1.

Usage of Graphics and their applications

1.Some of the applications of computer graphics are:

1.Computer Art:
Using computer graphics we can create fine and commercial art which include animation packages, paint
packages. These packages provide facilities for designing object shapes and specifying object motion.Cartoon
drawing, paintings, logo design can also be done.

2.Computer Aided Drawing:

Designing of buildings, automobile, aircraft is done with the help of computer aided drawing, this helps in
providing minute details to the drawing and producing more accurate and sharp drawings with better
specifications.

3.Presentation Graphics:
For the preparation of reports or summarising the financial, statistical, mathematical, scientific, economic
data for research reports, managerial reports, moreover creation of bar graphs, pie charts, time chart, can be
done using the tools present in computer graphics.

4.Entertainment:
Computer graphics finds a major part of its utility in the movie industry and game industry. Used for creating
motion pictures , music video, television shows, cartoon animation films. In the game industry where focus
and interactivity are the key players, computer graphics helps in providing such features in the efficient way.

5.Education:
Computer generated models are extremely useful for teaching huge number of concepts and fundamentals in
an easy to understand and learn manner. Using computer graphics many educational models can be created
through which more interest can be generated among the students regarding the subject.

6.Training:
Specialised system for training like simulators can be used for training the candidates in a way that can be
grasped in a short span of time with better understanding. Creation of training modules using computer
graphics is simple and very useful.

7.Visualisation:
Today the need of visualise things have increased drastically, the need of visualisation can be seen in many
advance technologies , data visualisation helps in finding insights of the data , to check and study the
behaviour of processes around us we need appropriate visualisation which can be achieved through proper
usage of computer graphics
 8.Image Processing:
Various kinds of photographs or images require editing in order to be used in different places. Processing of
existing images into refined ones for better interpretation is one of the many applications of computer
graphics.

9.Machine Drawing:
Computer graphics is very frequently used for designing, modifying and creation of various parts of machine and
the whole machine itself, the main reason behind using computer graphics for this purpose is the precision and
clarity we get from such drawing is ultimate and extremely desired for the safe manufacturing of machine using
these drawings.

10.Graphical User Interface:

The use of pictures, images, icons, pop-up menus, graphical objects helps in creating a user friendly environment
where working is easy and pleasant, using computer graphics we can create such an atmosphere where
everything can be automated and anyone can get the desired action performed in an easy fashion.

2. Over view of Graphics systems: a.Refreshing display devices, b.Random and raster scan display devices,
c.Colour Models: RGB etc., Tablets, Joysticks, Track balls, Mouse and light pens, plotters, printers,
digitizers

Refresh type output devices in Computer Graphics

a.

CRT stands for cathode ray tube. CRT it is an elevated glass tube. An electron gun at one side of the tube produces
a beam of electrons which is directed towards the front of the tube or towards the screen. The inner side of the
screen is coated with Phosphorus substance which gives off the light when it stopped by electrons.

1.Standard CRT:
In standard CRT the electron gun emits electron beams which fall on the phosphor coating due to which a
glow occurs which display the text or a picture. afterglow the light gets filled for continuous viewing the
image is therefore refreshed at regular intervals so frequently that the changing image appears as a
continuous picture to the human eyes.
2.Beam penetration CRT:
A normal CRT with phosphor coating generate images of only one colour a colour CRT for line drawing
displays images on multilayer phosphor. Colours are achieved by controlling the beam accelerating potential.
The screen is coated with a layer of green phosphor over which area of red phosphor is deposited.
When a low potential electron beam strikes the screen only the red phosphorus gets excited thus producing a
red trace. A higher velocity beam will penetrate into the green phosphor increasing the green components of
the light output by varying the beam potential different combinations of Red and Green lights can be
produced.

3.Shadow mask CRT:

The majority of colour television sets and computer monitors used Shadow mask colour CRT which has
phosphor coated screen behind the screen there is a metal plate with small holes arranged in a specific
pattern. It uses three electron guns for red green and blue components of the light output.
The guns are arranged in a triangular fashion the deflection system operates on the three electron beam
simultaneously bringing them to the same point of focus on the shadow mask all the three beans pass through
a single Hole in the Shadow mask and strikes the phosphor at the described point.
b.Random and raster scan display devices

Random Scan Display:

Random Scan System uses an electron beam which operates like a pencil to create a line image on the CRT screen. The picture is
constructed out of a sequence of straight-line segments. Each line segment is drawn on the screen by directing the beam to move
from one point on the screen to the next, where its x & y coordinates define each point. After drawing the picture. The system cycles
back to the first line and design all the lines of the image 30 to 60 time each second. The process is shown in fig:
Random-scan monitors are also known as vector displays or stroke-writing displays or calligraphic displays.

Advantages:
1.A CRT has the electron beam directed only to the parts of the screen where an image is to be drawn.

2.Produce smooth line drawings.

3.High Resolution

Disadvantages:
1.Random-Scan monitors cannot display realistic shades scenes.

Raster Scan Display:

A Raster Scan Display is based on intensity control of pixels in the form of a rectangular box called Raster on the screen. Information
of on and off pixels is stored in refresh buffer or Frame buffer. Televisions in our house are based on Raster Scan Method. The raster
scan system can store information of each pixel position, so it is suitable for realistic display of objects. Raster Scan provides a refresh
rate of 60 to 80 frames per second.

Frame Buffer is also known as Raster or bit map. In Frame Buffer the positions are called picture elements or pixels. Beam refreshing
is of two types. First is horizontal retracing and second is vertical retracing. When the beam starts from the top left corner and
reaches the bottom right scale, it will again return to the top left side called at vertical retrace. Then it will again more horizontally
from top to bottom call as horizontal retracing shown in fig:
Types of Scanning or travelling of beam in Raster Scan

1.Interlaced Scanning

2.Non-Interlaced Scanning
In Interlaced scanning, each horizontal line of the screen is traced from top to bottom. Due to which fading of display of object may
occur. This problem can be solved by Non-Interlaced scanning. In this first of all odd numbered lines are traced or visited by an
electron beam, then in the next circle, even number of lines are located.

For non-interlaced display refresh rate of 30 frames per second used. But it gives flickers. For interlaced display refresh rate of 60
frames per second is used.

Advantages:
1.Realistic image

2.Million Different colors to be generated

3.Shadow Scenes are possible.

Disadvantages:
1.Low Resolution

2.Expensive

What is RGB Color Model?

RGB color model is an additive color model in which red, green and blue colors are mixed together
in various proportions to form a different array of colors. The name was given with the first letters
of three primary colors red, green and blue. In this model, colors are prepared by adding
components, with white having all colors in it and black without the presence of any color. RGB
color model is used in various digital displays like TV and video displays, Computer displays,
digital cameras and other types of light-based display devices.

Understanding RGB Color Model

A color model is a process for creating more colors using a few primary colors. There are two types
of color models are used, the Additive color model and the subtractive color model. In the additive
color, model light is used to display colors. While in the subtractive color model, printing inks are
used to produce color. The most common additive color model used is an RGB color model and a
CMYK color model is used for printing.
RGB color model is the additive color model using Red, green and blue colors. The main use of the
RGB color model is for displaying images in electronic devices. In this process of the RGB color
model if the three colors are superimposed with the least intensity then the black color is formed
and if it is added with the full intensity of light, then the white color is formed. To make a different
array of colors these primary colors should be superimposed in different intensities. According to
some studies, the intensity of each primary colors can vary from 0 to 255 and which results in the
creation of almost 16,777,216 colors.

Working for RGB Color Model

As we already discussed above, the basic principle behind the working of the RGB color model is
additive color mixing. It is the process of mixing 3 primary colors red, green and blue together in
different proportions to make more different colors.
For each primary color, it is possible to take 256 different shades of that color. So by adding 256
shades of 3 primary colors, we can produce over 16 million different colors. Cone cells or
photoreceptors are part of a human eye that is responsible for color perception. In the RGB color
model, because of the combination of primary colors create different colors that we perceive by
stimulating the different cone cells simultaneously.

As shown in the figure above, the addition of red, green and blue light will cause us to perceive
different colors. For example, if we combine blue and green light in some proportions it will result
in the formation of cyan. And if we combine red and green light it results in yellow light.

Uses Of RGB Color Model

Below are some uses of RGB color which are as follows:

1. RGB in Display
The main application of the RGB color model is to display digital images. It is used in cathode ray
tubes, LCD displays, and LED display such as television, computer monitor or large screens. Each
pixel on these displays is built by using three small and very close RGB light sources. At a common
viewing distance, these colors cannot be distinguished separately and viewed as a single solid color.
RGB is also used in component video display signals. It consists of three signals red, green and blue
which carried on three separate pins or cables. These types of video signals are the best quality
signal which can be carried on the standard SCART connector.
2. RGB In Cameras
Digital cameras for photography that use a CMOS or CCD image sensor mostly perform with some
type of RGB color model. Current digital cameras are equipped with an RGB sensor which helps to
perform the evaluation of light intensity in a crucial manner. And this results in the optimum value
of exposure in each image.
3. RGB In Scanner
An image scanner is a device that scans a physical document and converts it to digital form and
transferred to the computer. There are different types of such scanners and most of them work based
on the RGB color model. These scanners use a charge coupled device or contact image sensor as the
image sensor. Color scanners often read data as RGB values and these data are then processed with
some algorithm to convert to other colors.
Advantages
• No transformations required to display data on the screen.
• It is considered as the base color space for various applications
• It is a computationally practical system.
• With the help of additive property, it is used in video displays
• It relates simply to CRT applications.
• This model is very easy to implement

DisAdvantages
• RGB values are commonly not transferable between devices
• Not perceptually uniform.
• Not perfect for identification of colors
• Difficult to determine specific color
• Difference between colors is not linear

Examples of the RGB Color Model

Below is an example of the RGB model which are as follows:
1. Photography
Experiments with RGB in color photography were started in the early 1860s. And thus made the
process of combining three color-filtered separate takes. Most standard cameras capture the same
RGB brands so the images they create look almost exactly what our eyes see.
2. Computer graphics
RGB color model is one of the main color representation methods used in computer graphics. It has
a color coordinate system with three primary colors.
3. Television
World’s first television with RGB color transmission was developed in 1928. And in 1940
experiments on RGB field sequential color system was started by the Colombia broadcasting
system. In the modern century, RGB shadow mask technology is used in CRT displays.

Conclusion
Scientists found three colors, Red, green and blue which produce many other colors while mixing.
They called these colors as primary colors. When combined red and green produce yellow, blue and
green produce cyan, red and blue produce magenta. And this technology is later made as a color
model and is named as an RGB color model.
The main purpose of this color model is for the sensing, representation, and display of images in an
electronic system. The evolution of the RGB color model creates a huge development in the digital
field. It was used in different electronic devices like TV, monitor, cameras, printers, etc.

GFG
 Computer Graphics | The RGB color model
• Last Updated : 19 Mar, 2019
The RGB color model is one of the most widely used color representation method in computer graphics. It use a color

coordinate system with three primary colors:

R(red), G(green), B(blue)

Each primary color can take an intensity value ranging from 0(lowest) to 1(highest). Mixing these three primary colors

at different intensity levels produces a variety of colors. The collection of all the colors obtained by such a linear

combination of red, green and blue forms the cube shaped RGB color space.

The corner of RGB color cube that is at the origin of the coordinate system corresponds to black, whereas the corner of

the cube that is diagonally opposite to the origin represents white. The diagonal line connecting black and white

corresponds to all the gray colors between black and white, which is also known as gray axis.

In the RGB color model, an arbitrary color within the cubic color space can be specified by its color coordinates: (r, g.b).

Example:
(0, 0, 0) for black, (1, 1, 1) for white,

(1, 1, 0) for yellow, (0.7, 0.7, 0.7) for gray

Color specification using the RGB model is an additive process. We begin with black and add on the appropriate

primary components to yield a desired color. The concept RGB color model is used in Display monitor. On the other

hand, there is a complementary color model known as CMY color model. The CMY color model use a subtraction

process and this concept is used in the printer.

In CMY model, we begin with white and take away the appropriate primary components to yield a desired color.

Example:

If we subtract red from white, what remains consists of green and blue which is cyan. The coordinate system of CMY

model use the three primaries’ complementary colors:

C(cray), M(magenta) and Y(yellow)

The corner of the CMY color cube that is at (0, 0, 0) corresponds to white, whereas the corner of the cube that is at (1,

1, 1) represents black. The following formulas summarize the conversion between the two color models:
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