ra unda eqnaT?

monawileTa daaxloebiT meoTxedi darCa
sruliad damoukidebeli – maT arasdros
gamouvleniaT konformizmi. MmonawileTa
50-80% (kvlevis programis sxvadasxva
stadiebze) erTxel mainc daeTanxma um-
ravlesobis yalb Sefasebebs maSin, rodesac
monawileTa mesamedi umravlesobis araswor
Sefasebebs daeTanxma kritikul cdaTa
naxevar, an met SemTxvevaSi.
s. aSi im monawileebs, romlebic umetes Sem-
TxvevebSi eTanxmebodnen umravlesobas, „de-
zorientirebulebs~ da „eWviT marTulebs~ uwo-
debs. is gamoTqvams mosazrebas, rom adamianTa
es kategoria „ganicdida Zalze mZlavr impulss,
rom ar gamoCeniliyo umravlesobisgan gansxva-
vebulad~ (1952, gv. 396). isini, vinc daTmobaze
wavidnen, xazs usvamdnen socialur zewolas
708 da TavianT konformulobas, zogierTebi ki imasac
al., 1990). is Tavis kvlevebs ganixilavda, rogorc
„damoukideblobis~ kvlevebs. faqtobrivad, mona-
wileTa pasuxebis ori mesamedi swori da arakon-
formuli iyo. Tumca, s. aSis eqsperimentebis
aRwerebis umravlesobaSi xazgasma swored kon-
formul erT mesamedze keTdeba. am eqsperi-
mentebis Sesaxeb gakeTebuli angariSebi xSirad
mcdaria da ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli is faqti,
rom eqsperimentis monawileebi gansxvavebulni
iyvnen. im adamianTa ricxvi (daaxloebiT 25%),
romlebic arasdros iqceodnen konformulad,
im adamianTa raodenobas utoldeboda, romlebic
yovelTvis an TiTqmis yovelTvis axorcie-
lebdnen konformul qcevas.
amdenad, s. aSis eqsperimentebi or damatebiT
gakveTils iZleva: erTi mxriv, vxedavT, rom
adamianebi srulad ar eqcevian normatuli gav-
lenis qveS da umravles SemTxvevaSi (zogierTebi
ki _ yovelTvis) icaven TavianT damoukideblobas;
Mmeore mxriv, vnaxeT, rom adamianebi zogjer
konformulebic arian, umravles SemTxvevaSi _
araorazrovan situaciebSic ki. konformulad
yofnis potencia adamianis bunebis mniSvnelovani
elementia.
konformuloba yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi
yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi konformulobis
mravali SemTxveva normatuli da informaciuli
zegavlenis kombinaciebs warmoadgens: miRebis,
mowonebisa da aRiarebis survili ubiZgebs ada-
mianebs, rom saTanado ganwyobebisa da swori
qcevis Sesaxeb informaciis mosaZieblad konkre-
tul referentul jgufs mimarTon. ganvixiloT
erTi eqsperimentuli magaliTi.
saidan
viciT
konformulobis mcdeloba
texasis A&M universitetis studentebs
maTi Tanatolebis umravlesobis damo-
kidebulebebis Sesaxeb miewodaT infor-
macia. magaliTad, maT uTxres, rom stu-
dentebi sruliad ar eTanxmebian debu-
lebas: „ar gavamarTlebdi megobars, ro-
melmac akrZaluli nivTierebebi miiRo~
(sinamdvileSi, studentebis umravlesoba
sruliad eTanxmeboda am debulebas).
eqsperimentis monawileebs am debulebis
interpretireba sTxoves. ras niSnavda „me
ar gavamarTlebdi~. es niSnavda, rom „isini
ar Seurigdebian narkotikis gamoyenebas~
Tu „isini Sewyveten masTan megobrobas?~
amis Semdeg eqsperimentis monawileebs
sTxovdnen, daefiqsirebinaT TavianTi
damokidebuleba debulebis mimarT. stu-
dentebis pasuxebis paternebi, umeteswilad,
damokidebuli iyo imaze, Tu ramdenad
Zlierad aigivebdnen isini Tavs xsenebuli
universitetis studentobasTan. „Zlieri
identifikaciis~ jgufis wevrebma am debu-
lebisTvis iseTi interpretaciis gakeTeba
scades, romelic maT saSualebas miscemda,
ar eRalataT universitetis studentTa
normebisaTvis, anu maTi interpretacia
„megobrobis Sewyvetis~ mimarTulebiT iyo
da amiT TavianTi mkacri damokidebulebebi
gamoxates. im studentebma ki, romlebic
A&M-is studentebTan nakleb identifi-
kacias avlendnen, ar gamoamJRavnes aseTi
dramatuli damokidebuleba im mosazrebis
mimarT, romelsac, maTi azriT, A&M-is
yoveli saSualo studenti iziarebda (Wood
et al.,1996).
am situaciaSi studentebma, romlebisTvisac
mniSvnelovani iyo sxva studentebis msgavsad
yofna, miiRes informacia, romelic maT ar moiy-
vanda amxanagebTan winaaRmdegobaSi. normatiulma
procesebma maT sakiTxis interpretaciis imgvarad
rekonstruqciisken ubiZges, rom mocemuli infor-
macia maTi mxoflmxedvelobis Sesatyvisic yo-
filiyo. am kvlevidan Cans, rom Cven im Sem-
TxvevaSi ganvicdiT ufro Zlier informaciul
zemoqmedebas, rodesac informaciis wyaro
CvenTvis Zalze mniSvnelovania.
umciresobis gavlena da nonkonformizmi
vinaidan cnobilia, rom umravlesobas
miniWebuli aqvs resursebisa da informaciis
kontrolis SesaZlebloba, gasakviri araa, rom
adamianebi regularulad konformulebi arian
maT mimarT. amasTan, isic cnobilia, rom zogjer
adamianebi mtkiced icaven sakuTar Sexedulebebs.
rogor xdeba es? rogor xdeba, rom adamianebi
Tavs aRweven jgufis gavlenas da, saerTod,
rogor aris SesaZlebeli raime siaxle
(aranormatiuli)? arsebobs raime pirobebi, sadac
umciresobas SeuZlia umravlesobis Semobruneba
da axali normebis Seqmna? rodesac amerikeli
mkvlevrebi koncentrirebulni iyvnen
konformulobis kvlevebze, es nawilobriv, imis
gamo iyo, rom konformizmi demokratiul
situaciis Zala
procesebs ukavSirdeba. zogierTi evropeli
socialuri fsiqologi gansakuTrebul
yuradRebas uTmobda umciresobis mier
umravlesobis Secvlis unars. frangi mkvlevari
serJ moskoviCi (Serge Moscovici) pirveli iyo maT
Soris, vinc umciresobis gavlenebis kvleva
daiwyo.
709
 fsiqologia Cvens cxovrebaSi

rogor zemoqmedeben jgufebi gadawyvetilebis miRebaze

Tu Tqven, rogorc jgufis zemoT aRwerili SemTxveva riskiani Sefasebebi – jgufuri

wevrs, odesme gicdiaT gadawyve-
tilebis miReba, maSin gecodi-
nebaT, rom es sakmaod Sromate-
vadi saqmea. magaliTad, warmoid-
gineT, rom axlaxan megobrebTan
erTad naxeT filmi. miuxedavad
imisa, rom Tqven is mogewonaT,
garCevis Semdeg aRmoaCineT, rom
azri SegecvalaT da daeTanxmeT
azrs, rom filmi „warmoud-
genlad sustia~. tipuria Tu ara
azris aseTi cvlileba jgufuri
garCevis Semdeg? nuTu jgufis
Sefasebebi yovelTvis gansxva-
vebulia individebis Sefase-
bebisagan? socialurma fsi-
qologebma aCvenes, rom arsebobs
ori Zala, romelic MmaSin moq-
medebs, rodesac jgufi iRebs
gadawyvetilebas, esenia: jgufu-
ri polarizacia da jgufuri
azrovneba.
jgufuri polarizaciis maga-
liTia: jgufma gamoavlina iseTi
gadawyvetilebis miRebis ten-
dencia, romelic ufro metad uki-
duresia, vidre jgufis wevrebis
mier cal-calke, erTmaneTisgan
damoukideblad miRebuli gada-
wyvetilebebi iqneboda. davuSvaT,
jgufis TiToeul wevrs sTxoveT
filmisadmi sakuTari damo-
kidebulebis gamoTqma. amis Sem-
deg, jgufis msgavsad, Tqvenc
eTanxmebiT erTaderT misaReb Se-
fasebas, romelic mTeli jgufis
damokidebulebas asaxavs. Tu
jgufis Sefaseba ufro uki-
duresia, vidre calkeuli wev-
rebis Sefasebebis saSualo, maSin
es polarizaciis SemTxveva iqneba.
imisda mixedviT, Tu rogoria
jgufis wevrebis sawyisi ten-
dencia _ gamoTqvan frTxili Tu
polarizaciis procesi maT
meti sifrTxilis, an meti
riskis demonstrirebis mimar-
TulebiT waiyvans. mkvlevrebma
gamoTqves mosazreba, rom
jgufur polarizacias safuZ-
vlad ori tipis procesi udevs:
informacia-gavlenis modeli
da socialuri Sedarebis
modeli (Liu & Lataane, 1998).
informacia-gavlenis mo-
delis mixedviT, jgufis wev-
rebs sxvadasxva informacia
SeaqvT gadawyvetilebaSi. Tu
Tqven da Tqvens megobrebs
mcire, magram gansxvavebuli
mizezebi gagaCniaT, rom dai-
wunoT filmi, maSin am mize-
zebis erTad Tavmoyra gamo-
iwvevs imas, rom saboloo jam-
Si yvelani erTad Zalian dai-
wunebT mas.

saidan
viciT
Tavi 17 / socialuri procesebi da urTierTobebi

umciresobis Senelebuli zegavlena

erT-erT eqsperimentSi, romelSic mona-
wileebs daurigdaT feradi baraTebi Txov-
niT, daesaxelebinaT miwodebuli baraTis
feri, umetesobam sworad gansazRvra is,
Tumca eqsperimentatoris ori Tanamonawile
mwvaneze miuTiTebda, rom es cisferi iyo.
uryevi umciresobis poziciam dasawyisSi
zegavlena ar moaxdina umravlesobaze,
magram Semdgom, eqsperimentis zogierTma
monawilem mwvane feris Sefasebisas Tan-
daTan cisferisken gadainacvla (Moscovici,
1976; Moscovici & Faucheux,1972).

amdenad, umciresobis uryevma Sexedulebebma,

bolos da bolos, SesaZloa safuZveli gamoa-
calos umravlesobis siZlieres (Moscovici, 1980,
710 1985).
 jgufis polarizacia az-
rovnebis zogadi paternis _
jgufuri azrovnebis _ erT-
erTi Sedegia. irvin jenisma (Irv-
ing Janis, 1982) termini jgufuri
azrovneba gansazRvra, rogorc
gadawyvetilebis miRebis pro-
cesSi myofi jgufisTvis dama-
xasiaTebeli _ konsensusis
misaRwevad arasasurveli in-
formaciis gacxrilvis _ ten-
dencia, romelic gansakuT-
rebiT tipuria im SemTxvevaSi,
rodesac is lideris mosaz-
rebas Tanxvdeba.
i. jenisis jgufuri azrov-
nebis Teoria maSin aRmocenda,
rodesac is iseTi istoriuli
movlenis gaanalizebas cdi-
lobda, rogoric iyo amerikis
SesaZlo SeWra kubaSi 1960
wels. am SeWraze Tanxmoba pre-
zidentma kenedim mas Semdeg
misca, rac kabinetis sxdoma
Caatara, romelzec SeWris mom-
xre mrCevlebma minimumamde
daiyvanes da daTrgunes sawi-
naaRmdego mosazreba. am mov-
lenis analizidan jenisma ga-
mokveTa jgufuri aqtivobis
mTeli rigi maxasiaTeblebisa,
romelmac, misi azriT, gana-
piroba jgufis wevrebis damor-
Cileba jgufuri azrovnebisadmi.
man gamoTqva mosazreba, rom,
magaliTad, jgufebi, romlebic
Zlieri SeWidulobiT xasia-
Tdebian, emijnebian ra eqsper-
tebs da lideris uSualo mi-
TiTebebiT operireben, jgufuri
azrovnebisTvis damaxasiaTebel
gadawyvetilebebs miiReben. sxva
mkvlevrebma jenisis ideebis
Semowmeba scades rogorc Sem-
dgomi istoriuli movlenebis
analizis, ise laboratoriuli
eqsperimentebis saSualebiT
(Esser, 1998). am kvlevebma aCvena,
rom jgufebi gansakuTrebiT
mowyvladni arian jgufuri
azris mimarT maSin, rodesac
koleqtiuri survilis _ mTeli
jgufisTavis misaRebi dadebiTi
mosazrebis SenarCunebis _ rea-
lizebas axdenen (Turner & Praat-
kanis, 1998). jgufis wevrebs unda
esmodeT, rom uTanxmoeba xSi-
rad aumjobesebs jgufur ga-
dawyvetilebas, Tumca, SesaZ-
loa, amcirebdes jgufis
pozitiur TviTSefasebas ma-
Sinac ki, rodesac is, erTi
SexedviT, Sorsaa jgufis po-
zitiuri SegrZnebisgan. mo-
mavalSi, rodesac jgufur
RonisZiebaSi CaerTvebiT, yurad-
Reba gaamaxvileT, rom aRniS-
nuli procesebis SemCneva SeZ-
loT.
socialuri Sedarebis mo-
deli gulisxmobs, rom jgufis
wevrebi Tanatolebis mizidvas
imiT cdiloben, rom jgufis
idealebs realurze metad eq-
stremalurad warmoadgenen.
amrigad, Tu Tqven TvliT, rom
es filmi aravis moewona, Se-
giZliaT SeecadoT, Tavi gan-
sakuTrebiT gamWriax pirov-
nebad warmoaCinoT da ukidu-
resad uaryofiTi Sexeduleba
gamoTqvaT. Tu jgufis yvela
wevri Seecdeba am gziT jgufis
saerTo Sefasebis dafiqsirebas,
Sedegad aucileblad miviRebT
polarizacias.

es efeqtebi SegiZliaT normatiul da in- lesobas sadao sakiTxis sxvadasxva kuTxiT

formaciul zegavlenas Soris arsebuli gan-
sxvavebis gaTvaliswinebiT gaiazroT, romelzec
ukve zemoT visaubreT (Wood et al.,1994). umcire-
sobis jgufebs SedarebiT naklebi normatiuli
gavlena aqvT, radgan umravlesobis wevrebs,
Cveulebriv, naklebad awuxebT, iqnebian Tu ara
mowonebulni an miRebulni umciresobis wevrebis
mier. meore mxriv, umciresobis jgufebs mainc
gaaCniaT informaciuli zegavlena umravle-
sobaze. kerZod, maT ZaluZT, ubiZgon umrav-
jgufuri polarizacia (Group polarization) – jgu-
fis tendencia, miiRos iseTi gadawyvetileba,
ganxilvisken (Peterson& Nemeth, 1996). samwuxarod,
informaciuli zegavlenis es unari umciresobas
iSviaTad aZlevs SesaZleblobas, daZlios
umravlesobis warmomadgenelTa survili _ ar
gaiTvaliswinon normisagan gadaxrili da Seu-
Tanxmebeli Sexedulebebi (Wood, 2000).
sazogadoebaSi adamianebis umravlesoba cdi-
lobs, warmoCndes, rogorc status quo-s damcveli.
Cveulebriv, siaxleebis da cvlilebebis moTxovna
umciresobis wevrebisa da im pirebisgan modis,
romlebsac imedi gaucruvdaT arsebuli sistemis
mimarT, an sakiTxis axleburad gaazrebisa da
situaciis Zala

romelic aris ufro eqstremaluri, vidre is mimdinare problemis gadaWris alternatiuli

gadawyvetilebebi, romlebsac cal-calke mii-
Rebdnen igive jgufis wevrebi.
jgufuri azrovneba (Groupthink) – gadawyveti-
lebis mimRebi jgufis tendencia, gafiltros
arasasurveli monacemebi ise, rom miRweul iqnes
konsensusi, gansakuTrebiT maSin, Tu is lideris
Tvalsazriss Seesabameba.
gzebis mofiqrebis unari SeswevT. konfliqti
myarad dafuZnebuli umravlesobis Sexedulebebsa
da disidenturi umciresobis xedvas Soris
umniSvnelovanesi winapirobaa im inovaciebi-
saTvis, romlebsac dadebiTi socialuri Zvrebi
mohyveba.

711

situaciis Zala: mxilebani
faruli kameriT
socialurma fsiqologebma socialuri nor-
mebisa da socialuri situaciebis Zalis demon-
strireba iseTi eqsperimentebiT scades, romlebic
aaSkaraveben, Tu ramdenad iolad SeiZleba saz-
riani, damoukidebeli, racionaluri da sasiamovno
adamianebis iseTi qcevis ganxorcielebamde miy-
vana, romelic Zalian Sors iqneba optimalu-
risagan. Cven ukve vnaxeT socialuri situaciis
gavlenis iseTi saxe, rogoricaa socialuri roli,
rogor aqcevs is Cveulebriv students cixis
agresiul zedamxedvelad. imave principis demon-
strireba ubrali xumrobis _ faruli kameris
scenarebis _ saSualebiTac SeiZleba, romelic
kargi intuiciis mqone socialurma fsiqologma
alan fantma Seqmna da ukve TiTqmis 50 welia,
rac warmatebiT gamoiyeneba. fantma aCvena, Tu
rogor zustad mihyveba adamianis buneba socialur
scenars. misi gadacemebisas milionobiT tele-
mayurebeli gulianad icinis, rodesac uyurebs,
rom adamiani, romelic hamburgers miirTmevs,
rogor wyvets Wamas, rogorc ki ainTeba abra
warweriT: „ar WamoT!~; rodesac adamianebi SuqniS-
nis wiTel ferze Cerdebian, romelic fexiT
mosiaruleTaTvis gankuTvnil quCaze inTeba;
rodesac avtomagistralze moZraobisas mZRolebi
abruneben manqanebs sagzao niSnis _ „delaveri
Tavi 17 / socialuri procesebi da urTierTobebi
daketilia~ danaxvisas da, rodesac momxmareblebi
mxolod TeTr filebze dadian administraciis
gancxadebis Sesabamisad, romlis Tanaxmadac, Sav
filebze siaruli akrZalulia. faruli kameris
efeqtis erT-erT saukeTeso ilustraciad iTvleba
situaciuri qcevis makontrolebeli Zalze
daxvewili wesi, e.w. „oinebi liftSi~. rodesac
adamiani liftiT mgzavrobs, is Tavdapirvelad
im dauwerel kanons emorCileba, rom saxiT
karisaken unda idges, magram rodesac danarCeni
mgzavrebi karisken zurgiT dgebian, sacodavi
msxverplic mihyveba axlad aRmocenebul normas
da isic zurgs aqcevs Semosasvlels.
cxovrebiseul situaciebSi, minimaluri so-
cialuri pirobebic ki sakmarisia, raTa Cveu-
lebrivi adamianebis uCveulo qcevebi gamov-
lindes. Tqven geRimebaT imaze, Tu Tqvenive msgavsi
adamianebi maTTvis Cveuli situaciebis mcire
modifikaciis SemTxvevaSic ki Zalze sulelurad
712 iqcevian. varaudobT ra, rom Tqven ase ar
moiqceodiT, impliciturad emijnebiT maT, magram
amgvari socialur-fsiqologiuri kvlevebi
aCvenebs, rom, analogiur SemTxvevebSi, sava-
raudod, Tqvenc iseve moiqceodiT, rogorc sxvebi.
poeti jon doni werda: „aravin aris kunZuli,
TiToeuli adamiani erTi mTliani kontinentis
nawilia~. adamianebi urTierTdakavSirebulni
arian saziaro situaciebiT, normebiTa da wesebiT.
SekiTxvaze, Tu rogor moiqceodiT iseT situa-
ciaSi, sadac adamianebi cudad, sulelurad an
iracionalurad iqcevian, brZnuli pasuxi, albaT,
aseTi iqneba: „ar vici, es damokidebuli iqneba
imaze, Tu ramdenad Zlieri iqneba situacia~.
Cven mivediT seriozul daskvnamde, rom
situaciebi arsebiT rols asruleben adamianis
qcevis determinaciaSi. albaT, Tqvenc SegiZliaT
gaixsenoT cxovrebiseuli situaciebi, romelSic
gaacnobiereT, rom Tqven da Tqveni megobari ar
eTanxmebiT erTmaneTs momxdari movlenis raobis
Taobaze. momdevno TavSi ganvixilavT mosazrebas
imis Sesaxeb, rom sxvadasxva adamianebi erTi da
imave situaciis interpretacias sxvadasxvagvarad
axdenen.
Sejameba
socialuri situaciebi xSirad eqceva socialu-
ri fsiqologebis yuradRebis centrSi, rogorc
qcevis mniSvnelovani determinantebi. stenfordis
cixis eqsperimentma aCvena, Tu rogori dramatuli
zegavlenis moxdena SeuZlia socialur rolebs
adamianis qcevaze. socialuri normebi gansazRv-
ravs sasurvel damokidebulebebsa da qcevebs.
jgufuri gavlenis ori tipi aiZulebs adamianebs,
iyvnen konformulebi, esenia: informaciuli
gavlena da normatuli gavlena. rogorc Cans,
umciresoba umravlesobis Sexedulebebze gavlenas
ufro informaciuli gavlenis gziT axdens.
socialuri realobis
konstruireba
warmoidgineT, rom studenturi qalaqis teri-
toria unda gadakveToT megobarTan erTad, ro-
melic ar icnobs fsiqologiis Sesaval kurss.
Tqven xvdebiT policiels, romelic uyviris
students. Tqveni megobari ambobs: „es policieli
ar unda iyos aseTi uxeSi~, Tqven ki TqvenTvis
fiqrobT: „amgvarad moqcevas mas misi roli
aiZulebs~. amrigad, Tqven da Tqveni megobari
erTi da igive movlenas uyurebT, magram sruliad
sxvadasxvagvar interpretacias aZlevT. ai,
swored amas vuwodebT socialuri realobis
konstruirebas. Tqven gamoiyeneT Tqveni codna
da gamocdileba, raTa masze dayrdnobiT agexsnaT
situacia. Tqven aageT socialuri realoba imiT,
rom moaxdineT movlenis kogniturad da
emociurad reprezentireba.
modiT, socialuri fsiqologiis klasikuri
magaliTi davixmaroT, romelSic Sexedulebebi
ubiZgebs adamianebs, rom erTi da igive situacia
sxvadasxva momgebiani poziciidan dainaxon da
urTierTsapirispiro daskvnebi gaakeTon imis
Taobaze, „Tu ra moxda sinamdvileSi~. kvleva
exeboda ramdenime wlis win Catarebul amerikuli
fexburTis matCs ligis or gunds Soris. prin- nelma studentebma „dainaxes~, rom mowinaaR-
stonis daumarcxebeli gundi sezonis ukanasknel mdegem orjer meti jarima miiRo, vidre
matCs atarebda dartmuTis gundTan. TamaSi, maTma gundma, xolo dartmuTelma studen-
romelSic prinstonis gundma gaimarjva, or- tebma igive Canaweris naxvisas „dainaxes~,
mxrivad uxeSi iyo, mravali sajarimoebiTa da rom jarimebis raodenoba Tanabari iyo
seriozuli travmebiT. TamaSis Semdeg orive (Hastorf &Cantril, 1954).
skolis gazeTma mkiTxvels matCis msvlelobis
Sesaxeb Zalze gansxvavebuli versiebi SesTavaza.
gamokvlevam cxadyo, rom SeuZlebelia fexbur-
Tis matCisnairi rTuli socialuri movlenis
saidan
obieqturad da moukerZoeblad ganxilva. so-
viciT cialuri situaciebi mniSvnelobas maSin iZenen,
rodesac mayurebeli seleqciurad aRiqvams imas,
SegviZlia ki rodisme vTqvaT, Tu „ra
Tu ra moxda, imis Sesabamisad, Tu ris danaxvas
moxda sinamdvileSi?~
eloda an surda. fexburTis matCis SemTxvevaSi
studentur gazeTebSi mocemuli Sefa- adamianebi erTi da igive aqtivobas uyurebdnen,

socialuri realobis konstruireba

sebebiT dainteresebulma socialuri fsi-
qologebis jgufma studentebs matCis Ca-
naweri aCvena da orive gundis mier ganxor-
cielebuli darRvevebis raodenobis Sefa-
seba sTxova. TiTqmis yvela prinstonelma
TamaSi Seafasa, rogorc „uxeSi da binZuri~.
aravis Seufasebia is „sufTa da patiosan~
TamaSad da umetesoba darwmunebuli iyo,
rom es dartmuTeli moTamaSeebis brali
iyo. amis sapirispirod, dartmuTeli stu-
dentebis umravlesobam CaTvala, rom uxeS
TamaSSi orive mxare Tanabrad iyo damnaSave
da rom TamaSi „uxeSi, sufTa da lamazi~
iyo. metic, Canaweris naxvisas prinsto-
magram or gansxvavebul TamaSs xedavdnen.
imis asaxsnelad, Tu rogor mividnen prin-
stoneli da dartmuTeli gulSematkivrebi
esoden gansxvavebul interpretaciebamde, mivub-
rundeT aRqmis sakiTxs. gavixsenoT me-5 Tavi,
romelSic orazrovani perceptuli obieqtebis
interpretaciisas xSirad ukve arsebuli codni-
sTvis unda migemarTaT. fexburTis matCis gan-
xilvis drosac igive principi moqmedebs:
adamianebi warsulSi SeZenil codnas mimdinare
movlenebis interpretirebisTvis iyeneben, Tumca
perceptuli procesebis obieqtebad adamianebi
da situaciebi gvevlinebian. socialuri per-
cepcia aris procesi, romliTac adamianebi sxvaTa
qcevebis gagebasa da kategorizebas axdenen. am 713
 qveTavSi vrclad mimovixilavT socialuri
percepciis or sakiTxs: pirvel rigSi, ganvixi-
lavT, Tu rogor afaseben adamianebi im Zalebs,
romlebic gavlenas axdenen sxva adamianebis
qcevebze, anu maT kauzalur atribuciebs; Semdeg
ki ganvixilavT, Tu rogor xdeba, rom zogjer
socialuri percepcia Tanxvdeba Cvens molo-
dinebs.
atribuciis Teoriis warmoSoba
yvela socialuri aRmqmelis winaSe mdgomi
erT-erTi mniSvnelovani amocana socialuri
movlenebis mizezebis dadgenaa. Tqven gsurT
cxovrebiseuli movlenebis mizezebis codna:
ratom Sewyvita Tqvenma megobarma TqvenTan
urTierToba? ratom miiRo samuSao sxvam da ara
_ Tqven? ratom ganqorwindnen Tqveni nacnobis
mSoblebi mravalwliani Tanacxovrebis Semdeg?
TiToeul aseT kiTxvas garkveuli moqmedebis,
movlenisa Tu Sedegis SesaZlo mizezobrivi
determinantebis analizamde mivyavarT. atribu-
ciis Teoria warmoadgens zogad midgomas, ro-
melic socialuri aRmqmelis mier mizezobrivi
axsnisas informaciis gamoyenebis gzebs aRwers.
atribuciis Teoria fric haideris (Fritz Heider)
Sromebidan (1958) iRebs sawyiss. haideri amtki-
cebda, rom socialur cxovrebaSi gasarkvevad
adamianebi ganuwyvetlad axorcieleben socia-
Tavi 17 / socialuri procesebi da urTierTobebi
luri movlenebis mizezobriv analizs. is Tvli-
da, rom yvela adamiani intuituri fsiqologia,
romelic, profesionali fsiqologis msgavsad,
adamianis bunebasa da sakuTari qcevebis mizezeb-
Si garkvevas cdilobs. haideri Tvlida, rom
atribuciuli analizis ZiriTadi sakiTxi qcevis
socialuri aRqma/percepcia (Social perception) –
procesebi, romelTa safuZvelzec adamianebi
igeben an aRiqvamen TavianT an sxvebis pirovnul
atributebs.
atribuciis Teoria (Attribution theory) – socia-
lur-kognituri Teoria, romelic aRwers infor-
maciis gamoyenebis gzebs, romelsac iyenebs
socialuri aRmqmeli mizezobrivi axsnisas.
kovariaciis principi (Covariation principle) – Teo-
ria, romelic amtkicebs, rom adamianebi qcevisa
da misi mizezis dakavSirebas axdenen principiT:
Tu arsebobs es mizezi, maSin iarsebebs qcevac
da, piriqiT, Tu ar arsebobs es mizezi, ar
iarsebebs qcevac.
714
mizezebis lokalizaciis garkvevaa. sxva sityve-
biT rom vTqvaT, qcevis mizezebi pirovnebaSi
(Sinagani, anu dispoziciuri kauzaloba) unda
veZeboT Tu situaciaSi (garegani, anu situaciuri
kauzaloba) da vin aris mis Sedegebze pasuxis-
mgebeli. rogor msjeloben adamianebi da rogor
midian aseT Sefasebebamde?
harold kelim (Harold Kelley, 1967) haideris
mosazrebebis formalizeba moaxdina _ gamoyo
cvladebi, romlebsac adamianebi atribuciuli
daskvnebis gakeTebisas iyeneben. kelis ekuTvnis
mniSvnelovani dakvirveba, rom adamianebi gaur-
kvevel, bundovan pirobebSi ufro xSirad axdenen
kauzalur atribucias. Tqven iSviaTad gaqvT
sakmarisi informacia imis Taobaze, Tu ratom
moiqca adamiani ase da ara sxvagvarad. kelis
azriT, adamianebi gaurkvevlobas mravali mov-
lenidan informaciis dagrovebiTa da kovari-
aciis principis gamoyenebiT ewinaaRmdegebian.
kovariaciis principis Tanaxmad, adamianebi
garkveul mizezobriv faqtors ukavSireben qcevas,
Tu es faqtori yovelTvis mocemulia qcevasTan
erTad, magram arasodes _ am qcevis gareSe.
magaliTad, warmoidgineT, rom quCaSi seirnobT
da xedavT megobars, romelic yviriliT migi-
TiTebT cxenze. ris safuZvelze daaskvnidiT,
rom is gagiJda (dispoziciuri atribucia) an
realuri safrTze gemuqrebaT (situaciuri atri-
bucia)?
h. kelis miaCnia, rom adamianebi aseT daskvnebs
kovariaciis Sefasebebis safuZvelze akeTeben,
im adamianis Sesaxeb informaciis sami ganzomi-
lebis gaTvaliswinebiT, romlis qcevis axsnasac
isini cdiloben. es ganzomilebebia: gansxvavebu-
loba, konsistenturoba da konsensusi.
gansxvavebuloba gulisxmobs imas, Tu ram-
denad damaxasiaTebelia qceva mocemuli situa-
ciisaTvis – Tqveni megobari yovelTvis yviris
cxenebis danaxvaze?
konsistenturoba gulisxmobs imas, Tu ram-
denad xSirad meordeba qceva mocemul situa-
ciaSi _ Tqvens megobars adrec uyviria Tu ara
cxenis danaxvaze?
konsensusi gviCvenebs, sxva adamianebic
analogiurad iqcevian am situaciaSi Tu ara _
cxenis danaxvaze yvela adamiani iSvers xels
misken da yvirils iwyebs?
 informaciis es samive ganzomileba garkveul
rols asrulebs Tqven mier gakeTebul dakvnebSi.
magaliTad, warmoidgineT, rom Tqveni megobari
erTaderTi iyo, vinc yviroda. savaraudod, rogor
atribuciul daskvnas gaakeTebdiT, dispoziciurs
Tu situaciurs?
f. haiderisa da h. kelis soliduri fundamen-
turi kvlevebis daxvewisa da gafarToebis mizniT
aTasobiT kvleva Catarda (Fiske &Taylor, 1991). maTi
umravlesoba im pirobebis Seswavlas exeba,
romlebSic arsebuli informaciis sistematuri
gadasinjvis Sedegad atribuciebi formirdeba.
qvemoT oTxi tipis situacias aRvwerT, rodesac
Tqveni atribucia SeiZleba mikerZoebuli, ten-
denciuri aRmoCndes.
atribuciis fundamenturi
Secdoma
davuSvaT, Tqvens megobars SeuTanxmdiT, rom
7 saaTze SexvdebodiT. axla ukve rvis naxevaria
da Tqveni megobari jer ar mosula. rogor ax-
snidiT am faqts?
darwmunebuli var, rom raRac Zalian mniS-
vnelovani moxda, ris gamoc man ver SeZlo droze
mosvla.
ra nelia. ar SeuZlia cota auCqaros?
Cven kvlav warmogidgineT dispoziciur da
situaciur atribuciebs Soris arCevani. gamokv-
levebma aCvena, rom adamianebi, saSualod, ufro
meore tipis _ dispoziciuri atribuciisken arian
midrekilni (Ross & Nisbett, 1991). es tendencia,
faqtobrivad, imdenad Zlieria, rom socialurma
fsiqologma li rosma (Lee Ross, 1977) mas atri-
buciis fundamenturi Secdoma uwoda.
atribuciis fundamenturi Secdoma (afS)
adamianisTvis damaxasiaTebeli ormagi tendenciaa,
romelic konkretuli qcevis Sedegis an mizezis
Ziebisas dispoziciuri faqtorebis (adamianebis
dadanaSauleba an ndoba) gadafasebasa da situa-
ciuri faqtorebis saTanadod verSefasebas (gare-
mos dadanaSauleba an ndoba) gulisxmobs.
atribuciis fundamenturi Secdoma (Fundamental
attribution error) _ damkvirveblebis ormagi ten-
dencia, daakninon situaciuri faqtorebis roli
da gadaafason dispoziciuri faqtorebis roli
adamianis qcevaSi.
ganvixiloT afS-is laboratoriuli kvlevis
magaliTi. l. rosma da misma kolegebma (1977)
saxumaro TamaSis „Collage Bowl~-is eqsperimentuli
versia Seqmnes, romelSic eqsperimentis monawi-
leni, monetis agdebis safuZvelze, Sejibris
monawileTa da kiTxvebis damsmelTa jgufebSi
nawildebodnen.
saidan
viciT
monetis agdeba „qmnis~
codnisunarianobas
kiTxvis damsmels gamomwvevi kiTxvebis
dasmis instruqcia eZleoda. am kiTxvebze
pasuxi man winaswar icoda. Sejibris mona-
wile konkurenti kiTxvebze pasuxebis ga-
cemas cdilobda, Tumca, xSirad _ uSede-
god. TamaSis bolos kiTxvis damsmelebma,
Sejibris monawileebma da damkvirveblebma
(sxva monawileebi, romlebic uyurebdnen
TamaSs) Seafases TamaSis monawileTa orive
mxaris codna. kvlevis Sedegebi asaxulia
17.3 suraTze. rogorc xedavT, kiTxvis
damsmelebs eCvenebaT, rom maT da Sejibris
monawileebma codnis saSualo done gamo-
avlines maSin, roca Sejibris monawile-
ebma da damkvirveblebma kiTxvebis dam-
smelebis codna saSualoze metad Seafases,
vidre Sejibris monawileebisa. TviT mona-
wileni sakuTar codnas xSirad saSualoze
ufro naklebadac ki afasebdnen.
socialuri realobis konstruireba
rogor mogwonT? TavisTavad naTelia, rom
situacia kiTxvis damsmels upiratesobas aniWebda
(gana Tqvenc ar isurvebdiT kiTxvebis damsmeli
yofiliyaviT?) da xels uwyobda maT, rom go-
nebamaxvilad gamoCeniliyvnen, rasac ugulebel-
yofdnen Sejibris monawileni da damkvirveblebi
TavianT SefasebebSi. swored es aris atribuciis
fundamenturi Secdoma.
SesaZloa, Tqven TviTon ipovoT afS-is
magaliTebi, magram es arc ise iolia. qcevis
situaciuri safuZvlebis aRmoCena yovelTvis
garkveuli „mokvlevis~ ganxorcielebas moi-
Txovs. situaciuri Zalebis gavlena qcevaze xSi-
rad SeumCnevelia. magaliTad, Tqven ver xedavT
715
 suraTi
17.3
kiTxvis damsmelis da Sejibris
monawilis zogadi ganaTlebis
reitingebi
situaciur normebs. Tqven xedavT mxolod
qcevebs, romelTac es normebi ganapirobebs.
rogor unda aviciloT Tavidan afS? magaliTad,
negatiuri dispoziciuri atribuciis SemTxvevaSi
(„ra nelia~), ukan unda daixioT da sakuTar
Tavs hkiTxoT, xom ar arsebobda am qcevis
gamomwvevi xelisSemSleli situaciuri faqto-
rebi? aseT varjiSs, pirobiTad, „atribuciuli
qvelmoqmedeba~ SegiZliaT uwodoT. xvdebiT
ratom?
Tavi 17 / socialuri procesebi da urTierTobebi
es rCeva gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani SeiZ-
leba iyos maTTvis, vinc dasavluri tipis sazo-
gadoebaSi cxovrobs, radganac monacemebi adas-
turebs, rom afS-s, nawilobriv, kulturuli
wyaroebic aqvs (Miller, 1984). gaixseneT me-14 TavSi
ganxiluli diskusia „me~-s (Self) konstruirebaSi
kulturaTSorisi gansxvavebebis arsebobis Se-
saxeb. rogorc iq avxseniT, dasavlur kulturaTa
umetesoba iseT maxasiaTeblebs vxvdebiT, rom-
lebic damoukidebel „me~-s ayalibeben, aRmo-
savluri kulturebis umravlesoba ki _ iseT
maxasiaTeblebs, romlebic urTierTdamoki-
debulebis „me~-s ayalibeben (Markus & Kitaiama,
1991). kvlevebma cxadyo, rom, rogorc urTierT-
damokidebulebebis kulturis Sedegi, aradasav-
luri kulturebis warmomadgenlebi naklebad
fokusirdebian situaciaSi moqmed calkeul
individebze. modiT, vnaxoT, ra gavlenas axdens
es kulturuli gansxvavebebi axali ambebis mowo-
716 debaze.
saidan
viciT
atribuciebi finansuri skandalis
Sesaxeb
mkvlevrebma SearCies statiebi amerikuli
(The New York Times) da iaponuri (Asahi Shimbun)
gazeTebidan, sadac 1995 wlis iseT finansur
skandalze iuwyebodnen, rogoric inglisis
uZvelesi bankis _ beringsis gakotreba iyo.
mkvlevris asistentma, romelmac ar icoda
kvlevis mizani, waikiTxa yvela statia da
SearCia is statiebi, romelSic mocemuli
iyo momxdaris mizezobrivi axsna. amis Semdeg
saqmeSi Cauxedav or asistents TiToeul
statiaze daskvnis gakeTeba sTxoves, kerZod,
Tu ra tipis iyos axsna – dispoziciuri,
anu iseTi, sadac brali pirovnebebs miuZRvo-
daT, Tu situaciuri, anu iseTi, sadac brali
organizacias edeboda. am or gazeTSi
gamoqveynebul statiebSi sakiTxisadmi mid-
goma mkveTrad gansxvavebuli aRmoCnda. ame-
rikeli korespondenti mkacrad dispozi-
ciuri atribuciis gakeTebas cdilobda
maSin, rodesac iaponeli korespondenti
situaciur atribucias usvamda xazs (Menon
et all., 1999).
 am cdis STambeWdavi maxasiaTebeli is iyo,
rom dafiqsirda kulturuli atribuciis gan-
sakuTari Tavisadmi mikerZoeba
sxvavebuli stilebi, romlebic sagazeTo sta- monetis agdebis gamoyenebiT Catarebuli
tiebis Seqmnisas vlindeboda. am kvleviT isic eqsperimentis erT-erTi yvelaze ganmacvifrebeli
dadasturda, rom atribuciis kulturuli sti- Sedegi konkurentTa mier sakuTari SesaZ-
lebi gadaecema da narCundeba yvelaSi, vinc leblobebis uaryofiTi Sefaseba iyo. es gvafiq-
Sesabamisi kulturis mediis gavlenis qveS eqceva. rebinebs, rom adamianebi afS-s sakuTari Tavis
xarjzec ki uSveben (faqtobrivad, Tqven unda
gaixsenoT me-15 TavSi aRwerili erTi Teoria
saidan
depresiis wyaroebis Sesaxeb, romlis mixedviTac,
viciT depresiuli adamianebi sakuTari Tavis mimarT
ufro met uaryofiT atribucias axdenen, vidre
megobroba da sakuTari Tavisadmi situaciuri faqtorebis mimarT). Tumca, umravles
mikerZoeba SemTxvevaSi, adamianebi piriqiT iqcevian da
eqsperimentis monawileebs sTxoves, rom mikerZoebas sakuTari Tavis mimarT iCenen. saku-
kreatulobis gasazom cdaSi megobarTan Tari Tavisadmi mikerZoeba aiZulebs maT, rom
an ucnobTan erTad CarTuliyvnen. dava- yovelgvari warmateba sakuTar Tavs miaweron da
lebis Sesrulebis Semdeg TiToeul mona- aicilon pasuxismgebloba warumateblobis Sem-
wiles miawodes misi jgufisa da didi TxvevaSi. umetes SemTxvevaSi, adamianebi mid-
normatiuli SerCevis monacemebis Sesaxeb
SedarebiTi informacia. miuxedavad maTi
realuri Sedegebisa, monawileTa naxevars
miawodes warmatebis Sesaxeb informacia
(rom maTi Sesruleba 93-e procentili iyo),
meore naxevars ki _ warumateblobis Sesaxeb
informacia (rom maTi Sesruleba 31-e pro-
centili iyo). amis Semdeg TiToeul mona-
wiles sTxovdnen, SeefasebinaT davalebis
Sesrulebis Sedegze misi da jgufis meore
wevris pasuxismgeblobis xarisxi 10-safe-
xurian skalaze, romlis erTi ukiduresi
pozicia iyo 1 (partnioris pasuxismgeb-
lobas), meore ki _ 10 gamoxatavda (sakuTar
pasuxismgeblobas). rogorc 17.4 suraTidan

socialuri realobis konstruireba

Cans, eqsperimentis is monawileni, rom-
lebic ucxo pirTan erTad monawileobdnen
cdaSi, warmatebas ufro metad miawerdnen
sakuTar Tavs, vidre warumateblobas (Cam-
pbell et al.,2000). monawileTa atribuciebi ro-
gorc warmatebis, ise warumateblobis Sem-
suraTi
17.4
TxvevaSi ufro adekvaturi iyo, rodesac
megobrebisa da ucxoebis mimarT
isini cdaSi megobrebTan erTad monawi- atribuciis modelebi
leobdnen.
eqsperimentis monawileebs sTxoves, moexdinaT ranJi-
reba, vin iyo pasuxismgebeli maTi jgufis warmatebaSi,
sakuTari Tavisadmi mikerZoeba (Self-serving bias)
an warumateblobaSi. ucxoebTan erTad yofnisas eq-
_ atribuciul mikerZoebaTa erToblioba, sperimentis monawileebma gamoavlines sakuTari Tavi-
rodesac adamianebi cdiloben, Tavis damsa- sadmi mikerZoeba: jgufis warmatebaSi TavianT rols
xurebad CaTvalon warmateba, xolo waruma- ufro mniSvnelovnad miiCnevdnen, xolo warumateb-
teblobisaTvis pasuxismgebloba sxvebs daakis- lobas partniors abralebdnen. ranJireba ufro zusti
ron. iyo, rodesac partniori maTi megobari iyo. 717
 rekilni arian, warmatebis SemTxvevaSi dis-
poziciuri atribucia moaxdinon, xolo waruma-
teblobis SemTxvevaSi _ situaciuri (Gilovich,1991):
„jildo Cemi unarebis gamo miviRe~; „Sejibri
usamarTlo msajobis gamo wavage~.
sakuTari Tavis mimarT mikerZoebis SemTxve-
vebi sxva cxovrebiseul situaciebSic _ sakuTari
qcevebis Sesaxeb msjelobisas _ SegiZliaT naxoT.
miaqcieT yuradReba, rogor msjelobT swavlasTan
dakavSirebiT. ras ityodiT maRali Sefasebis
miiRebisas da rogor imsjelebdiT dabali
Sefasebis miRebisas? gamokvlevebi cxadyofs, rom
studentebs axasiaTebT tendencia, sakuTar
Zalisxmevas miaweron maRali, xolo gareSe faq-
torebs _ dabali Sefaseba (McAllister,1996). faq-
tobrivad, igive models iyeneben maswavleblebic:
studentis warmatebas isini sakuTar Tavs
miaweren, warumateblobas ki _ ara. kidev erTxel
SexedeT, ra gavlenas SeiZleba axdendes at-
ribuciis es paternebi Tqvens miRwevebze? Tu
warmatebebisas Tqven ar ifiqrebT garegan
mizezebze (magaliTad, „pirveli gamocda advili
iyo~), SesaZloa, SecdeT da naklebi Zalisxmeva
daxarjoT Semdeg jerze; Tu warumateblobis
SemTxvevaSi ugulebelyofT dispoziciuri mize-
zebis rols (magaliTad, „amden xans ar unda
davrCeniliyavi wveulebaze~), maSin SesaZloa,
aseve naklebi ZalisxmeviT moekidoT Semdeg
gamocdas. zemoT isic aRvniSneT, rom Tqven unda
Tavi 17 / socialuri procesebi da urTierTobebi
ecadoT afS-is Tavidan acileba maSin, rodesac
sxvebis qcevebis mizezebze fiqrobT. aseve, SegiZ-
liaT SeamowmoT xolme Tqven mier gakeTebuli
atribuciebi da ecadoT, Tavidan aiciloT yovel-
gvari mikerZoeba sakuTari Tavis mimarT.
adamianebi jgufis wevrobis SemTxvevaSic
aseTive mikerZoebulobas iCenen. isini ufro
xSirad cdiloben jgufis warmatebebis sakuTar
Tavze miweras, xolo warumateblobebSi _ jgufis
sxva wevrebis dadanaSaulebas. albaT, kmayofili
darCebiT, rodesac gaigebT, rom es efeqti iq
sruldeba, sadac megobroba iwyeba.
momavalSi, rodesac jgufTan erTad raime
saqmianobaSi CaerTvebiT, SeecadeT naxoT, ram-
denad Seesabameba am eqsperimentis Sedegebi Tqven
TviTqmnadi winaswarmetyveleba (Self-filfilling proph-
ecy) _ zogierTi momavali qcevis an movlenis
Sesaxeb winaswarmetyveleba, romelic dRevan-
del urTierTobebs molodinis Sesabamisad
718 cvlis.
mier jgufis sxvadasxva wevrebis pasuxismgeb-
lobebTan dakavSirebiT gakeTebul atribuciebs.
ratom aqvs aseTi didi mniSvneloba Tqven mier
gakeTebul atribucias? gaixseneT paemanze dagvia-
nebuli megobris magaliTi. davuSvaT, imis gamo,
rom Tqven ar moiZieT situaciasTan dakavSire-
buli informacia, daaskveniT, rom is aRar aris
dainteresebuli TqvenTan megobrobiT. SeuZlia
Tu ara am arasworma mosazrebam marTlac ubiZgos
mas, rom momavalSi aramegobruli iyos Tqven
mimarT? am kiTxvaze pasuxis gasacemad im rolis
ganxilvaze gadavdivarT, romelsac socialuri
realobis konstruirebaSi rwmenebi da molo-
dinebi asruleben.
molodinebi da TviTqmnadi
winaswarmetyveleba
SesaZlebelia Tu ara, rom Sexedulebebma da
molodinebma gamocdilebis interpretaciis gar-
da, socialuri realobac gansazRvron? mravali
kvleva gvarwmunebs, rom situaciis buneba Se-
saZloa mniSvnelovnad Seicvalos im rwmenebisa
da molodinebis zemoqmedebiT, romlebic ada-
mianebs gaaCniaT am situaciebis mimarT. TviT-
qmnadi winaswarmetyveleba (Self-filfillling prophercies,
Merton, 1957) zogierT SesaZlo qcevebTan da mov-
lenebTan dakavSirebiT gakeTebuli winaswar-
metyvelebebia, romlebic imgvarad cvlian qceviT
urTierTobebs, rom isini iseT saxes iReben,
rogorsac adamianebi erTmaneTisgan elodnen.
warmoidgineT, rom wveulebaze midixarT da
mxiarul saRamos eliT, Tqveni megobari ki amave
wveulebaze mxolod mowyenilobis molodinSia.
am molodinebis gaTvaliswinebiT, SegiZliaTF
warmoidginoT, Tu ramdenad gansxvavebulad
moiqceviT Tqven da Tqveni megobari? qcevis es
gansxvavebuli formebi, Tavis mxriv, SeiZleba
imis Sesabamisadac Seicvalos, Tu rogor mo-
geqcevian sxvebi. aseT SemTxvevaSi, romel
Tqvengans aqvs saRmos ufro mxiarulad gatarebis
Sansi?
TviTqmnadi winaswarmetyvelebis erT-erTi
saukeTeso magaliTi bernard Sous piesidan _
„pigmalionidan~ _ aris nasesxebi, romelSic
quCis gogona profesor hari higinsis xelmZRva-
nelobiT varjiSis Sedegad aristokrat qalba-
tonad iqca. socialuri molodinebis, anu pigma-
lionis efeqti gamoyenebul iqna fsiqolog
robert rozentalis (Robert Rossenthal) klasikur
eqsperimentSic, romelic skolis direqtor leo-
nora jeikobsonTan (Leonore Jacobson) TanamSrom-
lobiT Catarda.
saidan
viciT
molodinebma SeiZleba Secvalos IQ
bostonis dawyebiTi skolis maswavleb-
lebs mkvlevrebma miawodes informacia,
rom rogorc testirebebma aCvena, maTi
zogierTi moswavle warmatebulia „akade-
miuri moswrebis~ TvalsazrisiT. maswavle-
blebi daarwmunes, rom es moswavleebi
saswavlo wlis ganmavlobaSi swavlaSi
gansakuTrebul Sedegebs „miaRwevdnen~. si-
namdvileSi aseTi prognozisaTvis realuri
safuZveli ar arsebobda da moswavleTa
gvarebic SemTxveviT iyo SerCeuli. miu-
xedavad amisa, saswavlo wlis bolos im
bavSvebis 30%-ma, romlebic momavali var-
skvlavebis siaSi iyvnen Seyvanilni, saSu-
alod 22 erTeuliT gaaumjobesa TavianTi
IQ maCvenebeli! TiTqmis yvelam ki, sul
mcire, 10 erTeuliT gaaumjobesa TavianTi
maCvenebeli. inteleqtis standartuli
testiT gazomili inteleqtualuri zrdis
es maCveneblebi mniSvnelovnad ufro ma-
Rali iyo, vidre imave skolis sxva mos-
wavleebisa, romlebic sakontrolo jgufs
Seadgendnen da kvlevis dasawyisisaTvis
IQ-is standartuli saSualo maCvenebeli
hqondaT (Rossenthal & Jacobson,1968).
rogor aisaxa maswavleblebis mcdari molo-
dinebi moswavleTa aseT warmatebaSi? rozentali
(1974), sul mcire, oTx procesze miuTiTebs,
romelic maswavleblebis molodinma gaaaqtiura
(ix. agreTve, .Jussim,1986).Ppirveli, maswavleblebi
ufro Tbilad da megobrulad eqceodnen „mo-
maval varskvlavebs~, maTTvis socialuri aRi-
arebisa da miRebis klimats qmnidnen; Mmeore,
isini ufro mets iTxovdnen, Sesaswavli masalis
sirTulisa da masalis xarisxis CaTvliT, maT-
gan, viszec esoden did imedebs amyarebdnen;
mesame, isini ufro swraf da konkretul reaq-
ciebs iZleodnen (rogorc Seqebis, aseve kritikis
TvalsazrisiT) gamorCeuli moswavleebis saq-
mianobaze; dabolos, maswavleblebi gamorCeul
moswavleebs Tavis gamoCenis met SesaZleblobebs
aZlevdnen, riTac maT sakuTari Tavis rwmena
umtkicdebodaT da Tvlidnen, rom isini marTlac
iseTi kargebi iyvnen, rogorc es maswavleblebs
miaCndaT.
cxadia, am situaciaSi uCveulo iyo, rom
maswavleblebs mizanmimarTulad Seuqmnes mcdari
molodinebi. am meTodologiam rozentalsa da
jeikobsons TviTqmnadobis (Self-fulfilling) sruli
potencialis Cvenebis saSualeba misca. Tumca,
realur cxovrebaSi, mraval situaciaSi, molo-
dinebi zust socialur aRqmebs efuZneba (Jussim,
1991). maswavleblebi, magaliTad, zogierTi mos-
wavlisgan maRal akademiur moswrebas imitom
elian, rom isini skolaSi ukeT momzadebulebi
modian da, rogorc wesi, es moswavleebi ukeTes
Sedegebsac aCveneben. gamokvleva, faqtobrivad,
gvafiqrebinebs, rom TviTqmnad, winaswarmetyve-
leba gansakuTrebiT did efeqts dabali aka-
demiuri miRwevebis mqone moswavleebis cxov-
rebaze axdens (Madon et al.,1997). rodesac maswav-
leblebi maTgan dabal maCveneblebs moelian,
isini ufro sustad swavloben, xolo, rodesac
maswavleblebi maTgan ukeTes maCveneblebs moe-
lian, isini marTlac aumjobeseben maT.
realur saswavlo situaciebSi maswavleb-
lebsa da profesorebs konkretuli mtkicebu-
lebebi gaaCniaT _ gamocdebisa da weriTi naS-
romebis saxiT _ moswavleTa miRwevebis Sesafa-
seblad. TviTqmnadi winaswarmetyvelebis efeqti
yvelaze didia iseT situaciebSi, romlebic
socialuri realobis konstruireba
daskvnisTvis saWiro minimalur informacias
iZlevian. modiT, es mosazreba sqesobrivi ste-
reotipebis konteqstSi SevamowmoT.
saidan
viciT
rodis aqvT mniSvneloba stereotipebs
eqsperimentatorma socialuri fsiqolo-
giis studentTa jgufSi 9 Tvis bavSvi
miiyvana. damswre studentebis naxevari
daarwmunes, rom bavSvs keiti erqva, meore
naxevard ki uTxres, rom mas kareni erqva.
719

studentebs sTxoves bavSvis fizikuri ma-
xasiaTeblebis, klasSi ganxorcielebuli
qcevisa da pirovnebis Sefaseba. „keitis~
da „karenis~ jgufis mier dasaxelebuli
maxasiaTeblebi ar gansxvavdeboda erTma-
neTisagan, rodesac isini bavSvis fizikuri
monacemebisa da qcevebis Sefasebas iZ-
leodnen, vinaidan situaciaSi TvalsaCinod
iyo mocemuli aRqmadi maxasiaTeblebi _
fizikuri niSnebi da ganxorcielebuli
qceva. gansxvavebam mxolod im SemTxvevaSi
iCina Tavi, rodesac maxasiaTeblebi ar
iyo TvalsaCinod mocemuli da Sefasebebi
sqesobriv stereotipebs efuZneboda. „keiti~
daaxasiaTes, rogorc ufro aTleturi,
xmauriani, aqtiuri da uxeSi bavSvi, vidre
„kareni~ (Jusssim, 1993).
rodesac garemo Tavad iZleoda konkretul
monacemebs, molodinebma ar imoqmedes Sefa-
sebebze: _ studentebs ubralod SeeZloT dae-
naxaT, rogori iyo bavSvi da rogor iqceoda is.
mxolod pirovnuli Taviseburebebis Sefasebisas
anu maSin, rodesac aseTi pirdapiri maxasia-
Teblebi aRar arsebobda, stereotipebma gavlena
moaxdines Sefasebebze. amrigad, molodinebis
gavlena ufro Zlieria da, savaraudoa, rom ufro
metad eqneba adgili sakuTari Tavisadmi miker-
Tavi 17 / socialuri procesebi da urTierTobebi
Zoebas, rodesac individs ar aqvs uSualo dakvir-
vebis safuZvelze Sefasebis gakeTebis SesaZ-
720
lebloba. cxadia, socialur urTierTobebSi,
„Sefasebebi~ xSirad Sesatyvisi qcevebis ganxor-
cielebasac ganapirobeben. Eaxla vnaxoT, Tu ra
gavlenas axdens socialuri realobis konstru-
irebaze adamianis mier ganxorcielebuli qceva.
qcevebi, romlebic adastureben
molodinebs
kidev erTxel ganvixiloT bostonis skolis
magaliTi. Cven ukve aRvniSneT, rom maswav-
leblebma ganaxorcieles mTeli rigi qcevebisa,
romelmac maT xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi
TavianTi molodinebis dadasturebis SesaZ-
lebloba misca. mark snaiderma (Mark Snyder, 1984)
Semoitana termini qceviTi dadastureba im
procesis aRsaniSnad, romlis meSveobiTac erTi
pirovnebis molodinebi meoris mimarT realurad
zemoqmedebs am ukanasknelis qcevaze imgvarad,
rom dasturdeba misi sawyisi hipoTeza. magaliTad,
warmoidgineT, rom Tqven viRacisgan iRebT
intervius da am adamianze giTxres, rom is mor-
cxvi an introvertia. am kiTxvebidan romels
SearCevdiT interviusTvis (Snyder &Swann, 1978):
ras moimoqmedebdiT wveulebis gasaxa-
liseblad?
rogor situaciebSi isurvebdiT, rom metad
komunikabelurni yofiliyaviT?
ra giSliT xels, rom realurad gaixsnaT
sxva adamianebTan?
ra situaciebSi laparakobT bevrs?
davuSvaT, meore SekiTxva SearCieT, rogorc
amas umetesoba akeTebs, rodesac maT sjeraT,
rom introverts esaubrebian. gana metad alba-
Turi ar aris, rom am SekiTxvaze ukiduresad
eqstraverti pirovnebac ki adekvaturad gi-
pasuxebdaT? amrigad, molodini „me unda vesaubro
introverts~, ganapirobebs qceviT arCevans „unda
davsva kiTxvebi, romlebsac, Cveulebisamebr,
introvert adamianebs usvamen~; am ukanasknels
ki molodinis potenciur dadasturebamde miv-
qceviTi dadastureba (Behavioral confirmation) – pro-
cesi, romlis meSveobiTac adamianebi iqcevian
sxvebis specifikurad mosalodneli reaqciebis
Sesabamisad da Semdeg am reaqciebs iyeneben
TavianTi Sexedulebebis dasadastureblad.
yavarT: „Tu is mipasuxebs am SekiTxvaze, mivxvdebi,
rom is marTlac introverti yofila~.
ramdenad mZlavria qceviTi dadasturebis
Zala? am kiTxvaze pasuxi TviTqmnadi winaswar-
metyvelebis SemTxvevaSi mocemuli pasuxis msgav-
sia. is damokidebulia imaze, Tu ramdenad xelmi-
sawvdomia garemoSi arsebuli zusti informacia.
saidan
viciT
qceviTi dadasturebis sazRvrebi
mkvlevrebma Seqmnes pirobebi, sadac
studenti gogonebis erT jgufs _ „aRmqme-
lebs~ Seuqmnes yalbi molodinebi gogo-
naTa meore jgufis _ „samizneebis~ eqstra-
vertuloba-introvertulobis mimarT.
faqtobrivad, „samizneebis~ yoveli wevri
uzrunvelyofil iqna reitingiT, romelic
eqsperimentatorebs mis eqstravertad an
introvertad aRqmis saSualebas aZlevda.
Tumca, Tavad am gogonebis TviTSefasebebi
am niSnis mixedviT gansxvavebuli iyo _
zogierT maTgans myari (mZlavri) mosazreba
gaaCnda sakuTari introvertuloba-eqstra-
vertulobis Sesaxeb, zogierTs ki _ ufro
myife (susti). ra moxda, rodesac „aR-
mqmelebi~ „samizneebi~ erTmaneTs daekon-
taqtnen? rodesac „samizneebs~ ar hqondaT
myari TviTSefaseba, adgili hqonda qceviT
dadasturebas. „aRmqmelebi~ aRwevdnen imas,
rom „samizneebs~ iseTi qcevebi ganexor-
cielebinaT, romlebic daadasturebdnen
maT molodinebs. Tumca, rodesac „samiz-
neebs~ SedarebiT myari me-koncefcia hqon-
daT, isini „aRmqmelebis~ molodinebis
sawinaaRmdego qcevebs avlendnen (Swann &
Fly, 1984).
kidev erTxel SegiZliaT naxoT, rom molo-
dinebi yvelaze efeqturi maSinaa, rodesac
garemos realuri, mimdinare mdgomareoba – samiz-
nis „realuroba~ _ orazrovani an bundovania.
am pirobebSi Yyvelaze metadaa mosalodneli,
rom adamiani daeyrdnoba ara „monacemebs~, aramed
daskvnebs Sinagani faqtorebidan gamomdinare
gaakeTebs.
qceviTi dadasturebis sazRvrebi imazecaa
damokidebuli, Tu ra motivaciiT urTierTqmedebs
samizne. sxva gamokvlevaSi mamakacTa _ aRmqmelebis
_ erT jgufs fotoebi aCvenes da daarwmunes,
rom maTTan telefonze mosaubre qalebi _ sa-
mizneebi _ saSualo wonisani iyvnen, meore jgufis
wevrebi ki darwmunebulni iyvnen, rom Warbwonian
qalebs esaubrebodnen. zogierT qals (romelTa
faqtobrivi wona ar Seesabameboda fotoze
gamosaxuls) satelefono saubarSi monawileobis
miReba da maTTan mosaubre mamakacis pirovnuli
maxasiaTeblebis amocnoba sTxoves. sxva SemTxve-
vaSi ki qalebis mizani partnior mamakacebTan
mSvidi da sasiamovno saubris gabma iyo. zogadad,
es meore situacia qceviT dadasturebas qmnida:
samizneebis qceva mamakacebis mier fasdeboda,
rogorc simsuqnis damadasturebeli (magaliTad,
qalebi fasdebodnen, rogorc naklebad gulRiebi
da ubedurebi). Tumca, rodesac samizneebi
informaciis moZiebas cdilobdnen, qceviT dadas-
tureba aRar xdeboda (Snyder & Haugen,1995). es
eqsperimenti gvafiqrebinebs, rom normaluri so-
cialuri interaqciis impulsi adamianebs ufro
met SesaZleblobas aZlevs, rom samyaro TavianTi
rwmenebis, damokidebulebebisa da stereotipebis
Sesabamisad gadaastruqturon.
am qveTavSi aRweril eqsperimentebs bunebrivad
mivyavarT kiTxvamde, Tu rogor warmoiqmneba
damokidebulebebi da molodinebi? Cven mier
ganxilul eqsperimentebSi monawileebs xelovnu-
rad uqmnidnen molodinebs, magram ra xdeba
realur cxovrebaSi, rodesac Tqveni sakuTari
molodinebis Sesabamisad moqmedebT? Semdeg
qveTavSi ganvixilavT damokidebulebebs, maT
socialuri realobis konstruireba
Camoyalibebasa da Secvlas da vnaxavT, Tu ra
kavSiria rwmenebs, damokidebulebebsa da moqmede-
bebs Soris.
Sejameba
socialuri realobis konstruirebis koncef-
ciis mixedviT, adamiani situaciis interpreta-
ciisas iyenebs da eyrdnoba sakuTar codnasa da
gamocdilebas. Aatribuciis Teoria cdilobs
axsnas, Tu rogor afaseben adamianebi aqtivobebis,
movlenebisa da qcevebis Sedegebis mizezebs.
adamianebi xSirad saTanadod ver afaseben qcevis
situaciur mizezebs da axdenen dispoziciuri
721
 faqtorebis gadafasebas, rac cnobilia atribu-
ciis fundamenturi Secdomis saxeliT. kvlevebi
mowmobs, rom araindividualisturi kulturebis
warmomadgenlebs naklebad axasiaTebT aseTi
Secdoma. adamianebi sakuTari Tavis mimarT miker-
Zoebas eqvemdebarebian, rodesac warmatebebs
dispoziciur faqtorebs miaweren, xolo waru-
mateblobebs _ situaciur faqtorebs. TviTqmnad
winaswarmetyvelebebs maSin aqvT adgili, rodesac
molodinebi emTxveva cvlilebebs realur sam-
yaroSi. amisMmsgavsad, qceviT dadasturebas adgi-
li aqvs maSin, rodesac adamianebis molodinebi
realurad cvlis sxva adamianebis qcevas. es
orive efeqti mcirdeba garemoSi arsebuli da
adamianisTvis xelmisawvdomi obieqturi infor-
maciiT.
boda. ra udevs safuZvlad Tqvens damokide-
bulebebs da ra gavlenas axdenen isini Tqvens
qcevebze?
damokidebulebebi da qcevebi
damokidebulebebi ganvsazRvreT, rogorc
pozitiuri, an negatiuri Sefasebebi. am qveTavSi
SesaZlebloba geqnebaT, rom TviTon gaakeToT
aseTi Sefaseba. ramdenad eTanxmebiT qvemoT
mocemul debulebas (SemoxazeT Sesabamisi
cifri)?
momwons filmebi jim keris monawileobiT.
1___2___3___4___5___6___7___8___9
sruliad sruliad
ar neitraluri
veTanxmebi
veTanxmebi

damokidebulebebi, maTi davuSvaT, SemoxazeT cifri „3", e.i. garkveul-

Secvla da qceva
dRes ukve gqondaT Tqveni damokidebulebis
gamoxatvis SesaZlebloba? vinmem ukve gkiTxaT:
„ras fiqrob Cems maisurze~, an „mogewonaT Tu
ara es kerZi~? damokidebuleba (Attitude) adamia-
nebis, obieqtebis an ideebis dadebiTi, an uar-
yofiTi Sefasebaa. Tqven, SesaZloa, dadebiTi
Tavi 17 / socialuri procesebi da urTierTobebi
wilad ar eTanxmebiT mocemul debulebas. ram
gamoiwvia es Sefaseba? Cven SegviZlia mivuTiToT
informaciis sam tipze, romelic safuZvlad udevs
Tqvens damokidebulebas.
kognituri _ ra azrebi giCndebaT jim keris
saxelis gagonebisas?
afeqturi _ ra grZnobebs aRZravs TqvenSi
jim keris saxelis xseneba?
qceviTi _ rogor iqceviT, rodesac, davuSvaT,

damokidebulebebi gqondeT muSebis, sportuli

manqanebis an sagadasaxado ganakveTis mimarT, SesaZlebloba gaqvT, naxoT erT-erTi filmi
xolo uaryofiTi damokidebuleba _ telemar- misi monawileobiT?
ketebis, Tanamedrove xelovnebis an astrologiis savaraudoa, rom am sami tipis informaciis
mimarT. aseTi gansazRvreba uSvebs, rom Tqveni
damokidebulebis umravlesoba ar aris Tvalsa-
Cino. Tqven, SesaZloa, verc ki acnobierebdeT,
rom garkveuli damokidebulebebis matarebeli
xarT. damokidebulebebi mniSvnelovania, radgan
isini gavlenas axdenen Tqvens qcevasa da imaze,
Tu rogor axdenT socialuri realobis konstru-
irebas. GgaixseneT prinston-dartmuTis matCi.
prinstonis gundis gulSematkivrebi TamaSs
dartmuTis gundis gulSematkivrebisagan gan-
sxvavebulad „xedavdnen~; atribuciebi movlenebis
Sesaxeb damokidebulebebis Sesabamisad keTde-

damokidebuleba (Attitude) – adamianebis, sagnebisa

da movlenebis mimarT SefasebiTi reagirebis
daswavlili, SedarebiT myari tendencia.
722
kombinaciam gibiZgaT, rom „3" (an nebismieri sxva
romel partias miscemT xmas?~ da „SegiZliaT
cifri) SemogexazaT. Tqveni damokidebulebebi,
TqvaT, rom Tqveni arCevani sabolooa, Tu
aseve, moicaven am sami kategoriis Sesabamis
fiqrobT, rom kidev SeiZleba SeicvaloT
reaqciebs. Tu Tqveni damokidebuleba jim keris
azri?~.AarCevnebis Semdeg maT sTxovdnen,
mimarT uaryofiTia, es niSnavs, rom SegiZliaT
daesaxelebinaT ganxorcielebuli arCevani.
TqvaT: „misi iumori vulgarulia~ (kognituri),
winasaarCevno damokidebulebis xelmisawvdo-
„ar momwons misi saxis yureba~ (afeqturi), an
mobis sazomad gamoyenebul iqna pasuxis ga-
„ar vapireb fuli gadavixado imis yurebaSi, Tu
cemis siswrafe kiTxvaze: _ „vis miscemT
rogor vardeba viRac~ (qceviTi).
xmas?~. PpasuxebisTvis saWiro drois gamosaT-
rTulia ara damokidebulebis gazomva, aramed
vlelad kompiuteri gamoiyenes (monacemis
imis dadgena, damokidebulebebi yovelTvis zustad
koreqtirebas respondentis metyvelebis
aisaxebian qcevaSi Tu ara. sakuTari gamocdile-
individualuri Taviseburebebis gaTvaliswi-
bidanac iciT, rom es yovelTvis ase ar xdeba.
nebiT akeTebdnen). ra mimarTeba iyo damo-
adamianebma, SesaZloa, ganacxadon, rom ar uyvarT
kidebulebis xelmisawvdomobasa da qcevas
jim keri, magram mainc didi fuli daxarjon misi
Soris? is individebi, romelTac xelmi-
filmebis sanaxavad. Tumca, xSirad adamianebis
sawvdomi damokidebulebebi gamoavlines, anu
qcevebi Seesabameba maT damokidebulebebs. isini
SedarebiT swrafad pasuxobdnen kiTxvaze,
amboben, rom fuls ar daxarjaven jim keris
ufro metad axorcielebdnen gamokiTxvisas
filmebis sanaxavad da asec iqcevian. rogor
dafiqsirebul saarCevno qcevas (Bassili, 1995).
SeiZleba gavarkvioT, rodis gansazRvravs damoki-
debuleba qcevas da rodis _ ara? mkvlevrebma
Zalze bevri imuSaves am sakiTxze, kerZod, im
am SedegSi mniSvnelovani isaa, rom, rogorc
pirobebis dasadgenad, romelSic yvelaze Zlieria
„maRali xelmisawvdomobis~, ise „dabali xelmi-
kavSiri adamianebis damokidebulebebsa da maT
sawvdomobis~ respondentebi, arCevnebamde aRniS-
qcevebs Soris (Ajzen & Sexton, 1999; Fazio & Towles-
navdnen, rom ar Seicvlidnen azrs. amdenad,
Schwen, 1999).
realuri saarCevno qcevis winaswarmetyvelebi-
damokidebulebis erT-erTi Tviseba, romelic
saTvis damokidebulebis xelmisawvdomoba ufro
qcevis winaswarmetyvelebis saSualebas iZleva,
sando maCvenebeli aRmoCnda, vidre TviT amom-
xelmisawvdomoba (accessibility), anu damokidebulebis
rCevelTa mier gamoTqmuli mosazrebebi!
obieqtsa da adamianis mier am obieqtis Sefasebas
rogor iZens damokidebuleba maRal xelmi-
Soris kavSiris siZlierea (Fazio, 1995). rodesac
sawvdomobas (Fazio,1995)?Kkvlevebma aCvenes, rom
jim keris Sesaxeb gisvamT kiTxvas, Tqven gonebaSi

damokidebulebebi, maTi Secvla da qceva

damokidebulebebi ufro xelmisawvdomia, rodesac
eZebT pasuxs, Tu is ucbad mogdiT TavSi? Kkvlevebma
isini uSualo gamocdilebas efuZnebian. Tqven
aCvenes, rom qcevebi miT ufro metad Seesabamebian
damokidebulebebs, rac ufro metad xelmisawvdomni
arian es ukanasknelni.

saidan
viciT

damokidebulebis xelmisawvdomobis
safuZvelze saarCevno qcevis
winaswarmetyveleba
mkvlevrebma torontos raionSi (ontario,
kanada) 1990 wlis adgilobrivi arCevnebis
win da Semdeg satelefono gamokiTxva
Caatares. maT arCevnebis win amomrCevlebs
ori kiTxviT mimarTes: „rogor fiqrobT,
723

cxrili
17.1
specifikuroba aumjobesebs
damokidebulebasa da qcevas Soris
korelacias
korelacia Casaxvis
gazomili atitudebi sawinaaRmdegoabebis
gamoyenebasTan
damokidebuleba Sobadobis .08
kontrolis mimarT.
damokidebuleba Casaxvis
sawinaaRmdego abebis
mimarT. .32
damokidebuleba Casaxvis
sawinaaRmdego abebis
gamoyenebis mimarT. .52
damikidebuleba Semdegi
ori wlis ganmavlobaSi
Casaxvis sawinaaRmdego
abebis gamoyenebis mimarT .57
SeniSvna: mkvlevrebma scades ewinaswarmetyvelaT qalebis
mier ori wlis ganmavlobaSi Casaxvis sawinaaRmdego
abebis gamoyenebis albaToba. rac ufro specifikur
kiTxvebs usvamdnen qalebs, miT ufro maRali iyo
damokidebulebebis aqtualur qcevasTan korelacia.
jim keris filmebisadmi ufro xelmisawvdomi
damokidebuleba geqnebaT, Tu misi monawileobiT
ramdenime filmi naxeT manam, sanam mis Sesaxeb
raimes moismendiT an waikiTxavdiT. aseve, damo-
Tavi 17 / socialuri procesebi da urTierTobebi
kidebulebebi ufro xelmisawvdomia maSin, ro-
desac isini sakmaod xSirad meordebian, anu
rac ufro xSirad gixdebaT maTi verbalurad
formulireba.
damokidebulebebiT ukeT xdeba qcevebis
winaswarmetyveleba, rodesac maT specifikurobis
erTsa da imave doneze vzomavT. ganvixiloT
cxrilSi 17.1 warmodgenili monacemebi. am kvle-
vaSi mkvlevrebi cdilobdnen, ewinaswarmetyve-
laT 18-38 wlis 270 qalisgan Semdgari SerCevis
mier Casaxvis sawinaaRmdego abebis gamoyenebis
albaToba. cxrilidan Cans, rom, rac ufro spe-
cifikuri iyo abebis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb dasmuli
kiTxva, miT ufro maRali iyo korelacia maT
mier realurad ganxorcielebul specifikur
qcevasTan (Davidson & Jaccard, 1979) (gaixseneT, rom
korelaciis koeficienti rac ufro axlosaa 1-
Tan an –1-Tan, miT ufro Zlieria kavSiri). ter-
mini specifikuri im specifikur egzemplarebsac
724 exeba, romlebic maT mimarT damokidebulebis
gamoxatvisas gvaxsendeba (Sia et al,. 1997). magaliTad,
davuSvaT, rom gekiTxebian, eTanxmebiT Tu ara
debulebas: „vendobi politikosebs~. Tqveni
Sefaseba damokidebuli iqneba imaze, Tu romeli
politikosi gagaxsendebaT am dros: -jorj
vaSingtoni, uinston CerCili, bil klintoni
Tu jorjGbuSi. Tu Cven igive kiTxvas erTi
kviris Semdeg dagisvamT, Tqveni Sefaseba – rac
Tqvens zogad damokidebulebas gamoxatavs _
SesaZloa Seicvalos, vinaidan im momentSi,
SesaZloa, sxva politikosebi gagaxsendeT.
rodesac Tqveni damokidebulebebi infor-
maciis sxvadasxva qvejgufebs efuZneba, isini
SeiZleba radikalurad Seicvalos droTa gan-
mavlobaSi. rodesac jim kerisadmi damokide-
bulebas gamoTqvamT, mis romel filmze fiqrobT?
mxolod maSin SeiZleba velodoT myar urTier-
Tdamokidebulebas Tqvens Sefasebebsa (goneba)
da qcevebs (qmedebas) Soris, rodesac Tqvens
damokidebulebasTan dakavSirebuli „faqtebi~
droTa ganmavlobaSi stabiluri gaxdeba.
darwmunebis procesi
Cven ukve vnaxeT, rom saTanado pirobebSi
damokidebulebebs ZaluZT qcevis gansazRvra. es
kargi siaxlea maTTvis, vinc drosa da fuls
xarjavs Tqvens damokidebulebebze gavlenis
mosaxdenad, magram sakmaod xSirad, didi sur-
vilisda miuxedavad, sxvebs ar SeuZliaT Tqvens
damokidebulebebze gavlenis moxdena. Tqven
teleekranze elvarekbilebian msaxiobis, romelic
kbilis saxexi axali saSualebis reklamirebas
axdens, yoveli xilvis Semdeg ver SeicvliT
kbilis pastas. yovelTvis ver SeicvliT poli-
tikur Sexedulebebs, rogorc ki morigi kandidati
kameris win mTeli gulwrfelobiT ganacxadebs,
rom arCevnebSi swored mas unda dauWiroT mxari.
Tqven garSemo mravali adamiani Tavs uflebas
aZlevs da raRacaSi Tqvens darwmunebas, anu Tqveni
damokidebulebebis winaswarganzraxulad Secvlas
cdilobs. darwmunebis gansaxorcieleblad gar-
kveuli pirobebis Tanxvedraa saWiro. ganvixiloT
zogierTi maTgani.
Tavdapirvelad warmogidgenT gadamuSavebis
albaTobis models1 _ darwmunebis Teorias, ro-
melic aRwers, Tu ramdenad albaTuria, anu
1
elaboration likelihood model.

ramdenad mosalodnelia, rom adamianebi TavianT
kognitur procesebs damarwmunebeli Setyobi-
nebis detalurad gadamuSavebisken warmarTaven
(Petty & Cacioppo, 1986; Petty & Wegener, 1999). es
modeli kritikulad ganasxvavebs erTmaneTisgan
darwmunebis centralur da periferiul proce-
sebs. centraluri procesi gulisxmobs pirobebs,
romelSic adamianebi guldasmiT, zedmiwevniT
gaiazreben damarwmunebeli komunikaciis pro-
cesSi miwodebul informacias imgvarad, rom
damokidebulebebis cvlileba miwodebuli
argumentebis siZlierezea damokidebuli. rode-
sac vinme cdilobs Tqvens darwmunebas, rom
erTi baloni benzini 5 dolari unda Rirdes,
Tqven am informacias, albaT, yuradRebiT moeki-
debiT. periferiuli procesi iseT pirobebs gu-
lisxmobs, romelSic adamianebi seriozulad
ar ekidebian Setyobinebas da situaciis zedapi-
rul maniSneblebze reagireben. rodesac gamyid-
velis mier SemoTavazebuli ama Tu im produqtis
darwmuneba (Persuasion) – damokidebulebebis Sec-
vlis mizanmimarTuli mcdelobebi.
gadamuSavebis albaTobis modeli (Elaboration like-
lihood model) – darwmunebis Teoria, romelic
gansazRvravs, Tu ramdenadaa SesaZlebeli, rom
adamianebi TavianTi kognituri procesebis fo-
kusirebas axdendnen Setyobinebis gasaazreblad
da, Sesabamisad, misdevdnen darwmunebis cen-
tralur an periferiul procesebs.
win seqsualuri garegnobis modeli dgas, is
(gamyidveli) imedovnebs, rom Tqven bevr fiqrs
ar daiwyebT am produqtis xarisxze da SeiZenT
mas. adamianis mier gamoyenebuli centraluri
da periferiuli procesebi, garkveulwilad, maT
motivaciazea damokidebuli, kerZod, imaze, surs
da SeuZlia Tu ara adamians miRebuli damarwmu-
nebeli Setyobinebis guldasmiT gadamuSaveba.
Tu kargad daukvirdebiT Tqven irgvliv
arsebul Setyobinebebs, swrafad daaskvniT, rom
reklamis specialistebs xSirad swored imis
imedi aqvT, rom Tqven zedapirulad miudgebiT
reklamas. ratom uxdian cnobil adamianebs did
fuls reklamis specialistebi maTi produqtis
gayidvisaTvis? marTla gjeraT, rom holivudis
varskvlavebs Zalian adardebT saqalaqTaSoriso
satelefono kavSiris fasis cvlileba? savara-
udoa, reklamis specialistebi imedovneben, rom
Tqven Rrmad ar gaaanalizebT argumentebs da
gasaqans miscemT Tqvens gulTbil grZnobebs
msaxiobis mimarT, romelic xotbas asxams
warmodgenil produqcias.
axla sakuTar Tavs hkiTxeT: _ rodis xarT
motivirebulni darwmunebis centraluri pro-
cesebis gamoyenebisTvis? pasuxi mniSvnelovania
rogorc maTTvis, vinc isurvebda, rom Tqven ase
moiqceT (vinaidan isini fiqroben, rom Zlieri
argumentebi gaaCniaT), aseve, maTTvis, visac es
ar surs (radganac Tqvens darwmunebas zedapi-
ruli maniSneblebiT imedovneben). moviyvanoT
damarwmunebeli komunikaciis magaliTi, romelic
damokidebulebebi, maTi Secvla da qceva
gaazrebis centraluri procesis arCevisken da
argumentebis guldasmiT Sefasebisken gibiZgebT,
vinaidan mas TqvenTvis pirovnuli mniSvneloba
aqvs da Tqvenc iZulebuli xdebiT, ufro
siRrmiseulad ganixiloT argumentebi (Eagly &
Chaiken, 1993). warmoidgineT, rom TanmimdevrobiT
moismineT ori moxseneba. pirveli momxsenebeli
amtkicebda, rom holivudma ufro meti samgan-
zomilebiani filmebi unda awarmoos, meore ki
ambobda, rom kolejSi swavlis safasuri 50%-
iT unda gaizardos. romeli gamosvla ufro
gamoiwvevs gadamuSavebis centralur process?
axla ganvixiloT eqsperimenti, romelSic gan-
xilulia miwodebuli informaciis pirovnuli
Rirebulebis mniSvneloba gamogonil, fiqciur
samyaroTa gancdaSi.
725
 saidan yuradReba miaqcieT, rom moTxrobis orive
versia identuri iyo da mxolod moqmedebis
viciT
adgili iyo gansxvavebuli. amrigad, informaciis
warmosaxul samyaros Sesaxeb damarwmunebloba mxolod imiTaa ganpirobebuli,
informaciis pirovnuli Tu ramdenad motivirebulni arian studentebi
mniSvnelovneba gadamuSavebis centraluri procesebis arCevisa
da informaciis guldasmiT SefasebisTvis
aris Tu ara TqvenTvis damajerebeli is
(Prentice & Gerrig, 1999). momavalSi, rodesac axali
informaciebi, romlebsac iseTi gamogonili Sous sanaxavad CarTavT televizors, Tqven
samyaroebis aRwerisas xvdebiT, rogoricaa SeZlebT gaarkvioT, Tu ra saxis damarwmunebelma
mxatvruli literatura da filmebi? mkvle- informaciam SeiZleba gaiaros periferiuli
varTa erTma jgufma gamoTqva varaudi, rom
darwmunebisadmi Tqveni damyolobis xarisxi
damokidebuli iqneba imaze, Tu ramdenad
axlos dgas aRwerili situacia Tqvens pi-
rovnebasTan. kvlevaSi ielisa da prinstonis
universitetebis studentebi monawileob-
dnen. orive universitetis studentebisagan
Semdgar erT jgufs waukiTxes moTxroba,
romlis moqmedebac prinstonSi viTardebida.
igive moTxroba waukiTxes meore jgufsac,
magram am SemTxvevaSi moqmedeba ielSi iyo
gadatanili. moTxrobis gmirebi iseT
realur Temebze saubrobdnen, rogoricaa:
ramdenad sasargebloa kanisTvis mzis sxi-
vebi; gadamdebia Tu ara fsiqikuri daavadebebi
da a.S. mkvlevrebma ivaraudes, rom eqsperi-
mentis monawileni ufro Sesatyvisad
CaTvlidnen teqsts, romelic maT sakuTar
17.5
Tavi 17 / socialuri procesebi da urTierTobebi

saswavlebels Seexeboda. magaliTad, prin-
stoneli studentebi, romlebic prinstonis
Sesaxeb kiTxulobdnen teqsts, ufro
motivirebulni unda yofiliyvnen, rom
guldasmiT waekiTxaT es teqsti da Rrmad
Cawvdomodnen gmirebis argumentebs. rogorc
17.5 suraTidan Cans, Sedegebma daadastura
es hipoTeza. studentebma gamoavlines da-
mokidebulebebis cvlileba im argumentebis
mimarT, romlebic gadmocemuli iyo sxva
saswalebelTan dakavSirebul moTxrobaSi
(magaliTad, prinstonis versia ielis stu-
dentebisaTvis). es niSnavs, rom, rodesac
informacia ar iyo pirovnulad relevan-
turi, studentebma ar gamoiyenes infor-
maciis gaazrebis centraluri procesebi
argumentebis gasaazreblad da maTi zegav-
lenis qveS moeqcnen (Prentice et al., 1997).
726
suraTi
darwmuneba da pirovnuli Sesabamisoba
studentebi kiTxulobdnen moTxrobebs, romlebSic
moqmedeba xdeboda an maT `mSobliur~ saswavlebelSi
da, amdenad, pirovnulad Sesabamisi iyo, an `sxva~
saswavlebelSi. ivaraudeboda, rom pirovnuli
Sesabamisoba gamoiwvevda informaciis gaazrebis
centraluri procesesbis CarTvas da, amdenad,
darwmunebas naklebad eqneboda adgili. faqtob-
rivad, darwmunebis process adgili hqonda mxolod
maSin, rodesac studentebi kiTxulobdnen `sxva~
saswavlebelTan dakavSirebul moTxroba (maga-
liTad, ielis universitetis studentebi ki-
Txulobdnen prinstonis versias). Sedegebi amtki-
ceben varauds, rom pirovnulad Sesabamisi `mSob-
liuri~ saswavleblis versia studentebSi iwvevda
gaazrebis centraluri procesebis CarTvas da
moTxrobaSi gadmocemuli argumentebis uaryofas
maSin, rodesac pirovnulad Seusabamo `sxva~ sas-
wavleblis versia iwvevda gaazrebis periferiul
procesebs da moTxrobaSi mocemuli argumen-
tebisadmi daTanxmebas.
gziT, Tu gadacemis Sinaarsi Tavisi wyobiT,
monawileebiT da a.S, ar aris TqvenTvis pirov-
nulad Rirebuli.
damokidebulebis tipisa da argumentis tipis
Tanxvedra kidev erTi faqtoria, romelic gav-
lenas axdens informaciis gadamuSavebis gzis
arCevaze (Ajzen & Sexton, 1999). Aadre aRvniSneT,
rom damokidebulebas gansazRvravs rogorc
kognituri, ise _ emociuri gamocdileba. mkvlev-
rebma aCvenes, rom damokidebulebebi maSin ufro
icvleba, rodesac reklamis specialistebi kog-
nituri safuZvlis mqone arguments kognituri
safuZvlis mqone damokidebulebas ukavSireben,
emociuri safuZvlis mqone arguments ki _
emociuri safuZvlis mqone damokidebulebas.
Tu vinmesTvis damokidebulebebis Secvalas
cdilobT, es Sedegebic unda gaiTvaliswinoT.
rogori safuZveli sWarbobs damokidebulebaSi
_ Zlieri kognituri Tu Zlieri emociuri? amis
Sesabamisad, rogor unda SesZinoT Tqven mier
mofiqrebul Setyobinebas meti damajerebloba?
saidan
viciT
reklamisa da damokidebulebis
Tanxvedra
ra ganapirobebs Tqvens damokidebulebas
yavis markis mimarT? savaraudod, Tqveni
Sefaseba efuZneba mis gemosTan da fasTan
dakavSirebul kognitur mosazrebebs. axla
misaloci baraTebi gavixsenoT. savaraudoa,
rom maT mimarT Tqvens damokidebulebas
ufro afeqturi reaqciebi gansazRvravs.
ramdenad Rimilis momgvrelni arian isini
da ramdenad miuTiTeben TqvenTvis sasur-
vel urTierTobebze? erT-erT eqsperimentSi
monawileebs sxvadasxva produqtis _ yavisa
da misaloci baraTebis _ kognitur da
emociur safuZvelze damyarebuli rekla-
mebi aCvenes. kognitur safuZvelze Seqmnili
reklamebi ase ikiTxeboda: „namdvili yavis
saucxoo, mZlavri gemo da surneli, ro-
melic damzadebulia umaRlesi xarisxis
marcvlebisagan~. emociur safuZvelze
Seqmnili reklamidan ki albaT SeityobdiT,
rom „yava, romelsac Tqven svamT, mianiSnebs,
Tu rogori pirovneba xarT. mas SeuZlia
uCveulo, gansxvavebuli gemo gagrZnobi-
noT~. cdis monawileebs reklamis TiTo-
euli seriis wakiTxvis Semdeg am pro-
duqtebis mimarT TavianTi damokidebulebis
dafiqsireba moeTxovebodaT. rogorc 17.6
suraTidan Cans, dadasturda zemoT aRniS-
nuli Zlieri kavSiris arseboba. mona-
wileni maSin ufro met dadebiT arCevans
afiqsirebdnen, rodesac Setyobinebis tipi
(magaliTad, kognituri safuZvlis mqoneni)
damokidebulebebis tips (magaliTad,
kognituri safuZvlis mqone damokidebu-
lebebs) Seesabameboda (Shavitt, 1990).
sakuTari qmedebiT darwmuneba
bolo qveTavSi im faqtorebs aRvwerT,
romlebic adamianebis mier sxvebis damoki-
debulebebis Secvlis unarze axdenen gavlenas.
Tumca, moqmedeben iseTi Zalebic, romlebic,
damokidebulebebi, maTi Secvla da qceva
17.6
suraTi
emociur da kognitur safuZvelze
agebuli reklama da produqtebi
rodesac reklamis tipi (emociuri an kognituri
safuZvlis mqone) dakavSirebulia im ganzomile-
basTan, romelic gamoxatavs produqtis arss: emo-
ciuri _ misaloci baraTebis an kognituri _ yavis
mimarT, adamianebi ufro keTilganwyobiT reagireben
produqtis mimaRt (skalaze, sasurveloba izomeba
-3-dan +3-mde).
727
 megobris rCevis sawinaaRmdegod, sayidlad
SearCieT garkveuli tipis manqana. ratom unda
gagiCndeT eWvi Tqveni arCevanis sisworis Taobaze?
miiCneven, rom, rodesac adamianma icis, rom misi
damokidebuleba da qceva ar Tanxvdeba erTmaneTs
(sxva sityvebiT, disonansSia erTmaneTTan), anu
qceva ar Seesabameba damokidebulebas, Cndeba
uaryofis, Tavis aridebis mdgomareoba da adamiani
mis Semsubuqebas, Semcirebas cdilobs. disonansis
Semcirebis tendencia am mdgomareobis usiamov-
nebis gancdiT aqtivirdeba. manqanis markis Ser-
Cevis SemTxvevaSi, TavdacviTi pozicia – anu
Tqveni arCevanisaTvis gadaWarbebuli Rirebulebis
miniWeba _ saSualebas gaZlevT, airidoT es
usiamovno gancda da Tavi ufro Tavdajerebulad
igrZnoT (disonansma, SesaZloa, gibiZgoT, rom
megobarze cudadac ki ifiqroT).
mTel rig SemTxvevebSi, imis mizezic xdebian,
disonanss motivaciuri Zala gaaCnia. is usia-
rom adamianma sakuTari damokidebulebebic
movno grZnobis Semcirebaze mimarTuli qmedebis
Secvalos. vTqvaT, daificeT, rom ar miiRebdiT
ganxorcielebisken gibiZgebT (Wood, 2000). diso-
zedmet kaloriebs. midixarT samsaxurSi da iq
nansis Semcirebis motivacia kognituri Seusaba-
Tqveni ufrosis dabadebis dResTan dakavSirebiT
mobiT Seqmnili disonansis zomis Sesabamisad
namcxvari gxvdebaT. Tqven erT naWers miirTmevT.
izrdeba. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, rac ufro
gatexeT amiT Tqveni fici Tu ara? niSnavs es
Zlieria disonansi, miT ufro didia misi redu-
imas Tu ara, rom Tqven uaryofiTi damokide-
cirebis, anu Semcirebis motivacia. disonansis
buleba unda gqondeT sakuTari qcevisadmi? xom
klasikur eqsperimentSi kolejis studentebma
ar fiqrobT, rom mainc swored moiqeciT? ratom?
moatyues sxva studentebi da Semdeg im SemTxvevaSi
Cven aRvwerT TviTdarwmunebis or models,
ufro metad daijeres sakuTari tyuili, rodesac
disonansis Teorias da TviTaRqmis Teorias.
am qcevisaTvis sakmaod umniSvnelo jildos
Tavi 17 / socialuri procesebi da urTierTobebi

iRebdnen.
disonansis Teoria
damokidebulebebis kvlevisas erT-erTi
fundamenturi daSveba isaa, rom adamianebs droTa
ganmavlobaSi maTi damokidebulebebis ucvle-
lobis sjeraT (Eagly & Chaiken, 1993). konsisten-
turobis es tendencia gamoyenebul iqna socia-
lur fsiqologiaSi, kerZod, leon festinjeris
(Leon Festinger, 1957) mier Camoyalibebul kognituri
disonansis TeoriaSi. kognituri disonansi kon-
fliqtis mdgomareobaa, romelsac adamiani ganic-
dis gadawyvetilebis miRebis, qcevis ganxor-
cielebis an misi rwmenebis, grZnobebis da Ri-
rebulebebis sawinaaRmdego informacis miRebis
Semdeg. magaliTad, warmoidgineT, rom Tqven,
kognituri disonansi (Cognitive dissonance) – Teo-
ria, romlis mixedviTac, araTavsebadi kognituri
elementebis mier Seqmnili daZabulobis gamom-
wvevi efeqtebi adamianebs ubiZgeben, moaxdinon
728 aseTi daZabulobis Semcireba.
saidan
viciT
disonansi tyuils simarTled aqcevs
stenfordis universitetis studentebma
monawileoba miiRes Zalze mosawyeni dava-
lebis SesrulebaSi. amis Semdeg eqsperimen-
tatorma (misi pativiscemis niSnad) maT
sTxova, rom tyuili eTqvaT _ sxva mona-
wileebisTvis davaleba saxalisod da sain-
teresod daexasiaTebinaT. amis safasurad
monawileTa nawils 20 dolari gadauxades,
meore nawils ki _ 1. 20 dolari sakmarisi
aRmoCnda tyuilis gasamarTleblad, magram
1 dolari gamarTlebis araadekvaturi iyo.
maT kognituri disonansi gamoavlines.
 „davaleba mosawyeni iyo~, „me varCevdi, isini socialur garemosTan fundamenturad arian
rom tyuili yovelgvari safasuris gareSe dakavSirebulni. axdens Tu ara gavlenas kog-
meTqva,~ _ ambobdnen isini. nitur disonansze „me~-s gagebis aseTi kultu-
disonansis Sesamcireblad monawileebma, ruli gansxvavebebi?
romelTac 1 dolari gadauxades, Secvales
davalebis maTeuli Sefaseba. maT mogvi- saidan
anebiT aRniSnes, rom davaleba marTlac
saintereso iyo da kidev erTxel siamov-
viciT
nebiT Seasrulebdnen mas. SedarebisaTvis,
kultura da kognituri disonansi
im monawileebs, romlebmac 20 dolari
miiRes tyuilis TqmaSi, ar SeucvliaT eqsperimentis kanadel da iaponel
TavianTi Sefasebebi. maTTvis davaleba Zal- monawileebs sTxoves, rom 40 SemoTava-
ze mosawyeni iyo. maT mxolod „fulis zebulidan 10 maTTvis yvelaze sasurveli
gamo~ Tqves tyuili (Festinger &Cdarlsmith, kompaqt-diski aerCiaT. Semdeg maT sTxoves,
1959). rom arCeuli 10 kompaqt-diski Zalian sasur-
velidan nakleb sasurvelamde daelagebi-
naT da isini _ „sruliad ar momwons~,
rogorc am eqsperimentma aCvena, Zlieri
„Zalian momwons~ _ skalaze SeefasebinaT.
disonansis pirobebSi momxdari faqtis Semdeg
Semdeg eqsperimentatorma maT SesTavaza,
individi sakuTari qcevis gamarTlebis mimarTu-
rom erTi maTgani saxlSi wasaRebad aerCiaT,
lebiT moqmedebs da TviTdarwmunebas iwyebs. es
rogorc eqsperimentSi monawileobis
analizi metyvelebs imaze, rom damokidebu-
safasuri. amave dros, maTi arCevani rigis
lebebis Secvlis erT-erTi gza, pirvel rigSi,
Sua nawiliT SezRudes. monawileebs SeeZ-
qcevis Secvlaa. bibliuri drois brZenebma
loT, aerCiaT mexuTe an meeqvse kompaqt-
icodnen es principi. isini ravinebs avalebdnen,
diski. am arCevanis gakeTebis Semdeg maT
rom adamianebisgan ar moeTxovaT rwmenis da-
kvlav sTxoves aTive diskis ranJireba. ro-
dastureba manam, sanam isini ar ilocebdnen.
gor Seicvala ranJireba meore SemTxvevaSi,
mxolod locvis Semdeg iTxovdnen maTgan rwmenis
pirvelTan SedarebiT? disonansis Teoriis
aRiarebas. gavixsenoT winamdebare Tavis dasawyis-
mixedviT, rodesac gaazrebul arCevans
Si xsenebuli papa salvatore, romelmac ostatu-
akeTebT, vTqvaT, mexuTesa da meeqvses Soris
rad Seuqmna Tavxed biWebs disonansi.MmaT kon-
– Tqven damokidebulebebi arCevanis Sedegs
fliqturi kogniciiT upasuxes: „Cven yvirilSi
unda SeusabamoT, raTa ar gagiCndeT

damokidebulebebi, maTi Secvla da qceva

25 centi unda migveRo~, Semdeg ki: „is ki CvenTvis
usiamovnebis gancda: „me janet jeqsonis
mxolod 10 centis gadaxdas apirebs~. maT
diski (#5) avirCie, vinaidan is marTla
Secvales Tavisi qceva _ uari Tqves yvirilze.
ufro momwons, vidre REM (#6)~. faqtobri-
asobiT eqsperimentma da realurma dakvirvebeb-
vad, kanadelma monawileebma damokidebu-
ma aCvena kognituri disonansis Zala: mas SeuZlia
lebebSi cvlilebebi gamoavlines: arCeuli
damokidebulebebisa da qcevebis Secvla (Eagly &
diskebis Sefasebebi umjobesdeboda danar-
Chaiken, 1993; Wicklund & Brehm, 1976). Tumca, bolo
CenebTan SedarebiT. amis sawinaaRmdegod,
dros mkvlevrebi dainteresdnen imis garkveviT,
iaponelma monawileebma ar gamoavlines
Tu ramdenad SeiZleba disonansis efeqtebis sxva
disonansis efeqti _ maTi arCevani ar cvli-
kulturebze ganzogadeba. kidev erTxel gaix-
da mTlian ranJirebas (Heine & Lehman, 1997).
seneT, rom cneba „me~ gansxvavebulad esmiT sxva-
dasxva kulturaSi. adrec aRvniSneT, rom Crdi-
lo–amerikelebi, Cveulebriv, damoukideblad es kvleva aCvenebs, rom adamianebi kognitur
aRiqvamen Tavs da es maTTvis socialur ga- disonanss ganicdian anu, Sinagani „me~-s wonas-
remosgan damoukideblobas niSnavs. aziuri kul- worobis miRwevas mxolod maSin cdiloben, ro-
turebis warmomadgenlebic, Cveulebriv, damo- desac isini Tavs socialuri garemosgan damou-
ukideblebad Tvlian Tavs, magram amave dros kideblad Tvlian. Tu aRmoCndebiT situaciaSi,
729
 sadac sxva kulturebis warmomadgenlebTan erTad lebebs – Tqven akvirdebiT Tqvens qcevebs da
unda miiRoT gadawyvetileba, unda gaxsovdeT swavlobT imas, Tu ras unda grZnobdeT Sesabamis
im gavlenis Sesaxeb, romelsac kultura axdens situaciaSi, masTan umTavresad maSin gvaqvs saqme,
gadawyvetilebis Semdgom azrebsa da qcevebze. rodesac gaurkvevel situaciaSi xarT da ucnob
movlenebTan giwevT gamklaveba (Fazio,1987). am
TviTaRqmis Teoria situaciebSi imis garkveva gWirdebaT, Tu ra
grZnobebi da damokidebulebebi unda gqondeT
disonansis Teoria aRwers erT-erT meTods, axali obieqtis mimarT. magaliTad, Tu gagaxsende-
romliTac, sul mcire, dasavluri kulturebis
baT, rom icinodiT filmze jim keris monawi-
warmomadgenlebi TavianT qcevebs („me avirCie
leobiT, savaraudoa, rom am dadebiT damokidebu-
es diski~) damokidebulebebze („me es ufro metad
lebas maszec gadaitanT. TviTaRqmis gziT
unda momwondes, vidre sxva~) gavlenis moxdenis
sakuTar Tavze codnis mopovebis erT-erTi nakli
saSualebas aZleven. deril bemis (Daryl Bem, 1972)
isaa, rom adamianebi ver amCneven, Tu ramdenad
mier SemoTavazebuli TviTaRqmis Teoria sxva
zemoqmedeben situaciuri Zalebi maT qcevebze.
pirobebze miuTiTebs, romlebSic qcevebi axali
amas naTlad davinaxavT, Tu monetis agdebis
informaciiT avseben damokidebulebebs. TviT-
zemoT aRwerili eqsperimentis finalur nawils
aRqmis Teoriis mixedviT, Tqven askvniT Tqveni
gavixsenebT. gaixseneT, rom „Sejibris monawile~
Sinagani mdgomareobebis (rwmenebis, damokidebu-
warumatebeli cdis pirebi TavianT codnas
lebebis, motivebisa da grZnobebis), an imis
zogadad ufro naklebad afasebdnen. warmoid-
Sesaxeb, rogori unda iyos es mdgomareobebi
gineT, ra mdgomareobaSi iyvnen isini. Tqven
imaze dakvirvebis Sedegad, Tu rogor iqceviT
sul ufro da ufro metad gaiZuleben, rom dasmul
axla, an imis gaxsenebiT, Tu rogor iqceodiT
kiTxvaze uaryofiTad upasuxoT da kidev da kidev
warsulSi msgavs situaciebSi. Tqveni Tavis
moisminoT sakuTari Tavisgan sityvebi: „ar vici,
Sesaxeb codnas warsulSi CaRrmavebisa da saku-
ar maqvs am kiTxvaze pasuxi.~ xedavT, rogoraa
Tari qcevis SesaZlo mizezebis saZieblad iye-
SesaZlebeli, rom uaryofiT TviTSefasebas am
nebT. vTqvaT, kiTxvaze: „mogwonT fsiqologia?~
qcevaze dakvirveba _ TviTaRqmis procesi iw-
TviTaRmqmeli gpasuxobT: „ra Tqma unda, me
vevdes.
vswavlob ZiriTad kurss da miuxedavad imisa,
axla davubrundeT im SemTxvevas, rodesac
rom ar momeTxoveba, yvelafers vkiTxulob
Tavi 17 / socialuri procesebi da urTierTobebi

namcxvris naWeri miirTviT Tqveni ufrosis

fsiqologiasTan dakavSirebiT, vismen leqciebs
dabadebis dRis wveulebaze da amis gamo uaryo-
da karg niSnebsac viReb~. sxva sityvebiT rom
fiTi damokidebuleba SegeqmnaT sakuTari Tavis
vTqvaT, Tqvens pirovnuli prioritetebis Sesaxeb
mimarT. disonansis Teoriis mixedviT, Tqvens
SekiTxvas situaciasTan dakavSirebuli qmedebebisa
cnobierebaSi Seiqmna winaaRmdegoba Tqven mier
da faqtorebis aRweriT pasuxobT, sakuTar grZno-
dadebul pirobasa („me ar minda zedmeti
bebsa da azrebSi yuradRebiT garkvevis nacvlad.
kaloriebis miReba~) da Tqvens qcevas (namcxvris
TviTaRqmis Teorias motivaciuri komponentebi
naWris SeWma) Soris. am usiamovno gancdis moci-
aklia, romlebic disonansis TeoriaSia mocemu-
lebis mravali gza arsebobs. Tqven SegiZliaT
li. vinaidan TviTaRqma avsebs Tqvens damokidebu-
imsjeloT ase: „me ver vawyeninebdi ufross
namcxvarze uaris TqmiT~. analogiurad, TviT-
TviTaRqmis Teoria (Self-perception theory) _ mosaz-
aRqmis Teoriis Tanaxmad, sakuTari qcevis aRqmiT,
reba, romlis Tanaxmadac, adamianebi sakuTar
Tavs akvirdebian, raTa gamokveTon TavianTi Tqven aucileblad ar unda SegcvlodaT damo-
qcevebis mizezebi. adamianebi cdiloben, gaer- kidebuleba sakuTari Tavis mimarT, vinaidan SegeZ-
kvnen sakuTar Sinagan mdgomareobebSi imaze loT ase gemsjelaT: „vinaidan namcxvris naWeri
dakvirvebiT, Tu rogor iqcevian mocemul si- SevWame, Cemi ufrosis dabadebis dRe CemTvis
tuaciaSi.
Zalze mniSvnelovani unda yofiliyo~, riTac,
daTanxmeba (Compliance) _ komunikaciis wyaros aseve, aicilebdiT uaryofiT TviTSefasebas.
pirdapiri moTxovnebis Sesabamisad qcevis
TviTdarwmuneba xandaxan sasargebloc SeiZleba
Secvla.
730 iyos!

daTanxmeba
am qveTavSi damokidebulebebsa da maTi
Secvlis SesaZleblobebze vmsjelobT. Tumca,
TqvenTvis naTeli unda iyos, rom adamianebs
yvelaze xSirad surT is, rom Tqven qceva
SecvaloT. adamianebi cdiloben dagiTanxmon –
miaRwion Tqveni qcevebis iseT Secvlas, rom
isini maTi moTxovnebis Sesabamisi iyos. rodesac
reklamis damkveTi uamrav fuls xarjavs sate-
levizio reklamaSi, mas mxolod sakuTari nawar-
mis kargad warmoCena ki ar surs, aramed misi
mizani Tqveni maRaziaSi miyvana da produqciis
SeZenaa. analogiurad, eqimebs surT, rom Tqven
daujeroT maT da SeasruloT janmrTelobis
dacvisTvis saWiro rCevebi. socialurma fsi-
qologebma intensiurad ikvlies, Tu rogor aR-
weven adamianebi Tanxmobas sxvebisgan (Gialdini,
2001). Cven aRvwerT zogierT meTods da Tqven
SeafaseT, Tu ramdenad xSirad axorcielebT iseT
qcevebs, romlebsac sxva SemTxvevebSi ar
ganaxorcielebdiT.
migeba
erT-erTi wesi, romelic adamianis cxovrebaSi
dominirebs, isaa, rom rodesac vinme rames gike-
TebT, Tqvenc, aseve, rame unda gaukeToT mas. am
wess migebis norma ewodeba. laboratoriulma
kvlevam cxadyo, rom erTi adamianis mxridan
sul mcire sikeTis gakeTebasac ki xSirad meore
mxridan sapasuxod ufro didi sikeTis migeba
mohyveba (Regan, 1971). gamyidvelebi migebas ise
iyeneben Tqvens winaaRmdeg, rom TiTqmos isini
Tqven samsaxurs giweven: „ras getyviT iciT, 5
dolariT naklebs gamogarTmevT~ an „ufasod
inebeT es nimuSi, Cveni dRevandeli saubris
aRsaniSnad~. es strategia Tqven fsiqologiuri
distresis mdgomareobaSi gayenebT, Tu ar ga-
moiCenT sapasuxo Tavazianobas da ar SeiZenT
rames.
daTanxmebis kidev erT meTods, romelic, aseve,
migebis normidan gamomdinareobs, xSirad „karis
migebis norma (Reciprociti norm) _ molodini, rom
gaweuli samsaxuri dagibrundeba. Tu erTi ada-
miani meores raimes ukeTebs, meoremac raime
unda gaukeTos sapasuxod.
cxvirwin mijaxunebis~ meTods uwodeben: rodesac
adamianebi „ara~-s amboben did Txovnaze, isini
xSirad Tanxmdebian ufro zomieri Txovnis
Sesrulebaze.
saidan
viciT
karis cxvirwin mijaxunebis meTodi
erT eqsperimentSi monawile studentebs
sTxoves, ori wlis ganmavlobaSi, kviraSi
ori saaTi, rogorc konsultantebs, ara-
srulwlovani damnaSaveebisaTvis daeTmoT.
yvela studentma uari ganacxada. Aamis Sem-
deg maT sTxoves, zooparkSi mainc gaeseir-
nebinaT isini. didi daTmobis saxiT stu-
dentebis 50%-ma Tanxmoba ganacxada am
SedarebiT mcire Txovnis Sesrulebaze.
rodesac studentebis sxva jgufs sTxoves
igive ise, rom maTTvis „didi~ TxovniT ar
miumarTavT, aRmoCnda, rom maTgan, mxolod
17% daTanxmda am Txovnis Sesrulebaze
(Cialdini at al,.1975).
rogor axdens daTanxmebis es meTodi migebis
normis amoqmedebas? rodesac adamianebi didi
Txovnidan zomierze gadadian, isini amiT
TqvenTvis raRacas akeTeben; sanacvlod Tqvenc
unda gadadgaT sapasuxo nabiji da daeTanxmoT,
an arada daarRvevT migebis normasDda Tqvenc
damokidebulebebi, maTi Secvla da qceva
TanxmdebiT!
valdebuleba
karebis cxvirwin mijaxunebis meTodi gulis-
xmobs dididan mcire Txovnaze gadasvlas. gam-
yidvelebma, aseve, ician, rom Tqveni raimeTi
davaldebulebiT, SesaZlebelia mcire daTmobis
Semdeg ufro didi daTmobac gagakeTebinon.
eqsperimentebSi adamianebi, romlebic mcire
valdebulebis aRebaze (magaliTad, peticiaze
xelis mowera) Tanxmdebodnen, Sesabamisad, metad
ganwyobilni iyvnen ufro did valdebulebaze
daTanxmebisTvisac (magaliTad, saxlis win
daedgaT didi maniSnebeli dafa). Aam xerxs
xSirad karSi fexis Cadgmis meTods uwodeben.
731
 erTxel Tu Semodges fexi Tqvens karSi, Semdeg
gamoiyeneben ra Tqveni valdebulebis grZnobas,
metsac moiTxoven. gamyidvelebi Tqven winaaRmdeg
am meTods maSin iyeneben, rodesac gadawyveti-
lebis miRebas gaiZuleben da Semdeg ki nel-
nela cvlian Temas da geubnebian: „me vici, rom
Tqven am manqanis yidva gindaT, magram Cemi ufrosi
mxolod 200 dolaris daklebaze Tanxmdeba~, an
„me vici, rom Tqven is adamiani xarT, romelic
mxolod xarisxian saqonels yidulobs, amitom
darwmunebuli var, rom cota metsac gadaixdiT~.
am situaciaSi Tqven Tavs araTanmimdevrulad, an
sulelad igrZnobT, Tu ar SeiZenT SemoTavazebul
saqonels.
deficiti
adamianebs ar uyvarT imis SegrZneba, rom maT
ar aqvT raime (an meore mxridan Tu SevxedavT,
moswonT imis floba, rasac ar floben sxvebi).
MmagaliTad, eqsperimentis monawileebi maRal
Sefasebas aZlevdnen im Sokoladis gemos, romelic
qilaSi ori cali iyo, vidre im Sokolads,
romelic imave qilaSi aTi cali iyo (Worchel et
al., 1975). rogor muSaobs deficitis principi
bazarze? gamyidvelebma ician, rom maT SeuZliaT
meti fuli dagaxarjvinon, Tu mogaCveneben, rom
esa Tu is nivTi deficituria: „esRa darCa, ase
Tavi 17 / socialuri procesebi da urTierTobebi
rom, jobia axlave iyidoT~, „me ukve myavs
myidveli, romelic unda mobrundes da iyidos~.
es strategia gagrZnobinebT, rom Tqven xelidan
gauSvebT sasurvel moments, Tu axlave ar SeiZenT
ama Tu im nivTs.
modelireba
Tanxmobis miRwevis bolo magaliTisTvis kon-
formulobis ideas davubrundeT. rodesac ada-
mianebi konformulobas avlenen, isini referen-
tuli jgufis qcevas imeoreben. amrigad, Tu
gsurT, rom adamianebi konformulebi ganxdnen,
anu ise moiqcnen, rogorc Tqven gsurT, isini
iseT pirobebSi unda CaayenoT, sadac maTze infor-
macia imoqmedebs: qcevaSi cvlilebebis gamowveva
TvalsaCino nimuSis, modelis qcevis demonstri-
rebiTaa SesaZlebeli.
732
saidan
viciT
wylis dazogvis qcevis modelireba
kaliforniis Statis qalaq santa-kruzis
universitetis administracias surda, rom
sauniversiteto qalaqSi mcxovreb studen-
tebs ufro ekonimiurad exarjaT eleqtroen-
ergia da wyali. vinaidan studentebi
amtkicebdenen, rom bunebis damcvelebi
iyvnen, administraciam es daijera da
saSxapeebSi dabanis procedurasTan dakav-
Sirebuli instruqcia gamoakra, romliTac
varaudobda, rom miaRwevda studentTa qcevis
Secvlas da wylis xarjis mniSvnelovnad
Semcirebas. mamakacTa saSxapeSi gamokruli
instruqcia mimarTuli iyo imaze, rom gasap-
nis periodSi studentebs wyali gadaeketaT.
kerZod, mas aseTi saxe hqonda: „(1) dasveldiT,
(2) gadaketeT wyali, (3) gaisapneT, (4)
gadaivleT~. xuTi dRis Semdeg studentTa
mxolod 6%-ma Secvala qceva instruqciis
Sesabamisad. rodesac instruqcias adgili
Seucvales da ufro gamosaCen adgilze
dakides, aRmoCnda, rom mas studentTa 19%
daemorCila. miuxedaval amisa, aRmoCnda,
rom saerTo efeqturoba Zalian dabali
iyo, vinaidan zogierTi studenti Zalze
didxans iRebda Sxaps.
bolos yvela instruqcia Camoxsnes da
erTma studentma aCvena, Tu rogor unda
esargeblaT SxapiT. eqsperimentatoris
asistenti Sedioda saSxapeSi, rodesac iq
aravin iyo, uSvebda wyals da Sesasvle-
lisken zurgiT dgeboda. rogorc ki vinmes
xmas gaigonebda, instruqciis Sesabamisad
iwyebda dabanas _ maSinve ketavda wyals,
isapneboda, ivlebda da gadioda. Sedegad,
administraciisTvis sasurveli instruqciis
Sesrulebis maCvenebelma 49%-s miaRwia.
rodesac igive qcevis demonstrirebisTvis
ori modeli gamoiyenes, damswreTa 67%-ma
gaimeora qceva. sawyisi instruqciis Sesru-
lebis 6%-Tan SedarebiT es didi mateba
iyo (Aronson,1990).

maSinac ki, rodesac mibaZvis TvalsaCino maga-
liTi ar aris situaciaSi, gamyidvelebi xSirad
cdiloben normatuli da informaciuli gav-
lenis moxdenas imis aRniSvniT, Tu TqvenTvis
sasurveli wridan (anu im wridan, romelsac
gsurT, rom miekuTvnebodeT) gamosulma ramdenma
adamianma SeiZina esa Tu is produqti: „am markis
avtomanqanebs mxolod gamWriax da sakuTar TavSi
darwmunebul xalxze vyidi~, „am models yvelaze
xSirad is adamianebi yiduloben, romelTac
umaRlesi xarisxis stereodinamikebi sWirdebaT~.
SesaZlebelia, daTanxmebis teqnikebis axsnisas
warmodgenili ramdenime magaliTis gameorebis
survili gagiCndeT. SeiZleba mogindeT, rom
keTili miznebis ganxorcielebas dauTmoT dro,
an Tqveni wvlili SeitanoT bunebrivi resur-
sebis dazogvaSi. asea Tu ise, Tqven naxeT, rom
drois did nawils adamianebi erTmaneTis qce-
vebis Secvlis mcdelobebs uTmoben. aRwerili
meTodebis gamoyenebiT isini imis gakeTebas
gaiZuleben, ris gakeTebasac, albaT, ar isur-
vebdiT. rogor davicvaT Tavi moxerxebuli gam-
yidvelebisa da msgavsi tipis saqmianobiT
dakavebuli adamianebis xrikebisagan? Tqven unda
SeecadoT, rom gamoiWiroT isini am teqnikebis
gamoyenebis momentebSi da amiT win aRudgeT
maT mcdelobebs.EecadeT, yuradReba ar miaqcioT
umniSvnelo Tavazianobebs; nu gamoiCenT azrs
moklebul, gaumarTlebel simtkices; ecadeT,
SemoTavazebuli produqtis iSviaTobisa da
deficiturobis Sesaxeb mtkicebebis siyalbis
gamovlenas; yovelTvis daitoveT dro mofiqre-
bisaTvis. socialuri fsiqologiis codnam,
SesaZloa, Tqven yovelmxriv gonier momxmareblad
gaqcioT.
am TavSi xSirad gTxovdiT megobrebis warmod-
genasa da warmosaxul situaciebSi maT CarTvas.
rogor da ratom xdeba zogierTi adamiani Tqveni
megobari? Tqven, albaT, ar gagikvirdebaT, rom
socialuri fsiqologiis mniSvnelovani sferoa
socialuri urTierTobebis – adamianebsa da
adamianTa jgufebs Soris urTierTobebis _
Seswavla. axla ki pirovnebaTaSorisi mizidu-
lobis im Zalebs gavecnoT, romlebic adamianebs
erTmaneTTan aaxloebs.
Sejameba
damokidebuleba obieqtebis, movlenebisa Tu
ideebis dadebiTi an uaryofiTi Sefasebaa.
damokidebulebebi rac ufro aSkarad gamoxatulia
an specifikuria, miT ufro myaria maTi kavSiri
Sesabamis qcevebTan. gadamuSavebis albaTobis
modelis Tanaxmad, darwmunebis procesis efeq-
turoba damokidebulia imaze, informaciis gada-
muSavebis centralur process gamoiyeneben ada-
mianebi Tu periferiuls. centraluri procesi
gamoiyeneba maSin, rodesac adamianebs argumen-
tebis guldasmiT Sefasebis motivacia aqvT.
damokidebulebis safuZvlis tipsa da argumentis
tips Soris kavSiric iwvevs argumentis efeqtu-
robis zrdas. disonansisa da TviTaRqmis Teo-
riebi migviTiTeben, rom adamianebi xSirad ic-
vlianNTavianT damokidebulebebs, TavianTi
qcevebidan gamomdinare. migeba, davaldebuleba,
deficiti da modelireba is Zalebia, romelTac
daTanxmebamde mivyavarT.
socialuri urTierTobebi
socialuri urTierTobebi
rogor irCevT maT, visTan erTadac mTel
cxovrebas gaatarebT? ratom eltviT megobrebis
kompanias? ratom aRmoCndebian xolme iseTi
adamianebi, romelTa mimarT grZnoba scildeba
megobrobis sazRvrebs da romantikul siyvarulSi
gadadis? socialur fsiqologebs socialur
733
 mizidulobasTan dakavSirebul am kiTxvebze
mTeli rigi pasuxebi gaaCniaT (magram nu wuxxarT,
siyvarulis saidumlo srulad jer aravis
amouxsnia!).

mowoneba
rodesme gicdiaT garkveuliyaviT, Tu rogor
da ratom SeiZineT esa Tu is megobari? am kiTxvis
pirvel nawilze pasuxi martivia: adamianebs izi-
daven isini, vinc maTTan axlos aRmoCndnen –
Tqven imitom xedavT da xvdebiT maT, rom isini
cxovroben an muSaoben Tqven gverdiT. es faq-
tori, albaT, naklebad saWiroebs ganmartebas,
Tumca unda aRiniSnos, rom adamianebs saerTod
axasiaTebT tendencia imisa, rom adamianebi da matebasTan dakavSirebul msjelobebze. stereo-
sagnebi mxolod imitom moswondeT, rom isini tipebis socialur safuZvelze msjelobisas
xSirad xvdebian maTi mxedvelobis velSi. rac TqvenTvis, albaT, ar unda iyos gasakviri, rom
ufro xSirad xarT raimesTan an vinmesTan erTad, fizikur mimzidvelobas Tavisi roli aqvs
miT ufro giyvarT is (Zaionc,1968). xangrZlivi mowonebaSi.
urTierTobebis es efeqti niSnavs, rom mTlia-
nobaSi Tqven sul ufro da ufro metad mogewo- saidan
nebaT is adamianebi, romlebic Tqven irgvliv
arian, magram, rogorc Cven amas Semdeg davinaxavT, viciT
kompiuterebis epoqa axal mniSvnelobas aniWebs
fizikurad mimzidveli partniorebis
siaxlovis ideas. dRes mravali adamiani inarCu-
kvaldakval
nebs urTierTobas kompiuteruli qselis meSve-
obiT. SesaZloa, isini geografiulad erTmaneTi- erT klasikur gamokvlevaSi mkvlevrebma
sagan Zalze Sors iyvnen, magram ekranze gamoCe- minesotis universitetis axlad miRebul,
Tavi 17 / socialuri procesebi da urTierTobebi

nili yoveldRiuri Setyobinebebi fsiqolo- SemTxveviT SerCeul studentebs sTxoves,

giurad Zalze aaxloebs maT. axla ki yuradReba
sxva faqtorebsac mivapyroT, romlebsac
mowonebisa da mizidvis gamowveva SeuZliaT.
fizikuri mimzidveloba
kargia Tu ara, fizikuri mimzidveloba xSirad
aRvivebs megobrobas. dasavlur kulturaSi ar-
sebobs Zlieri stereotipi, rom fizikurad
mimzidveli adamiani yvelaferSi kargi iqneba.
70-ze meti gamokvlevis mimoxilva adasturebs,
rom fizikuri mimzidvelobis stereotipi udides
zegavlenas axdens adamianis socialuri kompeten-
turobis Sesaxeb msjelobaze. adamianebs sjeraT,
rom mimzidveli adamianebi ufro metad socia-
bilurebi da eqstravertulebi arian, vidre nak-
lebad mimzidvelni (Eagly et al., 1991). miuxedavad
amisa, fizikuri mimzidveloba gacilebiT nakleb
734 efeqts axdens gonierebasTan an karieraSi war-
erTmaneTisTvis sacekvao moedanze daeniS-
naT paemani. mkvlevrebma am studentebis
bevri informacia Seagroves, maTi zomebidan
dawyebuli, inteleqtiTa da pirovnuli
TaviseburebebiT damTavrebuli. cekvis
saRamos da am saRamos Semdegac studentebs
SemTxveviT SerCeuli partniorebis Sef-
asebasa da imis miTiTebas sTxovdnen, Tu
ramdenad iyo mosalodneli maTi ganmeo-
rebiTi Sexvedra. qalebis da kacebis Se-
degebi naTeli da Zalze msgavsi iyo.
silamaze ufro mniSvnelovan faqtorad
Sefasda, vidre inteleqtis koeficientis
zoma, kargi socialuri Cvevebi an dadebiTi
pirovnuli Tvisebebi. mxolod maT gamoT-
qves urTierTobis gagrZelebis survili,
vinc silamazis mixedviT moaxdina Sefaseba
(Walxster et al., 1966).
 fizikuri mimzidveloba sxva kulturebSic
ganapirobebs mowonebas. magaliTad, Cineli X-
XII klaseli moswavleebi adasturebdnen, rom
fizikurad mimzidvel Tanaklaselebs ufro
maRali statusi hqondaT (Dong et al., 1996); Tumca,
rogorc me-12 TavSi aRvniSneT, kulturebi gan-
sxvavdebian fizikuri silamazis standartebis
mixedviT. magaliTad, afro-amerikelebs naklebad
uaryofiTi damokidebuleba aqvT Warb wonasTan,
vidre anglo-amerikelebs (Helb & Heatherton, 1998;
Jackson & McGill, 1996).
msgavseba
msgavsebis Sesaxeb cnobili andaza ambobs:
„feri fersa, madli RmerTsa~. marTalia es?
kvlevis monacemebi aCvenebs, rom bevr SemTxvevaSi
pasuxia: „diax~. msgavseba iseTi parametrebis
mixedviT, rogoricaa rwmenebi, damokidebulebebi
da faseulobebi, xels uwyobs damegobrebas.
ratom unda xdebodes ase? adamianebs, romlebic
Tqveni msgavsni arian, SeuZliaT Tqveni pirov-
nuli TviTdamkvidrebis SegrZnebis uzrunvel-
yofa, radganac Tqveni msgavsi pirovneba gagrZno-
binebT, rom, magaliTad, Tqveni damokidebulebebi,
faqtobrivad, swori damokidebulebebia (Byrne &
Clore, 1970). metic, msgavsebis ararsebobas Zlier
antipaTiamde mivyavarT (Rosenbaum, 1980). rodesac
aRmoaCenT, rom viRacis Sexedulebebi gansxvavdeba
Tqveni Sexedulebebisagan, Tqven, SesaZloa, gaix-
senoT warsulSi sxva adamianebTan gadatanili
konfliqtebis magaliTebi. aman ki SeiZleba am
adamianebTan daSorebisken gibiZgoT da samegob-
rod mxolod Tqveni msgavsi adamianebi dagrCeT.
Tu swavlis periodSi saerTo sacxovrebelSi
cxovrobT, SegiZliaT irgvliv mimoixedoT da
naxoT, rogor „muSaobs~ msgavseba. hgvanan er-
TmaneTs is adamianebi, romlebic erT oTaxSi
cxovroben? hgvanan erTmaneTs is TanaoTaxelebi,
romlebsac kargi urTierToba aqvT erTmaneTTan?
mkvlevrebma es sakiTxi sxvadasxva parametris
mixedviT Seiswavles. magaliTad, erT-erT
kvlevaSi TanaoTaxelTa wyvilebis komunikaciuri
unarebi fasdeboda. ramdenadDmsgavsi iyo maTi
komunikacia iseTi parametris mixedviT, rogori-
caa urTierTobis dawyebis survili? aRmoCnda,
rom is wyvilebi, romlebic hgavdnen erTmaneTs
am parametris mixedviT, ufro megobrulebi iyvnen,
vidre urTierTsapirispiro maxasiaTeblebis mqone
wyvilebi (Martin & Andersen, 1995). Tu Tqven saerTo
sacxovrebelSi cxovrobT, SegiZliaT es modeli
praqtikaSi SeamowmoT.
ormxrivoba
dabolos, Tqven xasiaTdebiT im adamianebis
mowonebis tendenciiT, romelTac Tqven moswon-
xarT. gaxsovT Cveni saubari gamyidvelebze,
romlebic migebas iyenebdnen? wesi, romlis
mixedviTac miRebulis nacvlod raRac unda
gasceT, am SemTxvevaSic moqmedebs. adamianebi
„mowonebiT~ pasuxoben imaT, visac, maTi azriT,
isini „moswonT~ (Backman & Secord, 1959; Kenny & La
Voie, 1982). metic, rwmenam, rom Tqven vinmes
moswonxarT an ar moswonxarT, SesaZloa, ise
imoqmedos Tqvens qcevaze, rom Tqven Tavadac
SeuwyoT xeli msgavsi urTierTobebis Camoya-
libebas (Curtis & Miller, 1986). Tqven SegiZliaT
winaswar TqvaT, rogor moeqceviT mas, visac,
Tqveni azriT, moswonxarT? visac ar moswonxarT?
warmoidgineT, rom mtrulad eqceviT mas, visac,
Tqveni azriT, ar moswonxarT. atyobT Tqvens
grZnobebSi rogor SeiZleba Caerios sakuTari
Tavisadmi mikerZoeba? rodesac Tvals gadavav-
lebT Cven irgvliv arsebul socialur samyaros,
aRmovaCenT, rom is urTierTobebi, romlebsac
SeiZleba „mowoneba~ vuwodoT, mniSvnelovnad
aris dakavSirebuli ormxrivobasTan. amitom, Tu
viciT, rom pirovneba A-s gansakuTrebiT moswons
pirovneba B, Cven vaskvniT, rom pirovneba B-sac
igive grZnobebi eqneba pirovneba A-s mimarT
(Kenny at al., 1996).
es faqti, romelic axla mimovixileT, saSua-
lebas gvaZlevs, vifiqroT, rom Tqveni megobrebis
umravlesoba is xalxi iqneba, romelsac Tqven
ufro xSirad xvdebiT da visTanac dakavSi-
rebulni xarT msgavsebiTa da ormxrivi urTi-
socialuri urTierTobebi
erTobebiT, magram, risi Tqma SeuZliaT mkvlev-
rebs iseT ufro intensiur urTierTobebze, ro-
goric „Seyvarebaa~?
Seyvareba
igive Zalebi, romlebsac adamianebi mowone-
bamde mihyavT, Semdeg maT siyvarulisaken ubiZ-
geben. Uumetes SemTxvevaSi Tqven jer mowonebas
grZnobT da Semdeg _ siyvaruls (Tumca, aris
SemTxvevebi, rodesac adamianebi aRniSnaven, rom
735
 maT uyvarT zogierTi naTesavi, Tumca, ar moswonT
isini). ra specifikur faqtorebze laparakoben
socialuri fsiqologebi sasiyvarulo urTier-
Tobebis SemTxvevaSi?
siyvaruli, rogorc gancda
ras niSnavs, ganicado siyvaruli? Tqven unda
gamonaxoT dro, raTa ifiqroT am mniSvnelovan
cnebaze. rogor fiqrobT, Tqveni gansazRvreba
Seesabameba Tqveni megobrebis gansazRvrebebs?
am kiTxvebze pasuxis gacemas mkvlevrebi sxvadasxva
gziT Seecadnen da raRac saerTo midgomac ga-
moinaxa. adamianebis mier siyvarulis gaazreba
sam jgufad SeiZleba daiyos (Aron & Westbay,
1996):
vneba – seqsualuri ltolva da survili;
intimuroba – gulwrfeloba da urTierT-
gageba;
ndoba – erTguleba da Tavganwirva.
SegiZliaT, Tqveni sasiyvarulo urTierTobebi
samive am niSniT daaxasiaToT? Tqven, albaT,
fiqrobT: „ara~, „ara yvela maTgani~. rogorc
Cans, erTmaneTisgan unda ganvasxvavoT vinmes
siyvaruli2 da vinmesTan sasiyvarulo urTierTo-
bebi3 (Miers & Bersheid, 1997). adamianebis umrav-
lesoba aRniSnavs, rom siyvarulis kategoria
Tavi 17 / socialuri procesebi da urTierTobebi
ufro didi raodenobiT adamians moicavs, vidre
_ sasiyvarulo urTierTobebi. albaT, bevrisTvis
utkenia guli sityvebs: „miyvarxar, magram SenTan
ver davamyareb sasiyvarulo urTierTobebs~.
sasiyvarulo urTierTobebSi raRac ufro inten-
siuri da gansakuTrebuli igulisxmeba; am tipis
urTierTobebi seqsualur ltolvas moicavs.
sasiyvarulo urTierTobebi SesaZlebelia
zogadi niSnebiT daxasiaTdes. samyaros Sesaxeb
Tqvenma codnam SesaZloa migiyvanaT im daskvnamde,
rom adamianebi gansxvavebulad ganicdian siy-
varuls. mkvlevrebi gansakuTrebiT dainterese-
bulni arian drois xangrZliv periodSi sasiy-
varulo urTierTobebis SenarCunebaSi indivi-
dualuri gansxvavebebis SeswavliT. ukanasknel
wlebSi gansakuTrebiT gamaxvilda yuradReba
zrdasrulTa mijaWvulobis stilis kvlevebze
2
loving.
3
736 being in love.
(Fraley & Shaver, 2000; Shaver & Hazan, 1994). gaixseneT
me-11 Tavidan, Tu raoden didi mniSvneloba hqonda
bavSvis adekvaturi socialuri ganviTarebisaTvis
mSoblebTan mijaWvulobas. mkvlevrebma daiwyes
imis garkveva, Tu ra mniSvneloba SeiZleba
hqondes mijaWvulobis am adreul gamocdilebas
Semdgom cxovrebaSi, rodesac bavSvebi izrdebian
da sakuTari savaldebulo urTierTobebi da
sakuTari Svilebi uCndebaT (Hazan & Shaver, 1987;
Main et al., 1985).
ra aris mijaWvulobis stili? cxrilSi 17.2
mocemulia debulebebi axlo urTierTobebis
Sesaxeb (Hazan & Shaaver, 1987; Saver & Hazan, 1994).
gamoZebneT dro da miuTiTeT, Tu romel debu-
lebas eTanxmebiT. rodesac igive kiTxviT sxva
adamianebs mimarTes, Tu romeli debuleba ukeT
aRwerda maT, umravlesobam (55%-ma) pirveli
debuleba airCia. es aris myari mijaWvulobis
stili. sagrZnobma umciresobam airCia meore
debuleba (25% _ ganridebadi stili), xolo
mesame ki _ 20%-ma (SfoTviT-ambivalenturi
stili). aRmoCnda, rom mijaWvulobis es stilebi
zustad gansazRvraven urTierTobebis xarisxs
(Feeney & Noller, 19990; Tidwell et al., 1996). im ada-
mianebisgan gansxvavebiT, romlebmac meore da
mesame stili airCies, myari stilis mijaWvu-
lobis mqone adamianebs xangrZlivi da romanti-
kuli urTierTobebi aqvT (Sharpsteen & Kirkpatrick,
cxrili
17.2
axlo urTierTobebisas mozrdilTa
mijaWvulobis stilebi
debuleba 1:
SedarebiT advilad vuaxlovdebi sxvebs da Tavs kom-
fortulad vgrZnob, rodesac maTze var damokidebuli.
me xSirad ar vwuxvar imaze, rom vinmesgan mitovebuli
var, an vinmeze zedmetad damokidebuli.
debuleba 2:
garkveulwilad arakomfortulad vgrZnob Tavs,
rodesac sxvebTan axlo urTierTobebSi Sevdivar. miWirs
maTze srulad mindoba; miWirs isic, rom sakuTar
Tavs ufleba mivce, damokidebuli viyo maTze. me
vRiziandebi, rodesac vinme Zalian axlos dgeba CemTan.
xSirad partniori ufro met siaxloves mTxovs, vidre
es CemTvis aris misaRebi.
debuleba 3:
vTvli, rom sxvebs ar surT, CemTan ise axlos yofna,
rogorc es me momewoneboda. xSirad vnerviulob,
ganvicdi, rom partniors ar vuyvarvar, an ar surs
CemTan darCena. me minda, rom Cems partniorTan Zalian
axlos viyo, rac xSirad afrTxobs mas.

1997). magaliTad, adamianebi, romlebic SfoTviTi
stiliT xasiaTdebian, ufro xSirad da intensi-
urad eWvianobden, vidre myari mijaWvulobis
mqone adamianebi.
dabolos, kidev erTi gansxvaveba: xSir Sem-
TxvevaSi sasiyvarulo urTierTobebi Zlieri
ltolviTa da gatacebis periodiT iwyeba, romel-
sac vnebiani siyvaruli SeiZleba vuwodoT.
droTa ganmavlobaSi ltolvis intensivoba ik-
lebs da intimuroba imatebs. amas megobruli
siyvaruli SegviZlia vuwodoT (Berscheid &Walster,
1978). rodesac Seyvarebuli iqnebiT, Tqven TviTon
SeamCnevT aseT cvlilebas; ase rom, ar ifiqroT,
rom „siyvaruls kargavT~, es bunebrivi proce-
siaDda Tundac ase ar iyos, vnebiani siyvarulidan
gamosvla arc ise dramatulia, rogorc es erTi
SexedviT SeiZleba Candes. mkvlevrebma am saxis
siyvaruli 30 wlis asakiT SemosazRvres (Aron &
Aron, 1994). rodesac Tqven sasiyvarulo urTier-
Tobebs amyarebT, SesaZloa, imedi gqondeT, rom
es mudmivad gagrZeldeba, magram Semdeg sxva
moTxovnilebebic Cndeba.
gaxsovdeT, rom siyvarulis gancdac ganicdis
kulturis gavlenas. am TavSi ramdenjerme aR-
vniSneT, rom arsebobs kulturuli sxvaoba da-
moukidebloba-urTierTdamokidebulebis ganzo-
milebaze. arseboben damoukideblobis kultu-
rebi, romlebic pirovnebis „me~-s maxasiaTeblebs
koleqtiur maxasiaTeblebze maRla ayeneben da
urTierTdamokidebulebebis kulturebi, rom-
lebic gaziarebul kulturul Rirebulebebs
adamianis individualobaze maRla ayeneben. ra
gavlenas moaxdens es faqti Tqvens sasiyvarulo
urTierTobebze? Tu partniors Tqvens pirad
grZnobebze dayrdnobiT irCevT, maSin upirate-
sobas Tqvens pirad Sexedulebebs aniWebT, xolo,
Tu partniors imis mixedviT irCevT, Tu rogor
gamoCndebiT sxvebis TvalSi da ras ifiqreben
isini Tqvens ojaxze, Tqven ufro koleqtivistur
Sexedulebebze yofilxarT orientirebulni.
kros-kulturuli gamokvlevebi mowmoben, rom
arsebobs myari safuZveli vifiqroT, rom damou-
kideblobaze orientirebuli kulturebi ufro
met mniSvnelobas aniWeben siyvaruls (Dion &
Dion, 1993; Hatfield & Sprecher, 1995; Levine at al., 1995).
aseT kiTxvas dagisvamT: „Tu qals (kacs) yvela
is Tviseba aqvs, romelic Tqven mogwonT, Seir-
TavdiT Tu ara mas, miuxedavad imisa, rom is
Tqven ar giyvarT?~ am kiTxvaze amerikeli
studentebis mxolod 3.5%-ma, xolo indoeli
studentebis _ 49%-ma upasuxa „diax~ (Levine,
1995). urTierTdamokidebulebebze orientirebu-
li kulturebis warmomadgenlebi ufro momTxov-
nebi arian partniorebis mimarT. es imitom xdeba,
rom am kulturebSi ufro Zlieria urTierTo-
bebiT pirovnuli winsvlis idea da isini meuR-
lisagan ufro mets moelian.
ra faqtorebi uwyobs xels
urTierTobebis gaxangrZlivebas
albaT naTelia, rom yvelas, vinc am wigns
kiTxulobs da imasac, vinc dawera is, hqonia
iseTi urTierTobebi, romlebic didxans ar
gagrZelebula da Sewyvetila. ra moxda? igive
kiTxvas ufro pozitiurad Tu davsvamT _ risi
Tqma SeuZliaT mkvlevrebs im situaciebze da
mas myof adamianebze, romlebsac xangrZliv
sasiyvarulo urTierTobebamde mivyavarT?
erT-erTi Teoria sasiyvarulo urTierTobebs
socialuri urTierTobebi
gaiazrebs, rogorc „sxvis~ CarTvas Cvens sakuTar
„ m e ~ - S i (Aron et al., 1991; Aron & Aron, 1994).
ganvixiloT 17.7 suraTze mocemuli diagramebi.
TiToeuli maTgani asaxavs, Tu rogor SeiZleba
axlo urTierTobebis gaazreba. Tu Tqven gaqvT
romantikuli urTierToba, SegiZliaT TqvaT,
romeli diagrama gamoxatavs ukeT Tqvensa da
Tqvens partniors Soris urTierTobas? kvlevam
aCvena, rom is adamianebi, romlebic TavianTi
urTierTobebis gamosaxatad im diagramas irCeven,
romelzec „me~-s da „sxvis~ yvelaze meti
737
 fsiqologia XXI saukuneSi
iwvevs ki vinmeSi eWvs is
faqti, rom internetis gamo-
Cenam udidesi impulsi misca
adamianebis urTierTobas da
maT daaxloebas? warmoidgineT
13 wlis biWi niuiorkidan,
saxelad denieli, romlis
„axali megobari gogona~, aseve,
13 wlis, reiCeli samxreT
karolinaSi imyofeba. maT ar
SeeZloT suraTebis gacvla
internetiT. rodesac dedam
dens aSS-is fostiT suraTis
gagzavna urCia, man upasuxa:
„deda, is ar apirebs CemTvis
Tavisi misamarTis mocemas~
(Gardner, 2000, gv. 40). cxadia, XXI
saukunis bolo wlebamde
biWebis umravlesobas azradac
ki ar mouvidodaT „axal
megobar gogonebTan~ am gziT
urTierTobis damyareba. modiT,
vnaxoT, ra wvlili Seitana
Tavi 17 / socialuri procesebi da urTierTobebi
internetma urTierTobebSi.
kvlevebma aCvena, rom inter-
netis momxmarebelTa yvelaze
aqtiur saqmianobas socialuri
urTierTobebi warmoadgens.
internetis daaxloebiT 4100
momxmareblis gamokiTxvam
cxadyo, rom maTi 90% inter-
nets eleqtronuli fostis-
Tvis iyenebda, 24% ki e.w.
„CatSi~ monawileobda (Nie &
Erbing, 2000). sxva kvleva aC-
venebs, rom urTierTobaTa
didma raodenobam kibersivr-
cidan fizikur sivrceSi gadai-
nacvla. ganvixiloT kvleva,
romelSic 568 individi mona-
wileobda (59% qali da 41%
kaci). maT sTxoves, rom er-
TmaneTisTvis internetiT axa-
738
urTierTobebi da interneti
li ambebi gaegzavnaT (Mc Kena
et al., 2001). am jgufis wevrebis
63% internetiT gacnobis Sem-
deg satelefono urTierTo-
bebze gadavida, 54% ki inter-
netiT gacnobil pirovnebas
Sexvda. ori wlis Semdeg Cata-
rebulma gamokiTxvam aCvena, rom
internetiT damyarebuli ur-
TierTobebi isev myari iyo.
faqtobrivad, SerCevis 15%
daniSnuli iyo, 10% ki _ ukve
daqorwinebuli internet-par-
tniorze.
adre aRvniSneT, rom siax-
love mowonebis erT-erTi mniS-
vnelovani mdgenelia. auci-
lebelia, rom adamians SexvdeT,
vidre Tqven Soris mowoneba
an romantikuli urTierTobebi
Camoyalibdeba. zemoT ganxi-
luli kvlevebi aCvenebs, rom
geografiuli daSorebulobis
miuxedavad, interneti fsi-
qologiuri daaxloebis karg
saSualebas iZleva. arsebobs
monacemebi, rom internetis
saSualebiT urTierTobebi
ukeT iwyeba, vidre pirispir
(Bargh et al., 2001). erT gamok-
vlevaSi, romelSic kolejis
studentebi monawileobdnen,
monawileebma gansxvavebul pi-
robebSi daamyares urTierToba
erTsa da imave partniorTan.
orive interaqciisas wyvilebis
naxevars pirispir urTier-
Tobebis SesaZlebloba mieca,
meore naxevars ki pirispir
Sexvedramde internetiT urTi-
erTobis saSualeba hqonda.
urTierTobis meore etapis
Semdeg partniorebs sTxoves,
SeefasebinaT erTmaneTi 15-
safexurian skalaze -7-dan
(„Zalian ar momwons~) +7-mde
(„Zalian momwons~). im mo-
nawileebma, romelTac pi-
rispir Sexvedramde inter-
netiT urTierTobis SesaZ-
lebloba hqondaT, bevrad
meti urTierTsimpaTia ga-
moavlines (saSualod 4.70),
vidre im monawileebma, ro-
melTac aseTi SesaZlebloba
ar hqondaT (saSualod 2.45).
ratom unda momxdariyo ase?
mkvlevrebi fiqroben, rom
internetiT dawyebuli ur-
TierToba monawileebs sa-
Sualebas aZlevs, naklebad
moeqcnen garegnobis gavlenis
qveS. ufro metic, internetis
droebiTi anonimuroba, ro-
gorc Cans, amxnevebs ada-
mianebs, ufro metad gaxsnis
SesaZleblobas aZlevs maT,
rac ufro metad aZlierebs
mowonebas.
mecnierTa yuradReba miip-
yro im adamianebis cxovrebam,
romelTa mier internetis
gamoyenebis sixSire amcirebs
maT aqtivobas realur cxov-
rebaSi (Kraut et al., 1998; Nie &
Erbing, 2000). Tumca, zemoT
mocemuli magaliTebi gva-
fiqrebinebs, rom interneti,
SesaZloa, adamianTa didi
nawilis socialur da ro-
mantikul cxovrebaSi da-
debiT mamoZravebel Zalad
CaiTvalos. SesaZloa, male
denielmac miiRos Tavisi
megobari gogonas misamarTi.

gadafarvaa, sxvas sakuTar „me~-Si CarTulad
ganixilaven da TiTqmis yovelTvis grZnoben
xangrZlivi urTierTobebis SenarCunebis did
valdebulebas (Aron et al., 1992; Aron & Fraley, 1999).
kidev ra faqtorebi uwyobs xels urTierTo-
bebis gaxangrZlivebas? damokidebulebis modeli
varaudobs, rom erTguleba garkveul msjelobebs
efuZneba (Drigotas & Rusbult, 1992, gv.65):
TiToeuli CamoTvlili moTxovnilebis mniS-
vnelovnebis xarisxi individisTvis mocemul
urTierTobaSi. mniSvnelovani moTxovnilebebia:
intimuroba, seqsi, emociuri CarTuloba, megob-
ruli damokidebuleba da inteleqtualuri
CarTuloba;
TiToeuli am moTxovnilebis dakmayofi-
lebis xarisxi mocemul urTierTobaSi;
TiToeuli moTxovnilebisTvis, arsebuli
partnioris garda, arsebobs Tu ara vinme, vis-
Tanac pirovnebas mniSvnelovani urTierToba aqvs;
am moTxovnilebebis alternatiuli urTier-
TobiT dakmayofilebis done.
rogorc mosalodneli iyo, es modeli amtki-
cebs, rom adamianebi miT ufro metad inarCuneben
myar sasiyvarulo urTierTobas, rac ufro metad
ikmayofileben im mniSvnelovan moTxovnilebebs,
romlebsac sxva veravin daakmayofilebs. amdenad,
Tu megobruli urTierTobebi TqvenTvis Zalze
mniSvnelovania – giyvarT Tavisufali drois
gatareba sxva adamianebTan erTad da, amave dros,
suraTi
17.7
sxvebis me-Si
CarTulobis skala
(IOS-Inclusion of Others in
the Self)
Tu Tqven gaqvT romantikuli sa-
siyvarulo urTierToba, romeli
diagrama gamoxatavs ukeT Tqveni
da Tqveni partnioris urTierT-
damokidebulebas? skaliT Cata-
rebuli gamokvlevebi aCveneben,
arsebobs viRac, vinc Tqvens mniSvnelovan mo-
Txovnilebebs akmayofilebs, maSin savaraudoa,
rom Tqven am urTierTobebis mimarT met val-
debulebas igrZnobT. es marTebulia maSinac,
Tu Tqveni partniori ar aris Tqveni pirveli
arCevani. damokidebulebis modeli im SemTxvevis
axsnasac gvTavazobs, Tu ratom inarCuneben ada-
mianebi urTierTobebs maSinac ki, rodesac isini
fizikuri Zaladobis msxverplni xdebian (Choice
& Lamke, 1999). nacem qalTa TavSesafris 100
qalidan isini, vinc Tvlidnen, rom maT arc ise
didi arCevani hqondaT, ZiriTadad, materialuri
mizezebis gamo, Tavs valdebulad Tvlidnen,
rom dabrunebodnen Zvel urTierTobebs (Russbult
& Martz, 1995). amrigad, adamianebi SeiZleba Zalze
ubedurebi iyvnen urTierTobebSi, magram mainc
damokidebulni iyvnen am urTierTobebze da maT
gareSe ar SeeZloT arseboba.
am TavSi vnaxeT, Tu rogor moqmedeben
socialuri Zalebi adamianebze. magaliTad,
socialuri urTierTobebi
vnaxeT, Tu ra gavlenas axdens situacia qcevaze,
rogor yalibdeba Tqveni damokidebulebebi
socialur urTierTobebSi. Cven girCevT, Seis-
wavloT Tqveni qcevebi, raTa dainaxoT is gzebi,
romliTac socialuri garemocva gexmarebaT
Tqveni yoveldRiuri gamocdilebis mniS-
vnelovani aspeqtebis axsnaSi.
momdevno TavSi vnaxavT, Tu rogor warmarTaven
igive Zalebi socialur qcevas pirovnul doneze
_ iwveven agresias da altruizms _ da kul-
turul doneze _ iwveven omsa da mSvidobas.
739

Sejameba
adamianebis umetesobas uyvars is adamianebi,
romlebic maTTan fizikurad axlos imyofebian,
fizikurad mimzidvelni, maTi msgavsni arian da
visganac igive impulsebs iReben. adamianebi
TavianT sasiyvarulo gamocdilebas axasiaTeben,
rogorc vnebas, intimurobas da valdebulebas.
siyvarulSi individualuri gansxvavebebi, SesaZ-
loa, nawinaswarmetyveleb iqnes mijaWvulobis
stilisa da kulturuli molodinebis safuZ-
velze. sasiyvarulo urTierTobebi miT ufro
myaria, rac ufro metadaa CarTuli partniori
Cvens „me~-Si. damokidebulebis modeli gulis-
xmobs, rom adamianebi ufro metad inarCuneben
urTierTobas, rac ufro metad akmayofilebs es
urTierToba iseT specifikur moTxovnilebebs,
romlebsac sxva veravin daakmayofilebs.

sakvanZo
sakiTxebi
situaciis Zala
adamianis azrebi da aq-
tivobebi ganicdis si-
tuaciis zemoqmedebas.
individebi TavianTi rwme-
nebis, faseulobebisa da
midrekilebebis sawinaaR-
mdegid iqcevian, Tu maT
evalebaT garkveuli so-
cialuri rolis Sesru-
leba, Tundac xelovnurad
Tavi 17 / socialuri procesebi da urTierTobebi
socialuri percefcia de-
terminirebulia Sexedule-
bebiTa da molodinebiT.
atribuciis Teoria aRwers
im Sefasebebs, romlebsac
adamianebi qcevebis mizezebis
Taobaze akeTeben.
zogirTi gadaxra, rogoricaa,
magaliTad, atribuciis funda-
menturi Secdoma, sakuTari
Tavisadmi mikerZoeba da TviT-
qmnadi winaswarmetyveleba,
gadamuSavebis albaTobis
modelis Tanaxmad, darwmu-
nebis centraluri proce-
sebi gulisxmobs argumen-
tebis zedmiwevniT analizs
maSin, roca periferiuli
procesebi darwmunebis pro-
cesis garegnul maniSneb-
lebs exeba.
damokidebulebebis sa-
fuZvlebis tipsa da ar-

Seqmnil garemoSi. SesaZloa CaerTos atri- gumentis tips Soris kav-

socialuri normebi aya-
libeben jgufis wevrebis
damokidebulebebsa da
qcevebs.
Serifisa da aSis klasi-
kuri gamokvlevebi war-
moaCens im informaciul
da normatiul Zalebs,
romlebic konformizms
damokidebulebebi, damoki-
iwveven.
debulebebis Secvla da
umciresobis zegavlena,
qceva
SesaZloa, informaciuli
zegavlenis Sedegad aRiZ-
ras.
socialuri realobis
konstruireba
yoveli adamiani TviTon
agebs Tavis socialur
740
740
realobas.
buciaSi, sxva Sefasebebsa da
qcevebSi.
magram mainc, molodinebis
gavlena Semofarglulia im
informaciis sizustiT, ro-
melic Tqven gare samyaros
Sesaxeb gagaCniaT.
damokidebulebebi aris obi-
eqtebis, movlenebisa Tu ide-
ebis pozitiuri, an negatiuri
Sefaseba.
yvela damokidebuleba ar
iZleva qcevis zustad winas-
warmetyvelebis SesaZleb-
lobas; is Zalze xelmisaw-
vdomi an Zalze specifikuri
unda iyos.
Siri, aseve, axdens gavlenas
argumentis efeqturobaze.
disonansisa da TviTaRqmis
Teoriebi exeba damokide-
bulebebis Camoyalibebasa
da Secvlas, rac qcevis
ganxorcielebas mohyveba.
daTanxmebisaTvis adamia-
nebma, SesaZloa, mimarTon
migebis, davaldebulebis,
deficitis Seqmnis da mo-
delirebis meTodebs.
socialuri urTierTo-
bebi
interpersonaluri mimzid-
veloba determinirebulia
nawilobriv fizikuri siax-
loviT, fizikuri mimzidve-
lobiT, msgavsebiTa da or-
mxrivobiT.
sasiyvarulo urTierTobebi informaciuli gavlena
ZiriTadi cnebebi
ganisazRvreba ltolvis, normatiuli gavlena
atribuciis Teoria
intimurobis da valde- normebis kristalizacia
qceviTi dadastureba
bulebis parametrebiT. darwmuneba
kognituri disonansi
mozdrilTa mijaWvulobis migebis norma
daTanxmeba
konformuloba wesebi
stili gavlenas axdens
kovariaciis principi TviTqmnadi winaswarmetyveleba
urTierTobebis xarisxze.
gadamuSavebis albaTobis TviTaRqmis Teoria
adamianis valdebulebebi
modeli sakuTari Tavisadmi mikerZoeba
sasiyvarulo urTierTo- socialuri norma
atribuciis fundamenturi
bebis dros dakavSirebulia socialuri aRqma
Secdoma
siaxlovisa da damokide- socialuri fsiqologia
jgufis polarizacia
bulebis doneze. jgufuri azrovneba socialuri roli

sakvanZo sakiTxebi

741
741
 socialuri fsiqologia, sazogadoeba da
kultura

18
altruizmi da
prosocialuri qceva
• altruizmis fesvebi
• prosocialuri qcevis
motivebi
• situaciis gavlenebi
prosocialur qcevaze
agresia
• evoluciuri midgoma
• individualuri
gansxvavebebi
• situaciuri gavlenebi
• kulturuli SezRudvebi
crurwmenebi
• crurwmenis sawyisebi
• stereotipebis efeqtebi
• crurwmenebis daZleva
fsiqologia XXI saukuneSi:
samyaro pataravdeba
konfliqtisa da mSvidobis
fsiqologia
• avtoritetisadmi
daqvemdebareba
• genocidisa da omis
fsiqologia
• mSvidobis fsiqologia
fsiqologia Cvens
cxovrebaSi: ratom
eziarebian adamianebi
kults
avtoris bolosityvaoba
sakvanZo sakiTxebi
• ZiriTadi cnebebi
742
f ilosofosma hana arendtma (Hannah
Arendt) 1963 wels gamoaqveyna wigni
„aihmani ierusalimSi~, romelSic
ganxiluli iyo nacist adolf aihmanis danaSa-
ulebebi, riTac man xeli Seuwyo milionobiT
ebraelis mkvlelobas. aihmani iseve amarTlebda
Tavis qmedebebs, rogorc sxva nacistebi:
(aihmans) kargad axsovda, rom cud xa-
siaTze iyo xolme, Tuki ar SeeZlo imis
gakeTeba, rac misi mowodeba iyo – mili-
onobiT kacis, qalisa da bavSvis mkvleloba,
didi gulmodginebiTa da pedanturobiT
(gv.25).
miuxedavad amisa, ramdenad gasaocaric ar unda
iyos, arendti aihmans axasiaTebs, rogorc abso-
luturad Cveulebriv adamians:
fsiqiatrebi axasiaTebdnen mas, rogorc
„normalurs~: _ „ufro normaluri iyo, yo-
vel SemTxvevaSi ufro metad, vidre me viyavi
misi gamokvlevis Semdeg~, _ ganacxada erT-
erTma maTganma. meorem ki aRmoaCina, rom
misi saerTo fsiqologiuri mdgomareoba,
damokidebuleba meuRlisa da Svilebis,
hana arendtis fraza „codvis banaluroba~
XXIOsaukunis movlenebsac exmaureba. nacisturi
holokostidan 60 wlis Semdegac ki terorizmis
talRebma moicva msoflio. dResac ki, roca am
sityvebs vwerT – 2000 wlis bolos – axlo
aRmosavleTi isev moicva Zaladobam, rac gamoi-
xateba israelisa da palestinelebis SejaxebiT
mdinare iordanes dasavleT sanapiroze. iugos-
laviaSi xalxis ajanyebas daundobeli diqta-
toris – slobodan miloSeviCis _ damxoba mohyva,
mSoblebis, Zmebis, debisa da megobrebis
mimarT iyo „ara mxolod normaluri, aramed
Zalze sasurvelic ki~ (gv. 25-26).
aihmanis pirovnebisAanalizis gziT arendti
cnobil daskvnamde midis:
aihmanis ubedureba is iyo, rom uamravi
adamiani hgavda mas, isini arc gaukuR-
marTebulebi iyvnen da arc sadistebi, isini
iyvnen da jerac arian SemaSfoTeblad nor-
malurebi. Cveni samarTlebrivi insti-
tuciebis da Sefasebis moraluri standar-
tebis TvalsazrisiT, es normaluroba ufro
SemaSfoTebelia, vidre yvela simxece erTad
aRebuli, im daSvebis gamo, rom danaSaulis
es axali saxe mis danaSaulebebs iseTi
garemoebebis gavlenis qveS aqcevs, rom
misTvis SeuZlebeli xdeba sakuTari qcevis
aramarTebulobis gageba an SegrZneba (gv.276).
rogorc Cans, (aihmanis cxovrebis) uka-
nasknel wuTebSi man Seajama is gakveTile-
bi, romlebsac adamianis codvilobis mTeli
nairferovneba iZleva – saSiSi gakveTilebi,
altruizmi da prosocialuri qceva
romlebsac SeiZleba codvis banaluroba
vuwodoT (gv. 252).
magram, rogorc Cans, is da misi reJimis sxva
wevrebi gadaurCebian samxedro danaSaulebebi-
saTvis pasuxismgeblobas. nigeriaSi hausas da
iorubas tomebis wevrebs Soris konfliqtis
Sedegad gasul wels aTasobiT adamiani daiRupa.
Cndeba cduneba, rom es movlenebi rogorc sigiJis
gamovlena ise ganvixiloT. yvelaferi codvil
xasiaTs mivaweroT, rogorc, vTqvaT, adolf hit-
leris SemTxvevaSi, magram arendtis analizi
uaryofs amas. is gviCvenebs, Tu ramdenad advilad 743
 SeuZliaT socialur Zalebs, aiZulon normaluri
adamiani, rom man sazareli qceva ganaxorcielos.
„fsiqologia da cxovreba~-Si im adgilamde
mivediT, sadac adamianis qcevaze socialuri
Zalebis zemoqmedebis ukiduresi SemTxvevebi unda
ganvixiloT. am Tavis zogierTi nawili sakmaod
SemaSfoTebeli iqneba, vinaidan adamianSi des-
truqciuli da arahumanuri aqtebis ganxorci-
elebis potencials naTelyofs. Cven ganvixilavT
agresiul qcevas, crurwmenebs da im pirobebs,
romlebmac, SesaZloa, genocidis aqtebamde
migviyvanos. amave dros, aRvwerT adamianuri
arsebis Tandayolil ltolvas, iyos prosocia-
luri – ganaxorcielos didsulovani altruis-
tuli aqtebi, yovelgvari jildos molodinis
gareSe. dabolos, imedi gvaqvs, es Tavi mkiTxvelSi
aRZravs optimistur azrs, rom socialuri
mecnierebebis aRmoCenebs msoflioSi mSvidobis
damyarebaSi daxmarebis gaweva SeuZliaT.
xSirad am TavSi ganxilul sakiTxebs stu-
dentebi provokaciulad da saCoTirod Tvlian.
imedi gvaqvs, rom SesaZlebloba geqnebaT, isini,
maswavlebelTan erTad, srulad ganixiloT da altruizms – iseT prosocialur qcevebs, rom-
debatebic moawyoT. Tqven am Tavis Seswavla lebsac adamianebi TavianTi sakuTari usafrTxo-
imis gagebiT unda daamTavroT, Tu rogor moq- ebisa da interesebis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe
Tavi 18 / socialuri pfsiqologia, sazogadoeba da kultura

medeben socialur-fsiqologiuri Zalebi cal- axorcieleben. is, rasac Cven kulturas an

keul individebze, rogor erTiandebian indi-
videbi jgufebSi da ra gavlenas axdenen isini
msoflio istoriis yvelaze SemaSfoTebel mo-
mentebze.
altruizmi da
prosocialuri qceva
TiTqmis yvela tragediis Semdeg xedavT
suraTs, rom adamianebi TavianTi sicocxlis
riskis fasad cdiloben sxva adamianebis sico-
cxlis dacvas. magaliTad, gavixsenoT oklahoma
sitis dabombviT gamowveuli saSineleba. alfred
a. murahis dangreuli saxli da mTeli qveynidan
Camosuli adamianebis gaweuli erTiani Zalisxmeva
im imediT, rom aRmoaCendnen da daexmarebodnen
gadarCenil adamianebs. aseTi tragediebi aaSkara-
veben adamianis, rogorc saxeobis, potencials,
ganaxorcielos prosocialuri qcevebi, anu iseTi
qcevebi, romelTa mizani sxva adamianebis daxma-
744 rebaa. metic, es tragediebi xSirad aaSkaraveben
sazogadoebas vuwodebT, mniSvnelovani adgili
uWiravs erTmaneTis daxmarebis survils. rogorc
kulturis an sazogadoebis wevrebi, adamianebi
TanamSromloben da msxverpladac ki ewirebian
sxvebis keTildReobas. am Tavs imis ganxilviT
daviwyebT, Tu ratom surT adamianebs altruis-
tuli qcevebis ganxorcieleba.
altruizmis fesvebi
daviwyoT amerikul yoveldRiur gazeTSi
gamoqveynebuli altruizmis konkretuli maga-
liTiT (Porstner, 1997):
sanapiro dacvis TanamSromelma samSa-
baTs, samxreTis saxelmwifo gzatkecilze,
prosocialuri qcevebi (Prosocial behaviors) _ qce-
vebi, romlebic sxva adamianebis daxmarebis
mizniT sruldeba.
altruizmi (Altruizm) – prosocialuri qcevebi,
romlebsac adamiani Tavisi sakuTari usafrTxo-
ebis an interesebis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe
asrulebs.
 lindenharstSi, Tavisi manqana win Cauyena
da amiT gadaarCina koneqtikuteli kaci,
romlis manqanamac gzidan gadauxvia. „me
win Cavudeqi da specialurad davajaxebine
manqana, raTa amiT SemeCerebina is~, _
ganacxada 25 wlis mZRolma: _ „es erTader-
Ti saSualeba iyo, riTac me misi SeCereba
SemeZlo~.
ra reaqcia gqondaT am ambavze? SegiZliaT,
warmoidginoT Tqveni sicocxlis an, Tundac,
Tqveni manqanis gariskva vinmes sicocxlis dasa-
cavad, ragorc am SemTxvevaSia aRwerili? ras
fiqrobda sakuTar Tavze sanapiro dacvis mZRoli?
gjeraT, rom qcevis ganxorcielebamde man ga-
moTvala mogeba da wageba?
rodesac am mamaci mZRolis qcevis msgavs
magaliTebs naxavT, sruliad bunebrivia, daas-
kvnaT, rom adamianebs gaaCniaT altruizmis
bazisuri, wminda adamianuri motivacia. faqtob-
rivad, altruizmis arseboba zogjer winaaRmde-
gobrivia. imis gasagebad, Tu ratomaa ase, me-3 da
me-12 TavebSi evolociuri Zalebis Sesaxeb
dawyebul diskusias unda davubrundeT. evolu-
ciuri moZRvrebis Tanaxmad, sicocxlis mTavari
mizani sakuTari Tavis reproduqciaa, rac erTi
arsebis mier meoresTvis sakuTari genebis gada-
cemas gulisxmobs. ras niSnavs altruizmi am
SemTxvevaSi? ratom unda daayenoT Tqveni si-
cocxle sxvebis daxmarebis gamo safrTxis qveS?
am kiTxvaze ori pasuxi arsebobs imisda mixedviT,
Tu ras vigulisxmebT „sxvebSi~ _ ojaxis wevrebs
Tu ucnobebs.
ojaxis wevrebisTvis altruistuli qcevis
ganxorcieleba ar aris azrs moklebuli, vinai-
dan, maSinac ki, rodesac adamianis sicocxle
suraTi
18.1
daxmarebis tendenciebi
naTesaobis daxmarebis
tendenciebi
safrTxis qveS dgeba, misi mizani, zogadad, Tavisi
genetikuri memkvidreobis gadarCenaa. faqtob-
rivad, rodesac adamianebs ekiTxebian, Tu vis
gadaarCenen sikvdil-sicocxlis situaciaSi,
maSin adamianebi gacilebiT mZafrad SeigrZnoben
sakuTar genetikur memkvidreobasTan siaxloves.
saidan
viciT
altruizmi naTesavebis mimarT
aSS-is da iaponiis kolejebis studen-
tebs sTxoves, ganexilaT SeTavazebuli
scenarebi, romlebSic samidan erTi ada-
mianis gadasarCenad sicocxles gariskav-
dnen. magaliTad, erT-erT scenarSi am sam
individs almokidebul saxlSi eZina. TiTo-
eul scenarSi individebi gansxvavdebodnen
erTmaneTisgan kvlevis monawileebTan war-
mosaxuli naTesaobis xarisxiT. zogierTi
iseTi Zalian axlo naTesavi iyo, rogorica
da-Zma (0.5-iani genetikuri Tanxvedra), sxvebi
SedarebiT Soreuli naTesavebi _ biZa-
Svilebi iyvnen (0.125 Tanxvedra). studentebs
ekiTxebodnen, am samidan romlis gadarCenas
isurvebdnen yvelaze metad. suraTi 18.1
gviCvenebs, rom, rac ufro axlo naTesavia
individi, miT ufro metad gamoxataven
adamianebi misi „gadarCenis~ survils. su-
raTze mocemulia im SemTxvevis Sedegebic,
rodesac ar idga sikvdil-sicocxlis
sakiTxi: studentebs ekiTxebodnen, Tu rogor
moiqceodnen yoveldRiuri gadawyveti-
altruizmi da prosocialuri qceva
lebebis SemTxvevaSi, magaliTad, rodesac
yoveldRe sicocxle an sikvdili
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
0.50 (Zma) 0.25 (biZa) 0.125 0.00
(biZaSvili) (nacnoboba)
naTesaoba
745
 vinmes davalebis Sesrulebaa saWiro. Sede-
gebSi aqac aisaxa naTesaobis efeqti, Tumca
damokidebuleba ar iyo iseTi Zlieri,
rogorc pirvel SemTxvevaSi. „sikvdil-si-
cocxlis~ scenarisas naTesaobis Sefaseba
gacilebiT ukiduresia, vidre „yovel-
dRiuri~ scenarisas~. erTnairi Sedegebi
miiRes rogorc iaponeli, ise _ amerikeli
studentebis SemTxvevaSi (Burnstein et al.,1994).
am gamokvlevaSi studentebs realurad ar
moeTxovebodaT cecxlmokidebuli saxlidan
vinmes gadarCena, magram, miuxedavad amisa, SegiZ-
liaT dainaxoT, Tu ra gavlenas axdenda naTesaoba
maT arCevanze. Tumca, Zneli warmosadgenia, rom
romelime maTgani cnobierad fiqrobda: „me unda
davicva genetikuri memkvidreoba~, magram Tu
adamianebi 18.1 suraTze warmodgenili nimuSis
mixedviT moqmedeben, es niSnavs, rom genetikuri
memkvidreobas daculi iqneba.
magram ra xdeba maSin, rodesac saqme ar gvaqvs
naTesaobasTan? magaliTad, ratom riskavs mZRoli
sicocxles sxva adamianebis genebis gadasarCenad?
sxva nacnobebisa Tu ucnobebis mimarT ganxor-
cielebuli altruistuli qcevebis asaxsnelad
Tavi 18 / socialuri pfsiqologia, sazogadoeba da kultura
Seguebis SesaZleblobas zrdis. am evoluciuri
safuZvlis gamo altruizmi ar aris adamianuri
arsebis unikaluri niSani. antropologebma or-
mxrivi altruizmis nimuSebis identificireba
mraval saxeobaSi moaxdines, rogorebicaa, maga-
liTad, jgufurad mcxovrebi vampiri Ramurebi
da Simpanzeebi (Nielsen, 1994).
unda aRiniSnos, rom ormxrivi altruizmis
cneba ver xsnis socialur cxovelebSi koopera-
ciis yvela aspeqts. mkvlevrebma moipoves mona-
cemebi, romlebic mowmoben, rom mraval situa-
ciaSi, adamianebic da cxovelebic, recipro-
kulobis molodinis gareSe axdenen kooperirebasa
da resursebis ganawilebas (Matheson & Bernstein,
2000; Wedekind & Milinski, 2000; Widdig et al., 2000).
magaliTad, Crdilo-dasavleT bocvanaSi da na-
mibiis mosazRvre raionebSi mcxovrebi kangis
tomis warmatebuli monadireebi nanadirevis
xorcs TavianTi tomis sxva, nadirobaSi naklebad
gawaful, wevrebs unawileben, Tumca, SeuZlebelia,
rom maTgan sapasuxod saTanado resursis miRebas
elodnen (Hawkes, 1993). am tipis dakvirvebebis
safuZvelze mkvlevrebi cdiloben, rom altruiz-
mis asaxsnelad ufro farTo Teoriuli safuZveli
ipovon.

Tu davuSvebT, rom altruizms evoluciuri

Teoretikosebi ormxrivi (reciprokuli) al-
safuZveli aqvs, MmaSin dgeba sakiTxi: ramdenad
truizmis cnebas iyeneben (Trivers, 1971). es cneba
SeuZlia altruistuli qcevis ganxorcielebaSi
miuTiTebs, rom adamianebi altruistul qcevebs
arsebul individualur gansxvavebebs Tanamedrove
axorcieleben imitom, rom, garkveuli azriT,
adamianis memkvidreobaze zemoqmedeba? gavixsenoT
sxva adamianebis mxridanac moelian, rom isinic
me-12 TavSi ganxiluli zogierTi faqtori, ro-
maT mimarT, aseve, ganaxorcieleben altruistul
melic evoluciuri fsiqologiis specialistebis
qcevebs: Tuki Sen ixrCobi, me gadagarCen im imediT,
Tanaxmad, adamianebis mier mewyvilis SerCevis
rom Senc igives gaakeTeb im SemTxvevaSi, Tu me
process warmarTavs. altruizmis Cveneuli gan-
damemuqreba daxrCobis saSiSroeba. amdenad,
xilva faqtorTa am CamonaTvalisTvis kidev erTi
ormxrivoba altruizms sasicocxlo Rirebulebas
faqtoris mimatebis saSualebas gvaZlevs.
aniWebs. am cnebas sxva formiT Tqven adre ukve
SexvdiT. Mme-17 TavSi, magaliTad, SemovitaneT
migebis (reciprokulobis) normis cneba im gzis saidan
asaxsnelad, romliTac adamianebi Tanxmobamde viciT
midian. rodesac vinme Tqvendami keTilganwobas
avlens, Tqven fsiqologiur distresSi iqnebiT qalebs altruisti mamakacebi ufro
manam, sanam ar SegeZlebaT sapasuxo keTil- moswonT
ganwyobis gamovlena. naTelia, rom aseT dis-
student gogonebs eqsperimentatoris da
tress evoluciuri safuZvlebi aqvs, vinaidan is
cdis minawile mamakacis saubris video-
ormxrivi (reciprokuli) altruizmi (Reciprocal Canawers aCvenebdnen, sadac es ukanaskneli
altruizm) – idea, romlis Tanaxmadac adamianebi altruistuli qcevebis mimarT Tavis
altruistul qcevebs axorcieleben imitom, damokidebulebas avlenda. Zalze altru-
rom sxvebis mxridanac maT mimarT altruis- istul situaciaSi is sxvebisTvis dax-
746 tuli qcevebis ganxorcielebas moelian.
 marebis gawevaze saubrobda da Semdeg sxveb-
ze metad gariskvisTvis mzaobas gamoTqvamda.
naklebad altruistul; pirobebSi is saub-
robda sakuTar interesebze da fiqrobda,
rom mosawyeni davalebis Sesruleba sxvis-
Tvis daeTmo. am saubrebis Canaweris naxvis
Semdeg student gogonebs videoCanawerSi
nanaxi mamakacis sxvadasxva parametris _
fizikuri da seqsualuri mimzidvelobis,
socialuri misaRebobis da paemanze Sex-
vedris sasurvelobis _ mixedviT Sefasebas
sTxovdnen. miuxedavad imisa, rom orive
saxis CanawerSi Zalze msgavsi mamakacebi
monawileobdnen, qalebi ufro mimzidvelad
da sasurvelad im mamakacs miiCnevdnen,
romelic altruistuli qcevebis ganxor-
cieleba. SesaZloa, vinmem ganaxorcielos daxma-
cielebaze Tanxmobas gamoxatavda (Jensen-
rebis qceva, magram mxolod im mizniT, rom raime
Campbell et al.,1995).
saCuqari miiRos sapasuxod (vTqvaT, fuli an
prizi, an, magaliTad, Txovnis Sesruleba).
evoluciuri Teoriis terminebiT, am kvlevis
koleqtivizmi _ prosocialuri qcevebis
Sedegebi mowmobs, rom qalebi iseT mamakacebs
ganxorcieleba garkveuli jgufis warmatebebis
aniWeben upiratesobas, romlebsac TavianTi
misaRwevad. adamianebma, SesaZloa, ganaxorcielon
resursebis STamomavlobis usafrTxoebis uzrun-
prosocialuri qcevebi, raTa gaaumjobeson
velyofisTvis aqtiurad gamoyeneba SeuZliaT.
am TvalsazrisiT, Cven gvaqvs axali safuZveli TavianTi ojaxis, saZmos an politikuri partiis
imisaTvis, rom altruizmi adamianis memkvid- saarsebo pirobebi da a.S.
reobis nawilad CavTvaloT. kerZod, qalebi principizmi _ prosocialuri qcevis ganxor-
Tvlian, rom kacebi, romlebic axorcieleben
cieleba moraluri principebidan gamomdinare.
altruistul qcevebs, ukeTesi mamebi iqnebian.
SesaZloa, vinme prosocialur qcevebs religi-
uri an sazogadoebrivi principebidan gamomdina-
prosocialuri qcevis motivebi re axorcielebdes.

altruizmi da prosocialuri qceva

wina qveTavSi vnaxeT, rom altruizms –
sxvebisaTvis Tavganwirvis motivs _ Sinagani
safuZveli aqvs. axla altruizms prosocialuri
qcevis sxva motivebis konteqstSi ganvixilavT.
mkvlevari deniel batsoni (Daniel Batson, 1994)
miuTiTebs, rom arsebobs oTxi Zala, romelic
adamians sazogadoebrivad sasikeTo saqmis
keTebisken ubiZgebs:
altruizmi _ sxvebisaTvis sargeblobis
motanis motivis safuZvelze moqmedeba, rogoric
iyo, magaliTad, mZRolis qceva, romelmac sxva
adamianis sicocxle gadaarCina.
egoizmi _ prosocialuri qcevebis mxolod
sakuTari interesebidan gamomdinare ganxor-
Tqven SegiZliaT naxoT, rogor moqmedeben es
motivebi gansxvavebul situaciebSi.
Tumca, zemoT aRniSnuli motivebidan yvela
SeiZleba safuZvlad daedos sxva adamianebis
momsaxurebis qcevas. isini zogjer, SesaZloa,
winaaRmdegobaSic movidnen erTmaneTTan. magali-
Tad, warmoidgineT, rom unda gadawyvitoT, rogor
gaunawiloT raime deficituri resursi ramdenime
adamians. Tqven SeiZleba ase imsjeloT: „me yovel
individs Tanabarad unda mivce~, vinaidan, samar-
Tlianobis principis Tanaxmad, yovel adamians
Tanabari ufleba unda hqondes. axla warmoid-
gineT, rom saqmeSi sxva motivebi CaerTo da
Tqven romelime individs upiratesobas aniWebT
sxvebTan SedarebiT. 747
 saidan
viciT
empaTiam usamarTlobamde SeiZleba
migviyvanos
eqsperimentis monawileebs mTeli jgu-
fisaTvis an jgufis ramdenime wevrisTvis
latariis bileTebis ganawilebas sTxov-
dnen. Tu bileTebi mTel jgufs daurigde-
boda, TiToeul wevrs bileTebis Tanabari
raodenoba unda mieRo, anu gadawyveta
samarTliani unda yofiliyo.
eqsperimentis erT-erT variantSi monawi-
leebi jgufis erT-erT wevris avtobi-
ografias kiTxulobdnen, romelSic aRwe-
rili iyo, Tu rogor miatova partniorma
misi avtori xangrZlivi romantikuli ur-
TierTobebis Semdeg. ra gavlenas moaxdenda
es informacia bileTebis ganawilebaze?
rodesac eqsperimentis monawileebs sTxo-
ves, warmoedginaT, Tu ras ganicdida es
adamiani, maT damatebiTi bileTebi misces
mitovebul individs. empaTia – adamianTan
emociuri identifikacia – samarTlianobis
principze maRla dadga (Batson et al., 1999).
Tavi 18 / socialuri pfsiqologia, sazogadoeba da kultura
rulad SevexeT prosocialuri qcevis iZulebiT
xasiaTs. axla aRvwerT kvlevis klasikur prog-
ramas, romelic naTlad gviCvenebs, Tu ramdenad
aris damokidebuli adamianebis mzadyofna
daxmarebisaTvis – maTi unari, imoqmedon proso-
cialuri qcevis motivebis Sesabamisad – ar-
sebuli situaciis maxasiaTeblebze.
prosocialur qcevaze
situaciis gavlenebi
kvlevis es programa tragediiT daiwyo.
qvinsSi, niuiorkSi, sakuTari binebis fanjrebidan,
usafrTxod myofi 38 respeqtabeluri da
kanonmorCili moqalaqe naxevar saaTze meti xnis
ganmavlobaSi Tval-yurs adevnebda mkvlels,
romelic quCaSi samjer daesxa Tavs qals da
sasikvdilo Wrilobebi miayena mas. pirvelad
mkvleli xmaurma da binebSi uecrad anTebulma
sinaTlem daafrTxo, magram, amis miuxedavad,
igi mainc dabrunda da ganagrZo msxverplisTvis
Wrilobebis miyeneba. am Tavdasxmis ganmavlo-
baSiYprqtikulad arc erT adamians ar daurekavs
policiaSi; mxolod erTma maTganma dareka da
isic mxolod mas Semdeg, rac qali ukve mkvdari

iyo (Rosenthal, 1964). kiti jenovezes mkvlelobis

sagazeTo cnobam SeaZrwuna mTeli eri, romelsac
deniel batsonma da misma kolegebma empaTia- ar surda daejerebina, rom adamianebma msgavsi
altruizmis hipoTezis saCveneblad kidev apaTia da gulqvaoba gamoiCines.
ramdenime cda Caatares: rodesac Tqven Tanaug-
rZnobT sxva adamians, es grZnoba altruistul
motivs aRviZebs da misi daxmarebisaken gibiZgebT.
zemoT aRweril eqsperimentSi uaxloesi al-
truistuli motivi ufro damajerebeli aRmoCnda,
vidre _ abstraqtuli samarTlianoba. amgvarad,
empaTiam, SesaZloa, iseTi altruistuli qcevebi
aRZras, rom individis keTildReoba jgufis
keTildReobaze maRla dadges (Batson et al.,1995).
Tqven SegiZliaT, dainaxoT, Tu ramdenad
mniSvnelovania, rom TiToeuli qceva mTliani
situaciis konteqstSi iqnas ganxiluli: is, rac,
erTi SexedviT, antisocialur qcevas hgavs,
magaliTad, samarTlianobis principis darRveva,
sxva, gansxvavebuli Tvalsazrisidan gamomdinare,
SesaZloa, prosocialur qcevad ganixilebodes.
Mme-17 TavSi socialuri fsiqologiis gavlili
gakveTilebidan ukve viciT, Tu ramdenad Zlie-
radaa determinirebuli adamianebis qcevebi si-
748 tuaciuri faqtorebiT. iq Cven mxolod zedapi-
 magram iqneba ki samarTliani, rom am adamianebs
apaTiurebi da gulqvebi vuwodoT? iqneb, SesaZ-
lebeli iyos maTi qcevis axsna situaciuri
Zalebis zemoqmedebiT? am kiTxvebze pasuxis ga-
sacemad bib leiteinma da jon darleim (Bibb
Latane and John Darley, 1970) klasikuri kvlevebis
seria Caatares. MmaTi mizani imis Cvenebaa, rom
TviTmxilvelTa Careva _ sxvisTvis gaWirvebaSi
daxmarebis gawevisTvis mzaoba – damokidebulia
imaze, Tu ramdenad sensitiurebi arian isini
situaciis maxasiaTeblebis mimarT. maT labora-
toriaSi Seqmnes TviTmxilvelTa Carevis eqsperi-
mentuli situacia.

saidan
viciT
rodis exmarebian adamianebi sxvebs
eqsperimentSi kolejis studenti vaJebi
monawileobdnen. TiToeuli maTgani mo-
aTavses satelefono kavSiriT aRWurvil
oTaxSi da daarwmunes, rom is telefoniT
esaubreboda mezobel oTaxSi myof sxva
(erT an met) students. pirad problemebze
saubris dros cdis pirebs telefonSi
esmodaT xmauri, romelic miuTiTebda
imaze, rom partniors epilefsiis Seteva
daewyo da moguduli xmiT iTxovda Svelas.
am „Setevis~ dros cdis piri moklebuli
iyo sxva studentebTan dalaparakebis
SesaZleblobas da ar SeeZlo gaego, Tu
suraTi
18.2
TviTmxilvelis Careva sagangebo
situaciis dros
rac ufro meti adamiania CarTuli mocemul
situaciaSi, miT naklebia SesaZlebloba, rom
romelime maTgani Caereva masSi. yvelaze swra-
fad TviTmxilvelebi reagireben ormonawilian
jgufebSi.
Cans, TiToeul orkacian situaciaSi Careva
saSualod 160 wamis ganmavlobaSi xor-
cieldeboda, magram 40%-ma imaTgan, visac
sjeroda, rom didi jgufis nawils war-
moadgenda, Tavi ar Seiwuxa Seqmnili si-
tuaciis Sesaxeb eqsperimentatorisTvis
informaciis miwodebiT (Darley & Latane, 1968).
es pasuxismgeblobis difuziis Sedegia. ro-

altruizmi da prosocialuri qceva

ra xdeboda da keTdeboda am sagangebo
mdgomareobaSi daxmarebis aRmosaCenad.
eqsperimentSi damokidebuli cvladi iyo
is dro, romelic dasWirdeboda cdis pirs
eqsperimentatorisTvis sagangebo situa-
ciis Sesatyobineblad.
aRmoCnda, rom Carevis albaToba damo-
kidebuli iyo TviTmxilvelTa im nagulis-
xmev odenobaze, romlebmac, cdis pirebis
azriT, gaiges Seqmnili situaciis Sesaxeb.
rac ufro meti adamianis CarTulobas
varaudobda cdis piri, miT ufro gvian
atyobinebda eqsperimentators, an sulac
gaCumebas arCevda. rogorc 18.2 suraTze
desac erTze met adamians SeuZlia sagangebo
mdgomareobaSi myofi pirisTvis daxmarebis gaweva,
isini xSirad varaudoben, rom sxva daexmareba,
an unda daexmaros, TviTon ki ganze dgeba da ar
erTveba situaciaSi.
TviTmxilvelis Careva (Bystander intervention) –
mzadyofna, daexmaro adamians, romelsac dax-
mareba sWirdeba.
pasuxismgeblobis difuzia (Diffusion of responsi-
bility) _ sagangebo pirobebSi rac ufro didia
TviTmxilvelTa ricxvi, miT ufro naklebia
TiToeuli maTganis pasuxismgebloba daxmarebis
aRmoCenis TvalsazrisiT.
749
 TviTmxilvelma unda gaacnobieros
situaciis sagangebooba
zemoT aRweril eqsperimentSi situacia iseTi
iyo, rom cdis pirebma araferi icodnen mimdinare
movlenebis Sesaxeb. Tumca, mraval cxovrebiseul
situaciaSi, rodesac adamianebi TavianTi yovel-
dRiuri saqmeebiT arian dakavebulni – midian
samsaxurSi an Sexvedraze – SesaZloa, verc ki
amCnevdnen, rom maT winaSe iseTi situaciaa, romel-
Sic maT sxvebisTvis daxmarebis aRmoCena SeuZ-
liaT.
erT-erT dramatul eqsperimentSi prinstonis
Teologiuri seminariis studentebi darwmunebu-
lebi iyvnen, rom msmenelebi saTanadod Seafa-
sebdnen maT qadagebas, romlis erT-erTi Tema
keTili samaritelis igavi iyo. SegaxsenebT, rom
igavi axali aRTqmis erT-erT personaJzea, romel-
mac gamonaxa dro gzaze dagdebuli daWrili
adamianis dasaxmareblad.
saidan
viciT
vin amCnevs sagangebo situacias
Tavi 18 / socialuri pfsiqologia, sazogadoeba da kultura
seminaristebs qadagebani sxvadasxva
SenobebSi unda waekiTxaT, romelTagan erT-
erTSi maT mokle instruqtaJi CautardaT.
SemTxveviTi SerCevis Sedegad, seminaris-
tebis erT jgufs momzadebisTvis, faqtob-
rivad, araviTari dro ar hqonda da metic,
maT unda eCqaraT kidec, rom ar daegvianaT
qadagebis dawyeba. meore jgufs sakmao dro
hqondaT momzadebisTvis. mesame jgufis
wevrebma ki davaleba bevrad adre miiRes.
rodesac TiToeuli maTgani midioda da-
niSnulebis adgilisaken, xeivanSi, or Se-
nobas Soris isini awydebodnen mamakacs,
romelic maT Tvalwin, mowyvetiT, xve-
lebiTa da kvnesiT ecemoda miwaze. amrigad,
seminaristebs, eZleodaT Sansi, realurad
ganexorcielebinaT is, ris Sesaxebac unda
eqadagaT. aRasrules ki maT es? imaTgan,
vinc Cqarobda, mxolod 10%-ma aRmouCina
daxmareba dacemuls. visac zustad sakmao
dro hqonda _ 45%-ma, xolo imaTgan, visac
saWiroze bevrad meti dro hqonda _ 63%-ma
ganaxorciela keTili samaritelis qcevis
750 analogiuri qceva (Darley & Batson, 1973).
ra Sefaseba SeiZleba mivceT „dagvianebul~
seminaristebs? SesaZloa, isini imdenad iyvnen
sakuTari sazrunaviT dakavebulni, rom verc ki
SeZles sagangebo situaciis SemCneva. SesaZloa,
SeamCnies kidec, magram ver SeZles misi sagan-
geboobis Sefaseba. nebismier SemTxvevaSi, Tqven
xedavT, rom daxmarebis qcevis ganxorcieleba
damokidebulia im droze, romelic situaciis
Sesafaseblad gaqvT.
TviTmxilvelebma movlenebi unda
Seafason, rogorc sagangebo
cxovrebaSi mravali situacia sakmaod bun-
dovania. magaliTad, Tqven sulac ar gindaT,
rom Tavi uxerxul mdgomareobaSi CaigdoT da
xelovnuri sunTqva – „piridan-pirSi~ – CautaroT
adamians, romelsac ubralod sZinavs. imis
gadasawyvetad, aris Tu ara esa Tu is situacia
sagangebo, Tqven, Cveulebriv, uyurebT sxva ada-
mianebs da maT reaqciebs (Latane & Darley, 1970).
amasTan dakavSirebiT, Tqven, aseve, SegiZliaT,
gaixsenoT msjeloba informaciuli zegavlenis
Sesaxeb, romelzec me-17 TavSi visaubreT. Cau-
fiqrdiT TviTmxilvelis mier moyolil ambavs,
romelic aRwers, Tu rogor eswreboda igi
leqcias, romelzec oratori waqcevis piras
iyo misuli:
oratori aRelvebuli iyo da misi me-
tyveleba aSkarad neldeboda. es misi si-
tyvis finalis gamokveTaa, Tu igi Zalas
kargavs? SesaZloa, mas dajdoma sWirdeba,
magram rogor SevTavazo mas es ise, rom
sityva ar Sevawyvetino? vaiTu, situacias
arasworad vafaseb da mere yvelam sulelad
CamTvalos? magram iqneb marTali var, is
gonebas kargavs da sityvis damTavrebamde
scenidan rom Camovardes? parteris skamebze
dacemisas is aucileblad daimtvreva. vi-
codi, rom es unda ameridebina, magram me
es ver SevZeli.
Tqven xedavT, Tu ramdenad Znelia imisTvisac
ki, vinc mtkiced flobs fsiqologiur codnas,
aiZulos sakuTari Tavi, imoqmedos iseT si-
tuaciaSi, romelsac, rogorc Cans, sxva aravin
afasebs sagangebo situaciad. da ai, rogor dam-
Tavrda es ambavi:
 me videqi oratoris win da xelebi misken
mqonda gawvdili. is sruliad gaognebuli
damcqeroda zemodan. warmovidgine, ras
fiqrobdnen Cemi studentebi da kolegebi,
romlebic Tvalyurs adevnebdnen Cems
eqscentrul qcevas, imis molodinSi, Tu
rogor SemovaWdobdi mklavebs pativcemul
stumars, vidre is leqcias daamTavrebda.
swored am dros oratori sabolood modunda
da grZnobadakarguli dameca. Cven xmauriT
davcvivdiT pirveli rigis skamebze.
rogorc xedavT, gadawyvetileba Carevis Sesaxeb
garkveul windaxedulebas moiTxovs. asea Tu ise,
am mokle ambidanac naTlad Cans, Tu ramdenad
Znelia erTpirovnuli gadawyvetilebis miReba
da gansazRvra imisa, rom situacia sagangeboa.
TviTmxilveli pasuxismgeblobas unda
grZnobdes
Cven ukve aRvniSneT, rom Caurevlobis erT-
erT mniSvnelovan faqtors pasuxismgeblobis
difuzia warmoadgens. Tu Tqven daxmarebas
saWiroebT, yvelanairad unda ecadoT, garSemo-
myofebs daaZlevinoT winaaRmdegoba da sakuTar
Tavze aaRebinoT pasuxismgebloba. Tqven SegiZ-
liaT pirdapir miuTiToT vinmeze da uTxraT _
„me Tqveni daxmareba mWirdeba~. ganvixiloT ori
kvleva, romelic mkafiod gamoxatul danaSauls
exeba. pirvel kvlevaSi niuiorkelebi swrafi
kvebis restoranSi uyurebdnen, Tu rogor gamos-
taca mZarcvelma qals CanTa, rodesac is magi-
didan dgeboda. meore kvlevaSi plaJze myofi
xalxi uyurebda qurds, romelmac pirsaxocze
dadebuli portatuli radio moipara, rogorc
ki patronma ramdenime wamiT yuradReba moaduna.
saidan
viciT
pasuxismgeblobis grZnobis aRZvra
TiToeul am eqsperimentSi „msxverpli~
(eqsperimentatoris asistenti) danaSaulis
TviTmxilvelebs ekiTxeboda: „gaqvT dro?~
an „Tu SeiZleba, Cem dabrunebamde, cota
xniT yuradReba miaqcieT Cems CanTas (ra-
dios)~. pirveli interaqcia ar gulisxmobs
personalur pasuxismgeblobas da TviT-
mxilvelebic uazrod Sehyureben danaSa-
uls, xolo isini, vinc daTanxmda „msxver-
plis~ qonebisTvis yuradRebis miqcevas,
TiTqmis yvela CaerTo situaciaSi. isini
iTxovdnen Svelas, zogierTma gaqceuli
qurdic ki daiWira (Moriarty, 1975).
es eqsperimentebi migviTiTeben, rom daxmarebis
Txovnis aqti exmianeba adamianebis grZnobebs,
rac sxva adamianebsac rTavs situaciaSi da
safuZvlianad cvlis maT, xolo sul sxva mov-
lenaa (da Secdoma iqneboda es apaTiurobad
CagveTvala) is, rom adamianebi xels ver uSlian
qurdobas. Mmcire davalebac ki _ „xom ver mi-
xedavdiT amas~ – socialur-fsiqologiuri Za-
lebis gavleniT, maT situaciaSi rTavs da aqcevs
adamianad, romelsac uSualod moeTxoveba dax-
marebis aRmoCena.
am qveTavSi Cven vsaubrobdiT prosocialur
qcevaze _ im garemoebebze, romlebSic adamianebi
erTmaneTs exmarebian. Cven vvaraudobT, rom
daxmarebis motivacia, SesaZloa, adamianis
genetikuri memkvidreobis nawilia. asea Tu ise,
adamianis buneba prosocialuri da antisocia-
luri impulsebis nazavs warmoadgens. momdevno
qveTavSi qcevis gansxvavebul saxes _ agresias _
SevexebiT, rac, SesaZloa, aseve adamianis genomSia
kodirebuli.
Sejameba
altruizmi da prosocialuri qceva
adamianebi axorcieleben prosocialur qce-
vebs, raTa sxva adamianebs daxmareba aRmouCinon.
isini altruistul qcevebs axorcieleben maSinac
ki, rodesac es maT pirad interesebs ar Tan-
xvdeba. evoluciuri Tvalsazrisi uSvebs, rom
adamianebi ojaxis wevrebis mimarT altruis-
tulad genofondis SenarCunebis mizniT iqcevian;
altruizmi sxvaTa mimarT ki im daSvebiT aixsneba,
rom mis safuZvlad ormxrivobis molodini devs.
prosocialuri qcevebis sxva motivebia: egoizmi,
koleqtivizmi da principuloba. zogierT Sem-
TxvevaSi am motivebs Soris, SesaZloa, arsebobdes
konfliqti. ramdenime situaciuri Zala moqmedebs
maSin, rodesac adamiani prosocialur qcevas
gansakuTrebul garemoebebSi axorcielebs. ada-
751
 mianebi maSin ufro exmarebian sxvebs, rodesac
ar ganicdian pasuxismgeblobis difuzias, amCneven
sagangebo situaciis arsebobas, gansazRvraven
mas, rogorc aseTs da grZnoben am situaciaSi
sakuTar pasuxismgeblobas.
agresia
altruizmis cnebis Semosatanad, gagacaniT
amonaridebi sagazeTo statiebidan, romlebic
sxvadasxva gmirul aqtebs Seexeboda. samwuxarod,
gazeTebi, albaT, ufro met informacias gvawvdian
agresiis gamovlinebis Sesaxeb; adamianebis iseTi
qcevebis Sesaxeb, romelTac sxva adamianebisaTvis
fizikuri an fsiqologiuri zianis miyeneba sdevs
Tan. ai, mxolod ramdenime saTauri „New York
Times~-is 2000 wlis 13 oqtombris nomridan:
iemenSi afeTqebam amerikeli mezRvaurebi
imsxverpla;
brbom israelis ori jariskaci mokla; vert-
mfrenebi Camogdebulia;
Tavi 18 / socialuri pfsiqologia, sazogadoeba da kultura
CeCneTis dedaqalaqSi 12-ze meti adamiani
yumbaram imsxverpla;
kolumbielma ajanyebulebma xelSi Caigdes
navTobgadamamuSavebeli qarxnis aTi ucxoeli
TanamSromeli.
am mokle CamonaTvalidanac kargad Cans, Tu
ramdenad mravalferovania adamianebis mier
erTmaneTis mimarT gamovlenili agresia. amdenad,
TqvenTvis isic gasagebi unda iyos, Tu ratom
aqvs mniSvneloba fsiqologebisaTvis agresiis
mizezebis gagebas, ris saboloo mizans, cxadia,
sazogadoebaSi agresiis gamovlinebebis Semcireba
warmoadgens.
evoluciuri midgoma
prosocialuri qcevisadmi miZRvnil qveTavSi
Cven warmovaCineT evoluciis erT-erTi Tavsatexi:
ratom xdeba, rom adamianebi Tavs swiraven sxva
adamianebis keTildReobisaTvis? agresiuli
qcevis arseboba ki, ra Tqma unda, aseT kiTxvas
ar aRZravs. evoluciis Teoriis mixedviT,
752 cxovelebi agresiul qcevebs axorcieleben, raTa
sakuTari Tavi uzrunvelyon sawinaaRmdego sqesis
partnioriT da moipovon da daicvan is bunebrivi
resursebi, romlebic maTi da maTi STamomav-
lobis sicocxlis SenarCunebas uzrunvelyofs.
karl lorencis (Karl Lorenz, 1966) klasikur
naSromSi „agresiis Sesaxeb~, dokumenturad aris
naCvenebi cxovelTa samyaroSi arsebuli agre-
siuli qcevebis mTeli mravalferovneba. lo-
renci, aseve, dokumenturad aRwers im meqanizmebs,
romlebic amcireben agresias: „erT yorans
niskartis erTi dartymiT SeuZlia Tvali amoug-
dos meores; mgels erTi kbeniT SeuZlia meores
sauRle venebi gadauRrRnas, magram aRar iar-
sebebda arc erTi yorani da arc erTi mgeli,
rom ar arsebobdes saimedo muxruWebi aseTi qce-
vebis asarideblad~ (gv. 240). lorencis Tval-
sazrisiT, swored es niSania, rac adamians mTeli
danarCeni cocxali samyarosagan ganasxvavebs. igi
amtkicebs, rom adamians msgavsi meqanizmebi
saTanadod ar aqvs ganviTarebuli. lorenci
fiqrobs, rom adamianSi aseTi amridebeli meqa-
nizmebi imitom ar ganviTarda, rom adamianebs,
xelovnuri iaraRis gamoyenebamde, erTmaneTisTvis
didi zianis miyeneba ar SeeZloT. mas Semdeg, rac
gamoCnda iaraRi, lorencis mixedviT, adamiani,
rogorc saxeoba, iseT mdgomareobaSi aRmoCnda
„rogorc mtredi, romelsac, bunebis ironiiT,
yornis niskarti gamoeba~ (gv. 241).
agresiis Taobaze lorencis mosazrebebis sa-
pasuxod Catarebuli kvlevebi am mosazrebebs
ori TvalsazrisiT ewinaaRmdegeba (Lore & Schultz,
1993). jer erTi, cxovelebis sxvadasxva saxeobebis
bunebriv pirobebSi warmoebuli kvlevebi cxad-
yofen, rom bevri maTgani iseTive saxiT axor-
cielebs agresias, rogorc adamiani. magaliTad,
iseTi, erTi SexedviT, uwyinari cxovelebic ki,
rogorebic Simpanzeebi arian, brbosaviT ikvre-
bian da ise klaven Tvistoms (Goodall, 1986). agre-
siis sxva biologiur saxeobebSi gamovlenac
ver aris sanugeSo adamianisaTvis – Cven ubralod
gveCveneba, rom ukeTesebi varT, sinamdvileSi ki
evoluciuri wyvetebis arsebobaze Zalze cota
ram Tu miuTiTebs. meorec, gamokvlevebma aCvena,
rom adamians sakuTari agresiis Semakavebeli
ufro meti meqanizmi gaaCnia, vidre amas lorenci
agresia (Aggression) _ qceva, romelic sxva
individis fizikur an fsiqologiur dazianebas
iwvevs.
varaudobda. faqtobrivad, adamiani, Tavisi
socialuri garemoTi ganpirobebulobiT, agre-
siis gamovlenisas arCevans akeTebs. rogorc am
qveTavSi mogvianebiT vnaxavT, kulturebSi
calkec ki aris gamoyofili is garemoebebi,
romlebSic agresia ara Tu dasaSvebia, aramed _
zogjer aucilebelic ki. Cven vityodiT, rom es
kulturebi Tavad asruleben kritikul rols
imis gansazRvraSi, Tu ra zomiT unda gamoav-
linos adamianma agresiis „Sekavebis~ unari.
evoluciuri analizi adasturebs, rom gadar-
Cenis tendencia saxeobebis umravlesobaSi Zala-
dobisadmi Tandayolil tendenciaSi gamovlin-
deba. Tumca, adamianisTvis, rogorc saxeobisTvis,
ar aqvs mniSvneloba, ramdenad metad Tu naklebad
avlenen sxva saxeobebi agresiis tendencias.
Semdeg agresiis gamovlenaSi arsebul indivi-
dualur gansxvavebebs ganvixilavT.
individualuri gansxvavebebi
ratom aris zogierTi individi ufro
agresiuli, vidre sxvebi? lorencis debulebaTa
konteqstSi TqvenTvis gasagebi xdeba, Tu ratom
aviTareben mkvlevrebi HhipoTezas, romlis
Tanaxmadac, agresiis individualur gamovlenaSi
mniSvnelovan rols genetikuri komponenti
asrulebs. cxadia, Tqvenc SegimCneviaT, rom
zogierTi adamiani naklebad agresiuli Cans,
vidre sxvebi. Cveulebriv, gavrcelebulia azri,
rom agresiuloba Tu Zaladobisaken midrekileba,
ojaxidan iwyeba. Tumca, verafers vityviT imis
Taobaze, agresia genetikis Sedegia Tu garemosi,
sanam specialuri gamokvlevebis Sedegebs ar
ganvixilavT.
saidan
viciT
genetikisa da garemos faqtorebis
roli agresiaSi
mravali im meTodis gamoyenebiT, rome-
lic wina TavebSi aRvwereT, mkvlevrebma
miagnes pasuxs agresiaSi genetikuri faq-
torebis rolis Taobaze. magaliTad, maT
Seadares identuri (monozigoturi) da
fraternaluri (dizigoturi) tyupebis
pirovnebebis agresiulobisadmi midreki-
leba; sxva SemTxvevaSi, maT Seafases bu-
nebrivi da aRzrdis faqtorebis roli
ayvanil bavSvebSi. erT kvlevaSi gamoye-
nebul iqna statistikuri meTodi, romelsac
meta-analizi ewodeba, raTa moexdinaT
yvela im bunebrivi Tu aRzrdis faqtoris
rolis Sefaseba, romelic Seswavlil iqna
adre Catarebul 24 gamokvlevaSi (Miles &
Carey, 1997). (meta-analizi ufro srulad
me-16 TavSi aRvwereT). meta-analizma gamoav-
lina agresiaSi genetikuri faqtorebis
mdgradi da mniSvnelovani gadafarva, ro-
agresia
gorc tyupebs, aseve, ayvanil bavSvebsa da
maT biologiur mSoblebs Soris. maga-
liTad, monozigoturi tyupebi myarad
aCveneben maRal korelacias agresiulo-
753
 basTan, dizigotur tyupebTan SedarebiT.
garemo ki agresiaze, Cveulebriv, axdens
mcire, magram gazomvad gavlenas.M

meta-analizi saSualebas gvaZlevs, davuSvaT,

rom sxvebTan SedarebiT, zogierT individs
agresiisadmi ufro meti midrekileba aqvs. M
mkvlevrebma, aseve, gaamaxviles yuradReba
tvinsa da hormonalur gansxvavebebze, romlebic,
SesaZloa, aseve, qmnidnen agresiuli qcevebisadmi
garkveul predispoziciebs. rogorc me-13 TavSi
vnaxeT, tvinis garkveuli struqturebi, rogo-
ricaa amigdala da qerqis garkveuli ubnebi,
mniSvnelovan rols asruleben emociebis gamo-
xatvasa da regulirebaSi. rac Seexeba agresias,
aq mniSvnelovania, rom tvinis gamtari gzebi
efeqturad funqcionirebdnen da individs nega-
pulsur agresias da instrumentul agresias
tiuri emociebis gamoxatvaze kontrolis saSu-
(Berkowitz,1993; Caprara et al., 1996). impulsuri agresia
alebas aZlevdnen. Tuki, magaliTad, adamianebi
situaciaze reaqciaa da emociiT aRiZvreba: ada-
saTanado doneze ver axdenen amigdalas aqti-
mianebi agresiuli aqtebiT reagireben emociurad
vacias, maT, SesaZloa, ver aicilon negatiuri
datvirTul momentSi. Tu Tqven avtokatastrofis
emociebi, rac, Tavis mxriv, maT agresiul qce-
Semdeg gamarTul xelCarTul brZolas xedavT,
vebamde miiyvans (Davidson et al., 2000). yuradReba
es impulsuri agresiis magaliTia. instrumen-
gamaxvilda, agreTve, neirogadamcem serotoninze;
Tavi 18 / socialuri pfsiqologia, sazogadoeba da kultura

tuli agresia mizanmimarTuli da kogniturad

gamokvlevebma aCvena, rom serotononis arasaTa-
gaazrebulia. aseT SemTxvevaSi adamianebi gegmaven
nado donem, SesaZloa, gaauaresos tvinis SesaZ-
da fiqroben masze, raTa miaRwion garkveul
leblobebi negatiuri emociebis gamoxatvisa da
mizans. Tu xedavT, rom viRac asakovan qals
impulsuri qcevis regulirebaSi (Enserink, 2000).
daesxa Tavs safulis wasarTmevad, es ukve in-
dabolos, kvlevebma cxadyo, rom agresiaSi
strumentuli agresiaa. gamokvlevebma aCvena, rom
zogierTi individualuri gansxvaveba, SesaZloa,
adamianebi, romlebic agresiis gamovlenis am
stresze farul reaqciebs asaxavdes. magaliTad,
ori tipiT gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisgan, pirov-
erT-erTi proeqti exeboda 7-dan 12 wlamde
nuli Taviseburebebis gansxvavebuli klaste-
bavSvebSi agresiul qcevebsa da stresul hormons
rebiT xasiaTdebian (Caprara et al.,1996). magali-
_ kortisols Soris kavSiris dadgenas: yvelaze
Tad, individebi, romlebsac impulsuri agresi-
agresiul biWebs yvelaze metad faruli reaqciebi
isadmi midrekileba daudasturdaT, zogadad,
hqondaT stresze (McBurnett et al., 2000). es Sedegebi
SeiZleba daxasiaTdnen, rogorc maRali emociuri
gviCvenebs, rom zogierTi individi, SesaZloa,
mgrZnobelobis mqoneni. es niSnavs, rom isini
ar ganicdides fiziologiur stresul reaqciebs,
Zlier emociur reaqciebs iZlevian mTel rig
rac adamianebis umravlesobas dramatuli ag-
situaciebSi. amis sawinaaRmdegod, individebi,
resiuli qcevebis ganxorcielebisagan icavs: maTi
romlebic instrumentuli agresiisken midreki-
sxeuli, ubralod, ar reagirebs negatiuri qce-
vebisa da emociebis Sedegebze. impulsuri agresia (Impulsive aggression) _ emo-
pirovnebis agresiis fsiqologiurma kvlevebma ciebiT gamowveuli agresia, warmoqmnili gan-
agresiuli qcevebis kategoriebis diferencia- sakuTrebiT mwvave situaciebze sapasuxod.
ciis mniSvnelobaze miuTiTa: gansxvavebuli instrumentuli agresia (Instrumental aggression) _
pirovnuli profilis mqone adamianebi gansxva- kogniturad dasabuTebuli da mizanmimarTuli
vebuli saxis agresias avlenen. erT-erTi mniSvne- agresia, romelic warmoiqmneba winaswar mofiq-
rebulad, specifikuri miznebis misaRwevad.
754 lovani midgoma erTmaneTisagan ganasxvavebs im-
 ratom gamoiwvia Tqveni agresia konkretulad
am situaciam? Tqvens konfliqts am pirovnebasTan
didi xnis istoria aqvs, Tu es erTjeradi
urTierToba iyo? Tqven Zalian agresiulad iyaviT
ganwyobili raime konkretuli mizezis gamo,
Tu ubralod im momentSi iyaviT gaRizianebuli?
es mxolod mcire CamonaTvalia im kiTxvebisa,
romlebsac mkvlevrebi svamen agresiasa da
situacias Soris kavSiris kvlevisas. rodesac
studentebs vkiTxeT, Tu ras fiqrobdnen isini
sakuTar agresiul qcevebze, maT mravalgvari
pasuxebi mogvawodes, romelTac qvemoT gaecnobiT.

frustracia-agresiis hipoTeza
„namdvilad mZime dRe iyo im dRes, bolo
registracia unda gamevlo kursze. verc
veravin vnaxe, rom damxmareboda. rodesac
meaTased miTxres: „Tqven sxva kancelarias
unda mimarToT~, _ ise gavgiJdi, rom faq-
tobrivad kari gavamtvrie~.

es ambavi erTi konkretuli magaliTia imisa,

lebiT gamoirCevian, SeiZleba daxasiaTdnen,
rasac frustracia-agresiis hipoTezas uwodeben
rogorc Zaladobis pozitiurad Sefasebis faq-
(Dollard etal., 1939). am hipoTezis Tanaxmad, frus-
toris mixedviT maRali maCveneblis mqoneni. am
tracias maSin aqvs adgili, rodesac adamianebs
individebs sjeraT, rom Zaladobis mravali
xeli eSlebaT dasaxuli miznebis miRwevaSi.
forma gamarTlebulia da ar ganicdian moralur
frustraciis zrdis pirobebSi ki Zalze didia
pasuxismgeblobas agresiuli qcevebis gamo. am
agresiis gamovlenis albaToba. kavSiri frustra-
analizidan SegiZliaT iswavloT, rom yvela
ciasa da agresias Soris mravali empiriuli
tipis agresia ar aRiZvreba mis safuZvlad mdebare
cdiTaa dadasturebuli (Berkovitz, 1993,1998). maga-
msgavsi pirovnuli faqtorebiT.
liTad, bavSvebma, romelTa imedic ar gamarTlda
adamianebis umravlesoba ar avlens midreki-
_ maT ar miecaT gansakuTrebiT mimzidveli
lebas agresiis erTi romelime tipis mimarT:
saTamaSoebiT TamaSis ufleba, agresia gamoav-
isini ar icvlebian mcire darRvevebis an Zala-
lines am saTamaSoebis mimarT, rogorc ki maTi
dobis mizandasaxuli aqtebis Semdeg. miuxedavad
xelSi Cagdebis SesaZlebloba miecaT (Barker et
amisa, zogierT situaciaSi Zalze damTmobma
al., 1941). mecnierebma es hipoTeza gamoiyenes agre-
adamianebmac ki SeiZleba ganaxorcielon agre-
siis asaxsnelad rogorc pirovnul, ise _ soci-
siuli aqtebi. axla situaciis im tipebs ganvi-
alur doneze.
xilavT, romlebic xSirad qmnian agresiis
aRmZvrel pirobebs.
saidan
situaciuri gavlenebi viciT

SeecadeT, gamoZebnoT dro da gaixsenoT, agresia da ekonomika

agresia

bolos rodis ganaxorcieleT agresiuli qceva.

Tqven, albaT, icnobT am istorias. kaci
SesaZloa, es ar iyo fizikuri agresia: Tqven,
samsaxuridan daiTxoves da is brundeba
SesaZloa, ubralod sityvierad SeuracxyaviT
ufrosis, romelmac daiTxova, da kidev
vinme imisaTvis, rom masSi fsiqologiuri
ramdenime TanamSromlis mosaklavad. ra-
distresi gamogewviaT. rogor SegiZliaT axsnaT, 755
 9 suraTi
18.3
8
saSualo raodenoba

7 temperatura da agresia
6 suraTidan Cans Tavdasxmebis saSualo
raodenoba (sami saaTis ganmavlobaSi),
5 rogorc temperaturis Sedegi drois
4 imave periodSi (temperatura mocemulia
farengeitis skalaze). agresia mniS-
3 vnelovnad izrdeba 75 gradusidan (24°C).
2
-5 5 15 25 35 45 55 65 75 85 95 99+

temperatura

tom unda CaiTvalos samsaxuridan daTxovna Cven SegviZlia viwinaswarmetyveloT umuSevro-

mafrustrirebel garemoebad (arsebobis
wyaros dakargvasTan dakavSirebuli imed-
gacrueba), romelic agresiuli qcevis gan-
xorcielebamde migviyvans? am kiTxvaze pa-
suxis gasacemad mecnierTa jgufma Seiswav-
la urTierTmimarTeba san-franciskos
umuSevrebsa da im adamianebs Soris, rom-
lebic fasdebodnen, rogorc „sxvebisaTvis
saSiSni~. analizma mkvlevrebs saSualeba
misca, gaeerTianebinaT maCveneblebi da
Tavi 18 / socialuri pfsiqologia, sazogadoeba da kultura
basTan dakavSirebul frustraciaze dafuZnebuli
agrsesiis garkveuli done, Tumca, rodesac ada-
mianebi acnobiereben, rom maT mier gamoxatulma
agresiam, SesaZloa, avnos maT Semdgom dasaqmebas,
Zaladoba maSinve muxruWdeba. es, albaT, ga-
mocdilic gaqvT yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi. albaT,
Zalze bevria iseTi situacia, romelSic Tavs
sakmaod frustrirebulad grZnobT, rac sakmarisi
pirobaa agresiis gamosavlenad, magram Tavs
ikavebT, vinaidan acnobierebT, rom es xels

ganesazRvraT, ra kavSiria umuSevrobis SegiSliT samomavlo gegmebis ganxorcielebaSi.

maCveneblis zrdasa da Zaladobis zrdis frustracias yovelTvis ar mohyveba agresia.
maCvenebels Soris. aRmoCnda, rom Zala- magaliTad, rodesac frustracia SemTxveviT aris
dobis ricxvi umuSevrobis zrdis Sesaba- gamowveuli, vTqvaT, bavSvma dedas kabaze
misad izrdeboda, magram mxolod garkveul SemTxveviT gadaasxa wveni – adamianebi naklebad
donemde. Zaladobis raodenoba matulobs avlenen agresias, vidre maSin, rodesac frustra-
maSin, rodesac umuSevrobis maCvenebeli ciis gamomwvevi raime moqmedeba winaswargan-
Zalze maRal zRvars aRwevs. ratom unda zraxulia (Burnstein & Worchel, 1962). amave dros,
xdebodes aseTi ram? mecnierebi Tvlian, situaciebi, romlebic ar iwveven frustracias,
rom umuSevrad darCenis SiSi xels uwyobs SesaZloa, iseT negatiur emociebs iwvevdnen,
adamianebSi Zaladobis, frustraciiT de- rom safuZvlad daedon agresul qcevas. aseTi
terminirebuli tendenciis warmoqmnas situaciaa asaxuli qvemoT motanil kidev erT
(Catalano et al., 1997). studentur ambavSi.

es gamokvleva miuTiTebs, Tu rogor urTierT- temperatura da agresia

qmedeben individualuri da socialuri Zalebi,
ris Sedegadac Zaladobis jamur dones viRebT.
frustracia-agresiis hipoTeza (Frustration-aggres-
sion hipothesis) – am hipoTezis Tanaxmad, frustra-
cia Cndeba situaciebSi, romlebSic adamianebs
saSualeba ar eZlevaT, miaRwion TavianT miz-
nebs; frustraciis aRZvra ki, Tavis mxriv, iwvevs
agresiis ganxorcielebis albaTobis zrdas.
756
„cxeli zafxuli iyo, Cems manqanaSi ki
kondicioneri gafuWda, Tanac im biWma gza
gadamiWra, mec gavekide da vecade gamesrisa~.
arsebobs kavSiri temperaturasa da agresias
Soris? ganvixiloT 18.3 suraTze asaxuli
monacemebi. es monacemebi im eqsperimentis Se-
degebia, romelSic gamokvleuli iyo tempe-
raturis gavlena bolo ori wlis manZilze
mineapolisSi (minesotis Stati) momxdar Tavdas-
xmebze. diagramas 36617 aRricxuli Tavdasxmis
analizi udevs safuZvlad (Cohn & Rotton, 1997).
rogorc xedavT, arsebobs Zlieri kavSiri tem-
peraturasa da Tavdasxmebis ganxorcielebas
Soris. Tumca, faqtobrivad, diagrama srulad
ar asaxavs arsebul suraTs: realurad agresia
ufro maRalia gvian saRamosa da adre diliT
(saRamos 9 saaTidan dilis 3 saaTamde).
riT SeiZleba iyos ganpirobebuli es gare-
moeba? am monacemebis axsna rogorc socialur,
ise _ fsiqologiur ZalebSi unda veZioT. socia-
lur doneze, Tqven ukve mixvdiT, axsna efuZneba
im faqts, rom Tavdasxmebi ufro metad xorciel-
deba maSin, rodesac adamianebi saxlis gareT
arian. Tbil amindSi adamianebi ufro metad
arian gareT da, Sesabamisad, ufro xSiradac
xdebian Tavdasxmis msxverplni. mniSvnelovania
isic, rom saRamos 9-dan dilis 3 saaTamde
adamianebi naklebad arian datvirTulni samuSa-
oTi Tu sxva sapasuxismgeblo saqmeebiT. da ufro
metic, am periodSi maT, SesaZloa, miiRon
alkoholuri sasmeli an raime sxva saSualeba,
rac Seasustebs TavdamsxmelisTvis winaaRmde-
gobis gawevis unars (Ito et al., 1996).
aseTi socialuri axsnebis Semdeg, aris ki
saWiro, rom fsiqologiac CavrToT saqmeSi? pa-
suxi dadebiTia. meore, Zalze mniSvnelovani
komponenti, romelsac SeuZlia axsnas 18.3 su-
raTze gamosaxuli monacemebi, imis garkvevaa,
Tu rogor axerxeben adamianebi sicxis daZlevas
da rogor axdenen sicxiT gamowveuli diskom-
fortis interpretirebas. gaixseneT me-13 TavSi
mocemuli msjeloba Sefasebebisa da emociebis
Sesaxeb. warmoidgineT, rom farengeitis skalaze
75 gradusian (24°C) sicxeSi Tqven viRacas
esaubrebiT da grZnobT, rom gcxelaT da
diskomforts ganicdiT. vis an ras daukavSi-
rebdiT Tqvens diskomforts, sicxes Tu Tana-
mosaubres? zustad im xarisxiT gamoxatavT mis
mimarT agresias, ra xarisxiTac gaakeTebT mcdar
daskvnas da diskomforts Tanamosaubres dau-
kavSirebT, (Tqven, agreTve, SegiZliaT gaixsenoT
me-17 TavSi ganxiluli msjeloba atribuciis
fundamentaluri Secdomis Taobaze). ratom unda
hqondes mniSvneloba sicxes swored gvian saRamos
da adre diliT? dRis bolos, albaT, Znelad
Tu gavixsenebT, rom „ase cudad sicxis gamo
vgrZnobdi Tavs~ da ar davaskvniT, rom „imitom
viyavi cudad, rom im tipma lamis SemSala~ da
Tu es Cveni msjeloba WeSmaritia, maSin ratom
aCvenebs suraTi 18.3 TavdasxmaTa raodenobis
Semcirebas Zalian maRali temperaturis piro-
bebSi? adamianebi imdenad diskomfortulad
grZnoben Tavs, rom ufro metad cdiloben uxer-
xuli situaciebidan ganridebas, vidre CxubSi
CarTvas (Cohn & Rotton, 1997). qvemoT aRwerili
mesame studenturi ambavi gviCvenebs, Tu rogor
vlindeba mtruli ganwyobileba da rogor Zli-
erdeba is.
pirdapiri provokacia da eskalacia
„biblioTekaSi vijeqi da vcdilobdi,
rame mainc gamekeTebina. viRac ori qali
Zalze xmamaRla saubrobda, riTac gar-
Semomyofebs awuxebda. me vTxove maT, rom
cota xmadabla esaubraT, magram maT yu-
radReba ar momaqcies. 5 wuTis Semdeg isev
vTxove maT, rom xmadabla esaubraT, magram
maT xmas ufro auwies! maSin vuTxari, rom
isini tutucebi da gonebaClungebi iyvnen
da Tu axlave ar moketaven, biblioTekidan
movisvridi. aman imoqmeda~.
TqvenTvis aRmoCena ar iqneba, rom pirdapiri
provokacia agresiasA iwvevs, anu rodesac vinmes
qceva gabrazebT, an wonasworobas gakargvinebT
da Tanac, Tu Tqven fiqrobT, rom es ganzrax
xdeba, mosalodnelia, rom mas Tqven fizikuri,
an verbaluri agresiiT upasuxoT (Johnson & Rule,
1986). pirdapiri provikaciis efeqti Seesabameba
zogad mosazrebas imis Taobaze, rom situaciebs,
romlebic uaryofiT Sedegebs iwveven, SeuZliaT
agresiis gamovlenamde migviyvanon. aq winaswar-
ganzraxulobas eniWeba gansakuTrebuli mniS-
vneloba, vinaidan adamianebi naklebad arian
midrekilni ganzraxvis gareSe Sesrulebuli
moqmedebebis uaryofiTad Sefasebisken (gaixseneT,
Cven igive daskvna gavakeTeT frustraciis
Sesaxebac, rom is naklebad iwvevs agresias, Tu
agresia
ar aris winaswarganzraxuli qmedebis Sedegi).
Aam ambis meore damaxasiaTebeli niSani,
provokaciis garda, eskalaciaa: vinaidan pro-
vokaciaze reaqciam Sedegi ar gamoiRo, studentis
Semdgomi reaqciac ufro agresiuli gaxda.
757
 saidan
viciT
eskalacia daJinebuli gaRizianebis
sapasuxod
erT-erT kvlevaSi cdis pirebs unda
gaenawilebinaT eqsperimentatoris mier
gamoyofili, davalebis SesrulebisTvis
saWiro saxsrebi, magram imis gaTvalis-
winebiT, rom erTma jgufma, romelic
eqsperimentatorTan winaswar iyo SeTan-
xmebuli, faqtobrivad, uari Tqva Tanam-
Sromlobaze. eqsperimentatorma Caiwera
namdvil cdis pirTa mcdelobebi, mieRwiaT
SeTanxmebisaTvis (molaparakeba ori oTaxis
damakavSirebeli satelefono xazis meS-
veobiT mimdinareobda). mcdeloba sityvieri
gancxadebiT (Cven es gvWirdeba!) daiwyo,
Semdeg gabrazebul moTxovnaSi (Zalian
maRizianebT!) gadaizarda, Tan mTel saubars
salanZRavi mimarTvebi (magaliTad, goneba-
Clungebi xarT, biWebo!) gasdevda. praqti-
kulad, jgufis winaaRmdegobis Sesabamisad
xdeboda agresiis eskalacia. eqsperi-
Tavi 18 / socialuri pfsiqologia, sazogadoeba da kultura
mentatorebi Tvlian, rom adamianebma dais-
wavles eskalaciis scenari. mexsierebis
struqturaSi aisaxeba provokaciis gag-
rZelebasTan dakavSirebuli kulturaSi
kodirebuli normebi, romelTa Sesaba-
misadac adamianebi agresiulad reagireben
provokaciis gagrZelebaze (Mikolic et al., 1997).
amCnevT, rom eskalaciis scenari frustraciasa
da agresias Soris urTierTmimarTebebsac exeba?
situaciis Secvlis uSedego sawyis mcdelobas,
rogorc Cans, frustraciis SegrZnebamde mivya-
varT, rac kidev ufro zrdis intensiuri agresiis
gamovlenis albaTobas.
axla ki ganvixiloT sxva situaciuri Zalebi,
romlebmac, aseve, SeiZleba migviyvanos fizikuri
da verbaluri agresiis gamovlenamde. sayurad-
Reboa is garemoeba, rom Cven mier moyvanili
yvela magaliTi ufro metad exeba impulsur da
ara _ instrumentul agresias. rogorc zemoT
ukve ganvmarteT, es ukanaskneli iseT garemoebebs
ufro exeba, rodesac adamianebi agresias da-
saxuli miznebis miRwevisTvis iyeneben. maga-
758 liTad, rodesac mZarcvelebi fizikur Zalas
iyeneben danaSaulis Casadenad. am tipis agresia
ganxilul unda iqnes, rogorc ufro farTo
kriminologiuri Teoriis komponenti.
Cven, metwilad, im garemoebebs SevexeT, rom-
lebSic Cveulebrivi individebi, sakuTari Ta-
visTvis moulodnelad, impulsur agresiul
aqtebs axorcieleben. momdevno qveTavSi davi-
naxavT, rom kulturuli gansxvavebebi zRudaven
rogorc individualur, ise _ kriminalur ag-
resias.
kulturuli SezRudvebi
Cven ukve visaubreT imis Sesaxeb, rom agre-
siuli qceva adamianis evoluciuri memkvidreobis
nawils warmoadgens da rom garkveul situaciur
faqtorebs SeuZliaT am agresiuli midreki-
lebebis aRZvra. aseT viTarebaSic ki, sxvadasxva
tipis monacemebi mowmobs, rom individis mxridan
agresiulobis gamovlenis SesaZleblobebi Se-
zRudulia kulturuli normebiTa da fase-
ulobebiT (Segal et al., 1997). am mosazrebis dasadas-
tureblad Cven Sors wasvla ar dagvWirdeba,
vinaidan ubralod SevadarebT SeerTebul Sta-
tebsa da sxva qveynebSi Cadenil mkvlelobis
faqtebs. amerikaSi 7-10-jer meti mkvleloba xdeba,
vidre evropis umetes qveynebSi (Lore & Schultz,
1993). ra faqtorebi ganapirobebs aseT did
gansxvavebebs mkvlelobaTa raodenobebs Soris?
Tu Tqven amerikis moqalaqe xarT, namdvilad
unda gainteresebdeT am kiTxvaze pasuxi.
„me~-s konstruqtebi da agresiuli qceva
vidre agresiasa da kulturas Soris urTierT-
mimarTebebs SevexebodeT, kidev erTxel ganvi-
xiloT pirovnebis „me~-s kulturuli konstruq-
tebis nairsaxeobebi „fsiqologia da cxovrebis~
furclebze. rogorc adre ganvmarteT, dasavluri
kulturebis umetesoba asaxavs „me~-s damouki-
debel konstruqtebs maSin, roca aRmosavluri
kulturebis umravlesoba _ „me~-s urTierTda-
mokidebul (erTmaneTze damokidebul) konstruq-
tebs (Markus & Kitayama, 1991). ra Sedegebi aqvs am
gansxvavebebs agresiul qcevebTan mimarTebiT?
gamokvlevebma aCvena, rom, Tu adamiani Tavs
sakuTari kulturis sxva wevrebTan fundamen-
turad dakavSirebulad Tvlis, misgan naklebad
aris mosalodneli agresiuli reaqciebi –
bolos da bolos, es xom sakuTari „me~-s winaaR-
mdeg iqneba mimarTuli.

saidan
viciT

agresia iaponel da amerikel bavSvebSi

kulturis zegavlenis erT-erTi sauke-
Teso magaliTia is, Tu rogor swavloben
erT da imave situaciebze reagirebas sxva-
dasxva kulturis warmomadgeneli bavSvebi.
skolamdeli asakis (saSualod 4.5 wlis)
iaponel da amerikel bavSvebs mokle mo-
Txrobebi waukiTxes, romlebic Seicavda
konfliqtur dilemebs da Semdeg sTxoves,
TojinebiT gaeTamaSebinaT situaciebi da
eCvenebinaT, rogor damTavrdeboda es
wakiTxuli ambebi. magaliTad, bavSvebs unda
eCvenebinaT, Tu ra xdeba mas Semdeg, rac
ori bavSvi iwyebda kamaTs da xels hkravdnen
erTmaneTs. amerikelma bavSvebma agresi-
ulobis ufro maRali xarisxi aCvenes orive
sazomis mixedviT: rogorc verbalur ag- gansxvaveba, romelic aRmoCenil iqna am kvlevebis
resiaSi _ isini ufro xSirad ambobdnen: Sedegad, isaa, rom samxreTelebis qceva e.w.
„mZulxar~, ise _ agresiul qcevebSic, rac Rirsebis kulturiT regulirdeboda, romelSic
Tojinebis mier erTmaneTis xelis kvriTa „umciresi kamaTic ki reputaciisa da socialuri
da cemiT gamoixateboda (Zahn-Wacsler et al., statusis gamocdad iqceva~ (Cohen et al., 1996, gv.945).
1996). Rirsebis kultura ar axdens yvela saxis agresiis
sanqcionirebas, daSvebulia agresiis mxolod
is saxeebi, romlebic sakuTrebis an pirovnuli
am eqsperimentma daadastura, rom iaponel
Rirsebis xelyofisagan dacvasTan arian dakav-
bavSvebs ukve gaSinagnebuli hqondaT urTierTda-
Sirebulni (Cohen & Nisbett, 1994).
mokidebulebis (erTmaneTze damokidebuli)
kulturuli normebi: maT ukve gaSinagnebuli
hqondaT is sanqciebi, romelic sxva adamiane- saidan
bisaTvis zianis miyenebas mohyveba. amis sapiris-
viciT
pirod, amerikeli bavSvebis qcevam daadastura
maTSi damoukidebeli „me~-s arseboba, romelic CrdiloelTa da samxreTelTa
dacul unda iqnes sxvebis Tavdasxmisagan. reaqciebi Seuracxyofaze
miuxedavad imisa, rom Cven ganvsazRvreT
kolejis student biWebs – Crdilo-
mTavari kulturuli gansxvaveba damoukideb-
elebs da samxreTelebs –zomieri Seura-
lobasa da urTierTdamokidebulebas Soris, am
cxyofis amtanobaze Cautares cda. vidre
sferoSi ufro daxvewili gansxvavebebis gamoZeb-
cdis piri derefanSi midioda, mas eqsperi-
agresia

nac SesaZlebelia. magaliTad, riCard nisbetma

mentatoris ndobiT aRWurvili piri eja-
da misma kolegebma (Nisbett & Cohes, 1996) farTod
xeboda da Tan „virisTavs~ uwodebda.
Seiswavles agresiasTan dakavSirebuli damoki-
mkvlevrebma iwinaswarmetyveles, rom mxris
debulebebi da qcevebi SeerTebuli Statebis
gakvrasa da sityvier Seuracxyofaze
sxvadasxva regionebSi. erT-erTi mniSvnelovani
759

Crdiloeli studentebi
110
manZili, rodesac dcis pirebi
100
90
gzas uTmobdnen
80
70
60
50
40
30
kontroli
eqsperimentuli piroba
samxreTelebs ufro mZafri reaqciebi unda
hqonodaT, vidre Crdiloelebs. erT-erTi
sazomi, romelic mkvlevrebma gamoiyenes,
iyo TamaSi „yvinCilebi~, romlis arsic
isaa, rom ori adamiani pirdapir uaxlovdeba
erTmaneTs, sanam erT-erTi ar gadauxvevs
gzidan. am SemTxvevaSi ndobiT aRWurvili
piri jiqur midioda cdis pirTan da
Tavi 18 / socialuri pfsiqologia, sazogadoeba da kultura
gazomil iqna is manZilebi, rodesac es
ukanasknelni uxvevdnen gzidan. rogorc
es 18.4 suraTidanac Cans, zomierma Seura-
cxyofam marTlac dramatuli zegavlena
moaxdina samxreTelTa qcevaze. Seuracx-
yofis gareSe isini, praqtikulad, ufro
Tavazianebi iyvnen, vidre Crdiloelebi
da Tavazianad uTmobdnen gzas, magram
rodesac maT mxars gahkravdnen, gacilebiT
gvian gadadiodnen gzidan (Cohen et al., 1996).
mravali adamiani aSS-Si iziarebs azrs, rom
samxreTuli kultura ufro Tavaziania, vidre
CrdiloeTis – riCmondels ufro Tavisuflad
hkiTxavT gzas, vidre niu iorkels. am eqsperi-
mentis Sedegebic aseTi Sexedulebebis gamoZa-
xilia im azriT, rom Seuracxyofis gareSe (sakon-
trolo jgufi) samxreTelebi ufro adre uT-
mobdnen gzas, vidre Crdiloelebi, magram
Tavazianoba gaqra Seuracxyofis SemTxvevaSi da
saqmeSi Rirsebis grZnoba CaerTo. ase rom,
damoukidebeli „me~-s iseT dasavlur kulturaSic
ki, rogoric amerikis SeerTebuli Statebia,
760
suraTi
18.4
samxreTeli studentebi
Seuracxyofis efeqti
Crdiloelebsa da
samxreTelebSi
eqsperimentuli jgufis Crdiloeli
da samxreTeli studentebi moaqcies
mcire Seuracxyofis situaciaSi. mar-
Talia, Seuracxyofis gareSe samxre-
Telebi ufro Tavazianebi iyvnen, mag-
ram Seuracxyofis SemTxvevaSi isini
ufro naklebad uTmobdnen gzas
Seuracxhyofa `yvinCilebis~ TamaSSi.
samxreTeli mamakacebi ufro mwvaved reagireben,
rodesac saqme Rirsebas exeba, vidre Crdiloe-
lebi (Nisbett & Cohen, 1996).
agresiuli qcevis normebi
aqamde migvaCnda, rom kulturebi, romlebic
damoukidebeli „me~-s konstruqtebiT xasiaT-
debian, ufro metad uwyoben xels agresiul
qcevas, magram es dakvirveba mainc ar xsnis im
gamsxvavebebs mkvlelobaTa raodenobaSi, razec
zemoT gvqonda saubari. evropuli kulturebi,
romlebSic mkvlelobebis raodenobebi bevrad
ufro naklebia, vidre aSS-Si, aseve, Sedian da-
moukidebeli „me~-s mqone kulturebis gafar-
Toebul wreSi. maS, ra damatebiTi kulturuli
faqtorebi erTveba am procesSi?
erT-erTi faqtori, romelic aSS-isTvis SeiZ-
leba dadgindes, garemoSi arsebuli agresiuli
qcevebis modelebis xelmisawvdomobaa. me-7 TavSi
visaubreT imis Sesaxeb, rom bavSvebi Zalze
swrafad iTviseben agresiul qcevebs ufrose-
bisagan. magaliTad, rodesac bavSvebi ufrosebis
mier saTamaSo plastikuri Tojinebis cemis,
xelis kvris da fexiT Sedgomis magaliTebs
xedavdnen, Semdgom, Zalze didi sixSiriT,
TviTonac imeorebdnen maT, vidre sakontrolo
jgufis bavSvebi, romlebic ar eswrebodnen uf-
rosebis aseT agresiul gamovlinebebs (Bandura
et al., 1963). imave TavSi Cven, aseve, mivuTiTeT, rom
aSS-is televizia uzarmazari odenobiT pirdapir
saxlSi awvdis bavSvebs agresiuli qcevis mode-
lebs, riTac xels uwyobs Zaladobis imitacias
(Comestock & Sharrer, 1999). SesaZloa, swored aSS-
Sia yvelaze TvalSi sacemi satelevizio Zala-
doba. erT-erTma eqsperimentma daadastura, rom
amerikeli bavSvebi gacilebiT „protelevi-
ziurebi~ an „televiziaze damokidebulni~ arian,
vidre germaneli bavSvebi (Smith & Schutte, 1982).
amdenad, aSS-Si agresiis Semcirebis erT-erT
gzad bavSvebis mkacri SezRudva da maTTvis
agresiis am modelebis rogorc televiziiT,
ise _ kinoSi xelmiuwvdomloba gvesaxeba.
ra Tqma unda, mravali bavSvisTvis agresiis
modeli yoveldRiur cxovrebaSic arsebobs.
bavSvebi, SesaZloa, agresiul qcevebs TavianT
yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi xedavdnen. me-7 TavSi
aRvniSneT, rom bavSvebi, romlebic xSirad
isjebian fizikurad, TviTonac xSirad iyeneben
agresias sxvebis qcevebis kontrolis mizniT.
bavSvebi, aseve, SesaZloa, xSirad xedavdnen
agresiul qcevebs sakuTar socialur wreSic.
magaliTad, erT-erTi eqsperimentis mizani iyo,
im bavSvebis monaTxrobebis Seswavla, romlebic
Seeswrnen los-anJelesis amboxebas, romelic
1992 wels rodnei kingis pirvel gasamarTlebas
mohyva (Farver & frosch, 1996). es bavSvebi (gansxva-
vebiT imaTgan, romlebic ar Seswrebian aRniSnul
movlenebs) Txrobisas iyenebdnen personaJebis
ufro mtrul aRwerebs, ufro agresiul sityvebs,
fizikurad gamoxatul agresiul xasiaTebs da
met moqmed pirebs, romlebic situaciis sam-
arTavad, aseve, agresias mimarTavdnen.
aucilebelia aRvniSnoT, rom bavSvebi sasia-
movno eqsperimentatorebis garemocvaSi ubralod
TamaSobdnen saTamaSoebiT, amboxebasTan dakav-
Sirebuli agresiuli xatebi ki maT warmosaxvaSi
arsebobda. los-anJelesis amboxebas Zaladobis
niSnebi hqonda, magram is droSi SemosazRvruli
iyo. samwuxarod, SeerTebul StatebSi mravali
qalaqeli bavSvi izrdeba iseT garemoSi, romlis-
Tvisac Zaladoba yoveldRiuri da qronikuli
movlenaa (Osofsky, 1997; Schwartz & Proctor, 2000).
mkvlevrebi jer mxolod iwyeben im Sedegebis
garkvevas bavSvebis fsiqikur janmrTelobasa da
agresiuli qcevebis gamovlenaze, rac maTTvis
Zaladobis scenebis Cvenebas moaqvs.
agresiuli qcevis kulturuli determina-
ciisadmi miZRvnil am qveTavs davamTavrebT
SeniSvniT, rom kulturuli normebi Zalze
adgilobrivi da stabiluria. ganvixiloT meq-
sikis oaxakas Statis ori mimdebare soflis
magaliTi (Scott, 1992). erTi sofeli Zaladobrivia,
meore ki _ araZaladobrivi: pirvelSi mkvle-
lobebis raodenoba meoreze xuTjer metia.
soflebi erTmaneTisgan 1500 metriT arian
daSorebulni da Zalze gvanan erTmaneTs reli-
giuri da ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT. ZaladobaSi
gansxvavebis erTaderTi dasaSvebi axsna isaa,
rom gansxvavebulia maTi kulturebis stabilu-
robis maxasiaTeblebi. ama Tu im gziT orive
kulturam miaRwia Zaladobis garkveul dones
da is stabiluri rCeba drois garkveul period-
Si. es aris me-17 TavSi aRwerili normebis tran-
smisiis (gadatanis) da prezervaciis (dacvis)
realur cxovrebaSi asaxuli magaliTi. analo-
giurad, amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi, Tavisi
sakomunikacio saSualebebiT, erT Zalian did
soflad iqca, romelic icavs agresiuli qcevis
normebs.
am qveTavSi aRvwereT agresiis gamomwvevi
Zalebi – dawyebuli genetikuridan da kulturu-
liT damTavrebuli, magram rCeba kidev erTi
mosazreba, romelsac jer ar SevxebivarT da
romlis Tanaxmadac, adamianebi zogjer agresiul
qcevas winaswarSeqmnili crurwmenebis gamo axor-
cieleben. isini, mxolod imitom, rom gan-
sxvavebul eTnikur Tu rasobriv jgufebs ekuT-
vnian (anu iseT jgufebs, romlebsac uwodeben
„sxvebs~), SesaZloa, agresiis msxverplni gaxdnen.
axla crurwmenebis Temas mivubrundebiT da
vaCvenebT, Tu saidan iReben isini saTaves da ra
unda gakeTdes maT Sesamcireblad, an aRmosaf-
xvrelad.
Sejameba
evoluciuri analizi mowmobs, rom agresiuli
qcevisadmi adamianis midrekileba aRmocendeba
iseT SemTxvevaSi, rodesac maT unda daicvan
sakuTri Tavi da sakuTari STamomavloba. eqsperi-
mentulma kvlevebma aCvena, rom agresiulobasTan
dakavSirebulia sxvadasxva biologiuri da
pirovnuli gansxvavebebi. rodesac adamianebi
agresia
ganicdian frustracias sakuTar miznebTan
dakavSirebiT, agresiis gamovlenis meti albaToba
Cndeba. garemos garkveul maxasiaTeblebs, maga-
liTad, temperaturas, agreTve, SeuZlia Secvalos
agresiulobis gamovlenis albaToba. adamianebi
761
 agresiiT pasuxoben maTze mimarTul pirdapir
agresias da maTi agresiuloba matulobs, rac
ufro nakleb efeqturia wina agresiuli qceva.
kulturaSi agresiuli qcevebis prevalireba
dakavSirebulia „me~-s damoukidebel, an inter-
damokidebulebiT maxasiaTeblebTan. zogierTi
kultura, agreTve, iZleva agresiulobis misaRebi
formebis modelebs.

crurwmenebi

adamianisTvis damaxasiaTebeli yvela sisus-

tidan arc erTs ar gaaCnia iseTi damangreveli
Zala, rogoric adamianis Rirsebasa da socialur
urTierTobebTan dakavSirebul winaswar- Seqmnil
cebi arian, miuxedavad imisa, rom maTi afro-
crurwmenebs. crurwmenis arseboba imis maniS-
amerikeli kolegebi dauRalavad Sromoben.
nebelia, rom damaxinjebulia socialuri rea-
crurwmenebi garkveuli filtris rols asru-
loba – adamianebis gonebaSi Seqmnilia situa-
leben, romelic yovelTvis mijnavs adamianebs
cia, romelsac SeuZlia daamciros da gaanad-
sxva adamianebisagan da maT samizne jgufSi
guros sxva adamianebis cxovreba. crurwmena wi-
aTavsebs erTxel ganxorcielebuli kategori-
naswardaswavlili damokidebulebaa samizne
zaciis Sesabamisad.
obieqtis mimarT, romelic moicavs negatiur
socialuri fsiqologia yovelTvis mniSvne-
grZnobebs (armowoneba, an SiSi) da negatiur
Tavi 18 / socialuri pfsiqologia, sazogadoeba da kultura

lovan adgils uTmobs crurwmenebis Seswavlas,

Sexedulebebs (stereotipebs), romlebic amar-
vinaidan cdilobs, gaigos maTi sirTule, sim-
Tleben arsebul damokidebulebebs da qceviT
yaris mizezebi da SeimuSaos maTi Secvlisa da
ganzraxvebs _ acilebul, gakontrolebul, domi-
daZlevis strategiebi (Allport,1954; Dackitt, 1992;
nirebul an ganadgurebul iqnen isini, romlebic
Jones, 1997). gaixseneT pirveli Tavi, sadac aRniS-
mocemul samizne jgufs ganekuTvnebian. maga-
nuli iyo, rom uzenaesi sasamarTlos 1954 wlis
liTad, nacisti liderebi kanonebsac ki qmnidnen,
gadawyvetileba sazogado saswavleblebSi se-
raTa ganemtkicebinaT TavianTi crurwmenebi, rom
gregaciis gauqmebasTan dakavSirebiT, romelic,
ebraelebi dabali donis adamianebi iyvnen da
nawilobriv, eyrdnoboda socialuri fsiqolog
rom isini ariuli kulturis daRupvamde miyvanas
kenet klarkis (Kenneth Clark) mier sasamarTlos-
cdilobdnen. mcdari Sexeduleba kvalificir-
Tvis wardgenil sakuTari kvlevebis Sedegebs
deba, rogorc crurwmena, Tu is ewinaaRmdegeba
da romelic Savkanian bavSvebze gancalkevebuli
cvlilebas, misi simcdaris naTeli mtkicebu-
da araTanaswori swavlebis negatiur Sedegebs
lebebis arsebobis miuxedavad. magaliTad,
asaxavda (Clark & Clark, 1947). am qveTavSi aRvwerT
adamianebi avlenen crurwmenebs, rodesac am-
im progress, romelsac socialurma fsiqo-
tkiceben, rom afro-amerikelebi yvelani zarma-
logebma miaRwies crurwmenebis warmoSobisa da
crurwmena (Prejudice) – winaswar daswavlili maTi efeqtebis gagebaSi; aseve, SevexebiT maTi
damokidebuleba (attitude) samizne obieqtis mi- Secvlis praqtikul mcdelobebs.
marT, romelic moicavs negatiur grZnobebs
(armowoneba an SiSi), negatiur Sexedulebebs
(stereotipebs), romlebic amarTleben arsebul crurwmenis sawyisebi
damokidebulebebs da qceviT ganzraxvebs,
acilebul, kontrolirebul, dominirebul an erT-erTi samwuxaro WeSmariteba, romelic
ganadgurebul iqnen isini, romlebic mocemul crurwmenebis Seswavlam gamovlina, is simartivea,
762
samizne jgufs ganekuTvnebian. romliTac adamianebi SeiZleba uaryofiTad
ganawyon ucxo adamianebisadmi. socialuri ka-
tegorizacia aris procesi, romliTac adamianebi
sakuTari socialuri garemos organizebas
axdenen, miakuTvneben ra adamianebs sakuTar da
sxvaTa jgufebs. kategorizaciis yvelaze martivi
da yovlismomcveli formaa individis mier imis
gansazRvra, Tu vin aris misi msgavsi da vin _
ara. kategorizaciis es forma saTaves iRebs
dapirispirebidan, „me ara me-s winaaRmdeg~ orien-
taciamde „Cven isini-s winaaRmdeg~. adamianebi
socialur samyaros orad yofen: Sida jgufebad
– jgufebi, romlebTanac adamiani sakuTari Tavis
identificirebas axdens da gare jgufebad –
jgufebad, romlebTanac adamianebi identi-
fikacias ar axdenen. am kognituri gansxvavebebis
Sedegia Sidajgufuri mikerZoeba – sakuTari
jgufis gadafaseba sxvasTan SedarebiT (Jones,
1997). adamianebi, romlebic ganixilebian, rogorc
garejgufis wevrebi, ufro xSirad xdebian mtru-
li grZnobebisa da usamarTlo damokidebulebis
obieqtebi.
minimalurad SesamCnevi miniSnebac ki sakmari-
sia, rom gamowveul iqnes tendenciuroba da
crurwmenis Camoyalibeba maT mimarT, romlebic
garejgufs miekuTvnebian.
saidan
viciT
SemTxveviT arCeuli niSani iwvevs
jgufis solidarobas
holandiaSi Catarebuli eqsperimentebis
seriaSi cdis pirebi SemTxveviTad dayves
or jgufad: mwvaneebad da lurjebad. cdis
pirebs imis mixedviT, Tu romel jgufs
miakuTvnes, dauriges mwvane an lurji
kalmebi da sTxoves, eweraT, Sesabamisad,
mwvane an lurj qaRaldebze. eqsperimen-
tatorebi jgufebis wevrebs mimarTavdnen
maTi jgufis feris Sesabamisi feris
saxeliT da miuxedavad imisa, rom feris
mixedviT gansazRvrul kategoriebs ara-
viTari faruli fsiqologiuri mniSvneloba
ar gaaCndaT da jgufis wevrebis SerCevac
sruliad SemTxveviT moxda, isini sakuTar
jgufs ufro dadebiTad afasebdnen, vidre
meores. metic, mxolod da mxolod ferTa
gansxvavebaze dafuZnebuli es Sidajgufuri
mikerZoeba manamdec ki gamovlinda, sanam
cdis pirebi eqsperimentuli davalebis
Sesrulebas daiwyebdnen (Rabbie, 1981).
is, ramac Tavi iCina Tundac „ferebis~ am
eqsperimentSi, socialuri kategorizaciis swraf
gamovlinebas warmoadgens.
mravali eqsperimenti Catarda im Sedegebis
Sesaswavlad, romelic iseT minimalur jgufebs
hqondaT, rogoric „mwvaneebis~ da „lurjebis~
SemTxvevaSi iyo (Tajfel, 1982; Tajfel & Billing, 1974).
gansxvavebuli jgufebis wevrebi Zalian xSirad
urTierTobas iwyeben, rogorc ucxoebi, magram
TiTqmis maSinve avlenen gasaocar erTsulov-
nebas – swamT, rom maTi Sidajgufis wevrebi
yvelaze sasiamovno da kargad momuSave xalxia.
rodesac resursebis ganawilebis dro dgeba,
adamianebi yvelafers akeTeben, raTa araferi
uwiladon gare jgufis wevrebs. aseTi Sedegebi
Tavs iCens imis miuxedavad, rom gare jgufi
riskis qveS dgeba da miuxedavad imisa, rom Sida
da gare jgufebis zogierT wevrs, SesaZloa,
kargi urTierTobac hqondes erTmaneTTan (Park &
Rothbat, 1982; Quattrone, 1986).
Tu yvela am Zalas gamoviyenebT xelovnurad
Seqmnil jgufebSi, Tqven SegeZlebaT, daakvirdeT,
Tu rogor xorcieldeba crurwmenebi ase
daundobel realur cxovrebaSi. crurwmenebma
advilad SeiZleba migviyvanos rasizmamde –
adamianis diskriminaciis formamde, romelic
dafuZnebulia kanis ferze an eTnikur warmo-
Sobaze da seqsizmamde – adamianis diskriminaciis
formamde, romelic dafuZnebulia sqesobriv
socialuri kategorizacia (Social categorization)
_ procesi, romlis meSveobiTac adamianebi sa-
kuTari socialuri garemos organizebas axdenen,
miakuTvneben ra adamianebs sakuTar da sxvaTa
jgufebs.
Sida jgufebi (In-groups) – jgufebi, romlebTanac
adamiani sakuTari Tavis identificirebas axdens.
gare jgufebi (Out-groups) – jgufebi, romleb-
Tanac adamianebi identifikacias ar axdenen.
crurwmenebi
Sidajgufuri mikerZoeba (In-group bias) – sakuTari
jgufis gadafaseba sxvasTan SedarebiT.
rasizmi (Racism) – adamianebis diskriminacia
maTi kanis feridan an eTnikuri warmomav-
lobidan gamomdinare
seqsizmi (Sexism) – adamianebis diskriminacia
maTi sqesis gamo 763

niSanze. „Cven~ da „isini~-s gansxvavebebis sawyisi
tendenciebi xSirad maSin Zlierdeba, rodesac
Cndeba STabeWdileba, rom resursebi SezRudulia
da is, SesaZloa, mxolod erT jgufs ergos.
Tavi 18 / socialuri pfsiqologia, sazogadoeba da kultura
faqtobrivad, adamiani, romelsac axasiaTebs
crurwmenebisadmi daqvemdebarebulobis maRali
xarisxi, ufro metad msjelobs imis Sesaxeb,
adamianebidan vin romel kategorias ekuTvnis.
saidan
viciT
crurwmena da rasobrivi xasiaTis
msjeloba
studentebis jgufs Sesavsebad misces
skala, romelic zomavda maT damokide-
bulebas afro-amerikelebis mimarT. maT
Sefasebebze dayrdnobiT, erTi jgufi kla-
sificirda, rogorc crurwmenebis mqone,
meore ki _ rogorc crurwmenebis armqone.
Semdeg orive jgufis studentebs sTxoves,
daeTvalierebinaT fotoebis seria, romleb-
zec saxeebi iyo gamosaxuli da xmamaRla
daexarisxebinaT isini, rogorc „TeTri~
an „Savi~. zogierTi saxis klasificireba
Zalian advili iyo maSin, roca zogierTi
764
saxe Zalze gaurkvevlad gamoiyureboda.
mkvlevrebs hqondaT hipoTeza, rom cru-
rwmenebis mqone adamianebi ufro gul-
modgined moekidebodnen „swori~ rasobrivi
Sefasebebis gakeTebas. mkvlevrebma iwi-
naswarmetyveles, rom crurwmenebis mqone
studentebi ufro met dros dauTmobdnen
orazrovani saxeebis klasificirebas.
faqtobrivad, crurwmenebis mqone studen-
tebma TiToeuli orazrovani suraTis
amocnobaze erTi wamiT meti dro daxarjes,
vidre maT, visac ar gaaCnda rasobrivi
crurwmenebi (Blascovich et al., 1997).
es eqsperimenti aCvenebs, Tu ramdenad mniS-
vnelovania crurwmenebis mqone adamianebisaTvis
sxva adamianebis klasificireba „Cvenebad~ da
„sxvebad~. bolo dros mkvlevrebma SeZles ufro
zustad aRenusxaT crurwmenebis arqona, rac
gamoixata imiT, rom aseTi adamianebi nakleb
yuradRebas aqceven adamianebs Soris gansxva-
vebebs (Phillips & Ziller, 1997). adamianebs, romlebsac
maRali qulebi aqvT universaluri orientaciis
skalaze, iseTi tipis debulebebze daTanxmebis
tendencia axasiaTebT, rogoricaa: „rodesac
vinmes vxvdebi, vcdilob, ganvsazRvro msgavseba
Cemsa da mas Soris~ da uaryofen iseT debulebebs,
rogoricaa: _ „bevri ramis Tqma SemiZlia ada-
mianze, Tu vici, ra sqesisaa is~. amgvarad, zogi-
erT adamians SeuZlia samyaros Sida da gare
jgufebad dayofis tendenciis daZleva.
Cven vnaxeT, Tu ramdenad swrafad mivyavarT
crurwmenebs adamianebis „Cven~ da „isini~ jgu-
febad dayofamde. axla ki vnaxoT, rogor erTve-
bian stereotipebi crurwmenebis funqcionirebaSi.
stereotipebis efeqtebi
Cven SegviZlia gamoviyenoT socialuri
kategorizaciis Zala mravali saxis crurwmenis
sawyisebis asaxsnelad. imisaTvis, rom avxsnaT
yoveldRiur cxovrebaze crurwmenebis gavlena,
Cven unda avxsnaT mexsierebis is struqturebi,
romlebic mniSvnelovnad amyareben maT, kerZod,
ki _ stereotipebi. stereotipebi warmoadgenen
stereotipebi (Stereotypes) _ adamianebis gar-
kveul jgufebTan dakavSirebuli ganzogadebebi,
romlebic garkveul maxasiaTeblebs miaweren
mTel jgufs.
adamianebis garkveul jgufebTan dakavSirebul
ganzogadebebs, romlebic garkveul maxasiaTeb-
lebs miaweren mTel jgufs. ueWvelia, rom Tqven
stereotipebis farTo speqtrs icnobT. ra Sexe-
dulebebi gaqvT kacebsa da qalebze, ebraelebze,
musulmanebsa da qristianebze, azielebze, afro-
amerikelebze, amerikis mkvidr mosaxleobaze,
laTinoamerikelebsa da kavkasielebze? ra gav-
lenas axdenen es Sexedulebebi am adamianebTan
Tqvens urTierTobebze? Tqveni Sexedulebebis
gamo Tavs aridebT xolme maTTan urTierTobas?
vinaidan stereotipebi ase Zlierad erTvebian
molodinebSi, isini xSirad uwyoben xels im
situaciebis warmoqmnas, romlebic me-17 TavSi
aRvwereT, rodesac adamianebi TviTon ageben
sakuTar socialur realobas. gaiTvaliswineT,
ra rols asruleben stereotipebi im SefasebiT
msjelobebSi, romlebic socialur garemoSi
raimes „arsebobas~ exeba. adamianebi „monacemebis
naklebobis~ sakuTari stereotipebidan gamom-
dinare, informaciiT Sevsebis tendenciiT xasiaT-
debian: „me ar vapireb hiroSisTan erTad manqanaSi
Cajdomas – azielebi saSineli mZRolebi arian~.
aseve, adamianebs SeuZliaT (ara aqvs mniSneloba,
ician Tu ara) stereotipuli informaciis qcevi-
Ti dadasturebisaTvis gamoyeneba. magaliTad,
Tu Tqven asabuTebT, rom ebraelebi cudi
megobrebi arian, Tqven arasodes miscemT maT
SesaZleblobas, rom sawinaaRmdego dagimtki-
con.Eamaze uaresi isaa, rom gaimyareben Tu ara
sakuTar mosazrebebs, adamianebi aRarafrad
agdeben sxvebis, maTi stereotipebisTvis Seusa-
bamo mosazrebebs.
saidan
viciT
arapopularuli stereotipi –
Seusabamo informacia
ra xdeba maSin, rodesac Tqven iRebT
informacias, romlis nawilic amyarebs
Tqvens Sexedulebebs, meore nawili ki ewi-
naaRmdegeba mas? erT-erT kvlevaSi eq-
sperimentatorebma studentebi dayves or
_ homoseqsualizmis mimarT Zlieri da
susti crurwmenebis mqone _ jgufad. amis
Semdeg TiToeuli studenti Tanmimdevro-
biT kiTxulobda or mecnierul naSroms
homoseqsualizmis Sesaxeb. erT naSromSi
mocemuli iyo stereotipis Sesabamisi
daskvna, rom homoseqsualizmi unda Sefasdes
sqesTaSoris qcevebTan mimarTebaSi, meoreSi
ki – stereotipis sawinaaRmdego daskvna,
rom homoseqsualizmi ar unda iqnes Sefa-
crurwmenebi
sebuli sqesTaSoris qcevebTan mimarTebaSi.
rodesac orive jgufis studentebi afa-
sebdnen orive naSromis mecnierul dones,
maT maRali Sefaseba misces im naSroms,
romelic, Sesabamisad, emTxveoda maT Sexe-
dulebas. magaliTad, Zlieri crurwmenebis
765
 mqone cdis pirebma meti mecnieruli Rir-
seba miaweres im naSroms, romelic ganam-
tkicebda sqesTaSoris stereotips. metic,
am ori naSromis wakiTxvis Semdeg, rom-
lebic Ffaqtobrivad, mxolod abalan-
sebdnen erTmaneTs, studentebma daadas-
tures, rom maT ganumtkicdaT sakuTari
azris sisworis rwmena (Munro & Ditto, 1997).
es eqsperimenti gviCvenebs, rom mxolod
informacia ar amcirebs crurwmenebs: adamianebs
gaaCniaT midrekileba, mniSvneloba ar mianiWon
im informacias, romelic ewinaaRmdegeba maT
mTavar stereotipebs (Semdeg qveTavSi ganvixilavT
crurwmenebis Semcirebis ufro qmediT meTodebs).
neba mogveciT, gagaxsenoT stereotipebis sxva
efeqti, romelsac inteleqtis testirebis
ganxilvis dros SevexeT. gavixsenoT me-10 Tavi,
sadac inteleqtis koeficientebSi (IQ) rasobriv
gansxvavebebze vsaubrobdiT. aRniSnul TavSi Cven
mimovixileT faqtebi, romlebic amtkiceben, rom
stereotipul jgufebs axasiaTebT safrTxe,
romelsac klod stilma (Claude Steel) da misma
kolegebma stereotipuli safrTxe uwodes (Steel,
Tavi 18 / socialuri pfsiqologia, sazogadoeba da kultura
gaucnobierebel crurwmenebs gulisxmoben. Se-
xedeT Tqvens megobrebs, isini xom igive eTnikur
jgufs ekuTvnian, romelsac Tqven? Tu asea, ratom?
Cven mivediT im savalalo daskvnamde, rom
crurwmenis Seqmna advilia, magram daZleva –
Zneli. miuxedavad amisa, socialuri fsiqologiis
Camoyalibebis pirveli dReebidanve mecnierebi
ebrZvian MmaT.
axla mivubrundeT am mcdelobebis saukeTeso
magaliTebs.
crurwmenebis daZleva
socialur fsiqologiaSi erT-erTma kla-
sikurma gamokvlevam aCvena, rom „Cven~ jgufis
dapirispirebam „isini~ jgufTan, SesaZloa,
seriozul mtrobamde migviyvanos. 1954 wlis
zafxulSi muzafer Serifma da misma kolegebma
(Muzafer Sheerif, 1961/1988) or jgufad dayofili
biWebi oklahomis Statis saxelmwifo parkSi
waiyvanes. jgufebs, pirobiTad, „arwivebi~ da
„Cxakunebi~ uwodes. TiToeuli jgufi TviTon
uvlida Tavis Tavs _ isini daexetebodnen, curav-
dnen, saWmels amzadebdnen da erTi kviris ganmav-
lobaSi araferi icodnen meore jgufis arsebobis

1997; Steel & Aronson, 1995, 1998). stereotipuli

Sesaxeb. jgufebma erTmaneTi beisbolSi, fexbur-
safrTxe Cndeba MmaSin, rodesac adamianebi iseT
Tsa da bagiris gadawevaSi Sejibrebis dros
situaciebSi aRmoCndebian, romlebTanac dakav-
gaicnes. aseT dasawyiss or jgufs Soris gam-
Sirebulia stereotipis negatiuri aspeqtebi.
Zvinvarebuli metoqeoba mohyva. dawves erTmaneTis
magaliTad, me-10 TavSi Cven davadastureT, rom
almebi, daarbies da gaZarcves sacxovrebeli
afro-amerikelebis mier unarebis testebis Sesru-
kotejebi da sakvebis gamo namdvili brZola
leba uaresdeba, rogorc ki uCndebaT eWvi, rom
gaaCaRes. rogor unda Semcirebuliyo aseTi
testis Sedegebi Seesabameba Savkanianebis swav-
mtroba?
lis dabalunarianobis stereotipebs. es mona-
cemebi imitom SegaxseneT, rom xazi gagvesva im
faqtorebisTvis, romlebic aZliereben uaryofiT saidan
stereotipebs da im xerxebisTvis, romlebic viciT
stereotipulad ganwyobili adamianebis cxov-
rebis deformacias iwveven. erTmaneTze damokidebulebebis
darwmunebulic rom iyoT, rom Tqven ar aucilebloba
gagaCniaT crurwmenebi, mainc savaraudoa, rom
eqsperimentatorebma scades propagan-
Tqvenc gaqvT Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi arse-
distuli xerxi – erT jgufs uqebdnen
buli stereotipebi. am stereotipebis codnam,
meores. aman ar gaWra. amis Semdeg Seecadnen
SesaZloa, aracnobier doneze maTi gamoye-
jgufebisTvis iseTi garemo SeeqmnaT, ro-
nebisaken gibiZgoT (Devine & Monteith, 1999). im
melic gamoricxavda Sejibrs. arc aman
adamianebmac ki, romelTa Sexedulebebic Tavisu-
imoqmeda. mtroba maSinac grZeldeboda,
falia crurwmenebisgan, SesaZloa, mainc ganaxor-
rodesac jgufebi erTad uyurebdnen films.
cielon avtomaturi aqtebi, romlebic warsuli bolos mkvlevrebma erTi ram moifiqres.
da awmyo garemocvis mravali wyarodan miRebul
766 maT unda SeeqmnaT iseTi problemebi,
 romelTa gadawyvetac SesaZlebeli iqne- jgufebSi (Aronson & Gonzales, 1988; Gonzales, 1983).
boda saerTo miznebis dasaxviTa da Tanam- ganvixiloT erTi axalgazrda ymawvilis, kar-
SromlobiTi aqtivobiT. magaliTad, mkvlev- losis SemTxveva. karloss ignorirebas ukeTeb-
rebma Seqmnes iseTi situacia, rom biWebs dnen imis gamo, rom misi mSobliuri ena ar iyo
xramidan tvirTi amoeTriaT. saerTo amoca- inglisuri; mas daevala jgufSi, romelic jozef
nis wyalobiT mtroba gaqra da, faqtob- pulitceris premiis mopovebas cdilobda, gan-
rivad, isini saukeTeso megobrebad iqcnen sakuTrebuli rolis Sesruleba. gundis sxva
„jgufebis sazRvrebis~ darRvevis gareSe. wevrebs unda moefiqrebinaT, rogor miewodebinaT
misTvis informacia, romlis prezentaciac unda
am eqsperimentma daadastura kontaqtis
hipoTeza, rom mtrul jgufebs Soris pirdapiri
kontaqti amcirebs crurwmenebs (Allport, 1954).
biWebs erTad yofnis garda sxva aRaraferi surdaT
da, piriqiT, eqsperimentma isic aCvena, rom
crurwmenebis dasaZlevad waxalisebul unda
iqnes adamianebis erTmaneTze damokidebuleba
da saerTo miznebi. erTi wuTiT dafiqrdiT,
rogor SegiZliaT gamoiyenoT es codna im
situaciebSi, romlebSic CarTulni xarT. maga-
liTad, warmoidgineT, rom Tqven dapirispire-
buli TanamSromlebis xelmZRvaneli xarT. ras
moimoqmedebdiT am dapirispirebis aRmosafxvre-
lad?
mogvianebiT, socialurma fsiqologma eliot
aronsonma (Elliot Aronson) da misma kolegebma (1978)
Seadgines programa, romelic emyareboda aR-
werili eqsperimentis Sedegebs da miznad
isaxavda texassa da kaliforniaSi axlad deseg-
rerirebul skolebSi crurwmenebis aRmofxvras.
maT Seqmnes iseTi saswavlo programebi, romlis
pirobebSi mexuTe klasis moswavleebi swavlis
procesSi erTmaneTze iyvnen damokidebulni da
naklebad ejibrebodnen erTmaneTs saswavlo
masalis aTvisebaSi.
strategiaSi, romelic „asawyobi suraTebis~
meTodis1 saxeliTaa cnobili, TiToeul bavSvs
mosamzadeblad eZleva mTeli masalis nawili,
romelic Semdeg man jgufis danarCen wevrebs
unda gaacnos. warmateba fasdeba mTeli jgufis
mier warmodgenili prezentaciis xarisxze
dayrdnobiT. amdenad, mniSvnelovani da faseulia
jgufis TiToeuli wevris wvlili.
crurwmenebi

aseTi asawyobi suraTebis meTodiT momuSave

klasebSi rasobrivi konfliqtebi Semcirda,
vinaidan manamde urTierTdapirispirebuli
TeTrkaniani, laTinosi da zangi studentebi
erTad iyvnen saerTo miznebiT gaerTianebul

1
Jigsaw technique. 767
 moexdina mas Semdgom. Tanagundelebis moT-
minebisa da gamamxnevebeli SeniSvnebis sapasuxod,
karloss maT mimarT Tbili grZnobebi gauCnda
da isic gaarkvia, rom premiis mopovebis ambavi
namdvili ar iyo. man saTanadod Seafasa rogorc
sakuTari Tavi, ise _ Tanagundelebi (Cven si-
xaruliT unda aRvniSnoT, rom karlosma texasSi
kolejis damTavrebis Semdeg swavla harvardis
iuridiul skolaSi gaagrZela).
miuxedavad imisa, rom crurwmenebTan dakavSi-
rebuli, Cven mier moyvanili magaliTebis umrav-
lesoba aSS-is farglebSia mopovebuli, faqtob-
rivad, yvela sazogadoeba ganasxvavebs Sida da
gare jgufebs. dabolos, am qveTavis sisruli-
saTvis, crurwmenebis daZlevis sakiTxis Tval-
sazrisiT, Cven ganvixilavT eqsperiments, rome-
lic sakiTxis internacionalur aspeqtebs exeba
da RirsSesaniSnavia Tavisi SedegebiT. Tomas
petigium (Thomas Pettigrew, 1997) Seiswavla daax-
loebiT 4000 adamianis monacemi safrangeTSi,
niderlandebSi, inglissa da yofil dasavleT
germaniaSi, raTa Seemowmebina Serifis da misi
kolegebis mier aRweril kvlevaSi miRebuli
Sedegebi, gansakuTrebiT ki _ kontaqtis hipoTeza,
romelsac crurwmenebis Semcirebamde mivyavarT.
Tavi 18 / socialuri pfsiqologia, sazogadoeba da kultura
saidan
viciT
megobroba amcirebs crurwmenebs
yvela am qveyanaSi cdis pirebs sTxoves,
ganesazRvraT TavianTi damokidebuleba
garkveuli erovnuli umciresobebis mimarT
(magaliTad, ingliselebs ekiTxebodnen
indoelebis, xolo germanelebs _ Turqebis
Sesaxeb). maT, agreTve, sTxovdnen, miewo-
debinaT informacia im adamianebTan kon-
taqtebis tipis Sesaxeb, romlebic sxva
erebs, rasebs, religiebs, kulturebs an
socialur klasebs ekuTvnodnen; hyavdaT
Tu ara maT Soris megobrebi, mezoblebi
an TanamSromlebi. kvlevis Sedegebi sakmaod
dramatuli iyo. rodesac adamianebi am gare
jgufebis wevrebs axasiaTebdnen, rogorc
megobrebs, isini crurwmenebis SedarebiT
dabal dones avlendnen.
768
kulturaTaSorisi (kros-kulturuli) monace-
mebis gaTvaliswinebiT, am kvlevidan Zalze cal-
saxa daskvna gamomdinareobs: gare jgufis wevrTan
megobrobas crurwmenebis gaqrobamde mivyavarT.
ratomaa megobroba ase efeqturi? megobroba
adamianebs SesaZleblobas aZlevs, meti gaigon
gare jgufis wevrebis Sesaxeb, maTTan identi-
fikaciac ki SeiZleba moaxdinon. megobrobam,
aseve, SesaZloa, deprovincializaciamdec migvi-
yvanos: es niSnavs, rom, rodesac adamianebi mets
igeben gare jgufis normebis da Cveulebebis
Sesaxeb, isini nakleb „provinciulebi~ xdebian
sakuTar Sida jgufSi mimdinare procesebis
koreqtulobasTan mimarTebaSic.
socialuri fsiqologia ar Tvlis, rom cru-
rwmenebi xelis erTi mosmiT SeiZleba moispos,
magram is Tanmimdevrulad dgams nabijebs maTi
yvelaze mZime Sedegebis TandaTanobiTi aR-
mofxvrisaTvis TiToeul mcire SemTxvevaSic ki.
namdvilad Rirs, gamoZebnoT dro da daakvirdeT,
rogor SeZlebT Tqveni im crurwmenebis gamov-
linebebis daregulirebas Tqven irgvliv, rom-
lebsac an Tqven axvevT Tavze sxvebs, an, piriqiT,
sxvebisgan gixdebaT amis atana.
Sejameba
crurwmenebTan dakavSirebuli savalalo rea-
loba isaa, rom Zalze minimaluri maniSnebelic
ki sakmarisia mavne tendenciebis CamoyalibebisaTvis.
kvlevebma cxadyo, rom socialuri kategorizacia
swrafad kravs ucxo adamianebs mWidrod
SekavSirebul jgufebad, romlebic Sida jgufebis
wevrebs ufro pozitiurad aRiqvamen, vidre _ gare
jgufebis wevrebs. stereotipebi zRudaven adamianis
mier „realobis~ gancdas. Serifis eqsperimentma
dagvanaxa, rom crurwmenebi SeiZleba Semcirdes
im programebiT, romlebic xels uwyoben saerTo
kontaqtis hipoTeza (Cotact hipothesis) – idea,
rom mtrul jgufebs Soris pirdapiri kontaqti
amcirebs crurwmenebs.
asawyobi suraTebis klasebi (Jegsaw classrooms)
– saswavlo klasebi, romlebic iyeneben asawyobi
suraTebis saxeliT cnobil meTods, romelSic
yovel moswavles eZleva mTeli dasaswavli
masalis mxolod nawili, romelic Semdeg jgu-
fis sxva wevrebs gadaecema.
 fsiqologia XXI saukuneSi
internetis zedapiruli mi-
moxilvac sakmarisia, rom
davrwmundeT _ samyaro dapa-
taravda. axla ukve bevri Cven-
gani amyarebs urTierTobas
ucxo adamianebTan eleqtro-
nuli fostisa da „Catis~ meS-
veobiT. aseTi urTierTobebi ki-
dev ufro gafarTovdeba imis
Sesabamisad, rac ufro meti
adamiani aiTvisebs msoflio
qselis teqnologiebs. maga-
liTad, erT-erTi arasportuli
Tema, romelzec laparaki iyo
2000 wlis msoflio olim-
piadaze, interneti iyo. olim-
piuri sofeli, sadac spor-
tsmenebi cxovrobdnen, kargad
iyo aRWurvili uaxlesi apara-
turiT, raTa msoflios yvela
kuTxidan Camosul sportsmenebs
msoflio qselSi mogzaurobis
saSualeba hqonodaT. gazeTebi
iuwyebodnen, rom kubelma spor-
tsmenebma, romelTac manamde ar
hqondaT internetTan urTier-
Tobis gamocdileba, erTi
kviris ganmavlobaSi aamoqmedes
160-ze meti veb-gverdi (Jordan,
2000). erT-erTi kiTxva, romel-
sac XXI saukune namdvilad
svams fsiqologiis winaSe, isaa,
Tu rogor Seegua adgilobrivi
kulturebi msoflio qsels da,
piriqiT, ra gavlena moaxdena
adgilobrivma kulturebma
masze.
ganvixiloT, Tu ra gavlena
moaxdina internetma kuveitis
cxovrebaze (Wheeler, 1998). ro-
gorc mraval sxva qveyanaSi,
kuveitSic interneti Tavda-
pirvelad akademiuri wreebis-
Tvis gaxda xelmisawvdomi, ker-
samyaro pataravdeba
Zod, kuveitis universitetis
TanamSromlebisTvis, Tumca,
Zalian mokle droSi is sayo-
velTaod xelmisawvdomi gaxda.
umravles SemTxvevaSi, kuvei-
telebic iseve iyeneben in-
ternets, rogorc mTel msof-
lioSi _ „CatisTvis~: adamianebi
mas, ZiriTadad, „salaybod~
mimarTaven da kuveitelebic
aRniSnaven, rom urTierTobebi
da romanebi kibersivrceSi aqvT.
da mainc, kuveitSi internetis
gamoyeneba TaviseburebiT xa-
siaTdeba, rac mas sxvebisgan
ganasxvavebs: „bevri daZvreba
internetSi, magram cota Tu
aqveynebs raimes~. kuveitSi „in-
ternetiT sakuTar Tavze in-
formaciis gavrceleba poten-
ciuri safrTxis Semcveli aqti
ufroa, vidre _ sakuTari Tavis
warmoCenis saSualeba. is aris
iaraRi Tqveni mtris winaaRmdeg
da instrumenti, raTa Senar-
Cunebul iqnes dogmebisadmi
konformuloba da gaadvildes
yoveldRiuri cxovrebis
marTva~ (Wheeler, 1998. gv. 365-366).
aseTi kulturuli SezRudvebis
pirobebSi Zneli warmosadgenia,
rom kuveitSi interneti saku-
Tari Tavis gamoxatvis saSua-
lebad iqces, rogorc es mraval
sxva qveyanaSi moxda.
mkvlevrebma internetis gamo-
yenebis sxva mravali kul-
turuli gansxvavebac Seiswav-
les, magaliTad, veb-gverdebis
is maxasiaTeblebi, romlebsac
ama Tu im kulturebis war-
momadgenlebi aniWeben upira-
tesobas. erTi da igive veb-
gverdi, SesaZloa, mTeli msof-
liosTvis misaRebi iyos,
magram kulturuli gan-
sxvavebebi, SesaZloa, mainc
arsebobdes, Tu ramdenad
gasagebi an faseulia esa Tu
is veb gverdi (Sears et al., 2000).
magaliTad, bevr veb gverdze
informacia mocemulia mar-
cxnidan marjvniv da zevidan
qveviT _ ise, rogorc kiTxu-
loben inglisur enaze, magram
Cinelebi an ebraelebi, SesaZ-
loa, sirTuleebs waawydnen,
vinaidan maTi enebi infor-
maciis sivrciTi ganlagebis
gansxvavebul wess iyeneben
(O’Donnell,1994). sazogadod,
veb-gverdebis dizainerebma,
SesaZloa, aRmoaCinon, rom
maT sakuTari produqciis
„internacionalizaciisaTvis~
socialuri mecnierebebis
daxmareba sWirdebaT. veb-
gverdi, romelic erTi
jgufis mowonebas imsaxurebs,
SesaZloa, uaryofil iqnes
meore jgufis mier, vTqvaT,
im moWarbebuli agresiulo-
bis an sirTulis gamo, ro-
melic adgilobriv normebs
ewinaaRmdegeba (Sears et al., 2000).
WeSmaritad kulturaTaSorisi
Rirebulebis mqone veb-gver-
debis Sesaqmnelad, veb-diza-
inerebma informacia iseT
wignSi unda moiZion, ro-
goricaa „fsiqologia da
cxovreba~. rogorc XXI sau-
crurwmenebi
kunis moqalaqe, Tqven msof-
lios dapataravebis mowme
xarT. ra daskvnebs gaake-
TebdiT amis Taobaze? ra
kiTxvebs dausvamdiT fsiqo-
logebs?
769
 miznebis miRwevas. asawyobi suraTebis meTodi
amas saklaso oTaxebSi akeTebs. kvlevebi aCveneben,
rom gansxvavebuli jgufebis wevrTa damegobreba
crurwmenebis Semcirebas iwvevs.
konfliqtisa da mSvidobis
fsiqologia
bolo or qveTavSi vnaxeT, rom adamianis
cxovrebaSi agresiasa da crurwmenebs sakmaod
didi adgili ukavia, magram yvelaze momakvdi-
nebeli maTi urTierTgadakveTaa. XXI saukuneSi
jer kidev arsebobs iseTi katastrofuli siZ-
ulvili, romelic religiuri, rasobrivi Tu
kulturuli crurwmenebis safuZvelze Cndeba.
ra SeiZleba gakeTdes am siZulvilis dasaZlevad?
„fsiqologia da cxovrebis~ SesavalSi Cven fsi-
qologebi davaxasiaTeT, rogorc „adamianebis
sakmaod optimisturi jgufi~, vinaidan maT swamT,
rom maTi Teoriebi da fsiqologiuri kvlevebis
Sedegebi, SesaZloa, gamoyenebul iqnes adamianis
cxovrebis gasaumjobeseblad. am wignis daskvniT
qveTavebSi gvsurs am optimisturi ganwyobilebis
Tavi 18 / socialuri pfsiqologia, sazogadoeba da kultura
SenarCuneba. miuxedavad imisa, rom im fsiqologiur
Zalebs SevexebiT, romlebsac damangreveli qceva
mosdevs, naTeli iqneba isic, rom arseboben iseTi
Zalebic, romlebsac xelewifebaT konstruqciuli
cvlilebebis safuZvlis Seqmna. Cveni saboloo
mizania, mivideT mSvidobis fsiqologiis ganxil-
vamde. es aris mravalmxrivi cda imisa, rom so-
cialuri mecnierebebis mier dagrovili codna
gamoyenebul iqnes msoflioSi mSvidobis damyare-
bis da ganmtkicebis saqmeSi. swored es gaxlavT
optimizmis is pirveli nota, romliTac gvsurs
damTavrdes fsiqologiasTan Tqveni pirveli Sexeba.
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom Cven viwyebT socialur
fsiqologiaSi yvelaze klasikuri kvlevis
ganxilvas, romelic stenli milgremma (Stanley
Milgram) Caatara, raTa Rrmad Cawvdomoda meore
msoflio omis saSinelebebis safuZvlebs.
avtoritetisadmi daqvemdebareba
ra aiZulebda aTasobiT nacists, damorCile-
bodnen hitleris brZanebebs da milionobiT
ebraeli gaegzavnaT gazis kamerebSi? gaaCndaT
770
maT moraluri normebi Tu ara? rogor unda
avxsnaT sxvadasxva kultebis mimdevarTa mzad-
yofna, ara marto sakuTari sicocxle xelyon,
aramed sxvebic Tan gaiyolon (Tema, romelic
Semdeg rubrikaSi „fsiqologia Cvens cxovrebaSi~
iqneba ganxiluli)? ra SeiZleba iTqvas piradad
Tqvenze? arsebobs garemoebebi, romelTa gavle-
niTac Tqven SeZlebdiT, damorCilebodiT sulier
liders, mogewamlaT adamianebi da Semdeg Tavi
mogeklaT? SegiZliaT, warmoidginoT Tavi im
asobiT udanaSaulo adamianis amoxocvis monawi-
led, rac amerikelma jariskacebma, zemdgom pirTa
brZanebiT, vietnamis sofel mai-laiSi ganaxor-
cieles (Hersh,1971; Opton, 1970, 1973)? Tqveni pasuxi,
Cveni pasuxis msgavsad, iqneba: „ara! Tqven me vin
ggonivarT?!~ am qveTavis wakiTxvis Semdeg vime-
dovnebT, rom Tqven eWvi SegeparebaT da ityviT:
„SesaZloa, danamdvilebiT ar vici~. moqmedi
socialuri Zalebis gavleniT, Tqvenc, SesaZloa,
igive gaakeToT, rasac sxva adamianebi akeTebdnen
igive situaciaSi, rac ar unda warmoudgenlad
da sazarlad geCvenebodeT maTi qceva Tqvenc
da im adamianebsac, romlebic im situaciaSi
uSualod ar imyofebian.
individis qcevaze socialuri Zalebis gavle-
nis gansakuTrebiT damarwmunebeli demonstri-
reba solomon aSis mowafem, stenli milgremma
ganaxorciela. milgremis kvlevam (1965, 1974) cxad-
yo, rom meore msoflio omis dros nacistebis
brma morCileba imdenad maTi dispoziciuri
maxasiaTeblebis (anu maTi gansakuTrebuli pirov-
nuli Tvisebebis an germanelebis erovnuli
xasiaTis) moqmedebis Sedegi ar iyo, ramdenadac
iseTi situaciuri Zalebis moqmedebisa, romelTac
nebismieri adamianis STanTqma SeeZlo. rogor
SeZlo man imis Cveneba, rasac arendtma „boro-
tebis banaluroba~ uwoda – rodesac boroti
qmedebebi SeiZleba Cveulebrivma adamianebma
Caidinon, romlebic sulac ar arian ulmobelni
da ubralod gauazreblad, yovelgvari gansjis
gareSe asruleben sxvebis brZanebebs (Arendt,
1963,1971). morCilebis kvlevis milgremiseuli
programa erT-erTi yvelaze sakamaTo programaa,
vinaidan masSi wamoWrili sakiTxebi arsebiTad
ukavSirdeba yoveldRiuri cxovrebis realobasa
da eTikur problemebs (Miller,1986; Ross & Nisbett,
1991).
morCilebis paradigma daesajaT isini, romelTac moswavlis roli
hqondaT dakisrebuli. maT ganemartaT ZiriTadi
pirovnuli Taviseburebebisa da socialuri
wesi, romliTac unda exelmZRvanelaT da romlis
maxasiaTeblebis erTmaneTisgan gamijvnis mizniT,
mixedviT yoveli Secdomis Semdeg eleqtroSoki
milgremma laboratoriuli eqsperimentebis mTeli
unda gaeZlierebinaT, vidre ar miaRwevdnen
seria – avtoritetisadmi damorCilebis 19 labo-
dasaswavli masalis uSecdomod gadmocemas. TeTr
ratoriuli eqsperimenti Caatara, romelSic 1000-
xalaTSi gamowyobili eqsperimentatori sruli
ze meti cdis piri monawileobda. milgremis
kanonieri uflebamosilebiT aRWurvili piriviT
pirveli eqsperimentebi ielis universitetSi tar-
moqmedebda; is cdis pirebs acnobda wesebs, awes-
deboda niu heivensa da mis gareubnebSi mcxovreb
rigebda rolebis ganawilebas (mTeli seriozu-
mamakacebze, romelTac eqsperimentSi mona-
lobiT atarebda kenWisyrebs) da maswavleblebs
wileobisaTvis anazRaureba eZleodaT. mogvia-
miTiTebebs aZlevda, rom kargad SeesrulebinaT
nebiT man damorCilebis kvlevis laboratoria
dakisrebuli davaleba, rogorc ki maT yoymans
universitetidan brijportSi, koneqtikutis
an gansxvavebuli azris gamovlenis mcdelobas
StatSi gadaitana, sadac sagazeTo gancxadebebis
amCnevda. damokidebuli cvladis _ eleqtroSokis
saSualebiT agrovebda eqsperimentSi monawile-
maqsimaluri maCvenebeli aparatze 450 volti iyo,
obis msurvelebs, mosaxleobis yvela fenis, orive
romlis miRwevac mcire, 1.5-voltiani bijebiT
sqesis, asakiT, saqmianobiTa da ganaTlebis doniT
xdeboda da romelsac maswavlebeli moswavlis
gansxvavebul adamianebs.
yoveli Secdomis sapasuxod umatebda, vidre is
milgremis ZiriTadi eqsperimentuli paradigma
ar Sewyvetda „avtoritetis~ (e.i. eqsperimen-
is iyo, rom cdis pirebi CarTulni iyvnen iseT
tatoris mimarT) damorCilebas da uars ar ityoda
saqmianobaSi, romelic _ rogorc amaSi TviT
davalebis Sesrulebaze.
cdis pirebi iyvnen darwmunebulebi –sxva ada-
mianze sxvadasxva diapazonis eleqtroSokiT
zemoqmedebas iTvaliswinebda. es nebayoflobiT cdis situacia
SerCeuli xalxi darwmunebuli iyo, rom mona-
eqsperimenti ise iyo dagegmili, rom cdis
wileobda mexsierebisa da daswavlis procesis
piri iZulebuli iyo daejerebina, rom igi –
mecnierul kvlevaSi. isini daarwmunes, rom
asrulebda ra brZanebebs – tkivils ayenebda,
kvlevis mizans warmoadgenda imis garkveva, Tu
stanjavda da, SesaZloa, moekla kidec udanaSaulo
rogor moqmedebs sasjeli mexsierebaze da rogor
adamiani. TiToeul maswavlebels 45 voltis Zabvis
gaumjobesdeboda daswavlis procesi Seqebisa da
eleqtrodartyma miayenes, raTa mas warmodgena
dasjis saTanado TanafardobiT gamoyenebiT. cdis
hqonoda, Tu ra intensivobis tkivils iwvevda
pirebs, romelTac maswavleblis socialuri

konfliqtisa da mSvidobis fsiqologia

igi. moswavle mSvidi, sasiamovno garegnobis,
roli mieniWaT, daSvebuli SecdomebisaTvis unda
gawonasworebuli manerebis mqone, ormoc-

771
 daaTiode wlis mamakaci iyo, romelic, sxvaTa
Soris, ambobda, rom guli awuxebda, magram fulis
gamo mzad iyo am proceduris gasavlelad. mas
gverdiT oTaxSi abamdnen „eleqtroskamze~ da
maswavlebelTan Sida sakomunikacio qselis
meSveobiT urTierTobda. moswavles evaleboda
dawyvilebuli sityvebis damaxsovreba da
wyvilidan erT-erTi sityvis dasaxeleba, rogorc
ki gaigebda am wyvilis meore sityvas. moswavlem,
winaswar dadgenili ganrigis Sesabamisad, maleve
daiwyo Secdomebis daSveba da maswavlebelmac
ar daayovna eleqtroSokis gamoyeneba. msxverplis
protesti izrdeboda eleqtroSokis voltaJis
matebasTan erTad. 75 voltze man Civili da
buzRuni daiwyo. 150-ze eqsperimentSi monawi-
leobaze uari ganacxada da ganTavisufleba
moiTxova. 180 voltze is yviroda, rom veRar
gauZlebs am tkivils. 300 voltze gahyviroda,
rom metis atana aRar SeuZlia da ganTavisuf-
lebas iTxovda. bolos tiriliT laparakobda
Tavis avadmyof gulze da kioda. Tu maswavlebeli
yoymanobda, an uars acxadebda ufro maRali
eleqtroSokis miyenebaze, eqsperimentatori mas
eubneboda: „eqsperimenti moiTxovs, rom Tqven
gaagrZeloT,~ an „Tqven ar gaqvT arCevani, unda
Tavi 18 / socialuri pfsiqologia, sazogadoeba da kultura
gaagrZeloT~.
rogorc ukve xvdebiT, situacia cdis pire-
bisTvis Zalze stresuli iyo. cdis pirTa umete-
soba protests gamoTqvamda da ganuwyvetliv
aRniSnavda, rom amis gagrZeleba aRar SeeZlo.
is, rom eqsperimentSi Seqmnilma situaciam cdis
pirebSi Zlieri protesti gamoiwvia, naTlad
Cans eqsperimentis angariSebidanac:
180-voltiani Sokis Semdeg: „amdens ver
gauZlebs! me ar vapireb am kacis mokvlas. gesmiT,
yviris! is ver gauZlebs amas. rame rom daemar-
Tos?... am kacs raime rom daemarTos, vin agebs
pasuxs?~ (eqsperimentatori Tanxmdeba pasuxismgeb-
lobis aRebaze) – „maS, kargi~.
195-voltiani Sokis Semdeg: „xom gesmiT
rogor yviris? magaria ra, ar vici~ (eqsperi-
mentatori eubneba, rom aucilebelia gagrZeleba)
„diax, me vici, ser, magram vfiqrob, eg azrze ar
aris, raSi gaeba. ukve 195 voltia~ (Milgram, 1965.
gv.67).
maSinac ki, rodesac moswavlis oTaxSi siCume
772 isadgurebda, maswavlebeli brZanebebs iZleoda,
ufro moematebinaT eleqtroSokis voltaJi da
daeWiraT TiTi Rilakze, romelsac ewera: „sa-
xifaToa. Zlieri Soki XXX (450 volti)~.
eleqtroSoki: ho Tu ara
eqsperimentis dawyebamde milgremma 40 fsi-
qiatrs mimarTa TxovniT, raTa ewinaswar-
metyvelaT cdis pirTa qceva eqsperimentis
ganmavlobaSi. maT (eqsperimentis aRweraze
dayrdnobiT) iwinaswarmetyveles, rom cdis
pirebis umravlesoba ar acdeboda 150 volts,
4%-ze naklebi morCilebas gamoxatavda 300 vol-
tamde da mxolod 0.1% gaagrZelebda zemoqmedebas
450 voltamde. prognozirebisas fsiqiatrebi
eyrdnobodnen mosazrebas, rom srul morCilebas
gamoavlendnen da maqsimalur eleqtroSoks
gamoiyenebdnen mxolod garkveuli maxasia-
TeblebiT aranormaluri, sadisti adamianebi,
romlebsac siamovnebT sxvebisTvis tkivilis
miyeneba.
fsiqiatrebi aseT Sefasebebs afuZnebdnen
Sexedulebaze, rom aseTi aranormaluri qcevebis
ganmaxorcielebel adamianebs gaaCniaT gansakuT-
rebuli dispoziciuri maxasiaTeblebi, Tumca,
maT mxedvelobidan gamorCaT situaciis is
gansakuTrebuli Zala, romelsac cdis pirTa
umravlesobis azrovnebasa da qcevebze gavlenis
moxdena SeeZlo, vinaidan isini „amoglejilni~
iqnen maTTvis Cveuli situaciidan. RirsSesa-
niSnavi da SemaSfoTebeli daskvna ki isaa, rom
es eqspertebi Secdnen: cdis pirTa umravlesoba
srulad daemorCila avtoritets. arc erTi cdis
piri ar SeCerebula 300 voltze nakleb Zabvaze.
moswavleebis mimarT 65%-ma gamoiyena maqsimaluri
eleqtroSoki – 450 volti. miaqcieT yuradReba,
rom maTi umravlesoba sityvierad acxadebda
winaaRmdegobas, magram qceviT emorCileboda
avtoritets. msxverplis TvalsazrisiT, es
kritikuli sxvaobaa. marTlac, Tqven rom yofi-
liyaviT msxverplis adgilze, raime mniSvneloba
eqneboda imas, rom adamians ar undoda TqvenTvis
tkivilis moyeneba da sityvierad ewinaaR-
mdegeboda brZanebas, Tuki is, bolos da bolos,
daemorCileboda brZanebas da mogayenebdaT
eleqtroSokis ganmeorebad dartymebs?
milgremis eqsperimentis Sedegebi imdenad
moulodneli iyo, rom mkvlevrebs didi Sroma
dasWirdaT, raTa gamoericxaT maTi alternati-
uli interpretaciis SesaZleblobebi. erTaderTi
gamosavali is iyo, rom daeSvaT, TiTqos cdis
pirebma realurad ar daijeres eqsperimentis
„legenda~. SesaZloa, maT isic ki ar daijeres,
rom msxverpls namdvilad ayenebdnen tkivils.
amis gamosaricxad Catarda iseTi eqsperimenti,
romelSic damorCilebis efeqti realuri, swrafi
da uSualo iyo. kolejis studentebi Tvlidnen,
rom wvrTnidnen lekvs, romelzec yoveli Secdomis
Semdeg eleqtroSokiT zemoqmedebdnen. isini
realurad xedavdnen, rogor xteboda lekvi da
esmodaT misi wkmutuni yovelTvis, rodesac
Rilakze aWerdnen xels da aZlierebdnen dens
cxaurSi, romelzec lekvi idga. ramdeni adamiani
isurvebda lekvze eleqtroSokiT zemoqmedebisa
da misi wvalebis gagrZelebas? am realur situ-
aciaSic ki studentebis samma meoTxedma eleqtro-
Sokis maqsimaluri odenoba gamoiyena (Sheridan &
King, 1972).
cdis pirebis qcevis kidev erT alternatiul
axsnas warmoadgens is, rom eqsperimentis Sedegebze
gavlena moaxdina misi pirobebis moTxovniTma
maxasiaTeblebma. es moTxovniTi maxasiaTeblebi
eqsperimentuli situaciis maniSneblebia, rom-
lebic zemoqmedebdnen cdis pirebze da aniSnebdnen,
Tu ras elian maTgan. davuSvaT, milgremis cdis
pirebi mixvdnen, rom misi eqsperimentis Sedegebi
bevrad ufro saintereso iqneboda, Tu isini ar
Sewyvetdnen eleqtroSokiT zemoqmedebas da
amitomac, agrZelebdnen TamaSs. Semdgomma kvlevebma
aCvena, rom avtoritetisadmi damorCileba sulac
ar ganicdis uCveulo eqsperimentuli pirobebis
gavlenas. is, SesaZloa, nebismier cxovrebiseul
situaciaSi moxdes.
saidan
viciT
morCileba realur cxovrebiseul
situaciaSi
mkvlevrebis jgufma, saavadmyofos si-
tuaciaSi damorCilebis Seswavlis mizniT,
Caatara Semdegi savele kvleva. meddas (cdis
piri) telefoniT daureka eqimma, romelsac
arasodes Sexvedria. eqimma mas davaleba misca
_ pacientisTvis garkveuli wamali mieca
ise, rom am wamals eqimis mosvlamde emoqmeda.
eqimma daniSna 20 mg wamali, romelsac
astroteni erqva. wamlis yuTze gakeTebuli
warwera ityobineboda, rom astrotenis Cve-
ulebrivi doza _ 5 mg, xolo maqsimaluri
doza 10 mg iyo.
SeeZlo Tu ara meddas pacientisTvis
wamlis gadaWarbebuli doza ucnobi piris
satelefono zaris Sedegad mieca maSin,
roca es dadgenil samedicino praqtikas
ewinaaRmdegeboda? rodesac es dilema 12
meddas aRuweres, 10-ma ganacxada, rom isini
ar daemorCilebodnen ucnobis zars. xolo
is, Tu rogor moiqcnen meddebi realurad,
sxva, axla ukve kargad cnobili ambavia.
rodesac meddebis sxva jgufi moxvda
analogiur situaciaSi, TiTqmis yvela
maTgani damorCilda. 22-dan 21-ma meddam
daiwyo pacientisTvis wamlis (sinamdvi-
leSi, sruliad uvnebeli nivTierebis)
micema, vidre mkvlevarma eqimma ar SeaCera
isini (Hofling et al., 1966).
es Sedegebi miuTiTebs, rom Mmilgremis mier
miRebuli Sedegi ar SeiZleba mieweros eqspe-
rimentis pirobebis maxasiaTeblebis moTxovnebze
cdis pirTa reagirebas.
ratom emorCilebian adamianebi
avtoritets
milgremis kvleva adasturebs, rom imis
gasarkvevad, Tu ratom emorCilebian adamianebi
konfliqtisa da mSvidobis fsiqologia
avtoritets, saWiroa ufro detalurad ganvi-
xiloT garkveul situaciebSi moqmedi fsiqolo-
giuri Zalebi. me-17 TavSi vnaxeT, Tu ramdenad
xSirad zRudavs qcevas situaciuri Zalebi da
swored milgremis kvlevam warmoaCina am Ziri-
Tadi principis naTeli magaliTi. milgremi da
sxva mkvlevrebi eqsperimentuli situaciis mTeli
rigi aspeqtebiT manipulirebas axdendnen, raTa
gamoekveTaT, rom damorCilebis efeqti gan-
pirobebulia ara pirovnuli, aramed situaci-
uri faqtorebiT. 18.5 suraTze asaxulia morCi-
lebis doneebi gansxvavebul situaciebSi. maga-
moTxovniTi maxasiaTeblebi (Demand characteris-
tics) _ eqsperimentuli situaciis maniSneblebi,
romlebic zemoqmedeben cdis pirebze da aniS-
773
neben maT, Tu ras elian maTgan.
 liTad, morCileba sakmaod maRalia, rodesac
jer mewyvile iZleva morCilebis magaliTs, ro-
desac cdis piri moqmedebs, rogorc Sualeduri
rgoli – im adamianebis damxmare, vinc uSualod
zemoqmedebs msxverplze, an rodesac msxverpli
(moswavle) fizikurad daSorebulia maswavleb-
lisagan. morCileba sakmaod dabalia, rodesac
TviTon Mmoswavle iTxovs masze zemoqmedebas,
rodesac ori avtoritetiani piri iZleva ur-
TierTsawinaaRmdego miTiTebebs, an TviT avto-
ritetia msxverpli. es Sedegebi miuTiTebs, rom
qcevaze zegavlenas axdens situacia da ara cdis
pirebs Soris individualuri gansxvavebebi.
ori mizezi, romlis gamoc adamianebi avlenen
morCilebas am situaciebSi, normatuli da infor-
maciuli gavlenis wyaroebamde migviyvans, romel-
zec saubari iyo me-17 TavSi: _ adamianebs surT,
rom mowonebul iqnen (normatuli gavlena) da
iyvnen marTlebi (informaciuli zegavlena).
isini midrekilni arian moiqcnen ise, rogorc
sxvebi iqcevian, an iqceodnen ise, rom iyvnen
socialurad misaRebni da mosawonni. amasTan,
gaurkvevel, axal situaciebSi, magaliTad, am
Tavi 18 / socialuri pfsiqologia, sazogadoeba da kultura
774
eqsperimentis msgavs situaciebSi, adamianebi
endobian sxvebis miniSnebebs imis Taobaze, Tu
ra saxis qcevebia adekvaturi da swori. ufro
xSirad isini eqspertebs da sando pirebs endo-
bian, romlebic karnaxoben maT, Tu rogor unda
moiqcnen. milgremis paradigmis mesame faqtori
isaa, rom, rogorc Cans, cdis pirebi ibneodnen,
vinaidan ar icodnen, rogor gamoexataT daumor-
Cilebloba; arafers ambobdnen, radgan ujereb-
dnen avtoritets. maT rom hqonodaT situaciidan
pirdapiri, martivi gamosavali, magaliTad,
daeWiraT xeli Rilakze „Sewyveta~, maSin, SesaZ-
loa, naklebad gamoevlinaT morCileba (Ross,
1988). dabolos, am eqsperimentul situaciaSi
avtoritetisadmi damorCileba im gaSinagnebuli
Tvisebis nawilia, rasac bavSvebi gansxvavebul
situaciebSi swavloben – usityvod daemorCi-
lon avtoritets (Brown, 1986). es movlena maSin
emsaxureba sazogadoebas, rodesac avtoritetebi
legitimuri ZalauflebiT arian aRWurvilni da
imsaxureben morCilebas. problema ki isaa, rom
am wesma sakuTari Tavi amowura. avtoritetisadmi
brma morCileba niSnavs yvelanairi avtori-
suraTi
18.5
damorCileba
milgremis
eqsperimentebSi
grafiki asaxavs sustidan
Zlier damorCilebamde pro-
filebs, milgremis eqspe-
rimentebis gansxvavebul si-
tuaciebSi
 fsiqologia Cvens cxovrebaSi

ratom eziarebian adamianebi lults

eWvgareSea, bolo wlebSi maTi lideris miTiTebebis rogor axerxeben es jgufebi

informaciam kultebis Sesaxeb
daipyro Cveni cnobiereba
sakulto jgufebis wevrebis im
eqstremaluri, auxsneli qce-
vebis gamo, romelTa Sesaxebac
vkiTxulobT, an romelTac vu-
yurebT masmediis saSualebiT.
1997 wlis martSi SeerTebul
StatebSi, sakuTari lideris
mier provocirebulma „heiven
geits~-is 39 wevrma ritualuri
wesebis dacviT moikla Tavi;
daaxloebiT oci wliT adre,
gaianas junglebis dasaxle-
baSi, 900-ze metma amerikelma
moqalaqem Caatara masobrivi
TviTmkvlelobis aqti maTi
qarizmatuli lideris – Rirsi
jim jonsis daJinebuli mo-
TxovniT. safrangeTSi, kanadasa
da SveicariaSi, mzis taZris
ordenis wevrebma, aseve, ri-
tualuri wesiT moiswrafes
sicocxle. iaponiaSi ki seqta
„aum Sin rikios~ wevrebma
tokios metroSi gazis gamoye-
nebiT mowamles mgzavrebi da,
aseve, dagegmili hqondaT masob-
Tanaxmad. am WeSmaritad tragi-
kuli faqtebis miRma dgas
aTasobiT jgufi, romelic kva-
lificirdeba, rogorc kulti
da romlis wevrebic totalur
morCilebas ucxadeben am jgu-
febs da maT liderebs. wevrebi
emorCilebian nebismier brZa-
nebas, rogoricaa, magaliTad,
ucnob partniorze daqorwineba
masobrivi qorwinebis ceremoni-
ebis dros, maTxovroba, rekru-
tireba, xangrZlivi Sroma anaz-
Raurebis gareSe, sakuTari qo-
nebis jgufis sargeblobaSi
gadacema, an dauqorwineblobis
aRTqmis dadeba.
SegiZliaT aseTi ramis ga-
keTebis warmodgena? arsebobs
ki iseTi garemoebebi, romelTa
zegavleniTac miuerTdebodiT
kults da iqceodiT im komfor-
mizmis, daTmobis da totaluri
morCilebis pirad, rasac kulti
Tavs axvevs jgufis wevrebs?
cxadia, umravlesoba ityvis:
„ara, araviTar SemTxvevaSi~, mag-
ram Cveni, rogorc fsiqo-
da maTi liderebi aseT iZu-
lebas da CavwvdeT im piro-
bebs, romelTa meSveobiTac
adamianebi mowyvladni xde-
bian da ujereben maTgan miRe-
bul damarwmunebel infor-
macias.
amrigad, ras warmoadgens
kulti? sakulto jgufebi
mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdebian
TavianTi aqtivobebiT, struq-
turiT, sididiT da ideo-
logiiT, magram praqtikulad
yvela warmoadgens aratra-
diciul religiur jgufs,
romelic imarTeba avtorita-
ruli lideris mier da rome-
lic aris jgufis ideo-
logiis, doqtrinis erTader-
Ti sulieri wyaro da Ziri-
Tadi mcveli (Kramer & Alsted,
1993; Singer, 1995; Zimbardo &
Andersen, 1993). aseTi lideri,
umetes SemTxvevaSi, qariz-
matuli lideria, energiiTa
da TavdadebiTaa aRvsili da
xSirad pretenziasac acxadebs
RvTaebriv yovlisSemZleo-

konfliqtisa da mSvidobis fsiqologia

rivi mkvlelobebis sxva aqciebi logebis, amocanaa gavigoT, Tu baze, yovlismcodneobasa da

tetuli figurisadmi morCilebas ubralod dRiur cxovrebaSi. moatyuebdiT myidvels, Tqvens

imitom, rom maT miewerebaT raime statusi, ga-
nurCevlad imisa, marTebulia Tu ara maTi
moTxovnebi da brZanebebi.
milgremis eqsperimentebi da Tqven
ra mniSvneloba SeiZleba hqondes TqvenTvis
avtoritetisadmi damorCilebis am kvlevebs?
rogor moiqceviT Tqven, rodesac cxovrebis
manZilze msgavsi moraluri dilemebis winaSe
aRmoCndebiT? gamoZebneT dro da dafiqrdiT
avtoritetisadmi damorCilebis im situaciebze,
romlebic, SesaZloa, warmoiqmnas Tqvens yovel-
ufross xeli rom Seewyo TqvenTvis? an war-
moidgineT, rom kongresis wevri xarT, miscemdiT
imas xmas, viszec partia migiTiTebdaT, Tu sa-
kuTar sindiss mousmendiT?
milgremis mier Catarebuli, avtoritetisadmi
damorCilebis kvlevebi angrevs miTs imis Sesaxeb,
rom adamianebis codvis wyaro maT codvil
bunebaSia. romlebic gansxvavdebian kargi amiT
sulac ar gvinda adamianis bunebis damcireba,
magram gvinda, naTeli movfinoT imas, rom
normaluri, kargad moazrovne individic ki,
SesaZloa, potenciurad susti aRmoCndes Zlieri
situaciuri da socialuri Zalebis winaSe. 775
 ukvdavebazec ki. miuxedavad
calkeuli kultebisTvis da-
maxasiaTebeli niSnebis gan-
sxvavebebisa, saerTo maT So-
ris axlad miRebuli wevre-
bisTvis micemuli uxvi dapi-
rebebi, maTze zemoqmedebis
wesi da jgufis iZulebiTi
Zalaa, romelic yoveli wev-
risagan sakuTari nebisa da
kritikuli azrovnebis daT-
mobas iTxovs (Hassan, 1988; Lan-
gone, 1993).
maS, ratom surT ada-
mianebs kultTan SeerTeba?
upirveles yovlisa, aravin
uerTdeba kults, rogorc
aseTs. adamianebi uerTdebian
saintereso jgufs, romelic
maT sakuTari moTxovni -
lebebis dakmayofilebas pir-
deba. isini mxolod mogvi-
anebiT aRiqmebian sakulto
jgufebad, mxolod maSin, ro-
desac cnobierdeba, rom es
aris cru, naklovani, saSiSi
gaerTianeba, an sulac is, rom
Tavi 18 / socialuri pfsiqologia, sazogadoeba da kultura
identurobas an cxovrebis mo-
wyobas. socialuri marcxis
SemTxvevaSi kulti adamianebs
kompensaciasac hpirdeba izo-
lirebulobisa da marcxis
SegrZnebis acilebiT. sakul-
to jgufi ufrTxildeba sa-
kuTar samyaros, Tavis usa-
frTxoebas, wevrebis janmrTe-
lobas, maT movla-patronobas
– yvelaferi winaswar aris
gaTvlili da gakontrole-
buli. sul ufro da ufro
garTulebad samyaroSi kul-
tis liderebi wevrebs martiv
gadawyvetilebebs, bednie-
rebisken, warmatebisaken da
xsnisaken mimavali gzis gak-
valvas sTavazoben.
adamianebi kultis damar-
wmunebeli Zalis mimarT gan-
sakuTrebiT mgrZnobiareni
arian maSin, rodesac sacxov-
reblad gadadian axal qve-
yanaSi an qalaqSi, kargaven
samuSaos, amTavreben saswav-
sakuTari qveynis mTavrobis
mimarT.
miuxedavad imisa, rom mas-
media masobrivi mkvlelobe-
bisa da TviTmkvlelobebis
Sesaxeb avrcelebs cnobebs,
kultebis umravlesoba wyna-
rad moqmedebs Tavisi miznebis
misaRwevad. Tuki isini Ta-
vianT danapirebs asruleben,
maT SeuZliaT Rirebuli
samsaxuri gauwion calkeul
adamianebs da SeZlon maTTvis
cxovrebiseuli vakuumis Sev-
seba, magram, rodesac isini
motyuebiT, iZulebiT da
ZaliT moqmedeben da ama-
xinjeben Tavisuflebis, da-
moukideblobis da kritikuli
azrovnebis ZiriTad fase-
ulobebs, isini saSiSni xde-
bian rogorc sakuTari wev-
rebisaTvis, ise _ sazoga-
doebisTvisac. aqve marTebuli
iqneba erTi kiTxvis dasma: _
nuTu sazogadoebas ar SeuZ-

is ewinaaRmdegeba sazogado- leblebs, an idevnebian tra-

ebis mier aRiarebul ZiriTad
Rirebulebebs. kulti maSin
xdeba mimzidveli, rodesac
adamianis individualuri mo-
Txovnilebebis dakmayofi-
lebis dapirebas iZleva, ram-
denadac es SeiZleba exebodes
saxeldaxelo megobrobas,
lia adamianebi uzrunvelyos
diciuli religiidan, ro-
yovelive imiT, rasac kultebi
gorc Seuferebelni. kulti
hpirdebian, raTa es kultebi
mimzidvelia maTTvisac, vinc
ar warmoCndnen saintereso,
Tavis samuSaos mosawyenad da
gansakuTrebuli stiliT
erTferovnad miiCnevs, visac
cxovrebad, romelsac ase es-
gafantuli da uSinaarso so-
wrafvian adamianebi mTel
cialuri cxovreba aqvs da
msoflioSi?
visac rwmena aqvs dakarguli

dasasrul gvinda ramdenime sityva vTqvaT
gmirobaze. davuSvaT, Tqveni msgavsi adamianebis
umetesoba daemorCila raRac Zlier jgufur
Zalas. Cveni azriT, Tu Tqven SegwevT unari,
win aRudgeT amas, Tqveni qceva SeiZleba Sefasdes,
rogorc gmiroba. gmiri is pirovnebaa, romelsac
SeuZlia Segnebulad, sindisidan gamomdinare
moqmedeba maSin, roca danarCenebi konformizms
avlenen, an visac SeuZlia arCevani gaakeTos
maRalzneobrivi qcevis sasargeblod, rodesac
danarCenebi mdumared gadgebian ganze, raTa
borotebam Tavisuflad iboginos. SesaZloa, im
776 faqtma, rom Tqven iciT iseTi situaciuri Zalebis
arsebobis Sesaxeb, romlebic SesaZlebels xdian
„borotebis banalurobas~, gibiZgoT kidec gmi-
ruli qcevisken.
genocidisa da omis
fsiqologia
jerjerobiT Cven mxolod is gavarkvieT, rom
adamians, rogorc saxeobas, gaaCnia garkveuli
midrekileba, daemorCilos avtoritets, magram
adamianis bunebis am damaxasiaTebeli niSnis
Sefasebis garda, albaT, axsnas saWiroebs isic,
Tu ratom xdeba, rom garkveul dros da garkveul

adgilas adamianTa erTi jgufi iwyebs adamianTa
meore jgufis sistematur ganadgurebas _
genocids. ratom aris, rom Zalze xSirad erTi
jgufi iwyebs oms, an axorcielebs naklebad
formalur agresias meore jgufis mimarT. am
qveTavSi Cven gavaanalizebT zogierT istoriul
da fsiqologiur Zalas, romelmac adamianis
modgma uaRresad organizebuli agresiis gziT
waiyvana.
fsiqologma irvin staubma (Ervin Staub, 1989,2000)
istoriidan cnobili genocidis SemTxvevebi
Seiswavla da SemogvTavaza im kulturuli da
fsiqologiuri Zalebis mimoxilva, romlebic
SesaZlebels xdian terors:
sawyisi wertili xSirad sazogadoebis wev-
rebis mZime cxovrebis pirobebSi, cud ekonomikur
mdgomareobaSi, politikur daRmavlobasa da sxva
msgavs faqtorebSi unda veZioT.
rogorc Cans, am mZime pirobebSi adamianebs
uZlierdebaT Sida da gare jgufebis gamijvnis
tendencia. aseT SemTxvevaSi, gare jgufi gamodis
gantevebis vacis rolSi da brali edeba sa-
zogadoebaSi arsebul sirTuleebSi. arsebobs
mravali magaliTi imisa (Tundac nacisturi
germania), sadac sxva erebis gantevebis vacis
genocidi (Genocide) _ adamianebis erTi jgufis,
xSir SemTxvevaSi rasobrivis an eTnikuris,
sistemuri ganadgureba meoris mier
rolSi gamoyvana kulturuli Tu politikuri
ideologiis nawils warmoadgenda, romelsac
erTnairad iziarebdnen rogorc eris liderebi,
ise _ rigiTi moqalaqeebic.
jgufi, romelsac bralad daedo sazoga-
doebis sirTuleebis gamowveva, gamodis gante-
vebis vacis rolSi da xdeba mis mimarT Zaladobis
gamarTleba. Zaladobis calkeul incidentebs
msoflio samarTlianobaze fiqramde (Lerner, 1980),
anu im mosazrebamde mivyavarT, rom, vinaidan
Cven samarTlian samyaroSi vcxovrobT, daCag-
rulma xalxma raRac unda moimoqmedos, rom
Zaladobas Tavi daaRwios. ase magaliTad, na-
cisturi epoqis germanelebi mividnen im mosaz-
rebamde, rom ebraelebi imsaxurebdnen Tavis
xvedrs im zianis gamo, rac maT germaniis sa-
xelmwifos miayenes.
Zaladobas, agreTve, safuZvlad edeba sa-
kuTari Tavis gamarTlebis survili – misi
SeCereba niSnavs imis aRiarebas, rom misi wa-
mowyeba, TavisTavad, mcdari iyo. metic, rodesac
esa Tu is reJimi Zaladobas mimarTavs, sxvaTa
dumili Tanxmobad, misi qmedebebis samar-
Tlianobis aRiarebad aRiqmeba. aseT SemTxve-
vasTan gvqonda saqme im „eTnikuri wmendiT~
gamowveul xocva-Jletisas, romelsac adgili
hqonda 1991 wels iugoslaviis daSlis Semdeg,
rodesac, miuxedavad masmediaSi farTo gaSuqebisa,
ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi msoflio Tana-
megobroba araviTar zomebs ar iRebda.
ganvixiloT kambojis magaliTi (Hinton 1996).
konfliqtisa da mSvidobis fsiqologia
situacia cxovrebis mZime pirobebma Seqmna: XX
saukunis 60-iani wlebis bolos qveyanaSi Seiqmna
mZime ekonomikuri viTareba, rasac daerTo da-
bombvebi, romlebsac aSS vietnamis winaaRmdeg
axorcielebda da mis mezobel kambojazec
aisaxeboda. axalma reJimma gantevebis vacis Zieba
daiwyo da isini iqcnen kidec ukiduresi Zala-
dobis samizned. komunistebma, romlebmac 1975
wels daipyres dedaqalaqi pnom peni, ipoves
ideologiuri mtrebi, romelTa ganadgurebac au-
cilebeli iyo, raTa aSenebuliyo axali sazoga-
doeba. yofili samxedro da politikuri liderebi
daapatimres da daxvrites. Semdgom, nel-nela
gafarTovda „klasobrivi mtris~ cneba da moicva
maswavleblebi, studentebi, Cinovnikebi, profe-
sionalebi, romlebic potenciur moRalateebad 777

gamocxaddnen. imata mkvlelobaTa ricxvma, vinaidan
es „emsaxureboda~ ideologiis ganmtkicebas da
mkafiod gansazRvruli miznis miRwevas – qveyana
unda ganTavisuflebuliyo Sinauri mtrebisgan.
rogorc sxva mraval SemTxvevaSi, msoflio
Tanamegobroba arc am saqmeSi Careula.
Tavi 18 / socialuri pfsiqologia, sazogadoeba da kultura
„mtris~ cneba da xati
Cven ukve vnaxeT, rom genocidis erT-erTi
mniSvnelovani momentia „gantevebis vacis~ mo-
Zebna. igive moments SegviZlia genocidis
ganxorcielebis procesSic mivadevnoT Tvali,
suraTi
18.6
778
maSinac ki, rodesac mizad ar aris dasaxuli
jgufis totaluri ganadgureba. ganvixiloT
socialisturi sistemis rRvevis Semdeg yofil
aRmosavleT germaniaSi, nacionalur gamoki-
TxvebSi asaxuli, 15-dan 20 wlamde germaneli
axalgazrdebis sakmaod negatiuri ganwyobebi
polonelebisa da Turqebis mimarT. am ganwyo-
bebis safuZveli, rogorc aRmoCnda, kulturuli
da ekonomikuri konkurenciis SiSi iyo (Watts,
1996), anu gaCnda eWvi, rom polonelebi da
Turqebi ikaveben samuSao adgilebs, riTac xels
uwyoben komunizmidan demokratiaze gadasvlis
process da Semosavlis gareSe toveben germanel
axalgazrdebs. ekonomikuri safrTxis aseTi aRqma
esadageba im models, romelic zemoT aRvwereT:
crurwmenebi da diskriminaciis ganxorcie-
lebisadmi mzadyofna spontanurad ar xorciel-
deba; is moiTxovs iseT socialur garemos,
romelic xels uwyobs rwmenas, rom „mteri~
iTvisebs isedac mwir resursebs, es ki warmoSobs
safuZvels ZaladobisaTvis.
rodesac reJimi „mters~ gantevebis vacis rols
moargebs, iwyeba misi „dehumanizacia~. igi cdi-
lobs, xalxi miiyvanos im azramde, rom mtris
arahumanuri jgufi saZulvelia da unda ganad-
gurdes. dehumanizaciis es procesi gansakuTrebiT
saSiSia omis warmoebis dros. kulturebis
umravlesoba individualur agresias ganixilavs,
rogorc danaSauls, saxelmwifoebi milionobiT
jariskacs avarjiSeben mkvlelobis CadenaSi.
saxelmwifo liderebis amocanaa aseTi saxis
mkvlelobebs saxe ucvalos da patriotul
qmedebad aqcios (Harle, 2000; Keen, 1986). es masobrivi
socialuri zegavlena nawilobriv moicavs mo-
winaaRmdegis jariskacebis dehumanizaciasa daa
maT „mtrad~ gadaqcevas. am dehumanizacias, mtris
cocxal ferebSi warmosaxviT, politikuri
ritorika da masmedia agvirgvinebs. rogorc ve-
teranebi aRniSnaven, omSi yvelaze mniSvnelovani
iaraRi ki ara, aramed _ „sazizRari mtris~ gaSi-
nagnebuli xatia. amgvarad, omis dros axalgazrda
jariskacebi fsiqologiurad programirdebian
mkvlelebad swored im damaxinjebuli saxeebiT,
romelTac mTavroba mtris iarliys miawebebs.
xSir SemTxvevaSi es warmodgenebi ubralod
xelovnuri xatebi ki ar aris, aramed Rrma
mentaluri xatebia, romlebsac politikosebi
aRviveben masebSi maT dasarazmad da saomrad
gasaSvebad.
amis cocxali magaliTia is procesi, romel-
sac aSS ganuwyvetliv axorcielebda, rodesac
sadam huseins hitlers adarebda 1990 wlis spar-
seTis yureSi gaCaRebuli omis konteqstSi (Voss
et al., 1992). am kavSiris sazogadoebis gonebaSi
CabeWdviT prezident jorj buSs da sxva poli-
tikur liderebs saSualeba eZleodaT, brZoli-
saken moewodebinaT amerikelTa didi masebi-
saTvis. rodesac „huseini~ „hitlerad~ iqca, ufro
ioli gaxda msjeloba aqtiuri samxedro moqme-
debebis dawyebis Sesaxeb.
ratom midian adamianebi omSi
rodesac saxelmwifos liderebi omis dawyebas
apireben, isini acnobiereben, rom amas, SesaZloa,
negatiuri Sedegebi mohyves. Tanamedrove omi,
meore msoflio omidan moyolebuli, aRar iTva-
liswinebs mSvidobiani mosaxleobis dandobas.
es xdeba im mizniT, rom „gatexon xalxis neba~.
maSinac ki, rodesac omi dasaxlebuli punqte-
bidan moSorebiT warmoebs, ise, rogorc es
sparseTis yuris omis dros xdeboda, mas mainc
mohyveba msxverpli orive mxridan. rogor unda
moaxdinos mTavrobam an sxva jgufebma imis
dasabuTeba, rom oms imdenad didi mniSvneloba
aqvs, rom gamarTlebulia aseTi msxverpli?
umetes SemTxvevaSi aseT kiTxvebze pasuxs is-
toriis gakveTilebze viRebT: qveynebi imitom
ibrZvian, rom (Cven ase viswavleT) daicvan Tavisi
teritoria, sakuTaro xalxi an Tavisi ekonomikuri
interesebi. am qveTavSi ganvixilavT im mniS-
vnelovan fsiqologiur faqtorebs, romlebsac
individi mihyavs gadawyvetilebamde – miiRos
omSi monawileoba.
Cven SegviZlia davsvaT kiTxva: ratom swiraven
adamianebi Tavs samSoblos? SesaZloa, es
altruizmis ukiduresi gamovlineba iyos. gavix-
senoT zemoT aRniSnuli, rom evoluciuri mid-
goma ojaxis wevrebis dacvas (anu genebis dacvas)
altruizmis mniSvnelovan safuZvelad miiCnevs.
zogierTi mkvlevari fiqrobs, rom adamianebs
„ojaxsa~ da „ers~ Soris kavSiri bavSvobidan
aqvT gaSinagnebuli (Stern, 1995). Cven vlaparakobT
Cvens „deda-samSobloze~ an „mama-samSobloze~
da varT misi „Svilebi~. nuTu es kavSiri sakma-
risia imis asaxsnelad, Tu ratom swiraven adami-
anebi Tavs samSoblos? nuTu adamianebi, rom-
lebic omSi midian, ise axdenen „socialuri
realobis konstruirebas~, rom sjeraT, samSob-
los dacviT isini TavianT ojaxebs icaven? Tqven,
albaT, mixvdiT, ratom aris es kiTxvebi mniS-
vnelovani fsiqologebisaTvis.
omis fsiqologiuri faqtorebis Sesaxeb dama-
tebiTi informaciis miReba im garemoebebis
SeswavliTaa SesaZlebeli, romlebmac 1992 wels
serbebi agresiuli aqtebis ganxorcielebisken
da bosniaSi omis dawyebisken waaqeza (White,1996).
rogorc Cans, serbebi SiSobdnen, rom 1991 wels,
iugoslaviis daSlis Semdeg, isini bosniaSi
devnil umciresobaSi aRmoCndebodnen. Cven ukve
vnaxeT, rom ganxeTqilebis dros umciresobis
aseT SiSs sakmao safuZveli aqvs. ai, britaneli
Jurnalistis mier Cawerili sityvebi, romelic
konfliqtisa da mSvidobis fsiqologia
erT-erT bosniel serb policiels ekuTvnis
(Glenny, 1994; citirebulia, White, 1996, gv.111):
man daadastura dakvirvebebi, romlebic
me Tavadac gavakeTe yvela erovnebis adgi-
lobriv mebrZolebTan saubrisas: is ar
iyo boroti adamiani. piriqiT, man ganmarta
kidec, rogor uWirda srola soflis meore
mxares, sadac yvela iqaur mcxovrebs
icnobda. magram es omi raRacnairad daa-
tydaT Tavs da mas unda daecva Tavisi
saxli. kaci SeSfoTebuli da dabneuli
iyo movlenebiT, magram axla is mwvane
beretebs (musulmanebi) da ustaSebs (xor-
vatebi) sakuTari ojaxisTvis realur
safrTxed aRiqvamda.
779
 „Cven maT uflebas ar mivcemT, rom aq da cxovrebis~ bolo qveTavSi mivubrundebiT
musulmanuri saxelmwifo Seqmnan~, _ gul- mSvidobis Semswavleli fsiqologebis mcde-
wrfelad ganacxada man. „Tqven gesmiT, ra lobas _ gamoiyenon fsiqologiuri Zalebi
undaT maT?~ _ vkiTxe me mas. „ra Tqma mSvidobiani Tanaarsebobis xelSewyobisaTvis.
unda, me mesmis, Tqven ucxoelebs ki, rogor
ar gesmiT is, rom Cven aq ucxo religias
vebrZviT evropis gamo~. mSvidobis fsiqologia
zemoT Catarebul analizs axla meore mxridan
am mosalodneli devnisTvis daswrebis gamo
SevxedoT da vnaxoT, rogor SegviZlia socialuri
serbebs eadvilebodaT sakuTri Tavis ucodve-
fsiqologiis gamoyenebiT mSvidobis SenarCuneba.
lebad warmodgena maSinac ki, rodesac agresiuli
fsiqologias unikaluri saSualebebi gaaCnia
moqmedebebis ganxorcieleba daiwyes. maTi fsi-
im sakiTxebis Sesaswavlad, Tu rogor unda
qologiuri Tvalsawieridan isini iyvnen ara
gadaiWras nacionaluri Tu internacionaluri
agresorebi, aramed _ msxverplebi. konfliqtis
disharmoniis problemebi. amerikis fsiqologTa
gamwvavebasTan erTad, serbi liderebi, iseTebi,
asociacias gaaCnia mSvidobis fsiqologiis gan-
rogoric slobodan miloSeviCi iyo, serb xalxSi
yofileba. es ganyofileba muSaobs erebs, Temebsa
„devnis manias~ aRvivebdnen, raTa ganemtkicebinaT
da ojaxebs Soris mSvidobis SenarCunebis
rwmena, rom maT samarTlianad wamoiwyes omi,
problemebze; is xels uwyobs kvlevebsa da ganaT-
magram droTa ganmavlobaSi isini ubralo
lebas am sferoSi, saTanado gamocemebiT, rom-
mkvlelebad iqcnen, xeli mihyves „eTnikur
lebic Zaladobis mizezebs, damangreveli kon-
wmendas~, raTa moeSorebinaT „mdevrebi~. Cven
fliqtebis Sedegebsa da maTTvis Tavis aridebis
vnaxeT, rogori didi surviliT midiodnen
gzebs exeba. Cven ganvixilavT or magaliTs, Tu
adamianebi omSi, raTa daecvaT sakuTari Tavi
rogor SeuZlia fsiqologias am miznebis miR-
realuri Tu warmosaxuli mtrebisgan, an im
wevaSi daxmarebis gaweva.
mtrebisgan, romlebsac maTi liderebi qmnidnen.
Tavi 18 / socialuri pfsiqologia, sazogadoeba da kultura

daskvna, romelic SeiZleba gamovitanoT am

analizidan, sul mcire, dRevandeli dRisTvis, liderobisa da mmarTvelobis formebis
isaa, rom saxelmwifoebi iSviaTad erTvebian analizi
omSi gabatonebis an dapyrobis mizniT. rogorc
zogierTi adreuli mecnieruli kvleva, ro-
Cans, isini darwmunebulebi arian _ maSinac ki,
melsac axla mSvidobis fsiqologiis sferos
rodesac danarCeni msoflio maT agresorebs
mivakuTvnebT, ganpirobebuli iyo istoriuli
uwodebs _ rom im mniSvnelovan interesebs
movlenebiT, romelTa kulminacias meore msof-
icaven, romlebic aucilebelia maTi gadarCenisa
lio omi warmoadgenda. socialuri fsiqologebi
da individualobis SenarCunebisaTvis. ra Tqma
cdilobdnen, Cawvdomodnen im kanonzomierebebs,
unda, qveynebi milionobiT individebisagan
Tu rogor xdeboda zogierTi liderisa Tu
Sedgebian da maTma mniSvnelovanma nawilma
mmarTvelis amotivtiveba, romlebic esoden did
sakmarisad unda gaiSinagnos im safrTxis sa-
gavlenas axdendnen jgufebis qcevebze. ra
fasuri, romelsac warmoadgens survili – sam-
fsiqologiuri iZulebiT SeiZleba aixsnas germa-
Soblos Seswiros sakuTari sicocxle. rac ar
niaSi adolf hitleris an italiaSi benito
unda „obieqturad~ CaiTvalos omis dawyebis
musolinis gamoCena? es liderebi calkeul in-
mizezebi, nebismieri istoriuli analizis mi-
dividebs faSisturi ideologiisadmi usityvo
xedviT, es mxolod individualuri Zalebis
erTgulebiT ganmsWvalul, morCil masad aq-
urTierTqmedebaa, romelic ubiZgebs adamianebs,
cevdnen. maTi avtoritaruli reJimebi safrTxes
medgrad daudgnen omis gansacdels.
uqmnida demokratiasa da mSvidobas. Tanamedrove
amrigad, am qveTavSi ganvixileT ramdenime
socialuri fsiqologia SiSis umZimesi gancdis,
gza, romlis meSveobiTac fsiqologiuri Zalebi
crurwmenebisa da omis wlebSi ganviTarda.
qmnian saTanado konteqsts omisaTvis da im sa-
mSvidobis fsiqologia (Peace psychology) – ato-
SinelebebisaTvis, romlebic amave konteqstSi
muri omis prevenciisa da mSvidobis miRwevi-
savsebiT mizanSewonilad gveCveneba. „fsiqologia
780 sadmi interdisciplinaruli midgoma.
adreuli socialuri fsiqologia yuradRebas
amaxvilebda faSisturi mentalitetis miRma
mdgomi avtoritaruli pirovnebis bunebaze (Ador-
no et al., 1950), propagandisa da damarwmunebeli
komunikaciis efeqtebze (Hovland et al., 1949) da
jgufis wevrebze, jgufuri atmosferosa da
liderobis stilebis gavlenebze (Levin et al., 1939).
socialuri fsiqologiis erT-erTi pioneri
kurt levini (Kurt Lewin) iyo, germaneli ltol-
vili fsiqologi, romelic nacisturi reJimis
mier ganxorcielebul devnas gamoeqca. levins
ar SeeZlo daxmareba, magram mas ainteresebda,
Tu ratom daemorCila misi eri ase totalurad
faSisturi diqtaturis avtoritarul tiranias.
is TviTon eswreboda aTiaTasian Sekrebebs, sadac
adamianebi fiurers RrialiT eficebodnen er-
Tgulebas. es iyo SemaZrwunebeli nimuSi jgufis
im dinamikuri Zalebisa, romelic gardaqmnis
rogorc individis gonebasa da qcevebs, ise _
mis unars, gavlena miaxdinos masebze. levini
ikvlevda jgufis dinamikas – saSualebebs, rom-
lebiTac liderebi uSualod zemoqmedeben Ta-
vianT mimdevrebze da im meqanizmebsac, rom-
lebiTac jgufuri procesebi cvlian individis
qcevas.
1939 wels levinma da misma kolegebma moifiq-
res da Caatares eqsperimenti, raTa SeeswavlaT
gansxvavebuli stilis liderebis gavlena jgu-
fis funqcionirebaze. maT surdaT, gaerkviaT,
rodis arian adamianebi ufro bednierni da
produqtulni _ avtoritaruli Tu demokratiuli
liderobis pirobebSi. am miznis misaRwevad,
mkvlevrebma Seqmnes sami eqsperimentuli jgufi,
dauniSnes maT gansxvavebuli tipis liderebi
da akvirdebodnen am jgufebis aqtivobebs.
eqsperimentSi cdis pirebi 10 wlis biWebi (rom-
lebic oTx patara jgufad gaaerTianes) iyvnen,
romlebic erTmaneTs skolis Semdeg xvdebodnen.
jgufis liderebis rolSi iyvnen mamakacebi,
romlebmac winaswar gaiares treiningi lide-
robis samive stilis Sesabamisi rolis Sesru-
lebaSi, jgufebSi ki maTi rotacia xdeboda.
rodesac iqceodnen, rogorc avtokratuli
liderebi, isini sakuTar Tavze iRebdnen yvela
gadawyvetilebis miRebas da davalebebis gana-
wilebas ise, rom TviTon ar monawileobdnen
jgufis dinamika (Group dynamics) – im jgufuri
procesebis kvleva, romlebic cvlian indivi-
debis funqcionirebas.
jgufis aqtivobebSi. demokratiuli liderebis
rolSi isini xels uwyobdnen jgufis mier gada-
wyvetilebebis miRebas da jgufTan erTad geg-
mavdnen davalebebs. anarqiuli lideris rolSi
ki jgufs srul Tavisuflebas aniWebdnen da,
faqtobrivad, ar erTvebodnen mis aqtivobaSi.
saidan
viciT
liderobis stilis efeqtebi
eqsperimentis Sedegebma SesaZlebeli
gaxada mTeli rigi ganzogadebebis gakeTeba.
pirveli, avtokratulma liderebma gamoav-
lines jgufis wevrebze gavlenis Sereuli
efeqti, nawilobriv dadebiTi, nawilobriv
ki _ uaryofiTi. biWebi drodadro kargad
muSaobdnen – mxolod maSin, rodesac li-
deri maT Tvalyurs adevnebda _ ise iq-
ceodnen, rogorc namdvili „bosebi~. maT
gansakuTrebiT axasiaTebdaT agresiulobis
maRali done. es biWebi 30-jer ufro met
mtrulobas avlendnen, vidre sxva stilis
liderobis SemTxvevaSi. isini iTxovdnen
met yuradRebas, metad anadgurebdnen qo-
nebas da metad iyenebdnen sxvebs ganteve-
bis vacad frustraciisa da gabrazebis dros.
ukeTesi Sedegebi arc anarqiuli lide-
rebis jgufSi iyo. maTi Sedegebi arcTu
ise kargi aRmoCnda. maTi saqmianoba ar
iyo warmatebuli, produqtiuloba ki Zalze
konfliqtisa da mSvidobis fsiqologia
dabali da uxarisxo iyo. vinaidan jgufs
araviTari struqtura ar hqonda, isini
ubralod uazrod moqmedebdnen, magram,
rodesac igive cdis pirebi demokratiuli
lideris gavlenis qveS eqceodnen, isini
Zalze stabilurad da maRali warmadobiT
Sromobdnen. biWebi avlendnen Zalze did
interess, motivacias da SemoqmedebiT
unars. rodesac wamoiWreboda ukmayofileba,
SesaZlebeli iyo misi Riad gamoxatva.
TiTqmis yvela biWma upiratesoba lide-
robis demokratiul stils mianiWa. am
stilma xeli Seuwyo jgufisadmi loia-
lobas da megobrobis aRmocenebas. aseT
jgufebSi ufro meti iyo urTierTSeqeba,
megobruli SeniSvnebi, urTierTgaziareba
da mxiaruleba (Lewin,et al., 1939). 781
 totalitaruli democidi saerTaSoriso omi

demokratiuli

avtoritaruli

totalitaruli

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

XX saukuneSi daxocilTa raodenoba milionobiT

suraTi
18.7
reJimebis tipebi da democidi
totalitaruli reJimebi metad mimarTaven democids (genocidsa da masobrivi
mkvlelobebis sxva formebs). omis msxverplTa raodenobaTa Sedareba aCvenebs,
rom mTavrobebis gamo, mSvidobian dros, bevrad ufro meti adamiani iRupeba,
vidre omis dros.

marTvis demokratiulma stilma, jgufuri forma mainc yvelaze nakleb sisxlismRvrelad

Tavi 18 / socialuri pfsiqologia, sazogadoeba da kultura

atmosferos sxva formebTan SedarebiT, Tavisi
fsiqologiuri upiratesoba da bevrad maRali
produqtiuloba aCvena. demokratiuli stilis
liderebi jgufis wevrebSi ufro jansaR reaq-
ciebs aRvivebdnen maSin, rodesac avtokratuli
liderebi ufro destruqciul individualur
reaqciebs iwvevdnen.
levinis mier sacdel klasebSi miRebuli
Sedegebi, rogorc Cans, Seesabameba realur cxov-
rebaSi arsebul viTarebas. ar unda dagvaviwydes
is daskvna, rom avtokratuli liderobis stils
mohyveba mtruli urTierTobebis zrda. msgavsi
magaliTebi Cven realur cxovrebaSic SegviZlia
vnaxoT. Sesabamisi tipis mTavrobebi iwveven
democids – genocids da masobrivi mkvlelobebis
sxva formebs (Rummel,1994). Tu SexedavT 18.6
suraTs, dainaxavT, rom totalitaruli reJimebi,
rogoricaa komunisturi ruseTi da CineTi, pa-
suxismgeblebi arian uzarmazari raodenobiT
adamianebis ganadgurebaze. avtoritaruli mTav-
robebi, rogoricaa aidi aminis reJimi ugandaSi,
naklebad sisxlismRvreli aRmoCnda. miuxedavad
imisa, rom demokratiul mTavrobebsac ver
782 vuwodebT mTlad ucodvelebs, mmarTvelobis es
unda CaiTvalos. suraTi 18.6, aseve, gviCvenebs
omebSi daRupul adamianTa raodenobebs. yu-
radReba miaqcieT, rom avtoritarul da tota-
litarul reJimebSi mmarTvelobiT gamowveuli
sikvdilis aseTi raodenoba modis ara saomar
moqmedebebze, aramed masobrivi mkvlelobebis
sxva kampaniebze.
ideologiuri mosazrebebis miRma, rodesac
mmarTvelobis demokratiuli sistemebi Tavis
adgilzea, msoflios naklebi safiqrali aqvs,
rom mcirericxovani elitis mier ar iqnes gamo-
yenebuli Zala, rasac momakvdinebeli Sedegebi
SeiZleba mohyves.
Tumca, imasac unda mieqces yuradReba, rom
amiT sulac ar igulisxmeba, TiTqos demok-
ratiuli reJimebi sxvebze iSviaTad erTvebian
omSi. Tumca, isic faqtia, rom erTi demokratia
iSviaTad eomeba meores (Maoz & Abdolali, 1989). kvle-
vebma daadastura, rom demokratiuli gamgeblobis
qveS myofi qveynebis moqalaqeni naklebad iwo-
neben Zalis gamoyenebas meore demokratiis
winaaRmdeg, mmarTvelobis sxva formebTan Se-
darebiT.
 saidan
viciT
sanqcionirebis roli saerTaSoriso
krizisebis gadawyvetaSi
cdis pirebma waikiTxes saerTaSoriso
krizisis aRwera, romelic modelirebul
iqna im krizisis mixedviT, romlis Sede-
gadac daiwyo omi sparseTis yureSi. erTi
eri SeiWra meore eris saxelmwifoSi, raTa
gadaeWra uranis gamoyenebasTan dakavSi-
rebuli konfliqti. aRweris erTi versia
(arapirdapiri, qveynis dasaxelebis gareSe)
Tavdamsxmel qveyanas demokratiul qveynad
axasiaTebda: SeWra Sefasebuli iyo, rogorc
`demokratiuli gadawyvetilebebis Sedegi,
romelic parlamentis wevrTa umravlesobam
(opoziciis CaTvliT) miiRo~. aseve, arapir-
dapiri meore versia Tavdamsxmel qveyanas
arademokratiuli reJimis mqoned axasia-
Tebda: `Tavdasxmis Sesaxeb gadawyvetileba
miRebul iqna policiuri qveynis samxedro
diqtatoris mier, xalxis nebis gauTva-
liswineblad~. cdis pirebs ori demok-
ratiuli qveynidan – aSS-dan da israelidan
– sTxoves, mieTiTebinaT, Tu ramdenad
iwonebdnen „Zalis gamoyenebas~ – sazRvao
SeWras. vinaidan scenarebi, sxva danarCeni
maxasiaTeblebis mixedviT erTnairi iyo,
cdis pirebi Zalze uxalisod daeTanxmnen
Zalis gamoyenebis sanqcionirebas (aSS-is
an israelis mier) im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac
is demokratiuli qveynis winaaRmdeg unda
yofiliyo mimarTuli (Mintz & Geva, 1993).
rodesac demokratiul sazogadoebaSi cxov-
robT, garkveulwilad, sxva demokratiuli sazo-
gadoebebis imedi gaqvT da amdenad ufro giZnel-
debaT maT winaaRmdeg Zalis gamoyenebaze fiqri.
politikosebsac, aseve, uZneldebaT Zalis gamo-
yenebaze fiqri, vinaidan sakuTari moqalaqeebis
saxiT ar Seiqmnan opozicia.
saerTo daskvna, romelic liderobis for-
mebTan dakavSirebuli cdebidan SegviZlia gamo-
vitanoT, isaa, rom demokratia yvelaze kargad
„muSaobs~. am daskvnamde im kvlevebze dayrdnobiT
mivediT, romlebic Caatares patara jgufebzec
(patara bavSvebis jgufi) da Zalian didzec
(mTeli qveyana). es codna Tqvenc unda miusadagoT
Tqvens cxovrebaSi arsebul mcire da did jgufebs.
wamaxalisebeli kontaqtebis roli
konfliqtebis gadawyvetaSi
dapirispirebis mravali saxeoba, romelic
konfliqtebsa da Zaladobas aZlevs dasabams,
sakmaod Zvelia. magaliTad, serbebs, romlebmac
omi awarmoes bosniaSi, gandevnis SiSi jer kidev
1389 wels kosovos velze Catarebuli brZolidan
mohyvebodaT. ra unda gakeTdes aseT SemTxvevaSi?
am problemisadmi mSvidobis fsiqologebis mid-
goma iseTivea, rogoric crurwmenebis sxva for-
mebisadmi, romelic zemoT aRvwereT: adamianebi
unda gaerTiandnen, rac xels Seuwyobs urTierT-
ndobis zrdas da saerTo miznebis dasaxvas.
magaliTad, aseTi midgoma dRes CrdiloeT
irlandiaSi gamoiyeneba. kaTolikebsa da pro-
testantebs Soris urTierTobebis daTbobis
mizniT, 1989 wlidan didma britaneTma daiwyo
Temebis daaxloebis programis dafinanseba,
romlis mizania „TemTaSorisi urTierTobebisa
da kooperaciis ganviTareba; ormxrivi urTierT-
gagebisa da gansxvavebuli kulturuli tradi-
ciebisadmi pativiscemis zrda~ (Knox, 1994, gv. 600).
yvela Crdilo-irlandiur politikur gaerTia-
nebas ar ukisria am programis Sesruleba, ramac
mkvlevrebs Sedarebis safuZvelze programis
efeqturobis Sefasebis saSualeba misca. es
Sefaseba miuTiTebs, rom aris mcire progresi.
oTxi wlis manZilze warmatebad unda CaiTvalos
konfliqtisa da mSvidobis fsiqologia
im pirTa raodenobis Semcireba, romlebic
kaTolikebis mimarT gamoxatavdnen crurwmenebs
(Knox, 1994). CrdiloeT irlandiaSi mdgomareobis
gamosworebis kidev erTi mcdeloba skolis
moswavleebs exeba (Cairns et al., 1995). am dazara-
lebul raionebSi mcxovrebi bavSvebis umetesoba
dadis skolebSi, sadac umkacresi segregacia
xdeba religiuri mrwamsis mixedviT. asea Tu
ise, bolo oci wlis manZilze gaixsna skolebi,
sadac protestanti da kaTolike moswavleebi
erTad swavloben. am siaxlem ukve uzrunvelyo
mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi, romelTa gamoc
TemTaSorisi daaxloebis process ukve SeuZlia
politikuri Rirebulebebis Canacvleba. amdenad,
seriozuli daskvna _ rogorc TemTaSoris, aseve
calkeuli skolebis doneze – romlis gakeTebac
SeiZleba, isaa, rom mTavrobebs SeuZliaT (da
783
 unda gaakeTon kidec es) TavianTi SesaZleb- buli daskvnebis praqtikuli gamoyeneba xels
lobebis FfarTod gamoyeneba saerTo miznebis uwyobs mSvidobis damyarebis impulsebis gaZ-
miRwevisaTvis aucilebeli ormxrivi kontaqtebi- lierebas. es Sedegebi imdenad STambeWdavia, rom
saTvis pirobebis Sesaqmnelad. fsiqologebi – es „Zalzed optimisturi jgufi~
axla mivubrundeT msoflios erT-erT mTavar _ kvlavac agrZeleben Tavis Zalisxmevas.
satkivars – axlo aRmosavleTs – raTa aRvweroT
israel-palestinis erToblivi samuSao Sexved-
rebis is programa, romelic, SemoTavazebul iqna Sejameba
fsiqolog herbert kelmanisa (Herbert Kelman, 1997,
crurwmenebisa da marTvis resursebis kombi-
1999) da misi kolegebis mier. ukve ramdenime
nacias gamanadgurebeli Sedegebi moaqvs. morCi-
weliwadia, rac kelmani samuSao Sexvedrebze
lebis Seswavlis milgremiseul kvlevebs meore
iwvevs palestinelebsa da ebraelebs, sadac isini
msoflio omTan dakavSirebulma movlenebma misca
regionSi arsebuli problemebis gadawyvetis
biZgi. am kvlevebma daamtkica, rom socialuri
interaqtiul procesSi iyvnen CarTulni, iseTi
Zalebi ufro metad iwveven avtoritetisadmi
konfliqturi problemis CaTvliT, rogoricaa
morCilebas, vidre _ dispoziciuri Zalebi. miu-
okupirebul teritoriebze ebrauli dasaxlebebis
xedavad imisa, rom milgremis cdis pirebis ume-
mSeneblobis sakiTxi. am procesSi monawileobis
tesoba sityvierad ewinaaRmdegeboda avtoritets,
aucilebeli piroba monawileTa xelSeuxeblobis
qceviT isini mainc avlendnen misdami mor-
dacva da konfidencialoba da, aseve, Ria da
Cilebas. ekonomikuri krizisebis dros adamianebi
analitikuri diskusiebis Catarebis aucilebloba
eZeben da pouloben jgufebs, romlebic gamodian
iyo. garda amisa,Mmonawileebi darwmunebulebi
„gantevebis vacis~ rolSi da romlebic, sabo-
iyvnen, rom maTze araviTari zewola ar ganxor-
lood, masobrivi mkvlelobebis samizneebi
cieldeboda ama Tu im SeTanxmebis misaRwevad.
xdebian. liderebi xSirad cdiloben mtris
mesame mxaris warmomadgenlebi SexvedrebSi mona-
dehumanizacias. adamianebi, romlebic omSi
wileobdnen, rogorc saubris fasilitatorebi,
Tavi 18 / socialuri pfsiqologia, sazogadoeba da kultura

midian, xSirad amas realuri an warmosaxuli

magram ar Suamavlobdnen mxareebs Soris.
safrTxis arsebobasTan dakavSirebuli Sexedu-
kelmanis jgufma es Sexvedrebi maSin wamoiwyo,
lebebis safuZvelze akeTeben. mSvidobis Semswav-
rodesac saerTod laparakic ki ar iyo israel-
leli fsiqologebi dainteresebulni arian im
palestinis molaparakebebze. Sexvedrebze iseTi
individualuri da kulturuli Zalebis Seswav-
garemo iyo Seqmnili, rom mxareebs uSualod,
liT, romlebic aRviveben oms, an xels uwyoben
pirispir Sexvedrebis saSualeba hqondaT, rac
mSvidobis damyarebas. liderobis stilebisa da
urTierTgagebas uwyobda xels. metic, Sexvedrebis
marTvis formebis Seswavlam daadastura mosaz-
dasrulebis Semdeg monawileebs saSualeba
reba, rom demokratiis gafarToeba msoflio
hqondaT, SemuSavebuli Sexedulebebi ufro
sazogadoebas sargeblobas moutans. farTo
farTod gamoeyenebinaT realur politikur
nabijebi mSvidobisken gadadgmul unda iqnes im
arenaze. faqtobrivad, kelmanma (1997) ganaxor-
programebis meSveobiT, romlebic xels uwyoben
ciela is, rac oslos 1993 wlis samSvidobo
didi xnis ganmavlobaSi dapirispirebul mxareTa
molaparakebebiT iyo gaTvaliswinebuli, Sexved-
Soris urTierTobebsa da problemis gadaWras.
rebis ramdenime monawile uSualod CaerTo mSvi-
dobis damyarebis procesSi.
jerjerobiT arc CrdiloeT irlandiasa da
arc axlo aRmosavleTSi ar Sewyvetila Za- avtoris bolosityvaoba
ladoba. orive regionSi arsebobs saomari sulis-
kveTebiT ganmsWvaluli jgufebi TavianTi po-
litikuri, ekonomikuri Tu religiuri gegmebiT, Cven davasruleT mogzauroba, romelSic „fsi-
rac xels uwyobs Zaladobasa da segregacias; es qologia da cxovreba~ gvexmareboda. Tu dafiq-
ki, Tavis mxriv, ewinaaRmdegeba integraciasa da rdebiT, imedi gvaqvs, naTlad warmoidgenT, Tu
mSvidobis damyarebis process, magram, miuxedavad ramdeni ram iswavleT am mogzaurobisas; da
784 amisa, fsiqologiuri kvlevebis Sedegad mopove- mainc, Cven mxolod zedapirulad SevexeT im
rTul problemebs, romlebic fsiqologiiT rac am wignidan iswavleT. am axali mogzaurobis
dainteresebul students elis win. vimedovnebT, dros, SesaZloa, Tqvenc STaberoT axali
rom gayvebiT Tqvens interess da, metic, SesaZloa, sicocxle adamianebis miswrafebaTa fsiqologias
Tqveni wvlilic ki SeitanoT fsiqologiis gan- Tundac imiT, rom xeli SeuwyoT adamianebs
viTarebaSi, rogorc mecnierma mkvlevarma an praq- Soris urTierTobebisa da kavSirebis gaZlie-
tikosma klinicistma, an kidev fsiqologiuri rebas.
codnis gamoyenebiT gadawyvitoT socialuri
da pirovnuli problemebi.
dramaturgi tom stopardi Segvaxsenebs, rom
„saidanme gasvla sadme Sesvlasac niSnavs~. gvinda
virwmunoT, rom Tqveni cxovrebis momdevno
fazaSi Sesvlas yovelive isic gagiadvilebT,

sakvanZo
sakiTxebi
altruizmi da
prosocialuri qceva
mkvlevrebma scades aex-
snaT, Tu ratom axorci-
eleben adamianebi pro-
socialur, kerZod, al-
truistul qcevebs maSinac
ki, rodesac es maT inte-
resebs ewinaaRmdegeba.
evoluciuri midgoma xazs
usvams memkvidreobas da
ormxrivobas.
adamianebi, aseve, imitom
axorcieleben prosocia-
lur qcevebs, rom ikma-
yofileben sakuTar in-
teress _ emsaxuron sazo-
gadoebas da daicvan so-
cialuri principebi.
mowmis Carevis kvlevebi
imitom xorcieldeba, rom
adamianebs surT gazardon
sakuTari genebis dacvis Se-
saZlebloba.
agresiaSi individualuri
gansxvavebebi dakavSirebulia
rogorc genetikur memkvid-
reobasTan, tvinis Hhormo-
nalur funqcionirebasTan.
gansxvavebuli pirovnuli
maxasiaTeblebi saSualebas
gvaZlevs, viwinaswarmetyve-
loT impulsuri an instru-
mentuli agresiisadmi midre-
kilebebi.
miuxedavad imisa, rom arse-
bobs agresiuli qcevebis
Semakavebeli faqtorebi, si-
tuacia gansazRvravs adamia-
nebis swraf agresiul rea-
girebas.
frustracias SeuZlia agre-
crurwmenebi
xSirad uneburma minima-
lurma maCveneblebmac ki
SeiZleba biZgi miscen cru-
rwmenebs da sazogadoeba
daiyos „Sida~ da „gare~
jgufebad.
stereotipebi gavlenas ax-
denen adamianebis mier qce-
vebisa da, saerTod, infor-
maciis Sefasebebze.
mkvlevrebma gamoavlines
crurwmenebis Secvlis faq-
torebi iseTi situaciebis
SeqmniT, sadac gansxvavebu-
li jgufebis wevrebi Tanam-
Sromlobdnen saerTo miz-
nebis misaRwevad.
kros-kulturuli kvlevebi,
aseve, miuTiTebs, rom megob-
sakvanZo sakiTxebi

aCvenebs, rom situacia siamde migviyvanos; uSualo roba mniSvnelovan rols

mniSvnelovnad gansazR-
vravs, safrTxis SemTxve-
vaSi aRmoCenili iqneba
Tu ara daxmareba.
agresia
evoluciuri Tvalsazri-
siT, agresiuli qcevebi
gaRizianebam, SesaZloa, moax-
dinos agresiis donis eska-
lacia.
gansxvavebul kulturebSi
agresiuli qcevis gansxva-
vebuli normebia fiqsire-
buli, romlebic, nawilob-
riv, warmoadgenen „me~-s kul-
turul Semadgenlebs.
asrulebs crurwmenebis
daZlevaSi.
konfliqtisa da
mSvidobis fsiqologia
milgremis morCilebasTan
dakavSirebuli kvlevebi
imis mniSvnelovan sabuTs
785
785
 iZleva, rom situaciuri
faqtorebis gavleniT Cve-
ulebrivi adamianebi SeiZ-
leba mividnen agresiis aq-
tebis sanqcionirebasa da
masSi monawileobamde.
crurwmenebis moqmedebis
msgavsma xangrZlivma pro-
cesebma SeiZleba migviy-
vanos masobriv mkvlelo-
bebamde da genocidamde.
liderebi qmnian mtris
humanurobisgan daclil,
dehumanizirebul xatebs. ZiriTadi cnebebi
adamianebi Tavs swiraven
samSoblos TavianTi oja-
xebisa da jgufebisaTvis,
saSiSroebisa da masTan da-
kavSirebuli SiSis pasuxad.
mSvidobis fsiqologebi eZe-
ben gzebs, raTa Sewyviton
Tavi 18 / socialuri pfsiqologia, sazogadoeba da kultura
786
786
erebs Soris dapirispireba
da mtroba.
demokratiuli sazogado-
ebebi, sul mcire, ar amar-
Tleben masobriv mkvlelo-
bebs.
tradiciul „mtrebs~ Soris
urTierTobebis xelSemwyobma
programebma, SesaZloa, mSvi-
dobis miRwevis safuZvlebi
Seamzadon.
agresia
altruizmi
mowmis Careva
kontaqtis hipoTeza
moTxovnadi maxasiaTeblebi
pasuxismgeblobis difuzia
frustracia – agresiis
hipoTeza
genocidi
mSvidobis fsiqologia
crurwmena
prosocialuri qcevebi
rasizmi
ormxrivi altruizmi
jgufuri dinamika
impulsuri agresia
Sidajgufuri mikerZoeba
Sida jgufi
instrumentuli agresia
„asawyobi suraTebis~
klasebi
gare jgufi
seqsizmi
socialuri kategorizacia
stereotipebi
leqsikoni
absoluturi zRurbli (Absolute threshold) _ fizikuri
energiis is minimaluri raodenoba, romelic
saWiroa sensoruli gancdis warmosaqmnelad;
operacionalurad is ganisazRvreba, rogorc
gamRizianeblis done, romelzedac xdeba sen-
soruli signalis SemCneva SemTxvevaTa naxevarSi.
agorafobia (Agoraphobia) _ iseT xalxmraval adgi-
lebSi an Ria sivrceSi yofnis ukiduresi SiSi,
saidanac gaqceva SeiZleba rTuli an samarcxvino
iyos.
agresia (Aggression) _ qceva, romelic sxva individis
fizikur an fsiqologiur dazianebas iwvevs.
adamianis qcevis genetika (Human behavior genetics) –
mecniereba, romelic qcevisa da Tvisebebis
individualuri gansxvavebebis genetikur kompo-
nentebs Seiswavlis.
adgilis Teoria (Place theory) amtkicebs, rom sxvada-
sxva sixSiris toni qmnis aqtivaciis maqsimums
ZiriTadi membranis sxvadasxva adgilebSi, amis
Sedegad bgeriTi tonis simaRle SeiZleba kodi-
rebuli iyos im adgilis mixedviT, romlis aqti-
vaciac moxda.
aversiuli Terapia (Aversion therapy) – qceviTi Te-
rapiis tipi, romelic gamoiyeneba saziano sti-
mulebisaken midrekilebis mqone adamianebis
samkurnalod.
avtomaturi procesebi (Automatic processes) _ pro-
cesebi, romlebic ar moiTxoven yuradRebas, maTi
ganxorcieleba SesaZlebelia sxva moqmedebis
paralelurad.
avtonomiuri nervuli sistema (ans) (Autonomic ner-
vous system - ANS) – periferiuli nervuli sistemis
nawili, romelic akavSirebs centralur nervul
sistemas gluv da gulis kunTebTan da jirkvleb-
Tan da aregulirebs sxeulis uneblie motorul
pasuxebs.
aiv (AIV) _ adamianis imunodeficitis virusi, ro-
melic azianebs sisxlis TeTr ujredebs (lim-
focitebs), riTac asustebs organizmis imunur
sistemas; aiv infeqcia iwvevs Sidss.
akomodacia (Accommodation) _ procesi, romlis saSua-
lebiTac wamwamovani kunTebi cvlianEBTvalis
brolis sisqes, rac saSualebas aZlevs, Sec-
valos fokusi axlo da Sori obieqtebisaTvis.
akomodacia (Accomodation) _ piaJes mixedviT, ukve
arsebuli kognituri struqturebis modifi-
cirebis an gadastruqturebis procesi, raTa
gaadvildes axali informaciis morgeba ukve
arsebulTan; akomodacia xorcieldeba asimila-
ciasTan erTad.
algoriTmi (Algorithm) _ Tanmimdevruli, safexureob-
rivi procedura, romlis saSualebiTac vpo-
ulobT swor pasuxs konkretuli tipis proble-
mis gadasaWrelad.
altruizmi (Altruizm) – prosocialuri qcevebi, rom-
lebsac adamiani Tavisi sakuTari usafrTxoebis
an interesebis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe asrulebs.
alchaimeris daavadeba (Alzheimer’s disease) _ Tavis
tvinis qronikuli organuli sindromi, romelic
xasiaTdeba mexsierebis TandaTanobiTi daqvei-
TebiT inteleqtualuri unarebis SemcirebiT da
pirovnebis gasadavebiT.
amgznebi „Sesavali~ (Excitatory inputs) – informacia,
romelic neironSi aRwevs da iwvevs mis agznebas.
amigdala (Amygdala) _ limburi sistemis nawili,
romelic akontrolebs emocias, agresiasa da
emociuri mexsierebis formirebas.
analitikuri fsiqologia (Analytic pshycology) _ fsi-
qologiis mimarTuleba, romelic pirovnebas
ganixilavs, rogorc dinamikur balansSi myofi
kompensatoruli Sinagani Zalebis konstelacias.
anoreqsia (Anorexia nevrosa) _ kvebiTi aSliloba,
romlis drosac inidividi iwonis misi mosalod-
neli wonis 85%-ze naklebs, magram ganagrZobs
sakvebis miRebis kontrols, radgan Tavs Warbi
wonis mqoned aRiqvams.
anticipatoruli daZleva (Anticipatory coping)_ poten-
ciurad saSiS movlenamde ganxorcielebuli
mcdelobebi, gadailaxos, Semcirdes, an asatani
gaxdes Seusabamoba aRqmul moTxovnebsa da xelT
arsebul resursebs Soris.
aracnobieri (Nonconscious) _ informacia, romelic,
Cveulebriv, xelmiuwvdomelia cnobierebisaTvis
an mexsierebisaTvis.
aracnobieri (Unconscious) _ fsiqikis sfero, sadac
inaxeba cnobierebidan gandevnili, represire-
buli survilebi da primitiuli impulsebi.
aracnobieri daskvna (Unconscious inference) _ helmhol-
leqsikoni
cis termini, romelic gacnobierebis gareSe mim-
dinare aRqmas aRniSnavs.
arqetipi (Archetype) _ konkretuli gamocdilebisa
Tu obieqtis universaluri, Tandayolili, pri-
mitiuli da simboluri warmodgena.
asakis mixedviT diskriminacia (Ageism) _ crurwmena
asakovani adamianebis Sesaxeb. rasizmisa da 787
 seqsizmis msgavsi uaryofiTi stereotipi asako-
vani adamianebis mimarT.
asawyobi suraTebis klasebi (Jegsaw classrooms) – sas-
wavlo klasebi, romlebic iyeneben asawyobi sura-
Tebis saxeliT cnobil meTods, romelSic yovel
moswavles eZleva mTeli dasaswavli masalis
mxolod nawili, romelic Semdeg jgufis sxva
wevrebs gadaecema.
asimilacia (Assimilation) _ piaJes mixedviT, procesi,
romlis drosac axali kognituri elementebi
ergeba Zvel elementebs an modificirdeba, raTa
ufro gamartivdes morgebis procesi; asimilacia
xorcieldeba akomodaciasTan erTad.
asociaciuri qerqi (Association cortex) – qerqis nawili,
sadac umaRlesi nervuli procesebi xorcieldeba.
aqsoni (Axon) – neironis wagrZelebuli boWko, rom-
lis gaswvrivac nervuli impulsebi vrceldeba
somidan terminaluri balTisaken.
atribucia (Attribution) _ msjeloba Sedegebis mizeze-
bis Sesaxeb.
atribuciis Teoria (Attribution theory) – socialur-
kognituri Teoria, romelic aRwers informaciis
gamoyenebis gzebs, romelsac iyenebs socialuri
aRmqmeli mizezobrivi axsnisas.
atribuciis fundamenturi Secdoma (Fundamental attri-
bution error) _ damkvirveblebis ormagi tendencia,
daakninon situaciuri faqtorebis roli da
gadaafason dispoziciuri faqtorebis roli
adamianis qcevaSi.
aRdgena (Retrieval) _ Senaxuli informaciis aRdgena,
amotana mexsierebidan.
aRzrdis stili (Parenting style) _ meTodi, romliTac
mSoblebi zrdian Svilebs; yvelaze efeqturad
iTvleba avtoritetuli stili, romelic Tanabrad
moiazrebs momTxovnobasa da gulisxmierebas.
aRmavali gadamuSaveba (Bottom-up processing) _ garemo-
Si xelmisawvdom sensorul informaciaze dafuZ-
nebuli perceptuli analizi. analizis Sedegebi
aRmavali gziT SedarebiT abstraqtul reprezen-
taciebisken miemarTeba.
aRmoCenis etapi (Context of discovery) _ kvlevis sawyisi
faza, romlis ganmavlobaSic dakvirvebas, Sexedu-
lebas, informacias da zogad codnas movlenis
axleburi xedvisaken mivyavarT.
aRmZvrelebi (Incentives) _ eqsternaluri stimulebi
an waxaliseba, romlebic warmoadgenen qcevis
mamotivireblebs miuxedavad imisa, rom isini
pirdapir ar ukavSirdebian biologiur moTxovni-
lebebs.
aRqma (Perception) _ procesebi, romlebic sensorul
leqsikoni
xatSi awesrigeben informacias da am imformaciis,
rogorc samganzomilebiani garesinamdviliT
warmoqmnilis, gancdas uzrunvelyofen.
aRweriTi statistika (Descriptive statistics) _ statis-
tikuri procedurebi, romlebic qulebs maTi
centraluri tendenciis, variabilobis da kore-
788 laciebis TvalsazrisiT ajamebs.
aSkara/TvalsaCino moZraoba (Apparent motion) _
moZraobis iluzia, rodesac erTi an meti wer-
tilis uwyveti anTeba-Caqroba erT moZrav werti-
lad aRiqmeba. aSkara/TvalsaCino moZraobis umar-
tivesi formaa Φ fenomeni
badura (Retina) _ Tvalis ukan mdebare Sre, romelic
Seicavs fotoreceptorebs da gardaqmnis sinaT-
lis energias nervul reaqciaSi.
bavSvze mimarTuli metyveleba (Child-directed speech)
_ metyvelebis gansakuTrebuli forma, xazgasmiT
gamokveTili da maRali intonaciiT, romelsac
mozrdilebi Cvil da patara bavSvebTan saubrisas
iyeneben.
bazisuri done (Basic level) _ kategorizaciis done,
romelic yvelaze swrafad SeiZleba amovitanoT
mexsierebidan da gamoviyenoT yvelaze efeqturad.
bgeris siZliere (loudness) _ bgeris perceftuli
Tviseba, romelic gamoxatavs bgeriTi talRis
amplitudas; didi amplitudis bgeriTi talRa
saerTod ganicdeba rogorc xmamaRali, xolo
mcire amplitudis bgeriTi talRa ganicdeba
rogorc xmadabali.
bgeris tonis simaRle (Pitch) _ Tviseba, romelic
ZiriTadad ganisazRvreba bgeriTi talRis rxevis
sixSiriT.
biosamedicino Terapiebi (Biomedical therapies) _
fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis mkurnaloba, rome-
lic cvlis tvinis funqcionirebas qimiuri an
fizikuri Carevis gziT, rogoricaa medikamentebiT
mkurnaloba, qirurgia an eleqtrokonvulsiuri
Terapia.
bioukukavSiri (Biofeedback) _ TviTregulaciis teq-
nika, romlis drosac individi aracnobieri bio-
logiuri procesebis nebismier kontrols axor-
cielebs.
biofsiqosocialuri modeli (Biopsychosocial model) _
janmrTelobisa da avadmyofobis modeli, romlis
mixedviT, nervuli sistemis, imunuri sistemis,
qceviTi stilis, kognituri procesebisa da garemo
faqtorebis urTierTkavSirma SeiZleba adamiani
avad gaxdomis riskis winaSe daayenos.
bipolaruli aSliloba (Bipolar disorder) _ guneba-gan-
wyobilebis aSliloba, romelic xasiaTdeba
depresiisa da maniis periodebis monacvleobiT.
bihevioraluri analizi (Behavioral Anayisis): _ fsiqo-
logiis ganxra, romelic yuradRebas daswavli-
sa da qcevis garemo determinantebze amaxvilebs.
biheviorizmi (Behaviorism) _ mecnieruli midgoma,
romelic fsiqologiis Seswavlas mxolod gazom-
vadi an dakvirvebadi qceviT farglavs.
bihevioristuli mimdinareoba (Behaviorists perspective)
_ am mimdinareobas ainteresebs dakvirvebadi qceva,
romelic obieqturad fiqsirdeba da dakvirvebadi
qcevis mimarTeba garemos stimulebTan.
blokireba (Blocking) – fenomeni, romlis drosac
organizmi ar daiswavlis axal stimuls, radgan
axali stimuli warmodgenilia ukve arsebul
efeqtur signalTan erTad.
brokas are (Broca’s area) – Tavis tvinis ubani, romelic
azrebs metyvelebasa da/an JestebSi gardaqmnis.
bodva (Delusions) _ cru an iracionaluri rwmena,
romelsac adgili aqvs sawinaaRmdegos naTlad
arsebobis pirobebSi.
brZola an gaqcevis reaqcia (Fight-or-flight response) _
Sinagan aqtivobaTa Tanmimdevroba, romelic amoq-
meddeba, rodesac organizmi safrTxis winaSe aR-
moCndeba; amzadebs sxeuls brZolisa da Setevis-
aTvis an usafrTxo adgilas gaqcevisaTvis. bolo-
droindeli monacemebis Tanaxmad, es reaqcia mxo-
lod mamrobiTi sqesisaTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli.
bulimia (Bulimia nevrosa) _ kvebiTi aSliloba, rome-
lic xasiaTdeba uzomo raodenobis sakvebis miRe-
biT, rasac Tan sdevs miRebuli kaloriebisagan
organizmis gawmendis RonisZiebebi.
buneba-aRzrdis dapirispireba (Nature-nurture contro-
versy) _ kamaTi qcevisa da ganviTarebis gansazR-
vraSi Tandayolilisa (bunebis) da SeZenili
gamocdilebis (aRzrdis) fardobiTi mniSvne-
lovnebis Sesaxeb.
bunebrivi gadarCeva (Natural selection) – darvinis Teo-
riis mixedviT, saxeobis zogierTi warmomad-
genlis ukeTesi Segueba garemosadmi, saSualebas
aZlevs mas sxvasTan SedarebiT ufro warmate-
bulad gamravldes.
gaazrebis SesaZleblobis modeli (Elaboration likeli-
hood model) – darwmunebis Teoria, romelic gansa-
zRvravs, Tu ramdenadaa SesaZlebeli, rom ada-
mianebi TavianTi kognituri procesebis fokusi-
rebas axdendnen Setyobinebis gasaazreblad da,
Sesabamisad, misdevdnen darwmunebis centralur
an periferiul procesebs.
gadamamuSavebeli ganmeoreba (Elaborative rehearsal) _
mexsierebis gazrdis meTodi, romliTac xdeba
dasamaxsovrebeli informaciis gamdidreba.
gadamuSavebis doneebis Teoria (Levels-of-processing
theory) _ am Teoriis mixedviT, rac ufro Rrma
doneze xdeba informaciis gadamuSaveba, miT ufro
ukeT daamaxsovrdeba igi adamians.
gadatana (Transference) – procesi, rodesac fsiqo-
analizis msvlelobisas pacienti Terapevtze
mimarTavs im grZnobebs, romelic Tavdapirvelad
warsuli emociuri konfliqtis centralur,
mniSvnelovan figuraze miemarTeboda.
gadatanis Sesabamisi gadamuSaveba (Transfer-approptiate
processing) _ Tvalsazrisi, romlis mixedviTac
mogoneba saukeTesoa, rodesac implicituri
kodirebis da implicituri aRdgenis procesebis
damTxveva xdeba.
gadawyvetilebisTvis Tavis arideba (aversia) (Deci-
sion aversion) _ gadawyvetilebis miRebisagan Tavis
aridebis tendencia; rac ufro rTulia gadawyve-
tilebis miReba, miT metia misgan ganridebis
albaToba.
gadawyvetilebis miReba (Decision making) _ alterna-
tivebs Soris arCevis procesi, SesaZlo variante-
bis seleqcia da uaryofa.
gamocdilebidan nimuSebis SerCevis meTodi (Experi-
ence-sampling method) _ eqsperimentuli meTodi, ro-
melic exmareba mkvlevrebs cnobierebis tipuri
Sinaarsebis aRweraSi; cdis pirebs evalebaT
signalis miRebisTanave daafiqsiron TavianTi
azrebi da grZnobebi.
ganviTarebis asaki (Developmental age) qronologiuri
asaki, romlis drosac bavSvebis umravlesoba
amJRavnebs fizikuri Tu gonebrivi ganviTarebis
garkveul dones.
ganviTarebis fsiqologia (Developmental psychology) _
fsiqologiis dargi, romelic swavlobs fizikuri
da fsiqologiuri procesebis urTierTqmedebas
da ganviTarebis stadiebs mTeli cxovrebis manZil-
ze ganviTarebis poziciidan.
ganmamtkicebeli (Reinforcer) SeiZleba iyos nebismieri
stimuli, romelic zrdis mocemuli reaqciis six-
Siris albaTobas.
ganpirobebuli reaqcia _ (Conditioned response): reaqcia,
klasikur ganpirobebulobaSi, romelic aRmocen-
deba aqamde neitraluri stimulis safuZvelze.
es xdeba imis Sedegad, rom neitraluri stimuli
Sewyvilebulia ganupirobebel stimulTan.
ganpirobebuli stimuli (Conditioned stimulus) _ kla-
sikur ganpirobebulobaSi, aqamde neitraluri
stimuli, romelic iwvevs ganpirobebul reaqcias.
ganupirobebeli reaqcia (Unconditioned response) _
klasikur ganpirobebulobaSi, ganupirobebli
stimulis mier gamowveuli reaqcia winaswari
varjiSisa an daswavlis gareSe
ganupirobebeli stimuli (Unconditioned stimulus): sti-
muli, klasikur ganpirobebulobaSi, romelic
iwvevs ganupirobebel reaqcias, pasuxs.
ganpirobebuloba (Conditioning) – gzebi, romliTac
movlenebi, stimulebi da qceva asocirdeba erTma-
neTTan.
garemos cvladebi (Environmental variables) – garegani
zemoqmedeba qcevaze.
gare jgufebi (Out-groups) – jgufebi, romlebTanac
adamianebi identifikacias ar axdenen.
gaupatiureba paemanze (Date rape) _ ewodeba iseT
situaciebs, rodesac individs nacnobi adamiani
aiZulebs sqesobrivi kavSiris damyarebas.
gemos aversiiT daswavla (Taste-aversion learning) –
daswavlis biologiuri kanonzomiereba, romel-
Sic organizmi swavlobs avadmyofobis gamomwvevi
sakvebisagan Tavis aridebas.
genderi (Gender) _ fsiqologiuri fenomeni, romel-
Sic moiazreba mamakacebisa da qalebis sqesTan
dakavSirebuli daswavlili qcevebi da ganwyobebi.
genderuli identoba (Gender identity) _ individis mier
leqsikoni
sakuTar TavSi qaluri an mamakacuri sawyisis
gancda. is gulisxmobs sakuTari sqesis miRebas
da gacnobierebas.
genderuli rolebi (Gender roles) _ qcevaTa da ganwyo-
baTa erToblioba, romelsac sazogadoeba ukavSi-
rebs qalad an mamakacad yofnas da romelsac
Riad gamoxataven calkeuli individebi. 789
 genetika (Genetics) – mecniereba winaprebisgan miRebu-
li fizikuri da fsiqologiuri Tvisebebis mem-
kvidreobiTobis Sesaxeb.
geni (Genes) – memkvidreobiTobis fizikuri erTeuli;
qromosomebis patara ubani, romelic pasuxis-
mgebelia Tvisebebis gadacemaze.
generalizebuli SfoTviTi aSliloba (Generalized
anxiety disorder) _ SfoTviTi aSliloba, rodesac
individi ganicdis SfoTvas an nerviulobs
specifikuri safrTxis an safrTxis momatni obieq-
tis ararsebobis pirobebSi, sul mcire, eqvsi
Tvis manZilze.
genotipi (Genotype) – organizmis genetikuri struq-
tura, romelsac is mSoblebisagan memkvidreobiT
iRebs.
geStalt-Terapia (Gestalt therapy) – Terapia, romelic
mimarTulia pirovnebis gamTlianebis mizniT
gonebisa da sxeulis gaerTianebaze.
geStaltfsiqologia (Gestalt psychology) _ fsiqo-
logiuri skola, romelic amtkicebs, rom fsiqo-
logiuri fenomenis gageba mxolod maSin aris
SesaZlebeli, Tu mas organizebul, struqturul
mTlianobad miviCnevT da ar davanawevrebT
primitiul, martiv, perceptul elementebad.
glia (Glia) – ujredi, romelic akavSirebs neironebs
da aCqarebs nervul gadacemas, aSorebs dazia-
nebul da daRupul neironebs, da xels uSlis
sisxlSi arsebul toqsiur substanciebs, SeaR-
wion tvinSi.
gonebrivi asaki (Mental age) _ bines inteleqtis eta-
lonis mixedviT aris asaki, rodesac bavSvis
inteleqtualuri aqtivoba gamoxatulia im
saSualo asakiT, romelSic normaluri bavSvebi
aRweven gansazRvrul qulas.
gonebrivi CamorCeniloba (Mental retardation) _ rodesac
individebis IQ-s qulebi meryeobs 70-75-mde
intervalSi an masze naklebia; aseve, rodesac
SezRudulia cxovrebiseuli amocanebis gada-
saWreli adaptaciuri Cvevebis SemuSavebis unari.
guneba-ganwyobilebis aSliloba (Mood disorder) _
guneba-ganwyobilebis darRveva, rogoricaa Rrma,
depresia an maniasTan adgilmonacvle depresia.
daboloebis efeqti (Recency effect) _ mwkrivis bolo
wevrebis ukeT daxsomeba.
dadebiTi ganmtkiceba (Positive reinforcement) – qcevas
mohyveba sasargeblo stimuli, rac zrdis qcevis
sixSiris albaTobas.
dadebiTi damsjeli (Positive Punisment) – qcevas moh-
yveba aversiuli stimuli, romelic amcirebs qce-
vis albaTobas.
dazianeba (Damage) – tvinis qsovilis daSaveba.
leqsikoni
daTanxmeba (Compliance) _ komunikaciis wyaros pirda-
piri moTxovnebis Sesabamisad qcevis Secvla.
dakvirvebadi sizmrebi (Lucid dreaming) _ Teoria,
romlis Tanaxmadac, sizmris xedvis procesis
cnobieri aRqma daswavladi unaria, romelic
iZleva sizmris mimarTulebisa da Sinaarsis
790 kontrolis saSualebas.
damatebiTi cvladi (Confounding variable) _ cvladi,
romelic monawilis qcevaze zemoqmedebs eqspe-
rimentatoris mier Semotanili damoukidebeli
cvladis garda.
damkvirveblis tendenciuroba (Observer bias) _ rea-
lobis damaxinjeba, romelic damkvirveblis pi-
rovnuli motivebisa da molodinebisagan momdi-
nareobs.
damokidebuleba (Attitude) – adamianebis, sagnebisa da
movlenebis mimarT SefasebiTi reagirebis daswav-
lili, SedarebiT myari tendencia.
damokidebuli cvladi (Dependent variable) _ nebismieri
cvladi, eqsperimentul garemoSi, romlis mniS-
vneloba erTi an meti damoukidebeli cvladis
cvlilebis Sedegia.
damoukidebeli me-s gageba (Independent construals of
self) _ me-s konceptualizacia, rogorc individisa,
romlis qceva, upirveles yovlisa, organi-
zebulia adamianis sakuTar da ara sxvebis, azreb-
Tan, grZnobebTan da qmedebebTan mimarTebaSi.
damoukidebeli cvladi (Independent variable) _ stimu-
lis piroba, eqsperimentul garemoSi, romelic
sxva nebismieri cvladisagan damoukideblad
icvleba.
damsjeli (Punisher) – nebismieri stimuli, romelic
amcirebs reaqciis sixSires.
darwmuneba (Persuasion) – damokidebulebebis Secvlis
mizanmimarTuli mcdelobebi.
dasabuTebis etapi (Context of justification) _ kvlevis is
fazaa, romelSic hipoTezis SemowmebisaTvis faq-
tebia saWiro.
dasawyisis efeqti (Primacy effect) _ mwkrivis pirveli
wevrebis ukeT daxsomeba.
daskvna (Inference) _ xarveziani informaciis Sevseba
arsebuli mtkicebulebebis an rwmenis da Teoriis
safuZvelze.
daskvniTi statistika (Inferential statistics) _ statisti-
kuri procedurebi, romlebic mkvlevars saSua-
lebas aZlevs gansazRvros, adasturebs mis hipo-
Tzas Sedegi, Tu is mxolod SemTxveviTaa miRe-
buli.
daswavla (Learning) _ gamocdilebaze damyarebuli
procesi, romlis drosac SedarebiT mudmivad
icvleba qceva an qceviTi potenciali.
daswavla-gamovlenis gansxvaveba (Learning-Performance
distinction) _ gansxvaveba imisa, Tu ra iyo daswav-
lili da ra gamomJRavnda qcevaSi.
daswavlili umweoba (Learned helplessness) _ zianis
momtani stimulis arsebobis pirobebSi reaqciis
ar qonis zogadi paterni, romelic xSirad Tan
erTvis mdgomareobas, rodesac individi ganicdis
araSemTxveviTi, gardauvali uaryofiTi stimulis
zemoqmedebas.
daswavlis biologiuri iZuleba (Biological constraints
on learning) – nebismieri limiti organizmis daswav-
lis SesaZleblobaze, romelic gansazRvrulia
erTi saxeobis individebis memkvidruli senso-
rul-kognituri unarebiT.
daRi (Stigma) _ individze an jgufze adamianebis
uaryofiTi reaqcia garkveuli savaraudo ara-
srulfasovnebis an gansxvavebulobis gamo, rac
damamcireblad moqmedebs maTze.
daRmavali gadamuSaveba (Top-down processing) _ per-
ceptuli procesebi, rodesac adamianis warsuli
gamocdileba, codna, molodinebi, motivacia da
konteqsti gavlenas axdens aRqmuli obieqtis
interpretaciasa da klasifikaciaze.
dacvisa da zrunvis reaqcia (Tend-and-befriend response)
_ stresorze reaqcia, romelic, savaraudoT, ti-
puria mdedrobiTi sqesisaTvis. stresorebi ubiZ-
geben mdedrs, daicvas Svilebi da SeuerTdes
socialur jgufebs mowyvladobis Sesamci-
reblad.
daZleva (Coping) _ im garegan da Sinagan moTxov-
nebTan gamklavebis procesi, romelic aRiqmeba,
rogorc safrTxis, an muqaris Semcveli, an
dauZleveli.
dajgufeba (Chunking) _ informaciis calkeul wevrTa
dajgufebis procesi msgavsebis an sxva maorga-
nizebeli principis safuZvelze.
deduqciuri azrovneba (Deductive reasoning) – azrov-
nebis forma, romelic ori an meti wanamZRvridan
logikuri daskvnis gakeTebis unars gulisxmobs.
deklaraciuli mexsiereba (Declarative memory) _
mimarTulia faqtebisa da movlenebis daxsomebaze.
dendritebi (Dendrites) – neironis datotvili morCebi,
romlebic Semosul informacias mimRebloben.
determinizmi (Determinism) _ es doqtrina gulisxmobs,
rom yvela movlena _ fizikuri, fsiqikuri da
qceviTi _ ganpirobebulia konkretuli mizezebiT,
romelTa dadgena SesaZlebelia.
diapazoni (Range) _ ganawilebaSi yvelaze maRal da
yvelaze dabal qulebs Soris sxvaoba, variabi-
lobis martivi sazomi.
didi tvini – tvinis nawili, romelic umaRles
kognitur da emociur funqciebs aregulirebs.
diskriminaciuli stimuli (Discriminative Punishment) –
stimuli, romelic moaswavebs ganmtkicebas,
radgan konkretuli qceva dadebiTad iyo ganmtki-
cebuli.
disociaciuri amnezia (Dissociative amnesia) _ mniSvne-
lovani pirovnuli gamocdilebis gaxsenebis
unaris arqona, romlis mizezia fsiqologiuri
faqtorebi, yovelgvari organuli disfunqciis
arsebobis gareSe.
disociaciuri aSliloba (Dissociative disorder) _ pirov-
nuli aSliloba, romelsac axasiaTebs identu-
robis, mexsierebisa da cnobierebis integraciis
darRveva.
disociaciuri identobis aSliloba (dia) (Dissocia-
tive identity disorder – DID) _ disociaciuri fsiqikuri
aSliloba, rodesac erT individSi arsebobs ori
an meti calkeuli pirovneba; warsulSi cnobili
iyo, rogorc Sedgenili (multiple) pirovnuli
aSliloba.
dispoziciuri cvladebi (Dispozitional variables) _
organizmis cvladi, anu qcevis Sinagani determi-
nanti, romelic adamianebSi Cndeba.
distaluri stimuli (Distal stimulus) _ proqsimaluri
stimulisagan, anu baduraze optikuri gamosa-
xulebisagan gansxvavebiT, aRqmis procesSi
samyaroSi mocemuli fizikuri sagani.
diqotomiuri mosmena (Dichotic listening) - eqsperimen-
tuli meTodi, rodesac gansxvavebuli audialuri
stimuli miewodeba TiToeul yurs.
dnm (dezoqsiribonukleinis mJava) (DNA – deoxyribo-
nucleic acid) _ genetikuri informaciis gadacemis
fizikuri baza.
dRis Zilianoba (Daytime sleepiness) _ moWarbebuli
Zilianoba dRis aqtivobebis dros; Zilis darRve-
vis centrebSi misul pacientTa ZiriTadi Civili.
ego (Ego) _ pirovnebis aspeqti, romelic monawile-
obs TviTdacvaSi da mimarTavs instinqtur
ltolvebsa da impulsebs Sesabamis arxebSi.
egos dacvis meqanizmebi (Ego defence mechanisms) _
fsiqikuri strategiebi (cnobieri an aracnobieri),
romlebsac ego iyenebs cxovrebis normaluri
mimdinareobisas gancdili konfliqtebisagan
TavdacvisaTvis.
egocentrizmi (egocentrism) _ kognituri ganviTarebis
winaoperaciul stadiaze patar bavSvis mier sxva
adamianis Tvalsazrisis gaziarebis unaris
arqona.
evoluciuri mimdinareoba (Evolutionary perspective) _
fsiqologiis midgoma, romelic xazs usvams qce-
viTi da mentaluri adapaturobis mniSvnelo-
vnebas im varaudis safuZvelze, rom fsiqikuri
unarebi milionobiT wlis ganmavlobaSi viTarde-
boda, raTa konkretul adaptur miznebs momsaxu-
reboda.
evristika (Heuristics) _ kognituri strategia an
`praqtikuli meTodi~, romelic xSirad gamoiye-
neba rogorc Semoklebuli gza rTuli amocanis
gadasaWrelad.
ekologiuri optikis Teoria (Theory of ecological op-
tics) _ aRqmis Teoria, romelic xazs usvams sas-
timulo informaciis mravalferovnebas da
aRqmas garemos aqtiur gamokvlevad miiCnevs.
eleqtroencefalograma (eeg) (Electroencephalogram -
EEG) – tvinis eleqtruli aqtivobis registracia.
eleqtrokonvulsiuri Terapia (ekT) (Electroconvulsive
therapy – ECT) _ eleqtrokonvulsiuli Sokis
gamoyeneba Rrma depresiis warmatebulad samkur-
nalod.
emocia (Emotion) – cvlilebaTa rTuli paterni,
leqsikoni
romelic moicavs fiziologiur agznebas, grZno-
bebs, kognitur procesebsa da qcevas; warmoadgens
pasuxs situaciaze, romelic pirovnulad mniSvne-
lovnad aris aRqmuli.
emociis kognituri Sefasebis Teoria (Cognitive ap-
praisal theory of emotion) _ am Teoriis mixedviT, emo-
ciis gancda warmoadgens fiziologiuri agzne- 791
 bisa da kognituri Sefasebis erTobliv Sedegs.
kognituri Sefaseba emsaxureba imas, Tu rogor
moxdeba gaurkveveli, orazrovani Sinagani
mdgomareobis `etiketireba~.
emociuri inteleqti (Emotional intelligence) _ inte-
leqtis tipi, romelSic Sedis Semdegi unarebi:
emociaTa zusti da Sesatyvisi aRqma, gageba da
gamoxatva; azrovnebis gasaadvileblad emociebis
gamoyeneba; emociis gageba da analizi; emociuri
codnis efeqturad gamoyeneba da sakuTari
emociebis regulireba rogorc emociuri, ise
inteleqtualuri zrdis xelSesawyobad.
engrama (Engram) _ mexsierebis fizikuri kvali tvinSi.
endokrinuli sistema (Endocrine system) – jirkvlebis
qseli, romlebic gamoimuSaveben da sisxlSi
gamoyofen hormonebs.
enis Seqmnis unari (language-making capacity) _ Tan-
dayolili saxelmZRvanelo principebi, rom-
lebsac bavSvebis iyeneben enis Seswavlis amocanis
Sesrulebisas.
epizoduri mexsiereba (Episodic memories) _ xangrZlivi
mexsiereba avtobiografiuli xasiaTis movlene-
bisTvis da im konteqstisTvis, sadac es movlenebi
xdeba.
erogenuli zonebi (erogeneous zones) _ ares kanis zeda-
piris adgilebi, romlebic gansakuTrebiT mgrZno-
biareni arian gaRizianebisadmi da warmoSoben
erotiul da seqsualur SegrZnebebs.
estrogeni (Estrogen) – qalTa sasqeso hormoni, rome-
lic sakvercxeebSi gamomuSavdeba da pasuxis-
mgebelia ovulaciis procesze, aseve qalebis
reproduqciuli struqturebis ganviTarebasa da
meoradi sasqeso niSnebis Camoyalibebaze.
etiologia (Etiology) _ aSlilobis ganviTarebis
mizezebi an masTan dakavSirebuli faqtorebi.
efeqtis kanoni (Law of effect) aris daswavlis ZiriTadi
kanoni, romelis mixedviTac stimulis Zala,
gamoavlinos reaqcia, Zlierdeba, rodesac reaq-
cias mohyveba jildo da sustdeba, rodesac mas
ar mohyveba jildo.
eqsperimentuli meTodi (experimental method) _ kvlevis
meTodi, romelic damoukidebeli cvladiT
manipulacias gulisxmobs, raTa dadgindes misi
efeqti damokidebul cvladze.
eqspresiuli metyveleba (Lenguage production) – is,
rasac adamianebi amboben, aniSneben an weren; am
Sinaarsebis gadmocemis procesi.
validoba (validity) _ testi zustad imas zomavs,
ris gazomvasac apirebda.
validoba kriteriumis mixedviT (Criterion valigity) _
xarisxi, Tu ramdenad Seesabameba gansazRvruli
leqsikoni
kriteriumis mixedviT miRebuli testis Sedegebi
Sesafasebeli maxasiaTeblis zogierT sxva kri-
teriums.
variabilobis sazomebi (Measures of variability) _
statistikebi, rogorebicaa diapazoni, an stan-
dartuli gadaxra, romelic aCvenebs, ramdenad
792 mWidrodaa ganlagebuli qulebi ganawilebaSi.
veberis kanoni (Weber’s law) _ sxvaobis zRurblis
sidide standartuli gamRizianeblis intensi-
vobis proporciulia.
vizualuri qerqi (visual cortex) _ kefis wilis nawili,
romelSic xdeba vizualuri informaciis gada-
muSaveba.
zalpis principi (volley principle) _ esaa sixSiris
Teoriis ganvrcoba, romelic amtkicebs, rom,
roca bgeriTi talRis sixSire aRemateba im six-
Sires, romliTac calkeul neirons SeuZlia
ganmuxtva, ramdenime neironi ganimuxteba erTad,
rogorc jgufi, Semosuli bgeris tonis simaRlis
Sesatyvisi sixSiriT.
zigota (zygote) _ erTi ujredi, romelic warmoiq-
mneba spermatozoidis mier kvercxujredis gana-
yofierebis Sedegad.
zogadi adaptaciuri sindromi (General adaptation syn-
drome - GAS) _ araspecifikur adaptaciur fizio-
logiur meqanizmTa paterni, romelic vlindeba
TiTqmis yovelgvari seriozuli stresoris xan-
grZlivi muqaris sapasuxod.
Tavisufali asociacia (Free association) – Terapiuli
meTodi, rodesac pacienti uwyvetad, gaazrebis
gareSe saubrobs sakuTar azrebze, survilebze,
fizikur SegrZnebebsa da warmodgenebze.
Talamusi (Thalamus) – Tavis tvinis nawili, romelic
sensorul informacias gadascems didi tvinis
qerqs.
Tematuri apercepciis testi _ Tat (Thematic Apper-
ception Test – TAT) _ proeqciuli testi, romelSic
individs garkveuli TanmimdevrobiT waredgineba
suraTebi (romlebic mravalgvari interpretaciis
SesaZleblobas iZleva) da moeTxoveba TiToeuli
maTganis mixedviT moTxrobis mofiqreba.
Teoria (Theory) _ cnebaTa organizebuli wyeba, ro-
melic movlenas an movlenaTa erTobliobas xsnis.
Tvalebis swrafi moZraoba (Rapid eye movement – REM)
_ im fazis qceviTi gamovlineba, romlis drosac
mZinare adamiani sizmrismagvar gonebriv aqtivobas
axorcielebs.
TvalsaCino validoba (face validity) _ xarisxi, Tu
ramdenad aris testis amocanebi uSualod dakav-
Sirebuli gasazom cvladTan.
TviTangariSi (self-report measures) _ adamianis mier
sakuTar Tavze dakvirvebis Sedegad miRebuli
monacemebi.
TviTaqtualizacia (Self-actualization) _ pirovnebis
fsiqologiis cneba, romelic exeba adamianis
mudmiv swrafvas sakuTari potencialis reali-
zaciisaken da Tandayolili niWisa da unarebis
ganviTarebisaken.
TviTaRqmis Teoria (Self-perception theory) _ mosazreba,
romlis Tanaxmadac, adamianebi sakuTar Tavs
akvirdebian, raTa gamokveTon TavianTi qcevebis
mizezebi. adamianebi cdiloben, gaerkvnen sakuTar
Sinagan mdgomareobebSi imaze dakvirvebiT, Tu
rogor iqcevian mocemul situaciaSi.
TviTmxilvelis Careva (Bystander intervention) – mzad-
yofna, daexmaro adamians, romelsac daxmareba
sWirdeba.
TviTuunaroba (self-handicapping) _ warumateblobis
molodinis SemTxvevaSi iseTi qceviTi reaqciebisa
da qcevis axsnis ganviTarebis procesi, romlebic
minimumde daiyvans unarebis deficits, rogorc
warumateblobis SesaZlebel mizezs.
TviTefeqturoba (Self-efficacy) _ rwmenebis (mosaz-
rebebis) erToblioba, rom adamians SeuZlia adek-
vaturad moqceva konkretul situaciaSi.
TviTqmnadi winaswarmetyveleba (Self-filfilling prophecy)
_ zogierTi momavali qcevis an movlenis Sesaxeb
winaswarmetyveleba, romelic dRevandel urTier-
Tobebs molodinis Sesabamisad cvlis.
TviTSefaseba (Self-esteem) _ me-s mimarT ganzoga-
debuli SefasebiTi damokidebuleba, romelic
gavlenas axdens rogorc guneba-ganwyobilebaze,
ise qcevaze da romelic Zlier zemoqmedebs
individualuri da socialuri qcevebis speqtrze.
TviTcnobiereba (Self-awareness) _ cnobierebis umaR-
lesi done, pirovnulad gancdili movlenebis
avtobiografiuli xasiaTis Semecneba.
Txemis wili – tvinis ubani Sublis wilis ukan da
lateraluri napralis zemoT; Seicavs somato-
sensorul qerqs.
identifikacia da cnoba (Identification and recognition) _
perceptuli xatisaTvis azris micemis gzebi.
idi (Id) _ pirovnebis primitiuli, aracnobieri na-
wili, romelic iracionalurad funqcionirebs
da impulsurad moqmedebs siamovnebis misaRwevad.
ierks-dodsonis kanoni (Yerkes-Dodson law) _ kore-
lacia amocanis Sesrulebasa da agznebis opti-
malur dones Soris.
iluzia (Illusion) _ stimulis paternis gancda,
romelic aSkarad mcdaria, Tumca, igives ganic-
dian sxva adamianebic igive perceptul garemoSi.
imploziuri Terapia (Implosion therapy) – bihevio-
raluri Terapiuli teqnika, romelic miznad
isaxavs stimulTan asocirebuli SfoTvis Sem-
cirebas, rac klientisTvis warmosaxviTi Sema-
Sinebeli stimulis wardgeniT xorcieldeba.
imprintingi (Imprinting) _ daswavlis primitiuli
forma, rodesac axalSobili cxoveli ukan mis-
devs da ejaWveba pirvelive moZrav obieqts, ro-
melsac xedavs an romlis xmac esmis.
impulsuri agresia (Impulsive aggression) _ emociebiT
gamowveuli agresia, warmoqmnili gansakuTrebiT
mwvave situaciebze sapasuxod.
induqciuri azrovneba (Inductive reasoning) – azrovnebis
forma, romelic misawvdom mtkicebulebaze da
warsul gamocdilebaze dayrdnobiT garkveuli
albaTobiT daskvnis gakeTebas gulisxmobs.
insaituri Terapia (Insight Therapy) – teqnika, rom-
liTac Terapevts pacienti mihyavs im kavSiris
danaxvisken, aRmoCenisken anu insaitisken, romelic
awmyoSi arsebul simptomebsa da warsul gamoc-
dilebas Soris arsebobs.
insomnia (Insomnia) _ normalurad daZinebis
qronikuli uunaroba; simptomebSi Sedis sir-
Tuleebi daZinebisas, xSiri gaRviZeba, gaRviZebis
Semdeg CaZinebis unaris arqona, diliT adre
gaRviZeba.
inteleqti (Intelligence) _ gamocdilebidan sargeblis
miRebisa da garemos Sesaxeb mocemuli infor-
maciis farglebis garRvevis zogadi unari.
inteleqtis koeficienti (IQ) _ indeqsi, romelic
miRebulia inteleqtis standartizebuli tes-
tebidan; pirvelad IQ gamoiTvleboda individis
gonebrivi asakis qronologiur asakze gayofiT
da Semdeg 100-ze gamravlebiT; amJamad pirdapir
gamoiTvleba, rogorc IQ testis qula.
instinqti (Instinct) _ winaswar daprogramebuli ten-
dencia, romelsac arsebiTi mniSvneloba aqvs
saxeobis gadarCenisaTvis.
instinqturi swrafva (Instinctual drift) _ daswavlili
qcevis tendencia, droTa ganmavlobaSi instin-
qtur qmedebaSi gadavides.
instrumentuli agresia (Instrumental aggression) _
kogniturad dasabuTebuli da mizanmimarTuli
agresia, romelic warmoiqmneba winaswar mofiqre-
bulad, specifikuri miznebis misaRwevad.
internalizacia (Internalization) _ vigotskis mixedviT,
bavSvebis mier socialuri konteqstidan codnis
Sesrutvis, aTvisebis procesi.
interneironi _ tvinis neironi, romelic infor-
macias sensorulidan sxva inter- an motorul
neironebs gadascems.
interferencia (Interference) _ mexsierebis fenomeni,
romelic maSin xdeba, rodesac mogonebis mim-
niSneblebi ver miuTiTeben efeqturad erT konkre-
tul movlenaze.
intimuroba (intimacy) _ meore adamianisadmi srulad
_ emociurad, seqsualurad da moralurad _
mindobis unari.
informaciuli gavlena (Informational influence) – jgufis
efeqti, romelic warmoiSoba individis survilis
safuZvelze, iyos koreqtuli, swori da icodes,
rogor unda moiqces mocemul situaciaSi.
ionuri arxebi (Ion channels) – nervuli ujredis
membranis nawilebi, romlebic ionTa SerCeviT
ganvladobas uzrunvelyofen.
kaTarzisi (Catharsis) – Zlieri, magram, rogorc wesi,
gandevnili emociebis gamoxatvis procesi.
kanis SegrZnebebi (Cutaneous senses) _ wnevis, siTbosa
da sicivis SegrZnebebi.
kargad yofna (Wellness) _ optimaluri janmrTeloba,
leqsikoni
romelic aerTianebs fizikur, inteleqtualur,
emociur, sulier, socialur da garemos sxva-
dasxva sferoSi sruli da aqtiuri funqcioni-
rebis unars.
karibWis kontrolis Teoria (Gate-control theory) _
tkivilis Semcireba, romelic xdeba maSin, roca
zurgis tvinis garkveuli ujredebi moqmedebs
rogorc kari, uSlis xels tkivilis gavrcelebas 793
 da misi zogierTi signalis blokirebas axdens;
zogierTs ki agzavnis Tavis tvinSi.
kenon-bardis emociis Teoria (Cannon-Bard theory on
emotion) _ am Teoriis mixedviT, emociuri stimuli
iwvevs or erTdroul reaqcias _ agznebasa da
emociis gancdas, romlebic erTmaneTs ar gana-
pirobeben.
kefis wili (Parietal lobe) – tvinis yvelaze ufro ukana
nawili; moicavs pirvelad mxedvelobiT qerqs.
kvlevis Semdgomi interviu (Debriefing) _ mkvlevari
maqsimalur informacias miawodebs kvlevis Se-
saxeb da ar gauSvebs monawiles, sanam ar dar-
wmundeba, rom is aRelvebuli, dabneuli, an
damorcxvebuli ar aris.
kinesTetikuri SegrZneba (Kinesthetic sense) _ infor-
macia Cveni sxeulisa da misi nawilebis moZra-
obisa da mdgomareobis Sesaxeb.
klasikuri ganpirobebuloba (Classical Conditioning) –
daswavlis tipi, romelSic qceva (ganpirobebuli
reaqcia) gamowveulia stimuliT (ganpirobebuli
stimuli), romelic, Tavis mxriv, ganmtkicebulia
biologiurad mniSvnelovan stimulTan asocia-
ciis gamo (ganupirobebeli stimuli).
klienti (Client) – termini gamoiyeneba im pirovnebis
aRsaniSnad, romlis mimarTac xorcieldeba Tera-
piuli RonisZiebebi. mas iyeneben specialistebi,
romlebic fsiqologiur aSlilobebs `cxov-
rebiseul problemebad~ miiCneven da ara fsiqi-
kur daavadebad.
klientze centrirebuli Terapia (Client centered therapy)
– mkurnalobisadmi humanisturi midgoma, rome-
lic xazs usvams pirovnebis jansaR fsiqologiur
zrdas; efuZneba mosazrebas, rom yvela adamiani
xasiaTdeba TviTaqtualizaciis umTavresi tenden-
ciiT.
klinikuri depresiuli aSliloba (Major depressive
disorder) _ guneba-ganwyobilebis aSliloba, rome-
lic xasiaTdeba droSi ganfenili daTrgunu-
lobis intensiuri grZnobiT bipolaruli dep-
resiis maniakaluri fazis gareSe.
klinikuri ekologia (Clinical ecology) – fsiqologiis
dargi, romelic iseT aSlilobebs, rogoricaa
SfoTviTi aSliloba da depresia, garemoSi arse-
bul gamRizianeblebs ukavSirebs.
klinikuri socialuri muSaki (Clinical social worker) –
specialuri programiT momzadebuli fsiqikuri
janmrTelobis profesionali, romelic adamianTa
problemebs socialur konteqstSi ganixilavs.
klinikuri fsiqologi (Clinical psychologist) – pirovneba,
romelsac miRebuli aqvs doqtoris xarisxi
fsiqologiaSi da specializirdeba fsiqolo-
leqsikoni
giuri problemebis Sefasebasa da mkurnalobaSi.
kognitur-bihevioraluri modifikacia (Cognitive be-
havior modification) _ Terapiuli midgoma, romelic
aerTianebs motivaciasa da qcevaze azrebisa da
ganwyobebis gavlenaze kognitur aqcents da,
meore mxriv, qcevis modifikaciisas pirobiTi
794 ganmtkicebis bihevioralur aqcents.
kognituri ganviTareba (cognitive development) _ Semec-
nebis procesis ganviTareba, romelic moicavs
warmosaxvas, aRqmas, azrovnebasa da amocanis
gadawyvetas.
kognituri disonansi (Cognitive dissonance) – Teoria,
romlis mixedviTac, araTavsebadi kognituri ele-
mentebis mier Seqmnili daZabulobis gamomwvevi
efeqtebi adamianebs ubiZgeben, moaxdinon aseTi
daZabulobis Semcireba.
kognituri Terapia (Cognitive therapy) – fsiqoTera-
piuli mkurnalobis forma, romliTac cdiloben
problemuri grZnobebisa da qcevebis Secvlas,
mniSvnelovani cxovrebiseuli movlenebisadmi
klientis damokidebulebis SecvliT.
kognituri mecniereba (Cognitive science) – informaciis
gadamuSavebis procesebisa da sistemebis kvlevis
interdisciplinaruli sfero.
kognituri mimdinareoba (Cognitive perspective) _ fsi-
qologiis mimdinareoba, romelic aqcents akeTebs
adamianis azrovnebis da codnis SeZenis proce-
sebze, rogoricaa; yuradReba, azrovneba, damax-
sovreba, molodini, problemis gadaWra, fantazia
da cnobiereba.
kognituri procesebi (Cognitive processes) – iseTi
umaRlesi fsiqikuri procesebi, rogoricaa: aRqma,
mexsiereba, metyveleba, problemis gadawyveta
da abstraqtuli azrovneba.
kognituri ruka (Cognitive map) – fizikuri sivrcis
gonebrivi reprezentacia.
kognituri fsiqologia (Cognitive Psychology) – mec-
niereba, romelic Seiswavlis umaRles fsiqi-
kur procesebs – yuradRebas, enis gamoyenebas,
aRqmas, problemis gadaWras da azrovnebas.
kognituri Sefaseba (Cognitive appraisal) _ emociebTan
mimarTebaSi procesi, romlis meSveobiTac fizio-
logiuri agzneba gaiazreba im konkretul gare-
moebaTa mixedviT, romelSic is iyo gancdili.
agreTve, stresoris amocnoba da Sefaseba, raTa
dadgindes safrTxis sidide da misi daZlevi-
saTvis saWiro resursebi da Sesatyvisi daZlevis
strategiebi.
kodireba (Encoding) _ procesi, romlis saSualebiTac
mexsierebaSi formirdeba mentaluri reprezen-
taciebi.
kodirebis specifikuroba (Encoding specificity) _ es prin-
cipi gulisxmobs, rom aRdgenili informaciis
raodenoba matulobs, Tu daxsomebis da aRdgenis
procesSi erTi da igive mimniSneblebi moqmedeben.
kovariaciis principi (Covariation principle) – Teoria,
romelic amtkicebs, rom adamianebi qcevisa da
misi mizezis dakavSirebas axdenen principiT: Tu
arsebobs es mizezi, maSin iarsebebs qcevac da,
piriqiT, Tu ar arsebobs es mizezi, ar iarsebebs
qcevac.
koleqtiuri aracnobieri (Collective unconscious) _
individis aracnobieris nawili, romelic Tanda-
yolilia, evoluciuradaa Camoyalibebuli da
saerToa saxeobis yvela warmomadgenlisaTvis.
komorbidi (Comorbidity) _ erTdroulad erTze meti
aSliloba.
komforti kontaqtisas (Contact comfort) _ dedasTan
an sxva mzrunvelTan Cvilis fizikuri siaxlo-
vidan momdinare komforti.
konvergencia (Convergence) _ saganze fiqsaciisas Tva-
lebi, SigniT, erTmaneTisken Sebruneba.
konservacia (Conservation) _ piaJes mixedviT, gaazreba
imisa, rom, Tu araferi emateba an araferi akldeba,
sagnis fizikuri Tvisebebi ar icvleba maSinac ki,
rodesac icvleba misi garegnuli saxe.
konsistentobis paradoqsi (Consistency pradox) _
movlena, romlis drosac pirovnebis Sefasebebi
sxvadasxva dros da gansxvavebuli damkvirveb-
lebis mier konsistenturia, maSin, rodesac
adamianis qcevis Sefasebebi sxvadasxva situaciebSi
ar aris konsistenturi.
kontaqtis hipoTeza (Cotact hipothesis) – idea, rom mtrul
jgufebs Soris pirdapiri kontaqti amcirebs
crurwmenebs.
konteqstualuri gamokveTa (Contextual distinctiveness) _
Tvalsazrisi, romlis mixedviTac mwkrivis ad-
gilmdebareobis efeqtze SeiZleba gavlena moax-
dinos konteqstma da gamokveTilma warsulma
gamocdilebam.
kontrgadatana (Countertransference) – situacia, rodesac
fsiqoanalitikoss pirovnuli grZnobebi uCndeba
pacientis mimarT, radgan pacients sakuTar cxov-
rebaSi arsebuli mniSvnelovani adamianis msgavsad
aRiqvams.
kontrganpirobeba (Counterconditioning) – Terapiuli
teqnika, romliTac xdeba gamomuSavebuli axali
reaqciiT araadapturi reaqciis Canacvleba.
kontrolirebadi procesebi (Controlled processes) _
procesebi, romlebic moiTxoven yuradRebas; xSi-
rad rTulia erTdroulad erTze meti kontro-
lirebadi procesis erTd ganxorcieleba.
kontrolis procedurebi (Control procedures) _ meTodebi,
romelTa saSualebiTac eqsperimentatori cdilobs
mudmivi hqondes yvela cvladi da piroba, garda
ganzrax Semotanili damoukidebeli cvladisa.
konformuloba (Conformity) – adamianebis tendencia,
moergon referentuli jgufis sxva wevrebis
qcevebs, ganwyobebsa da Rirebulebebs.
konceptualuri mtkicebuleba (Consensual validation) _
realobaze cnobieri Sexedulebebis urTierT-
miRebaa.
korelaciis koeficienti (r) (Correlation coefficient) _
statistika, romelic or cvlads Soris kavSiris
xarisxs aCvenebs.
korelaciis meTodi (Correlational method) _ gansazR-
vravs, Tu ra zomiTaa erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli
ori cvladi.
korZiani sxeuli (Corpus callosum) – nervul boWkoTa
erToblioba, romelic tvinis or hemisferos akav-
Sirebs.
kreatuloba (Creativity) – garemosTvis adekvaturi da
axali ideebisa da produqtebis generirebis unari.
kristalizebuli inteleqti (Cristallized intelligence) _
inteleqtis aspeqti, romelSic Sedis pirovnebis
ukve SeZenili codna da am codnis gamoyeneba-
gazrdis unari; izomeba leqsikuri maragis, ariT-
metikuli da zogadi informirebulobis testebiT.
kulturuli mimdinareoba (Cultural perspective) _ aqcents
qcevis mizezebis da Sedegebis kros-kulturul
sxvaobaze akeTebs.
libido (Libido) _ fsiqikuri energia, romelic mimar-
Tavs individs yvela tipis SegrZnebiTi, gansa-
kuTrebiT ki, seqsualuri siamovnebisaken.
limburi sistema (Limbic system) – Tavis tvinis regioni,
romelic aregulirebs emociur qcevas, ZiriTad
motivaciur survilebs da mexsierebas, aseve
mTavar fiziologiur funqciebs.
lokokina (Cochlea) _ smenis ZiriTadi organo; siTxiT
gavsebuli spiralurad daxveuli mili, romelic
moTavsebulia Sida yurSi.
longituduri meTodi (longitudinal design) _ kvlevis
meTodi, romlis drosac erTsa da imaive cdis
pirebze warmoebs ganmeorebiTi dakvirveba droTa
ganmavlobaSi, zogjer mravali wlis manZilze.
ltolva (Drive) _ Sinagani mdgomareoba, romelic
aRmocendeba wonasworobis darRvevisas cxovelis
fiziologiuri moTxovnilebis sapasuxod.
magnitur-rezonansuli tomografia (MRI) – tvinis
suraTebis Seqmnis meTodi, romelic magnitur
velebsa da radiotalRebs iyenebs.
maniakaluri epizodi (Manic episode) _ bipolaruli
aSlilobis komponenti, romelic xasiaTdeba
ukiduresi aRfrTovanebisa da usazRvro eiforiis
periodebiT, grandiozulobis grZnobebiTa da
azrebiT, sakmarisi mizezis da realuri pirovnuli
SesaZleblobebis ararsebobis pirobebSi.
mediana (Median) _ qula, romlis zemoT da qvemoT
Tanabari raodenobiT qulebia moTavsebuli,
centraluri tendenciis sazomi.
meditacia (Meditation) _ cnobierebis Secvlis forma,
romelic mowodebulia TviTcnobierebis Semci-
rebis saSualebiT sakuTari Tavis Sesaxeb codnisa
da TviTSegrZnebis gaumjobesebisaTvis.
memkvidreobiToba (Heredity) – niSan-Tvisebebis biolo-
giuri gadacema mSoblebidan STamomavlobaze.
memkvidreobiTobis Sefaseba (Heritability estimate) _ mo-
cemuli Tvisebis an qcevis memkvidreobiTobis xa-
risxis statistikuri Sefaseba dadgenili im
individTa mixedviT, romlebic icvlebian maTi
genetikuri msgavsebis xarisxiT.
menarqe (Menarche) _ menstrualuri ciklis dawyeba.
me-s koncefcia (Self-concept) _ adamianis unarebis da
leqsikoni
atributebis Sesaxeb misi fsiqikuri modeli.
meta-analizi (Meta-analysis) _ hipoTezebis Semowmebeli
statiskituri meTodi, romelic iZleva formaluri
meqanizms mravali sxvadasxvagvari eqsperimentis
monacemebSi zogadi daskvnebis gamosavlenad.
metamexsiereba (Metamemory) _ implicituri an
eqsplicituri codna mexsierebis unarebis da 795
 mexsierebis efeqturi strategiebis Sesaxeb. mexsie-
rebis Semecneba.
mecnieruli meTodi (Scientific method) _ monacemTa Seg-
rovebisa da interpretaciis procedurebis er-
Toblioba, romlis saSualebiTac minimumamdea
dayvanili Secdomis wyaro da sando daskvnebia
miRebuli.
mexsiereba (Memory) _ informaciis kodirebis, Senax-
visa da aRdgenis fsiqikuri unari.
mexsierebis eqsplicituri gamoyeneba (Explicit uses of
memoty) _ cnobieri Zalisxmeva mexsierebidan
informaciis aRdgenisa.
mexsierebis implicituri gamoyeneba (Umplicit uses of
memory) _ kodirebis da aRdgenis procesebis gauc-
nobiereblad informaciis daxsomeba da aRdgena.
migebis norma (Reciprociti norm) _ molodini, rom
gaweuli samsaxuri dagibrundeba. Tu erTi adamiani
meores raimes ukeTebs, meoremac raime unda
gaukeTos sapasuxod.
midrekileba-stresis hipoTeza (Diathesis-stress hypoth-
esis) _ hipoTeza zogierTi aSlilobis mizezis
Sesaxeb, rogoricaa Sizofrenia, romlis mixed-
viTac, individSi genetikuri faqtorebi qmnian
garkveuli aSlilobisadmi midrekilebas, magram
garemo pirobebidan momdinare stresulma faq-
torebma biZgi unda misces am potencias, raTa
gamovlindes.
mizniT marTuli seleqcia (Goal-directed selection) _
gansazRvravs imas, Tu adamianebi ratom irCeven
Semomavali sensoruli informaciis raRac nawils
Semdegi gadamuSavebisaTvis. SerCeva adamianis
miznebidan gamomdinare xdeba.
miRwevis moTxovnileba (Need for achievement – n Ach) _
savaraudod, adamianis ZiriTadi moTxovnileba _
miznis miRwevisaken swrafvis moTxovnileba,
romelic qmnis adamianis azrebisa da qcevebis
farTo speqtris motivaciur safuZvels.
miCveva (Addiction) _ mdgomareoba, rodesac organizmi
iTxovs narkotiks, raTa funqcionireba SeZlos,
mis aryofnaze yovelgvari fizikuri da fsiqo-
logiuri reaqciebis gareSe; xSirad Tan sdevs
tolerantobasa da damokidebuleba.
mijaWvuloba (Attachment) _ emociuri urTierToba
bavSvsa da masze regularulad mzrunvel mozr-
dils Soris.
mnemonikuri xerxebi (Mnemonics) _ strategiebi an
saSualebebi, romlebic xels uwyoben faqtebis
grZeli mwkrivis aRbeWdvas nacnob da adre
aRbeWdil informaciasTan dakavSirebis gziT.
mogrZo tvini (Medulla) – tvinis Reros ubani, rome-
lic akontrolebs sunTqvas, sifxizles da gu-
leqsikoni
liscemas.
mogoneba (Recall) _ aRdgenis meTodi, romlis drosac
individs moeTxoveba adre miwodebuli informa-
ciis reproduqcia.
mogonebis mimniSneblebi (Retrieval cues) _ Signidan an
garedan momdinare stimulebi, romlebic gvexmare-
bian mexsierebaSi garkveuli informaciis moZeb-
796 naSi.
modelireba monawileobis meSveobiT (Participant
modeling) – Terapiuli teqnika, rodesac Terapevti
uCvenebs sasurvel qcevas da klients mxardamWeri
waxalisebiT exmareba modelis mier ganxorci-
elebuli qcevis gameorebaSi.
moTxovniTi maxasiaTeblebi (Demand characteristics) _
eqsperimentuli situaciis maniSneblebi, rom-
lebic zemoqmedeben cdis pirebze da aniSneben
maT, Tu ras elian maTgan.
moTxovnilebebis ierarqia (Hierarchi of needs) _ mas-
lous Sexeduleba, rom bazisuri adamianuri
motivebi qmnis ierarqias da, rom moTxovnileba
ierarqiis TiToeul doneze garkveuli inten-
siobiT unda dakmayofildes, romlis Sedegadac
SesaZlebeli iqneba miaRwio momdevno dones. es
moTxovnilebebi progresirdeba bazisuri biolo-
giuri moTxovnilebebidan transcedenturo-
bisaken.
molodinis efeqti (Expentancy effects) _ Sedegi, rome-
lic maSin Cndeba, roca mkvlevari Zalauneburad
mianiSnebs monawileebs, ra tipis qcevas moelis
maTgan, riTic mosalodnel reaqcias iRebs.
momwifeba (Maturation) _ ganviTarebis ganmavlobaSi
memkvidreobis uwyveti gavlena; saxeobebisTvis
damaxasiaTebeli, asakTan dakavSirebuli fizi-
kuri da qceviTi cvlilebebi.
molodinis Teoria (Expectancy theory) _ samuSo moti-
vaciis Teoria, romlis mixedviT, muSaki moti-
virebulia maSin, roca elis, rom misi Zalisxmeva
da samuSos Sesruleba sasurvel Sedegs gamoi-
Rebs.
moraluroba (Morality) _ rwmenaTa da faseulobaTa
sistema, romelic iZleva garantias, rom individi
Seasrulebs Tavis valdebulebas sazogadoebis
sxva wevrebis winaSe da moiqceva ise, rom winaaR-
mdegobaSi ar movides sxvaTa uflebebTan da
interesebTan.
mosvenebis potenciali – neironis Sida areSi arse-
buli ujreduli siTxis polarizacia, romelic
uzrunvelyofs moqmedebis potencialis warmoq-
mnis unars.
motivacia (Motivation) _ fizikuri da fsiqikuri
aqtivobebis dawyebis, mimarTulebis micemis da
marTvis procesi; moicavs meqanizmebs, romlebic
CarTulia erTi aqtivobisaTvis meoresTan Seda-
rebiT upiratesobis miniWebaSi da energiasa da
mdgradobas sZens reaqciebs.
motoruli neironi (Motor neurons) _ neironi, romelic
informacias centraluri nervuli sistemidan
kunTebisken da jirkvlebisken atarebs.
motoruli qerqi (Motor cortex) – didi tvinis qerqis
ubani, romelic akontrolebs sxeulis nebiT
moZraobebs.
moCvenebiTi moZraoba (Induced motion) _ iluzia, ro-
desac moZrav aTvliT sistemaSi uZravi wertili
moZravad gveCveneba, Tavad aTvlis sistema ki _
uZravad.
moqmedebis potenciali – nervuli impulsi, rome-
lic neironSi warmoiqmneba, aqsonis gaswvriv
vrceldeba da iwvevs sinafsSi neirotransmi-
terebis gamoTavisuflebas.
msmenelis gaTvaliswineba (Audience design) _ konkre-
tul auditoriaze gaTvlili Sinaarsiis for-
mirebis procesi.
msjeloba (Reasoning) _ azrovnebis procesi, rodesac
vaskvniT faqtebis erTobliobaze dayrdnobiT;
mocemul mizanze an obieqtze mimarTuli azrov-
nebis procesi.
msjeloba (Judjment) _ procesi, romlis saSuale-
biTac adamianebi ayalibeben mosazrebebs, akeTeben
daskvnebs da axdenen adamianebis an movlenebis
kritikul Sefasebas xelmisawvdom masalaze
dayrdnobiT; fsiqikuri aqtivobis Sedegi.
muSa mexsiereba (Working memory) _ mexsierebis unari,
romelic gamoiyeneba, rogorc iseTi amocanebis
Tanmxlebi, rogoricaa mizezobrioba da metyve-
leba. Sedgeba fonologiuri yulfis, sivrciT-
vizualuri matricisa da centraluri aRmas-
ruleblisagan.
mSvidobis fsiqologia (Peace psychology) – atomuri
omis prevenciisa da mSvidobis miRwevisadmi inter-
disciplinaruli midgoma.
mSoblebis mier dadgenili qcevis wesebi (Parenting
practices) _ konkretuli aRmzrdelobiTi qceva,
romelic konkretuli aRmzrdelobiTi miznebis
Sesabamisad yalibdeba.
mSobliuri zrunva da wvlili (Parental investment) _
dro da energia, romelic unda daxarjon mSob-
lebma TavianTi STamomavlobis aRsazrdelad.
moZraoba adamianis potencialis ganviTarebisTvis
(Human-potential movement) _ Terapiuli moZraoba,
romelic moicavs yvela im meTods da praqtikul
saqmianobas, romelic xels uwyobs saSualo
adamianis potencialis gamovlenas, misi ufro
srulad gamoyenebisa da pirovnuli gamocdilebis
mniSvnelovnad gamdidrebisa da gamravalfe-
rovnebis mizniT.
mxedvelobis qerqi (Visual cortex) – kefis wilis
nawili, sadac mxedvelobiTi informaciis gada-
muSaveba mimdinareobs.
naTxemi (Cerebellum) – Tavis tvinis nawili, romelic
ukavSirdeba tvinis Reros da akontrolebs moto-
rul koordinacias, pozas da wonasworobas, aseve
sxeulis moZraobis kontrolis daswavlis unars.
narkolefsia (Narcolepsy) _ Zilis darRveva, romelic
xasiaTdeba dRis ganmavlobaSi daZinebis dauZle-
veli moTxovnilebiT
narCeni (rezidualuri) stresis paterni (Residual
stress pattern) _ qronokuli sindromi, romelSic
posttravmuli emociuri reaqciebi grZeldeba
xangrZlivi drois manZilze.
nevropatiuri tkivili (Neuropathic pain) _ gamowveulia
nervebis aranormaluri an zedmetad aqtiuri
funqcionirebiT; is nervebis dazianebis an daava-
debis mizezia.
nevrotuli aSliloba (Neurotic disorder) _ fsiqikuri
aSliloba, romlis drosac pirovnebas ar aReniS-
neba Tavis tvinis paTologiebi da ar avlens mo-
Warbebul, mkveTrad gamoxatul iracionalur
azrovnebas an ar arRvevs qcevis ZiriTad normebs,
Tumca, ganicdis subieqtur distress. es kategoria
gadmotanilia DSM-III-dan.
neiromecniereba (Neuroscience) – moZRvreba nervuli
sistemisa da qcevaze misi gavlenis Sesaxeb.
neiromodulatori (Neuromodulator) – substancia,
romelic cvlis an amodulirebs postsinafsuri
neironis aqtivobas.
neironi (Neuron) – nervuli sistemis ujredi,
romelic specializebulia miiRos, gadaamuSavos
da/an gadasces informacia sxva ujredebs.
neirotransmiterebi (Neurotransmitters) – qimiuri mesen-
jerebi, romlebic neironebidan gamoiyofa, gaiv-
lis sinafss, aRwevs meore neirons da mis sti-
mulacias iwvevs.
niSani (Trait) _ myari pirovnuli Tvisebebi an atri-
butebi, romlebic gavlenas axdenen qcevaze gan-
sxvavebul situaciebSi.
normaluri mrudi (Normal curve) _ simetriuli mrudi,
romelic mravali fsiqologiuri Tvisebis amsax-
veli qulebis ganawilebas aCvenebs, saSualebas
aZlevs mkvlevrebs imsjelon, ramdenad araCveu-
lebrivia movlena, an Sedegi.
normatuli gavlena (Normative influence) _ jgufis
efeqti, romelic warmoiSoba individis survilis
safuZvelze, iyos jgufis mier mowonebuli,
miRebuli da aRiarebuli.
normatiuli kvleva (Normative investigation) _ gu-
lisxmobs gansazRvruli asakisa Tu ganviTarebis
safexurisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebebis
aRweras.
normebi (Norms) _ standartizirebulia individebis
didi jgufebis gazomvis safuZvelze. normebi
saWiroa imisaTvis, rom SevadaroT individisa
da ama Tu im gansazRvruli jgufis normebi.
normis kristalizacia (Norm cristalization) – jgufis
wevrebis molodinebis Tanxvedra erToblivi
msjelobis an aqtivobis pirobebSi.
nocicefturi tkivili (Nociceptive pain) _ gamowveulia
mavne zemoqmedebis mqone eqsternaluri stimu-
liT; kanSi arsebuli specializebuli nervuli
daboloebebi agzavnian tkivilis Sesaxeb Setyo-
binebas kanidan zurgis tvinis gavliT Tavis tvinSi.
nuSisebri kompleqsi (Amygdala) – limburi sistemis
nawili, romelic akontrolebs emocias, agresiasa
da emociuri mexsierebis formirebas.
obieqtTa mudmivoba (object permanence) _ mixvedra
leqsikoni
imisa, rom sagnebi arseboben individis mier maTi
gacnobierebisa da individis moqmedebisgan da-
moukideblad; Cvilobis asakis mniSvnelovani kog-
nituri SenaZeni.
obieqt-urTierTobis Teoria (Object relation theory) –
fsiqoanalitikuri Teoria, romelic momdina-
reobs melani kleinis mosazrebidan imis Sesaxeb, 797
 rom samyaros Cveneuli gancdis `samSeneblo
agurebs~ siyvarulisa da siZulvilis obieq-
tebTan _ Cveni cxovrebis mniSvnelovan adamia-
nebTan _ urTierToba qmnis.
obsesiur-kompulsuri aSliloba (Obsessive-compul-
sive disorder – OCD) _ fsiqikuri aSliloba, romelic
xasiaTdeba obsesiebiT, anu akviatebuli, ganmeore-
badi azrebiT, warmodgenebiT an impulsebiT,
romelic meordeba da ewinaaRmdegeba gandevnis
mcdelobebs da kompulsiebiT, anu ganmeorebadi,
mizanmimarTuli moqmedebebiT, romelic garkveu-
li wesebis mixedviT an ritualebis saxiT xorci-
eldeba.
odnav SesamCnevi sxvaoba (Just noticeable difference _ JND)
_ umciresi gansxvaveba or SegrZnebas Soris, rom-
lebic SeiZleba miCneul iqnen gansxvavebulebad.
orazrovani gamosaxuleba (Ambiguity) _ perceptuli
obieqti, romelsac SeiZleba erTze meti interpre-
tacia hqondes.
organizaciis fsiqologi (Organizational psychologist)
_ aregulirebs adamianuri urTierTobebis sxva-
dasxava aspeqtebs, rogoricaa TanamSromelTa
Soris informaciis gacvla, momsaxure person-
alis socialuri da kulturuli adaptacia,
marTvis stili da unarebi, samuSaosadmi an/da
organizaciisadmi damokidebuleba da erTguleba,
samuSaoTi kmayofileba, stresi da gadawva/
gamofitva da, aseve, mTlianad cxovrebis xarisxi
samuSaoze.
organizmis cvladebi (Organizamic variables) _ organiz-
mis qcevis Sinagani determinanti.
orientaciis/mimarTulebis konstantoba (Orientation
constancy) _ samyaroSi sagnebis realuri mimarTu-
lebis aRqmis unari, retinaluri gamosaxulebis
mimarTulebis cvlilebis miuxedavad.
ormagad brma kontroli (Double-blind control) _ eqspe-
rimentuli teqnika, romelic saSualebas gvaZlevs
Tavidan aviciloT eqsperimentatoris molodinis
efeqti imiT, rom arc asistentma da arc monawi-
leebma ar ician, romel pirobaSi moxvdnen isini.
ormxrivi (reciprokuli) altruizmi (Reciprocal
altruizm) – idea, romlis Tanaxmadac adamianebi
altruistul qcevebs axorcieleben imitom, rom
sxvebis mxridanac maT mimarT altruistuli
qcevebis ganxorcielebas moelian.
operantruli ganpirobebuloba (Operant conditioning)
_ daswavlis forma, romelSic reaqciis alba-
Toba icvleba Sedegebis mixedviT.
operantulobis Caqroba (Operant extinction) – rodesac
qceva aRar moaswavebs aranair Sedegs, igi
brundeba gamovlenis im sixSireze, romelzec
leqsikoni
iyo operantul ganpirobebulobamde.
operantuli qceva (Operant Behavior) _ organizmis
gamovlena, romelic xasiaTdeba dakvirvebadobiT
im gavlenis mixedviT, rasac igi garemoze axdens.
operaciuli gansazRvreba (Operational definition) _
axdens cvladis an pirobis definicias kon-
798 kretuli operaciebis an procedurebis terminebiT.
optikuri nervi (Optic nerve) _ gangliozuri ujre-
debis aqsonebi, romlebic atareben informacias
Tvalidan tvinisaken.
paTofsiqologia (Abnormal psychology) _ fsiqo-
logiuri kvlevis sfero, romelic fokusirdeba
gonebis, guneba-ganwyobilebisa da qcevis
individualuri paTologiebis bunebis Secnobaze.
panikuri aSliloba (Panic disorder) _ SfoTviTi aSli-
loba, rodesac individi ganicdis moulodnel
mwvave panikur Setevebs, rac intensiuri daZabu-
lobis, SiSisa an saSinelebis grZnobiT iwyeba.
paraleluri procesebi (Parallel processes) _ ori an
meti fsiqikuri procesi, romelic erTdroulad
mimdinareobs.
paraleluri formebi (Parallel forms) _ testis sxva-
dasxva versiis gamoyeneba testis sandoobis
Sesafaseblad; formebis Secvla amcirebs pir-
dapiri gamoyenebis, damaxsovrebis efeqts an
individis survils, gamoavlinos konsisten-
turoba erTi da igive amocanis mimarT.
parasimpaTikuri sistema (Parasympathetic division) –
avtonomiuri nervuli sistemis nawili, romelic
yoveldRiur funqciebs asrulebs da inaxavs
sxeulis energias.
pasuxismgeblobis difuzia (Diffusion of responsibility)
_ sagangebo pirobebSi rac ufro didia TviT-
mxilvelTa ricxvi, miT ufro naklebia TiToeuli
maTganis pasuxismgebloba daxmarebis aRmoCenis
TvalsazrisiT.
pasuxis sistematuri Secdoma (Response bias) _ sis-
tematuri tendencia, romelic Sedegia arasenso-
ruli xasiaTis faqtorebis zemoqmedebisa dam-
kvirvebelze da ganapirobebs garkveuli gziT
reagirebas.
pacienti (Patient) – termini gamoiyeneba im pirovnebis
aRsaniSnad, romlis mimarTac xorcieldeba Te-
rapiuli RonisZiebebi. mas iyeneben specialis-
tebi, romlebic fsiqologiuri problemebis mkur-
nalobas biosamedicino kuTxiT udgebian.
periferiuli nervuli sistema (pns) (Peripherical nervius
system - PNS) – nervuli sistemis nawili, romelic
spinaluri da kranialuri nervebisagan Sedgeba,
romelTa meSveobiTac xorcieldeba kavSiri cns-
sa da sensorul receptorebs, kunTebsa da jir-
kvlebs Soris.
perceptuli konstantoba (Perceptual constancy) _ sagnis
xatis ucvlelad darCena, retinaluri gamosaxu-
lebis cvlilebis miuxedavad.
perceptuli organizacia (Perceptual organization) _
procesebi, romlebic sensorul informacias
aerTianeben, raTa aRqmas miscen TvalsaCino saxe
vizualur velSi.
pirveladi ganmamtkicebeli (Primary reinforcers) _ bio-
logiurad gansazRvruli ganmamtkicebeli, ro-
goricaa: saWmeli da wyali.
pirobiTi ganmamtkicebeli (Conditioned reinforcers) –
klasikuri ganpirobebulobis mixedviT aris
yofili neitraluri stimuli, romelic ganmamtki-
ceblad iqca.
pirobiTi ganmamtkiceblebis marTva (Contingency
menegement) – zogadi mkurnalobis strategia,
romelic gulisxmobs qcevis Secvlas Tanmimdev-
ruli cvlilebis saSualebiT.
pirobiTi ganmtkiceba (Reinforcement contingency) _ myari
kavSiri reaqciasa da garemos im cvlilebebs
Soris, romlebsac es reaqcia iwvevs.
pirovneba (Personality) _ individis unikaluri fsi-
qologiuri Tvisebebi, romlebic droTa ganmav-
lobaSi gavlenas axdens damaxasiaTebeli qceviTi
(rogorc Ria, ise faruli) paternebis speqtrze
gansxvavebul situaciebSi.
pirovnebis tipebi (Personality types) _ pirovnuli
maxasiaTeblebis calkeuli paternebi, romlebic
gamoiyeneba adamianebis kategoriebisadmi mikuT-
vnebisaTvis; ara xarisxobrivi, aramed Tvisebrivi
gansxvavebebi, romlebic adamianebis gansasxva-
veblad ixmareba.
pirovnebis fsiqodinamikuri Teoriebi (Psychodynamic
personality theories) _ pirovnebis Teoriebi, romlebic
iziareben daSvebas, rom pirovnebis formireba
da misi qcevis motivireba xdeba Zlieri Sinagani
Zalebis mier.
pirovnuli aSliloba (Personality disorder) _ aRqmis,
azrovnebisa da qcevis qronikuli, xisti, ara-
adapturi paterni, romelic seriozulad auare-
sebs individis funqcionirebis SesaZleblobas
socialur da sxva garemoSi.
placebo efeqti (Placebo effect) _ maSin Cndeba, roca
eqsperimentis monawileebi eqsperimentuli mani-
pulaciis Carevis gareSe icvlian qcevas.
placebo Terapia (Placebo therapy) _ nebismieri speci-
fikuri klinikuri procedurisgan damoukidebeli
Terapia, romelic iwvevs klients mdgomareobis
gaumjobesebas.
placebo kontroli (Placebo control) _ eqsperimentuli
pirobaa, rodesac Careva ar xdeba da im Sem-
TxvevaSi gamoiyeneba, roca placebo efeqtis
saSiSroeba Cndeba.
populacia (Population) _ individTa sruli erTob-
lioba, romelzec, eqsperimentul SerCevaze
dayrdnobiT, generalizacia keTdeba.
posttravmuli stresis aSliloba ((Posttraumatic stress
disorder - PTSD) _ SfoTviTi aSliloba, romelic
xasiaTdeba matravmirebeli movlenis mudmivad
ganmeorebadi gancdiT _ Semawuxebeli mogone-
bebis, sizmrebis, halucinaciebis da disociaciuri
`gamonaTebebis~ saxiT; viTardeba gaupatiurebis,
sicocxlisaTvis saSiSi movlenebis, Zlieri
dasaxiCrebis, an bunebrivi katastrofebis pasuxad.
praimingi (Priming) _ implicituri mexsierebis Sefa-
sebisas upiratesoba, romelic adre gagonil
sityvas, an nanax situacias eniWeba.
prefrontaluri lobotomia (Prefrontal lobotomy) _
operacia, romlis drosac iWreba Tavis tvinis
Sublis wilebisa da diencefalonis Semaer-
Tebeli nervuli boWkoebi, gansakuTrebiT, Tala-
musTan da hipoTalamusTan ganlagebuli boWkoebi;
fsiqoqirurgiis yvelaze cnobili forma.
problemis gadawyveta (Problem solving) _ azrovnebis
procesi, romelic mimarTulia konkretuli prob-
lemis gadawyvetaze, romelic sawyisi momentidan
miznis miRwevamde mimdinareobs mTeli rigi
fsiqikuri operaciebis saSualebiT.
problemuri situacia (Problem space) _ elementebi,
romlebic qmnian problemas: sawyisi mdgomareoba
_ arasruli informacia an pirovnebisaTvis
aradamakmayofilebeli pirobebi; mizani _ infor-
macia an mdgomareoba, romelsac eswrafvis ada-
miani; operaciebis erToblioba _ pirovnebis mier
sawyisi mdgomareobidan sasurvel miznamde
misaRwevad gavlili safexurebi.
proeqciuli testi (Projective tests) _ pirovnebis
Sefasebis meTodi, romelSic individs uCveneben
orazrovani/abstraqtuli stimulebis erTobli-
obas da sTxoven maTi mniSvnelobis interpreta-
cias; iTvleba, rom individis pasuxebi avlens
mis Sinagan grZnobebs, motivebsa da konfliqtebs.
prosocialuri qcevebi (Prosocial behaviors) _ qcevebi,
romlebic sxva adamianebis daxmarebis mizniT
sruldeba.
prototipi (Prototype) _ kategoriis yvelaze rep-
rezentaciuli magaliTi.
profesiuli gamofitva _ sindromi, gulisxmobs
emociur gamofitvas, depersonalizacias da pi-
rovnuli realizaciis Semcirebas, romelsac
xSirad ganicdian isini, romlebic Zlieri stresis
pirobebSi muSaoben.
proqsimaluri stimuli (Proximal stimulus) _ dista-
luri stimulisagan anu samyaroSi fizikuri sag-
nisagan gansxvavebiT, baduraze miRebuli opti-
kuri gamosaxuleba.
proceduruli mexsiereba (Procedural memory) _ mi-
marTulia imaze, Tu rogor unda Sesruldes
moqmedeba; rogor, ra gziT unda moxdes percep-
tuli, kognituri da motoruli Cvevebis SeZena
da gamoyeneba.
pubertati (puberty) _ sqesobrivi momwifebis miRweva.
misi maCvenebeli gogonebTan aris menarqe (pirveli
menstruacia), xolo biWebTan _ cocxali spermis
warmoebisa da eakulaciis unari.
racionalur-emociuri Terapia (reT) (Rational-emo-
tive therapy – RET) – pirovnebis Secvlis yovlis-
momcveli sistema, romelic im iracionaluri
azrebis tranformacias efuZneba, romelic iwvevs
arasasurvel, Zlieri emociuri muxtis mqone iseT
reaqcia, rogoricaa Zlieri SfoTva.
reversiis Teoria (Reversal theory) _ Teoria, romelic
xsnis adamianis motivacias erTi metamotivaciuri
mgomareobidan meore, sapirispiro mdgomareobaSi
reversiis (gadasvlis) terminebiT.
leqsikoni
rekonstruqciuli mexsiereba (Reconstructive memory)
_ mexsierebis konkretuli reprezentaciebis
ararsebobis pirobebSi Senaxuli codnis zogad
tipebze dayrdnobiT informaciis erTad ganla-
gebis procesi.
relaqsaciuri reaqcia _ mdgomareoba, rodesac mcir-
deba kunTebis daZabuloba, Tavis tvinis qerqis 799
 aqtivoba (Cortical activity), guliscema da sisxlis
wneva, neldeba sunTqva.
reprezentatuli SerCeva (Representative sample) _ Ser-
Ceva populaciis reprezentatulia, Tu is imeo-
rebs populaciis zogad maxasiaTeblebs, rogo-
rebicaa, magaliTad, sqesi, asaki da sxva.
reprezentaciuli evristika (Representativeness heuris-
tic) – kognituri strategia, romelic miakuTvnebs
obieqts garkveul kategorias, am katego-
riisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli ramdenime niSnis
safuZvelze.
represia anu gandevna (Repression) _ ZiriTadi dacvis
meqanizmi, romliTac mtkivneuli an danaSaulis
gancdis gamomwvevi azrebi, grZnobebi an mogone-
bebi ganidevneba cnobierebidan.
retikuluri formacia – tvinis Reros ubani, ro-
melic gansazRvravs Tavis tvinis mzaobas, miiRos
sensoruli informacia da pasuxismgebelia
cnobierebis SenarCunebasa da gamofxizlebaze.
retinaluri disparati (Retinal disparity) _ Tvalebis
baduraze gamosaxulebebis horizontalur po-
ziciebs Soris Seusabamoba.
refleqsi (Reflex) _ specifikuri stimuliT gamow-
veuli dauswavleli pasuxi, romelsac biolo-
giuri mniSvneloba aqvs organizmisaTvis.
refraqteruli periodi (Refractory period) – mosvenebis
periodi, romlis ganmavlobaSic axali nervuli
impulsi ver warmoiqmneba aqsonis segmentSi.
receptoruli veli (Receptive field) _ adgili mxed-
velobiT velSi, saidanac mocemuli gangliozuri
ujredi iRebs informacias.
reciprokuli determinizmi (Reciprocal determinism) _
albert banduras socialuri daswavlis Teoriis
cneba, romelic ukavSirdeba mosazrebas, rom
individs, mis qcevas da garemos stimulebs Soris
arsebobs rTuli reciprokuli urTierTqmedeba
da rom TiToeuli am komponentebidan moqmedebs
sxvebze.
rigSi adgilmdebareobis efeqti (Serial position effect)
_ mexsierebidan informaciis aRdgenis procesis
maxasiaTebeli, rodesac mwkrivis dasawyisi da
bolo wevrebis ukeT mogoneba xdeba, vidre
mwkrivis Sua wevrebisa.
ritualuri mkurnaloba (Ritual healing) – ceremonia,
romelic mkurnalobis process gansakuTrebul
emociurobasa da mniSvnelobas sZens.
rwmenis efeqti (Elief-bias effect) – situacia, romelsac
pirovnebis codna, ganwyoba, Rirebulebebi ama-
xinjebs da romelic cvlis azrovnebis process,
aiZulebs mas miiRos mcdari argumentebi.
sakuTari Tavisadmi mikerZoeba (Self-serving bias) _
leqsikoni
atribuciul mikerZoebaTa klasi, rodesac ada-
mianebi cdiloben, Tavis damsaxurebad CaTvalon
warmateba, xolo warumateblobisaTvis pasuxis-
mgebloba sxvebs gadaabralon.
samarTlianobis Teoria (Equity theory) _ samuSao
motivaciis kognituri Teoria, romlis mixedviT,
800 muSaki motivirebulia TanamSromlebTan samar-
Tliani an Tanasworuflebiani urTierTobis
SenarCunebaze; agreTve, am Teoriis mixedviT,
samarTliania is urTierTobebi, rodesac mona-
wileTa danaxarji maTi Semosavlis propor-
ciulia.
sampirobiani albaToba (Three Term Coningency) – meqa-
nizmi, romliTac organizmi swavlobs, rom kon-
kretuli stimulis SemTxvevaSi misi qceva gav-
lenas moaxdens garemoze.
sando gansxvaveba (Signifficant difference) _ eqsperi-
mentul jgufebs an pirobebs Soris sxvaoba,
romlis SemTxveviT moxdenis albaToba naklebia,
vidre miRebuli sandoobis done; fsiqologiaSi
aseT doned iyeneben 100-dan 5-ze nakleb albaTobas,
anu p<0.05.
sandooba (Reliability) _ xarisxi, romliTac testi
msgavs Sedegebs iZleva yoveli gamoyenebisas,
instrumentis gamoyenebiT miRebuli qulebis
stabiluroba da Sesabamisoba.
sasqeso qromosoma (Sex chrolosomes) – qromosomebi,
sadac Tavmoyrilia mamrobiTi Tu mdedrobiTi
Tvisebebis matarebeli genebi.
safeTqlis wili (Temporal lobe) – tvinis ubani, ro-
melic lateraluri napralis qvemoTaa moTav-
sebuli; Seicavs smenis qerqs.
sayrdeni Teoriebi (Foundational theories) _ sawyisi
struqturebi, romliTac isini cdiloben samya-
rosTan urTierTobiT miRebuli gamocdilebis
axsnas.
saSualo (Mean) _ qulaTa ariTmetikuli saSualo,
centraluri tendenciis yvelaze xSirad
gamoyenebuli maCvenebeli.
sawinaaRmdego procesebis Teoriis (Opponent-pro-
cess theory) Tanaxmad, nebismieri feris SegrZneba
miiReba sami sistemisagan, romelTagan TiToeuli
Seicavs or `oponentur~ elements (wiTeli mwvanis
sapirispirod, lurji yviTlis sapirispirod da
Savi TeTris sapirispirod).
seleqciuri optimizacia kompensaciiT (Selective opti-
mization with compensation) _ warmatebuli daberebis
strategia, romlis saSualebiTac adamiani maqsi-
malurad zrdis SenaZens da amcirebs asakTan
dakavSirebul danakargs.
seleqciuri socialuri urTierTobebis Teoria
(Selective social interaction theory) _ mosazreba, romlis
mixedviTac, asakis matebasTan erTad adamianebi
ufro seleqciurebi (SerCeviTni) xdebian im
socialuri partniorebis arCevisas, vinc maT
emociur moTxovnilebebs akmayofilebs.
semantikuri mexsiereba (Semantic memories) _ gene-
tikuri, kategoriuli mexsiereba, rogoricaa si-
tyvebis mniSvnelobebi da cnebebi.
sensoruli adaptacia (Sensory adaptation) _ movlena,
roca receptoruli ujredebi kargaven TavianT
Zalas, moaxdinon reagireba garkveuli periodis
ganmavlobaSi ucvlel gamRizinebelze; is iZleva
ufro swrafi reagirebis saSualebas infor-
maciis axal wyaroze.
sensoruli neironi (Sensory neurons) – neironi,
romelic sensoruli receptorebidan infor-
macias centraluri nervuli sistemisken atarebs.
sensoruli receptorebi (Sensory receptors) _ spe-
cializirebuli ujredebi; isini gadaaqceven fi-
zikur signalebs ujredis signalebad, romlebic
Semdeg gadamuSavdeba nervuli sistemis mier.
sensoruli fiziologia (Sensory physiology) _
Seiswavlis fizikuri movlenebis nervul movle-
nebad gadaqcevis biologiur meqanizmebs.
seriuli procesebi (Serial processes) _ ori an meti
fsiqikuri procesi, romelic Tanmimdevrulad,
erTmaneTis Semdeg mimdinareobs.
seti (Set) _ stimulis aRqmis da masze garkveuli
saxiT reagirebis droebiTi mzaoba.
seqsualuri agzneba (Sexual arousal) _ aRgznebisa da
daZabulobis motivaciuri mdgomareoba, romelic
aRmocendeba erotikul stimulebze fiziolo-
giuri da kognituri reaqciebiT.
seqsualuri qcevis scenarebi (Sexual scripts) _ seqsu-
aluri pasuxismgeblobis socialurad daswav-
lili programa.
sibrZne (Wisdom) _ mdidari cxovrebiseuli gamoc-
dilebidan momdinare kompetenturoba cxovrebis
fundamentur sferoebSi.
signalis SemCnevis Teoria (Signal detection theory _
SDT) aris statistikuri midgoma pasuxis sistema-
turi Secdomisadmi, romelmac saSualeba misca
eqsperimentators, ganesazRvra da ganecalkevebina
sensoruli procesebisa da individis faqtoris
roli erTmaneTisagan.
sididis konstantoba (Size constancy)_ sagnis realuri
sididis aRqma, misi retinaluri gamosaxulebebis
cvlilebis miuxedavad.
sizmrebis analizi (Dream analysis) – sizmrebis
fsiqoanalituri interpretacia, riTac xdeba
pacientis aracnobieri motivebisa da konfliq-
tebis wvdoma.
sizmris muSaoba (Dream work) _ froidiseul siz-
mrebis analizSi procesi, romliTac Sinagani
cenzura sizmris farul Sinaarss xilul Sinaar-
sad gardaqmnis.
sikaSkaSe (Brightness) _ feris Tviseba, romelic gu-
lisxmobs sinaTlis intensivobas.
simaZRre (Saturation) _ feris Tviseba, romelic gamo-
xatavs imas, Tu ramdenad wmindaa feri.
simorcxve (Shyness) _ individis diskomforti da\an
Sekaveba iseT interpersonalur situaciebSi,
romlebic xels uSlis interpersonaluri an
profesiuli miznebis miRwevas.
simpaTikuri sistema (Sympathetic division) – avtono-
miuri nervuli sistemis nawili, romelic sagan-
gaSo situaciaSi energiis mobilizacias axor-
cielebs.
sinafsi (Synapse) – or neirons Soris arsebuli
naprali.
sinafsuri gadacema (Synaptic transmission) – erTi nei-
ronidan meoreze informaciis gadacemis procesi
sinafsuri napralis gaswvriv.
sistematuri desensitizacia (Systematic desensitization)
– bihevioraluri Terapiuli teqnika, rodesac
relaqsirebul mdgomareobaSi SemaSinebel sti-
mulTan SexvedriT klients aswavlian SfoTvis
ganviTarebis Sewyvetas.
situaciaSi daZirva (Flooding) – fobiebisTvis gan-
kuTvnili Terapia, rodesac klients, misi Tan-
xmobiT, waredgineba misTvis maqsimalurad Sema-
Sinebeli stimuli.
situaciuri cvladebi (Situational variables) – garegani
zemoqmedeba qcevaze.
sixSireTa ganawileba (Frequency distribution) _ imis
Sejameba, Tu ramdenad xSirad Cndeba TiTeuli
qula monacemTa mwkrivSi.
sixSiris Teoria (Frequency theory) _ amtkicebs, rom
toni warmoqmnis im siCqaris rxevas ZiriTad
membranaSi, romelic ekvivalenturia misi sixSi-
risa, amis Sedegad, bgeriTi tonis simaRle SeiZ-
leba kodirebuli iyos nervuli reaqciis
sixSiriT.
smeniTi qerqi (Auditory cortex) _ safeTqlis wilis
are, romelic iRebs da amuSavebs smeniT infor-
macias.
smenis nervi (Auditory nerve) _ atarebs impulss
lokokinidan tvinSi mdebare lokokinis bir-
TvebSi.
soma (Soma) – neironis ujredis sxeuli, romelic
birTvsa da citoplazmas Seicavs.
somatosensoruli qerqi (Somatosensory sortex) – Txemis
wilis nawili, sadac sxeulis sxvadasxva ubne-
bidan miRebuli sensoruli informacia muSavdeba.
somaturi nervuli sistema (Somatic nervous system) –
periferiuli nervuli sistemis nawili, romelic
akavSirebs centralur nervul sistemas kansa
da ConCxis kunTebTan.
socializacia (Socialization) _ cxovrebis manZilze
mimdinare procesi, romlis saSualebiTac indi-
vidis qcevis paternebi, Rirebulebebi, standar-
tebi, unarebi, ganwyobebi iseT formas iReben,
romelic misaRebi iqneba mocemuli sazogado-
ebisTvis.
socialuri aRqma/percepcia (Social perception) – pro-
cesebi, romelTa safuZvelzec adamianebi igeben
an aRiqvamen TavianT an sxvebis pirovnul
atributebs.
socialuri ganviTareba (Social development) _ gza,
romliTac icvleba individis socialuri ur-
TierTobebi da molodinebi cxovrebis ganmav-
leqsikoni
lobaSi.
socialuri daswavlis Teoria (Social learning theory) _
daswavlis Teoria, romelic xazs usvams dakvir-
vebisa da sxvebis mier ganxorcielebuli qcevis
mibaZvis mniSvnelobas.
socialuri daswavlis Terapia (Social-learning therapy)
– mkurnalobis forma, rodesac klienti uyurebs,
801
 Tu rogor iRebs modeli waxalisebas sasurveli
qcevis ganxorcielebisaTvis.
socialuri inteleqti (Social intelligence) _ pirovnebis
Teoria, romelic exeba im gamocdilebas, rome-
lic adamianebs SemoaqvT cxovrebiseuli amoca-
nebis sakuTar gancdaSi.
socialuri kategorizacia (Social categorization) _ pro-
cesi, romlis meSveobiTac adamianebi sakuTari
socialuri garemos organizebas axdenen, miakuT-
vneben ra adamianebs sakuTar da sxvaTa jgufebs.
socialuri mxardaWera (Social support) _ sxva ada-
mianebis mier pirovnebisTvis stresTan gamklave-
bis mizniT gaweuli materialuri, socio-emoci-
uri da informaciuli mxardaWera.
socialuri normebi (Social norms) _ molodinebi,
romlebic jgufs gaaCnia Tavisi wevrebis mimarT
maTi qcevebisa da ganwyobebis sasurvelobasTan
da SesabamisobasTan dakavSirebiT.
socialuri rolebi (Social roles) – qcevis socialurad
gansazRvruli paternebi, romlebsac moelian
pirovnebisgan, romelic mocemul garemoSi an
jgufSi funqcionirebs.
socialuri fsiqologia (Social psychology) _ fsiqo-
logiis dargi, romelic Seiswavlis socialuri
cvladebis gavlenas individis qcevebze, damo-
kidebulebebze (attitudes), aRqmebsa da motivebze;
is, agreTve, Seiswavlis jgufebs da jgufTaSoris
fenomenebs.
socialuri fobia (Social phobia) _ mdgradi da ira-
cionaluri SiSi, romelic warmoiqmneba iseTi
sazogadoebrivi situaciis winaswar warmod-
genisas, romelSic individi sxvaTa dakvirvebis
obieqti SeiZleba gaxdes.
sociobiologia (Sociobiology) – mecniereba, romelic
Seiswavlis adamianTa da cxovelTa socialur
sistemebs da socialuri qcevis evoluciur
safuZvlebs.
specifikuri fobiebi (Specific phobias) _ fobiebi,
romlebic Tavs iCenen specifikuri tipis obieq-
tebze an situaciebze reaqciis saxiT.
spontanuri aRdgena (Spontaneous recovery): Camqrali
ganpirobebuli reaqciis xelaxali gamovlena
garkveuli periodis Semdeg.
spontanuri remisiis efeqti (Spontaneous-remission ef-
fect) _ fsiqikuri problemebis mqone zogierT
pacientTa da klientTa, romelsac esaWiroveba
fsiqoTerapia, mdgomareobis gaumjobeseba yovel-
gvari profesiuli Carevis gareSe; bazisuri kri-
teriumi, romliTac unda Sefasdes Terapiebis
Sedegianoba.
leqsikoni
standartizacia (standardization) _ testSi, interviuSi
an eqsperimentSi monawilisadmi mopyrobis an
monacemebis dafiqsirebis unificirebuli pro-
cedura.
standartuli gadaxra (Standard deviation – SD) _ qulaTa
wyebis saSualo sxvaoba maTi saSualodan, varia-
802 bilobis sazomi.
stereotipebi (Stereotypes) _ adamianebis garkveul
jgufebTan dakavSirebuli ganzogadebebi, rom-
lebic garkveul maxasiaTeblebs miaweren mTel
jgufs.
stereotipuri muqara (Stereotype threat)_ safrTxe, rom
dadasturebuli iqneba garkveuli jgufis mimarT
arsebuli negatiuri stereotipi.
stimuliT gamowveuli yuradRebis mipyroba (Stimu-
lus-driven capture) _ gansazRvravs imas, Tu adamianebi
ratom irCeven sensoruli Semomavali infor-
maciis raRac nawils Semdegi gadamuSavebisaTvis;
xdeba maSin, rodesac stimulebis niSnebi (sagnebi
garemoSi) avtomaturad ipyroben yuradRebas,
adamianis kerZo miznebisgan damoukideblad.
stimulis generalizeba (Stimulus generalization) _ gan-
pirobebuli stimulis avtomaturi ganvrcoba yve-
la im msgavs stimulze, romelic ar yofila
Sewyvilebuli ganupirobebel stimulTan.
stimulis diskriminacia (Stimulus discrimination) _
ganpirobebulobis procesi, romlis drosac or-
ganizmi swavlobs imas, rom gansxvavebulad
upasuxos gamRizianebels (stimuls), romelic
ganpirobebuli stimulisagan raime ganzomilebiT
gansxvavdeba.
stresi (Stress) _ specifikuri da araspecifikuri
reaqciebis paterni, ganxorcielebuli organizmis
mier mastimulirebeli obieqtis mimarT, romelic
arRvevs mis wonasworobas, gamocdas uwyobs, an
aRemateba misi daZlevis unars.
stresis Semamsubuqebeli cvladebi (Stress moderator
variables) _ cvladebi, romlebic cvlian mimarTebas
stresorsa da mocemuli tipis stresul reaqcias
Soris.
stresori (Stressor) _ Sinagani an garegani movlena
an stimuli, romelic iwvevs stress.
struqturalizmi (Srtucturalism) _ swavleba fsiqikisa
da qcevis Sesaxeb, sadac fsiqikuri gamocdileba
gaigeba, rogorc martivi elementebis an movle-
nebis kombinacia.
sul an arafris kanoni (All-or-none law) – moqmedebis
potencialis zoma ar aris stimulaciis intensi-
vobaze damokidebuli garkveuli zRurblis
Semdeg.
superego (Superego) _ pirovnebis aspeqti, romelic
warmoadgens sazogadoebrivi Rirebulebebis,
standartebisa da moralis internalizacias.
sqemebi (Schemas) _ obieqtebis, xalxis, an situaciis
Sesaxeb konceptualuri CarCoebi, an codnis
`klasterebi~, codnis erTeulebi, romlebic moi-
caven garemos struqturebis Sesaxeb ganzo-
gadebebs.
sqemebi (Schemes) _ piaJes termini im kognituri struq-
turebis aRsaniSnad, romelic viTardeba bavSvis
mier samyaros interpretirebasa da garemosadmi
adaptaciasTan erTad.
sqesobrivi gansxvavebebi (Sex differences) _ biolo-
giuri safuZvlis mqone maxasiaTeblebi, romlebic
 mamrobiT sqess ganasxvavebs mdedrobiTi sqe-
sisgan.
sxeulis xati (Body image) _ sakuTari sxeulis gareg-
nobis subieqturi aRqma.
sxvaobis zRurbli (Difference threshold) _ umciresi
fizikuri gansxvaveba or gamRizianebels Soris,
romelic jer kidev SeiZleba gacnobierdes, ro-
gorc gansxvavebulebi; sxvaobis zRurbli opera-
cionalurad ganisazRvreba rogorc wertili,
romelzec gamRizianeblebi arian gacnobiere-
buli, rogorc gansxvavebulni SemTxvevaTa naxe-
varSi.
tembri (Timbre) _ smeniTi SegrZnebis Tviseba, romelic
asaxavs bgeriTi talRis sirTules.
terminaluri balTa (Terminal buttons) – bolqvis-
magvari struqtura aqsonis bolos, romelic
neirotransmiteriT savse buStukebs Seicavs.
test-retestuli sandooba (Test-retest reliability) _ erTi
da igive cdis pirze erTi da igive testis sxva-
dasxva dros Catarebis Sedegad miRebul qulebs
Soris arsebuli korelaciis sazomi.
testosteroni (Testosterone) – mamakacTa sasqeso hor-
moni, romelic saTesleebSi gamomuSavdeba da
astimulirebs spermis produqcias; aseve pasuxis-
mgebelia mamakacTa meoradi sasqeso niSan-Tvise-
bebis Camoyalibebaze.
tvinis Rero (Brain stem) – Tavis tvinis struqtura,
romelic aregulirebs sxeulis ZiriTad sasico-
cxlo funqciebs.
tkivili (Pain) _ organizmis reaqcia mavne zemoqmede-
bis mqone gamRizianeblebis stimulaciaze,
romelic aris sakmaod intensiuri, raTa gamoiw-
vios qsovilis dazianeba an Seuqmnas mas safrTxe.
tolerantoba (Tolerance) _ situacia, romelic niv-
Tierebis xangrZlivi gamoyenebis Sedegad iqmneba,
rodesac igive efeqtis misaRwevad individs ufro
da ufri meti doza sWirdeba.
transformacia (Transduction) _ Seiswavlis erTi for-
mis fizikuri energiis gardaqmnas meore formad;
magaliTad, sinaTlis transformirebas nervul
impulsebad.
triqromatuli Teoriis (Trichromatic theory) Tanaxmad,
arsebobs feris SemgrZnebi receptorebis sami
tipi, romlebic warmoqmnian pirveladi ferebis
_ wiTlis, mwvanis da lurji ferebis SegrZnebas.
uaryofiTi ganmtkiceba (Negative reinforcement) – qcevas
mohyveba aversiuli stimulis Camocileba, rac
zrdis am qcevis sixSiris albaTobas.
uaryofiT damsjeli (Negative Punishment) – qcevas
mohyveba sasurveli stimulis Camocileba, riTac
mcirdeba am qcevis albaToba.
upirobo dadebiTi ganwyoba (Unconditional positive re-
gard) _ individis sruli siyvaruli da mimRebloba
sxva adamianis mier, magaliTad bavSvisa mSoblis
mier, yvelanairi pirobis gareSe.
urTierTdamokidebuli me-s gageba (Interdependent
construals of self) _ me-s konceptualizacia, rogorc
garemomcveli socialuri urTierTobis nawilisa;
imis aRiareba, rom adamianis qceva gansazRvru-
lia, damokidebulia da didwilad organizebu-
lia imiT, Tu ras aRiqvams moqmedi piri sxvebis
azrebad, grZnobebad da moqmedebebad.
fantomuri kiduris fenomeni (Phantom limb phenom-
enon) _ mwvave da qronikuli tkivilis SegrZneba
im kidurSi, romelic amputirebulia.
fardobiTi moZraobis paralaqsi (Relative motion par-
allax) _ siRrmeze informaciis wyaro, rodesac
damkvirveblidan sagnebis fardobiTi daSoreba
gansazRvravs Sesabamisi retinaluri gamosaxu-
lebebis moZraobis odenobas da mimarTulebas.
faruli Sinaarsi (Latent content) _ froidiseul
sizmrebis analizSi sizmris dafaruli azri.
fenotipi (Phenotype) – organizmis xiluli niSan-
Tvisebebi, romlebic misi genotipisa da garemos
urTierTqmedebis Sedegad yalibdeba.
feris toni (Hue) _ feris Tviseba, romelic gulis-
xmobs sinaTlis feris Tvisobriv gancdas.
feris konstantoba (Lightness constancy) _ ganaTebis
xarisxis cvalebad pirobebSi obieqtebis siTeT-
ris, siruxis an siSavis ucvlelad aRqmis
tendencia.
feromenebi (Pheromones) _ qimiuri signalebi, romel-
sac gamohyofen organizmebi mocemuli saxeobis
sxva wevrebTan urTierTobis dasamyareblad;
xSirad funqcionireben, rogorc distanturi
seqsualuri mimzidvelebi.
figura (Figure)- fonisagan gansxvavebuli, sagnismag-
vari win wamoweuli are vizualur velSi.
fizikuri ganviTareba (Physical development) _ Casax-
vidan mTeli cxovrebis manZilze mimdinare sxeu-
lebrivi cvlilebebi, momwifeba da zrda.
fiziologiuri damokidebuleba (Psysiological depen-
dence) _ procesi, rodesac organizmi eCveva da
damokidebuli xdeba mocemul nivTierebaze
fiqsacia (Fixation) _ mdgomareoba, rodesac adamiani
rCeba mijaWvuli iseT obieqtebsa Tu moqmedebebze,
romlebic fsiqoseqsualuri ganviTarebis ad-
reul safexurs ufro Seesabameba.
fiqsirebuli intervalis cxrili (Fixed-interval sched-
ule) – ganmamtkicebelTa cxrili, romelSic
ganmamtkicebeli miewodeba fiqsirebuli drois
gasvlidan pirvelive sapasuxo reaqciisas.
fluiduri inteleqti (Fluid intelligence) _ inteleqtis
aspeqti, romelic moicavs rTuli mimarTebebis
danaxvisa da problemebis gadaWris unars.
fobia (Phobia) _ specifikuri obieqtis, aqtivobis an
situaciis mdgradi da iracionaluri SiSi,
leqsikoni
romelic moWarbebulobiTa da umizezobiT xasiaT-
deba; romelic realobas safrTxis momtanad
aRaqmevinebs adamians.
fonemebi (Phonemes) _ metyvelebis minimaluri erTe-
uli nebismier enaSi, romelic azrobriv gasxva-
vebas qmnis eqspresiuli da impresiuli metyve-
lebisas; r da l ori gansxvavebuli fonemaa
803
 inglisurSi da qarTulSi, Tumca, erTi fonemis
sxvadasxva variantia iaponurSi.
foni (Ground) _ sivrce vizualur velSi, romelze-
dac figura devs.
formis konstantoba (Shape constancy) _ sagnebis rea-
luri formis aRqmis unari retinaluri gamosa-
xulebis zomebis cvlilebis miuxedavad.
forma (Frame) – arCevanis gansakuTrebuli aRwera.
gadawyvetilebis miRebaze da arCevanis gakeTebaze
gavlenas axdens arCevanis formulireba, misi
ama Tu im kuTxiT warmodgena.
formaluri Sefaseba (Formal assessment) _ sistematuri
procedurebi da gazomvebi, romelic gavarji-
Sebuli profesionalebis mier gamoiyeneba indi-
videbis funqcionirebis, unarebis, qcevebis (Cve-
vebis) an fsiqikuri mdgomareobis Sesaswavlad.
fotoreceptorebi (photoreceptors) _ baduraze mdebare
sinaTlisadmi mgrZnobiare receptoruli uj-
redebi.
frustracia – agresiis hipoTeza (Frustration – aggres-
sion hipothesis) – am hipoTezis Tanaxmad, frustracia
Cndeba situaciebSi, romlebSic adamianebs saSu-
aleba ar eZlevaT, miaRwion TavianT miznebs;
frustraciis aRZvra ki, Tavis mxriv, iwvevs
agresiis ganxorcielebis albaTobis zrdas.
fsiqiatri (Psychiatrist) – pirovneba, romelsac aqvs
medicinis doqtoris xarisxi da doqtoranturis
dasrulebis Semdeg gavlili aqvs specializacia
fsiqikur da emociur aSlilobebSi. fsiqo-
logiuri aSlilobebis samkurnalod fsiqiatrs
SeuZlia medikamentebis daniSvna.
fsiqikuri ganwyoba (Mental set) _ axali problemis
dasaZlevad wina problemis daZlevis stilis,
saSualebis gamoyenebis tendencia.
fsiqikuri determinizmi (Psychic determinism) _ daS-
veba, rom fsiqikuri da qceviTi reaqciebi gan-
sazRvrulia adrindeli gamocdilebiT.
fsiqoanalizi (Psychoanalysis) – fsiqodinamikuri
Terapia, romelic Seqmna froidma; es aris in-
tesiuri da droSi gaxangrZlivebuli teqnika,
romelic mowodebulia nevrotuli da mSfoTvare
individebis aracnobieri motivebisa da konfliq-
tebis gamosakvlevad.
fsiqoanalitikosi (Psychoanalyst) _ pirovneba, rome-
lsac aqvs medicinis an filosofiur mecnierebaTa
doqtoris xarisxi da romelic doqtoranturaSi
specializirdeboda fsiqikuri aSlilobebis ga-
gebisa da mkurnalobisadmi froidiseul mid-
gomaSi.
fsiqoaqtiuri nivTierebebi (Psychoactive drugs) _ qi-
leqsikoni
miuri naerTebi, romelic cnobieri aRqmis droe-
biTi SecvliT zegavlenas axdens mentalur pro-
cesebsa da qcevaze.
fsiqobiografia (Psychobiography) _ fsiqologiuri
(gansakuTrebiT pirovnebis) Teoriis gamoyeneba
individis cxovrebiseuli mimarTulebis aRwerisa
804 da axsnisaTvis.
fsiqoTerapia (Psychotherapy) _ TerapiaTa jgufidan
nebismieri, romelic gamoiyeneba fsiqologiuri
aSlilobebis samkurnalod da fokusirebulia
konkretul aSlilobasTan dakavSirebuli ara-
swori qcevis, azrebis, aRqmebisa da emociebis
Secvlaze.
fsiqologia (Psychology) _ individebis qcevis da
fsiqikuri procesebis mecnieruli Seswavla.
fsiqologiuri damokidebuleba (Psychological depen-
dence) _ narkotikis fsiqologiuri saWiroeba an
survili.
fsiqologiuri diagnozi (Psychological diagnosis) _
fsiqologiuri paTologiisTvis dakvirvebuli
qcevis paternis klasificirebisa da katego-
rizaciis Sedegad micemuli iarliyi garkveuli
diagnostikuri sistemis farglebSi.
fsiqologiuri Sefaseba (Psychological assessment) _
individTa unarebis, qcevisa da pirovnuli maxa-
siaTeblebis Sesafasebelad arsebuli gansa-
zRvruli procedurebi.
fsiqolog-konsultanti (Counseling psychologist) _ fsi-
qologi, romelic specializirdeba iseT sfe-
roebSi, rogoricaa: profesiis arCeva, saskolo
problemebi, narkotikebis moxmareba da ojaxuri
konfliqti.
fsiqometria (Psychometrics) _ fsiqologiis dargi,
romelic gonebrivi SesaZleblobebis testirebaSi
specializirdeba.
fsiqometruli funqcia (Psychometric function) _ gra-
fiki, romelic asaxavs gamRizianeblis SemCnevaTa
procents (vertikalur RerZze) gamRizianeblis
TiToeuli intensivobisaTvis (horizontalur
RerZze).
fsiqoneiroimunlogia (Psychoneuroimmunology) – kvle-
vis dargi, romelic swavlobs interaqcias iseT
fiziologiur procesebs Soris, rogoricaa
reaqcia stresze da imunuri sistemis funqcio-
nireba.
fsiqopaTologiuri funqcionireba (Psychopatological
functioning) _ darRvevebi emociur, qceviT an
azrovnebis procesebSi, rasac Tan sdevs pirov-
nuli distresi an mniSvnelovani miznebis miR-
wevis SesaZleblobebis blokireba.
fsiqosomaturi darRvevebi (Psychosomatic disorders) _
fizikuri darRvevebi, romlebic mZafrdeba, an
imTaviTve miewereba xangrZliv moqmed stress
Tu sxva fsiqologiur mizezebs, an Zlierdeba
maTi zegavleniT.
fsiqosocialuri stadiebi (Psychosocial stages) _ erik
eriksonis SemoTavazebuli ganviTarebis Tanmim-
devrul stadiebi, romelic fokusirdeba sakuTar
Tavsa da sxvebze individis orientaciaze; es
stadiebi moicavs pirovnebis ganviTarebis sqesob-
riv da socialur aspeqtebs da individisa da
socialuri garemos urTierTqmedebis Sedegad
warmoqmnil socialur konfliqtebs.
fsiqoturi aSliloba (Psychotic disorder) _ mwvave
fsiqikuri aSliloba, rodesac uaresdeba indi-
 vidis mier realobis aRqma, rac vlindeba
azrovnebis, emociebisa da aRqmis sferoSi war-
moqmnil sirTuleebSi; aRar gamoiyeneba, rogorc
diagnostikuri kategoria DSM-III-is Semdeg.
fsiqofizika (psychophysics) _ mecniereba fizikuri
stimulaciisa da fsiqologiuri SegrZnebis Sesa-
tyvisobis Sesaxeb.
fsiqofarmakologia (Psychopharmacology) – fsiqo-
logiis dargi, romelic swavlobs qcevaze medi-
kamentebis moqmedebas.
fsiqoqirurgia (Psychosurgery) _ fsiqologiuri
aSlilobis Semsubuqebis an aRkveTis mizniT tvi-
nis qsovilze ganxorcielebuli qirurgiuli
procedurebi.
funqcionaluri rigidoba (Functional fixedness) – sagnis
tradiciuli xedvis Secvlis da axali funqciis
danaxvis da misi efeqturad gamoyenebis uuna-
roba.
funqcionalizmi (Functionalism) _ swavleba, romelic
fokusirdeba organizmis garemosTan urTierT-
qmedebis dros fsiqikisa da qcevis funqciebze.
funqciuri magnitur-rezonansuli tomografia
(FMRI - Functional MRI) – meTodi, romelic aerTi-
anebs PET skanisa da mrt-s upiratesobebs da
aRricxavs tvinSi sisxlis mimoqcevis magnitur
cvlilebebs.
qerqi (Cerebral cortex) – didi tvinis gare zedapiri.
qmnadoba (Generativity) _ sakuTari Tavis garda, oja-
xis, samsaxuris, sazogadoebis Tu momavali
Taobebis interesebisTvis moRvaweobas da maTze
zrunvas gulisxmobs. rogorc wesi, qmnadoba
Zalze mniSvnelovani aspeqtia 30-40 wels miR-
weuli adamianis ganviTarebis procesSi.
qronikuli stresi (Chronic stress) _ agznebis xan-
grZlivi mdgomareoba, romlis drosac individi
aRiqvams, rom misadmi wayenebuli moTxovnebi
aRemateba Sinagan da garegan resursebs, rom-
lebsac igi flobs am movlenebTan dasapiris-
pireblad.
qronologiuri asaki (Chronological age) _ individis
dabadebidan gasuli Tveebis an wlebis raodenoba.
qceva (Behavior) _ is moqmedebebi, romlis saSuale-
biTac organizmi garemos ergeba.
qceviTi dadastureba (Behavioral confirmation) – procesi,
romlis meSveobiTac adamianebi iqcevian sxvebis
specifiurad mosalodneli reaqciebis Sesaba-
misad da Semdeg am reaqciebs iyeneben TavianTi
Sexedulebebis dasadastureblad.
qceviTi Terapia (Behavior therapy) – ixileT qcevis
modifikacia.
qceviTi repeticia (Behaviotal rehearsal) – procedura,
romelic mowodebulia ZiriTadi unar-Cvevebis
gamomuSavebisTvis da ganmtkicebisTvis; rodesac
CarTulia socialuri unar-Cvevebis gavarjiSebis
programaSi, igulisxmeba, rom klienti gonebaSi
imeorebs sasurveli qcevis Tanmimdevrobas.
qcevis gazomva (Behavioral measures) _ garegani qcevebi
da reaqciebi, romlebsac akvirdebian da iweren,
eqskluziuri an TviTangariSiT aRwerili qceva.
qcevis modifikacia (Behavior modification) – daswavlis
principebis meToduri gamoyeneba sasurveli qce-
vis sixSiris gazrdis an arasasurveli qcevis
sixSiris Semcirebis mizniT.
qcevis monacemebi (Behavioral data) _ organizmis qcevis
da im pirobebis aRwera, romlebSic es qceva
mimdinareobs, an icvleba.
RvTismsaxuri, konsultanti (Pastoral counselor) – reli-
giuri fenis warmomadgeneli, romelic specia-
lizirdeba fsiqologiuri aSlilobebis mkur-
nalobaSi da xSirad sulierebaze zrunvas prob-
lemaTa praqtikul gadawyvetasTan aerTianebs.
„Ruzis” evristika (Anchoring Heuristics) – zogierTi
movlenis an Sedegis mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb msje-
lobisas misi sawyisi mniSvnelobis gadafaseba
an verSefaseba.
ynosvis bolqvi (Olfactory bulb) _ centri, sadac ynos-
vis receptorebi agzavnian TavianT signalebs,
romelic ganlagebulia zustad Tavis tvinis
qerqis Sublis wilis qveviT.
yuradReba (Attention) _ xelmisawvdomi perceptuli
informaciis romelime nawilze cnobierebis
fokusireba.
yuradRebamdeli gadamuSaveba (Preattentive processing)
_ sensoruli informaciis gadamuSaveba, romelic
yuradRebas specifikur obieqtze mimarTavs.
Samanizmi (Shamanizm) – spiritualuri tradicia,
romelic moiazrebs mkurnalobas da sulier
samyarosTan kontaqts.
SegrZneba (Sensation) _ procesi, roca sensoruli
receptoris gaRizianeba dasabams aZlevs nervul
impulsebs, rac iwvevs sxeulis SigniT Tu gareT
arsebuli pirobebis gancdas, maT gacnobierebas.
Semavsebeli ferebi (Complementary colours) _ ferebi,
romlebic mdebareoben erTmaneTis mopirdapire
mxars ferTa wreze; roca aditurad erevian
erTmaneTs qmnian TeTri sinaTlis SegrZnebas.
Semakavebeli `Sesavali~ (Inhibitory inputs) – Semosuli
informacia, romelic neirons ubrZanebs, ar
ganimuxtos.
Semecneba (Cognition) – codnis SeZenis procesi,
romelic moicavs yuradRebis miqcevas, gaxsenebas,
azrovnebas; aseve, gulisxmobs procesebis Si-
naarss: cnebebs da STabeWdilebebs.
Senaxva (Storage) _ kodirebuli informaciis Sekaveba
garkveuli drois manZilze.
SerCeva (Sample) _ populaciis nawili, romelic
eqsperimentSi monawileobisaTvis gadaarCies.
SesaZlebeli me-ebi (Possible selves) _ idealuri me-
leqsikoni
ebi, rogoric adamians surs gaxdes, me-ebi, ro-
gorebic adamians SeuZlia gaxdes da me-ebi,
rogoradac gaxdomis adamians eSinia; me-s kog-
nituri aRqmis komponentebi.
Seuracxadoba (Insanity) _ samarTlebrivi (ara kli-
nikuri) aRniSvna im mdgomareobisa, romlis
805
 drosac individi ganixileba, rogorc iuri-
diulad Seuracxadi an araqmediTi, arakom-
petenturi.
SeZena (Acquisition) _ klasikuri ganpirobebulobis
eqsperimentis stadia, romlis drosac ganpirobe-
buli reaqcia pirvlad aris gamowveuli ganpi-
robebuli stimuliT.
Sidsi (AIDS) _ SeZenili imunodeficitis sindromis
abreviatura, sindromi gamowveulia virusiT,
romelic azianebs imunur sistemas da asustebs
organizmis unars, SeebrZolos infeqcias.
Sida jgufebi (In-groups) – jgufebi, romlebTanac
adamiani sakuTari Tavis identificirebas axdens.
Sidajgufuri mikerZoeba (In-group bias) – sakuTari
jgufis gadafaseba sxvasTan SedarebiT.
Sizofreniuli aSliloba (Schizophrenic disorder) _
fsiqopaTologiis mwvave forma, romelic xa-
siaTdeba integrirebuli pirovnuli funqcio-
nirebis rRveviT, realobidan gasvliT, emociuri
gaukuRmarTebebiTa da azrovnebis darRveviT.
Sinagani SeTanxmebuloba (Internal consistency) _ san-
doobis sazomi. testis sxvadasxva nawilebis,
rogoricaa kenti da luwi punqtebi, gamoyenebis
Sedegad miRebuli msgavsebis xarisxi.
SiSi (Fear) _ racionaluri reaqcia obieqturad
identificirebul garegan safrTxeze, ramac
SeiZleba aiZulos adamiani, rom gaiqces an
gadavides Setevaze Tavdacvis mizniT.
Sublis wili (Frontal lobe) – tvinis ubani, romelic
gverdiTi napralis zemoT da centraluri Raris
winaa moTavsebuli; monawileobs motorul
kontrolSi da kognitiur qmedebebSi.
SuaSi gaxleCvis sandooba (Split-half consistency) _ tes-
tis ekvivalenturi naxevrebis SesrulebaSi mi-
Rebuli qulebis Sedareba.
SfoTva (Anxiety) _ intensiuri emociuri reaqcia,
gamowveuli winarecnobieri aRqmiT imisa, rom
represirebuli konfliqti apirebs cnobierebaSi
amosvlas.
SfoTviTi aSlilobebi (Anxiety disorder) _ fsiqikuri
aSlilobebi, romelic xasiaTdeba fsiqologiuri
agznebiT, daZabulobis grZnobiT da TvalsaCino
mizezis gareSe warmoqmnili intensiuri daZabu-
lobiT.
Caqroba (Extinction) _ ganpirobebulobaSi, ganupiro-
bebeli stimulis an ganmamtkiceblis ar- arse-
bobis Sedegad ganpirobebuli asociaciis Se-
susteba.
cvalebadi intervalis cxrili (Vaiable-interval sched-
ule) – ganmamtkicebelTa cxrili, romelSic gan-
mamtkicebeli miewodeba pirvelive pasuxisas
leqsikoni
cvaldi periodis gavlis Semdeg, romlis sa-
Sualoc winaswar gansazRvrulia.
cdis pirTa SigniT sqema (Within subjects design) _
kvlevis sqema, sadac TiToeuli cdis piri saku-
Tari Tavis kontrolia. cdis piris eqsperimentul
pirobaSi qceva SeiZleba SevadaroT missave qce-
806 vas am pirobamde, an mis Semdeg.
cdis pirTa Soris sqema (Between subjects design) _
cdis pirebs SemTxveviTad anawileben eqsperimen-
tul da sakontrolo pirobebSi.
centraluri nervuli sistema (cns) (Central nervius
system - CNS) – nervuli sistemis nawili, romelic
Tavisa da zurgis tvinisagan Sedgeba.
centracia (Centration) _ kognituri ganviTarebis
winaoperaciuli stadiis dasawyisisaTvis dama-
xasiaTebeli azrovnebis paterni, romelic xa-
siaTdeba bavSvis mier erTdroulad ori per-
ceptuli faqtoris gaTvaliswinebis unaris ar-
qoniT.
cvladi (Variable) _ nebismieri faqtori, romelic
raodenobrivad an Tvisebrivad icvleba
cirkaduli ritmi (Circadian rhythm) _ organizmis aq-
tivobis Sinagani saaTiT determinirebuli mdgra-
di paterni, romelic, Cveulebisamebr, 24 an 25
saaTs grZeldeba.
cnebebi (Concepts) _ sagnebis, an ideebis, saxeobebis,
an kategoriebis mentaluri reprezentaciebi.
cnoba (Recognition) _ aRdgenis meTodi, romlis drosac
individs moeTxoveba imis gacnobiereba, rom
raRac movlena swored isaa, romelic Tqven adre
aRiqviT (gaigoneT, an dainaxeT).
cnobiereba (Consciousness) _ Sinagani movlenebisa
da garemos pirobebis cnobierad aRqmis mdgoma-
reoba (gacnobiereba).
gacnobierebuli kontroli (Perceived control) _
pirovnebis rwmena, rom SeuZlia movlenis, an
gancdis msvlelobis, an Sedegebis Secvla; xSirad
sasargebloa stresorebTan gamklavebisas.
crurwmena (Prejudice) – winaswar daswavlili damo-
kidebuleba (attitude) samizne obieqtis mimarT,
romelic moicavs negatiur grZnobebs (armowoneba
an SiSi), negatiur Sexedulebebs (stereotipebs),
romlebic amarTleben arsebul damokidebu-
lebebs da qceviT ganzraxvebs, acilebul, kontro-
lirebul, dominirebul an ganadgurebul iqnen
isini, romlebic mocemul samizne jgufs gane-
kuTvnebian.
cxovelTa kognicia (Animal cognition) – cxovelebis
kognituri SesaZleblobebi; mkvlevrebi eZeben
kognituri unarebis ganviTarebas sxvadsxva
saxeobebSi, saxeobebis ierarqiis mixedviT adamia-
namde.
cxovrebiseuli cvlilebis erTeulebi (Life-change
units - LCUs) _ stresis gamokvlevebSi gamoyenebu-
li stresis donis sazomi, romelsac iwvevs
drois mocemul monakveTSi gancdili sxvadasxva
tipis cvlileba.
Zili Tvalebis swrafi moZraobis gareSe (Non-REM
anu NREM Sleep) _ periodi, rodesac mZinare ada-
mianTan ar fiqsirdeba Tvalebis swrafi moZraoba;
xasiaTdeba REM ZilTan SedarebiT naklebi siz-
mrisebri aqtivobiT.
Zilis apnoe (Sleep apnea) _ zeda sasunTq gzebTan
dakavSirebuli Zilis darRveva, rac aiZulebs
adamians, rom Zilis dros sunTqva Sewyvitos.
ZiriTadi membrana (Basilar membrane) _ mdebareobs
lokokinaSi, roca is modis moZraobaSi, iwvevs
bewviani ujredebis stimulirebas (aRizinaebs
maT), romlebic warmoqmnian smeniTi gaRizianebis
nervul efeqtebs.
warmatebuli miaxloebebis mixedviT Seipingi
(Shaiping by successive approximations) – qceviTi meTodi,
romelic ganamtkicebs im reaqciebs, romlebic
warmatebulad uaxlovdebian da maqsimalurad
axlos arian sasurvel reaqciasTan.
wesebi (Rules) – garkveul situaciaSi garkveuli
saxiT moqcevis moTxovnebi.
winaaRmdegoba (Resistance) – fsiqoanalizis msvlelo-
bisas pacients ar surs, an ar SeuZlia garkveul
mosazrebebze, survilebsa Tu gamocdilebaze
saubari.
winarecnobieri mexsiereba (Preconscious memories) _
mexsiereba, romelic mocemul momentSi ar aris
cnobieri, magram cnobierdeba aucileblobis
SemTxvevaSi.
wonasworobis SegrZneba (vestibular sense) (TNR) infor-
macias gvawvdis Cveni sxeulis orientaciis Se-
saxeb sivrceSi.
xangrZlivi mexsiereba (Long-term memory) _ daxso-
mebis procesi, romelic uzrunvelyofs infor-
maciis Senaxvas da Semdgom, nebismier dros mis
aRdgenas.
xelmisawvdomobis evristika (Availability heuristic) _
daskvna, romelic efuZneba mexsierebaSi Tavisuf-
lad xelmisawvdom informacias.
xidi (Pons) – tvinis Reros ubani, romelic akav-
Sirebs zurgisa da Tavis tvins, aseve Tavis tvinis
sxvadasxva nawilebs.
xiluli (manifestirebuli) Sinaarsi (Manifest con-
tent) _ froidiseul sizmrebis analizSi sizmris
Sinaarsis zedapiruli mxare, romelic mowode-
bulia sizmris realuri mniSvnelobis Sesa-
niRbad.
xmamaRla fiqris oqmebi (Think-aloud protocols) _ anga-
riSi, romelic iqmneba Tavad cdis pirTa mier
da aRweren mentalur procesebsa da strategiebs,
romelTac isini mimarTaven davalebis Sesru-
lebisas.
xuTfaqtoriani modeli (Five-factor model) _ pirovnebis
yovlismomcveli aRweriTi sistema, romelic
asaxavs urTierTobas zogad niSnebs, Teoriul
cnebebsa da pirovnebis skalebs Soris; araforma-
lurad ewodeba didi xuTeuli.
janmrTeloba (Health) _ sxeulisa da gonebis zogadi
mdgomareoba, romelic aRiwereba simtkicisa da
energiulobis terminebiT. es ar aris ubralod
daavadebis an dazianebis ararseboba.
janmrTelobis fsiqologia (Health psychology) _
fsiqologiis dargi, romelic mowodebulia imis
dasadgenad, Tu rogor inarCuneben adamianebi
janmrTelobas, ratom xdebian isini avad da
rogor reagireben avadmyofobaze.
janmrTelobis xelSewyoba (Health promotion) _ zogadi
strategiebisa da konkretuli taqtikis ganviTa-
reba, romelic miznad isaxavs adamianTa avad
gaxdomis riskis gamoricxvas, an Semcirebas.
jgufis dinamika (Group dynamics) – im jgufuri pro-
cesebis kvleva, romlebic cvlian individebis
funqcionirebas.
jgufuri azrovneba (Groupthink) – gadawyvetilebis
mimRebi jgufis tendencia, gafiltros arasasur-
veli monacemebi ise, rom miRweul iqnes konsen-
susi, gansakuTrebiT maSin, Tu is lideris
Tvalsazriss Seesabameba.
jgufuri polarizacia (Group polarization) – jgufis
tendencia, miiRos iseTi gadawyvetileba, romelic
aris ufro eqstremaluri, vidre is gadawyve-
tilebebi, romlebsac cal-calke miiRebdnen imave
jgufis wevrebi.
jems-langes emociis Teoria (Jame-Lange theory of emo-
tion) _ emociis periferiuli ukukavSiris Teoria,
romlis Tanaxmad, gamRizianebeli iwvevs qceviT
reaqcias, romelic agzavnis sxvadasxva sensorul
da motorul ukukavSirs Tavis tvinSi da am
gziT qmnis specifikuri emociis grZnobas.
jvaredini Seswavlis meTodi (Cross-sectional design) _
kvlevis meTodi, romelic gulisxmobs sxvadasxva
asakis adamianTa jgufebze dakvirvebasa da
erTmaneTTan Sedarebas.
halucinacia (Hallucinations) _ mcdari aRqma, romelic
Cndeba obieqturi gamRizianeblis ararsebobis
pirobebSi.
hemisferoebi (Cerebral hemispheres) – didi tvinis ori
naxevari, romlebic korZiani sxeuliTaa dakavSi-
rebuli.
hiperregularizacia (Overregularization) _ gramatikuli
Secdoma, romelic, Cveulebriv, vlindeba adre-
uli enobrivi ganviTarebis dros da romlis
drosac enis wesebi imdenad farTod gamoiyeneba,
rom xdeba araswori lingvisturi formebis
warmoeba.
hipnobiluroba (Hypnotizability) _ aCvenebs, Tu ra
xarisxiT eqvemdebareba mocemuli individi
standartul hipnotur STagonebas.
hipnozi (Hypnosis) _ cnobierebis Secvlili mdgo-
mareoba, romelic xasiaTdeba Rrma modunebiT
(relaqsaciiT), STagonebisadmi mimReblobiT da
aRqmis, mexsierebis, motivaciisa da TviT-
kontrolis cvlilebebiT.
hipoTalamusi (Hypothalamus) – tvinis struqtura,
romelic aregulirebs motivaciur qcevas (rogo-
ricaa kveba da daleva) da homeostazs.
hipoTeza (Hypothesis) _ Semowmebadi debuleba mize-
leqsikoni
zebsa da Sedegebs Soris mimarTebis Taobaze,
xSirad is gamoxatulia winaswarmetyvelebis
formiT, konkretul pirobas gansazRvruli Se-
degi moyveba.
hipokampi (Hippocampus) – limburi sistemis nawili,
romelic konkretuli mexsierebis CamoyalibebaSi
monawileobs. 807
 hipofizi (Pituity gland) – moTavsebulia tvinSi, ga-
moimuSavebs zrdis hormonebs da gavlenas axdens
sxva endokrinuli jirkvlebis mier hormonebis
sekreciaze.
homeostazi (Homeostasis) _ sxeulis Sinagani mdgo-
mareobis mudmivoba an wonasworoba.
hormonebi (Hormons) – qimiuri mesenjerebi, romlebic
gamomuSavdeba endokrinuli jirkvlebis mier,
aregulireben metabolizms da gavlenas axdenen
sxulis zrdaze, xasiaTsa da sasqeso niSan-
Tvisebebze.
huazo (Hozho) _ navajos (Navajo) kulturaSi
arsebuli cneba, romelic niSnavs harmonias, su-
lier simSvides, saTnoebas, idealur ojaxur
urTierTobebs, mSvenierebas xelovnebasa da xe-
lobaSi da sxeulisa da sulis sijansaRes.
humanisturi mimdinareoba (Humanistic perspective) _
fsiqologiuri modeli, romelic aqcents indi-
vidis fenomenur samyaroze, racionaluri arCe-
vanis gakeTebisa da maqsimaluri potencialis
ganviTarebis Tandayolil unarze akeTebs.
A-B-A sqemaSi cdis pirebi jer xvdebian safuZvlis
pirobaSi (A), Semdeg eqsperimentul CarevaSi (B),
xolo Semdeg ubrundebian safuZvlis pirobas.
A tipis qceviTi paterni (Type A behavior pattern) _
qcevisa da emociebis rTuli paterni, romelic
moicavs gadaWarbebulad gamoxatul Sejibrs,
leqsikoni
808
agresias, mouTmenlobasa da mtrul damokide-
bulebas. mtruli damokidebuleba zrdis gulis
koronarul daavadebaTa risks.
B tipis qceviTi paterni (Type B behavior pattern) _AA
tipis qceviT paternTan SedarebiT, qcevisa da
emociaTa naklebad konkurenciuli, naklebad
agresiuli da naklebad mtruli paterni.
C tipis qceviTi paterni (Type C behavior pattern) _
qcevaTa erToblioba, romelic saSualebas
gvaZlevs viwinaswarmetyveloT, romel individebs
aqvT kiboTi daavadebis meti albaToba, an visTan
ufro swrafad ganviTardeba es avadmyofoba. es
qceviTi paterni gulisxmobs pasiur Seguebas
da TavSewirvas.
EQ – IQ-s oreuli _ emociuri inteleqti.
g _ spirmenis mixedviT, zogadi inteleqtis faqtori,
romelic safuZvlad udevs yovelgvar inteleq-
tualur aqtivobas.
PET-skani – tvinis suraTebi, romlebic sxvadasxva
kognitiuri Tu qceviTi aqtivobis dros cocxali
tvinis aqtivobas uCveneben ujredebis mier STan-
Tqmuli radioaqtivobis dafiqsirebis meSveobiT.
Φ fenomeni (Phi phenomenon) _ aSkara/TvalsaCino
moZraobis umartivesi forma, moZraobis iluzia,
rodesac erTi an meti uZravi sinaTle, romelic
uwyvetad qreba da inTeba, erT moZrav sinaTled
aRiqmeba.
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