Experiment No.

Name: DAGPIN, RENE JR D.

Date: JANUARY 18, 2021

Aim: To determine the Performance of Diesel Engine on Start and stop operation

Apparatus: TD 202 Four Stroke Diesel Engines Start and Stop

Introduction:

The TDOD and TD 202 Four stroke

Diesel Engines are both made from a
modern small engine, specially
adapted for the use for small test
engine Test Set. This type of engine is
normally used on portable
generators and small gardening and
agricultural machines. It is reliable,
easy to use and has manual recoil
type starter.

The engine is mounted on a Base Plate and supplied complete with:

 Color coded fuel tank (Caramel/ light brown for diesel)
 Fuel pipes
 Exhaust Thermocouple
 Air Inlet adaptor

The Modified Four Stroke Diesel Engine (TD2121) is similar to the TD 2020 but has modified cylinder
head and crankshaft output shaft. These accept the cylinder head pressure transducer (ECA101) and
crank angle Encoder (ECA102)

Description

Both are made from small air-cooled single cylinder diesel engine with

 Overhead valves- one for inlet, one for exhaust

 Direct fuel injection
 Pressured oil lubrication
 Recoil starter

The engine includes a governor that prevents the engine exceeding its optimum speed. The governor
is a device inside the engine, linked to the fuel injection system. When the engine speed increases to
a certain level., the governor forces the fuel injection system to reduce the amount of fuel that
enters the cylinder. This regulated the maximum speed and engine power.

The engine is lubricated by ordinary engine oil, sored in a small sump at the base of the engine body.
The oil is pressurized and forced around the engine, to lubricate its moving parts and bearing. The oil
passes through a fine oil that helps to clean the oil.

The engine is based on the standard crossflow design, so that the fuel/ air mixture enters form one
side of the cylinder head and is forced out as exhaust to the opposite side of the cylinder head.
Forced air cooling is provided by the fins around the engine flywheel, As the flywheel tur, the fins
force air around the cylinder by means of simple ducting

The engine is started by a starter handle and cord, wrapped around a pulley on the flywheel. The
pulley includes a clutch is disengage the cord and pulley when the engine starts. This arrangement is
called ‘recoil starter”.

The engine includes a speed control (often called rack). The rack directly adjusts the amount of fuel
that can enter the cylinder. If the rack is moved to the minimum position, no fuel is injected to the
cylinder and the engine stops. Alternatively, an engine stop button is provided. This button stops the
injection system.

Engine Start and Stop Experiment

Safety

Warning Never use the apparatus without guards or any protective covers in place

 Do not touch the Test Engine or the exhaust pipework while the equipment is running. Let
them cool down before you touch them
 Keep away from the air inlet of the Airbox when the Test Engine is running
 Never work alone with this machinery. A qualified lecturer or supervisor must be present
whenever it is used
 If you do not use the equipment as described in these instructions, its protective parts may
not work properly

 All users must wear ear and eye protection

 Use suitable gloves when you work with fuel or its
connections

Engine Start

1. Make sure that the Test Engine Fuel Tank has enough fuel for your test
2. Switch on the electrical and water supplies to the TD200 test Bed
3. Open any fuel taps on your Fuel Gauge to allow fuel to flow to the Test Engine, If necessary,
tap the fuel line to remove air bubbles.
4. Adjust the engine rack (sped control) to half Way
5. Slowly put out the engine start handle until you fell resistance, then slowly let the start
handle to return back to its original position. This sets the engine at the start of a
compression cycle.
6. Make sure that you are standing in a stable position with both hands on the starter handle.
7. Firmly and quickly pull out the starting handle, Engine should start. Keep your hand on the
starting handle and allow it to return back down to the engine, then let it go

CAUTION: DO NOT release the starting handle until it has returned back to the engine

8. If the engine does not start, then repeat steps 5,6 and 7
9. Allow the engine to run for a few minutes until reaches normal operating temperature and
runs steadily.
Tables

Item Value
Date of Test January 1,2021
Time of Test 2:00 PM
TD 200 Serial Number 1234567
Engine Serial Number 6897
Engine Type Single Cylinder
Engine size (Liters) 0.232
Engine Cycles (Stroke) 4
Fuel type Diesel
𝑘𝑔 840
Fuel Density ; 3
𝑚
𝑀𝐽 39
Fuel Calorific Value ;
𝑘𝑔
Ambient Air Pressure; 𝑚𝑏𝑎𝑟 1009
Airbox orifice Dimension (m) 0.0185
Throttle/ Rack Position Full

Test Variables
Engine Fuel Air and Exhaust
Engine Engine Engine Fuel Fuel Air Ambient Exhaust Gas Airbox
Speed Torque Power Volume Drain Temp (°C) Temp (°C) Differential
(RPM) (N.m) (W) (8/24 ml) time (s) Pressure (Pa)
1764 10.1 1854 8 52.1 22 313 -159
2016 10.1 2141 8 45.4 23 329 -206
2240 10.0 2340 8 41.6 23 334 -270
2491 9.8 2566 8 38.1 23 338 -339
2773 9.2 2678 8 36.0 23 335 -433
3015 9.2 2903 8 32.4 23 348 -509

Calculated Results

Engine Energy Air and Fuel Efficiency BMEP

(𝒃𝒂𝒓)
Speed Heat of Inlet Air Air Mass Flow Fuel Mass Flow Air/ Fuel Specific Fuel Thermal Volumetric
(𝑹𝑷𝑴) Combustion Enthalpy 𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔 Ratio Consumption Efficiency Efficiency
rate ( ⁄𝑠 ) Rate ( ⁄𝑠 )
(W) (W)

1764 5070 926 0.003135 0.00013 24.11 0.25 36.58 77.26 5.44
2016 5850 1054 0.003567 0.00015 23.78 0.25 36.60 76.94 5.49
2240 6240 1207 0.004085 0.00016 25.53 0.25 27.50 79.32 5.40
2491 6964 1354 0.004579 0.00018 26.65 0.25 36.86 80.01 5.33
2773 7332 1532 0.005180 0.00019 27.57 0.25 36.53 81.32 5.00
3015 8048 1658 0.005606 0.00021 27.18 0.26 36.06 80.92 4.98

Note: Ambient temperature near to the test Engine may change as you do your tests (determined by
your test area size) so you must record air temperature for each engine speed.
Performance Task

Graph the following data based on the following conditions:

A. Variable result
1. Engine Speed and Exhaust Temperature
2. Engine and Torque
3. Engine Speed and Power

B. Calculated Results
1. Engine Speed and Air/ Fuel Ratio
2. Engine Speed and Specific Fuel Consumption
3. Engine Speed and volumetric Efficiency

Note :

 If using MS Excel, Plot this in Scatter Plot.

 Manual plotting is also an option (Take a photo and attach) .
 Since Engine Speed (rpm) is the dominant variable. Put this always on the x-axis : Bounds
Minimum 1500- Max 3500 rpm

Example: #A_3. Engine Speed and Power

Engine Speed and Power

3500
3000
2500
Power (w)

2000
1500
1000
500
0
1500 2000 2500 3000 3500
Engine Speed (rpm)

Essay

1. What is the difference between two- stroke and four- stroke engine. Provide the advantages
and disadvantages (Explain in 150 words)
2. What is the difference between Gasoline Engine and Diesel Engine? What are their advantage
and disadvantages? (Explain in 150 words)
3. What is the importance of testing the Engine performance on the Engineering point of view?
(Explain in 150 words)
ANSWER:

1.) 2-Stroke engine

- Fuel for a 2-stroke engine has a small amount of oil mixed into it. It is called a “2-stroke”
because just one up and down movement of the piston the 2 strokes performs the full
cycle of intake, compression, combustion and exhaust. Two-stroke engines work by
combining more functions into one piston-movement; during the upwards movement of
the piston (compressing the air/fuel/oil mixture) in the combustion chamber,
underneath the piston a fresh mixture of air/fuel/oil is drawn in the hermetically closed
crankcase. The advantage of a two stroke cycle engine has twice the number of power
strokes than the four stroke cycle engine at the same engine speed. For the same power
developed, a two stroke cycle engine is lighter, less bulky and occupies less floor area.

4-Stroke engine

- A 4-stroke engine is a very common variation of an internal combustion engine. ...

During engine operation, pistons go through 4 events to achieve each power cycle. The
definition of an event is an up or down piston motion. Upon completion of the 4 events,
the cycle is complete and ready to begin again. In the 4-stroke engines, there are
dedicated strokes for exhaust, consumption, and power. The crossover or ratio for fuel
to exhaust is significantly reduced for this reason. It helps in ensuring better fuel
economy for the 4 stroke engines and is further aided by the use of direct injection
system.
2.) Gasoline engine
- The gasoline engine also known as petrol engine is an internal combustion engine with
spark-ignition, designed to run on petrol (gasoline) and similar volatile fuels. In most
petrol engines, the fuel and air are usually pre-mixed before compression (although
some modern petrol engines now use cylinder-direct petrol injection). The pre-mixing
was formerly done in a carburetor, but now it is done by electronically controlled fuel
injection, except in small engines where the cost/complication of electronics does not
justify the added engine efficiency. The process differs from a diesel engine in the
method of mixing the fuel and air, and in using spark plugs to initiate the combustion
process. In a diesel engine, only air is compressed (and therefore heated), and the fuel is
injected into very hot air at the end of the compression stroke, and self-ignites. There
are many advantages by using gasoline engine. Efficient, Easy to refuel, Cheaper, Light-
weight, Lesser emissions, Easier to start in cold weather since it is volatile, Less noisy and
less vibrations compared to diesel engines, Better burning rate.

Diesel engine

- Diesel engine, any internal-combustion engine in which air is compressed to a

sufficiently high temperature to ignite diesel fuel injected into the cylinder, where
combustion and expansion actuate a piston. Diesel engines work by compressing only
the air. This increases the air temperature inside the cylinder to such a high degree that
atomized diesel fuel injected into the combustion chamber ignites spontaneously. Diesel
engines may be designed as either two-stroke or four-stroke cycles. The benefits of
using diesel engine are, Less Maintenance. Diesel engines have fewer moving parts in
them than a gasoline engine. More Fuel Efficient. Diesels have a compression-ignition
system that is highly efficient. More Torque and Horsepower. This is the most obvious
benefit, even to those who know nothing about cars and trucks. Lower Fuel Prices.
3.) - Testing the operating behavior of internal combustion engines is the common purpose
of engine test stands. Various parameters like fuel consumption or exhaust gas behavior
were generally measured as a function of torque and rotary speed and mapped in an engine
performance map. One of the main focuses in the research work of the IVG, optical
measurements in combustion systems, is systematically applied for in-cylinder investigations
of the combustion process. Due to the application of an asynchronous machine as a brake it
is possible to apply different test procedures. This enables us to run internal combustion
engines under realistic conditions and examine new combustion processes under part and
full load conditions and various rotation speeds. The engine test stand is used in research
projects that contribute to the further development in the technology of internal
combustion engines.